How to Spy on Network Relationships with Airgraph-Ng « Null Byte :: WonderHowTo

What if you could easily visualize which access point every Wi-Fi device nearby is connected to in a matter of seconds? While programs likeAirodump-ngcan intercept this wireless information, making it easy for hackers to use and understand is another challenge. Fortunately, a tool called Airgraph-ng can visualize the relationships between Wi-Fi devices from only a few seconds of wireless observation.Signals Intelligence with Wi-Fi DevicesSignals intelligence is the science of understanding human behavior and systems behind intercepted radio signals. To understand how to attack a target, we want the maximum amount of information about the target surface area we have to consider. Without being connected to a network with encryption, like WPA or WPA2, we can't rely on tricks like sending packets to scan for other connected devices because we're on the outside looking in.We can't read the traffic flowing between devices, but we can watch the relationship between Wi-Fi devices like laptops, smartphones, andIoT productsto learn about the network and the people behind them. To understand how a network is connected, we can sniff the Wi-Fi radio traffic in the area to discover which devices are currently connected to an access point, building a list of relationships.Recommended on Amazon:IoT Hackers Handbook: An Ultimate Guide to Hacking the Internet of Things and Learning IoT SecurityFor an attacker, this means the ability to walk through a building and create a map of which access point every printer, security camera, and laptop is connected to. It's also possible to learn the names of networks nearby Wi-Fi devices have connected to recently, making it easy to create a fake network they will connect to automatically.Making Intercepted Signals ReadableAnother use for this kind of analysis is determining whether a device representing a person, like a smartphone, is present at a location. Creating a map of when someone comes and goes based on their Wi-Fi activity is an easy way of understanding when someone is home or using certain devices.For this kind of signals analysis,Kismetis one of the best ways of scanning the relationships between nearby devices. In spite of how useful it is, setting it up takes work and interpreting the results isn't always straightforward. Here, after some setup, we're able to zero in on a popular public access point, learning about the devices that are currently connected to it.The information from Kismet is a lot for a beginner to absorb. While Kismet gives an operator the ability to discover and then spy on the Wi-Fi activity of any device connected to a nearby network Wi-Fi network, there is an easier way of showing a tactical snapshot of the local Wi-Fi environment.Don't Miss:Use Kismet to Watch Wi-Fi User Activity Through WallsUsing Aigraph-ng, we can make a graphical version of this information. We can take all of this text data and convert it into a graphical snapshot of the relationships between nearby devices and the networks they are connected to. This gives immediate visibility to the topography of Wi-Fi networks in range.Airgraph-Ng for Signals InterpretationTo learn about the topography of nearby networks and display the results as a graph, we'll need to collect and then process the data. For collection, we'll use a program installed by default inKali Linuxcalled Airodump-ng. This program will "dump" the Wi-Fi data packets we intercept with our wireless network adapter to a file. This CSV file will allow us to easily process what we've discovered and generate a PNG graph showing the relationships detected.For processing the packets we intercept, we'll be using another program installed by default, Airgraph-ng. This program can visualize two types of information useful for a hacker. The first type of graph is a CAPR, or client access point relationship graph. This graph shows a map of every device currently connected to an access point and which network they are currently connected to.The second kind of chart shows us the names of networks that W-Fi devices not currently connected to an access point are calling out for. This can reveal a list of networks we could create to lure nearby devices into connecting.Airgraph-ng is pretty straightforward, as can be seen by its manual page entry.NAME
       airgraph-ng - a 802.11 visualization utility

SYNOPSIS
       airgraph-ng [options]

DESCRIPITION
       airgraph-ng graphs the CSV file generated by Airodump-ng. The idea is that we are showing the
       relationships of the clients to the AP's so don't be shocked if you see only one  mapping  as
       you may only have captured one client

OPTIONS
       -h     Shows the help screen.

       -i     Airodump-ng CSV file

       -o     Output png file.

       -g     Choose the Graph Type. Current types are [CAPR (Client to AP Relationship) & CPG (Com‐
              mon probe graph)].

       -a     Print the about.

EXAMPLES
       airgraph-ng -i dump-01.csv -o dump.png -g CAPR

       airgraph-ng -i dump-01.csv -o dump.png -g CPGWhat You'll NeedTo follow along, you'll need awireless network adaptercapable ofwireless monitor mode. You'll also want onecompatible with Kali Linux.More Info:Buy the Best Wireless Network Adapter for Wi-Fi Hacking in 2019You should be running Kali Linux in a virtual machine, dual-booted, or in another fashion that allows Kali to access the network adapter. If you're doing so in a virtual machine, you'll need to connect the USB adapter to the virtual machine for it to appear.For this guide, you do not need to be connected to a network and you do not need permission to make these observations. The information is being broadcasted unencrypted, which means we are merely observing.Good Long-Range Adapter on Amazon:Alfa AWUS036NHA Wireless B/G/N USB Adapter - 802.11n - 150 Mbps - 2.4 GHz - 5 dBi AntennaStep 1: Update Your System & Install if NeededIf you're running Kali Linux, you should have everything you need installed. First, we'll need to update and ensure we have theAircrack-ng suite. To do so, connect your Kali computer to the internet and run the following commands in a terminal window.apt update
apt upgrade
apt install aircrack-ngNow, let's check that we have the programs installed. Run the following commands to see the help output for each program.airodump-ng --helpAirodump-ng 1.5.2  - (C) 2006-2018 Thomas d'Otreppe
  https://www.aircrack-ng.org

  usage: airodump-ng <options> <interface>[,<interface>,...]

  Options:
      --ivs                 : Save only captured IVs
      --gpsd                : Use GPSd
      --write      <prefix> : Dump file prefix
      -w                    : same as --write
      --beacons             : Record all beacons in dump file
      --update       <secs> : Display update delay in seconds
      --showack             : Prints ack/cts/rts statistics
      -h                    : Hides known stations for --showack
      -f            <msecs> : Time in ms between hopping channels
      --berlin       <secs> : Time before removing the AP/client
                              from the screen when no more packets
                              are received (Default: 120 seconds)
      -r             <file> : Read packets from that file
      -x            <msecs> : Active Scanning Simulation
      --manufacturer        : Display manufacturer from IEEE OUI list
      --uptime              : Display AP Uptime from Beacon Timestamp
      --wps                 : Display WPS information (if any)
      --output-format
                  <formats> : Output format. Possible values:
                              pcap, ivs, csv, gps, kismet, netxml, logcsv
      --ignore-negative-one : Removes the message that says
                              fixed channel <interface>: -1
      --write-interval
                  <seconds> : Output file(s) write interval in seconds
      --background <enable> : Override background detection.

  Filter options:
      --encrypt   <suite>   : Filter APs by cipher suite
      --netmask <netmask>   : Filter APs by mask
      --bssid     <bssid>   : Filter APs by BSSID
      --essid     <essid>   : Filter APs by ESSID
      --essid-regex <regex> : Filter APs by ESSID using a regular
                              expression
      -a                    : Filter unassociated clients

  By default, airodump-ng hops on 2.4GHz channels.
  You can make it capture on other/specific channel(s) by using:
      --ht20                : Set channel to HT20 (802.11n)
      --ht40-               : Set channel to HT40- (802.11n)
      --ht40+               : Set channel to HT40+ (802.11n)
      --channel <channels>  : Capture on specific channels
      --band <abg>          : Band on which airodump-ng should hop
      -C    <frequencies>   : Uses these frequencies in MHz to hop
      --cswitch  <method>   : Set channel switching method
                    0       : FIFO (default)
                    1       : Round Robin
                    2       : Hop on last
      -s                    : same as --cswitch

      --help                : Displays this usage screenairgraph-ng --helpUsage: airgraph-ng options [-o -i -g ]

Options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -o OUTPUT, --output=OUTPUT
                        Our Output Image ie... Image.png
  -i INPUT, --dump=INPUT
                        Airodump txt file in CSV format. NOT the pcap
  -g GRAPH_TYPE, --graph=GRAPH_TYPE
                        Graph Type Current [CAPR (Client to AP Relationship)
                        OR CPG (Common probe graph)]If you see the help output for both Airodump-ng and Airgraph-ng, then we're ready to start intercepting and interpreting packets!Step 2: Plug in Your Card & Enable Monitor ModePlug in the wireless network adapter you intend to use to sniff Wi-Fi packets. This should be a wireless network adapter that is compatible with Kali Linux. TheAlfa AWUS036NHAis a solid one to use, but there areplenty morethat may fit your needs better.Don't Miss:Check if Your Wireless Network Adapter Supports Monitor ModeOnce you've plugged in your adapter, we can put it into monitor mode by using another program installed with Aircrack-ng. We'll use Airmon-ng to put our card into monitor mode, after runningifconfigto get the name of our network adapter. In our example, our adapter is named "wlan2."airmon-ng start wlan2Found 3 processes that could cause trouble.
Kill them using 'airmon-ng check kill' before putting
the card in monitor mode, they will interfere by changing channels
and sometimes putting the interface back in managed mode

  PID Name
  561 NetworkManager
  627 wpa_supplicant
 3561 dhclient

PHY Interface   Driver      Chipset

phy0    wlan0       ath9k       Qualcomm Atheros QCA9565 / AR9565 Wireless Network Adapter (rev 01)
phy5    wlan2       rt2800usb   Ralink Technology, Corp. RT2870/RT3070

        (mac80211 monitor mode vif enabled for [phy5]wlan2 on [phy5]wlan2mon)
        (mac80211 station mode vif disabled for [phy5]wlan2)Now, runifconfigagain. You should see that your card hasmonadded to the end. This means that your card is now in wireless monitor mode, and you're ready to proceed to the next step.Step 3: Run Airodump-Ng & Save CSV FileNow that our wireless card can listen in on any Wi-Fi packet in the area, we need to start recording this information to a file. We'll use Airodump-ng to do this, effectively dumping all packets received on our network adapter to a file for us to interpret later.Remembering the name of our wireless network adapter which is now in monitor mode, run the following command to save all packets intercepted by the interface "wlan2mon" (or whatever yours is called) to a file namedcapturefile.airodump-ng wlan2mon -w capturefilenameCH 10 ][ Elapsed: 4 mins ][ 2019-02-03 21:32

 BSSID              PWR  Beacons    #Data, #/s  CH  MB   ENC  CIPHER AUTH ESSID

 14:CC:20:6D:22:BA  -26       69        0    0   8  130  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  CafeMak4_2.4G
 AA:6B:AD:6F:AC:55  -31      136        0    0   6   65  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  DIRECT-HQHL-L9310CDW_BRac55
 EC:1D:7F:F9:10:03  -33      159        0    0   6   65  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  cafemak_pwm
 2C:FD:A1:E4:9D:50  -40      109      152    0   9  260  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  CafeMak1_2.4G
 84:1B:5E:E9:8A:1A  -52      136     3668    0  11  54e  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  CafeMak6_2.4G
 16:18:D6:04:F1:1E  -58       54        2    0   1  195  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  770staff1
 26:18:D6:04:F1:1E  -59       74        0    0   1  195  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  770guest
 F8:18:97:65:BC:F3  -59       50        0    0   1  130  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  ATT717_guest
 06:18:D6:04:F1:1E  -60       52        0    0   1  195  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  exec
 04:18:D6:04:F1:1E  -60       87        0    0   1  195  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  770org
 3C:36:E4:F7:6D:20  -61       84        0    0   6  130  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  ATT120
 36:18:D6:04:EF:0F  -62       71        0    0   6  195  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  <length:  0>
 06:18:D6:04:EF:0F  -62       66        0    0   6  195  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  exec
 36:18:D6:04:F1:1E  -62       64        0    0   1  195  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  <length:  0>
 04:18:D6:04:EF:0F  -63      123        0    0   6  195  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  770org
 F8:18:97:65:BC:F2  -64       46        5    0   1  130  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  ATT717
 04:18:D6:04:2E:FA  -64       44        0    0   1  195  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  rb
 26:18:D6:04:EF:0F  -64       97        0    0   6  195  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  770guest
 16:18:D6:04:EF:0F  -64       78        0    0   6  195  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  770staff1
 A0:8C:FD:B7:9D:A9  -65       68        0    0   6   65  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  DIRECT-A8-HP OfficeJet 4650
 E8:8D:28:60:BE:77  -68       63        3    0   6  195  WPA2 CCMP   PSK  Joel's Wi-Fi NetworkWhen we're done collecting packets, you can typeCtrl-cto stop the capture. This will generate a CSV file containing all the information we need.Step 4: Generate a Graph of AP Relationships (Connected Devices)Now, it's time to generate our first graph from the wireless data we've intercepted. You can think of this data like metadata, telling us which devices were calling each other, but not what they were saying.First, we'll start a graph of the client AP relationships. After locating the CSV file we created, run the following command in a terminal window to create a CAPR graph of which device is connected to which access point. Replace "CAPRintercept.png" with the name of the graph you want to create, and '/root/Desktop/cafemak-01.csv' with the path to the CSV file.airgraph-ng -o CAPRintercept.png -i '/root/Desktop/cafemak-01.csv' -g CAPR**** WARNING Images can be large, up to 12 Feet by 12 Feet****
Creating your Graph using, /root/Desktop/cafemak-01.csv and writing to, cafemak.png
Depending on your system this can take a bit. Please standby......This should generate a graph to explore. Here we can see an example showing the relationship between access points and devices, clearly giving an overview of the local network topography.Step 5: Generate a Graph of Probe Frames (Disconnected Devices)Next, let's target devices nearby which are not currently connected to an AP. From these devices, we can learn the names of networks they have been connected to before, allowing us to potentially trick them into connecting to a fake version with the same name.Don't Miss:Log Wi-Fi Probe Requests from Smartphones & LaptopsTo get this information, we'll just re-process the data we intercepted into a different kind of graph. There is no need to go back and collect more information, we're just going to visualize it in another way.Open a terminal window and type the following commands, swapping out "CPGintercept.png" for the name of the file you want to save the graph under, and '/root/Desktop/cafemak-01.csv' again for the location of the CSV file you created earlier from the captured data.airgraph-ng -o CPGintercept.png -i '/root/Desktop/cafemak-01.csv' -g CPG**** WARNING Images can be large, up to 12 Feet by 12 Feet****
Creating your Graph using, /root/Desktop/cafemak-01.csv and writing to, cafemak.png
Depending on your system this can take a bit. Please standby......Airgraph-ng should generate a new graph showing networks nearby devices are calling out for. This can allow you to also identify which networks can make multiple nearby devices connect.Interpret the ResultsFor a hacker or penetration tester, the previous two graphs provide a goldmine of information. In the first, we're able to see which access point every nearby device is connected to, allowing us to isolate or capture clients onto fake MITM networks if we identify a target. Because of this, we can create a fake version of a network a device is currently connected to, kick them off the real network, and cause them to automatically connect to the fake version.In the second graph, we're able to identify networks we could create that would cause several different devices to connect. These graphs can also reveal devices using MAC address randomization, because even devices that change their MAC address may call out for a network with a unique name as they continue to change their MAC.Hackers can use this information about the type of hardware present and the way it's connected to come up with a plan of attack against a network. Because this attack is totally passive and requires no interaction with the network, the risk of being caught snooping on this information is almost nonexistent.I hope you enjoyed this guide to using Airgraph-ng for Wi-Fi signals intelligence! If you have any questions about this tutorial on Wi-Fi recon or you have a comment, ask below or feel free to reach me on Twitter@KodyKinzie.Don't Miss:Stealing Wi-Fi Passwords with an Evil Twin AttackFollow Null Byte onTwitter,Flipboard, andYouTubeSign up forNull Byte's weekly newsletterFollow WonderHowTo onFacebook,Twitter,Pinterest, andFlipboardWant to start making money as a white hat hacker?Jump-start your hacking career with our2020 Premium Ethical Hacking Certification Training Bundlefrom the newNull Byte Shopand get over 60 hours of training from cybersecurity professionals.Buy Now (90% off) >Other worthwhile deals to check out:97% off The Ultimate 2021 White Hat Hacker Certification Bundle99% off The 2021 All-in-One Data Scientist Mega Bundle98% off The 2021 Premium Learn To Code Certification Bundle62% off MindMaster Mind Mapping Software: Perpetual LicenseCover photo and screenshots by Kody/Null ByteRelatedHow to Hack Wi-Fi:Getting Started with the Aircrack-Ng Suite of Wi-Fi Hacking ToolsHow to Hack Wi-Fi:Hunting Down & Cracking WEP NetworksHow To:Share Wi-Fi Adapters Across a Network with Airserv-NgHow to Hack Wi-Fi:Cracking WEP Passwords with Aircrack-NgHow To:Hack Your Neighbor with a Post-It Note, Part 1 (Performing Recon)How To:Identify Antivirus Software Installed on a Target's Windows 10 PCHow to Hack Wi-Fi:Cracking WPA2-PSK Passwords Using Aircrack-NgHow To:Check if Your Wireless Network Adapter Supports Monitor Mode & Packet InjectionHow To:Force Switch to T-Mobile or Sprint on Project FiHow to Hack Wi-Fi:Choosing a Wireless Adapter for HackingHack Like a Pro:Reconnaissance with Recon-Ng, Part 1 (Getting Started)How To:Hack WPA wireless networks for beginners on Windows and LinuxNews:Baidu's AI & Driverless Expert ResignsHow To:Set Up an EviltwinHow To:Bypass a Local Network Proxy for Free InternetHow To:How Hackers Steal Your Internet & How to Defend Against ItNews:US spy agency can keep mum on Google ties: courtNews:Farmville NOT LEAVING FacebookHow To:Kick People Off Your InternetHow To:Fix the Channel -1 Glitch in Airodump on the Latest KernelHow To:Play Spy!News:Thankful for My RelationshipNews:House Approves Amendment To Limit Pentagon Drones Spying On AmericansCake Mixx:Psychoanalysis Based on CAKE!!!