BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
Monthly Archives: August 2008
August 31, 2008
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Ramadhan and Merdeka Wishes
Assalamualaikum,
Dear All,
I take this opportunity to wish all readers of my weblog happy ramadhan al-mubarak. Muslims in the UK will begin the holy month of Ramadhan on 1st September 2008.  My sincere and best wishes as well to all fellow Malaysians at home and abroad a very ‘Happy Merdeka Day’. Merdeka! Merdeka! Merdeka!
“The month of Ramadan is the month in which the Quran was sent down, a guidance for the people, and clear verses of guidance and criterion”. [Quran: Chapter 2, 183]
Narrated Sahl: The Prophet said, “There is a gate in Paradise called Ar−Raiyan, and those who observe fasts will enter through it on the Day of Resurrection and none except them will enter through it. It will be said, ‘Where are those who used to observe fasts?’ They will get up, and none except them will enter through it. After their entry the gate will be closed and nobody will enter through it.” Sahih Bukhari Volume 3 Hadith No. 120.
Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, “Whoever established prayers on the night of Qadr out of sincere faith and hoping for a reward from Allah, then all his previous sins will be forgiven; and whoever fasts in the month of Ramadan out of sincere faith, and hoping for a reward from Allah, then all his previous sins will be forgiven.” Sahih Bukhari Volume 3 Hadith No 125.
3.121: ‘Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah’s Apostle said, “Whoever gives two kinds (of things or property) in charity for Allah’s Cause, will be called from the gates of Paradise and will be addressed, ‘O slaves of Allah! Here is prosperity.’ So, whoever was amongst the people who used to offer their prayers, will be called from the gate of the prayer; and whoever was amongst the people who used to participate in Jihad, will be called from the gate of Jihad; and whoever was amongst those who used to observe fasts, will be called from the gate of Ar−Raiyan; whoever was amongst those who used to give in charity, will be called from the gate of charity.” Abu Bakr said, “Let my parents be sacrificed for you, O Allah’s Apostle! No distress or need will befall him who will be called from those gates. Will there be any one who will be called from all these gates?” The Prophet replied, “Yes, and I hope you will be one of them.”Sahih Bukhari Volume 3 Hadith No 121.
Best Regard
ZULKIFLI HASAN

UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM
With Professor Masudul Alam Choudhury, Professor Rodney Shakespeare and Professor Nur Alam Siddique
My Story
1 Comment
August 25, 2008
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
My Story: August 2008
Summer Camp 2008
Last week, my whole family attended Summer Camp 2008 organised by the Majlis Syura Muslimun held at Hartlepool near to the famous beach in Middlesbrough, Seaton Carew. About 40 families from all over the UK including Scotland and Ireland participated in the programme which started on Friday 15th and ended on 17th August 2008.
Forum Perdana Ehwal Islam
In conjunction with the coming Ramadhan al-Mubarak, the Malaysian Society in Durham has organised an intellectual discourse in the form of Forum just like the famous Forum Perdana Ehwal Islam in Malaysia. Two panellists were invited Ustaz Syed Shahadan from Manchester and Ustaz Helmi Saadan from Durham and I moderated the forum under the theme of Isra’ mikraj and Ramadhan Al-Mubarak.
Chapter 3 of My Thesis

Alhamdulillah, I have already submitted my draft chapter three to Professor Rodney Wilson and Dr. Mehmet. Only minor correction and I may proceed with chapter four. Professor Wilson advised me to be more critical and to provide convincing argument which is more realistic and workable rather than mere idealistic. Anyway, I am still on the right track and able to meet the dateline and even earlier than my Supervisors’ expecting date of chapter completion.

Outdoor Activities

In line with the famous axiom of “al-aql salim fi jismi salim”, I spend my time for outdoor activities with new hobbies of cycling and swimming. Coincidently, the Durham City Council just launched its new sport complex, Freeman’s Quay and gave a special discount of GBP0.05 per entry. This opportunity enables me to practice all my swimming skills and techniques that I have as a lifeguard at the International Islamic University of Malaysia from 1998-2003. At the same time, I got a racing bicycle via freecycle yahoogroup and a mountain bike at a price of only GBP20. In addition, every Thursday evening, we play badminton at the New College, Durham (just like a community college in Malaysia) and on Sunday we play football at the Bowburn Leisure Park. Sometime, we organise a friendly match with the Malaysian society in Newcastle to strengthen our “ukhuwah” for the sake of “ummah”.
Malaysia’s Politic
Even far from Malaysia, I still follow closely the political environment and its current development. Concerning the issue of an oath taken by Mr. Saiful Bukhari, my book with Ustaz Wan Abdul Fattah entitled Concept of Oath from Shari’ah Perspective may provide an answer and enlighten the issue. This issue should be discussed academically to ensure views without fear and favour. Perhaps, the National Fatwa Council may issue its stand and view to resolve the matter. It should not be politicised either by the opposition or the ruling parties. Beside this issue, people should not be blindly aware on other extreme important matter concerning of our beloved country and the Islamic world such as issue on the recent inflation which reached at 8.5%, world economic recession (eg, Britain may experience zero growth this year), Muslim in Palestin, Iraq, Afghanistan, Sudan, recent war between Georgia and Russia and so on and so forth.
Wish you all Happy Ramadhan al-Mubarak
Best Regards
ZULKIFLI HASAN

UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM
My Story
6 Comments
August 5, 2008
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Renunciation of Islam: Woman’s appeal dismissed
Quoted from the Malaysian Insider online.
PUTRAJAYA, Aug 5 — A woman who converted to Islam failed today in her appeal before the Court of Appeal against the High Court’s refusal to allow her application for a declaration that she had the right to renounce Islam and embrace Christianity.
Justice Datuk Tengku Baharudin Shah Tengku Mahmud in a 2-1 majority decision said the appeal brought by the 35-year-old woman was incompetent before the court as the person (appellant) named in the originating summons at the High Court stage no longer existed — she had changed her name to a Muslim one.
Justice Tengku Baharudin, who presided over the hearing with Justices Datuk Vincent Ng and Datuk Sulong Mat Jeraie, dismissed the appeal with no costs.
In the originating summons at the High Court stage, she had stated her original Chinese name in the application, but the name had been changed to a Muslim name after she had converted to Islam.
On Feb 15, 2005, the woman in an amended originating summons sought, among others, declarations from the High Court that she had the right to renounce Islam and practise the Christian religion under Article 11 of the Federal Constitution and that she could delete her Muslim name and substitute it with her original name.
She named the Selangor Religious Affairs Council, Selangor Religious Affairs Department, Selangor government, the National Registration Department (NRD) director-general and Malaysian government as respondents.
On May 17, 2005, the Shah Alam High Court allowed the respondents’ application to strike out her application on the basis that the High Court had no jurisdiction to hear and decide on the matter, and it also did not hear or adjudicate on the merits of the originating summons.
The woman in the summons said she embraced Islam in 1992 and changed her name to a Muslim name, and two years later she married a Malay man and was divorced in 1997.
She contended that after converting to Islam, she did not practise the tenets of the religion and her conversion was purely for the purpose of marrying the man.
On June 9, 2003, through a deed poll and statutory declaration (SD), she affirmed that she had embraced Christianity and had reverted to using her original Chinese name.
The  woman then applied to the NRD to change the name in her identity card (IC) to her original name (Chinese name). However, the NRD on Sept 18, 2003, informed her that it had no jurisdiction to approve her application unless an order of renunciation of Islam was obtained from the Syariah court.
At today’s proceeding, Justice Tengku Baharudin questioned the parties on whether the woman’s appeal was competent before the court as two names – the Chinese and Muslim names – were stated in her appeal.
“The question before us is who is appearing in the appeal. Is it the Chinese name or the Muslim name?” added Justice Sulong.
Counsel Edmund Bon, representing the woman, submitted that the appeal was competent as the Chinese name and Muslim name were the same person in the appeal.
“There is no dispute as to the identity of the appellant. There is no confusion because the appellant is the same person as the name stated in the appeal application,” he said.
Bon submitted that the appellant was a legal and natural person, and a Malaysian citizen who sought a legal remedy in the Court of Appeal.
Selangor legal advisor Datin Paduka Zauyah Be Loth Khan, representing the state, submitted that the appeal was incompetent because the appellant in her  SD had used her Muslim name but when she signed the SD, she used her Chinese name.
Zauyah said even if the appellant used her Muslim name in the appeal, the appeal was also incompetent because in her SD and deed poll, she stated that she was not going to use her Muslim name anymore.
Senior federal counsel Arik Sanusi Yeop Johari, for the NRD and the government, submitted that the appellant had produced the documents with two names stated.
“The right authority to determine her legal entity is the NRD based on her IC. Therefore, the appellant must get approval from the NRD to change the Muslim name to her Chinese name, which was rejected by the NRD,” he said.
Meanwhile, outside the court, Bon had asked the media not to divulge the name of the woman for safety reasons.  — Bernama
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BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
Daily Archives: August 11, 2009
August 11, 2009
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Malaysian regulator simplifies syariah advisers rule
Available at:
http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/business/34729-malaysian-regulator-simplifies-syariah-advisers-rule
Malaysia’s capital market regulator has issued guidelines to simplify the registration of religious experts who advise on Islamic financial products and services. Under the rules which take effect today, syariah advisers who meet the eligibility and appointment criteria stated in the guidelines can advise on all Islamic products regulated by the Securities Commission, the regulator said in a statement.
Previously, syariah advisers had to fulfil the eligibility and appointment criteria contained in the individual rules relating to Islamic products such as unit trust funds, the Securities Commission said. The Registration of Syariah Advisers guidelines apply to local and foreign religious experts, the Securities Commission said. The full guidelines are on the Securities Commission’s website at
http://www.sc.com.my
. — Reuters
Best Regards

ZULKIFLI HASAN

DURHAM UNIVERSITY
With Dr. Nagaoka Shinsuke, Kyoto University.
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Al-Baqarah, 2:275
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August 2009

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T

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T

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BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
Monthly Archives: August 2014
August 21, 2014
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Islamic finance regulators are working to reduce the role of scholars
Scholar Fees Targeted by Regulators: Islamic Finance
By Liau Y-Sing  Available at:
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-12/scholar-fees-targeted-by-regulators-islamic-finance.html
Islamic finance regulators are working to reduce the role of scholars, blaming delays and excessive fees for stifling growth in the industry.
Bankers and officials from Bahrain to Indonesia are standardizing documents and bond structures to limit impediments caused by varying interpretations of Shariah law. It can take up to 12 weeks to arrange a sukuk sale, compared with eight for a non-Islamic debt offering, according to law firm Clifford Chance LLP. A well-respected expert can charge between $500 and $1,000 an hour in the Middle East, according to two scholars, who declined to be named due to the sensitivity of the issue.
Islamic finance institutions require rulings from scholars, known as fatwa, before they can market any securities or funds in an industry whose assets are set to double to $3.4 trillion by 2018, according to Ernst & Young LLP. Their reputations can heavily influence the success of a product, according to Bank Negara Malaysia’s Shariah Advisory Council, driving demand for a select group of experts and leading to inflated earnings.
“These old gangs are still sitting there in the top firms, issuing fatwa without understanding the consequences,” Ishaq Bhatti, an associate professor who teaches Islamic finance at La Trobe University in Melbourne, said in an Aug. 6 e-mail interview. “The dollar value they earn they don’t contribute to the product’s development.”
Flexibility Needed
Scholars pass religious decrees on whether a financial product conforms with Islamic tenets such as a ban on interest payments. While Malaysia and Indonesia have centralized Shariah boards to approve structures, it doesn’t stop bond issuers from seeking outside endorsement.
Sheikh Bilal Khan, the co-chairman of Dome Advisory Ltd. in London that specializes in areas such as Islamic finance and private equity, said the fees demanded by scholars depend on the complexity and nature of the transaction, declining to be specific on amounts earned.
“The industry is already standardized,” Khan said in a phone interview yesterday. “Bringing standardization has a disadvantage. The transaction is more rigid in the market. If you want to innovate a market, you want flexibility.”
Shariah finance is looking to shed its image as an opaque and fragmented business as it enters new markets. The U.K. sold its first sovereign sukuk in June and Hong Kong plans to follow suit later this year. The governments of Luxembourg, Kenya and the Philippines are also planning debut issues.
Differing Interpretations
The International Islamic Financial Market, a standards-setting body in Bahrain, is developing common templates for structuring sukuk to reduce delays caused by differing views between scholars, Chief Executive Officer Ijlal Ahmed Alvi said in May 6 interview in Jakarta.
Islamic bonds are issued under various principles and are usually backed by an underlying asset, with opinions differing among regional jurisdictions as to their acceptability.
Indonesia’s government is reducing sales of Ijara sukuk because some scholars say the structure the country uses isn’t fully Shariah-compliant. This type of debt is typically backed by a property that a bank purchases on behalf of the customer and leases it back at a mark up. Malaysia switched to the more globally recognized Murabaha contract, a three-party arrangement, for local-currency notes in July 2013.
Middle Eastern investors say the bai al-inah structure, or a sale and buy-back agreement previously used by Malaysia, is too similar to interest-based lending, Winson Phoon, a Kuala Lumpur-based fixed-income analyst at Maybank Investment Bank Bhd., wrote in a June 2 research note.
Transaction Costs
“Due to the lack of standardization, there is indeed too much reliance on scholars,” Murat Unal, chief executive officer of Funds@Work AG, a consulting company near Frankfurt that produced a 2011 report on Shariah scholars, said in an Aug. 6 e-mail interview. “The more international standard-setters agree on standardization, the less there will be a need for scholars.”
Issuers seeking Islamic funding for the first time are faced with a higher fee than if they tap the conventional market, with a $500 million sukuk costing between $20,000 and $100,000 more, according to Clifford Chance.
“Standardization will help to reduce costs on a transaction,” Qudeer Latif, the Dubai-based global head of Islamic finance at Clifford Chance, said in an Aug. 6 phone interview while on a trip to London. “The conventional market is able to issue much more quickly and at a lower cost on the basis that there’s already accepted standard form documents.”
Religious experts are regarded as the sole authority on whether an offering meets the standards of Islam and their sanction is crucial for Shariah-compliant investors, according to Union Investment Privatfonds. Scholars need to be experts on the Koran, commercial law and finance.
Quality Seal
“For Shariah-compliant financial institutions and funds, Shariah scholars are extremely important,” Sergey Dergachev, who helps oversee about $10 billion in emerging-market debt at Union Investment in Frankfurt, said in an Aug. 7 e-mail interview. “Fatwa from a well-recognized scholar is something like a seal of quality and a seal of true compliance with Shariah.”
The central bank of Malaysia, the world’s largest sukuk market, has forbidden scholars from sitting on more than one Shariah advisory board for each type of institution since 2010. Most countries don’t impose such limits.
Islamic bond offerings worldwide increased more than fourfold over the last decade to $26.9 billion so far this year, compared with $43 billion in 2013 and a record $46.5 billion in 2012, data compiled by Bloomberg show. As the $1.7 trillion Shariah finance industry gained greater global prominence, the pay of scholars has increased accordingly.
Setting Standards
The number of hours an Islamic expert has to spend on a sukuk issue depends on the complexity of the structure and a standard transaction would involve about 20 hours of work, one of the scholars who declined to be named said.
“Particularly if the transaction is in big volume, they want a well-known scholar to endorse it so they don’t mind paying,” Mohamad Akram Laldin, deputy chairman of Bank Negara’s Shariah Advisory Council, said in an Aug. 7 interview in Kuala Lumpur. “They know that people are not going to question the credibility of this scholar. This scholar signs off, people know that he knows his stuff.”
As a scholar’s approval is key to determining the success of a product, the industry has sought the services of a select pool of experts. The 20 most-active individuals each advised 31 institutions on average, according to a 2011 report by Funds@Work.
“The lack of standardization creates a need for scholars, which objectively seen are not needed for standard solutions,” said Funds@Work’s Unal. “A central Shariah board at the central bank level could easily take care of it or an international standards setter.”
Regards

Zulkifli Hasan
With Sheikh Dr Amin Fateh in Dubai.
Islamic finance news
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August 11, 2014
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Demand for Islamic finance training from non-Muslims rose more than fourfold
Shariah Study Lures Non Muslim Students in Asia: Islamic Finance
By Yudith Ho and Liau Y-Sing  Available at:
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-07/shariah-study-lures-non-muslim-students-in-asia-islamic-finance.html
Demand for Islamic finance training from non-Muslims rose more than fourfold in the past seven years as students seek to enter an industry whose assets are set to double to $3.4 trillion by 2018.
Malaysia’s International Centre for Education in Islamic Finance had 2,000 people enrolled on its courses this year, of whom about 14 percent are from nations with small Muslim populations, its Chief Executive Officer Daud Vicary Abdullah said in Kuala Lumpur yesterday. That compares with 3 percent in 2007, he said.
While students from South Korea, Japan and the U.S. dominate the enlistees, those nations have yet to introduce Shariah-compliant legislation. The U.K. became the first western country to sell sukuk this year, while Hong Kong and South Africa also plan to debut in the market in 2014. Ernst & Young LLP forecasts Islamic lenders will have 70 million customers by 2018, up from 38 million last year.
“Islamic finance is becoming less and less of a niche,” Daud said in a phone interview. “The Koreans and the Japanese see this as a business proposition and given the potential, they can’t afford not to participate.”
Malaysia, Indonesia and the six-member Gulf Cooperation Council are the world’s main Shariah-compliant industry centers, with Hong Kong, Singapore and the U.K. all vying to become regional hubs since introducing Islamic finance laws.
Professionals Needed
Australia has considered employing such legislation since at least 2010, while plans in South Korea met with opposition from Christian groups. Japan has no rules of its own but allows subsidiaries of its lenders and insurers to offer Islamic financing overseas. The U.S. has no laws that permit the sale of sukuk although it does provide Shariah-compliant services.
Shariah law bans investment in companies involved in activities deemed as unethical such as gambling, prostitution and alcohol. Scholars are employed to vet products and services to ensure they comply with religious tenets, including a ban on interest payments.
The industry needs 1 million people with Islamic finance knowledge by 2020 as Shariah-compliant assets are set to reach $6.5 trillion by then, according to a November report from the Malaysia International Islamic Financial Centre.
State Sponsored
Rodney Wilson, who used to teach Shariah-compliant banking at Durham University in the U.K. and is now an Emeritus Professor, said he’s taught students from South Korea at Malaysia’s INCEIF and non-Muslim Europeans at the England-based institution.
“Islamic banking and finance is now accepted by mainstream bankers and finance professionals, who see it as an opportunity,” Wilson said in an Aug. 5 e-mail interview. “Sukuk are becoming more popular as the issuance in non-Muslim countries illustrates.”
Global offerings of Shariah-compliant bonds rose 27 percent in 2014 from a year earlier to $26.9 billion, data compiled by Bloomberg show. A decade ago, full-year issuance amounted to $5.6 billion. Malaysia, the world’s largest sukuk market, accounted for 69 percent of sales last year, followed by Saudi Arabia with 12 percent, the United Arab Emirates with 6 percent and Indonesia with 5 percent, Bank Negara Malaysia data show.
Many students from non-Muslim nations are sponsored by state agencies, such as their foreign and finance ministries, said Daud at Malaysia’s INCEIF, who is also on the steering committee of the Royal Award for Islamic Finance organized by Bank Negara and the country’s Securities Commission. More education is needed to clear up misperceptions about the Shariah-compliant industry that some people have, he said.
Better Awareness
Hong Kong plans to sell as much as $1 billion of sukuk in its debut offering this year, according to an e-mailed statement in April. Maybank Kim Eng Holdings Ltd. and law firm Clifford Chance LLP began training staff in the city in preparation for this and future sales.
Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, the U.S. and U.K. were home to less than 0.4 percent of the 1.6 billion global Muslim population in 2010, according to the website of the Washington-based Pew Research Center. That compares with 1 percent in Malaysia, 12.7 percent in Indonesia and 1.6 percent in Saudi Arabia.
Luxembourg and South Africa are planning to sell Islamic bonds by year-end, Emad al Monayea, chief executive officer of Kuwait’s Liquidity Management House for Investment, said in an interview in London on June 18.
“The awareness is getting better,” Raj Mohamad, managing director at Five Pillars Pte, a consulting firm in Singapore, said in a phone interview yesterday. “Non-Muslim countries want to tap the liquidity available in Islamic finance and expand their offerings.”
Regards

Zulkifli Hasan
Dubai, UAE
Islamic finance news
1 Comment
August 8, 2014
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
ISLAMIC FINANCE IN MALAYSIA TODAY AND THE WAY FORWARD
ISLAMIC FINANCE IN MALAYSIA TODAY AND THE WAY FORWARD
Zulkifli Hasan
Islamic banking has emerged as an alternative and competitor to the commonly used conventional banking system.  Since its establishment, the system has been slowly adapted into the existing banking system and has proven its effectiveness and sustainability. In fact, it is reported that Islamic banking sector grew 50% faster than the overall banking sector. In 2011 alone, Islamic banking assets with commercial banks grew to USD1.3 trillion and expected to grow to USD2 trillion by the end of 2014. With the experience of more than 30 years, Malaysia is now witnessing tremendous development in Islamic banking and considered as one of the fast-growing and leading countries in the sector particularly in terms of growth of demands, regulatory reforms, corporate governance framework and Shari’ah advisory.
Islamic finance will grow with rapid pace in the year 2014 and its volume will pass through USD2 trillion, with Islamic banking dominating at 78%, sukuk at 16%, takaful at 1%, Islamic funds at 4% and Islamic microfinance with 1%. In 2013, global Islamic banking asset with commercial banks alone reach USD1.8 trillion representing 17% average annual growth. It is estimated that Islamic finance will be able to tip USD6.5 trillion by the year 2020 with the current growth rates.
In line with the consistent growth globally, Islamic banking in Malaysia is also experiencing considerable growth. In 2013, Malaysia has 16 full-fledged Islamic banks, 12 Takaful operators, five international Islamic banks and six development financial institutions that offering Islamic financial services and products. With the additional players including foreign Islamic banks, the Islamic banking industry in Malaysia has shown significant progress with market share increased up to 24.4% of the total banking system. Total Islamic financing continued to grow 16.6% and represented 26.9% of total loans in the banking system with the household sector continuing to account for the bulk of Islamic financing at 65.9%. Not only that, 799 Shari’ah-compliant securities were listed on Bursa Malaysia, representing 87.7% of the total listed securities, with a market capitalization of RM995.7 billion or 63.7% of the total market capitalization.
The legal framework of Malaysia’s Islamic finance system has undergone a tremendous change with the enforcement of the Islamic Financial Services Act 2013 (IFSA) and the Financial Services Act 2013.  These laws, which came into force in June 2013, have replaced the existing Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989 (BAFIA), Islamic Banking Act 1983 and Takaful Act 1984. The new laws provide BNM with the necessary regulatory and supervisory oversight powers to fulfill its broad mandate within a more complex and interconnected environment, given the regional and international nature of financial developments. The law is also expected to place Malaysia’s financial sector, on a platform for advancing forward as a sound, responsible and progressive financial system. The IFSA contains 291 sections which covers numerous aspect of Islamic banking system from the establishment of an Islamic bank or financial institution and its winding up until the enforcement framework for any offence under such law. The IFSA has provided the BNM with statutory duty to foster fair, responsible and professional business conduct amongst financial service providers. The IFSA is expected to promote robust financial consumer protection regime particularly in the aspect of unfair and deceptive business conduct and disclosure obligations and to provide clear demarcation between conventional and Islamic banking.
In discussing the recent development of corporate governance in Malaysia, it is important to highlight the legal consequence of the IFSA on corporate governance framework for IFIs. Generally, the IFSA provides a clearer and more comprehensive set of provisions for corporate governance for IFIs. The IFSA vests the BNM with wide ranging powers to issue standards, which are binding upon every director, officer or Shari’ah committee member of the institution. More importantly, section 28(6) of the IFSA provides that a failure to comply with the standards issued is an offence under the Act and carries with a maximum penalty of eight years imprisonment or a fine of 25 million ringgit or both. In other words, this provision potentially exposes board or directors, management, officers and even Shari’ah committee members with heavy penalties including imprisonment. Therefore, IFIs are required to be more vigilant and diligent in carrying their business which failure may lead to potential jail terms and heavy fine to their personnel.
Shari’ah governance is one of the most developed areas of Islamic finance in Malaysia. Numerous efforts either top down initiatives by the BNM or bottom up endeavor by the practitioners shape the practice of Shari’ah governance. The International Shari’ah Research Academy for Islamic Finance (ISRA) and various Institutions of Higher Learning have been at the forefront in improving the Shari’ah governance related matters including research and development. The establishment of the Association of Shari’ah Advisors initiated by members of Shari’ah scholars further stimulates the degree of professionalism and talent development in Islamic finance. The level of awareness in the grass roots on Islamic finance is also increasing whereby Shari’ah scholars are now actively engaging the communities and civil society entities. To complement this, the mass media also have been very supportive by producing and publishing news, documentary, talk show and information on Islamic finance even during prime time hours.
Another interesting development of Shari’ah governance in Malaysia refers to potential exposure of Shari’ah scholars to jail terms for rule breaches as stipulated under the IFSA. As the only legislation of its kind in the world at this point of time, the IFSA makes Shari’ah scholars accountable and liable for their duties. This is very significant to the practice of Shari’ah governance as any Shari’ah committee members may be jailed for up to eight years or fined up to RM25 million which is equivalent of approximately USD7.6 million if they fail to comply with the rules. This latest development also raises another issue of having professional indemnity Islamic insurance as in the case of advocate and solicitor or medical practitioners.
Malaysia as one the Islamic finance leaders in the world has extensively facilitated the implementation of Islamic finance by enhancing their policies to suit with the domestic and global market behavior. With the understanding that strong, efficient and robust regulatory framework and balance with certain degree of flexibility will lead to market stability, Malaysian financial authorities are consistently enhancing and improving the Islamic banking framework through comprehensive means and various initiatives. These formulae seem working well as we can clearly witness the tremendous development in term of growth in market share, banking asset including the increase of domestic and global players. Year 2014 evidences another true potential of Islamic finance in Malaysia as it contributes not only to the economic development but also stimulates human capital initiatives and generates more opportunities. As Malaysian market is relatively small, Islamic finance players have no other options but to venture into more dynamic and competitive global market. In this regard, we must be ready to compete by offering competitive and universally accepted products and services.
Regards

Zulkifli Hasan
Tokyo, Japan
Islamic finance news
My Thought
1 Comment
August 4, 2014
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Ijtihad, Legitimasi, Fiqh Siyasi dan Ilusi
IJTIHAD, LEGITIMASI, FIQH SIYASI DAN ILUSI
Kenyataan Mufti Arab Saudi, Sheikh Abdul Aziz yang menyebut bahawa Islam melarang demonstrasi bagi menyokong Gaza dan ia hanyalah tindakan bunyi bising dan tidak bermanfaat bukanlah sesuatu yang mengejutkan. Malahan, terdapat pandangan ulama yang lebih mengecewakan di mana fatwanya merestui rejim al Assad dan meredhai rejim al Sisi membantai dan membunuh rakyatnya sendiri. Ulama-ulama ini sanggup duduk sebaris dengan pendokong rejim merestui rampasan kuasa seperti yang berlaku di Mesir. Di Malaysia juga terdapat pandangan sebegini apabila ada kenyataan yang menghalalkan darah pendemonstrasi atas dasar bughah. Ulama-ulama yang senada dengan pandangan sebegini baru-baru ini juga telah menubuhkan ‘Council of Muslim Elders’ di Abu Dhabi tajaan Emiriyah Arab Bersatu sebagai saingan kepada ‘International Union of Muslim Scholars’ yang dipengerusikan oleh Sheikh al Qaradhawi yang dilihat sering menyebelahi gerakan Islam arus perdana.
Seiring dengan perkembangan terkini konflik dan krisis di Timur Tengah, artikel ini merupakan refleksi penulis terhadap fenomena yang terus menghimpit dan menzalimi umat Islam. Artikel ini sama sekali tidak bermaksud untuk menghina mana-mana ulama mahupun mempertikaikan autoriti mereka dalam berijtihad dan memberikan fatwa. Penulis hanya ingin mencetuskan beberapa persoalan mengenai ijtihad dan hubungkaitnya dengan implikasinya terhadap perkembangan dunia Islam khususnya dari aspek ‘political legitimacy’ yang sangat signifikan kepada umat Islam. Disamping mengakui dan mengiktiraf keilmuan ulama-ulama kontemporari ini, penulis berpandangan bahawa betapa perlunya beberapa pandangan ulama-ulama ini disemak semula ataupun diberikan pencerahan selanjutnya bagi mengelakkan ia dimanipulasi dan seterusnya menimbulkan kecelaruan di kalangan masyarakat.
Ijtihad dan Legitimasi
Ijtihad adalah sesuatu yang sangat signifikan dalam kehidupan. Hampir setiap perkara memerlukan ijtihad sama ada individu mahupun secara kolektif. Ijtihad akan menjadi lebih signifikan apabila ia melangkaui isu individu bahkan bakal menentukan hala tuju dan implikasi yang besar kepada masyarakat. Dalam situasi ini, sudah pasti ijtihad yang benar-benar tepat melalui proses yang ketat dengan mengambil kira semua faktor dan implikasi ijtihad perlu dilaksanakan. Individu ataupun sekumpulan ilmuan memegang amanah untuk memastikan ijtihad yang dikeluarkan adalah ‘genuine’, ‘justly balanced’ dan menjaga maslahah umum.
Fenomena yang berlaku di Negara Arab khususnya di Timur Tengah begitu menyedihkan seluruh umat manusia. Nyawa seakan terlalu murah dan kezaliman itu seakan menjadi sebahagian daripada Timur Tengah. Ribuan nyawa melayang atas dasar konflik agama, geo-politik, bangsa mahupun faktor ekonomi. Isunya di sini, dengan institusi ijtihad yang berperanan menyelesaikan isu umat, ia kini seakan tidak berupaya, lemah longlai tidak memberikan impak kemaslahatan kepada umat. Adakah kebejatan ini berfaktorkan cacatnya ijtihad atau ijtihad yang batil atau ijtihad yang tidak diberkati.
Lihat saja ijtihad sesetengah ulama yang menyokong rampasan kuasa oleh tentera diketuai Al Sisi di Mesir. Ijtihad ulama yang menyokong rejim Al Assad di Syria juga satu perkara yang sungguh mengecewakan. Bahkan terdapat ijtihad yang sangat kontroversi apabila mengatakan tiada jihad di Gaza menentang zionis Israel. Ijtihad-ijtihad oleh sarjana ilmuan yang boleh dianggap alim dengan ilmunya ini pastinya memberikan implikasi yang sangat signifikan kepada umat.
Ijtihad-ijtihad yang mengiktiraf rejim al Sisi, rejim al Assad dan menidakkan jihad di bumi Palestine ini merupakan antara faktor utama ‘LEGITIMASI’ kepada penyangak-penyangak ini untuk meneruskan agenda jahat mereka.  John Locke ahli falsafah Inggeris yang terkenal dengan magnum opusnya Two Treatises of Government mentakrifkan LEGITIMACY ini sebagai ‘legitimacy derives from popular explicit and implicit consent of the governed’. Ini bertepatan dengan apa yang berlaku pada hari ini apabila LEGITIMASI yang diperolehi melalui Ijtihad dan institusinya boleh dianggap sebagai ‘explict and implicit consent of the governed’. Didapati melalui IJTIHAD ELIT sesetengah ulama inilah walaupun melalui proses yang menepati usul hatta dengan keihklasan sekalipun hanya memberikan lampu hijau dan endorsemen untuk rejim mahazalim menyekat kebangkitan umat. LEGITIMASI melalui ijtihad inilah antara yang menjadi faktor kepada terusnya kekuasaan rejim diktator yang secara istiqamah mencabul hak dan menzalimi umat. Lebih membimbangkan, ijtihad inilah yang secara tidak langsung menghalalkan pembiayaan negara Islam seperti Arab Saudi dan UAE menyokong dan mendanai rejim diktator ini.
Sungguh ironi merujuk kepada ijtihad OIC yang menyuarakan penghargaan terhadap usaha Mesir untuk menghentikan serangan Israel dan mencapai keamanan. Kerajaan al Sisi yg sebelum ini telah mendapat restu melalui ijtihad beberapa ulama telah berpakat dengan Israel untuk menekan pejuang Palestin di Gaza diharapkan untuk menjadi penaja rundingan damai.
Adakah ijtihad OIC ini gagal atau dengan niat saja gagal untuk memahami situasi yang berlaku. Rashid al-Ghannushi, pengasas kepada Hizb al-Nahḍah, Parti Pembaharuan Tunisia mendedahkan bahawa Mesir enggan menerima pesawat Tunisia yang sarat dengan ubat-ubatan dan bantuan perubatan di Kaherah untuk dihantar ke Gaza dan membantu pemindahan mangsa kecederaan ke Tunisia. Al-Monitor, 11 Julai 2014 melaporkan: Sebelum serangan Israel ke atas Gaza pada pagi 8 Julai, saluran Al Jazeera Mubasher Misr melaporkan Mejar Jeneral Mohammed Farid al-Tohamy, Pengarah Perkhidmatan Inteligen Am Mesir, telah mengunjungi Tel Aviv beberapa jam sebelum serangan dan bertemu dengan pegawai keselamatan Israel. Dilaporkan juga Presiden Mesir Abdel Fattah al-Sisi telah memberikan Israel kelulusan awal untuk melancarkan operasi ketenteraan ke atas Gaza untuk menghancurkan Hamas. Zvi Bar’el menulis dalam Haaretz, 11 Julai 2014, menyatakan bahawa al-Sisi telah menjadi sekutu tentera Israel secara tidak rasmi, memandangkan dua negara itu bekerjasama rapat dalam menentang Hamas. Menteri Perisikan Israel, Yuval Steinitz semasa temubual dengan Siaran Berita 2 Israel menyatakan, ‘terima kasih Tuhan kerana Mesir bersama kita. Tanpa kerjasama Mesir, Israel tidak akan berjaya menepati misi menyerang Gaza’. Anas Al Tikriti, salah seorang cendiakawan Islam, membuat kesimpulan bahawa sekarang kita telah memahami mengapa berlakunya rampasan kuasa oleh tentera di Mesir di mana Israel menyambutnya dan Arab Saudi dan UAE membiayainya.
Situasi di Syria juga begitu membingungkan. Kekejaman al Assad semasa peristiwa berdarah Qamisyli pada 2004 dan 2008, peristiwa Hasakah pada 2004 dan peristiwa penjara Soydana dan tragedi melampaui batasan kemanusiaan hari ini telah meragut nyawa ratusan ribu rakyat Syria. Ini disahkan oleh Utusan Khas PBB sendiri dan Liga Arab, Lakhdar Brahimi. Namun, apa yang berlaku ialah masih ada lagi ijtihad-ijtihad yang menyantuni rejim al Assad dan dengan inilah sekali lagi “LEGITIMASI’ ini dimiliki dengan harga yang sangat murah.
Ijtihad dan Fiqh Siyasi
Antara elemen fiqh siyasi yang dibicarakan secara mendalam oleh ramai sarjana kontemporari termasuk Yusuf al Qaradhawi, Rashid Ghanoushi, Tariq Ramadan dan ramai lagi ialah keharusan untuk berdemonstrasi dan protes secara aman. Walaupun telah ada fatwa yang melarang rakyat untuk berdemonstrasi seperti pandangan Sheikh Abdul Aziz, Mufti Arab Saudi bersandarkan hujah ghawgha, bidaah, perbuatan yang terkeluar dari kaedah Islam, sadd al zarai’ dan lain-lain, penulis sangat tertarik dengan metod Yusuf al Qaradhawi menyantuni pandangan ekstrim ini dengan penuh berhemah. Dengan melihat fiqh waqi’ sesuai dengan perkembangan dunia Islam, beliau mengambil pendekatan yang sangat dinamik dan pandangan beliau ini adalah sangat signifikan dalam mempengaruhi gerakan kebangkitan Islam di dunia.
Amat menarik pandangan Yusuf al Qaradhawi ini apabila beliau secara santai menjawab tohmahan ini dan menolak pandangan yang menyatakan demonstrasi aman ini adalah haram. Bagi menguatkan hujah ini, beliau memetik peristiwa Umar al Khattab di awal pengIslamannya di dalam buku bertajuk ’Thaurah Shaab’. Beliau menukilkan bagaimana Umar al Khattab meminta restu Rasulullah untuk menyatakan kebenaran di jalanan bersama-sama dengan beberapa sahabat yang lain. Rasulullah telah memberi keizinan dan restu baginda dan sejurus itulah Umar al Khattab mengetuai sahabat-sahabat yang lain berdemonstrasi secara aman menyatakan kebenaran di depan kaum Musyrikin Mekah pada waktu itu. Peristiwa itu dirakamkan sebagai antara demonstrasi jalanan yang paling awal dalam sejarah Islam.
Keharusan berdemonstrasi aman ini bukan sahaja dapat dibuktikan melalui peristiwa Umar al Khattab di atas malahan ia juga bersandarkan kepada kaedah usul fiqh dan qawaid fiqh. Dengan menggunakan kaedah masalih mursalah, perantaraan mempunyai hukum yang sama dengan tujuan, sadd al zarai’ dan dalil daripada al sunnah, adalah boleh disimpulkan bahawa demonstrasi jalanan dan protes secara aman adalah harus. Bahkan adalah berdosa besar kepada pihak berkuasa yang mencederakan pendemonstrasi ini dan mereka dianggap sebagai golongan yang zalim dan bakal menerima azab Allah.
Kenyataan yang menyebut demonstrasi aman ini sebagai tindakan bunyi bising dan tidak bermanfaat juga sebenarnya gagal melihat betapa besarnya kesan dan pengaruhnya pada dunia. Sejarah membuktikan bahawa revolusi dan gerakan pembebasan serta aktivisme sosial melibatkan demonstrasi aman adalah sangat memberi kesan terutama bagi menyuntik kesedaran dan menanam semangat untuk memperjuangkan keadilan. Demonstrasi aman yang dipimpin oleh Gandhi antaranya telah berjaya membebaskan India dari penjajahan, demonstrasi aman anti-apartheid di seluruh dunia telah melenyapkan rejim apartheid di Afrika Selatan, demonstrasi aman di Jerman telah meruntuhkan tembok Berlin, demonstrasi aman di Tunisia telah menjatuhkan rejim Ben Ali dan demonstrasi aman di Mesir telah menundukkan rejim Mubarak. Demonstrasi sebagai salah satu daripada elemen demokrasi ini memberikan ruang masyarakat awam untuk menyuarakan pandangan dan suara isi hati mereka kepada umum. Ia seumpama kesaksian dan refleksi terhadap sesuatu isu yang signifikan kepada kemaslahatan umum dan pastinya tidak bertentangan dengan prinsip Islam.
Inilah antara sebab peri pentingnya para alim ulama mufti memahami fiqh ‘international politic’ secara makro dan mikro dan terlibat secara langsung dengan gerakan islam dan masyarakat dalam memberikan pandangan berkaitan isu isu politik. Pandangan para ulama yang menyokong rampasan kuasa di Mesir seumpamanya sememangnya dapat menghentikan sementara pertumpahan darah tapi lihatlah kesannya, saudara seIslam di Gaza yg menjadi mangsa. Malahan Israel dilihat lebih berkuasa dan bermaharajalela membantai umat Islam tanpa perikemanusiaan. Moga-moga semua ulama yang berpandangan sebegini bersatu padu menarik balik fatwa mereka dan mengecam sekerasnya kerajaan al sisi dan mana-mana rejim diktator di dunia ini. Sesungguhnya kita mengimpikan kesatuan ulama yang punya umat bukan yang hanya punya majikan.
Epilog
Ijtihad merupakan aspek yang sangat signifikan dalam menyelesaikan isu umat. Ijtihad yang dilaksanakan oleh Rasulullah dan para sahabat telah mencetuskan fenomena keadilan dan kemakmuran dalam masyarakat. Walaubagaimanapun, pada hari ini, terdapat ijtihad-ijtihad yang boleh dipersoalkan keberkesanannya malahan kesahihannya. Lebih membimbangkan, dikhuatiri ijtihad-ijtihad ini hanya memberikan ‘LEGITIMASI’ kepada rejim diktator dan sekutunya termasuk rejim zionis untuk terus bermaharajalela. Bahkan secara tidak langsung ijtihad ini juga seakan menghalalkan pendanaan dan pembiayaan terhadap rejim diktator ini oleh negara Islam itu sendiri. Ijtihad yang pada asasnya telah memberikan “LEGITIMASI’ ini akhirnya hanya menerbitkan “ILUSI’. ILUSI IJTIHAD.
Regards

Zulkifli Hasan
Note: The views expressed here are solely those of the author in his private capacity and do not in anyway represent any institution or organisation.
With Sheikh Mustafa Ceric, Grand Mufti of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Sarajevo.
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August 2, 2014
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
KAPITALISME, PASARAN SENJATA DAN KRISIS
Kapitalisme, Pasaran Senjata dan Krisis
Zulkifli Hasan
Pendahuluan
Tatkala Gaza dihujani bom dan peluru, Amerika dilaporkan terus menyalurkan bantuan kewangan dan senjata kepada Israel. Ahli Kongres Amerika memberikan lampu hijau dan menyatakan sokongan penuh kepada rejim zionis. Dilaporkan juga bahawa Rusia dan China telah menggunakan kuasa veto untuk membatalkan resolusi Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) yang menyokong pelan Liga Arab untuk mendesak Presiden Syria Bashar Al Assad supaya berundur dan mengutuk keganasan kezaliman yang berlaku. Hingga kini dilaporkan ribuan rakyat Gaza dan Syria telah terkorban dan tercedera. Ramai yang tertanya-tanya mengapa dan kenapa negara-negara ini berbuat demikian. Sudah pasti mereka mempunyai sebab dan justifikasi terhadap tindakan mereka ini. Rusia merupakan pembekal senjata dan rakan dagang utama Syria dalam membekalkan pelbagai jenis senjata kepada rejim Al Assad. Begitu juga di Bahrain, dalam keghairahan media barat mengutuk Iran untuk membangunkan tenaga nuklearnya, Amerika dalam masa yang sama telah membekalkan senjata yang besar jumlahnya kepada Bahrain. Amerika juga pastinya sekutu utama Israel menyalurkan peralatan senjata termodennya dan akan berbuat apa sahaja untuk mengiyakan segala kejahatan rejim zionis. Lihat saja kelengkapan ‘Iron Dome’ Israel yang dibiayai oleh Amerika dengan belanja melebihi USD225 juta. Amerika secara konsisten menjadi penyumbang utama ekonomi dan persenjataan Israel dan ini diketahui dunia.
Krisis merupakan perkara yang sinonim dengan kapitalisme. Bahkan, kapitalisme memerlukan krisis untuk ‘survive’ atau untuk terus relevan. Tanpa krisis, kapitalisme akan runtuh dan tidak akan berfungsi. Itulah antara faktor mengapa berlakunya kitaran krisis ekonomi, krisis kewangan, krisis peperangan dan pelbagai krisis yang lain pada hari ini. Mengetahui perkara inilah, golongan pemodal akan memastikan krisis itu dicipta dan direncanakan secara strategik demi mengaut keuntungan melaluinya. Begitu juga apa yang berlaku pada hari ini khususnya di Timur Tengah. Dengan sumber kekayaan yang melimpah melalui hasil minyak yang menjadi rebutan dunia, golongan pemodal pastinya telah merencanakan pelbagai krisis dan ancaman yang membolehkan produk senjata mereka dilanggani tanpa had. Dalam erti kata lain, golongan pemodal ini mencipta “PASARAN’ melalui krisis dan peperangan.
Dunia telah menyaksikan bahawa abad ke 20 merupakan abad yang paling kejam dalam sejarah manusia dengan dua peperangan dunia, diikuti lebih 30 tahun perlumbaan senjata, perang teluk, perang Afghanistan, Perang Vietnam, Perang Iran-Iraq termasuk konflik dalaman, revolusi dan sebagainya. Program Penyelidikan Keamanan, Cornell Universiti di Amerika telah menganggarkan bahawa seramai 231 juta manusia telah terkorban melalui peperangan dan konflik sepanjang abad ke 20. Di antara faktor utama sejarah tragis manusia ini adalah kesan daripada perdagangan senjata. Perdagangan senjata yang sering kali dilihat sebagai langkah memperkuatkan sistem pertahanan dan perbelanjaan persenjataan atas dasar keselamatan sebenarnya hanya mencetuskan konflik dan pertumpahan darah. Dalam erti kata lain, peperangan telah dicipta bukan hanya kerana ideologi tetapi juga berfaktorkan keuntungan.
Melihat kepada signifikannya isu perdagangan senjata dan agenda para kapitalis pengeluar senjata, artikel ini cuba menelusuri dan meninjau realiti perdagangan senjata termasuk menampilkan aktor-aktor pengeluar senjata dan pelanggan tetap kepada saudagar senjata ini di seluruh dunia. Di samping itu, penulis juga berkongsi sedikit maklumat berkenaan dengan institusi dan badan yang aktif dan komited mengawal dan memantau perdagangan senjata dan juga entiti yang secara komperehensif merekod dan menyimpan data serta statistik perdagangan senjata di seluruh dunia.
Kenali Pengeluar dan Pelanggan Senjata
Adalah tidak mengejutkan bahawa, Amerika merupakan peneraju perdagangan senjata diikuti oleh Rusia, Britain dan Perancis. Maklumat mengenai Perdagangan Senjata dunia boleh diperolehi menerusi Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) sebuah badan bebas antarabangsa berpengkalan di Sweden yang mengkhusus kepada penyelidikan mengenai perdagangan senjata yang memantau dan mempunyai pengkalan data yang komprehensif mengenai perdagangan senjata dunia. Menurut SIPRI, direkodkan bahawa antara 1996-2000 perdagangan senjata dunia dipelopori oleh Amerika, Russia, Perancis yang mewakili 30%, diikuti oleh Britain dan Jerman, 20% dan Belanda, Ukraine, Italy, China, Belarus, Sepanyol dan Israel, 15%. Apa yang menarik dan dalam masa yang sama agak mengejutkan ialah negara-negara pengeluar senjata ini merupakan ahli tetap Majlis Keselamatan PBB iaitu mewakili 85% perdagangan senjata dunia. Sudah pasti fakta ini menimbulkan persoalan mengenai keberkesanan dan keadilan dalam Majlis Keselamatan PBB.
Dari aspek pengeluar senjata, terdapat tujuh syarikat utama pengeluar senjata di dunia iaitu Lockheed Martin (Amerika) BAE Systems (Britain), Boeing (Amerika), Raytheon (US), General Dynamics (Amerika), Thomson-CSF (Perancis). Syarikat-syarikat ini secara aktif mempromosi dan membekalkan senjata di seluruh dunia. Terdapat juga individu pengusaha dan pembekal senjata yang beroperasi membekalkan senjata secara penyeludupan. Victor Bout seorang ikon saudagar senjata dunia yang telah membekalkan pelbagai jenis senjata di serata dunia akhirnya telah ditangkap di Thailand dan diekstradisi ke Amerika. Di antara 2005-2009, direkodkan bahawa negara utama pengguna dan yang melanggan senjata ialah Taiwan, Arab Saudi, Turki, Korea Selatan, India, Mesir, Israel, Pakistan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Greece, Singapura dan Algeria. Menurut ‘Congressional Research Service’, institusi yang menjalankan penyelidikan untuk kongres Amerika, nilai perdagangan senjata antarabangsa bagi 2010 sahaja telah mencecah USD35 bilion.
Selain daripada senjata berat, isu perdagangan senjata kecil juga perlu diambil perhatian kerana ianya juga sangat mempengaruhi dan kerap kali kematian diakibatkan oleh senjata sebegini. Panel Pakar PBB mengkategorikan senjata kecil ini kepada senjata yang digunakan oleh pihak polis dan tentera seperti pistol, rifel, bom tangan, mortar, gas pemedih mata dan lain-lain. Senjata kecil ini pada dasarnya bertujuan untuk menjaga ketenteraman awam dan memelihara keamanan. Namun demikian, dunia menyaksikan senjata ini akhirnya sering kali digunakan oleh pihak berkuasa menindas dan menzalimi orang awam. Pengeluar utama senjata seumpama ini ialah China, Russia dan Amerika. Kajian yang dibuat oleh ‘Graduate Institute of International Studies’ di Geneva menganggarkan bahawa sekurang-kuranya 550 juta pistol dan senjata seumpamanya yang terdapat di dunia iaitu mewakili satu senjata bagi setiap 11 penduduk dunia. ’Small Arms Survey’ yang dijalankan oleh institusi ini pula melaporkan bahawa nilai perdagangan senjata kecil ini adalah melebihi USD7 bilion setahun. Ironinya ialah sebanyak USD2.4 bilion telah diperuntukkan pada 2010 untuk pembelian senjata kecil ini seperti gas pemedih mata, kereta perisai dan senjata lain telah dijual kepada Negara yang mengalami krisis dan konflik seperti Bahrain, Mesir, Libya, Syria dan Yaman. Ini menunjukkan bahawa oleh kerana tiadanya undang-undang antarabangsa pengawalan perdagangan senjata yang boleh menghalang penjualan senjata kepada negara-negara yang secara jelas melanggar hak asasi manusia telah mengakibatkan krisis dan konflik yang berterusan di negara-negara berkenaan.
Industri Senjata dan Implikasinya
Persepsi yang selalu menjadi tanggapan umum terhadap persenjataan ialah senjata adalah untuk keselamatan. Bagi negara pengeluar senjata, industri ini dapat menjana ekonomi dan memberi hasil kepada negara termasuk mencipta peluang pekerjaan. Tetapi tahukah anda bahawa sekitar 2,000 orang mati setiap hari akibat dari perdagangan senjata ini. Industri pembuatan senjata juga tidak banyak menyumbang kepada ekonomi dan sebenarnya tidak menjana peluang pekerjaan yang signifikan. Ini memandangkan industri senjata ini dikategorikan sebagai industri berteknologi tinggi dan tidak memerlukan pekerja yang ramai. Sekiranya dibandingkan antara maslahah dan mafsadah industri ini, didapati terlalu banyak implikasi negatif secara langsung atau tidak langsung melalui urusniaga perdagangan senjata ini.
Jika diteliti dan dianalisis secara telus, hakikatnya perdagangan senjata ini boleh memberikan implikasi yang sangat negatif dan amat berpotensi untuk mencetuskan konflik. Umpamanya pada 1998, terdapat 11 konflik senjata di Afrika. Bagaimana hal ini boleh berlaku? Di antara faktor utama konflik ini ialah pihak yang bermusuhan memiliki armada tentera dan persenjataan yang mencukupi. Dilaporkan antara 1989-1998, Amerika telah memperuntukkan USD227 juta untuk latihan ketenteraan dan senjata bagi tentera-tentera di beberapa negara di Afrika. Daripada jumlah ini sebanyak USD111 juta digunakan untuk peperangan yang berlaku di Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Burundi, Chad Namibia, Rwanda, Sudan, Uganda dan Zimbabwe.
Perdagangan senjata ini juga boleh mempengaruhi dasar dan peruntukan kewangan negara. Peruntukan perbelanjaan untuk persenjataan yang berlebihan akan menjejaskan agenda pembangunan sesebuah negara. Menurut Laporan Setiausaha Agung PBB kepada Majlis Keselamatan berkenaan dengan senjata kecil (S/2008/258) melaporkan bahawa perbelanjaan senjata terutamanya di negara dunia ketiga dan membangun menyebabkan kekayaan negara tidak dapat disalurkan kepada pembangunan sosial. PBB merekodkan bahawa lebih 1 bilion penduduk hidup di bawah paras kemiskinan iaitu pendapatan kurang daripada USD1 sehari sedangkan USD184 setahun diperuntukkan bagi perbelanjaan senjata bagi setiap individu di muka bumi ini. Amat malang kerana fenomena perbelanjaan persenjataan yang keterlaluan ini juga berlaku di negara membangun dan mengalami krisis kemanusiaan. ‘Global Fire Power’, sebuah laman sesawang yang mempunyai pengkalan data mengenai maklumat umum pertahanan negara di dunia, merekodkan tatkala Pakistan dan Mesir dilanda krisis pengangguran dan masalah ekonomi, kedua-dua negara ini telah memperuntukkan jumlah wang yang besar untuk ketenteraan dan masing-masing kini menduduki tangga ke 15 dan 16 dunia dari segi kekuatan angkatan tentera. Lebih mengejutkan lagi ialah daripada jumlah pasaran senjata dunia, 10 negara membangun yang mengalami masalah ekonomi dan kemanusiaan adalah mewakili 60% daripada jumlah pasaran senjata bagi tahun 2003-2010.
Perkembangan perbelanjaan senjata yang berlebihan untuk tujuan keselamatan juga mengakibatkan peruntukan yang sepatutnya disalurkan kepada sektor pembangunan dan kebajikan tidak dapat dimanfaatkan. Sebagai contoh, harga bagi 30 buat jet Sukhoi-30 MKI buatan Rusia ialah USD1.8 bilion. Peruntukan sebanyak ini sebenarnya boleh disalurkan untuk membiayai persekolahan rendah selama setahun bagi 20 juta kanak-kanak. Harga bagi 310 kereta kebal T-90S buatan Russia ialah USD600 juta dan sekiranya wang ini digunakan untuk tujuan kesihatan ianya boleh dibelanjakan untuk membiayai pembelian 200 juta ‘insecticide-treated nets; yang mampu mengurangkan kematian akibat malaria. Nilai bagi 6 buah kapal selam buatan Perancis ialah USD1.8 bilion. Peruntukan sebanyak ini mampu untuk membantu dalam proses rawatan 1.7 bilion kanak-kanak yang mengidap ‘debilitating intestinal worms’ selama 3 tahun. Harga bagi sepuluh jet pejuang Mirage-2000E buatan Perancis ialah USD325 juta. Dianggarkan wang ini cukup untuk membekalkan vitamin dan mineral yang diperlukan bagi 1 bilion orang selama 10 tahun. Peruntukan untuk membeli 66 Jet Pejuang Hawk fighter buatan Britain ialah USD1.7 bilion. Perbelanjaan ini hakikatnya mampu untuk membiayai ‘antiretroviral AIDS drugs’ bagi lebih 11 juta pesakit AIDS selama setahun. Fakta dan angka ini kadang-kadang amat menggerunkan kerana kita dapat menyaksikan betapa rakusnya manusia terhadap kuasa hingga sanggup mengenepikan keperluan yang lebih mendesak seperti kesihatan, pendidikan dan pembangunan sosio ekonomi masyarakat.
Di antara implikasi negatif yang sering juga terjadi berikutan kegiatan perdagangan senjata ialah meningkatnya indeks rasuah. Perdagangan senjata sering melibatkan pihak tengah, tidak telus, bersifat rahsia dan sangat berpotensi menyumbang ke arah amalan rasuah. Dilaporkan bahawa terdapat lebih 50% tuduhan rasuah melibatkan perdagangan senjata. Amalan industri perdagangan senjata yang tidak telus dan keghairahan pihak tertentu untuk memiliki senjata berteknologi tinggi dan terkini menyemarakkan lagi anasir rasuah yang akhirnya menelan perbelanjaan yang besar bagi bajet sesebuah Negara. Berdasarkan kepada faktor ini, seharusnya sesuatu perlu dilakukan bagi memantau industri senjata dan juga mewujudkan satu undang-undang antarabangsa untuk mengawal perdagangan senjata di dunia. Sekurang-kurangnya, undang-undang antarabangsa yang bersifat universal ini akan sedikit sebanyak dapat mengurangkan perdagangan senjata yang tidak bertanggungjawab dan beretika.
Advokasi Pengawalan Perdagangan Senjata
Pada hari ini, didapati tiada satu perjanjian yang bersifat global dan mengikat mengenai pengawalan perdagangan senjata. Gerakan dan aktivisme pengawalan perdagangan senjata ini secara rasminya bermula pada 1997 di New York hasil inisiatif sekumpulan Pemenang Nobel Perdamaian dan ‘International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War’ (IPPNW) yang mengesyorkan untuk mewujudkan Kod Etika Perdagangan Senjata. Selepas kempen dan promosi oleh pelbagai badan bukan kerajaan dan masyarakat sivil antarabangsa, saranan ini kemudiannya diterima oleh PBB dalam resolusi 61/89 pada 18 Disember 2006.
Tarikh 30 Oktober 2009 menjadi detik sejarah apabila Perhimpunan Agung PBB dengan 151 undi akhirnya telah bersetuju mengguna pakai Resolusi A/Res/64/48 untuk menerima usul ke arah mewujudkan Perjanjian Pengawalan Perdagangan Senjata (Arms Trade Treaty). PBB juga bersetuju untuk meneruskan proses memperincikan Perjanjian ini dengan menganjurkan beberapa mesyuarat Jawatankuasa Pemandu pada 2010 dan 2011. Kini Perjanjian ini berada diperingkat akhir pengemaskinian dan PBB akan menganjurkan konferen khas pada Julai 2012 bagi menggubal Perjanjian atau Instrumen yang bakal mengikat semua negara sama ada pengeluar atau pengguna senjata mengenai undang-undang pengawalan perdagangan senjata.
Secara umumnya, Perjanjian Pengawalan Perdagangan Senjata ini bertujuan untuk menghentikan pertambahan perdagangan senjata, menghalang penyalahgunaan senjata dan menyediakan peruntukan undang-undang bagi mengawal perdagangan senjata. Perjanjian ini akan memastikan senjata tidak berpindah kepada pihak yang tidak bertanggungjawab. Di antara kandungan utama Perjanjian ini ialah sebarang perdagangan senjata adalah tidak dibenarkan sama sekali dan melanggar undang-undang antarabangsa sekiranya ianya melibatkan pihak-pihak yang boleh menjejaskan pembangunan sosial dan bertentangan dengan hak asasi manusia. Di antara mekanisme untuk merealisasikan matlamat ini, Perjanjian ini akan menyediakan garis panduan perdagangan senjata secara komprehensif yang perlu dipatuhi oleh semua pihak. Perjanjian senjata ini juga akan memastikan bahawa tiada perdagangan senjata yang melibatkan risiko kemanusiaan dan ini termasuk sekiranya perdagangan senjata tersebut bertentangan dengan hak asasi manusia antarabangsa, tergolong dalam jenayah kemanusiaan atau ‘genocide; potensi untuk menjana jenayah terancang dan boleh menjejaskan kedudukan ekonomi sosial dan pembangunan.
Setakat ini, gerakan ke arah penggubalan dan termeterainya Perjanjian ini hinggi kini dimainkan oleh badan bukan kerajaan terutamanya institusi keagamaan. Penulis berkesempatan menghadiri program seumpama ini dan telah berinteraksi dengan pimpinan agama dari seluruh dunia bersama-sama merancang gerakan dan strategi untuk mempromosikan aktivisme ke arah keamanan sejagat. Di Sweden, ‘Swedish Fellowship of Reconciliation’ (SWEFOR) dan ‘Church of Sweden’ sangat giat mengatur strategi dan program bagi memberikan kesedaran terhadap peri pentingnya isu pengawalan perdagangan senjata ini. Di Amerika, ‘Global Youth Network of Religions for Peace’ secara aktif terlibat dalam gerakan mempromosi Perjanjian Pengawalan Perdagangan Senjata ini dan menganjurkan pelbagai program berkaitan. Di Malaysia, Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia telah menjalinkan kerjasama dengan pelbagai badan bukan kerajaan dari seluruh dunia dan merangka beberapa agenda gerakan bagi tujuan mempromosi inisiatif Pengawalan perdagangan Senjata ini. Di India, ‘Asian Muslim Action Network’ di antara organisasi yang serius mengatur program bagi tujuan yang sama. Satu Deklarasi menyokong Perjanjian Pengawalan Perdagangan Senjata ini juga telah ditandatangani oleh 40 pimpinan agama dan 70 institusi keagamaan dari seluruh dunia hasil inisiatif SWEFOR, ’Caritas France’, ‘CCFD-Terre Solidaire’ dan ‘Interfaith Working Group of the Control Arms Coalition’ pada 21 September 2011. Di peringkat Asia Pasifik, satu bengkel intensif telah dianjurkan pada 26-27 Januari di Bangkok dengan melibatkan perwakilan dari seluruh dunia untuk merangka gerak kerja seterusnya. Ini diikuti dengan konferen di Manila yang telah diadakan pada 11-13 Mac 2012. Usaha-usaha sebegini semakin giat dijalankan oleh masyarakat antarabangsa dan sehingga kini ianya mendapat sambutan yang amat baik di seluruh dunia.
Negara Islam Mangsa Kapitalisme
Mahu tidak mahu, umat Islam di dunia perlu mengakui bahawa negara-negara Islam merupakan di antara pelanggan dan pengguna terbesar senjata. Arab Saudi, Bahrain, UAE, Malaysia termasuk negara-negara miskin seperti Pakistan, Syria, Mesir dan Yaman merupakan negara yang berbelanja besar bagi maksud persenjataan. Kerap kali alasan yang sering diberikan atas pembelian senjata ini ialah atas faktor keselamatan. Ada juga yang memberikan justifikasi keselamatan dan ancaman Israel, konflik sempadan dan keperluan pertahanan negara.
Lihat saja situasi di Timur Tengah. Jane Defence Weekly melaporkan bahawa antara 2011-2013 sahaja, negara teluk seperti Arab Saudi, UAE,Qatar dan Oman telah memperuntukkan lebih USD300 billion untuk perbelanjaan senjata. Terkini Algeria juga telah membelanjakan lebih USD7 bilion ringgit untuk persenjataan dengan Rusia terkesan akibat berlakunya ‘Arab Uprising’ di negara Timur Tengah termasuk ancaman Mesir baru-baru ini. Lihat sahaja rejim al Sisi di Mesir yang tanpa peri kemanusiaan menggunakan senjata milik negara membunuh dan menzalimi rakyatnya bukan memerangi musuh. – negara teluk yang dibelenggu masalah kemunduran ilmu pengetahuan, sains dan teknologi dan sosial memperuntukkan sedemikian banyak untuk kelengkapan senjata berbanding pendidikan yang tidak sampai 0.5% daripada GDP berbanding negara maju seperti Jepun dan UK yang membelanjakan lebih 2.5% untuk pendidikan. Mungkin ini antara faktor mengapa Timur Tengah mundur dan dibelenggu konflik berterusan. Dari sudut ekonomi, direkodkan bahawa hampir separuh daripada 57 negara OIC diklasifikasikan sebagai ’Negara Berpendapatan Rendah’ dan ’Negara Miskin dan Tinggi Keberhutangan’. 70-85% umat Islam dikategorikan sebagai ’non-bankable’ dan 50% hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan serta 25% tiada akses pada kemudahan perubatan dan air bersih. Di Tunisia, lebih 40% kadar pengangguran dan lebih 25% dilaporkan sebagai miskin tegar manakala di Mesir, dengan 80 juta penduduk dan lebih 90% adalah Muslim, direkodkan hampir 50% penduduk adalah miskin dan kadar pengangguran juga mencecah lebih 13%.
Namun sekiranya dilihat dan diperhatikan, bahawa sebenarnya tidak terdapat keperluan yang menghambat untuk membeli persenjataan ini secara besar-besaran hingga mengabaikan tangungjawab yang lebih utama. Bahkan, apa yang berlaku ialah senjata-senjata ini kerap kali digunakan untuk hal ehwal dalaman malahan menzalimi rakyat dan orang awam. Umpamanya di Libya, Mesir dan Syria, pihak kerajaan telah menggunakan senjata yang dibeli bukan untuk tujuan keselamatan negara tetapi atas dasar ingin mempertahankan kuasa dan telah menelan ribuan nyawa rakyatnya sendiri. Oleh itu, alasan faktor keselamatan negara untuk berbelanja besar dalam pembelian senjata tidak boleh diterima secara bulat bahkan boleh dipertikaikan. Sebagai contoh, Amerika merupakan pengeksport utama senjata kepada Mesir termasuk memberikan dana ketenteraan dan persenjataan sebanyak USD1.3 bilion setahun. Manakala 10 negara pengeluar senjata telah membekalkan senjata kepada Libya semenjak 2005 hingga sekarang iaitu Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain and the UK. India, Perancis, dan Rusia telah membekalkan bahan letupan dan pelbagai senjata lain ke Syria. Kesannya apa yang dapat dilihat ialah, tragedi kemanusiaan yang telah berlaku di mana kehilangan nyawa ribuan orang awam termasuk kanak-kanak dan wanita serta kerosakan infrastruktur awam yang hanya memburukkan lagi keadaan di negara-negara yang mengalami konflik dalaman ini.
Kesimpulan
Di antara prinsip utama yang sangat ditekankan oleh Islam ialah keadilan dan pro kepada keamanan. Ini bertepatan dengan firman Allah di dalam surah al Baqarah ayat 190 yang bermaksud: ”Dan perangilah kerana (menegakkan dan mempertahankan) ugama Allah akan orang-orang yang memerangi kamu, dan janganlah kamu menceroboh (dengan memulakan peperangan); kerana sesungguhnya Allah tidak suka kepada orang-orang yang menceroboh”. Bahkan dalam ayat yang lain, al Quran jelas menggariskan kepentingan memelihara keamanan dan memperjuangkan keadilan seperti firman Allah di dalam surah al Maidah ayat 32 yang bermaksud: ”Dengan sebab (kisah pembunuhan kejam) yang demikian itu kami tetapkan atas Bani Israil, bahawasanya sesiapa yang membunuh seorang manusia dengan tiada alasan yang membolehkan membunuh orang itu, atau (kerana) melakukan kerosakan di muka bumi, maka seolah-olah dia telah membunuh manusia semuanya; dan sesiapa yang menjaga keselamatan hidup seorang manusia, maka seolah-olah dia telah menjaga keselamatan hidup manusia semuanya. Dan demi sesungguhnya, telah datang kepada mereka Rasul-rasul kami dengan membawa keterangan yang cukup terang; kemudian, sesungguhnya kebanyakan dari mereka sesudah itu, sungguh-sungguh menjadi orang-orang yang melampaui batas (melakukan kerosakan) di muka bumi”. Nas-nas di atas jelas menunjukkan bahawa adalah menjadi keutamaan kepada umat Islam untuk menegakkan keadilan dan memelihara keamanan.
Fenomena krisis peperangan yang berlaku di dunia pada hari ini bukanlah terjadi secara semulajadi tetapi ia dicipta dan direncanakan secara strategik demi mengaut keuntungan. Golongan pemodal yang didominasi oleh negara pengeluar senjata merupakan aktor utama kepada konflik yang berlaku di seluruh dunia khususnya di Timur Tengah. Konflik di Iraq, di Libya, di Mesir, di Tunisia, di Algeria, Palestine dan lain-lain negara kesemuanya direncanakan oleh pihak berkepentingan secara halus. Musuh-musuh baru dan ancaman-ancaman dipropagandakan bagi memastikan negara kaya seperti di Teluk termasuk negara miskin seperti Mesir dan Syria terus melanggani senjata yang dikeluarkan oleh pengeluar senjata dunia. Malangnya, negara-negara Islam terus-terusan diperdayakan dan akhirnya mengabaikan aspek lain yang lebih utama seperti pendidikan dan pembangunan sains dan teknologi serta memajukan ekonominya.
Isu perdagangan senjata sama ada secara sah atau haram merupakan perkara yang perlu diberi perhatian oleh semua pihak. Di antara punca keganasan dan pembunuhan serta penindasan yang berlaku di seluruh dunia adalah berpunca daripada perdagangan senjata yang tidak beretika. Negara-negara kaya menjadi pengeluar senjata dan menikmati keuntungan yang berlipat ganda melalui penjualan senjata terutamanya kepada negara-negara membangun dan dunia ketiga. Hasil negara yang sepatutnya digunakan untuk tujuan pembangunan terpaksa digadaikan untuk tujuan pembelian senjata atas nama keselamatan. Bahkan dalam konteks negara-negara Islam, alasan ancaman Israel juga kerap kali menjadi justifikasi untuk berbelanja secara besar-besaran membeli kelengkapan senjata. Alasan ini sebenarnya kadang kala adalah bersifat delusi dan khayalan, pada hakikatnya dunia menyaksikan kerap kali senjata yang dibeli ini telah digunakan untuk menzalimi dan menindas rakyat sendiri seperti apa yang berlaku di Mesir, Libya dan Syria. Sudah sampai masanya, umat Islam untuk bangun dari dibuai mimpi ini.
Gerakan pro-keamanan dan mendesak adanya Perjanjian Perdagangan untuk mengawal perdagangan senjata ini perlu diberikan perhatian dan sokongan. Tindakan kerajaan Bolivia, Ecuador, Brazil, Chile,Peru, El Salvador untuk membatalkan semua perjanjian ketenteraan dan perdagangan dengan Israel sebagai protes kepada kezaliman rejim Zionis patut dijadikan contoh sebagai permulaan bermulanya aktivism membantah keganasan. Kesan daripada pemulauan secara berterusan terhadap rejim Apartheid di Afrika Selatan akhirnya meruntuhkan tembok diskriminasi berasaskan bangsa. Di samping itu, masyarakat antarabangsa juga perlu memastikan bahawa pelaksanaan undang-undang antarabangsa mengenai sebarang bentuk keganasan adalah berpaksikan kepada keadilan dan tidak bersifat partisan serta berpihak. Ianya harus terpakai kepada semua negara di dunia termasuk negara pengeluar senjata dan perhatian serius dan khusus sewajibnya diberikan kepada negara-negara yang kerap kali melanggar hak asasi manusia, mencetuskan konflik serta sering melancarkan keganasan seperti Israel yang secara terus terang tidak menghormati kehormatan Palestin.
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BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
Monthly Archives: October 2016
October 22, 2016
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
From Legalism to Value-Oriented Islamic Finance Practices
From legalism to value-oriented Islamic finance practices”, Humanomics, Vol. 32 Issue 4
Zulkifli Hasan
Purpose
This paper aims to provide analysis on the state of Islamic finance through critical appraisal on its current form and practices. This paper argues that the current form of Islamic finance practices is due to its legalistic approach and hence requires value-oriented reform. In this regard, Shari’ah governance system can be one of the mechanisms toward such reformation.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper employs case study research method and comparative studies of other’s works to develop understanding on the extent of Islamic finance practices. The study utilizes descriptive, comparative and critical analysis approaches in extracting and analyzing the information.
Findings
The literature has indicated the growing frustration of scholars and proponents of Islamic economics on the failure of Islamic finance in addressing the real economic and ethical issues beyond the legal realm of Shari’ah-compliance. Legalism leads to narrow understanding and ignores certain dimensions of Islamic finance practices. Considering of all factors and through critical observation, this paper argues that the current form of Islamic finance practices is due to its legalistic approach and hence requires value-oriented reform. At this juncture, the paper suggests that Shari’ah governance system can be one of the mechanisms toward such reformation.
Originality/value
This paper provides valuable discussion and fresh and recent information on Islamic finance practices including Shari’ah governance practices of IFIs through case studies. The study shares experience of Malaysia in developing its Islamic finance framework and practices from legalistic towards value-oriented approach.
Islamic finance news
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Al-Baqarah, 2:275
Calendar
October 2016

M

T

W

T

F

S

S

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

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15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31
« Sep
Dec »
Academic
Centre for Islamic Area Studies at Kyoto University

Durham Islamic Finance Programme

Harvard University Islamic Finance Project

IIUM Institute of Islamic Banking and Finance

INCEIF

International Institute of Islamic Economics

International Shari'ah Research Academy for Islamic Finance

MIHE
Blogroll
Abdullah Saeed

Mahmud El-Gamal

Mohammad Obaidullah

Monzer Kahf

Muhammad Nejatullah Siddiqi

Muhammad Umer Chapra

Sheikh Ahmad Raysuni

Sheikh Imran Hossein

Sheikh Muhammad Afifi Al Akiti

Sheikh Muhammad Said Ramadhan al-Buthi

Sheikh Muqbil Haadee

Sheikh Salman Audah

Sheikh Tariq Ramadan

Sheikh Wahbah al-Zuhayli

Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi

Syed Hossein Nasr

Zakir Naik
Higher Education
Association of African Universities

Consortium for North American Higher Education Collaboration

Education International

Higher Education in Malaysia

UNESCO

University and College Union
Institutional Infrastructure for Islamic Finance
Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Insitutions

General Council of Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions

International Islamic Financial Market

Islamic Development Bank

Islamic Financial Services Board

Islamic International Rating Agency

Islamic Research and Training Institute

Liquidity Management Centre
Islamic Finance Worldwide
Islamic Finance in Germany

Islamic Finance Indonesia

Islamic Finance Turkey
Muslim Activist
Fethullah Gulen

Hamza Tzortzis

Hamza Yusuf

Lauren Booth

Yahia Abdul Rahman

Yvonne Ridley
Muslim Da'wah Movement
ABIM Negeri Sembilan

Islamic Society of North America

Minda Madani

Muslim Brotherhood

Muslim Council of Britain

Muslim Student Association of Japan

Swiss Muslim Society
My Hobby
Muslim Soccer Blog

Ulama Nusantara
My Malaysia
Centre for Policy Initiative

Centre for Public Policy Studies

Institute of Strategic and International Studies

Malaysian Institute of Economic Research

Socio-Economic and Environmental Research Institute
My Usrah
ABIM

Baytulkifli

Hanif's Family

Malaysian Durham Scholars

MISG
Website on Islamic Finance
Al Huda

Al Sukuk

Global Islamic Finance Centre

Invest Halal

Islamic Business Research Centre

Islamic Finance

Islamic Finance Asia

Islamic Finance Blogspot

Islamic Finance Information Service

Islamic Finance Resources

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Muslim Net

My Professional Group Directory

Opalesque Islamic Finance

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asma
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Guru Sebagai Murabbi, Mudarris…

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IMF endorses Islamic finance,…

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Top Posts
Guru Sebagai Murabbi, Mudarris, Mualim, Muaddib Dan Mursyid “Selamat Hari Guru”

MEMAHAMI KONSEP “SUMPAH” DALAM ISLAM

Tajdid and Mujaddid

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MEMAHAMI ISU ISLAMOFOBIA: ANTARA PERSEPSI DAN REALITI
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