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Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
April 1, 2015
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
QAZAF DAN KAITANNYA DENGAN TUDUHAN LIWAT MENURUT PERSPEKTIF UNDANG-UNDANG
QAZAF DAN KAITANNYA DENGAN TUDUHAN LIWAT MENURUT PERSPEKTIF UNDANG-UNDANG
Zulkifli Hasan
Pendahuluan
Mutakhir ini masyarakat umum disajikan dengan berita-berita sensasi mengenai kes yang telah diputuskan di Mahkamah Persekutuan Malaysia antara PP v Dato’ Seri Anwar Ibrahim. Kewujudan beberapa pihak yang teruja untuk memberikan penerangan mengenai kes tersebut di seluruh Malaysia secara percuma menjadikan ia lebih sensasi dan menimbulkan begitu banyak persoalan. Kes yang didakwa sebelum ini tidak melibatkan unsur politik, kini semakin terserlah seakan ada agenda politik disebaliknya. Penafian demi penafian hanya semakin membenarkan tanggapan dan persepsi umum mengenai kewujudan unsur politik berkaitan dengan kes tersebut.
Walau apapun, unsur politik bukanlah menjadi isu utama dalam hal ini, apa yang menjadi kerisauan adalah potensi berlakunya Qazaf secara berleluasa tanpa disedari. Umat Islam secara tidak sedar berkemungkinan boleh terjerumus melakukan kesalahan ini sekiranya ia tidak dibendung. Kesannya adalah begitu signifikan apabila melibatkan aspek kesaksian dan keruntuhan moral serta berpotensi menjadi kanser kepada keharmonian institusi keluarga dan masyarakat. Ia juga sangat berkait rapat dengan tuntutan memelihara keaiban dan maruah selaras dengan prinsip maqasid Syariah.
Mengambil perhatian perkara ini dengan serius, penulis ingin berkongsi pandangan mengenai isu ini dengan tujuan agar ia boleh dijadikan sebagai antara pencerahan kepada beberapa persoalan berkaitan dengan kerelevanan liwat dalam kes Qazaf di Mahkamah Syariah. Artikel ringkas ini hanya membincangkan secara umum beberapa persoalan mengenai kesalahan Qazaf dan kaitannya dengan liwat dengan merujuk kepada peruntukan undang-undang. Penting untuk diingatkan bahawa penulisan ini tidak bermaksud untuk membicarakan topik ini secara menyeluruh dan mendalam mahupun menyentuh segenap aspek ruang lingkup Qazaf. Rujukan lanjut kepada kitab-kitab muktabar, enakmen dan akta berkaitan serta makalah yang relevan perlu dilakukan bagi memastikan kefahaman yang lebih baik bagi memahami isu yang dibincangkan.
Beberapa Persoalan Mengenai Kesalahan Qazaf dan Kaitannya Dengan Kesalahan Liwat
Persoalan demi persoalan ditimbulkan mengenai kes Qazaf ini dan ini merangkumi aspek hukum syarak dan undang-undang. Antara yang menjadi persoalan utama adalah berkenaan dengan kerelevenan Qazaf dalam kes melibatkan tuduhan liwat sama ada menurut perspektif Syariah mahupun undang-undang yang diperuntukkan di bawah enakmen negeri-negeri. Masyarakat juga ingin tahu mengenai prosiding kes Qazaf di Mahkamah Syariah dan bagaimanakah Mahkamah boleh membicarakan dan mendengar kes seumpama ini. Ini merupakan antara beberapa persoalan yang menjadi perbincangan dan perdebatan di mana sekiranya tidak ditangani dengan baik akhirnya boleh menimbulkan pelbagai spekulasi dan kekeliruan.
Sehubungan dengan perkembangan semasa terutama penganjuran program penerangan kes yang telah diputuskan di Mahkamah Persekutuan pada Februari lalu, baru-baru ini, seorang aktivis berlatarbelakang agama diikuti oleh beberapa pihak lain atas dasar tanggungjawab telah membuat laporan kepada Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor dan Pulau Pinang mengenai potensi kesalahan Qazaf terhadap seorang individu ternama. Laporan ini telah mendapat liputan meluas pelbagai pihak. Namun yang sangat menarik adalah pandangan awal Menteri bertanggungjawab dalam hal ehwal agama yang menyatakan bahawa Qazaf hanya merujuk tuduhan zina dan bukan liwat. Pandangan ini merujuk kepada peruntukan dalam Enakmen Kesalahan Jenayah Syariah Negeri-negeri yang hanya merujuk kesalahan zina atau persetubuhan haram di antara lelaki dan perempuan.
Sebelum ini, percubaan untuk mendapatkan perintah Mahkamah Syariah untuk meminta pendakwa syarie memulakan prosiding Qazaf telah ditolak oleh Mahkamah Syariah dalam kes yang sama. Mahkamah telah menolak rayuan pemohon dengan alasan bahawa  sebarang campur tangan dalam urusan pendakwaan boleh dilihat sebagai suatu maksiat dan mahkamah tidak boleh bertolak ansur dengan sebarang perbuatan maksiat. Mahkamah juga memutuskan bahawa Ketua Pendakwa Syarie perlu menggunakan pertimbangan professional dan mesti dilihat adil, bebas dan tidak melibatkan pandangan peribadi atau fahaman politik dalam melaksanakan tugasnya. Mahkamah melihat sebarang urusan campur tangan daripada mana-mana pihak termasuk pihak ketiga atau hakim dilihat sebagai satu maksiat. Mahkamah sebulat suara menolak permohonan untuk mengeluarkan perintah tersebut.
Berikutan dengan perkembangan dan kes yang diputuskan oleh Mahkamah Syariah dalam isu Qazaf di atas, ia telah menimbulkan persoalan yang signifikan dari sudut hukum syarak dan undang-undang. Persoalan-persoalan ini boleh dirumuskan kepada lima isu utama iaitu (i) Apakah Perspektif Hukum Syarak Mengenai Qazaf Dalam Kes Tuduhan Liwat?; (ii) Apakah Menuduh Orang Lain Melakukan Liwat Secara Paksa Dianggap Qazaf?; (iii) Adakah Qazaf Masih Relevan Dalam Kes Tuduhan Liwat Terhadap Seseorang yang Telah Disabitkan Kesalahan Seks Luar Tabii di Mahkamah Sivil?  (iv) Adakah Peruntukan Undang-undang Mengenai Qazaf Merangkumi Kesalahan Menuduh Orang lain melakukan Liwat atau Ia Terhad Hanya Pada Kesalahan Zina?; dan (iv) Apakah Prosiding Qazaf Dalam Kes Tuduhan Seseorang Melakukan Liwat?.
Apakah Perspektif Hukum Syarak Mengenai Qazaf Dalam Kes Tuduhan Liwat?
Qazaf merupakan sesuatu kesalahan yang unik dan berlainan dengan kesalahan jenayah Syariah yang lain dalam Islam. Ia bertujuan untuk melindungi maruah dan kehormatan seseorang yang menjadi antara salah satu aspek utama yang perlu dipelihara dalam prinsip maqasid Syariah. Pengajaran mengenai Qazaf ini diriwayatkan secara terperinci dalam peristiwa Ifk di mana kesalahan Qazaf ini dianggap bukan sahaja sebagai salah satu dosa besar malahan memberikan impak yang begitu besar dan ini termasuk implikasi kesaksian seseorang yang tidak diterima selama-lamanya.
Qazaf secara umumnya merujuk kepada tuduhan ke atas seseorang yang baik akhlaknya dengan berzina, atau menafikan keturunannya yang sah. Qazaf merupakan salah satu daripada kesalahan hudud dan sesiapa disabitkan dengan kesalahan ini boleh di hukum had. Berkenaan dengan kesalahan zina dan liwat berkaitan Qazaf, jumhur termasuk mazhab Shafii berpandangan bahawa liwat adalah hudud dan pesalah boleh dikenakan hukuman had zina. Berbanding dengan pandangan jumhur, hanya Imam Abu Hanifah yang berpandangan bahawa liwat tidak diwajibkan hukuman had ke atas kedua-dua pelaku liwat dan penerimanya sama ada lelaki atau perempuan.
Merujuk kepada kesalahan Qazaf dalam pertuduhan liwat, majoriti fuqaha daripada empat mazhab berpendapat bahawa liwat adalah sama sahaja dengan zina. Tuduhan liwat ke atas seseorang mengikut Imam Malik, Imam Shafi’i dan Imam Ahmad sama dengan menuduh seseorang melakukan zina kerana liwat adalah zina dan peliwat adalah penzina sama ada ia sebagai pelaku atau penerima perlakuan itu, sama ada ia lelaki atau perempuan. Sekiranya jika disabitkan dengan kesalahan Qazaf menerusi tuduhan liwat maka si pesalah boleh dikenakan hukuman had bagi kesalahan Qazaf. Imam Abu Hanifah pula berpandangan bahawa tuduhan liwat termasuk dalam hukuman takzir kerana beliau berpendapat bahawa liwat bukannya zina, justeru tuduhan liwat tidak dikira sebagai tuduhan zina. Dalam isu ini, pendekatan Mahkamah Syariah kebiasaannya mengutamakan pandangan jumhur dan mazhab Shafii. Oleh itu, tuduhan liwat juga boleh ditafsirkan untuk merangkumi tuduhan zina dan Qazaf.
Apakah Menuduh Orang Lain Melakukan Liwat Secara Paksa Dianggap Qazaf?
Pada asasnya, sesiapa yang menuduh sesiapa meliwat tanpa bukti empat orang saksi lelaki yang cukup syarat atau pengakuan tertuduh boleh dianggap melakukan jenayah Qazaf. Ini menimbulkan persoalan bagaimana dengan kes liwat secara paksa. Adakah pihak yang mendakwa dilihat boleh menuduh seseorang melakukan liwat secara paksa dan terlepas daripada hukuman Qazaf? Adakah pihak ketiga juga boleh menuduh orang lain melakukan liwat secara paksa dan bebas dari tuduhan melakukan Qazaf? Dalam hal ini, penulis berpandangan bahawa umat Islam hendaklah berusaha untuk menjauhkan diri daripada sebarang perbuatan yang boleh menjerumuskan diri dengan dosa Qazaf walaupun tuduhan sebegini boleh memungkinkan boleh terlepas daripada kesalahan Qazaf di atas dunia ini tetapi belum tentu di hari akhirat nanti.
Apabila membicarakan isu ini, perlu diingatkan bahawa hanya mangsa atau pihak yang mendakwa diliwat yang berhak untuk membuat tuduhan liwat secara paksa dan bukan pihak ketiga. Bukan itu sahaja, orang yang mendakwa dirinya diliwat perlu mengemukakan bukti dan keterangan yang boleh diterima di Mahkamah bagi menyokong dakwaannya itu. Keterangan dan bukti itu mesti menunjukkan bahawa adanya unsur paksaan dan jika dia tidak dapat mengemukakan bukti diliwat maka dia boleh dianggap melakukan tuduhan Qazaf terhadap seseorang.
Perlu diingatkan juga bahawa tuduhan melakukan liwat secara paksa adalah sama sekali tidak sama dengan tuduhan dalam kes gangguan seksual atau ‘sexual harrasment’. Tanggapan yang mengatakan bahawa kes liwat secara paksa boleh dianalogikan dengan gangguan seksual seperti dalam kes yang diputuskan oleh Mahkamah Persekutuan baru-baru ini adalah sesuatu yang mengelirukan dan jauh daripada kebenaran. Berbanding liwat, gangguan seksual boleh berlaku tanpa adanya berlaku perlakuan hubungan seksual. Oleh itu, beban pembuktian untuk pembuktian adanya unsur paksaan dalam kes gangguan seksual adalah berbeza dengan kes tuduhan liwat secara paksa. Beban pembuktian kes liwat secara paksa memerlukan keterangan dan bukti yang kukuh bagi membuktikan bahawa adanya elemen paksaan.

Merujuk kepada isu adakah pihak ketiga atau sesiapa selain daripada mangsa liwat secara paksa boleh melakukan kesalahan Qazaf ia adalah sesuatu yang perlu diberikan perhatian secara amat berhati-hati. Asasnya, tiada sesiapa termasuk pihak ketiga boleh menuduh sesiapapun dengan tuduhan liwat sama ada secara paksa atau rela. Walaubagaimanapun, dalam kes di mahkamah melibatkan tuduhan melakukan liwat yang dijalankan Pendakwa Syarie, Pendakwa Syarie hanya dianggap mewakili pihak yang mendakwa diliwat. Isu pendakwa Syarie berpotensi melakukan Qazaf tidak lagi relevan kerana beliau hanya mewakili pihak yang mendakwa diliwat dan pendakwa syarie tidak boleh dijatuhkan hukuman kesalahan Qazaf sekiranya tidak dapat dibuktikan bahawa tertuduh telah melakukan liwat secara paksa.

Oleh itu, pendakwa syarie mesti menjalankan pendakwaan mewakili dan berdasarkan kepada maklumat dan keterangan oleh mangsa liwat yang mendakwa diliwat secara paksa. Sekiranya pihak yang mendakwa diliwat mengatakan ia berlaku secara paksa maka pendakwa syarie tidak boleh pula mengatakan bahawa liwat berlaku secara sukarela seperti yang berlaku dalam kes liwat yang diputuskan di Mahkamah Persekutuan baru-baru ini. Ia jelas bertentangan dengan dakwaan pihak yang mendakwa kena liwat dan ini menyalahi prinsip asal pendakwaan dalam kes zina dan liwat.
Adakah Qazaf Masih Relevan Dalam Kes Tuduhan Liwat Terhadap Seseorang yang Telah Disabitkan Kesalahan Seks Luar Tabii di Mahkamah Sivil?
Wujudnya tanggapan bahawa sesiapa tidak boleh dianggap melakukan Qazaf atau terlepas daripada kesalahan Qazaf apabila membuat tuduhan liwat terhadap seseorang yang telah disabitkan kesalahan seks luar tabii di Mahkamah Sivil. Ini merupakan suatu tanggapan salah yang perlu diberikan perhatian. Umumnya, sabitan kesalahan di Mahkamah Sivil seperti yang diperuntukkan dalam Kanun Keseksaan tidak bermakna seseorang itu berhak atau boleh membuat tuduhan liwat. Malahan sebarang pertuduhan terhadap sebarang kesalahan seumpama ini hanya boleh dibuat dihadapan hakim di Mahkamah Syariah.
Sabitan kesalahan melakukan seks luar tabii di bawah Kanun Kesiksaan di Mahkamah Sivil tidak membolehkan seseorang terlepas daripada kesalahan Qazaf apabila menuduh seseorang yang telah disabitkan kesalahan tersebut dengan tuduhan liwat. Ini bersandarkan kepada pembuktian yang tidak menepati hukum syarak dan sabitan juga berlaku tidak berasaskan kepada sama ada kepada iqrar ataupun empat orang saksi lelaki. Bukan itu sahaja peruntukan di bawah Hukuman yang diperuntukkan di bawah Kanun Kesiksaan juga bukan merupakan hukuman hudud. Walaupun telah disabitkan kesalahan di Mahkamah Sivil di bawah Kanun Keseksaan hatta di Mahkamah Syariah di bawah Enakmen Jenayah Syariah Negeri sekalipun, sesiapa sahaja tidak boleh membuat tuduhan liwat terhadap sesiapapun melainkan ia dilakukan di Mahkamah. Sebarang pertuduhan hanya boleh dilakukan di hadapan hakim di Mahkamah Syariah.
Adakah Peruntukan Undang-undang Mengenai Qazaf Merangkumi Kesalahan Menuduh Orang lain melakukan Liwat atau Ia Terhad Hanya Pada Kesalahan Zina?
Seksyen 36 Enakmen Jenayah Syariah Selangor 1995 dan seksyen 41 Akta 559 Kesalahan Jenayah Syariah (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1997 memperuntukkan bahawa “Kecuali dalam kes li’an, mana-mana orang yang menuduh orang lain melakukan zina tanpa mengemukakan, mengikut Hukum Syara’, empat orang saksi lelaki atau iqrar orang yang dituduh itu adalah melakukan suatu kesalahan dan apabila disabitkan boleh didenda tidak melebihi lima ribu ringgit atau dipenjarakan selama tempoh tidak melebihi tiga tahun atau kedua-duanya.” Meneliti peruntukan ini, umumnya ia bukan bersifat secara mutlak dan boleh ditafsirkan secara literal atau konstruktif. Ia bergantung kepada Mahkamah Syariah untuk menentukan pendekatan pentafsiran mengenai kesalahan Qazaf sama ada ia hanya terhad pada kesalahan zina atau ia termasuk kesalahan zina dan liwat.
Pentafsiran secara literal menghadkan kesalahan Qazaf kepada tuduhan zina atau tuduhan seseorang lelaki dan perempuan melakukan persetubuhan haram tanpa ikatan perkahwinan yang sah. Pendekatan pentafsiran secara literal ini akan mengecualikan kes menuduh orang lain melakukan liwat tanpa bukti yang mencukupi sebagai kesalahan Qazaf. Ini bermakna laporan yang dibuat terhadap seseorang yang menuduh orang lain melakukan kesalahan Qazaf dalam kes liwat adalah tidak relevan. Pendakwa Syarie hanya akan memulakan prosiding Qazaf sekiranya beliau berpuashati dengan siasatan dalam kes tersebut dan hanya perlakuan yang melibatkan pertuduhan ke atas seseorang melakukan zina dan bukan liwat.
Pandangan yang menghadkan kesalahan Qazaf ini kepada tuduhan zina juga merujuk kepada jawapan Menteri Di Jabatan Perdana Menteri Dato’ Seri Jamil Khir Haji Baharom semasa perbahasan Mesyuarat Pertama Penggal Ketiga Parlimen Ketiga Belas 2015 di Dewan Rakyat. Dato’ Seri Jamil Khir Haji Baharom telah mengambil pandangan Ketua Pendakwa Syarie Wilayah Persekutuan yang memutuskan untuk tidak mendakwa kes Qazaf melibatkan liwat kerana tuduhan liwat tidak merangkumi kesalahan Qazaf sepertimana yang terkandung di bawah seksyen 41 Akta Kesalahan Jenayah Syariah (Wilayah Persekutuan) 1997. Seksyen 2 Akta yang sama juga telah mentafsirkan zina sebagai ‘persetubuhan antara lelaki dan perempuan tanpa nikah yang sah’ dan liwat sebagai ‘perhubungan seks sesame lelaki’.
Berdasarkan kepada kenyataan Menteri Di Jabatan Perdana Menteri di atas, secara umumnya dari satu sudut penulis bersetuju dengan pendangan Ketua Pendakwa Syarie Wilayah Persekutuan. Namun demikian, penulis mendapati bahawa Ketua Pendakwa Syarie Wilayah Persekutuan telah membuat tafsiran sendiri yang boleh jadi betul atau salah tanpa berusaha membawa perkara ini untuk ditentukan oleh Mahkamah Syariah. Mahkamah Syariah adalah institusi yang berbidang kuasa untuk mentafsirkan sebarang peruntukan undang-undang termasuk isu khilaf dalam pentafsiran tuduhan liwat dalam kes Qazaf.
Penulis juga meragui kenyataan yang menyebut bahawa tindakan Ketua Pendakwa Syarie tidak mengambil tindakan adalah merujuk kepada pandangan ulama yang disepakati dan dikanunkan walaupun mengakui pandangan mazhab Syafii yang kuat berpegang kepada pendapat bahawa tuduhan liwat juga adalah Qazaf. Pandangan yang menghadkan hanya tuduhan zina sebagai Qazaf bukanlah pandangan yang disepakati. Bukan itu sahaja, ia jelas tidak konsisten dengan kenyataan Menteri Di Jabatan Perdana Menteri sebelum ini dalam isu program memegang anjing yang menyatakan bahawa Malaysia meraikan mazhab lain tetapi mazhab Syafii tetap menjadi konsensus umat Islam di Negara ini. Selari dengan tuntutan maqasid Syariah yang menuntut kepada pemeliharaan maruah seseorang yang dituduh dengan tuduhan yang amat berat seumpama liwat, Ketua Pendakwa Syarie sebenarnya masih boleh membawa kes ini ke Mahkamah Syariah untuk diputuskan oleh hakim.
Walaupun Seksyen 36 dan 41 di atas tidak menyebutkan liwat dalam kesalahan Qazaf, namun tidak bermakna ia boleh menghalang untuk Mahkamah Syariah membuat tafsiran secara konstruktif. Peruntukan ini boleh ditafsirkan dengan makna yang lebih luas sesuai dengan hukum syarak dan pandangan fuqaha muktabar termasuk ulama mazhab Shafii. Umumnya, kesalahan Qazaf bukan sahaja merujuk kepada zina, malahan perkataan zina boleh sahaja ditafsirkan dengan makna yang lebih luas. Seiring dengan pandangan jumhur termasuk pandangan kuat Mazhab Shafii, zina dalam kes Qazaf juga merujuk kepada pertuduhan liwat ke atas seseorang. Pentafsiran ini bersandarkan kepada pandangan yang kukuh dan kuat daripada ramai ulama muktabar daripada pelbagai mazhab. Ini semestinya memberikan sandaran yang kukuh kepada Ketua Pendakwa Syarie untuk memulakan prosiding Qazaf dalam kes mana-mana pihak yang menuduh seseorang melakukan perbuatan liwat.
Tafsiran konstruktif ini juga bukan sahaja berasaskan kepada pandangan jumhur malahan terdapat beberapa peruntukan undang-undang lain yang boleh dirujuk. Seksyen 130 (2) Enakmen Keterangan Mahkamah Syariah (Selangor) dan Akta Keterangan Mahkamah Syariah (Wilayah-wilayah Persekutuan) 1997 termasuk seksyen 230 Enakmen Tatacara Jenayah Syariah Selangor 2003 menyebut secara jelas bahawa jika terdapat lakuna atau jika apa-apa perkara tidak diperuntukkan dengan nyata dalam Enakmen atau Akta ini, Mahkamah Syariah hendaklah memakai Hukum Syarak. Seksyen 3 Enakmen dan Akta ini mentafsirkan Hukum Syarak sebagai mengikut Mazhab Shafii, atau mengikut mana-mana satu Mazhab Maliki, Hanafi atau Hanbali. Peruntukan ini secara langsung memberikan ruang kepada Mahkamah Syariah untuk mentafsirkan definisi Qazaf untuk merangkumi kes menuduh seseorang melakukan perbuatan zina termasuk liwat, Ini bertepatan bukan sahaja dengan Mazhab Shafii malahan majoriti fuqaha mazhab lain yang mensabitkan liwat sebagai zina.
Pentafsiran secara konstruktif ini adalah bersesuaian dengan keadaan seama masyarakat, memenuhi keperluan maslahah umum dan bertepatan dengan maqasid Syariah yang mesti dipelihara dan dipertahankan. Penulis mengambil pandangan bahawa Ketua Pendakwa Syarie boleh membawa kes ini ke Mahkamah Syariah dan hakim boleh menentukan pendekatan pentafsiran untuk menyelesaikan sebarang kekhilafan bersesuaian dengan kaedah ‘iza hakama al hakim rafa’a al khilaf’ yang bermaksud sekiranya hakim telah membuat keputusan maka terungkailah khilaf.
Dalam masa yang sama, penulis berpandangan bahawa terdapat keperluan pindaan undang-undang bagi peruntukan kesalahn Qazaf sedia ada. Sesuai dengan maqasid Syariah dan bertepatan dengan pendekatan umum yang meraikan Mazhab Syafii sepertimana dinyatakan secara jelas oleh Menteri Di Jabatan Perdana Menteri, maka tuduhan liwat juga sepatutnya merangkumi kes Qazaf dan bukan hanya merujuk kepada zina. Dengan menambah baik peruntukan di dalam enakmen sedia ini juga akan membuka ruang yang lebih luas ke arah penambahbaikan keseluruhan Enakmen Kesalahan Jenayah Syariah yang dilihat masih mempunyai pelbagai kelemahan dan kekurangan dari beberapa sudut termasuk pemakaian pandangan fuqaha.
Apakah Prosiding Qazaf Dalam Kes Tuduhan Seseorang Melakukan Liwat?
Pada asasnya, Enakmen Tatacara Jenayah Syariah negeri-negeri memperuntukkan bahawa hanya orang yang menuduh orang tertentu melakukan zina tanpa bukti empat orang saksi lelaki yang cukup syarat atau pengakuan tertuduh boleh dianggap melakukan jenayah Qazaf. Namun begitu, bersandarkan kepada peruntukan undang-undang dibawah enakmen negeri-negeri dengan disokong oleh pandangan majoriti fuqaha, Qazaf juga boleh ditafsirkan sebagai merangkumi tuduhan liwat. Ini menimbulkan kepada persoalan mengenai prosiding Qazaf dalam kes tuduhan liwat.
Umumnya, prosiding Qazaf adalah sama dengan kesalahan jenayah Syariah yang lain. Ia boleh dimulakan sama ada melalui laporan oleh yang dituduh atau orang awam atau pihak ketiga atau inisiatif hakim sendiri. Seksyen 8 dan 9 Enakmen Tatacara Jenayah Syariah Selangor 2003 memperuntukkan bahawa orang awam boleh membantu hakim, Pegawai Penguatkuasa Agama atau pegawai polis dengan memberi maklumat mengenai sesuatu kesalahan jenayah syariah yang diperuntukkan. Ini selari dengan apa yang telah dilakukan sepertimana laporan yang telah dibuat kepada pihak berkuasa agama Selangor dan Pulau Pinang. Tuduhan Qazaf ini sekiranya dibawa ke Mahkamah memerlukan dua orang saksi yang mencukupi syarat, membuktikan kesahihan sesuatu dakwaan Qazaf itu.
Sekiranya pihak yang melaporkan maklumat kes Qazaf tersebut tidak berpuashati dengan tindakan pihak berkuasa agama, beliau boleh membuat ‘aduan’ terus kepada hakim. Seksyen 72 memberi kuasa kepada hakim untuk mendengar ‘aduan’ terus daripada pihak yang membuat aduan dan sekiranya mempunyai asas yang kukuh boleh mengeluarkan saman bagi kehadiran tertuduh. Hakim sebenarnya bukan sahaja boleh membicarakan sesuatu kes berdasarkan ‘aduan’ pihak tertentu tetapi juga boleh mengambil perhatian tentang kesalahan berdasarkan pengetahuannya sendiri dan dengan keterangan yang menyokong bahawa kesalahan itu telah dilakukan. Peruntukan ini juga berasaskan kepada bidang kuasa jenayah yang dimiliki hakim di bawah peruntukan seksyen 7 Enakmen Tatacara Jenayah Syariah Selangor 2003.
Walaupun secara dasarnya hakim boleh membicarakan kes Qazaf menerusi ‘aduan’ pengadu mahupun berdasarkan pengetahuannya sendiri seperti yang diperuntukkan di bawah seksyen 72, namun prosiding seumpama ini adalah sesuatu yang sangat jarang atau belum pernah dilaksanakan. Ini juga mungkin relevan dengan keputusan Mahkamah Syariah sebelum ini yang telah menolak permohonan untuk mengeluarkan perintah kepada Ketua Pendakwa Syarie untuk memulakan prosiding Qazaf. Mahkamah Syariah sendiri menolak untuk mencampuri urusan Ketua Pendakwa Syarie dan menganggap ia adalah suatu maksiat yang mesti dielakkan. Keputusan Mahkamah Syariah yang menolak permohonan tersebut juga disokong oleh seksyen 78 (2) Enakmen Pentadbiran Agama Islam Selangor 2003 yang memperuntukkan Ketua Pendakwa Syarie mempunyai kuasa menurut budi bicaranya bagi memulakan, menjalankan atau memberhentikan apa-apa prosiding bagi sesuatu kesalahan di hadapan mana-mana Mahkamah Syariah. Ini bermakna, menantikan prosiding Qazaf menerusi aduan dan inisiatif hakim sendiri adalah sesuatu yang sukar berlaku di mana-mana negeri.
Kesimpulan
Peristiwa fitnah Ifk yang pernah berlaku terhadap keluarga Rasulullah SAW merupakan antara kisah yang sangat memberikan kesan kepada baginda dan seluruh umat Islam pada waktu itu. Ia hampir melibatkan pertumpahan darah serta faktor utama perselisihan faham dan perpecahan umat. Maka tidak hairanlah kesalahan Qazaf ini dinukilkan oleh Allah SWT di dalam al Quran secara spesifik berserta dengan hukuman yang sangat berat termasuk tidak diterima kesaksian selama-lamanya. Amaran Allah SWT dan Rasulullah SAW seumpama dipandang enteng dan remeh pada hari ini, di mana sudah ramai yang secara terang-terangan menganjurkan program berunsur Qazaf yang berpotensi untuk menjerumuskan ramai umat Islam secara tidak sedar untuk boleh melakukan kesalahan Qazaf.
Di antara isu utama yang timbul hari ini berkenaan dengan isu Qazaf ialah kes yang melibatkan tuduhan ke atas seseorang melakukan perbuatan liwat tanpa membawa bukti yang mencukupi dari segi hukum syarak. Umumnya, majoriti fuqaha bersetuju bahawa tuduhan liwat juga meliputi kesalahan Qazaf dan ia boleh dikenakan hukuman had. Malahan pandangan ini juga selaras dengan mazhab Shafii yang mentafsirkan Qazaf sebagai tuduhan liwat adalah sama dengan tuduhan zina. Ini merupakan asas kepada pemahaman isu Qazaf yang seharusnya dijadikan rujukan utama.
Perihal mengenai wujudnya tanggapan bahawa sesiapa tidak boleh dianggap melakukan Qazaf apabila membuat tuduhan liwat terhadap seseorang yang telah disabitkan kesalahan seks luar tabii di Mahkamah Sivil merupakan suatu tanggapan salah. Sabitan kesalahan di Mahkamah Sivil seperti yang diperuntukkan dalam Kanun Keseksaan tidak bermakna seseorang itu berhak atau boleh membuat tuduhan liwat. Sebarang pertuduhan atas kesalahan jenayah termasuk tuduhan liwat terhadap sesiapa tidak boleh sewenang-wenangnya dilakukan dikhalayak umum bahkan ia hanya boleh dibuat dihadapan hakim di Mahkamah Syariah mengikut prosedur dan prinsip undang-undang keterangan Islam. Harus juga diperingatkan bahawa jika seseorang itu dilarang untuk membuat tuduhan liwat terhadap sesiapa kerana boleh jatuh kesalahan Qazaf, begitu juga sebaliknya di mana sesiapapun tidak boleh sewenang-wenangnya menuduh orang lain melakukan kesalahan Qazaf. Sebarang pertuduhan mesti melalui prosedur keadilan syarie iaitu di Mahkamah Syariah di hadapan hakim.
Realiti yang ada pada peruntukan undang-undang Syariah di Malaysia menimbulkan beberapa persoalan dan seterusnya menimbulkan kekeliruan dalam masyarakat. Peruntukan undang-undang di bawah Enakmen Jenayah Syariah negeri-negeri hanya menyebut kesalahan Qazaf sebagai tuduhan zina dan tidak menyatakan secara jelas kedudukan tuduhan liwat. Menerusi peruntukan yang umum ini, beberapa tafsiran boleh dibuat sama ada secara literal atau konstruktif. Tafsiran secara literal pastinya akan menghadkan Qazaf kepada tuduhan zina dan mengecualikan tuduhan liwat. Manakala tafsiran secara konstruktif akan memperluaskan Qazaf untuk merangkumi bukan sahaja tuduhan zina malahan tuduhan liwat. Kenyataan yang menyatakan bahawa Qazaf adalah merujuk kepada tuduhan zina secara mutlak adalah tidak tepat dan menyalahi ruh undang-undang Syariah itu sendiri.
Setelah meneliti pelbagai faktor termasuk ruang lingkup undang-undang, pendekatan pentafsiran, pandangan majoriti fuqaha serta maslahah dan maqasid Syariah, penulis berpandangan bahawa pentafsiran secara konstruktif adalah pendekatan terbaik dalam menentukan sama ada Qazaf merangkumi zina dan liwat atau sebaliknya. Bersesuaian dengan tuntutan maslahah dan maqasid Syariah, kekuatan nas dah hujah berserta dengan ruang tafsiran secara konstruktif yang ada, kesalahan Qazaf hendaklah ditafsirkan sebagai meliputi tuduhan liwat. Ini juga bertepatan dengan tafsiran Hukum Syarak yang mengiktiraf Mazhab Shafii termasuk Mazhab muktabar yang lain. Oleh itu, Ketua Pendakwa Syarie boleh memulakan prosiding Qazaf kepada sesiapa yang didapati telah membuat tuduhan liwat ke atas seseorang tanpa membawa saksi yang mencukup dari segi hukum syarak.
Dari aspek tatacara, sesiapa sahaja orang awam termasuk yang dituduh berhak untuk membuat laporan kepada pihak berkuasa mengenai maklumat berkaitan dengan kesalahan Qazaf. Enakmen Tatacara Jenayah Syariah negeri-negeri memperuntukkan prosedur yang jelas mengenai perkara ini. Sekiranya selepas laporan dibuat dan pihak yang melaporkan tidak berpuashati dengan tindakan pihak berkuasa agama, maka pihak ini boleh membuat aduan kepada hakim di bawah seksyen 72 Enakmen Tatacara Jenayah Syariah Selangor 2003. Hakim berhak untuk mengarahakan pihak berkuasa agama untuk manjalankan siasatan dan mempunyai kuasa untuk mengeluarkan perintah untuk memanggil tertuduh. Bukan itu sahaja, seksyen 72 (b) memberikan kuasa kepada hakim untuk membicarakan sesuatu kes dengan berdasarkan pengetahuannya sendiri dengan keterangan yang menyokong bahawa kesalahan telah dilakukan selari dengan bidang kuasa jenayah yang dimiliki hakim di bawah peruntukan seksyen 7 Enakmen yang sama.
Kesimpulan yang boleh dibuat berdasarkan perbincangan di atas ialah peruntukan undang-undang sedia ada secara jelas membolehkan prosiding Qazaf dilaksanakan kepada mana-mana individu yang melakukan tuduhan liwat. Kenyataan yang mengatakan bahawa Qazaf merujuk kepada hanya tuduhan zina adalah tidak tepat. Enakmen Jenayah Syariah negeri-negeri memberikan ruang yang fleksibel untuk meluaskan tafsiran Qazaf berdasarkan hukum syarak. Oleh itu, Ketua Pendakwa Syarie hendaklah memberikan perhatian dan pertimbangan terhadap laporan Qazaf yang dibuat dan memulakan prosiding Qazaf sekiranya ia mempunyai asas yang kuat. Hakim juga boleh memainkan peranan yang penting dalam kes Qazaf ini dengan bertindak secara ‘inquisitorial’ dan pro-aktif bagi membicarakan kes yang mempunyai asas dan bukti serta sokongan keterangan yang kukuh. Lebih penting lagi, pindaan undang-undang yang menambah baik peruntukan di dalam enakmen sedia ada perlu dilaksanakan. Ini akan membuka ruang yang lebih luas ke arah penambahbaikan keseluruhan Enakmen Kesalahan Jenayah Syariah yang dilihat masih mempunyai pelbagai kelemahan dan kekurangan.
Wallahua’lam
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Project Commencement: 2019

80      Africa Higher Education Centres of  Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)80

African Center of Excellence for
Genomics of Infectious Diseases
(ACEGID)

University and Host Country:

Redeemer’s University, Nigeria

Centre’s Website:

www.acegid.org

Centre Leader:

Prof. Christian Happi

Deputy Centre Leader:

Dr. Onikepe Folarin

E-mail Address:

happic@run.edu.ng

Primary Thematic Disciplines of the Centre:
•

F A C T  S H E E T       81

Recent advances in genomic technologies
for studying humans and microbes have
the potential to transform the clinical
care, understanding of infectious diseases,
improve disease surveillance, and prevent
outbreaks. In order to truly participate in
this genomic revolution, African researchers
must be equipped with knowledge of cutting
- edge genomics tools, and multidisciplinary
approaches to carry out fully independent
and high impact research.

in partnership with academic, clinical, and research

long-term track record of successful research, training,

Cambridge.

translational genomics- based research in Africa, with

for wide ranging public health challenges, including

genetic tools for microbial infections in Africa, we can

world’s greatest global health threats.

success for African science but is contributing in

• State-of-the-art Genome Center with human

•
sequencing platforms

•
• A well-established network of clinical testing and

• State-of-the-art Bioinformatics and
Immunogenomics laboratories

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CENTRE

KEY CAPACITIES

African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID)

KEY OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS

ACEGID has as a mandate to:

1.

well-trained scientists;

2.
utilize genomics knowledge and tools
towards control and elimination of
infectious diseases;

3. Create and establish genomics curricula
to support and promote cutting-edge
genomics-based research for health

influences, and that transcends national
boundaries and ensures the conduct of

translational genomics-based research on
health in Africa;

5.

education.

82      Africa Higher Education Centres of  Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)

obtained from patients in Nigeria

•

•
and facilitate successful containment of a new

•

•  Facilitated quick testing and genome sequencing

successful containment of the disease in Nigeria

• Establishment of Masters and doctoral curriculum in

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE

Dantec, Dakar Senegal

State, Nigeria.

1. Prof. Peter Okokhere
 okokherep@gmail.com
 Clinical Sciences

2. Dr. Donald Grant

 Clinical Sciences

3. Prof I.O.O Komolafe
 komolafei@run.edu.ng
 Virology

4. Prof. Daouda Ndiaye

 Clinical Sciences/Parasitology

5. Prof. Pardis Sabeti
 pardis@broadinstitute.org
 Bioinformatics
6. Prof. Robert Garry

 Immunology

7. Prof. Jonathan Heeney
 jlh66@cam.ac.uk
 Pathology

8. Dr. Kayvon Modjarrad
 kmodjarrad@eidresearch.org

Clinical Virology

PRIMARY RESEARCH FACULTY MEMBERS

REGIONAL PARTNERS

INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS

African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID)

F A C T  S H E E T       107

Africa Centre of Excellence for
Neglected Tropical Diseases and
Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB)

University and Host Country:

Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Centre’s Website:

acentdfb.abu.edu.ng

Centre Director:

Prof Yakubu K.E. IBRAHIM

E-mail Address:

ykeibrahim@gmail.com

ykeibrahim@acentdfb.abu.edu.ng

Primary Thematic Disciplines of the Centre:
• Molecular epidemiology and drug management of Neglected

Tropical Diseases-thematic neglected diseases areas in include
Lymphatic Filariasis, Trypanosomiasis, Rabies, Onchocerciasis,
Schistosomiaisis, and Dengue fever

• Biotechnology application in forensic issues such as paternity
dispute, crime detection

108      Africa Higher Education Centres of  Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)

• Molecular epidemiological mapping of

for the diagnosis, management and

neglected tropical diseases

• Training of manpower in the general area

problems.

other related issues

ACENTDFB was established in Nigeria in 2015
with an initial grant of $4m which was increased
to $4.7m following mid-term assessment. Its
main mandate is building capacity and resolving
problems associated with neglected tropical
diseases (NTDS). Its proposal for the ACE
Impact was successful and is being granted a
sum of $5m the next five years (2020 - 2024).

in thematic areas of neglected tropical diseases and a

MSc Biomedical Forensics is scheduled to commence

region.

Other staff  members are the Finance and procurement,

20 participants at a time

of PCR machines including a RT-qPCR,  a BS (Bio

small and large ruminants, with incinerator and
dedicated generator

5. A team of researchers comprising 10 Professors, 5

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CENTRE

KEY CAPACITIES

Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB)

KEY OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS

F A C T  S H E E T       109

1. Prof. Yakubu KE Ibrahim -

2. Prof. Mohammed Mamman

 mammanm@hotmail.com

Antimicrobial resistance

3. Prof Junaid Kabir - Project Coordinator
 junabir@gmail.com

4. Prof J.K.P. Kwaga - PI Rabies/Dengue

5. Prof H.M. Inuwa - Director, CBRT

 Plant genetics

6. Prof Sani Ibrahim - PI, Forensics

7. Prof I.S. Ndams - P.I. Filariasis
 indams@gmail.com

8. Prof A. B. Sallau

 Process

9. Prof M.N. Shuaibu

10. Prof Hussaina Makun

11. Dr. Emmanuel Balogun

12. Dr Salihu Aliyu -

PRIMARY RESEARCH FACULTY MEMBERS

1. Institute for Biomolecular Interactions,

7. CIRDES, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkan Faso

Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB)

and teaching facilities
2. National and international accreditation of the

Centre
3. Successful graduation of MSc and PhD students

including regional students and publication of

house

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE REGIONAL AND GLOBAL PARTNERS

116      Africa Higher Education Centres of  Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)116

Centre of Excellence in Reproductive
Health Innovation (CERHI)

University and Host Country:

University of Benin, Edo State Nigeria

Centre’s Website:

www.cerhiuniben.edu.ng  /  www.cerhi.uniben.edu

Centre Director:

Professor Friday Okonofua

E-mail Address:

feokonofua@yahoo.co.uk

Centre Deputy Director:

Professor Florence Adeyemo

E-mail Address:

doctoradeyemo@yahoo.com

Program Manager:

Professor Florence Adeyemo

E-mail Address:

doctoradeyemo@yahoo.com

Primary Thematic Disciplines of the Centre:
•

F A C T  S H E E T       117

The Center of Excellence in Reproductive
Health Innovation (CERHI) is a World Bank
supported project at the University of Benin
aimed at building capacity within the West
African region for implementing strategic
policies and programs in reproductive health.

health, nursing and health economics, with the major

region.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CENTRE

Africa Centre of Excellence on New Pedagogies in Engineering Education (ACENPEE)

in the region.

health, health economics and nursing

health economics and nursing

related problems

KEY OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS

following facilities:

• Tele conferencing hall

Science direct, E-journals, E-books and Journals

• 32 Sitter Coaster Bus
• International Students’ hostel
•

KEY CAPACITIES

i. The construction of the secretariat building at the

iii. National and International accreditation of all

health of IDP in rural Nigeria

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE

118      Africa Higher Education Centres of  Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)

1. Professor Alphonsus Isara

2. Dr.  James Osaikhuwuonmwan
 drjamesosai@gmail.com

3. Dr. Kenneth Toby Maduako

4. Prof. Michael Aziken
 michael.aziken@uniben.edu

5. Dr. Vincent Adam

6. Dr. Kehinde Osazee
 kehindeosazee@gmail.com

7. Prof. (Mrs.) A. O. Aisien

8. Prof. Mrs. Nkoli Aniekwu
 Nkolian@uniben.edu

9. Prof. Mrs. Kokunre Eghafuna
 kokie@uniben.edu
 Gender and Social standards

10. Dr. Lorretta Ntoimo
 ntoimo.lorretta@gmail.com

PRIMARY RESEARCH FACULTY MEMBERS

1.

2.

3.

5.

6.

7.

8.

PRIMARY REGIONAL AND GLOBAL PARTNERS

F A C T  S H E E T       129

African Centre of Excellence for
Mother and Child Health
(CEA-SAMEF)

University and Host Country:

Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (UCAD) - Senegal

Centre’s Website:

www.ceasamef.sn

Centre Director:

Professor Ousmane Ndiaye

E-mail Address:

oussoubane@gmail.com

ousmane2.ndiaye@ucad.edu.sn

Primary Thematic Disciplines of the Centre:
• The disciplines of interest to the centre are Maternal and Child

Health, Nutrition and Public Health (Mother and Child).

130      Africa Higher Education Centres of  Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)

training courses accredited at national and

international journals;

• Generate additional resources to allow its

students after their training.

The strategic orientations of the centre is to
ensure quality training of students and health
workers in maternal, neonatal and child health
including nutrition in order to contribute to
the reduction of maternal mortality in the
African region.

It works to strengthen African resources and pool them
in order to optimize the implementation of strategies in

regard to research, the aim is to promote operational
research that contributes to decisionmaking for our
decision-makers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CENTRE

African Centre of Excellence for Mother and Child Health (CEA-SAMEF)

KEY OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS

• Accreditation of 11 programs in ACE 1

International income;

• Recruitment of PhD students

harassment policies

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE

training courses

meetings

KEY CAPACITIES

F A C T  S H E E T       131

1. Professor Alassane Diouf

2. Professor Marie Edouard Faye Diémé

3. Professor Mamadou Lamine Cissé
Mamadoulaminecisse221@gmail.com

4. Professor Maguette Mbaye

5. Professor Serigne Modou Kane Guèye

6. Professor Assane Sylla

7. Professor Boubacar Camara
 boubacar.camara@ucad.edu.sn
 Pediatrician

8. Professor Saliou Diouf

 Pediatrician/Nutrition

9. Professor Papa Moctar Faye

 Pediatrician

10. Professor Adama Faye

PRIMARY RESEARCH FACULTY MEMBERS

1.

2.

3.

5.

6.

7.

8.

PRIMARY REGIONAL AND GLOBAL PARTNERS

F A C T  S H E E T       17

African Centre of Excellence for
Training, Research and Expertise in
Medicinal Sciences (CEA-CFOREM)

University and Host Country:

Université Joseph KI-ZERBO - Burkina Faso

Centre’s Website:

https://www.cforem-univ-ouaga.org/

Centre Leader:

Prof. Rasmané SEMDE

E-mail Address:

rsemde@yahoo.fr

Deputy Centre Leader:

Dr. Moussa OUEDRAOGO

Email Address:

ouemoussa10@gmail.com

Primary Thematic Disciplines of the Centre:
• Improving Pharmaceutical Management and Practice in

Hospitals ;
• Research and development of herbal medicines ;
• Development of innovative pharmaceutical forms

(amorphisation, nano-medicines) of active ingredients of sub-
regional interest (e.g. antimalarial drugs).

18      Africa Higher Education Centres of  Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)

CEA-CFOREM has been selected in the
framework of the call for applications for
African Centres of Excellence for Impact
projects launched by the World Bank in 2018.

training and research.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CENTRE

African Centre of Excellence for Training, Research and Expertise in Medicinal Sciences (CEA-CFOREM)

KEY OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS

•

sector partners;

•
academic research in drug sciences in

•
of local production of medicines and
pharmaceutical raw materials through the

• Training opportunities in drug science in the sub-
region are being strengthened;

•

• An appropriate framework for pharmaceutical
education and research is put in place;

• Good results in pharmaceutical research and

framework of the theses and PhDs of the Centre’s
students;

•

spinoffs;
•

national and sub-regional sector partners.

• Training opportunities in drug science in the sub-
region are being strengthened;

•

• An appropriate framework for pharmaceutical
education and research is put in place;

• Good results in pharmaceutical research and

framework of the theses and PhDs of the Centre’s
students;

•

spinoffs;
•

national and sub-regional sector partners.

EXPECTED RESULTS

KEY CAPABILITIES

F A C T  S H E E T       19

African Centre of Excellence for Training, Research and Expertise in Medicinal Sciences (CEA-CFOREM)

1.

2. Adoption of the decree for the creation of
the Master’s degree in health and medicine

3.
students;

5. Participation of the project team in congresses and
trainings.

MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS TO DATE

1. Prof. Rokia SANOGO
 Directorate of Traditional Medicine

 Mali

2. Prof. Serge Antoine Guillaume AMARI

3. Prof. Mamadou FALL

4. Prof. Fernand GBAGUIDI

5. Dr. Angely Armand KOFFI

Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences

6. Prof. Karim AMIGHI

7. Prof. Brigitte EVRARD

8. Dr. Audrey TOURETTE

MAIN REGIONAL AND GLOBAL PARTNERS

20      Africa Higher Education Centres of  Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)

African Centre of Excellence for Training, Research and Expertise in Medicinal Sciences (CEA-CFOREM)

1. Adama TRAORE

 adma_traore@hotmail.com

2. Jean SAKANDE

 jsakande@gmail.com

3. Maxime DRABO

Burkina Faso

4. Estelle Noëla Hoho YOUL

5. Josias B. G. YAMEOGO

6. Salimata TRAORE
 Master Assistant

 salimatatra@hotmail.c om

7. Hermine ZIME / DIAWARA

8. Dr Salfo OUEDRAOGO

Sciences, Burkina Faso

9. Charles Bavouma SOMBIE

10. Dr. Abdoul Karim SAKIRA

11. Daniel DORI

PRIMARY RESEARCH FACULTY MEMBERS

F A C T  S H E E T       21

African Centre of Excellence in
Biotechnological Innovations for the
Elimination of Vectorborne Diseases
(ACE/ITECH-MTV)

University and Host Country:

Université Nazi BONI - Burkina Faso

Centre’s Website:

http://cea-itech.u-naziboni.bf/cea/

Centre Leader:

Prof. Abdoulaye DIABATE

E-mail Address:

npiediab@gmail.com

Primary Thematic Disciplines of the Centre:
• Medical and Veterinary Entomology
• Ecosystems - Health - Societies
• Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering
• Biosecurity - Biosafety - Quality Management

22      Africa Higher Education Centres of  Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)

The thematic area of ECA/ITECH-MTV
is health, specifically on issues related to
biotechnology and other control tools that
contribute to the elimination of vector-borne
diseases, including malaria.

• Theme 1
• Theme 2 Insecticide resistance, resistance

management;
• Theme 3
• Theme 4

strategies to block transmission;
• Theme 5
• Theme 6
• Theme 7

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CENTRE

African Centre of Excellence in Biotechnological Innovations for the Elimination of Vectorborne Diseases (ACE/ITECH-MTV)

KEY OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS

high-performance research programme:

•
Masters, 50 PhDs and hundreds of short

thanks to access to a research and teaching
platform of international standard;

•

implementation of the recommendations

sectoral ministries concerned and their
branches such as the national programme

the disease;

•

representing the business world in the
formatting of curricula, the monitoring of
results and the setting up of special start-

•

•

•

•
• Insectarium of Bobo-Dioulasso - Coping with

• Refurbishment of the premises for the establishment

• Short training course “TRAINING IN VECTOR
BIONOMICS AND INNOVATIVE VECTOR CONTROL
STRATEGIES FOR MALARIA ELIMINATION” from

• Recruitment of two cohorts of Masters and PhD
students on behalf of CEA ;

• “PhD in Biosafety
- Biosecurity - Quality Management”.

KEY CAPABILITIES

MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS TO DATE

F A C T  S H E E T       23

African Centre of Excellence in Biotechnological Innovations for the Elimination of Vectorborne Diseases (ACE/ITECH-MTV)

1. Prof. Ibrahim SANGARE

2. Prof. Roch K. DABIRE
 dabireroch@gmail.com

3. Prof. Patrice TOE

4. Prof. Adrien Marie Gaston BELEM
belemamg@hotmail.fr

5. Prof. Sanata BAMBA

6. Prof. Jacques SIMPORE

 Molecular genetics

7. Prof. Austin BURT
 a.burt@imperial.ac.uk
 Genetic Engineering

8. Prof. Frédéric TRIPET
 f.tripet@keele.ac.uk

9. Prof. Hilary RANSON

10. Prof. Steven SINKINS

PRIMARY RESEARCH FACULTY MEMBERS

60      Africa Higher Education Centres of  Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)60

African Center of Excellence for
the Prevention and Control of
Communicable Diseases (CEA-PCMT)

University and Host Country:

Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry - Guinea

Centre’s Website:

www.cea-pcmt.org

Centre Leader:

Prof. Alexandre DELAMOU

E-mail Address:

adelamou@cea-pcmt.org

Deputy Center Leader:

Dr. Mariame Sadjo DIALLO

Email Address:

nenettediallo@yahoo.fr

Primary Thematic Disciplines of the Centre:

• Master training in Public Health and Microbiology

• PhD training in public health

• Short-term training

• Communicable disease research

F A C T  S H E E T       61

The General Objective is:
Meet the demand of the labor market in terms of

for knowledge in the following areas:

•

responding to the challenges indicated

• To conduct applied applied research of

the ACE in order to position the center as

Africa;

The African Center of Excellence for the
Prevention and Control of Communicable
Diseases (CEA-PCMT) of the Faculty of
Health Sciences and Techniques (FSTS) of the
Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry
(UGANC) was created in 2019 as part of
the Impact of African Centers of Excellence
(ACE) project funded by the World Bank.

and control of communicable diseases in sub-Saharan

communicable diseases.

offer short courses, masters and doctoral programs

Short Courses:
•

•
diseases (in collaboration with the Center for

•

•

and the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp,

•

and the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp,

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CENTRE

African Center of Excellence for the Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases (CEA-PCMT)

Master programs
•
•
• Disease Control
•

Master in Microbiology – Immunology

Doctoral program (PhD)

to conduct applied research in partnership with
collaborating national and international institutions in
order to position itself as a regional reference center in

out in three main areas:
1. Implementation science research
2.
3. Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance to

communicable diseases.

KEY OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS

62      Africa Higher Education Centres of  Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)

• Build lasting partnerships with potential
users of the centre’s products, training and
research institutions at national, regional and

Center.

Specifically:

•

• To conduct applied applied research of

the CEA in order to position the center as

Africa;

• Build lasting partnerships with potential
users of the centre’s products, training and
research institutions at national, regional

1.

2.
3.

An appropriate framework for training and research
on communicable diseases is established;

5. Good research results of regional interest are
produced within the framework of the dissertations
of Master and PhD students;

6.

international conferences;
7.

partners.

•

• Preparation of project preparation documents for

• 2. Finalization of the institutional preparation of the
center

THE EXPECTED RESULTS ARE

KEY CAPABILITIES

MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS TO DATE

1. Prof. Paul MILLIGAN,

2. Prof. Éric Delaporte,

Montpellier

3. François COUTURIER,

Sherbrooke

4. Prof. Jean Louis Ndiaye,

5. Prof. Seni Kouanda, Research Institute in

6. Gordon A. Awandare,

7. Prof. Wim Van Damme, Institute of Tropical

Medicine in Antwerp

8. Prof. Seydou Doumbia,

Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of

MAIN REGIONAL AND GLOBAL
PARTNERS

African Center of Excellence for the Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases (CEA-PCMT)

F A C T  S H E E T       63

African Center of Excellence for the Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases (CEA-PCMT)

1. Dr. Abdoulaye SOW
 drsowab@gmail.com

Public Health, Mental Health

2. Dr. Alpha Kabinet KEITA
 alpha-kabinet.keita@ird.fr

 Microbiology

3. Prof. Alioune CAMARA
 aliounec@gmail.com

Public Health - Epidemiology

4. Dr. Mahmoud Sama CHERIF
 msama@gmail.com

 Clinical Research

5. Prof. Thierno Mamadou TOUNKARA
 tounkm@gmail.com

 Dermatology, Venereology

6. Prof. Mohamed Sahar TRAORE

 Pharmacognosy

7. Prof. Mamadou Saliou SOW
 smsaliou@gmail.com

 Infectious Diseases

8. Prof. Abdoulaye TOURE

 Public Health, Epidemiology

9. Dr. Sidikiba SIDIBE

 Public Health and Epidemiology

10. Dr Abdoul Habib BEAVOGUI

 National Center for Training and Research

 Parasitology

PRIMARY RESEARCH FACULTY MEMBERS

126      Africa Higher Education Centres of  Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)126

Africa Centre of Excellence in Public
Health and Toxicological Research
(ACE-PUTOR)

University and Host Country:

University of Port Harcourt

Centre’s Website:

www.aceputoruniport.edu.ng

Centre Director:

Daprim Ogaji

E-mail Address:

daprim.ogaji@uniport.edu.ng

Primary Thematic Disciplines of the Centre:
•

F A C T  S H E E T       127

Environmental degradation, especially of the
swamps, rivers and creeks from oil spills,
pipeline vandalisation and illegal refining
activities are the major fall outs of the oil and
gas activities in the Niger Delta region.

current knowledge, skills and competencies required for
conducting cutting–edge research in public health and

of requisite knowledge infrastructure to address the

institutions/sectors, conduct of applied research,

be attracted and trained in a world-class teaching and

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CENTRE

Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR)

•

•
master’s programmes in public health and

•

• To train at least 72 MSc students in public

• To train at least 150 participants in short

•

•
training programmes

•
3 training programmes

•

• To complete new training structure

• To attract at least $1,000,000 additional

KEY OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS

•
workstations

• Three large classrooms
•

•
•

KEY CAPACITIES

128      Africa Higher Education Centres of  Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)

1. Prof. Onyewuchi Akaranta

2. Prof. Eugene Onyeike

3. Prof. Best Ordinioha
 best.ordinioha@uniport.edu.ng

4. Prof. Charles Tobin-West
 Charles.tobin-west@uniport.edu.ng

5. Dr. K. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu

6. Dr. Anthonet Ezejiofor
 anthonet.ezejiofor@uniport.edu

7. Dr. Catherine Ikewuchi
 catherine.ikewuchi@uniport.edu.ng

8. Dr. Francis Anacletus
 francisanacletus@gmail.com

9. Dr. Oluseye Babatunde
 Ob.babatunde@uniport.edu.ng

10. Dr. Faith Diorgu
 Faith.diorgu@uniport.edu.ng

PRIMARY RESEARCH FACULTY MEMBERS

1.

2.

3.

Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR)

PRIMARY REGIONAL AND GLOBAL PARTNERS

modern pedagogue

postgraduate progammes

• Established partnerships with 8 local, regional, and
international organisations

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE

F A C T  S H E E T       87

Africa Center of Excellence for
Population Health and Policy
(ACEPHAP)

University and Host Country:

Bayero University Kano (BUK), Nigeria

Centre’s Website:

www.acephap.buk.edu.ng

Centre Director:

Prof Hadiza Galadanci

E-mail Address:

hgaladanci@yahoo.com

Primary Thematic Disciplines of the Centre:
• Population Health
• Global Health
• Maternal and Child Health
• Nutrition
• Mental Health
• Infectious Diseases

88      Africa Higher Education Centres of  Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)

• To train postgraduate students to acquire
knowledge, skills and competence towards

practice

participation in population health research

• To increase the nursing human resources

The Africa Center of Excellence for
Population Health and Policy (ACEPHAP), is
a World Bank supported Center, which aims
to strengthen inter-disciplinary approaches
and promote population health outcomes
through training and research for evidence-
informed policy development in West and
Central Africa.

This approach utilizes non-traditional partnership

makers for implementation purposes as a process of

health, child health, and infectious diseases (malaria, TB

resources for health and Turning Research into Practice

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CENTRE

Africa Center of Excellence for Population Health and Policy (ACEPHAP)

KEY OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS

• Completion of implementation plan
• Getting grant of $626,000 from BMGF as part of

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE

facilities

KEY CAPACITIES

F A C T  S H E E T       89

1. Prof Habib Galadanci

 Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine

2. Dr Fatima Hassan Hanga
 fhassanhanga@gmail.com
 Child Health/ Paediatric Infectious Disease

3. Prof Zubairu Iliyasu

 Public Health

4. Dr Baba Maiyaki Musa

 Pulmonology/Infectious Diseases

Federation of African Nutrition Societies
1.
2.
3.

5.

5. Prof Baba Isa

6. Dr. Taiwo Amole

 Public Health/Epidemiology

7. Dr Saisu Maiwada
 Smabubakar.bch@buk.edu.ng

Biochemistry/ Nutrition

8. Mansurat Abdulaze ez
 Mabdulazeez131@gmail.com
 Molecular Science

PRIMARY RESEARCH FACULTY MEMBERS

PRIMARY REGIONAL AND GLOBAL PARTNERS

F A C T  S H E E T       83

Africa Centre of Excellence For
Mycotxin and Food Safety (ACEMFS)

University and Host Country:

Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

Centre’s Website:

acemfs.futminna.edu.ng

Centre Leader:

Prof. Hussaini Anthony Makun

E-mail Address:

acemfs@futminna.edu.ng

hussaini.makun@futminna.edu.ng

Primary Thematic Disciplines of the Centre:
• Food Safety
• Toxicology
• Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics

84      Africa Higher Education Centres of  Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)

Objectives:

health impacts of food borne pathogens,

feeds.

in the regional food production sector
towards producing safer foods for

1. At least 150 postgraduates (100 MSc and 50

strategies

b. Fit-for-purpose good agricultural and
food processing codes of practice

e. Bio-control methods for eliminating

The Africa Centre of Excellence for
Mycotoxin and Food Safety (ACEMFS) came
into existence in 2019 through Arica Centre
of Excellence Award co-sponsored by AAU/
World bank/AFD (supported by NUC) with
a grant of Six Million Dollars.

Its main focus is to produce skilled man power with

as full time programmes for the purpose of encouraging

ACEMFS’ aim will be accomplished together with

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CENTRE

Africa Centre of Excellence For Mycotxin and Food Safety (ACEMFS)

KEY OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED RESULTS

F A C T  S H E E T       85

Africa Centre of Excellence For Mycotxin and Food Safety (ACEMFS)

PRIMARY REGIONAL AND GLOBAL PARTNERS

Nanos, Raman Spectrometer, BET Surface Area

• Drug and Vaccine Laboratory: Fluorescence
microscope, Automated DNA sequence

spectrophotometer.

• A well-furnished accommodation for more than 50
post graduate students.

international.

Forum at Belfast, Northern Island, and at the
Flemish Trade Mission to Nigeria.

• Admission of postgraduate students (Masters

Centre.

KEY CAPACITIES MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE

86      Africa Higher Education Centres of  Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)

Africa Centre of Excellence For Mycotxin and Food Safety (ACEMFS)

1. Professor Hussaini Anthony

 Biochemistry with specialization in food
safety and mycotoxicology

2. Dr. (Mrs.) Hadiza Lami Muhammad

 Biochemistry with specialization in heavy
metals in foods, and food toxicology

3. Professor Emmanuel Ogbadoyi

 Research Co-rodinator
 Biochemistry with specialization in Drug

Discovery

4. Professor Abdulkareem Ambali Saka

 Chemical Engineering with specialization in
Nanotechnology

5. Professor Chiemela Enyinnaya Chinma
 chima.chiemela@futminna.edu.ng
 Academic Co-ordinator
 Food Science and Technology

6. Professor Israel Olayemi

 Zoology with specialization in Medical
Entomology

7. Dr. (Mrs) Oluwatosin Kudirat Shittu

 Biochemistry with specialization in molecular
biology and bioinformatics

8. Dr. John Adama

Residue
 Veterinary Medicine with specialization in

animal parasitology and milk microbiology

9. Dr. Alexander Ikechukwu Ajai
 Ajai.ike@futminna.edu.ng

Pesticide Residue
 Analytical Chemistry with specialization in

heavy metals and pesticides residues

10. Dr. (Mrs.) Mercy Temitope Bankole
 Bankole.temitope@futminna.edu.ng

Chemistry with specialization in analytical
chemistry and nanotechnology

11. Dr. David Jeremiah Bala
 bala.jeremiah@futminna.edu.ng

Microbiology with specialization in
Environmental Technology

12. Dr. Daudu Oladipupo A . Y.

 Botany with specialization in Plant breeding
and Genetics

PRIMARY RESEARCH FACULTY MEMBERS


BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
Monthly Archives: September 2008
September 17, 2008
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
The Evolution of Islamic Banking Cases in Malaysia
Assalamualaikum,
Dear all,
With reference to the recent case of Arab Malaysian Finance Berhad v Taman Ihsan Jaya Sdn Bhd & Ors (Suit No: D4-22A-067-2003) in the High Court of Malaya, Muamalat Bench, I believe that the judgment made by Y.A. Dato Wahab Patail in this case may change and affect the Islamic banking approach in Malaysia particularly on the extreme utilisation of debt-based financing instruments. I have identified several reported cases pertaining to Islamic banking from 1987-2008 for references.
Tinta Press Sdn Bhd v BIMB (1987) 1 CLJ 474

Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad v. Adnan Omar [1994] 3 CLJ 735; [1994]3 AMR 44

Dato’ Nik Mahmud Bin Daud v. Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad [1996]4 MLJ 295

Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Malaysia Bhd v. Emcee Corporation Sdn. Bhd. (2003) 1 CLJ 625

Bank Islam Malaysia Bhd v. Pasaraya Peladang Sdn Bhd. [2004] 1 LNS 280

Arab Malaysian Merchant Bank Bhd. v. Silver Concept Sdn Bhd [2005] 5 MLJ 210

Malayan Banking Bhd v. Marilyn Ho Siok Lin [2006] 3 clj 796

Affin Bank Berhad vs Zulkifli Abdullah (2006) 1 CLJ 447

Malayan Banking Bhd v Yakup bin Oje & Anor [2007] 6 MLJ 398

The recent case of Arab Malaysian Finance Berhad v Taman Ihsan Jaya Sdn Bhd & Ors (Suit No: D4-22A-067-2003)
Enjoy reading!
BEST REGARD

ZULKIFLI HASAN

UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM
Cape of Good Hope, Cape Town, South Africa (The Most South-Western Point of the African Continent)
Islamic finance news
3 Comments
September 17, 2008
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
A New Dawn for Islamic banking in Malaysia
Quoted from Islamic Finance Asia
BBA: Banking sector braces for impact from ruling
The Islamic banking fraternity is bracing to face a fallout from the recent High Court rulling that the application of the Al-Bai’ Bithaman Ajil (BBA), a widely used Islamic home financing contract, is contrary to the Islamic Banking Act 1983. At the heart of the written judgement by Datuk Justice Abdul Wahab Patail is that since some BBA contracts were structurally faulty, defaulters need not pay more than the original financing amount that they received, depriving banks of the profit that they would have otherwise booked from the transaction. Bankers also fear the judgement could mean that current BBA financing clients would only need to pay the facility amount and would escape from paying the profit portion. The home financing facilty extended under the BBA concept runs into billions of ringgit. “It will impact (the industry) in a big way. Bankers and financiers are used to the idea that when a default takes place, they are entitled to recover the full balance of the sales price. This and the previous judgement by Justice Wahab has altered that,” said a local lawyer who ranks among the pioneers in the field of Islamic finance.
Wahab’s latest judgement, dated July 18, encompassed 11 separate cases involving Bank Islam Malaysia Bhd and Arab-Malaysian Finance Bhd as the plantiffs.It is understood that the banks are appealing to the Court of Appeal to over turn the judgement which was received by lawyers involved in the case only last month.Industry experts estimate that close to 70% of Islamic financing has been granted under the BBA concept which essentially is a deferred payment sale (the sale of goods on a deferred payment basis) at an agreed selling price, which includes a profit margin agreed on by the customer and the bank.
The BBA concept is widely used in various Islamic financing instruments, including for bridging finance, cash line facilities, contract financing, project financing and letters of credit. Among the big local players on this front are CIMB Bank Bhd, Malayan Banking Bhd, Bank Islam Malaysia Bhd and Public Bank Bhd, all of whom have home financing facilities based on the BBA concept. Local banks like CIMB and Maybank now have full-fledged Islamic subsidiaries that handle such financing. “Banks are worried this judgement will set off alarm bells with regard to confidence with BBA locally. As for foreign investors, they fear its potential ramification on Malaysia’s efforts in becoming a global hub for Islamic finance.

“Our whole industry has been BBA-driven. Banks are fervently trying to find a solution,” said an industry executive.
It is understood that the legal departments of some these banks are now trying to get their hands on Abdul Wahab’s latest judgement which has yet to be published by any of the local regular sources for the legal fraternity. On Monday, The Malaysian Reserve ran a report on Abdul Wahab’s ruling followed by excerpts from the 54-page judgement the next day. The judgement on the appplication of BBA, popular at home but much criticised abroad, is set to be another widely discussed judgement after Abdul Wahab’s earlier ruling in the case of Affin Bank Bhd vs Zulkifli Abdullah, in which he passed a ruling on the calculation of the amount to be paid in the event of a foreclosure. The 2006 case attracted much attention, and is still the subject of seminars today, as it turned on its head the way bank practitioners calculated the outstanding amount to be repaid by borrowers who had defaulted on their BBA contracts. Some banks had calculated the amount up to the full period of the facility, even though the borrowers may have defaulted only a few years into the financing. to be fair, though, banks usually have a defaulter rebate, which is at their sole discretion.
“The effect of this judgement is that customers are obliged to pay only the principle that had been extended to them. “Since the court holds this contract null and void, Section 66 of the Contract Act will apply,” said a lawyer. Section 66 of the act states that “when an agreement is discovered to be void, or when a contract becomes void, any person who has received any advantage under the agreement or contract is bound to restore it, or to make compensation for it, to the person from whom he received it.” (The Malaysian Reserve, Sept 11, 2008)
Best Regard

ZULKIFLI HASAN

UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM
The Statue of Liberty, New York.
Islamic finance news
2 Comments
September 13, 2008
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Germany, UK and Spain face recession
Quoted from the Financial Times By Ralph Atkins in Frankfurt
Germany, the UK and Spain all face recessions this year, the European Commission forecast on Wednesday, dashing finally any remaining hopes that Europe would avoid a sharp economic downturn. France and Italy would fare little better, it said.The steep downward revisions in growth forecasts by the European Union’s executive arm showed it had accepted that tumbling business and consumer confidence was hitting economic activity – even though the European economy had been “generally sound” prior to the credit crisis . Joaquin Almunia, economics and monetary affairs commissioner, described the environment as “difficult and uncertain”. As well as financial turmoil and a near doubling of oil prices over the past year, significant housing market corrections in some countries were taking their toll, he said.
The Commission expected the 27-country European Union economy to expand by 1.4 per cent this year, and the 15-country eurozone by 1.3 per cent, below the 2 per cent and 1.7 per cent it expected in its last forecasts, released in April. Germany’s economy is projected to contract by 0.2 per cent in the three months to September, taking it into technical recession – two quarters of contraction – after a fall of 0.5 per cent in the second quarter. The UK and Spain were expected to contract in both the third and fourth quarters.But France and Italy, which both contracted in the second quarter, were expected to see flat growth in the current quarter.
Jean-Claude Trichet, European Central Bank president, struck a more upbeat tone, telling the European Parliament that the “current episode of weak economic growth is expected to be followed by a gradual recovery”.But he reinforced expectations that ECB interest rates would remain firmly on hold by warning of a pick-up in eurozone unit labour costs that “has to be countered”. The ECB, which increased its main rate to 4.25 per cent in July, is particularly worried about wage indexation, which it fears increases the risk of current high inflation rates becoming entrenched. The Commission forecast eurozone inflation would average 3.6 per cent this year – above the ECB target of an annual rate “below but close” to 2 per cent.
Mr Trichet also complained about the “cartel” among oil producers. “Stabilisation of prices might be a good thing but stabilisation at a very abnormally high level is not a good thing.”The ECB president warned financial markets would not return to conditions that had previously been considered normal, with three-month interest rates likely to stay elevated. The economic outlook would also depend increasingly on the financial system’s fate. “The financial market correction could be gradually changing its nature and scope and evolve into a more traditional credit-cycle downturn.”
In similar comments – echoing the fears of US policymakers – the Commission said that, “a deceleration in real economic activity could amplify problems in the financial sector by decreasing the capacity of companies and households to service their debt-repayment obligations.” That could trigger a further tightening in bank lending standards.
ZULKIFLI HASAN

UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM
As a panelist together with Associate Professor Dr. Asyraf Hashim for the Capetonian Radio Station’s Talkshow, Cape Town, South Africa.
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September 8, 2008
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
My Story: Ramadhan in Durham
It is truly hard to believe almost 8 days of this blessed month have already passed us.  I take this opportunity to write something about my experience celebrating Ramadhan for the first time in the UK . The holy month of Ramadhan in the UK started on 1st September 2008 just like Malaysia and unlike Pakistan and some other countries, they began on September 2nd. The time for suhoor or “sahur” is around 4.00 am and Maghrib at 8.00 pm i.e. about 16 hours of fasting. Next year, we will celebrate Ramadhan during summer and we may have to fast for more than 18 hours as the time for Maghrib is between 10-10.30 pm.
As one of the committees of the Durham Mosque, I volunteer to assist the preparation for daily Iftar Jamai sponsored by the Durham University Islamic Society. All the foods for Iftar are taken from one restaurant in Newcastle, about 16 miles from Durham University. As for Taraweeh, we are very delighted to have a hafiz to be our Imam, Mr. Atif from Libya. Interestingly, he recites al-Quran in different qiraat. (At the first time I heard he recites surah al-Baqarah, I found different kalimah has been used in certain ayaah). Between the Taraweeh prayer, there is a short and concise tazkirah that will be delivered by the appointed speakers. It reminds me a lot on the duty towards seeking forgiveness from Allah and not to miss the opportunity to fulfill Ramadhan kareem with continous amal.
Beside, I also joint programme of Tadarus al-Quran in the Mosque with a few of my colleagues. It takes an hour to finish the whole one juzu’ of al-Quran. The Malaysian society in Durham organises Kuliah Hadith and Tafsir every Friday and Usrah on Saturday. Usrah activity in Durham reminds me the first Usrah I attended in 1990 when I entered Madrasah Idrisiah, Kuala Kangsar, Perak. I still remember my fellow usrah members and Naqib such as Cikgu Mustafa, Cikgu Hamdan and Ustaz Anuar Jusoh. I admit that Usrah changes me a lot. It really opens my mind and exposes me with the Islamic movement, dakwah, jihad, faith, amal and many issues related with the religion of Islam.
That’s all for today. Happy Ramadhan al-Mubarak.
ZULKIFLI HASAN

UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM
With Professor Dr. Hussein Pirashteh in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE FOR INSTITUTIONS OFFERING ONLY ISLAMIC FINANCIAL SERVICES (EXCLUDING ISLAMIC INSURANCE (TAKAFUL) INSTITUTIONS AND ISLAMIC MUTUAL FUNDS)

SHARIAH PARAMETER REFERENCE 1-MURABAHAH BOOKLET

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GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE FOR INSTITUTIONS OFFERING ONLY ISLAMIC FINANCIAL SERVICES (EXCLUDING ISLAMIC INSURANCE (TAKAFUL) INSTITUTIONS AND ISLAMIC MUTUAL FUNDS)

DISCLOSURES TO PROMOTE TRANSPARENCY AND MARKET DISCIPLINE FOR INSTITUTIONS OFFERING ISLAMIC FINANCIAL SERVICES (EXCLUDING ISLAMIC INSURANCE (TAKAFUL) INSTITUTIONS AND ISLAMIC MUTUAL FUNDS)

GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON GOVERNANCE FOR ISLAMIC COLLECTIVE INVESTMENT SCHEMES

CAPITAL ADEQUACY REQUIREMENTS FOR SUKUK, SECURITISATIONS AND REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT

EXPOSURE DRAFT GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON CONDUCT OF BUSINESS FOR INSTITUTIONS OFFERING ISLAMIC FINANCIAL SERVICES

EXPOSURE DRAFT GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON GOVERNANCE FOR ISLAMIC INSURANCE (TAKĀFUL) OPERATIONS

Consultation Paper No. 66 DFSA_CP66. Islamic Finance Rules

DFSA_CP66_Appendix 1. Islamic Finance Rules

DFSA_CP66_Appendix 2. Islamic Finance Rules

Consultation on the legislative framework for regulation of alternative finance investment bonds (sukuk): 10122008

Consultation on the legislative framework for regulation of alternative finance investment bonds (sukuk): Summary of Responses: 141009

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