Islamic Banking, Islamic Banking, TakafulTakaful

and Al and Al RahnuRahnu

LCA4562LCA4562

DR. ZULKIFLI HASANDR. ZULKIFLI HASAN

IntroductionIntroduction

�� As for evolution of Islamic law of contract, it As for evolution of Islamic law of contract, it

starts with starts with alal--QuranQuran which already prescribes which already prescribes

several types of nominate contract as well as several types of nominate contract as well as

certain general contractual maxims. certain general contractual maxims.

Thereafter, the traditions or Thereafter, the traditions or alal--SunnahSunnah
supplement the supplement the QuranicQuranic groundwork as a groundwork as a

support or additional explanation to its support or additional explanation to its

general provision. general provision.

�� The Muslim jurists in all Islamic school of The Muslim jurists in all Islamic school of

law later developed the principles of contract. law later developed the principles of contract.

ContCont……..

�� In In alal--QuranQuran, there are only over forty verses out of , there are only over forty verses out of

6666 verses on a dozen types of commercial 6666 verses on a dozen types of commercial

contract. contract.

�� Performing contract which enjoins believers to Performing contract which enjoins believers to

keep faith to contracts (Alkeep faith to contracts (Al--QuranQuran: : SSurahurah alal--
MaidahMaidah, , verse 1), three verses with a common verse 1), three verses with a common

theme of keeping promise (Altheme of keeping promise (Al--QuranQuran: : SSurahurah alal--
IsraIsra,, verse 34) and there are few verses which verse 34) and there are few verses which

reveal a relatively advances stage of commercial reveal a relatively advances stage of commercial

contracts, such as sale and hire, charges or contracts, such as sale and hire, charges or

personal guarantee as (security) and fiduciary personal guarantee as (security) and fiduciary

contracts such as deposit. contracts such as deposit.

UqudUqud or Contractor Contract

�� ‘‘UqudUqud or contract technically means as an or contract technically means as an
expression of the matching between a expression of the matching between a
positive proposal made by one of the positive proposal made by one of the
contractors and the acceptance of the other contractors and the acceptance of the other
contractor in a way which has an impact on contractor in a way which has an impact on
the subject of the contract.the subject of the contract.

�� The The MejelleMejelle defined contract as little defined contract as little
contracting parties obligating themselves contracting parties obligating themselves
with regards a given matter and binding with regards a given matter and binding
themselves together with the same as a themselves together with the same as a
result of connecting an offer with an result of connecting an offer with an
acceptance acceptance

VARIOUS CONTRACTSVARIOUS CONTRACTS

�� UqudUqud TamlikatTamlikat-- AlAl--MuaMua’’wadhatwadhat and and
AttabaruaAttabarua’’tt

�� UqudUqud IsytirakIsytirak-- mudharabahmudharabah, , musyarakahmusyarakah and and
muzaraamuzaraa’’,,

�� UqudUqud TawsiqatTawsiqat--KafalahKafalah, , RahnuRahnu and and
HawalahHawalah,,

�� UqudUqud ItlaqatItlaqat-- wakalahwakalah and and tauliahtauliah

�� UqudUqud TaqyiydatTaqyiydat-- taflistaflis..

�� UqudUqud IsqatatIsqatat-- ibraibra’’, , muqasahmuqasah andand

�� UqudUqud HifzHifz-- refers to refers to wadiahwadiah..

Contracts classified into unilateral Contracts classified into unilateral

and bilateral contract. and bilateral contract.

�� Unilateral ContractUnilateral Contract-- Gratuitous in natureGratuitous in nature

�� IsqatatIsqatat (waiver), (waiver), ibraibra’’ (rebate), (rebate),

�� muqasahmuqasah (off(off--set of the debt), set of the debt),

�� will (will (wasiyyatwasiyyat), ),

�� endownmentendownment (fund) and (fund) and

�� loan (alloan (al--QardQard). ).

Bilateral ContractBilateral Contract

�� Require consent of both partiesRequire consent of both parties

�� ‘‘uquduqud TamlikatTamlikat (contract of ownership) or (contract of ownership) or
‘‘uquduqud alal--MuaMua’’wadhatwadhat (exchange), (exchange), ‘‘uquduqud
IsytirakIsytirak (contract of partnership) either (contract of partnership) either
mudharabahmudharabah (passive partnership) or (passive partnership) or
musyarakahmusyarakah (active partnership), (active partnership), ‘‘uquduqud
TawsiqatTawsiqat (contract of security) either (contract of security) either
KafalahKafalah ((suretyshipsuretyship) or ) or RahnuRahnu (pledge), (pledge),
‘‘uquduqud ItlaqatItlaqat (contract pertaining to do a (contract pertaining to do a
work) either  work) either  wakalahwakalah (agency), or (agency), or hiwalahhiwalah
(debt transfer), (debt transfer), ‘‘uquduqud TaqyiydatTaqyiydat (contract of (contract of
restriction) and restriction) and ‘‘uquduqud HifzHifz (contract of safe (contract of safe
custody) or custody) or wadiahwadiah (safekeeping)(safekeeping)

Primary modes or equity financingPrimary modes or equity financing

�� The primary modes refer to The primary modes refer to mudharabahmudharabah, ,
musyarakahmusyarakah and shares of joint stock and shares of joint stock
companies (combination of companies (combination of musharakahmusharakah and and
mudharabahmudharabah term of financing. term of financing.

�� This is the most encourages mode of This is the most encourages mode of
financing in Islam as it provides greater financing in Islam as it provides greater
reliance on equity and profit loss sharing. reliance on equity and profit loss sharing.
Here, the profit or return is not being Here, the profit or return is not being
determined upfront and it depends much on determined upfront and it depends much on
the effort, business risk and viability and the effort, business risk and viability and
also to the ultimate outcome of the venture. also to the ultimate outcome of the venture.

MudharabahMudharabah

�� an agreement made between a capital an agreement made between a capital
provider and another party (entrepreneur), provider and another party (entrepreneur),
to enable the entrepreneur to carry out to enable the entrepreneur to carry out
business projects, based on a profit sharing business projects, based on a profit sharing
basis, of a prebasis, of a pre--agreed ratio. In the case of agreed ratio. In the case of
losses, the losses are borne by the provider losses, the losses are borne by the provider
of the funds. On the basis of a contract of of the funds. On the basis of a contract of
mudharabahmudharabah, financial institution may , financial institution may
provide financing to entrepreneurs who want provide financing to entrepreneurs who want
to perform certain project in retail or to perform certain project in retail or
corporate financing.corporate financing.

MusyarakahMusyarakah

�� a partnership or joint venture for a specific a partnership or joint venture for a specific

business, whereby the distribution of profits business, whereby the distribution of profits

will be apportioned according to an agreed will be apportioned according to an agreed

ratio. In the event of losses, both parties will ratio. In the event of losses, both parties will

share the losses on the basis of their equity share the losses on the basis of their equity

participation. participation.

Secondary Modes or Debt FinancingSecondary Modes or Debt Financing

�� murabahahmurabahah (cost plus service charge), (cost plus service charge), ijarahijarah

(leasing), (leasing), ijarahijarah summa alsumma al--bay or bay or ijarahijarah wawa iqtinaiqtina

(hire purchase), (hire purchase), hiwalahhiwalah (debt transfer), (debt transfer), salamsalam

(forward delivery contract), and (forward delivery contract), and istithnaistithna’’

(contractual production) (contractual production)

�� These modes mostly concern on the trading or These modes mostly concern on the trading or

selling and buying transaction through different selling and buying transaction through different

mode of payment either cash sale, lump sum, mode of payment either cash sale, lump sum,

deferred payment, deferred delivery sale and etc.deferred payment, deferred delivery sale and etc.

MurabahahMurabahah

�� the sale of goods at a price, which includes a the sale of goods at a price, which includes a

profit margin as agreed to by both parties. Such profit margin as agreed to by both parties. Such

sales contract is valid on the condition that the sales contract is valid on the condition that the

price, other costs and the profit margin of the price, other costs and the profit margin of the

seller are stated at the time of the agreement of seller are stated at the time of the agreement of

sale. Under this mode of financing the sale. Under this mode of financing the

entrepreneur may approach any financial entrepreneur may approach any financial

institution to provide his financing for working institution to provide his financing for working

capital. capital.

IjarahIjarah

�� an arrangement under which the an arrangement under which the lessorlessor leases leases

equipment, building or other facility to a client at equipment, building or other facility to a client at

an agreed rental against a fixed charge, as agreed an agreed rental against a fixed charge, as agreed

by both parties. by both parties.

�� AlAl--IjarahIjarah ThummaThumma alal--BaiBai’’ (leasing and (leasing and

subsequently purchase) refers to a contract to be subsequently purchase) refers to a contract to be

followed by purchase. Under the first contract, the followed by purchase. Under the first contract, the

hirer leases the goods from the owner at an agreed hirer leases the goods from the owner at an agreed

rental over a specified period. Upon expiry of the rental over a specified period. Upon expiry of the

leasing period, the hirer enters into a second leasing period, the hirer enters into a second

contract to purchase the goods from the owner at contract to purchase the goods from the owner at

an agreed price. an agreed price.

SyariahSyariah Issue on Issue on IjarahIjarah

�� 1. Term Charges under HPA 19671. Term Charges under HPA 1967-- InterestInterest

�� EgEg. RM100K X 5 years x 10% BLR Fixed by . RM100K X 5 years x 10% BLR Fixed by

the the GovtGovt ..

�� This is against the This is against the SyariahSyariah

�� 2. Penalty Charges2. Penalty Charges--

�� IB can not impose penalty. It only can ask IB can not impose penalty. It only can ask

for compensation.for compensation.

SyariahSyariah Issue on Issue on IjarahIjarah

�� 3. Ownership risk and maintenance is upon 3. Ownership risk and maintenance is upon

the the LessorLessor..

�� EgEg road tax, maintenance, services, road tax, maintenance, services,

�� This duty is shifted to insurance companies This duty is shifted to insurance companies

and to the lessee.and to the lessee.

�� 4. Call Option and Put Option4. Call Option and Put Option

�� COCO-- Buy the asset POBuy the asset PO-- Sell the assetSell the asset

�� Whether it is lawful in Whether it is lawful in syariahsyariah-- Lawful Lawful

HiwalahHiwalah

�� Transferring a debt from one debtor to Transferring a debt from one debtor to

another and another and wakalahwakalah refers to agency refers to agency

principle. A combination of principle. A combination of hiwalahhiwalah and and

wakalahwakalah on certain financing facility is on certain financing facility is

suitable for revolving credit, overdraft or suitable for revolving credit, overdraft or

credit line facility. credit line facility.

BaiBai’’ alal--SalamSalam or or salamsalam

�� an agreement whereby payment is made in an agreement whereby payment is made in

advance for delivery of specified goods in advance for delivery of specified goods in

the future. the future. SalamSalam is valid, subject to the is valid, subject to the

condition that the quality and the nature of condition that the quality and the nature of

the subject matter, time, place of delivery the subject matter, time, place of delivery

and the price are clearly stipulated at the and the price are clearly stipulated at the

time of the contract. time of the contract.

�� to acquire any asset for working capital by to acquire any asset for working capital by

advance payment at a discounted price and advance payment at a discounted price and

subsequently sells the asset upon delivery. subsequently sells the asset upon delivery.

IstithnaIstithna’’

�� a contract whereby a party undertakes to a contract whereby a party undertakes to

produce specific goods and services, and produce specific goods and services, and

made according to certain agreedmade according to certain agreed--upon upon

specifications at a determined price and for specifications at a determined price and for

a fixed date of delivery. a fixed date of delivery.

�� The main objective of the The main objective of the IstithnaIstithna’’ mode of mode of

financing is to promote manufacturing and financing is to promote manufacturing and

construct construct

BaiBai’’ alal--DaynDayn (debt trading) (debt trading)

�� the buying and selling in the secondary the buying and selling in the secondary

markets of debt certificates, securities, trade markets of debt certificates, securities, trade

documents and papers which are documents and papers which are ShariahShariah

compliance. compliance.

�� Only documents evidencing real debts Only documents evidencing real debts

arising from arising from bona fidebona fide merchant merchant

transactions can be traded. transactions can be traded.

Issue on Bay Issue on Bay DaynDayn

�� HanafiHanafi mamadhdhhabhab -- selling of debt to a third selling of debt to a third

party is not permissible because of the risk party is not permissible because of the risk

cannot be overcome in the context of debt cannot be overcome in the context of debt

selling. selling.

�� ShShafiafi‘‘ii mamadhdhhabhab-- selling of the debt to third selling of the debt to third

party was allowed if the debt was guaranteed party was allowed if the debt was guaranteed

and was sold in exchange for goods that and was sold in exchange for goods that

must be delivered immediately. When the must be delivered immediately. When the

debt is sold it should be in cash or tangible debt is sold it should be in cash or tangible

assets as agreed. assets as agreed.

BaiBai’’ alal--InahInah (sell and buy back)(sell and buy back)

�� a contract which involves sell and buy back a contract which involves sell and buy back

transactions of an asset by a seller to the transactions of an asset by a seller to the

customer. The seller will sell the asset on customer. The seller will sell the asset on

cash basis but the customer will buy back cash basis but the customer will buy back

the asset on deferred payment at a price the asset on deferred payment at a price

higher than the cash price. higher than the cash price.

Issue on Bay Issue on Bay InahInah

�� ShafiiShafii-- The contract is valid provided The contract is valid provided

that it complies with all conditions of that it complies with all conditions of

contractcontract

�� JumhurJumhur-- The contract is invalid. The contract is invalid.

Considered as back door to Considered as back door to ribariba..

BaiBai’’ IstijrarIstijrar (supply contract) (supply contract)

�� an agreement between the client and the an agreement between the client and the

supplier, whereby the supplier agrees to supplier, whereby the supplier agrees to

supply a particular product on an on going supply a particular product on an on going

basis, for example monthly, at an agreed basis, for example monthly, at an agreed

price and on the basis of an agreed mode of price and on the basis of an agreed mode of

payment. payment.

Debt Financing Debt Financing vsvs Equity FinancingEquity Financing

�� EconomistEconomist-- Criticize the players for Criticize the players for

depending much on the instrument based depending much on the instrument based

on debt financing.on debt financing.

�� Not truly Islamic. It does not represent Not truly Islamic. It does not represent

actual difference with conventional banking actual difference with conventional banking

system.system.

�� Practitioners, Legal and Practitioners, Legal and SyariahSyariah ScholarsScholars--

Both represent their functions and meet the Both represent their functions and meet the

market needs. market needs.

WadiahWadiah YadYad DhamanahDhamanah

�� goods or deposits, which have been deposited with goods or deposits, which have been deposited with

another person, who is not the owner, for another person, who is not the owner, for

safekeeping. safekeeping.

�� As As wadiahwadiah is a trust, the depository becomes the is a trust, the depository becomes the

guarantor and, therefore guarantees repayment of guarantor and, therefore guarantees repayment of

the whole amount of the deposits, or any part the whole amount of the deposits, or any part

thereof, outstanding in the account of depositors, thereof, outstanding in the account of depositors,

when demanded. when demanded.

�� The depositors are not entitled to any share of the The depositors are not entitled to any share of the

profits but the depository may provide returns to profits but the depository may provide returns to

the depositors as a token of appreciation. the depositors as a token of appreciation.

KafalahKafalah (guarantee) (guarantee)

�� Refers to a contract of guarantee by the Refers to a contract of guarantee by the

contracting party or any third party to guarantee contracting party or any third party to guarantee

the performance of the contract terms by the performance of the contract terms by

contracting parties. contracting parties.

Range of IB ProductsRange of IB Products

MudarabahSpecific investment account-

i

MudarabahSpecial investment account-i

MudarabahGeneral investment account-

i

Wadicah Yad

Damanah/Mudarabah

Savings account-i

Wadicah Yad

Damanah/Mudarabah

Current account- i

Applicable Concepts
Products / Services

(Deposit)

IjarahLeasing-i

Bayc Bithaman AjilLand financing-i

Bayc Bithaman Ajil / Istisnac

/Variable Rate Ijarah

Home/house financing-i

Ijarah Thumma BaycHire purchase-i

Bayc Bithaman AjilFixed asset financing-i

Bayc Bithaman AjilEquipment financing-i

Murabahah / Bayc Bithaman Ajil

/ Bayc cInah

Education financing-i

Bayc Bithaman AjilComputer financing-i

Bayc cInah / Bayc Bithaman Ajil

/Murabahah

Cash line facility-i

Applicable ConceptsProducts / Services (FinancingFinancing)

UjrForeign exchange

Bayc cInahSell and buy back agreements

(Repo-i)

MudarabahNegotiable instrument of

deposit-i

Bayc Bithaman AjilNegotiable debt certificate-i

Applicable Concepts

Products / Services

(Treasury/ Money Market

Instrument)

Wakalah/MurabahahTrust receipt-i

KafalahShipping guarantee-i

Wakalah/ Murabahah

//Ijarah/Bayc Bithaman

Ajil

Letter of credit-i

Murabahah/ Bayc DaynExport credit

refinancing-i

KafalahBank guarantee-i

Murabahah / Bayc DaynAccepted bills-i

Applicable Concepts
Products / Services

(Trade Financing)

UjrDebit card-i

Bayc cInah/Bayc Bithaman

Ajil

Credit card-i

QardCharge card-i

Applicable Concepts

Products / Services (Card

Services)

UjrTelebanking

UjrATM service

UjrStanding instruction

UjrDemand draft

UjrCashiers' order

UjrTravellers' cheques

UjrTT/funds transfer

UjrStockbroking services

Applicable Concepts
Products/Services

(Banking Services)

Structure of the documentationsStructure of the documentations

�� Letter of OfferLetter of Offer

�� Facility Facility

AgreementAgreement

�� PPAPPA

�� PSAPSA

�� Letter of OfferLetter of Offer

�� PPAPPA

�� PSAPSA

�� Facility Facility

AgreementAgreement

�� Letter Of OfferLetter Of Offer

�� PPAPPA

�� PSAPSA

Third StructureThird StructureSecond StructureSecond StructureFirst StructureFirst Structure

Legal IssuesLegal Issues

�� 1. S 66 BAFIA. Bank cannot acquire shares 1. S 66 BAFIA. Bank cannot acquire shares

of immovable property.of immovable property.

�� IB involves with buying and selling of IB involves with buying and selling of

properties.properties.

�� SolutionSolution-- S 116 (2) (a)S 116 (2) (a)-- BNMBNM’’ss supervision supervision

�� BNM issued BNM/GP3 Guideline. BNM issued BNM/GP3 Guideline.

Legal IssueLegal Issue

�� 2. S 55 of the IBA 1983. IBA prevail over 2. S 55 of the IBA 1983. IBA prevail over
Companies Act.  Companies Act.

�� What about other acts?What about other acts?

�� The IBA silent on this aspect.The IBA silent on this aspect.

�� 3. Court Jurisdiction3. Court Jurisdiction

�� Banking under the federal listBanking under the federal list

�� Only person profess IslamOnly person profess Islam-- ShariahShariah CourtCourt

�� IB is a company established under the Co. IB is a company established under the Co.
Act.Act.

Legal IssueLegal Issue

�� 4. Real Property Gains Tax Act.4. Real Property Gains Tax Act.

�� Any transfer of ownershipAny transfer of ownership-- pay the tax.pay the tax.

�� EgEg. BBA transaction will trigger double . BBA transaction will trigger double
taxation since it involves 2 transactions. taxation since it involves 2 transactions.

�� The The govtgovt amended the RPGTamended the RPGT-- One taxation One taxation
onlyonly

�� 5. Stamp Duty5. Stamp Duty--

�� Every Every transfrtransfr of propertyof property-- Stamp Duty.Stamp Duty.

�� The The govtgovt ammendedammended the stamp duty act the stamp duty act
1949.1949.

ShariahShariah IssuesIssues

�� 1. The issue of attestation1. The issue of attestation--

�� In 2:282. Debt+ in writing+ 2 male In 2:282. Debt+ in writing+ 2 male

witnessesswitnessess

�� The requirement of 2 male witness is just  The requirement of 2 male witness is just

attestatorattestator and not considered as witness.and not considered as witness.

�� It is not compulsory but Islam encourages It is not compulsory but Islam encourages

it.it.

SyariahSyariah IssueIssue

�� 2. Underlying Asset2. Underlying Asset--

�� LawfulnessLawfulness-- Q= Building is Islamic but the Q= Building is Islamic but the

purpose of constructing it is not Islamicpurpose of constructing it is not Islamic

�� Free from any encumbrancesFree from any encumbrances

�� 3. Two parties transaction.3. Two parties transaction.

�� Bay Bay InahInah--

�� Backdoor to Backdoor to ribariba..

SyariahSyariah IssueIssue

�� 4. Clause on Right to Recall the Facilities4. Clause on Right to Recall the Facilities

�� Event of defaultEvent of default-- Bank may recall or Bank may recall or
terminate.terminate.

�� Permissible= Muslim is bound by his Permissible= Muslim is bound by his
promisepromise

�� 5. Compensation for late payment5. Compensation for late payment--

�� Prior 1998Prior 1998-- Cannot impose compensationCannot impose compensation

�� Post 1998Post 1998-- Can:Can:-- i.  La i.  La DararDarar WaWa la la DirarDirar ii. ii.
AlAl--DararDarar YuzalYuzal iii. Fatwa Aliii. Fatwa Al--ZarqaZarqa’’: Bay Al: Bay Al--
ArabunArabun iv. Based on economic loss.iv. Based on economic loss.

Thank YouThank You

Zulkifli Bin Zulkifli Bin HasanHasan

Faculty of Faculty of SyariahSyariah & Law& Law

EE--mail: mail: zulkiflih@admin.kuim.edu.myzulkiflih@admin.kuim.edu.my

EE--mail: mail: zul361977@yahoo.comzul361977@yahoo.com..

Tel. No: 06Tel. No: 06--79885417988541

H/Phone No: 019H/Phone No: 019--6698514 6698514


BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
Daily Archives: May 7, 2013
May 7, 2013
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Can Egypt’s Islamist finance minister cut a deal with the IMF?
Can Egypt’s Islamist finance minister cut a deal with the IMF?
Available at:
http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/05/07/can_egypts_islamist_finance_minister_cut_a_deal_with_the_imf
The big news in Cairo is that a long-awaited Cabinet reshuffle has finally become a reality. President Mohamed Morsy swore in nine new ministers today in a move that increases the Muslim Brotherhood’s representation in the government. The shakeup comes as Egypt is deep in talks with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) about a $4.8 billion loan intended to help the country jumpstart its stagnant economy.
The IMF talks mean that the replacement of Egypt’s finance minister is the most important change to come out of the reshuffle. The new finance minister is Fayyad Abdel Moneim, who previously worked as an economics professor at al-Azhar University, the oldest Sunni Muslim educational institution in the world.
Abdel Moneim, however, may not have a great deal of experience cutting deals with the IMF. According to his biography published on the prospectus of an Islamic capital holding, where he served as sharia advisor, he has made his career entirely in the insular world of Islamic finance. He received his Master’s degree and PhD from al-Azhar University, the oldest institution of Sunni Muslim learning in the world. His Master’s thesis tackled the issue of how the money supply should be organized in Islamic thought, while his PhD thesis addressed the performance of Islamic banks in Egypt.
The new finance minister parlayed this knowledge of Islamic finance into a successful career in the field. He was the manager of the Islamic Research Center in Cairo’s International Islamic Investment and Development Bank, a consultant to numerous Islamic banking enterprises, and conducted research “on the international economic crises from an Islamic economic perspective,” as well as “the economic roles of the Islamic country in the Prophet’s and major eras.”
A strict interpretation of sharia forbids paying interest, or engaging in other activities that form the basis for the modern banking system — Islamic finance is an effort to align Islamic law with today’s investment practices. Sharia-compliant financial products boomed in the 2000s, and Islamic finance assets hit $1.3 trillion in 2011. The growth may be impressive, but Islamic finance is still a niche field – the Islamic bond market, for instance, represents only .1 percent of the global bond market.
The IMF has studied Islamic finance in the past, and some of Egypt’s ultra-conservative Salafist leaders have made their peace with the prospect of an international loan. A deal, therefore, is still likely possible — and a government spokesman was quick to argue that “[t]here will be no impact on the IMF discussions,” according to Bloomberg. But with negotiations having already dragged out for the entirety of Morsy’s term, that may not be good enough.
Regards

Zulkifli Hasan
With my family in Luxembourg
Islamic finance news
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CIVIL AND CRIMINAL

PROCEDURE IN SYARIAH

COURT

LAA 3043

CONTENTSCONTENTS

� INTRODUCTION

�GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE
COURSE

�CONCEPT OF JUSTICE, AL-
QADHA’ AND AL-DA’WA.

�CIVIL AND CRIMINAL
JURISDICTION

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

� To familiarize with the necessary knowledge
of Islamic procedure.

� To give an overview of the current
application of the procedural law in syariah
court.

� To equip and educate students with
knowledge on the syariah procedural
legislation in Malaysia either on the civil and
criminal procedure; and

� The differences with substantive laws and
procedural laws.

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF GENERAL OVERVIEW OF

THE COURSETHE COURSE

� Part One-syariah civil procedure.

� Include explanation on the parties to an action;

the appointment, functions and duties of a

Peguam Syarie, the explanation on the pleadings,

subpoenas and affidavits; procedure of service of

documents and the process of discovery and

inspection; the process of sulh; the process of

hearing and judgments.

ContCont……..

�Part two discusses the syariah criminal

procedure:

� the students will be taught the nature of

charge and its ingredients, the process

of arrest and the criminal trial; aspects

of bail; the criminal trial and appeal;

sentencing in criminal procedure.

CONCEPT OFCONCEPT OF JUSTICE, ALJUSTICE, AL--

QADHAQADHA’’ AND ALAND AL--DADA’’WA.WA.

� Surah Al-Anbiya (21) :78

“We also bestowed favors upon Daud and

Sulayman when the two were judging a case

regarding the field into which the sheep of certain

people had strayed by night and were watching

them to arrive at the right decision although we

had given wisdom and knowledge to both of

them”.

ContCont……

� Surah An-Nisaa (4): 105

“ We have revealed to you book with the truth

so that you may judge between people in

accordance with the right way which Allah

has shown you so be not an advocate for

those who betray trust, seek Allah

forgiveness, surely Allah is forgiving ,

Merciful”.

ContCont……

� Hadith Ummu Salamah reported that the
messenger of Allah declared;

“I’m only a human being and you bring your
disputes to me Perhaps some of you indulge in
logic to prove your assertions and it may be that I
give my decision or the strength of your
argumentation. Should I therefore give one that
which his brother entitled to he should not take it,
for it would be as if I am giving him a coal of
fire.”

Element of justice in the Element of justice in the SyariahSyariah

Procedure CodeProcedure Code

�By giving proper representation to the
parties in litigations (ss12, ss14, ss114)

�The case can be heard by impartial
hearing. (ss37, ss115 and ss123).

�Seeking the truth and do justice (ss76
and ss94)

�Adherence to Islamic law and prevent
injustice (ss19, s87 and ss253)

ContCont……

� Al-Qadha’or Judiciary- anything which is

related with the administration of justice. It

includes court and officer of the court.

� Al-Da’wa or Charge- During trial-Words

accepted by a judge or qadhi to obtain a known

right from another person or to defend such

right in a legal dispute

CIVIL JURISDICTIONCIVIL JURISDICTION

� Family laws in respect of:
(a) marriage, divorce, custody and
guardianship, maintenance of children,
matrimonial properties, alimony, Laws of
succession, Probate and Administration –
relating to distribution, Trust Deed – in
respect of gift inter-vivos.

CRIMINAL JURISDICTIONCRIMINAL JURISDICTION
� Limited and confined to offences in respect of:

polygamous marriage, close proximity,  indecent
dressing and behavior, violation of the "pillars of
Islam” , not fasting during Ramadhan, not
attending Friday prayers, desertion by either
spouse  and apostasy.

� only over persons professing the religion of Islam
and it has only such jurisdiction in respect of
offences as is conferred by Federal law. Muslim
Courts (Criminal Jurisdiction) Act,
1965 Amendment 1984- Jurisdiction to deal with
cases punishable with imprisonment up to
three years, or f ine up to $5,000.00 or whipping
up to six strokes or the combination of all these.

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

� This course is very important for those
who want to practice in Syariah Court.

� The student has to know the jurisdiction
of the sy. Court before they may learn
the civil and criminal procedure.

� There were differences and similarities
on the nature of civil and and criminal
procedures.

Thank YouThank You

Zulkifli Bin Hasan

Lecturer Faculty of Syariah & Law

E-mail: zul361977@yahoo.com.

Tel. No: 03-42892237

H/Phone No: 012-9236107


BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
Daily Archives: March 4, 2012
March 4, 2012
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Islamic Finance: Where are we going?
KE MANA ARAH TUJU KEWANGAN ISLAM?
Zulkifli Hasan
Pendahuluan
Baru-baru ini Persatuan Pengguna Islam Malaysia telah mengejutkan masyarakat Malaysia khususnya kepada industri kewangan Islam dengan laporan telah menerima lebih 4000 aduan sejak 2003 hingga 2012 mengenai ketidakpuashatian pelanggan dengan sistem perbankan Islam. Kenyataan PPIM yang sangat keras dengan menuduh bank-bank Islam menggunakan nama Islam untuk mencapai keuntungan melampau ini tidak boleh dipandang enteng dan remeh oleh pengamal kewangan Islam dan pihak berautoriti seperti Bank Negara Malaysia serta institusi berkaitan seperti Pertubuhan Perbankan Islam Malaysia dan Pertubuhan Penasihat Syariah Malaysia.
Berdasarkan kepada perkara di atas, penulis akan cuba secara ringkas untuk menelusuri dan menilai semula perkembangan dan amalan kewangan Islam di Malaysia setelah ianya dilaksanakan lebih 37 tahun yang lalu. Artikel ini akan meninjau dan mendedahkan kritikan-kritikan yang berterusan mengenai pelaksanaan kewangan Islam yang dikatakan semakin hari semakin jauh daripada aspirasi keadilan ekonomi dan sosial yang digariskan oleh teras dan fundamental ekonomi Islam. Penulisan ini bukan bertujuan untuk menjatuhkan dan mencemarkan perkembangan kewangan Islam tetapi sekadar peringatan dan rasa keprihatinan terhadap peri pentingnya industri ini untuk menilai kembali arah tuju pelaksanaan dan amalannya.
Kritikan Terhadap Kewangan Islam
Semasa kunjungan Profesor Yusuf Qaradawi ke Malaysia bersempena menerima Anugerah Tokoh Maal Hijrah pada 2009, beliau secara peribadi ada menyatakan kebimbangan dan keperihatinan terhadap pelaksanaan sistem kewangan Islam. Terdapat beberapa aspek yang perlu dinilai semula demi memastikan hala tuju kewangan Islam ini benar-benar dapat menyumbang kepada pembangunan sosio ekonomi masyarakat dan memberikan keadilan sosial. Sehubungan dengan perkara ini, penulis akan membincangkan secara ringkas tentang kritikan-kritikan yang telah diutarakan terhadap pelaksanaan dan amalan kewangan Islam. Kritikan-kritikan ini adalah sangat bermanfaat untuk diketengahkan kerana ianya boleh dijadikan sebagai kayu ukur dan asas kepada penambahbaikan serta penentu arah tuju industri kewangan Islam. Setelah meneliti dan membuat sorotan literatur dalam topik ini, kritikan terhadap kewangan Islam secara umumnya dapat dibahagikan kepada beberapa aspek iaitu epistemologi, ’model’ atau pendekatan, produk, metodologi, ’governance’ atau tadbir urus dan pembangunan sosio-ekonomi.
Perkara yang kurang mendapat perhatian dalam ’discourse’ atau pentas perbincangan mengenai kewangan Islam ialah aspek epistemologinya. Tatkala banyak literatur atau rujukan dan bahan ilmiah mengenai segenap aspek kewangan Islam, didapati amat sedikit perbincangan secara serius dari aspek epistemologi atau falsafahnya. Umumnya, pengamal kewangan Islam termasuk ahli akademik tidak ramai yang memberikan perhatian dan mempunyai kefahaman yang mendalam dalam aspek epistemologi ini. Implikasinya ialah didapati pelaksanaan kewangan Islam pada hari ini dilihat lebih cenderung ke arah mempunyai satu dimensi utiliti yang menjadi teras ekonomi kapitalis iaitu memaksimakan utiliti individual ’homo economicus’.

Berbanding sistem kewangan konvensional yang berepistemologikan ’secular approach’ (pendekatan sekular) dan ’humanistic approach’ (pendekatan kemanusiaan), epistemologi Tauhid ’Faith-based epistemologi’ merupakan asas sistem kewangan Islam. Epistemologi Tauhid yang menjadi teras dan falsafah prinsip-prinsip muamalat Islam sepatutnya menjadi aspirasi pengamal kewangan Islam untuk meletakkan maqasid syariah pertimbangan utama dalam setiap perancangan yang hendak dilaksanakan. Dalam hal ini, Profesor Masudul Alam Chowdhury menyatakan bahawa kewangan Islam hanya akan beroperasi secara efisyen di dalam ruang lingkup epistemologi Tauhid yang menuntut semua pengamal kewangan Islam bertindak sebagai khalifah yang mempunyai ’taklif’ atau tanggungjawab kepada semua manusia di muka bumi ini. Epistemologi Tauhid ini adalah sangat unik dan menyeluruh di mana ianya menekankan dua dimensi utiliti iaitu kepentingan untuk mendapatkan kejayaan di dunia dan akhirat.
Kritikan terhadap kewangan Islam dari sudut ’theoretical approach’ atau pendekatan teoritikal merujuk kepada model pelaksanaan dan amalannya. Pada hakikatnya, cendiakawan ekonomi Islam seperti Professor Umer Chapra dan Professor Nejatullah Siddiqi yang dianggap sebagai ’founding father’ kepada kewangan Islam mengusulkan pendekatan kewangan Islam dalam kerangka ’ekuiti’ atau perkongsian iaitu ’two-tier mudharabah’. Mufti Taqi Usmani bersependapat dalam hal ini dan telah menyatakan pandangan beliau bahawa pendekatan dalam kerangka ’ekuiti’ ini mempunyai ciri-ciri yang bertepatan dengan ruh keadilan Islam dan sepatutnya dijadikan sebagai kerangka pelaksanaan kewangan Islam. Namun demikian, amalan kewangan Islam yang terdapat pada hari ini adalah sebaliknya. Apa yang berlaku ialah amalan kewangan Islam dikatakan telah jauh meninggalkan aspirasi ini di mana kerangka ’debt-based’ atau sistem berasaskan hutang menjadi dominan di pasaran dan didapati hingga kini aspek ’ekuiti’ yang diaspirasikan oleh pencetus idea ekonomi Islam dalam konteks dunia moden masakini telah diabaikan. Menyentuh soal ini, Profesor Timur Kuran dan Profesor Mahmud El Gamal telah mengkritik keras pelaksanaan kewangan Islam dengan mengatakan ianya bersifat manipulatif.
Perkembangan kewangan Islam yang pesat sekitar 15-20 peratus setahun menyaksikan pelbagai inovasi produk perbankan yang kini terdapat di pasaran. Dalam masa yang sama, kritikan terhadap produk dan perkhidmatan kewangan Islam jugalah yang paling banyak menerima kritikan daripada pelbagai pihak dari segenap sudut. Di antara kritikan yang popular dan semakin menampakkan kebenarannya ialah produk dan perkhidmatan kewangan Islam ini semakin hari semakin menyamai ciri-ciri dan aplikasi apa yang ditawarkan oleh perbankan konvensional. Produk yang paling mudah untuk dijadikan dijadikan contoh ialah produk pembiayaan perumahan. Sejak pengenalan kewangan Islam hingga sekarang, pembiayaan perumahan yang berprinsipkan ’Bay al Inah’ yang dianggap kontroversi dan tidak diterima oleh ramai fuqaha tradisional dan kontemporari masih lagi menjadi ditawarkan di pasaran. Bahkan jika sebelum ini, kadar keuntungannya adalah tetap dan terdapat sedikit perbezaan dengan pinjaman konvensional, tetapi kini terdapat kadar apungan atau ’floating rate’ yang sememangnya hampir menyamai pinjaman yang ditawarkan oleh perbankan konvensional.
Situasi yang sama berlaku pada produk berasaskan ’Tawarruq’. Pada asasnya ’Tawarruq’ merupakan alternatif kepada produk berasaskan ’Bay al Inah’ terutamanya bagi tujuan kecairan atau ’liquidity’. Walaubagaimanapun, apa yang berlaku ialah ’Tawarruq’ kini digunakan untuk tujuan lain dan bukan sahaja untuk tujuan kecairan. ’Tawarruq’ kini digunakan untuk penjanaan keuntungan melalui pembiayaan termasuk juga bagi produk deposit berstruktur. Produk deposit berasaskan ’Tawarruq’ ini bukan sahaja boleh dianggap sebagai ’hiyal’ atau helah untuk menghalalkan sesuatu tetapi ianya juga menjadi titik tolak ’convergence’ atau penyatuan dengan ciri-ciri produk konvensional. Begitu juga dengan produk pasaran modal Islam seperti ’sukuk’. Sukuk yang berasaskan prinsip ’Musyarakah’ iaitu berdasarkan risiko perkongsian untung rugi pada umumnya bertepatan dengan konsep muamalat Islam. Bagi tujuan ’credit rating’ dan menjamin kebolehpasaran, sukuk Musyarakah akhirnya distrukturkan dengan ’wa’d mulzim’ atau ’purchase undertaking’ yang akhirnya menjadikan produk ini mempunyai ciri yang hampir sama dengan bon konvensional malahan amat sukar untuk dibezakan. Situasi yang sama akan berlaku sekiranya produk Derivatif Islam juga dibenarkan secara berleluasa tanpa ada garis panduan yang sewajarnya. Jika produk sebegini menjadi dominan di pasaran tanpa ada kawalan, pasti ianya akan memadam dan menghilangkan perbezaan di antara sistem kewangan Islam dan konvensional malahan mendedahkan industri kewangan Islam dengan pelbagai risiko yang boleh mengganggu kestabilan industri ini.
Pelaksanaan kewangan Islam juga mengalami permasalahan dari aspek metodologi. Metodologi yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan isu kewangan Islam termasuk meluluskan produk dan perkhidmatan adalah bersifat tidak menyeluruh dan ada yang mengatakan ianya tidak sesuai. Profesor Al Attas umpamanya mengatakan bahawa kewangan Islam menggunakan metodologi yang tidak autentik iaitu pendekatan dalam kerangka ’keynesian economic dan classical economic’. Dalam hal yang sama, Professor Abdul Hamid Abu Sulayman termasuk Profesor Aslam Haneef telah mengkritik metodologi yang digunakan dalam kewangan Islam iaitu menggunakan pendekatan sains ’fiqh’ atau ’usul fiqh’ menerusi resolusi penasihat syariah untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan syariah dan isu lain seperti implikasi ekonomi dan kewangan. Sepatutnya metodologi ini dinilai semula dengan mengambil kira metodologi atau kaedah yang lain secara intensif yang boleh digunakan dalam kewangan Islam. Oleh kerana keputusan yang dibuat oleh pengamal kewangan Islam bukan sahaja melibatkan hukum bahkan implikasi ekonomi, sosial dan lain-lain, sepatutnya metodologi yang digunakan juga adalah bersifat menyeluruh. Di antara kesan metodologi yang bersifat eksklusif digunakan oleh kewangan Islam pada hari ini ialah kebanyakan produk dan perkhidmatan kewangan Islam yang ditawarkan adalah hanya bersifat halal dan patuh syariah tetapi tidak memberikan kesan yang signifikan kepada sosio-ekonomi masyarakat.
Kritikan terhadap aspek ’governan’ atau tadbirurus juga perlu diberikan perhatian. Tadbirurus institusi kewangan Islam didapati mengutamakan ’shareholder’s value’ atau nilai pemegang saham. Orientasi ’Shareholder’s value’ ini menjadikan institusi kewangan Islam ini cenderung kepada misi dan visi untuk memaksimakan keuntungan pemegang saham. Menyentuh aspek ini, Profesor Abas Mirakhor mengesyorkan institusi kewangan Islam untuk menjadikan pendekatan ’stakeholder’s value’ sebagai model tadbir urus. Model ’stakeholder’s value’ ini mengambil kira kepentingan dan kebajikan semua pihak yang terlibat dalam sesebuah institusi sama ada secara langsung atau tidak langsung termasuk pemegang saham, lembaga pengarah, pengurusan, pekerja, pelanggan, pihak berautoriti, masyarakat umum dan alam persekitaran. Walaupun, asas tadbirurus bermodelkan ’stakeholder’s value’ ini dilihat amat bersesuaian dengan aspirasi kewangan Islam, masih terdapat banyak institusi kewangan Islam yang berpegang kepada pendekatan ’shareholder’s value’.
Dengan pelbagai krisis ekonomi dan kewangan yang melanda dunia, kewangan Islam dilihat mampu untuk menawarkan sistem alternatif yang adil kepada semua. Dalam aspek ini, kewangan Islam diharapkan akan dapat membantu meningkatkan taraf sosio-ekonomi masyarakat terutama kepada golongan yang sangat memerlukan. Namun demikian, sekiranya ditinjau kepada amalan kewangan Islam ada pada hari ini, pelaksanaannya tidak memberikan kesan yang signifikan kepada pembangunan sosio-ekonomi masyarakat. Profesor Mehmet Asutay misalnya telah mengkritik kewangan Islam yang dilihat gagal untuk memberikan sumbangan dan impak yang positif kepada keadaan sosio-ekonomi masyarakat dan pembangunan. Beliau mengatakan bahawa industri kewangan Islam hanya berperanan sebagai aktor dan berkhidmat secara berlebihan untuk pasaran dan tidak memberikan sumbangan sewajarnya untuk pembangunan sosio-ekonomi masyarakat. Bahkan ada juga menyuarakan pandangan bahawa sehingga kini, kewangan Islam dilihat lebih bersifat ’elitis’ dengan memberikan keutamaan kepada projek-projek komersil berbanding pembiayaan dalam sektor kecil dan sederhana dan ’micro finance atau kewangan mikro. Berdasarkan fakta dan informasi yang dikumpulkan, beliau mendapati kewangan Islam tidak sensitif dan sangat kurang memberikan penekanan kepada pembangunan sosio-ekonomi masyarakat bahkan kadang kala terlalu memfokuskan kepada projek komersil yang menguntungkan segelintir individu.
Kesimpulan
Berdasarkan analisis ringkas di atas, dapatlah disimpulkan bahawa pelaksanaan kewangan Islam telah mendapat pelbagai kritikan daripada pelbagai pihak. Kritikan ini adalah bersifat menyeluruh dan ini termasuk aspek espitemologi, pendekatan, produk, metodologi, tadbir urus dan pembangunan sosio-ekonomi. Kritikan ini ada yang bersifat andaian, persepsi dan ada juga yang disokong dengan fakta yang sahih. Walau apapun, kritikan ini harus dilihat sebagai sesuatu yang boleh dijadikan asas untuk menentukan arah tuju industri kewangan Islam. Pengamal kewangan Islam sepatutnya menerima dengan hati terbuka kritikan ini dan semestinya perlu menilai semula strategi, perancangan dan amalan sedia ada. Kritikan-kritikan ini juga membuktikan bahawa trend industri kewangan Islam ini boleh dikatakan secara umumnya semakin hari semakin menuju ke arah ’convergence’ atau penyatuan dengan sistem konvensional dari pelbagai aspek. Hingga satu hari nanti kemungkinan akan berlaku tiada lagi perbezaan yang nyata di antara sistem ekonomi Islam dan sistem berasaskan riba yang menjadi teras perbankan konvensional selama ini. Penulis merasakan, sudah sampai masanya semua pihak yang terlibat dalam kewangan Islam sama ada secara langsung atau tidak langsung untuk secara serius mengkaji, menilai, bermuhasabah, menganalisa dan mentransformasi amalan dan pelaksanaan kewangan Islam sedia ada agar ianya terus subur dan segar demi kemaslahatan umat Islam khususnya dan masyarakat dunia umumnya. Usaha-usaha ke arah memurnikan hala tuju kewangan Islam bukan sahaja perlu datang dari pengamal kewangan Islam dan pihak berautoriti tetapi sokongan penuh oleh masyarakat juga adalah sangat diperlukan.
Best Regards

ZULKIFLI HASAN
Great Mosque of Cordoba, Andalusia, Spain
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BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
Daily Archives: January 20, 2010
January 20, 2010
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Islamic Finance Educational Hub in the UK
Islamic finance hub opened at Aston Business School
By Anna Blackaby: Available at:
http://www.birminghampost.net/birmingham-business/birmingham-business-news/financial-business-news/2010/01/19/islamic-finance-hub-opened-at-aston-business-school-65233-25628043/
Birmingham’s hopes to position itself as a centre for Islamic finance have moved up a notch after Aston Business School launched a ground-breaking Islamic Finance and Business Centre – the first of its kind in Europe. The centre has been developed as a result of a £1.5 million grant from Dubai-based business Surgi-Tech, the largest gift on record for the university.
It will be used to develop qualifications and advance research in the Islamic finance field. To be named after the director of Surgi-Tech, the El Shaarani Centre for Islamic Finance and Business will develop a suite of qualifications on Islamic finance for 2010, including undergraduate, postgraduate, PhD and executive programmes.
It will also continue with research into Islamic Finance and Shariah-compliant business, developing Islamic finance solutions for companies and providing an advisory service to the government and the commercial sector. The university said the sponsorship came as a result of Aston Business School’s excellent global reputation and the prestige of associating a Middle Eastern company with a UK university.
Dr El Shaarani, chief executive of Surgi-Tech Group, Dubai, said: “We are honoured to sponsor a UK business school as prestigious as Aston and help to fund research that will explore the role of Islamic finance in the future global financial system. “We believe that the creation of this centre will result in the development of new financial tools that will attract greater foreign investment to the West Midlands region. We look forward to continuing a prosperous relationship with Aston University.”
Dr Omneya Abdelsalam, Director of the Islamic Finance and Business Centre, Aston University, added: “We’d like to take this opportunity to thank the Surgi-Tech Group for their generous support. With their assistance, Aston has established this centre to meet the growing interest in Shariah-complaint finance across the world.
“Through the centre we will educate the next generation of Islamic economists and business leaders – both nationally and internationally. “Our research will allow us to investigate how mainstream financial institutions can learn from Islamic finance practices in their recovery from and avoidance of the next global economic crisis.”
The El Shaarani Centre for Islamic Finance and Business plans to exploit Birmingham’s large concentration of professional financial and legal services and culturally diverse business community to reposition the city as a centre for Islamic finance. A suite of executive education programmes in Islamic finance will be launched by Aston Business School in summer 2010, followed by a Masters qualification in the subject in October.
“The difference between school and life? In school, you’re taught a lesson and then given a test. In life, you’re given a test that teaches you a lesson.” Tom Bodett
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BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
Daily Archives: January 6, 2010
January 6, 2010
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Of God’s many names and the use of ‘Allah’
Of God’s many names and the use of ‘Allah’ By Mohammad Hashim Kamali
Of the 99 beautiful names of God (al-asma’ al-husna), three, namely “Allah”, “al-Rahman” and “al-Rahim”, are most favoured. This is known by all 114 suras of the Quran, except for one, beginning with the typical Islamic phrase, the tasmiyah: Bismillah al-Rahman al-Rahim (“In the name of God, the most compassionate, the most merciful”), a phrase that includes all the three chosen names of God.
Similarly, every Quranic recitation in the five daily prayers begins with the tasmiyah. Of the three names, God has chosen only two, that is, “Allah” and “al-Rahman”, by which He may be called.The reason for the exclusion of “al-Rahim” is probably due to its repetition of the meaning of “al-Rahman”. They obtain from the same root, rahima (to be kind, compassionate).
It is reported that the second caliph of Islam, Umar ibn al-Khattab, explained this repetition by saying that “al-Rahman” is meant for Muslims and “al-Rahim” for the rest of mankind. This understanding endorses the principle that God is universal, omniscient and omnipresent. He is the creator and cherisher of all without exception.
“Allah” is the Arabic equivalent of “God”, and the two words have been used synonymously by all people throughout the history of religion. God has made Himself known to Muslims by His 99 illustrious names, which consist of His attributes that occur throughout the Quran. The self of God is not known to us; we only know Him by these names and attributes — such as Ghafoor (forgiving), Wadood (loving), Kareem (noble), Lateef (gracious) and Haleem (perseverant, patient).
When read together, they also set the ethico-cultural optima that Muslims should emulate and manifest in their conduct within the family, in society, and at all times. Belief in one God, or monotheism, is the central theme of the Islamic principle of tawhid, the oneness of being, which means that there is only one God and essentially also one humanity.
Tawhid permeates every aspect of Islam, in that the presence of God in the universe is the connecting force that binds the whole of the created universe into coherent parts. Tawhid also implies unity of the human origin in one and the same creator, an article of the Islamic faith implying an innate sense of belonging for all members of the human fraternity.
God, therefore, belongs to the whole of humanity and no sect or section of humanity may deny this sacred link to anyone. God created Adam and breathed into him of His own spirit and then created from it its pair, and from them a multitude of humans that scatter on the face of the earth. Those who believe in God are repeatedly asked in the Quran to remember Him often and nurture God-consciousness into themselves through zikir (remembrance), whenever they can.
It should be obvious, then, that in reference to all monotheists, there is no restriction whatsoever regarding the use of the word “Allah” when mentioning Him partakes in the spirit of remembrance, invocation and doa. This is the basic position of Islam.
However, when Allah is mentioned in a context that amounts to distortion and abuse, if the usage is clear in its abusive import and wording, it may amount to blasphemy, which is an offence. In the event of more subtle varieties of misuse, that is, when a good use is intended to obtain a bad result, the position may be ascertained under the principle of sadd al-dharai or blocking the (lawful) means for obtaining an unlawful end.
For instance, commerce is lawful by itself but when it is used as a means of usury (riba) or of hoarding and profiteering that inflict harm and distort the normal flow of trade in the marketplace, then the means towards such ends should be blocked. This can also be said of marriage, which is lawful, but if someone enters into it for quick gratification, to be followed by an abusive divorce, the marriage in question is unlawful, and the authorities are within their rights to prevent it.
This may also be said of the use of “Allah” if the purpose is to convert unsuspecting Muslims, as occurred in some parts of Indonesia, whereby a specious parallel is drawn by Christian missionaries between Islam and Christianity in order to entice Muslims to embrace Christianity. It is a question to some extent of differentiation between the upright and the deceitful propagation of a doctrine. If there are equivalent words, such as “Tuhan”, but “Allah” is used instead for purposes of proselytisation, then it could well amount to distortion of the kind that violates the sensitivities of the Muslim community as well as taking advantage of the ignorance of its targets.
If Christianity does not accept Islam as a valid religion to begin with, then for Christian missionaries to select only the word “Allah” out of Islam for purposes of proselytisation is tantamount to a misapplication of the term. Had they recognised Islam as a valid religion, the issue might have begged a different answer. Moreover, the Christian doctrine of Trinity is also founded in an understanding of God that cannot claim acceptance in the Islamic doctrine of tawhid.
Allah’s illustrious name may thus be used by all monotheists, Muslims or non-Muslims, for its intended purpose, but if it is used in a way that amounts to distortion and abuse, be it by a Muslim or non-Muslim, it should be obstructed by recourse to the principle of sadd al-dharai. This principle should not be too liberally applied, however, and confined only to manifest instances of abuse.
The above article was published in New Straits Times on Tuesday, March 10, 2009.
Seek the Pleasure of Allah in whatever you do, Me
Best Regards

ZULKIFLI HASAN

DURHAM, UK
Madrid, Espania
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