THE GOLD DI
ĀR A
D SILVER DIRHAM

Islam and the Future of Money

m¡Y© I †iŠc¨ gy ª̀v

Bmjv‡gi „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i fwel¨r

Bs‡iwR fvlvq g~j iPwqZv:

Bgivb bhi †nv‡mb

  evsjv fvlvq iƒcvšÍi:

Avwidzj Avjg Lvb

Bs‡iwR fvlvq g~j cy Í̄KwUi cÖKvkbv:
Rvwgqv gmwR`,
76 gyKziv‡cv moK,
mvb dvibv‡Ûv,
wUªwbWvW GÛ †Uv‡e‡Mv

Bgivb bhi †nv‡mb, 2007

†jL‡Ki Ab¨vb¨ cy Í̄K webvg‚‡j¨ cvevi I‡qemvBU wVKvbv:
http://www.imranhosein.org/

B›Uvi‡b‡U †jL‡Ki cy Í̄K, wW-wf-wW Ges e³…Zv µq Kivi wVKvbv:
http://www.ummahzone.com/

cy Í̄KwU m¤ú‡K© cvV‡Ki gZvgZ cvVvevi B-‡gBj wVKvbv:
ihosein@tstt.net.tt A_ev inhosein@hotmail.com

evsjv Abyev‡`i cÖKvkbv:

Avwidzj Avjg Lvb, 2009

m~wP
1\ f‚wgKv ...................................................................................... 3

2\ KziAvb I mybœvn&i `„wó‡Z A‡_©i ¯̂iƒc ............................................... 8

3\ kÎæ‡`i gnv-cwiKíbv ............................................................... 16

4\ Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb wgÎkw³i gnv-cwiKíbv ............................................ 19

5\ Avgv‡`i Reve ......................................................................... 27

UxKv ............................................................................................. 30

¯̂Y© I ˆivc¨ gy ª̀v Ñ Bmjv‡gi „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i fwel¨r

2

1

ỳÕwU K_v
gvj‡qwkqvi Kzqvjvjvgcy‡i Ñ kniwUi AvwZ‡_qZvq Avwg gy» Ñ GB

eBwU †jLvi KvR †kl Ki‡Z †c‡i Avwg Avbw›`Z| KvRwU †kl n‡jv 1428
wnRwii igRvb gv‡m, hLb Avwg BmjvwgK fvlY †`evi D‡Ï‡k¨ eQie¨vcx wbR
gvZ„f‚wg K¨vwiweqvb Øxc wUªwbWv‡Wi gvqv Z¨vM K‡i wewfbœ †`k cwiåg‡Y e¨ Í̄
wQjvg|

Bmjv‡gi AZxZKv‡ji A‡bK Ávbx‡`i gZB AvRI hLb †Kvb †jLK
åg‡Yi g‡a¨ eB †j‡Lb, ZLb Zuvi wbR¯̂ cvVvMvi †_‡K ewÂZ _vKvUv GKUv eo
mgm¨v n‡q `uvovq| A‡bK mgq Zuv‡`i‡K ¯§„wZi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| Gfv‡e
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mg‡q ¯§„wZ `ye©j _vK‡j †QvULv‡Uv fyj n‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i| Avwg
†mme fy‡ji ev Í̄e m¤¢vebvi K_v †f‡e ¶gv cÖv_©bv KiwQ|

mvaviY cvVK‡K GB eBwU co‡Z DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ Gi K‡jei
B”QvK„Zfv‡e †QvU ivLv n‡q‡Q| cvkvcvwk G‡Z h_vm¤¢e mij fvlv e¨envi Kiv
n‡q‡Q, I A_©bxwZi KwVb cwifvlv e¨envi bv Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kiv
hvq †h, mvaviY cvVK hviv gy ª̀ve¨e ’̄vi mv‡_ Lye GKUv cwiwPZ bb, Zv‡`i GB
eBwU co‡Z †Kvb mgm¨v n‡e bv|

GUvi m¤¢vebv Lye †ewk †h eBwU cÖKvkbvi wKQy mg‡qi g‡a¨B c„w_exi
A_©e¨e ’̄v‡Z fqven NUbvewj (ev cwieZ©b) NU‡e [hv BwZg‡a¨ eBwUi Abyev`Kv‡j
msNwUZ n‡”Q Ñ Abyev`K] Ges †m¸wj ZvB cÖgvwYZ Ki‡e hvi we‡kølY GB
eBwU‡Z †`qv n‡q‡Q| ZvB GB eBwU‡Z †hme hyw³ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, †m¸wji
g‚j¨vqY Ki‡Z cvV‡Ki †`wi Kiv DwPZ n‡e bv| Gici hw` G¸wj‡K wek¡vm‡hvM¨
g‡b K‡ib, Zvn‡j Aek¨B A_©e¨e ’̄vi GB cwieZ©b gymjgvb‡`i mvg‡b †hme
P¨v‡jÄ Zz‡j a‡i Zvi h_vh_ †gvKv‡ejv Kiv Zv‡`i DwPZ n‡e|

Avi Aek¨B GB eBwU hZ `ªæZ I hZ cÖKvi fvlv‡Z m¤¢e, mKj
gymwjg mgv‡R †cŠ‡Q †`qv DwPZ n‡e| GRb¨ eBwU‡Z †Kvb m¡Z¡ ivLv nqwb|
Aciw`‡K hviv GB eBwUi †gŠwjK hyw³¸wj‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡e Zviv hLb
A_©e¨e ’̄vq Lye kxNÖB Aïf NUbvejx D‡b¥vwPZ n‡Z †`L‡e ZLb Aek¨B
wKsKZ©e¨weg‚p n‡q co‡e|

G chv©‡q Avwg ab¨ev` Rvbv‡Z PvB GKRb mvaviY I gnr
gvj‡qwkqvb e¨vsKv‡ii †Póv‡K, Zvi bvg wbK gvnvwb †gvnv¤§` Ges wZwb
gvj‡qwkqv‡Z BmjvwgK e¨vswKs Pvjy Kivi ïiæi w`‡Ki D‡`¨v³v wQ‡jb| K‡qK

m¡Y© I †iŠc¨ gy ª̀v - Bmjv‡gi „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i fwel¨r

2

eQi Av‡M i‡qj gvjqwkqvb wg›U-G GB wel‡q Avgvi e³…Zv †kvbvi ci
Z_vKw_Z BmjvwgK e¨vswKs-Gi cÖZviYvg‚jK A_©e¨e ’̄vi e¨vcv‡i Zvi `„wó AvK„ó
nq| wZwb Gici mvnm, mZZv Ges ˆah ©̈kxj g‡bvej wb‡q m¡Y©gy`ªv Ges mwZ¨Kvi
my`-gy³ A_©bxwZ Pvjy Kivi cÖPviYvq †b‡g c‡ob| wZwb Ges Avgvi wcÖq QvÎ
wmivRDwÏb Av`g kvn, RyjvB 2007 mv‡j gvj‡qwkqvi Kzqvjvjvgcy‡i Òm¡Y©gy`ªv-
wfwËK A_©bxwZi Dci AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§jbÓ ev ÒInternational Conference on the

Gold Dinar Economy”-Gi Av‡qvR‡bi wcQ‡b RwoZ wQ‡jb| Ges GB eB‡qi
ïiæi AskUyKz GB m‡¤§j‡b Ô†ccviÕ AvKv‡i †ck Kiv n‡qwQj|

cig KiæYvgq Avjøvn †evb wbK gvnvwb †gvnv¤§`‡K Òm¡Y©gy`ªv-wfwËK
Ges my`-gy³ A_©bxwZÓ cÖwZôvi gnr D‡`¨v‡Mi Rb¨ Zvi Dci ingZ `vb Kiæb|
Avwgb! Ges AviI A‡bK‡K Zvi GB D`vni‡Y AbycÖvwYZ nevi †ZŠwdK `vb
Kiæb| Avwgb!

Bgivb bhi †nv‡mb
Kzqvjvjvgcyi, gvj‡qwkqv|
igRvb 1428, A‡±vei, 2007|

3

1\ f‚wgKv

Avey eKi Beb Avwe gwiqg n‡Z ewY©Z †h wZwb Avjøvni bex (mvt)-‡K
ej‡Z ï‡b‡Qb, ÒgvbeRvwZi Dci Ggb mgq Aek¨B Avm‡Q hLb w`bvi (m¡Y©gy`ªv)
I w`invg (†iŠc¨gy`ªv) Qvov e¨envi Kivi gZ ev DcKvix Avi wKQyB _vK‡e bv|Ó
[eZ©gvb hy‡M mviv c„w_exRy‡o †h cÖZviYvg‚jK A_©e¨e ’̄v cÖwZwôZ i‡q‡Q, GB
nvw`‡m ¯úófv‡e ZviB cZ‡bi fwel¨`&evYx i‡q‡Q|]

Ñ gymbv`, Avngv`

GUv LyeB A™¢yZ Ges Avd‡mv‡mi e¨vcvi †h, GB †kl hy‡MI hLb
kÎæiv gvbeRvwZ‡K wb‡®úlYg‚jK A_©bxwZi Kwd‡b cy‡i Zv‡Z †kl †c‡iK Vy‡K
w`‡”Q, ZLbI A‡bK gymwjg GB BD‡ivc-cÖYxZ A_©e¨e ’̄vi cÖZviYv m¤‡̂Ü
cy‡ivcywi AÁ| GgbwK Zv‡`i GKRb GB †jLK‡K A_© m¤‡̂Ü Ônvm¨KiÕ gšÍ‡e¨i
Rb¨ mgv‡jvPbvI K‡i‡Qb|

welqUv Lye Kg gvbylB eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q †h, BD‡ivc-cÖYxZ A_©e¨e ’̄v
Bmjv‡gi kÎæ‡`i myweavi Rb¨ Ggb ỳqvi Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q hvi gva¨‡g Zviv †MvUv
gvbeRvwZi m¤ú`‡K ˆeafv‡e1 Pywi K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i| GUvI †KD eyS‡Z cvi‡Q bv
†h, kÎæiv †h A_©e¨e ’̄vi cwiKíbv K‡i‡Q Zv cy‡iv c„w_exi Dci µgvb¡‡q Zv‡`i
A_©‰bwZK ˆm¡ivPvi‡K mycÖwZwôZ Ki‡e| BD‡iv-Bûw` ivóÖmg~n Bmiv‡q‡ji c¶
wb‡q wek¡e¨cx GK Aïf wgkb cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g GiB g‡a¨ j¶ j¶ gymjgvb‡K
Zv‡`i m¡í gRywii `v‡m ew›` K‡i †d‡j‡Q, Ges Zv‡`i A‡bK‡K `vwi‡ ª̀i †kl
mxgvq †V‡j w`‡q‡Q| AvR hLb †KD cvwK Í̄vwb A_ev B‡›`v‡bwkq‡`i‡K Zv‡`i
wbR wbR †`‡ki A_©bxwZi KiæY Ae ’̄vi Rb¨ †`vlv‡ivc K‡ib, ZLb †mUv mwZ¨B
Lye †e`bv`vqK| KviY Zviv GB Ae ’̄v m„wói †bc‡_¨ Avmj bvqK‡`i wPb‡Z
cÖwZwbqZ fyj Ki‡Qb|

GB ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© welqwU Ges Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Lei¸wj wewfbœ cÖPvi
gva¨g LyeB PZyiZvi mv‡_ Gwo‡q hv‡”Q Ñ GgbwK hviv Bmjvg‡K Zv‡`i ÔivóÖag©Õ
e‡j `vwe K‡i _v‡K †mme †`‡ki cÖPvi gva¨g¸wjI| †hgbUv n‡qwQj 2007
mv‡ji 24 I 25 RyjvB Kzqvjvjvgcy‡ii cyÎv Iqvì© †UªW †m›Uv‡i AbywôZ Ôm¡Y©gy`ªv
wfwËK A_©bxwZi Dci AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§jbÕ-Gi †¶‡Î| GB m‡¤§j‡bi g‚jcÖeÜwU
†ck K‡ib gvj‡qwkqvi cÖv³b cÖavbgwš¿ Wt gvnvw_i †gvnv¤§`, hvi m~Î a‡i

1  ˆea A_©vr AvBb-m¤§Z, A_©vr †h AvBb gvby‡li ˆZix|

m¡Y© I †iŠc¨ gy ª̀v - Bmjv‡gi „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i fwel¨r

4

ÔA_©e¨e ’̄viÕ Dci `yÕw`be¨vcx we‡kølYg‚jK Av‡jvPbv ïiæ nq| GB m‡¤§j‡b Wt
gvnvw_i †gvnv¤§‡`i g~j e³‡e¨i ciB Avwg ÒAšÍwb©wnZ g~j¨m¤úbœ gy`ªvi2 wejywßi
KviYÓ wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU cÖeÜ †ck Kwi| GB eBwU g‚jZ †mB cÖe‡Üi ewa©Z iƒc|
cvV‡Ki AvMÖn _vK‡j GB m‡¤§jb m¤ú‡K© ZrKvwjb gvj‡qwkqvi Bs‡iwR
msev`cÎ¸wj co‡Z cv‡ib|

Gme e¨vcv‡i msev` gva¨‡gi wbðyc _vKvi Zzjbvq AviI ỳtLRbK
f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Qb AvaywbKZvq wek¡vmx Bmjv‡gi A‡bK Ávbxe¨w³eM©| A‡bK
mvaviY gymjgvb‡`i gZB Zviv AvaywbK A‡_©i3 cÖZviYvg‚jK ˆewk‡ó¨i e¨vcv‡i
wbðyc i‡q‡Qb| GgbwK Zviv hLb †klch©šÍ AvaywbK A_© m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i weivU fyj
eyS‡Z cv‡ib, ZLbI ÔAcwi‡kva¨ KvMwR gy ª̀vÕ-wfwËK4 A_©e¨e ’̄v‡K cÖZviYvg‚jK
ev nvivg ejvi gZ mvnm cvb bv|

G e¨vcv‡i gymwjg †`k¸wji miKvi¸wjB me‡P‡q ỳtLRbK f‚wgKv
cvjb Ki‡Qb| Zviv gy`ªvi fqven ev Í̄eZv‡K nq eyS‡Z cv‡ib bv A_ev eyS‡ZB
Pvb bv| Avm‡j, ¶gZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ GB mKj miKvi¸wji `iKvi c„w_exi
wbqš¿K †`k¸wji (A_v©r    Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb5 †Mvôxi) mg_©b| Avi ZvB Zviv A‡bKUv
µxZ`v‡mi gZ †mme wbqš¿K †`‡ki AvÁven †_‡K wbðyc f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

gymwjg †`k¸wji GB KiæY Ae ’̄vi g‡a¨ GKgvÎ e¨wZµg wQ‡jb
gvj‡qwkqvi Z`vbxšÍb cÖavbgš¿x gvnvw_i †gvnv¤§`| AvaywbK cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zvi m„ó
A_©e¨e ’̄vi g‡a¨ †h cÖZviYv jywK‡q Av‡Q Zv wZwb †h ïay eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb ZvB
bq, eis Gi cÖwZKv‡i wZwb Ggb GK KvR K‡iwQ‡jb hv Bmjv‡gi A‡bK eo eo
cwÛZivI Ki‡Z mvnm cvb wb| wZwb cÖZviYvg‚jK gvwK©b Wjv‡ii cwie‡Z©
m¡Y©gy`ªv-wfwËK A_©e¨e ’̄vq wd‡i †h‡Z AvnŸvb Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb, †hb gymjgv‡biv
Zv‡`i Dci Pvjv‡bv A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ I †kvlY n‡Z i¶v †c‡Z cv‡i|

2  AšÍwb©wnZ g~j¨m¤úbœ gy ª̀v (money with intrinsic value): †hme gy ª̀v wb‡RB g‚j¨evb ev

hv‡`i wbRm¡ gvb _v‡K, †hgbt †mvbv I iƒcvi gy ª̀v |

3  AvaywbK A_© (modern money): eZ©gvb hy‡M e¨eüZ gy ª̀v hv‡`i wbRm¡ g‚j¨ †bB, GMy‡jv‡K
Avgiv Wjvi, cvDÛ, iƒwc, UvKv BZ¨vw` e‡j _vwK Ges GMy‡jv KvM‡Ri †bvU, †µwWU KvW©,
e¨vsK †PK BZ¨vw`iƒ‡c evRv‡i e¨eüZ nq|

4  Acwi‡kva¨ KvMwR gy ª̀v (non-redeemable paper money): e¨vsK †_‡K †h gy ª̀v †bevi ci
Zv Avi e¨vsK‡K †diZ †`qv hvq bv, A_ev Zvi cwie‡Z© †h m¤ú` gRy` _vKvi K_v, †hgb
†mvbv, †mUv cvevi Avkv Kiv hvq bv|

5  Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb †Mvôx (Judeo-Christian alliance): Bûw` I wLÖ÷vb wgÎkw³, mvaviYfv‡e
eZ©gvb Av‡gwiKv, BD‡ivc I BmivBj KZ„©K MwVZ wgÎkw³|

f‚wgKv

5

Avgiv GB eBwU Zv‡`i (cvV Kivi I eySvi) Rb¨ wj‡LwQ hviv
KziAvb‡K GK Avjøvni evYx Ges gynv¤§` (mvjøvjøvny Avjvqwn Iqv mvjøvg)-‡K Zvui
†cÖwiZ †kl ivm‚j wn‡m‡e gv‡bb| Avgiv GB eBwU‡Z Avgv‡`i g‚j welqwU ïay
e¨vL¨vB Ki‡evbv, mv‡_ GB cÖv_©bvI Ki‡ev †h gnvb Avjøvn †hb Avgv‡`i mvnvh¨
K‡ib Ges gymjgvb‡`i †Pv‡Li Dci †_‡K c`v© mwi‡q †bb, †hb Zviv mZ¨‡K
Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i| ïaygvÎ ZLbB Zviv †mB A_©e¨e ’̄vi fqven cwiYwZ eyS‡Z
cvi‡eb hv gvbeRvwZ‡K A_©‰bwZK `vm‡Z¡ ew›` Kivi Rb¨ M‡o †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| GB
e¨e ’̄v Ggbfv‡e ˆZix Kiv n‡q‡Q †hb hvivB Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb wgÎ †Mvwô‡K evav
†`evi †Póv Ki‡e Zv‡`i‡KB Gi wkKv‡i cwiYZ n‡Z n‡e| eZ©gvb we‡k¡i wKQy
gymwjg †`k †hgb BivK, AvdMvwb Í̄vb, cvwK Í̄vb, evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK ỳ`©kvi
w`‡K ZvKv‡j GB welqwU Avi GKUy cwi®‹vi n‡Z cv‡i|

Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb †Mvôxi A_©e¨e ’̄vi me©‡kl avc n‡”Q wek¡Ry‡o B‡j±ªwbK
gy`ªvi6 cÖeZ©b, hv m¤ú‚Y©iƒ‡c eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ KvMwR gy`ªvi RvqMv `Lj K‡i wb‡e|
A_©e¨e ’̄vi GB cwieZ©b B‡Zvg‡a¨ ïiæ n‡q †M‡Q| Avi GB D‡Ïk¨ mdj Ki‡Z
n‡j, hviv A_©e¨e ’̄v‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i, †mB we‡kl †Mvôxi Rb¨ Av‡iKwU KvR Kiv
evwK i‡q‡Q, Avi Zv n‡jv wek¡e¨vcx Ggb GKwU mgm¨v (†hgb, A_©bxwZ‡Z aŸm ev
Biv‡bi Dci cigvYy hy×7 Pvcv‡bv, BZ¨vw`) m„wó Kiv †hb gvwK©b Wjv‡ii g‚j¨cZb
N‡U Ges ZviB mv‡_ wewfbœ †`‡ki KvMwR gy`ªv‡ZI aŸm bv‡g|

†mvbvi g‚j¨ †_‡K gvwK©b Wjv‡ii aŸ‡mi GKUv aviYv cvIqv †h‡Z
cv‡i| 1980 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix gv‡m †mUv AvDÝ cÖwZ 850 gvwK©b Wjvi wQj|
kxNÖB GUv 3000 gvwK©b Wjvi Qvwo‡q hv‡e| GKB iKg NUbv †Z‡ji †¶‡ÎI
NU‡e| cÖK„Zc‡¶ gvwK©b Wjv‡ii cZ‡bi d‡j gvwK©bx Ges wek¡evmx‡`i gv‡S †h
gvbwmK AvNvZ Avm‡e, Zvi djkÖæwZ‡ZB B‡j±ªwbK gy`ªv KvMwR gy`ªvi RvqMv `Lj
K‡i †b‡e| Ges c„w_exe¨vcx GK bZyb gy ª̀ve¨e ’̄vi m‚Pbv n‡e|

Avgiv GB eBwU‡Z cweÎ KyiAvb Ges gnvbex (mvjøvjøvny Avjvqwn Iqv
mvjøvg)-Gi mybœvn‡Z A_© m¤‡̂Ü wK ejv n‡q‡Q Zvi AeZviYv Kivi †Póv Kie|
Avgiv GUvB cÖgvY Kie †h H gy`ªvi (mybœvn-wfwËK gy`ªvi) memgqB wbRm¡ g~j¨
(intrinsic value) _vK‡e| H gy`ªv‡K †h wRwbm ev c‡Y¨i mv‡_B wewbgq Kiv †nvK

6  B‡j±ªwbK gy ª̀v (electronic money): †µwWU KvW©, wfmv KvW©, gv÷vi KvW© ev GB RvZxq

cøvw÷K gy ª̀v | GMy‡jvi wbRm¡ †Kvb AšÍwb©wnZ g‚j¨ (intrinsic value) †bB|

7  GB eBwU 2007 mv‡j cÖ_g iwPZ nq| 2008 mv‡ji b‡f¤^i gv‡m hLb Gi Abyev` Kiv n‡”Q
ZLb mwZ¨Kvifv‡eB we‡k¡i †`‡k †`‡k A_©bxwZ‡Z aŸm kyiæ n‡q‡Q, hv eBwU‡Z Av‡MB
Abygvb Kiv n‡qwQj Ñ Abyev`K|

m¡Y© I †iŠc¨ gy ª̀v - Bmjv‡gi „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i fwel¨r

6

bv †Kb, gy`ªvi wfZiB Zvi gvb we`¨gvb _vK‡e Ges GKvi‡YB H mybœvn-wfwËK
gy`ªvi gvb‡K K…wÎgfv‡e †Kvb fv‡eB cwieZ©b Kiv hv‡e bv (hv GLb me©̀ vB wewfbœ
†`‡ki KvMwR gy`ªvi mv‡_ Kiv n‡”Q)|

Avgiv AviI †`Lve †h, eZ©gvb A_©e¨e¯’v BD‡ivcxq wLÖ÷vbiv cÖPjb
K‡iwQj GKwU we‡kl D‡Ïk¨jv‡fi Rb¨, Avi Zv n‡jv ÔAšÍwb©wnZ g~j¨m¤úbœ gy`ªvÕ-
‡K nwU‡q w`‡q Zvi ’̄‡j ÔAšÍwb©wnZ g~j¨nxb gy`ªvÕ-i cÖPjb Kiv| KviY GB
cÖwµqv‡ZB AvR‡Ki cÖPwjZ gy`ªvi gv‡bi Aeg‚j¨vqb NUv‡bv m¤¢e| hLb GB
Aeg‚j¨vqb N‡U ZLb H gy`ªv e¨enviKvix Rb‡Mvôxi m¤ú` ˆeafv‡e nvwZ‡q †bqv
m¤¢e nq, Dciš‘ Zviv my‡`i wewbg‡q †h FY wb‡qwQj, ZvI cwi‡kva Kiv Zv‡`i
c‡¶ DË‡ivËi KwVb n‡q c‡o| ax‡i ax‡i Gme †`k Ggbfv‡e dvu‡` c‡o hvq †h
Zviv Avi KLbB G FY †kva Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Ges Gfv‡e Zviv HmKj †`‡ki
`qvi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z eva¨ nq hviv Zv‡`i Dci wekvj F‡Yi †evSv Pvwc‡q
w`‡q‡Q| Hme †`‡ki GB m‡›`nRbK FY`v‡bi g‚j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Zv‡`i Dci
AviI Mfxifv‡e wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv Kiv|8

†hme †`‡ki gy ª̀vi Aeg‚j¨vqb N‡U, gy`ªve¨e ’̄v wbqš¿YKvix †`k¸wji
Kv‡Q Hme †`‡ki Rwg, kÖg, cY¨ Avi wewfbœ †mevi g‚j¨ µ‡gB Kg‡Z _v‡K| Avi
Gfv‡eB †`Lv hvq c„w_exi GKUv Ask wejvwmZvi mv‡_ emevm Ki‡Z cvi‡Q, Avi
c„w_exi evwK As‡ki gvbyl wbqZ g‚j¨ nviv‡Z _vKv gy`ªve¨e ’̄v wb‡q w`b hvcb
Ki‡Q| cÖwZwbqZ Zv‡`i Nvg Avi kÖ‡gi wewbg‡q Zviv Ggb me jy‡Uiv‡`i `v‡m
cwiYZ n‡”Q hviv wPi ’̄vqxfv‡e abx, A_©vr RxebhvÎvq wPi ’̄vqxfv‡e Rvnv‡Ri cÖ_g
†kÖYxi wU‡K‡Ui AwaKvix| we‡klfv‡e wPwýZ Hme †`‡k hLb `vwi`ª Pigfv‡e e„w×
cvq, ZLb m¡vfvweKfv‡eB `ybx©wZI e„w× cvq| m¤§vwbZ cvVK, GLb mvgvb¨ cwigvY
wePvieyw× cÖ‡qvM K‡i GKwU cÖ‡kœi DËi †ei K‡i wbb: †Kb wek¡Ry‡o gymwjg
†`k¸wj A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û `ybx©wZ‡Z AvµvšÍ, †hLv‡b cvðvZ¨ †`k¸wj (hviv
cÖZviYvg‚jK gy`ªve¨e ’̄vi gva¨‡g Ab¨‡`i kÖ‡g AwR©Z m¤ú` jy‡U wb‡”Q) Abyiƒc
†Kvb ỳbx©wZ QvovB my‡L-kvwšÍ‡Z evm Ki‡Q?

Zvici †hme †`‡ki gy ª̀vi Aeg~j¨vqY N‡U‡Q, AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwej
(AvB-Gg-Gd) †mme †`k‡K e¨vcKnv‡i †emiKvixKi‡Y eva¨ K‡i, †hb jy‡Uiviv
Lye mn‡RB Hme †`k¸wji †Zj I M¨vm‡¶Î, we ~̀¨Z I †Uwj‡dvb †Kv¤úvwb¸wj‡K
wK‡b (ev Avq‡Ë wb‡q) wb‡Z cv‡i| Avi hLb Gme †¶Î¸wj Zv‡`i nv‡Z P‡j
hvq, ZLb Zv hvq Zv‡`i cÖK„Z g‚‡j¨i †P‡q A‡bK A‡bK Kg g‚‡j¨| Avi GRb¨B
†fwbRy‡qjvi †cÖwm‡W›U ny‡Mv k¨v‡fR GB cÖZviYv ai‡Z †c‡i AvB-Gg-Gd †_‡K

8  †`Lyb Rb cvwK©‡Ýi ‘Confessions of an Economic Hit-Man’|

f‚wgKv

7

†fwbRy‡qjvi m`m¨c` cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡qwQ‡jb| †mmgq Bmjv‡gi cwÛZ e¨w³iv
wQ‡jb G e¨vcv‡i GK`g wbie|

GB eBwU AviI e¨vL¨v Ki‡e †h kÎæiv ïaygvÎ †h Zv‡`i A‰bwZK I
†kvlYg‚jK gy`ªve¨e ’̄vi Øviv Ab¨‡`i kÖg Pywi K‡i ZvB bq, eis Zv‡`i cwiKíbv
n‡”Q evwK mKj‡K A_©‰bwZK `v‡m cwiYZ Kiv †hb Zviv cy‡iv c„w_exi Dci
GKK KZ„©Z¡ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB ˆm¡ivPviB GKmgq Bûw` ivóÖ Bmiv‡qj‡K
c„w_exi wbqšÍv iv‡óÖ cwiYZ Ki‡e, Ges G‡Z Bmiv‡q‡ji kvmbKZv© cy‡iv c„w_exi
mvg‡b GK wg_¨v `vwe Ki‡e †h †m-B mwZ¨Kvi gmxn| Avm‡j †m n‡e fÛ gmxn
ev `v¾vj| Avgiv GB NUbvi GZUvB  Kv‡Q †h GB †jLK `vwe K‡ib †h, †hme
†Q‡j‡g‡qiv GLb ¯‹y‡j covïbv K‡i ZvivB GKmgq Zv‡K †`L‡Z cvi‡e|9

Acwi‡kva¨ KvMwR gy ª̀vi Dci cÖwZwôZ eZ©gvb gy`ªve¨e ’̄vi wcQ‡b GK
myPZyi cwiKíbv i‡q‡Q| hviv GUv ai‡Z cvi‡eb bv, Zviv Gi Øviv m„ó wec`¸wji
weiæ‡×I h_vh_ c`‡¶c wb‡Z e¨_© n‡eb| ZviciI GB †jLK Zv‡`i GB
cwiKíbvi K_v, Gi cwiYvg Ges m¡Y©gy`ªv‡K gy`ªviƒ‡c cybtcÖPj‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv,
eû weÁ mnKgx© I eyw×Rxwe‡K eySv‡Z †Póv K‡i A‡bKUv nZvk n‡q‡Qb|

9  †`Lyb GB †jL‡Ki eB ÔcweÎ KyiAv‡b †RiæRv‡jgÕ (evsjvq Ab‚w`Z) Ges ‘Sūrah al-Kahf

and the Modern Age’| Dfq eB Bs‡iwR‡Z webvg‚‡j¨ GB wVKvbvq cvIqv hv‡e:
www.imranhosein.org

8

2\ KziAvb I mybœvn&i „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i
¯̂iƒc

AvaywbK A‡bK D`vicš’x (†mK ÿjvi) gymwjg `„pfv‡e wek¡vm K‡ib †h
A_©bxwZ Ges ivRbxwZi e¨vcv‡i a‡g©i n Í̄‡¶c Kivi wKQyB †bB| GiKg gymwjgiv
gnvbex (mvjøvjøvny Avjvqwn Iqv mvjøvg)-Gi Rxe‡bi wb‡gœv³ NUbvwU e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb bv (GgbwK AbyavebI Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv):

ÒAvey mvC` Avj-Ly`wi (ivt) e‡j‡Qb, GKw`b wejvj (ivt) gnvbex
(mvt)-Gi Kv‡Q wKQy fvj †LRyi wb‡q Avm‡jb, ZLb bexRx wRÁvmv Ki‡jb †h
wZwb GUv †Kv‡Ì‡K †c‡q‡Qb| wejvj (ivt) DË‡i ej‡jb: ÒAvgvi Kv‡Q wKQy
wbgœgv‡bi †LRyi wQj, Avwg †miKg `yBwUi wewbg‡q GiKg (fv‡jv) GKwU K‡i
wb‡qwQ| gnvbex (mvt) cÖwZwµqvq ej‡jb, ÒAvn&, GUvB g~jZ wiev, GUvB g~jZ
wiev| GUv K‡iv bv, hw` †Zvgvi wKb‡Z B”Qv nq, Zvn‡j †Zvgvi †LRyi¸wj cÖ_‡g
Avjv`vfv‡e wewµ Ki‡e, Gici Zvi wewbg‡q hv cv‡e Zv w`‡q (fv‡jv †LRyi)
wKb‡e|Ó

Ñ eyLvix, gymwjg

Avgiv GLv‡b Rvb‡Z cvijvg †h gnvbex (mvt) †LRy‡ii cwie‡Z©
†LRy‡ii Amg wewbgq‡K (†hgb `yBwU mvaviY †LRy‡ii cwie‡Z© GKwU fvj †LRyi
†bqv‡K) wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Giƒc wewbg‡qi g‡a¨ wievi g‚j Dcv`vb Av‡Q e‡j
†NvlYv w`‡q‡Qb| Aciw`‡K D‡Ui cwie‡Z© D‡Ui Amg wewbgq‡K ˆeaZv †`qvi
bwRi Av‡Q:

ÒgvwjK n‡Z, AZtci bvwd n‡Z cÖvß, †h BqvnBqv (ivt) Avgv‡K
e‡j‡Qb, Ave`yjøvn Beb Dgi (ivt) PviwU D‡Ui cwie‡Z© Av‡ivnY-†hvM¨ GKwU
gvw` DU wKb‡jb (A_v©r    wewbgq Ki‡jb) Ges Avi-ivev`v bvgK ’̄v‡b weµqKvixi
wbKU H¸wj‡K (PviwU DU‡K) m¤ú‚Y©iƒ‡c †`evi AsMxKvi Ki‡jb|Ó

Ñ gyIqvËv, Bgvg gvwjK

m¡vfvweKfv‡eB cÖkœ I‡V, †Kb †LRy‡ii cwie‡Z© †LRy‡ii Amg
wewbgq‡K wbwl× Kiv n‡jv, wKšÍy D‡Ui cwie‡Z© D‡Ui Amg wewbgq‡K wbwl× Kiv

KziAvb I mybœvn&i „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i ¯̂iƒc

9

n‡jv bv? wiev m¤‡̂Ü bex (mvt)-Gi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© nvw`‡m GB cÖ‡kœi DËi Av‡Q,
hv Bmjv‡g A‡_©i msÁv‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i:

ÒAvey mvC` Avj-Ly`wi (ivt) n‡Z ewY©Z †h Avjøvn&i bex (mvt) e‡j‡Qbt
Ò†mvbvi wewbg‡q †mvbv, iƒcvi wewbg‡q iƒcv, M‡gi wewbg‡q Mg, evwj©i wewbg‡q
evwj©, wLRy‡ii wewbg‡q †LRyi Ges je‡bi wewbg‡q jeb| mgvb mgvb wewbg‡qi
†¶‡Î g‚j¨ cwi‡kva Aek¨B AKz ’̄‡j n‡Z n‡e, Gici hw` †KD †ewk †`q wKsev
†ewk `vwe K‡i, †m wievq Rwo‡q co‡e Ges †h †`‡e Avi †h †b‡e Df‡qB
Acivax n‡e|Ó

Ñ mnxn gymwjg

Dc‡iv³ nvw`‡m gnvbex (mvt) cwi®‹vifv‡e wZbwU welq cÖwZôv
K‡i‡Qb:

cÖ_gZ, Bmjv‡g ÔA_©Õ gv‡b †Kvb g‚j¨evb avZyi gy`ªv †hgb †mvbv ev
iƒcv, A_ev Ab¨vb¨ cY¨ †hgb Mg, evwj©, †LRyi, jeY ev wbZ¨ e¨envh© †fvM¨cY¨
e ‘̄ †h¸wji GKwU wbw`©ó †gqv`10 i‡q‡Q|

ZvB, hLb g`xbvi evRv‡i †mvbv Ges iƒcvi Afve †`Lv †`q, ZLb
†LRy‡ii gZ ª̀e¨mvgMÖx †h¸wji cÖPyi mieivn wQj Ges †h¸wji wbw`©ó †gqv` wQj,
†m¸wj A_© wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡qwQj| G¸wji m‚Î a‡i Avgiv GLb Dc‡iv³
cÖkœ¸wji DËi w`‡Z cvwi|

D‡Ui cwie‡Z© D‡Ui Amg wewbgq GRb¨ ˆea wQj †h GiKg cÖvYx
KLbI gy`ªv wn‡m‡e e¨envi nq bv| †LRy‡ii cwie‡Z© †LRy‡ii Amg wewbgq‡K
wbwl× Kiv n‡qwQj GRb¨ †h †LRyi gy ª̀v wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| †LRy‡ii Giƒc Amg
wewbgq‡K hw` ˆeaZv †`qv n‡Zv Zvn‡j Kzmx`Rxwe‡`i11 Rb¨ my‡`i12 wewbg‡q A_©
avi †`qvi ỳqvi Ly‡j †hZ|

AvR‡Ki hy‡M hw` gy`ªv wn‡m‡e †LRyi e¨env‡ii †mB bxwZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv
nq, Zvn‡j D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq †h, B‡›`v‡bwkqvi Rvfv Øx‡c hw` m¡Y© I
†iŠc¨ gy`ªvi Afve nq Zvn‡j ÔPvjÕ-‡K †mLvbKvi gy`ªv wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| Aciw`‡K wKDev Øx‡c ÔwPwbÕ-‡K gy ª̀v wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

10  †gqv` ej‡Z †h KUv w`b †`vKv‡bi shelf ev Zv‡K ivL‡j wbZ¨e¨envh© Ö̀e¨vw` (†LRyi, Mg,

jeY BZ¨vw`) Lvevi Dc‡hvMx _v‡K, GUv‡K shelf-life ejv nq|

11  hviv my‡` A_© avi w`‡q RxweKv wbev©n K‡i|

12  †`Lyb UxKv 1|

m¡Y© I †iŠc¨ gy ª̀v - Bmjv‡gi „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i fwel¨r

10

Bmjv‡gi wKQy wKQy cwÛZ hyw³ †`Lv‡Z cv‡ib †h gvbyl †h †Kvb wKQyB
e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i, GgbwK evjyKYv‡KI gy`ªv wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kivi AwaKvi Zvi
Av‡Q| ZvB KvMR Qvwc‡q Zvi GKUv g‚j¨ wbav©iY K‡i gy`ªv evbv‡Z evav †Kv_vq?
Gi DË‡i Avgiv ej‡Z PvB, nvw`m Abyhvqx mgy`ªZx‡i c‡o _vKv evjyKv ev kvgyK
GB¸wj gy`ªv wn‡m‡e Bmjv‡g e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvMx bv, KviY G¸wj †Kvb g‚j¨evb
avZy bq Ges G¸wj‡K Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq bv|

wØZxqZ, hLb †mvbv, iƒcv, Mg, evwj©, †LRyi Ges jeb (Pvj, wPwb
BZ¨vw`) gy`ªv wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Zv, ZLb gy`ªvi g‚j¨ Zv‡`i ÔwfZ‡iÕ wQj, Ôevwn‡iÕ
bq| ZvB GB nvw`mwU Bmjv‡g gy`ªv wn‡m‡e ïaygvÎ †mme e ‘̄‡K mg_©b K‡i hv‡`i
wfZ‡i wbRm¡ g‚j¨ (intrinsic value) i‡q‡Q|

Z„ZxqZ, gy`ªv memgq Avjøvni m„ó wRwbm¸wji AšÍfy©³ wQj, hv gnvb
Avjøvn KZ„K m„ó Ges Avjøvn wb‡RB Gi gvb (ev Dc‡hvwMZv) wbav©iY K‡i
w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb Avj-iv¾vK A_©vr ab-m¤ú‡`i m„wóKZv© wn‡m‡e wb‡Ri cwiPq
w`‡q‡Qb|

me wgwj‡q Avgiv mybœvn-wfwËK gy`ªvi wfZ‡i wZbwU ˆewkó¨ †`LwQ:

1. GUv n‡e †Kvb g‚j¨evb avZy ev Dc‡iv³ Ab¨ †Kvb ª̀e¨;
2. Gi wbRm¡ gvb _vK‡Z n‡e; Ges
3. GUv Avjøvni m„ó wRwb‡mi13 g‡a¨ n‡Z n‡e hvi g‚j¨gvb m¡qs Avjøvn

wbav©iY K‡i w`‡q‡Qb, whwb mKj ab-m¤ú‡`i gvwjK|

AveviI wKQy BmjvwgK cwÛZ g‡b Kwi‡q w`‡Z cv‡ib †h, mybœvn `yBwU
Ask wb‡q MwVZ| Gi cÖ_gwU G‡m‡Q gnvbex (mvt)-Gi KvQ †_‡K, wKšÍy Zvi wfwË
Avjøvni wb‡ ©̀‡ki Dci cÖwZwôZ| Avi wØZxqwU Zuvi gZvg‡Zi Dci cÖwZwôZ|
gnvbex (mvt) wb‡RB GB wØZxqwU m¤‡̂Ü Zvi Abymvix‡`i Dc‡`k w`‡q‡Qb,
Ò†Zvgiv wb‡R‡`i RvMwZK e¨vcvi m¤^‡Ü wb‡RivB fvj ÁvZ AvQ|Ó GB Dc‡`k
GUvB wb‡`©k K‡i †h gy ª̀vi e¨vcv‡i Dc‡iv³ mybœvn AbymiY Kivi †Kv‡bv
eva¨evaKZv †bB|

Gme cwÛZiv `vwe K‡ib †h Ôgy`ªvÕ H wØZxq fv‡M c‡o| djkÖæwZ‡Z
Zviv e‡j, Acwi‡kva¨ KvMwR gy`ªvi eZ©gvb e¨e ’̄v gymwjg‡`i MÖnY Kiv m¤ú‚Y©iƒ‡c
ˆea, hw`I GB e¨e ’̄vq Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb kvmK‡Mvwô ïay KvMR Qvwc‡q Zv‡K Ôgy ª̀vÕ
wnmv‡e Pvwj‡q †`q, Gici Zvi GKUv KvíwbK g‚j¨ wbav©iY K‡i †`q, Ges GB

13  hv K„wÎg Dcv‡q ˆZwi bv, eis cÖK„wZ n‡ZB AvniY Kiv nq (†mvbv, iƒcv, Lv`¨kl¨)|

KziAvb I mybœvn&i „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i ¯̂iƒc

11

cÖwµqvq Zv‡`i LywkgZ m¤ú‡`i gvwjK n‡q hvq| Zv‡`i GB gy`ªv w`‡q Zviv
c„w_exi †h †Kvb As‡k †h †Kvb wKQy wKb‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍy hLb gymwjgiv Zv‡`i
(k‚b¨ n‡Z) m¤ú` evbv‡bvi GB A‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc‡K MÖnY I AbymiY Ki‡e,
ZLb GK m ÿU‡Km fwZ© B‡›`v‡bwkqvb iæwc ev cvwK Í̄vwb iæwc wb‡q Zviv
g¨vbn¨vU‡b GK Kvc KwdI wK‡b †L‡Z cvi‡e bv|

Bmjv‡gi GB cwÛ‡Ziv Acwi‡kva¨ KvMwR gy`ªvi eZ©gvb e¨e ’̄v‡K
KLbB nvivg e‡jb wb, Ges GUvI cÖZxqgvb nq †h Zviv fwel¨‡ZI ej‡eb bv|
Zviv, Aek¨B mwVK wePvi Ki‡Z fyj K‡i‡Qb Ges Zv‡`i GB fqven e¨_©Zvi Rb¨
†kl wePv‡ii w`‡b cÖwZdj †fvM Ki‡Z n‡e (KviY Zviv A‡bK gymwjg‡K wec‡_
cwiPvwjZ K‡i‡Qb)| Zviv gnvb Avjøvni m„ó g‚j¨evb avZy‡K gy`ªv wn‡m‡e †g‡b
†bb wb, hvi m¡vfvweK gvb m¡qs Avjøvn KZ„©K wbav©wiZ Ges hvi wfwË „̀pfv‡e
KziAv‡b cÖwZwôZ:

ÒAvn‡j wKZv‡ei (ZIiv‡Zi) Abymvwi‡`i g‡a¨ GgbI gvbyl i‡q‡Q,
hw` Zv‡`i Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv Bmiv‡qwj ÔwKšÍviÕ (cÖPyi ab-m¤ú` †hgb m¡Y©gy`ªvi Í̄yc)
cwigvY AvgvbZ iv‡L, Zvn‡jI Zv Zviv h_vixwZ cwi‡kva Ki‡e| Avi Zv‡`i g‡a¨
A‡b‡K GgbI i‡q‡Q, hv‡`i Kv‡Q hw` †Kv‡bv A-Bmiv‡qwj GKwU w`bviI
(m¡Y©gy`ªv) Mw”QZ iv‡L ZvI †diZ †`‡e bv, hZ¶Y ch©šÍ Gi gvwjK †mUv †diZ
cvevi Rb¨ bv‡Qvoev›`v bv n‡q hvq| Gi KviY Zviv hyw³ †`Lvq †h ÔD¤§x‡`i (A-
BmivBwj) AwaKvi webó Ki‡Z Avgv‡`i †Kvb cvc †bBÕ| wKšÍy Zviv Avjøvni Dci
wg_¨v Av‡ivc K‡i, Ges Zviv fv‡jvfv‡eB Rv‡b (†h GUv wg_¨v)|Ó

Ñ KziAvb, Av‡j-Bgivb, 3:75

GQvovI myiv BDmy‡d wZwb w`inv‡gi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb:

ÒGes Iiv Kg g‚‡j¨ wKQy w`inv‡gi (iƒcvi gy`ªvi) wewbg‡q Zv‡K wewµ
K‡i w`j Ges Zviv Zv‡K LyeB AcÖ‡qvRbxq g‡b K‡iwQj|Ó

Ñ KziAvb, BDmyd, 12:20

KziAv‡b GB ỳwU Avqv‡Z gnvb Avjøvn gy`ªv ej‡Z Ôm¡Y©Õ I Ô†iŠc¨Õ gy`ªvi
D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| w`bvi wQj AšÍwb©wnZ g~j¨m¤úbœ †mvbvi gy`ªv| Avi w`invg wQj
iƒcvi gy`ªv, ejv evûj¨ †mUviI AšÍwb©wnZ g~j¨ wQj| Df‡qB Avjøvni m„wó Ges
Zv‡`i g~j¨gvb m¡qs Avjøvn KZ„©K wbav©wiZ, whwb mKj ab-m¤ú‡`i gvwjK|

m¡Y© I †iŠc¨ gy ª̀v - Bmjv‡gi „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i fwel¨r

12

KziAv‡b AviI AvqvZ Av‡Q †hLv‡b †mvbv Ges iƒcv‡K m¤ú` wn‡m‡e
D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, †h m¤ú`‡K m¡Y©gy`ªv w`bvi I †iŠc¨gy ª̀v w`invgiƒ‡c e¨envi Kiv
hvq|

ÒgvbeKzj‡K †gvnMȪ ’ K‡i‡Q bvix, mšÍvb-mšÍwZ, ivwk ivwk m¡Y©-‡iŠc¨
(w`bvi I w`inv‡gi ‘̄c), RvZ-Ak¡, Mevw` cï Ges djbkxj †¶Z-Lvgv‡ii gZ
AvKl©Yxq e Í̄ymvgMÖx| GmeB n‡”Q cvw_©e Rxe‡bi †fvM¨ e Í̄y| Z‡e Avjøvni wbKUB
n‡jv DËg AvkÖq|Ó

Ñ KziAvb, Av‡j-Bgivb, 3:14

Òhw` (gyw³cY wn‡m‡e) mviv c„w_ex cwigvY m¡Y©I Zvi cwie‡Z© †`qv nq,
ZeyI hviv Kv‡di Ges Kv‡di wn‡m‡e g„Z ÿeiY K‡i‡Q, Zv‡`i ZIev Keyj n‡e
bv| Zv‡`i Rb¨ i‡q‡Q hš¿Yv`vqK Avhve| Zv‡`i †KvbB mvnvh¨Kvwi †bB|Ó

Ñ KziAvb, Av‡j-Bgivb, 3:91

Ò†n Cgvb`viMY! A‡bK (Bûw`) ag©hvRK I (wLÖ÷vb) mbœ̈ vmxiv mvaviY
†jvK‡`i gvjvgvj Ab¨vqfv‡e †fvM K‡i P‡j‡Q Ges Avjøvni c_ †_‡K (Zv‡`i‡K)
wbe„Z ivL‡Q| Avi hviv m¡Y© I iƒcv Rwg‡q iv‡L Ges Zv Avjøvni c‡_ e¨q K‡i bv
[GUv Aek¨B gy`ªv wn‡m‡e †mvbv I iƒcv e¨envi m¤ú‡K©B ejv n‡q‡Q], Zv‡`i‡K (†n
gynv¤§`) K‡Vvi Avhv‡ei msev` ïwb‡q w`b|Ó

Ñ KziAvb, ZIev, 9:34

Òhw` me gvby‡li GK gZvej¤x̂ n‡q hvIqvi (A_©vr Awek¡vmx Z_v
cvw_©e Rxeb KvgbvKvix n‡q hvIqvi) AvksKv bv _vK‡Zv, Z‡e hviv `qvgq
Avjøvn‡K Am¡xKvi K‡i Avwg Zv‡`i M„‡ni Rb¨ iƒcvi Qv` I wmuwo ˆZwi K‡i
w`Zvg, hvi Dci Zviv PoZ| Ges Zv‡`i M„‡ni Rb¨ (iƒcvi) `iRv K‡i w`Zvg
Ges (iƒcvi) cvjsK w`Zvg, hv‡Z Zviv †njvb w`‡q emZ| Ges hyLiædI (m¡Y©)
w`Zvg; wKšÍy GmeB cvw_©e Rxe‡bi †fvMmvgMÖx gvÎ Avi Avcbvi cvjbKZv©i Kv‡Q
ciKvj Zv‡`i Rb¨B hviv fq K‡i|Ó

Ñ KziAvb, hyLiæd, 43:33-35

hw` †Zvgiv GK ¿̄xi cwie‡Z© Ab¨ ¿̄x MÖnY Ki‡Z B”Qv Ki Ges Zv‡`i
GKRb‡K ÔwKšÍviÕ (†mvbv I iƒcvi †gvni, ev cÖPyi ab-m¤ú`) cÖ̀ vb K‡i _vK,
ZeyI Zv †_‡K wKQyB †diZ wbI bv| †Zvgiv wK Zv Ab¨vqfv‡e I cÖKvk¨ ¸Yvni
gva¨‡g MÖnY Ki‡e?

Ñ KziAvb, wbmv, 4:20

KziAvb I mybœvn&i „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i ¯̂iƒc

13

KziAvb AviI cÖKvk K‡i †h, †mvbv I iƒcv g‚j¨evb c`v_©iƒ‡c
ciKv‡jI Zv‡`i ghv©̀ v enb Ki‡e| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, cvw_©e Rxe‡b g‚j¨ en‡bi
cvkvcvwk †mvbv I iƒcv cvi‡jŠwKK ev Í̄eZv‡ZI Zv‡`i g‚j¨ a‡i ivL‡e|

ÒZv‡`i AveiY n‡e gm„Y meyR †ikwg Kvco hv‡Z m¡‡Y©i KviæKvR
_vK‡e| Ges Zviv iƒcvi KuvKb c‡i _vK‡e| cvjbKZv© Zv‡`i‡K Ôkivevb-ZnyivÕ
(cweÎ cvbxq) cvb Kiv‡eb|Ó (GB AvqvZ I Gi c‡ii AvqvZ¸wj GUvB wb‡ ©̀k
K‡i †h †mvbv I iƒcv cieZx© Rxe‡bI `vwg e Í̄y wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡e)

Ñ KziAvb, Avj-Bbmvb, 76:21

ÒZv‡`i Kv‡Q cwi‡ekb Kiv n‡e †mvbvi _vjv I cvbcvÎ Ges Z_vq
i‡q‡Q g‡b hv Pvq Ges bqb hv‡Z Z„ß nq| †Zvgiv Z_vq wPiKvj Ae ’̄vb Ki‡e|Ó

Ñ KziAvb, hyLiæd, 43:71

ÒZv‡K †Kb †mvbvi KuvKb cÖ̀ vb Kiv n‡jv bv, A_ev †Kb Zvi mv‡_
†d‡ikZviv `j †eu‡a G‡jv bv?Ó [GLv‡b †mvbv‡K g‚j¨evb e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv
EaŸ©‡jvK †_‡K cÖ̀ vb (bestowed from above) Kiv nq|]

Ñ KziAvb, hyLiæd, 43:53

ÒZviv cÖ‡ek Ki‡e wPi ’̄vqx evMv‡b (Rvbœv‡Z)| †mLv‡b Zviv AjsK„Z
n‡e m¡Y©wbwg©Z, †gvwZ LwPZ KsKb Øviv| †mLv‡b Zv‡`i †cvkvK n‡e †ik‡gi|Ó

Ñ KziAvb, Avj-dvwZi, 35:33

ÒwbðqB hviv wek¡vm ’̄vcb K‡i Ges mrKg© K‡i, Avjøvn Zv‡`i‡K
`vwLj Ki‡eb D`¨vbmg‚‡n, hvi Zj‡`k w`‡q b`x e‡q hv‡e| Zv‡`i‡K †mLv‡b
m¡Y©-KsKb I gy³v Øviv AjsK„Z Kiv n‡e Ges Z_vq Zv‡`i †cvkvK n‡e
†ik‡gi|Ó

Ñ KziAvb, Avj-n¾, 22:23

ÒZv‡`iB Rb¨ Av‡Q wPi ’̄vqx evMvb (RvbœvZ) hvi wb‡P b`x cÖevwnZ
_vK‡e; Zv‡`i‡K Z_vq m¡Y©-KsK‡b AjsK„Z Kiv n‡e Ges Zviv gm„Y wmé I
eywU`vi meyR Kvco ci‡e| Zviv †mLv‡b DuPy wmsnvm‡b mgvmxb n‡e| KZ PgrKvi
cÖwZ`vb Ges KZ DËg AvkÖq!Ó

Ñ KziAvb, Avj-Kvnd, 18:31

m¡Y© I †iŠc¨ gy ª̀v - Bmjv‡gi „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i fwel¨r

14

ÒAvcbvi †mvbvi ˆZwi M„n _vKzK A_ev Avcwb AvKv‡k Av‡ivnY Kiæb,
Avgiv Avcbvi (AvKv‡k) Av‡ivnY‡K KLbB wek¡vm Kie bv, hZ¶Y Avcwb
Avgv‡`i cÖwZ GKwU MÖš’ AeZxY© bv Ki‡eb, hv Avgiv cvV Kie| ejyb (†n bex):
Avgvi cvjbKZv© cweÎ I gnvb, Avwg GKRb gvbyl, GKRb ivm‚j ˆe Avi Kx?Ó

Ñ KziAvb, Avj-Bmiv, 17:93

Avm‡jB, m¡Y©gy`ªvi (w`bv‡ii) †kl wePv‡ii w`‡bI LyeB ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© f‚wgKv
wbav©iY Kiv Av‡Q| GKwU my`xN© nvw`‡m AšÍ‡ii weï×Zvi cwigvc GKwU w`bv‡ii
mv‡_ Kivi D‡jøL Av‡Q, Ges †mUvB n‡e †`vh‡Li Av¸b n‡Z gvbeKzj‡K D×vi
Kivi cwigvc| wb‡P `xN© nvw`mwUi G m¤úwK©Z AskUyKz †`qv n‡jv|

Avey mvC` Ly`ix (ivt) n‡Z ewY©Z: †KqvgZ msNwUZ n‡j GKRb
†NvlYvKvix †NvlYv w`‡e: Ò†h hv‡K Dcvmbv KiZ Zv‡K AbymiY KiæK (A_©vr Zvi
mv‡_ AvmyK)| . . . Ó

Zvici Zv‡`i‡K Rvnvbœv‡gi Rb¨ nvivg K‡i †`qv n‡e; Ges †mB
e¨w³‡`i‡K wekvj msL¨vq evwni K‡i Avbv n‡e hv‡`i cv‡qi A‡a©K ev nuvUz ch©šÍ
Av¸‡b wbgw¾Z wQj| Zviv (†d‡ikZviv) ej‡e:

Ò†n Avgv‡`i cÖfy, Zzwg hv‡`i‡K evwni K‡i Avbvi ûKzg w`‡qwQ‡j,
Zv‡`i †KD Avi Rvnvbœv‡g †bB|Ó wZwb (Avjøvn) Zvici ej‡eb: ÒhvI, hv‡`i
AšÍ‡i GK w`bvi cwigvY ïf cvI Zv‡`i‡K Rvnvbœvg †_‡K evwni K‡i Avb|Ó
Zviv Avevi wekvj msL¨vq gvbyl‡K evwni K‡i Avb‡e| Zvici Zviv ej‡e: Ò†n
Avgv‡`i cÖfy, Zzwg hv‡`i‡K evwni K‡i Avbvi ûKzg w`‡qwQ‡j, Zv‡`i KvD‡K
Avgiv †Q‡o Avwm wb|Ó Zvici wZwb ej‡eb: ÒhvI, hv‡`i AšÍ‡i A‡a©K w`bvi
cwigvY ïf cvI Zv‡`i‡K Rvnvbœvg †_‡K evwni K‡i Avb|Ó Zviv Avevi wekvj
msL¨vq gvbyl‡K evwni K‡i Avb‡e| Zvici Zviv ej‡e: Ò†n Avgv‡`i cÖfy, Zzwg
hv‡`i‡K evwni K‡i Avbvi ûKzg w`‡qwQ‡j, Zv‡`i KvD‡K Avgiv †Q‡o Avwm wb|Ó
Zvici wZwb ej‡eb: ÒhvI, hv‡`i AšÍ‡i GK KYv cwigvY ïf cvI Zv‡`i‡K
Rvnvbœvg †_‡K evwni K‡i Avb|Ó Zviv Avevi wekvj msL¨vq gvbyl‡K evwni K‡i
Avb‡e| Zvici Zviv ej‡e: Ò†n Avgv‡`i cÖfy, hv‡`i AšÍ‡i †Kvb iKg ïf Av‡Q,
Zv‡`i KvD‡K Avgiv †Q‡o Avwm wb|Ó

Ñ mnxn, gymwjg

KziAvb I nvw`‡mi Dc‡iv³ evYx¸wj GUvB cÖgvY K‡i †h, †mvbv Ges
iƒcv gnvb Avjøvn KZ„©K h‡_ó g‚j¨ mnKv‡i m„ó n‡q‡Q, Ges GB RvMwZK c„w_ex‡Z
G‡`i AšÍwb©wnZ g‚j¨ eRvq _vKvi ci cieZx© RM‡ZI †mB g~j¨ _vK‡e| GB

KziAvb I mybœvn&i „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i ¯̂iƒc

15

AvqvZ¸wj AviI wb‡`©k K‡i †h, gnvb Avjøvn, weÁZvi mv‡_ †mvbv I iƒcv‡K
Ab¨vb¨ wRwb‡mi mv‡_ A_© wn‡m‡e e¨env‡ii Rb¨ m„wó K‡i‡Qb| GB cwi®‹vi
mZ¨wU‡K hviv P¨v‡jÄ K‡ib, †kl wePv‡ii w`b Zv‡`i‡K Zv‡`i Giƒc g‡bvfv‡ei
KviY Avjøvni mvg‡b e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z n‡e |

m¡xq-gvbm¤úbœ gy ª̀v AvR wek¡-A_©e¨e ’̄v n‡Z wejyß n‡q †M‡Q| cweÎ
KziAv‡b †h Ôgy`ªvÕ-i wfwË cÖwZwôZ, hvi g‚j¨ cieZx© RM‡ZI envj _vK‡e, †mB
iKg Ôgy`ªvÕ-‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kivi Rb¨ mgMÖ gymwjg wek¡‡K `vqx _vK‡Z n‡e|
KziAv‡b D‡jøwLZ †mB cweÎ gy`ªve¨e ’̄v‡K AeÁv K‡i Zvi ’̄‡j m¤ú‚Y©
cÖZviYvg‚jK ag©wbi‡c¶ ev †mKz¨jvi gy`ªve¨e ’̄v MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ gymjgvb‡`i‡K
GiB g‡a¨ fqven g‚j¨ w`‡Z n‡”Q|

Avgv‡`i GB eB‡qi j¶¨ n‡jv wKfv‡e Ges †Kb mybœvn-wfwËK gy`ªvi
wejywß NU‡jv (ev NUv‡bv n‡jv) Zvi ms‡¶‡c e¨vL¨v †`qv| Avgiv Avkv Kie hviv
GB eBwU co‡eb, eyS‡Z cvi‡eb, Ges G‡Z Zy‡j aiv hyw³i mv‡_ GKgZ n‡eb,
Zviv †hb gnvbex (mvt)-Gi wb‡gœv³ Av‡`k Abyhvqx Zv‡`i cÖwZwµqv e¨³ K‡ib|

Avey mvC` Avj-Ly`ix (ivt) e‡jb: Avwg Avjøvni bex‡K ej‡Z ï‡bwQ:
Ò†Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ hw` †KD †Kvb Lvivc KvR †`‡L, Zvn‡j †m †hb Avcb nvZ Øviv
Zvi cwieZ©b K‡i; Avi hw` †m Zv bv Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zvn‡j †hb Zv Zvi wRnev w`‡q
K‡i (A_v©r cÖwZev` K‡i); Avi †m hw` ZvI bv Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zvn‡j †m †hb Zv
Zvi AšÍi w`‡q K‡i (A_v©r †mB KvR‡K N„Yv K‡i); Ges GUv Cgv‡bi g‡a¨
`ye©jZg (Ae ’̄v)|Ó

Ñ mnxn, gymwjg

16

3\ kÎæ‡`i gnv-cwiKíbv

AvR c„w_exRy‡o GK wekvj cwiKíbvi ev¯Íevqb Pj‡Q, hv eZ©gvb
A_©e¨e ’̄vi mv‡_ AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ I a‡g©i GK m~² †hvMm‚Î eRvq
†i‡L P‡j‡Q| G¶‡Y Avgiv GB welqwU e¨vL¨v KiwQ|

cÖwZwU Bûw` wkï Rv‡b I wek¡vm K‡i †h, gnvb Avjøvn BmivBwj‡`i‡K
GK Hk¡wiK cÖwZkÖæwZ w`‡qwQ‡jb †h Ggb GKRb gvbyl Øviv BwZnv‡mi cwimgvwß
NU‡e whwb n‡eb bex I gmxn, wZwb †RiæRv‡j‡g `vE` (Avt)-Gi wmsnvmb n‡Z
wPi ’̄vqxfv‡e cy‡iv c„w_ex‡K kvmb Ki‡eb| Bûw`iv wek¡vm K‡i †h †mLvb †_‡K
hLb BwZnv‡mi mgvwß NU‡e ZLb c„w_ex‡Z Bûw`-wek¡-e¨e ’̄v14 _vK‡e Ges
†RiæRv‡jg n‡e c„w_exi kvmb‡K›`ª, wVK †hgbwU wQj myjvqgvb (Avt)-Gi mg‡q|
Zviv wek¡vm K‡i †h, Bûw` wek¡-e¨e ’̄v, Zv‡`i wek¡v‡mi mZ¨Zv‡KB cÖgvwYZ Ki‡e
Avi mv‡_ mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ †h †Kvb `vwe‡K (†hLv‡b Bûw` wek¡-e¨e ’̄v‡K Am¡xKvi Kiv
n‡q‡Q) †mB wek¡-e¨e ’̄v wg_¨v cÖgvwYZ Ki‡e|

j¶¨Yxq welq GB †h, gymjgvb I wLÖ÷vbivI Bûw`‡`i gZB GKB
wek¡vm †cvlY K‡i †h, c„w_exi BwZnv‡mi mgvwß NU‡e GKRb gmxn-i Øviv whwb
cweÎ †RiæRv‡jg †_‡K b¨v‡qi mv‡_ c„w_ex‡K kvmb Ki‡e| Z‡e Bûw`‡`i mv‡_
cv_©K¨ GB †h, gymjgvb I wLÖ÷vbiv wek¡vm K‡i †h, Hk¡wiK cÖwZkÖæwZg‡Z gmxn
n‡eb Cmv (Avt), whwb Kzgvix †gwi (wewe gwiqg)-Gi cyÎ| Zviv Df‡qB wek¡vm
K‡i, Zvu‡K hLb µykwe× Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡qwQj ZLb Zv‡K EaŸ©‡jv‡K DwV‡q
†bqv n‡qwQj, Ges Hk¡wiK cÖwZkÖæwZ Abyhvqx hLb mgq Avm‡e ZLbB wZwb
†RiæRv‡jg †_‡K c„w_ex‡K kvm‡bi Rb¨ †b‡g Avm‡eb|

KziAvbI Zvi GB cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi NUbv‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i| KyiAvb e‡j
whï‡K µykwe× Kiv nq wb, eis gnvb Avjøvn Ggb e¨e ’̄v K‡iwQ‡jb †hb Zv Zuvi
kÎæ‡`i †Pv‡L GiKgB g‡b n‡qwQj:

ÒZviv (Me©f‡i) ejj †h: ÔAvgiv gwiq‡gi cyÎ, Avjøvni ivm‚j Cmv
gmxn‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQÕ| wKšÍy Zviv Zv‡K nZ¨v K‡i wb, Zv‡K µykwe×I K‡i wb, wKšÍy
Zv‡`i Kv‡Q †hb †Zgb g‡b nq (†h Zviv Zv‡K nZ¨v K‡i‡Q) Zvi e¨e ’̄v Kiv
n‡qwQj, Avi hviv G wel‡q wØgZ †cvlY K‡i, Zv‡`i gb †Kvb (wbwðZ) Ávb
QvovB m‡›`‡n fiv, †Kej Abygv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj, GUv wbwðZ †h Zviv Zv‡K

14  A_v©r Bûw`iv c„w_ex‡K kvmb Ki‡e, GLb †hgb Zv K‡i hy³ivóÖ I Zvi wgÎiv|

kÎæ‡`i gnv-cwiKíbv

17

nZ¨v K‡iwb| bv, Avjøvn Zv‡K Zvui wb‡Ri Kv‡Q DwV‡q wb‡jb; Avi Avjøvn Zvui
¶gZvq gnvb, weÁ|Ó

Ñ KziAvb, wbmv, 4:157-158

wLÖ÷vbiv KziAv‡bi GB †NvlYv‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i‡Q Ges whï‡K
µykwe× Kiv n‡q‡Q G wek¡vm a‡i †i‡L‡Q|

Bûw`iv, Aciw`‡K Cmv (Avt)-‡K gmxn wn‡m‡e cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i‡Q Ges
GKRb gmxn-Gi Rb¨ A‡c¶v K‡i Av‡Q whwb Bûw`‡`i Rb¨ cweÎ-f‚wg‡K
(†RiæRv‡jg) gy³ K‡i †`‡eb; whwb Zv‡`i‡K †MvUv c„w_ex †_‡K †diZ wb‡q
Avm‡eb †hb Zviv †RiæRv‡jg‡K wb‡R‡`i AwaKv‡i wb‡q wb‡Z cv‡i; Ges whwb
cweÎ-f‚wg‡Z cweÎ ivóÖ BmivB‡ji cybtcÖwZôv Ki‡eb (hv bex `vE` (Avt) I
myjvqgvb (Avt) cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb), Ges me‡k‡l Bmiv‡qj‡K c„w_exi wbqšÍv-iv‡óÖ
cwiYZ Ki‡eb| †mB gmxn Zvici Bûw`-wek¡-e¨e¯’vi Øviv †RiæRv‡jg n‡Z
c„w_ex‡K kvmb Ki‡eb Ges Bûw`‡`i m¡Yv©wj hyM‡K wdwi‡q Avb‡eb|

mgq e‡q hvIqvi mv‡_ wek¡Ry‡o †ek wKQy NUbvi inm¨ D‡b¥vwPZ n‡”Q
hv Bûw`‡`i `vwei mZ¨Zvi w`‡K Bw½Z K‡i e‡j g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv Rvwb
cweÎ-f‚wg gy³ n‡qwQj 1917 mv‡j| Zvici c„w_exevmx cÖZ¨¶ K‡i‡Q, wKfv‡e
Bûw`iv c„w_exi wewfbœ Ask n‡Z gy³-f‚wg‡K wb‡R‡`i e‡j `vwe Kivi Rb¨ †mLv‡b
wd‡i G‡m‡Q, †hLvb †_‡K cÖvq 2000 eQi Av‡M GK Hk¡wiK Av‡`‡k Zviv
weZvwoZ n‡qwQj| Gici 1948 mv‡j eZ©gvb (`Lj`vi) Bmiv‡qj ivóÖ cÖwZôv
nq, Ges †mB BmivBj  µgvb¡‡q c„w_exi gnvkw³ai (Super-Power) iv‡óÖ cwiYZ
n‡q‡Q, GUvB Bûw`‡`i `vwe‡K cÖwZôv K‡i| GB cy‡iv mgq Ry‡oB Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb
wgÎkw³ (hviv AvaywbK cwðgv mf¨Zvi iƒcKvi), GK bZyb wek¡e¨e ’̄v M‡o †Zvjvi
c‡_ gm„Yfv‡e GwM‡q wM‡q‡Q| GmKj NUbv †_‡K GUvB cÖZxqgvb nq †h, gvwK©b
hy³ivóÖ‡K mwi‡q c„w_exi wbqšÍv-ivóÖ wn‡m‡e Bmiv‡q‡ji Awf‡lK GLb mg‡qi
e¨vcvi gvÎ| GiB mv‡_ Bmiv‡q‡ji GKRb kvmK †RiæRv‡jg-‡Kw› ª̀K wek¡-
e¨e ’̄vi cÖavb n‡eb Ges ZviciB wZwb (Bûw`‡`i) †mB cÖwZw¶Z `vwewU Ki‡eb
†h wZwbB †mB gmxn, hvi AvMg‡bi Rb¨ Bûw`iv kZvwãi ci kZvwã A‡c¶v
K‡iwQj|

Bûw`iv mZ¨ gmxn [Cmv (Avt)]-‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i‡Q| ZvB gnvbex
(mvt) Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h Avjøvn, (whwb †h‡Kvb NUbv NUvi c‚‡e©B Zvi Ávb iv‡Lb)

m¡Y© I †iŠc¨ gy ª̀v - Bmjv‡gi „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i fwel¨r

18

Zv‡`i GB cÖZ¨vL¨v‡bi cÖwZwµqv wn‡m‡e GK bKj ev fÛ gmxn15 ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb|
gnvbex (mvt) AviI e‡j‡Qb, gnvb Avjøvn fÛ gmxn `v¾vj‡K Ggb mg‡q
c„w_ex‡Z †Q‡o †`‡eb hLb `v¾vj I Avgv‡`i mg‡qi gvÎv16 wfbœ n‡e, Gici
hLb `v¾vj Avgv‡`i mg‡qi gvÎvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡e, ZLbB †m GKRb gvbyl wn‡m‡e
Avgv‡`i mvg‡b AvZ¥cÖKvk Ki‡e| Gi Av‡M cy‡iv mgq Ry‡oB `v¾vj ev fÛ
gmxn-Gi †Póv _vK‡e GKwU bZyb wek¡e¨e ’̄v M‡o †Zvjv hvi gva¨‡g GKmgq †m
†RiæRv‡jg n‡Z cy‡iv c„w_ex‡K kvmb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

gnvbex (mvt)-Gi Rxe‡b Ggb NUbv Av‡Q hv wb‡`©k K‡i †h, wZwb
gw`bvq wnRiZ Kivi ci, hLb †mLvbKvi Bûw`iv Zvu‡K mZ¨ bex wnmv‡e I
KziAvb‡K gnvb Avjøvni evYx wnmv‡e gvb‡Z Am¡xKvi Kij, Zvi ciciB fÛ
gmxn‡K c„w_ex‡Z †Q‡o †`qv n‡qwQj| ÔcweÎ KziAv‡b †RiæRv‡jgÕ eBwU‡Z Gi
we Í̄vwiZ eY©bv I e¨vL¨v †`qv n‡q‡Q|

gnvbex (mvt) AviI e‡j‡Qb †h †RiæRv‡jg n‡Z c„w_ex‡K kvm‡bi
j¶¨ mdj Ki‡Z `v¾v‡ji me‡P‡q gvivZ¥K A ¿̄wU n‡e gvby‡li AšÍwb©wnZ
Ava¨vwZ¥K kw³‡K AÜ K‡i †djv †hb Zviv Zvi a‚Z© †KŠkj‡K ai‡Z bv cv‡i,
Ges Zvi cÖZviYvi Là‡i c‡o|17 gnvbex (mvt) Rvwb‡q‡Qb, mgMÖ gvbeRvwZi
Dci Zvi ˆm¡ivPvix kvmb cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨ `v¾vj †h weivU †KŠkj Aej¤̂b
Ki‡e Zvi A ¿̄ n‡e ÔwievÕ| hviv Zv‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi †Póv Ki‡e Zv‡`i‡K †m
wievi gva¨‡g `vwi‡`ªi dvu‡` ew›` K‡i †dj‡e, Avi hviv Zv‡K MÖnY I mg_©b
Ki‡e Zv‡`i‡K †m m¤ú` Øviv kw³kvjx Ki‡e| m¤ú`kvjx GB abx †Mvwô ZLb
`v¾v‡ji †`vmi I AbyPi wn‡m‡e H wekvj Mwie Rb‡Mvôx‡K `v‡m cwiYZ Ki‡e
Avi fÛ gmxn-Gi c‡¶ Zv‡`i‡K kvmb I †kvlY Ki‡e|

15  fÛ-gmxn ev Aviwe‡Z Avj-gmxn Av &̀-`v¾vj| gymjgvbiv mvaviYZ Zv‡K `v¾vj bv‡gB

Rv‡b|

16  †`Lyb Avgv‡`i eB ‘Surah al-Kahf and the Modern Age’-Gi wØZxq Aa¨vq: ÔKyiAvb I
mgqÕ|

17  †`Lyb Avgv‡`i eB ‘Surah al-Kahf and the Modern Age’-Gi Aa¨vq: ‘Moses and

Khidr’

19

4\ Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb wgÎkw³i gnv-
cwiKíbv

KziAvb cwi®‹vifv‡e gymjgvb‡`i‡K †mB mKj Bûw` I wLÖ÷vb‡`i
mv‡_ wgÎZv I eÜyZ¡ ’̄vcb Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Q, hviv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ (A_©vr Bûw`
I wLÖ÷vb m¤cÖ̀ v‡qi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK) eÜyZ¡ I wgÎkw³ M‡o †Zv‡j| wb‡gœ myiv
gvwq`vn&i AwZ ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© Avqv‡Z ZvB ejv n‡q‡Q:

Ò†Zvgiv hviv wek¡vm G‡bQ (Avjøvni Dci) Zviv Bûw` I wLÖ÷vb‡`i‡K
eÜy wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡iv bv, Zviv wb‡Riv G‡K Ac‡ii eÜy| Avi †Zvgv‡`i g‡a¨ †h
Zv‡`i mv‡_ eÜyZ¡ Ki‡e, †m Zv‡`iB AšÍfy©³| wbðqB Avjøvn Ggb †jvK‡K c_
cÖ̀ k©b K‡ib bv †h GiKg Ryjyg (a„óZv, kqZvwb) K‡i|Ó

Ñ KziAvb, gvwq`vn, 5:51

Avgiv wVK GgbB GK c„w_ex‡Z evm KiwQ †hLv‡b BwZnv‡m cÖ_gev‡ii
g‡Zv Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb wgÎkw³i Avwefv©e N‡U‡Q| GB wgÎc¶B AvaywbK cwðgv
mf¨Zv m„wó K‡i‡Q Ges b¨v‡Uv, B-BD I RvwZms‡Ni gZ AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôv‡bi
gva¨‡g c„w_ex‡K kvmb Ki‡Q| GB wgÎc¶B GK bZyb gy`ªv I A_©e¨e ’̄v ˆZwi
K‡i‡Q hvi gva¨‡g wb‡Riv A‰eafv‡e ab-m¤ú‡`i gvwjK n‡q‡Q, Avi c„w_exi
evwK Ask‡K `vwi`ªmxgvi wb‡P P‡j wM‡q Gi †LmviZ w`‡Z n‡”Q| GUv †mB Bûw`-
wLÖ÷vb wgÎkw³ hviv AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwej (International Monetary Fund,

I.M.F) MVb K‡i‡Q| cvVK Gevi wb‡R‡K cÖkœ Kiæb, Dc‡i KziAv‡bi AvqvZwU wK
gymjgvb‡`i Ggb †Kv‡bv AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôv‡bi m`m¨ n‡Z ˆeaZv †`q, hv Bûw`-
wLÖ÷vb wgÎkw³ Øviv m„ó I cwiPvwjZ| DËiwU cwi®‹vi - ÔbvÕ|

GK AwfRvZ abx m¤úÖ̀ vq AvR c„w_exi `wi`ª Rb‡Mvwô‡K kvmb K‡i,
Ges abx †`k¸wj c„w_exi evwK Ask‡K kvmb Ki‡Q| Gimv‡_, c„w_exRy‡o
AwfRvZ abx kvm‡Kiv GK RvgvZ (`j) MVb K‡i‡Q, Ges Zv‡`i GKRb †bZv ev
Avwg‡ii Avwefv©‡ei c_ myMg n‡q‡Q| GB AvwgiB n‡e †mB e¨w³ †h †RiæRv‡jg
n‡Z c„w_ex‡K kvmb Ki‡e Ges †m-B n‡e fÛ gmxn A_©vr `v¾vj|

AvaywbK †h wek¡-e¨e ’̄v cÖvq cy‡iv gymwjg wek¡‡K kvmb Ki‡Q, Zvi
wcQ‡bi g‚j †nvZv n‡”Q `v¾vj, fÛ gmxn| hviv GUv kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv Zviv
KziAv‡bi H AvqvZwUi we‡ivwaZv K‡i, †hLv‡b Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb wgÎc‡¶i mv‡_ †Kvb

m¡Y© I †iŠc¨ gy ª̀v - Bmjv‡gi „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i fwel¨r

20

eÜyZ¡c‚Y© m¤úK© ’̄vcb Ki‡Z ev eRvq ivL‡Z wb‡la Kiv n‡q‡Q| GiKg gvby‡liv
hZw`b gymwjg‡`i‡K kvmb Ki‡e, ZZw`b gnvbex (mvt)-Gi D¤§Z mxgvnxb
`vwi‡ ª̀i gv‡S ew›` _vK‡e Ges Zviv H †jvK‡`i cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv hviv
Bmiv‡q‡ji c¶ wb‡q Bmjv‡gi weiæ‡× hy× cwiPvjbv K‡i Avm‡Q|

Avgiv GLb wievi GKwU cÖwµqvi e¨vL¨v †`e, hv‡Z †`Lv hv‡e wKfv‡e
`v¾vj Zvi mg_©K‡`i‡K A_©m¤ú` Øviv kw³kvjx Ki‡e Avi hviv Zv‡K evav
†`‡e Zv‡`i‡K `vwi‡ ª̀i dvu‡` †dj‡e| G D‡Ïk¨ c‚i‡Yi Rb¨ `v¾vj GKwU
AvšÍRv©wZK gy`ªve¨e ’̄v cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q hvi Øviv gy`ªv‡K Ggbfv‡e `‚wlZ Kiv n‡q‡Q
†hb GUv‡K GLb B”Qvg‡Zv cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq Ges G‡K ˆea Pywi, cÖZviYv I
A_©‰bwZK †kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq| Gi GKwU mvaviY iƒc n‡jv
`vmmyjf gRywii gva¨‡g kÖ‡gi Aeg‚j¨vqY NUv‡bv| AvR c„w_exRy‡o Z_vKw_Z
gy³-evRvi A_©bxwZ Pvjy Av‡Q, Zv‡Z miKvi¸wj kÖ‡gi GKwU me©wbgœ gRywi wbav©iY
K‡i w`‡q‡Q| Zviv GUv K‡i‡Q GRb¨B †hb Zv `vmmyjf gRywii dvu‡` AvU‡K
_vKv kÖwgK‡`i‡K we‡ ª̀vn Kiv †_‡K `wg‡q ivL‡Z cv‡i|

Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb wgÎkw³ AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv e¨e ’̄vi gva¨‡g †h ˆeaPywii
Dcvq †ei K‡i‡Q, cvVK Zv GKwU NUbvi w`‡K `„wó w`‡jB eyS‡Z cvi‡eb| Zv
N‡UwQj 1933 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m| ZLb gvwK©b miKvi GKwU AvBb cvm K‡i hvi
g‚j K_v¸wj wQ‡jv GiKg:

1. RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q Avi m¡Y©gy`ªv I †mvbvi evi Rgv ivLv hv‡e bv|
2. m¡Y©gy`ªv‡K Avi †ePv-†Kbvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e A_©vr gy`ªv wn‡m‡e e¨envi

Kiv hv‡e bv|
3. hw` Kv‡iv Kv‡Q GKwU wbw ©̀ó Zvwi‡Li ci †mvbv cvIqv hvq, Zvn‡j

Zv‡K 10,000 Wjvi Rwigvbv Kiv n‡e, Abv`v‡q Qq gv‡mi †Rj
†`qv n‡e|

4. hv‡`i Kv‡Q m¡Y©gy`ªv I †mvbvi evi Av‡Q Zviv Zv miKvi‡K Rgv
w`‡e Ges Gi e`‡j (g‚j¨ wn‡m‡e) †dWv‡ij wiRvf© e¨vsK (hv †m
mgq GKwU †emiKvwi e¨vsK wQj) Zv‡`i‡K AvDÝ cÖwZ 20 Wjvi
KvM‡R Qvcvb gy`ªv w`‡e|

djkÖæwZ‡Z †ewkifvM Av‡gwiKvb Zv‡`i †mvbvi e`‡j KvMwR gy`ªv
†bevi Rb¨ Qy‡U hvq| wKšÍy hviv ai‡Z †c‡iwQj †h GB AvBb Øviv Lye kxNÖB Zv‡`i
m¤ú` (A_©vr †mvbv) jy‡U †bqv n‡e, Zviv Rgv †`q wb| eis Zviv Zv‡`i KvMwR

Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb wgÎkw³i gnv-cwiKíbv

21

gy`ªv w`‡q wbw ©̀ó mg‡qi g‡a¨B †mvbv wK‡b iv‡L Ges Zv myBm e¨vs‡K18 Rgv ivLvi
Rb¨ cvwV‡q †`q|

AviI j¶¨Yxq †h, weªwUk miKviI GKB eQ‡i GKB iKg AvBb K‡i,
hvi Øviv m¡Y©gy`ªv‡K gy`ªv wn‡m‡e e¨env‡ii A‡hvM¨ †NvlYv Kiv nq| Zviv GKwU
mvaviY †KŠkj Aej¤b̂ K‡iwQj Avi Zv n‡jv mvgwqKfv‡e KvMwR gy`ªv gv‡b cvDÛ
÷vwj©‡Oi wewbg‡q †mvbv †Kbvi my‡hvM wbwl× Kiv|

hvB †nvK hLb gvwK©b hy³iv‡óÖi RbMY Wjv‡ii wewbg‡q †mvbv Rgv
w`‡q †`q, ZviciB 1934 mv‡j †m‡`‡ki miKvi Aev‡a 41% nv‡i Wjv‡ii
g‚j¨cZb NUvq Ges c‚‡e© (1933 mv‡j) †mvbvi e¨envi wbwl× KÕ‡i †h AvBb
K‡iwQj †mB AvBb‡K evwZj K‡i| GUv ï‡b Av‡gwiKvi RbMY KvM‡Ri Wjv‡ii
wewbg‡q †mvbv wKb‡Z wfo Rgvq| wKšÍy Gevi cÖwZ AvDÝ †mvbvi wewbgq g‚j¨
wbav©iY Kiv nq 35 Wjvi K‡i| A_P GK eQi Av‡MB Zviv GB †mvbv Rgv
w`‡qwQj cÖwZ AvDÝ 20 Wjv‡ii wewbg‡q| GB cÖwµqvq Zv‡`i m¤ú‡`i cÖvq 41%
Pywi K‡i †bqv nq| cvVK, GLb wbðqB eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb, hLb KvM‡Ri gy`ªvi
g‚j¨cZb nq ZLb wKfv‡e mvaviY RbM‡Yi m¤ú` ˆeafv‡e Pywi Kiv m¤¢e nq|

RbM‡Yi m¤ú` Gfv‡e jy‡U †bqv‡K KziAv‡b nvivg †NvlYv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| D`vniYm¡iƒc m‚iv wbmv I m‚iv ny‡`i wKQy Avqv‡Zi K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i:

Ò†n Cgvb`viMY, †Zvgiv G‡K Ac‡ii m¤ú` Ab¨vqfv‡e MÖvm K‡iv bv|
†KejgvÎ †Zvgv‡`i ci¯ú‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g †h e¨emv Kiv nq Zv ˆea...Ó

Ñ KziAvb, wbmv, 4:29

ÒAvi †n Avgvi RvwZ, b¨vqwbôvi mv‡_ wVKfv‡e cwigvc Ki I IRb
`vI Ges b¨vh¨ cvIbvi Zzjbvq Kg w`‡q (†hgb kÖg, wRwbm, m¤ú` BZ¨vw`i g‚j¨)
†jv‡K‡`i‡K ewÂZ K‡iv bv| Avi ỳbx©wZ I aŸs‡mi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb Lvivc KvR
K‡iv bv|Ó

Ñ KziAvb, ny`, 11:45

cÖZviYvi Dci wfwË K‡i mKj †jb-‡`b, †hgb Kv‡iv jy‡U †bqv m¤ú`
A_ev Ab¨vh¨ gybvdv AR©b Kiv, BZ¨vw`‡K gnvbex (mvt) wiev19 e‡j AvL¨vZ
K‡i‡Qb|

18  myBRvij¨v‡Ûi GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK e¨vsK|
19  †`Lyb UxKv 2|

m¡Y© I †iŠc¨ gy ª̀v - Bmjv‡gi „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i fwel¨r

22

1933-34 mv‡j hy³iv‡óÖi NUbv †_‡K GUvB cÖZxqgvb nq †h IUv
†dWv‡ij wiRvf© e¨vs‡Ki GKwU ÔgnovÕ wQj gvÎ Ñ GUv †`Lvi Rb¨ †h wKfv‡e
GKwU bZyb gy ª̀ve¨e ’̄vi gva¨‡g AcȪ ÍyZ c„w_ex n‡Z wecyj m¤ú` wb‡R‡`i Kv‡Q
mwi‡q Avbv hvq| m¤ú` miv‡bvi GB KvRwU Kiv nq g‚j¨nxb KvMR‡K gy`ªv (UvKv,
Wjvi, cvDÛ BZ¨vw`) evwb‡q, Avi Zvici mg Í̄ gvbeRvwZ‡K GUv e¨envi Ki‡Z
eva¨ Kiv‡bvi gva¨‡g| gy`ªve¨e ’̄v hviv wbqš¿Y K‡i Zviv Gici wbw ©̀ó wKQy †`‡ki
gy`ªv‡K j¶¨ evbv‡jv Ges H gy`ªv¸wji Aeg‚j¨vqb NUv‡Z eva¨ Ki‡jv| hLbB H
gy`ªvi g‚j¨ Kg‡Z _vK‡jv ZLbB H †`‡ki (wec` m¤̂‡Ü AÁ) RbMY wecyj m¤ú`
nviv‡Z _vKj, Avi Zv‡`i GB m¤ú`nvwb Acic¶‡K `ªæZ wecyj m¤ú‡`i gvwjK
evwb‡q †dj‡jv|

gvwK©b hy³iv‡óÖi H NUbvwUi ỳeQi Av‡M, 1931 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤̂i gv‡m,
weªwUk cvD‡Ûi cÖvq 30% Aeg‚j¨vqb N‡U Ges 1934 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Zv †e‡o 40%
nq| d«v‡ÝiI GKB Ae ’̄v nq, †m‡`‡ki gy ª̀v dª̈ v¼-Gi cÖvq 30% Aeg‚j¨vqb
N‡U, BUvwji wjiv-Gi Aeg‚j¨vqb nq 41% Ges myBRvij¨v‡Ûi dª̈ v¼-Gi 30%
Aeg‚j¨vqb N‡U| BD‡iv‡ci †ewkifvM †`‡ki GKB Ae ’̄v nq| MÖxm evwK
BD‡ivc‡K Qvwo‡q hvq, Zv‡`i gy`ªvi Aeg‚j¨vqb N‡U 59%|

1930 mv‡ji H cwjwm hv‡Z gy`ªvi Aeg‚j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g ißvwb mvgwMÖi
g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv evov‡bvi wPšÍv Kiv n‡qwQj Zv GK wfbœ djvdj e‡q Av‡b| GB
cwjwmi Kvi‡Y RvZxq Avq ª̀æZ K‡g hvq, Pvwn`v K‡g hvq, †eKvi mgm¨v cÖKU
AvKvi aviY K‡i Ges wek¡-evwY‡R¨ Pig g›`v †`Lv †`q Ñ GB cwiw ’̄wZ‡K ZLb
bvg †`qv nq Ô†MÖU wW‡cÖkbÕ (Great Depression)| Avm‡j GwU GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK
gy`ªv e¨e ’̄v MV‡bi c_ myMg K‡i| Z‡e D‡Ïk¨ wQj gy`ªve¨e ’̄v I A_©bxwZ‡Z
Pjgvb g›`vfve cÖkgb K‡i †jvK-‡`Lv‡bv k„•Ljv wdwi‡q Avbv| Ab¨fv‡e ejv
hvq, Ô†MÖU wW‡cÖkbÕ B”QvK„Zfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv n‡qwQj, hvi g‚j dw›` wQj Gi gva¨‡g
gy`ªv RM‡Z w ’̄wZkxjZv wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK gy ª̀v e¨e ’̄v MV‡b
mevi mg_©b Av`vq K‡i †bIqv|

BD‡ivwcqvb †`k¸wji g‡a¨I cÖvq GKB mg‡q (cÖZviYvi D‡Ï‡k¨)
Zv‡`i wbR wbR gy`ªvi Aeg‚j¨vqb N‡U| Gme †`‡ki g‡a¨ G e¨vcv‡i †h
m‡›`nRbK I Am¡vfvweK mn‡hvwMZv wQj Zv †`‡L gymwjg‡`i mZK© nIqv DwPZ
wQj †h, BD‡ivcxq Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb †Rv‡Ui KvMwR gy`ªvwfwËK A_©e¨e ’̄v Zv‡`i Rb¨
fqven wec` e‡q Avb‡e|

Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb †RvU †eªUb DW&‡m ÔKvMwR gy ª̀vÕ-wfwËK AvšÍR©vwZK
A_©e¨e ’̄v cÖwZôv K‡i| G Pyw³‡Z Zviv Av‡gwiKvb Wjvi I †mvbvi g‡a¨Kvi

Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb wgÎkw³i gnv-cwiKíbv

23

m¤úK© e¨envi K‡i A‡bKUv kvK w`‡q gvQ XvKvi gZB GKwU mZ¨‡K Avovj K‡i,
Avi Zv n‡jv - GLb †_‡K KvMR Qvwc‡q gy`ªv wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv hv‡e Ges
GiKg KvMwR gy`ªv Rgv w`‡q cybivq Avmj gy ª̀v (A_©vr AšÍwb©wnZ g~j¨-m¤úbœ gy`ªv)
†Kbv hv‡e bv| GB †eªUb DW&m Pyw³B cieZx©‡Z 1944 mv‡j AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv
Znwej (AvB-Gg-Gd) MV‡bi c_ myMg K‡i †`q, hvi evwn¨K D‡Ïk¨ wQj
AvšÍRv©wZK gy`ªv e¨e ’̄v Z_v Acwi‡kva¨ KvMwR gy`ªvi cwiPvjbv Kiv| AvšÍR©vwZK
AvBb Abyhvqx †mvbvi cwie‡Z© gvwK©b Wjvi †diZ †`qvi †h Pyw³MZ eva¨evaKZv
wQj, 1971 mv‡j gvwK©b hy³ivóÖ †mwUI cwiZ¨vM K‡i| Avi Gi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i
cwiKíbvi †kl QÙ‡ekwUI m‡i hvq|

GUv LyeB Avðh©RbK †h bZyb cÖZviYvg‚jK gy`ªve¨e ’̄vi weiæ‡×
gymwjg‡`i mZK© Kivi Rb¨ Bmjvwg cwÛZiv †Zgb †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡ib wb| gvwK©b Wjv‡ii gva¨‡g GB cÖZviYv‡K †X‡K ivL‡jI 1971 mv‡j ZvI
mwi‡q †djv nq| fve‡Z AevK jv‡M, ZviciI wKfv‡e Zviv ˆea Pywii e¨vcv‡i
AÜ _v‡Kb? AvRI Bmjv‡gi eyw×Rxweiv AvaywbK gy`ªv‡K ÔnvivgÕ AvL¨v w`‡Z e¨_©
n‡”Qb| djkÖæwZ‡Z cy‡iv gymwjg wek¡ Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb †Mvwôi AÜ AbyKiY K‡i
P‡j‡Q Ges Zv‡`i ˆZwi Kiv gy ª̀ve¨e ’̄vi †PvivM‡Z©20 Xy‡K hv‡”Q|

BD‡ivwcqvb Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb †Mvwô hLb c„w_exi evwK Dcwb‡ek¸wj‡K
†f‡½ m¡vaxb K‡i †dj‡jv ZLb Zviv G e¨vcviwU wbwðZ Ki‡jv †hb GB
Jcwb‡ewkKZv n‡Z gy³ A-BD‡ivwcq c„w_ex AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwe‡ji m`m¨ n‡Z
eva¨ nq, †hb Zv‡`i‡K GB bZyb gy`ªve¨e ’̄vi g‡a¨ XywK‡q †djv hvq|

AvB-Gg-G‡di wjwLZ AvB‡b †mvbvi gy`ªv wn‡m‡e e¨envi‡K wbwl×
Kiv nq|21 gvwK©b Wjvi ev‡` Ab¨ †h †Kvb KvMwR gy`ªvi mv‡_ †mvbvi wewbgq
wbwl× Kivi gva¨‡g GwU Kiv nq| Pyw³i 4 bs Aby‡”Q‡`i 2(L) avivq ejv nq:22

20  gnvbex (mvt) fwel¨Z-evYx K‡iwQ‡jb †h Zvi D¤§Z (†kl hy‡M) Bûw` I wLÖ÷vb‡`i Ggbfv‡e

AbyKiY Ki‡e †h Bûw` I wLÖ÷vbiv †Kvb mixm„‡ci M‡Z© cÖ‡ek Ki‡j ZvivI (gymwjgiv) †mB
KvR Ki‡e|

21  †jL‡Ki I‡qemvB‡Ui wbqš¿ÖK †jLK‡K Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h AvB-Gg-Gd †_‡K †KD GKRb
wbqwgZ Zvi I‡qemvB‡U c&ª‡ek K‡ib| †jLK H e¨w³‡K Avnevb Rvbvb hw` wZwb †jL‡Ki
†Kvb wel‡q fyj ai‡Z cv‡ib Zvn‡j †hb Zv wVK K‡i †`b|

22  “exchange arrangements may include (i) the maintenance by a member of a value

for its currency in terms of the special drawing right or another denominator,

other than gold, selected by the member, or (ii) cooperative arrangements by

which members maintain the value of their currencies in relation to the value of

the currency or currencies of other members, or (iii) other exchange arrangements

of a member's choice.”

m¡Y© I †iŠc¨ gy ª̀v - Bmjv‡gi „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i fwel¨r

24

Òwewbgq e¨e ’̄vi g‡a¨ AšÍfy©³ n‡Z cv‡i Ñ (1) m`m¨‡`k Zv‡`i gy`ªvi gvb
wbqš¿Y Ki‡e †mvbv e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb wKQy Øviv, A_ev m`m¨ KZ„©K wba©vwiZ A_©
Zz‡j †bqvi gvÎvi wfwË‡Z, A_ev (2) GK †`k Av‡iK †`‡ki mv‡_ cvi¯úwiK
Pzw³i gva¨‡g Zv‡`i gy`ªvi gvb wbqš¿Y Ki‡e, A_ev (3) m`‡m¨i B”Qv Abyhvqx
Ab¨ †Kvb wewbgq e¨e ’̄vi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i gy ª̀vi gvb wbqš¿Y Ki‡e|Ó

2002 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m, gvwK©b Ks‡MÖ‡mi cÖwZwbwa ib cj BD-Gm
†UÖRvwi wWcvU©‡g›U I †dWv‡ij wiRvf© e¨vs‡K (†hUv NUbvµ‡g GKwU e¨w³
gvwjKvbvaxb e¨vsK wQj) wb‡Pi wPwVwU cvVvb, hv‡Z wZwb cÖkœ K‡ib †Kb AvB-Gg-
Gd Zvi m`m¨ †`k¸wj‡Z m¡Y©-wfwËK gy`ªv‡K wbwl× K‡i‡Q?

Rbve,

Avwg AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwej (AvB-Gg-Gd)-Gi Pyw³c‡Îi 4_©
Aby‡”Q‡`i 2-Gi L aviv m¤ú‡K© wjLwQ| Avcwb AewnZ Av‡Qb †h, GB Aby‡”Q`
gy`ªv‡K †mvbvi mv‡_ m¤úK© ’̄vc‡b AvB-Gg-G‡di m`m¨ †`k¸wj‡K wb‡la K‡i|
Gfv‡e AvB-Gg-Gd ÎæwUhy³ A_©e¨e ’̄vi †`k¸wj‡Z Zv‡`i gy`ªv‡K w ’̄wZkxj Ki‡Z
me‡P‡q Kvh©Kix c`‡¶cwU wb‡Z evav w`‡”Q| G bxwZ A_©bxwZi cÖe„w×‡K evavMȪ ’
Ki‡e, A_©‰bwZK g›`v cÖkgb‡K MwZnxb Ki‡e, Avi Gfv‡e A_©‰bwZK I
ivR‰bwZK Aw ’̄wZkxjZvB e„w× cv‡e| Avwg LyeB cÖksmv Ki‡ev hw` †UÖRvwi I
†dWv‡ij wiRvf© GB KviYwUi e¨L¨v †`q †h †Kb gvwK©b hy³ivóÖ GB ÎæwUhy³
bxwZwU †g‡b P‡j‡Q I envj †i‡L‡Q| GB Aby‡iva m¤ú‡K© AviI Z_¨ Rvb‡Z
PvB‡j AbyMÖn K‡i Avgvi AvBbwelqK cwiPvjK big¨vb wmsMjUb-Gi mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM Kiæb|

Avcbvi mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ ab¨ev`,

ib cj
BD-Gm nvDR Ae wi‡cÖ‡Rb‡UwUf

cvVK, GUv Rvbv Riæwi †h, †dWv‡ij wiRvf© e¨vsK wKsev gvwK©b †UÖRvwi
wWcvU©‡g›U †KDB AvR ch©šÍ GB e¨L¨v †`evi Aby‡iv‡a †Kvb mvov †`q wb| Zv‡`i
mvov bv †`qvi GKwU e¨vL¨vB _vK‡Z cv‡i, Zvn‡jv AvB-Gg-G‡di gva¨‡g †h
gy`ªve¨e ’̄v M‡o D‡VwQj Zvi Avmj cwiKíbv wQj gvbeRvwZi m¤ú` jy‡U †bqv
Ges Kvjµ‡g H me Rbc‡`i Dci A_©‰bwZK `vmZ¡ Pvwc‡q †`qv, hv‡`i‡K

Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb wgÎkw³i gnv-cwiKíbv

25

Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb wgÎ Uv‡M©U K‡i‡Q (KviY Zviv Zv‡`i Afxó j¶¨ AR©‡b evav n‡q
`vuwo‡q‡Q)|

AvB-Gg-G‡di gva¨‡g we‡k¡ Ggb GKwU bZyb gy`ªve¨e ’̄v M‡o I‡V hvi
gva¨‡g GK bZyb I A™¢yZ A_©‰bwZK msÁvi cÖPjb N‡U| gymwjgiv G¸wji A‡bK
wbqg‡KB wb‡R‡`i mv‡_ msNvZg‚jK e‡j Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Q hvi mv‡_ c‚‡e© Zv‡`i
†Kv‡bv cwiPq wQj bv| AvÂwjK (KvMwR) gỳ ªv †hUv †Kvb †`‡ki Af¨šÍwib †jb-
‡`‡bi Rb¨ Qvcv‡bv nq, Zvi mv‡_ AvKvk-cvZvj ZdvZ i‡q‡Q †mB KvMwR gy`ªvi
hv †`‡ki evB‡ii †jb-‡`‡bi †¶‡Î ˆe‡`wkK wewbg‡q e¨envi Kiv nq| †mKvi‡Y,
hw` gvj‡qwkqvi gymwjgiv Zv‡`i cÖwZ‡ewk †`k B‡›`v‡bwkqvi gymwjg‡`i Kv‡Q
Zv‡`i cY¨ wewµ Ki‡Z Pvq, Zvn‡j B‡›`v‡bwkqvb‡`i‡K †mB wewbg‡qi Rb¨ Ab¨
†Kvb ˆe‡`wkK g~`ªvi Dcvq LyuR‡Z n‡e| wKšÍy GiKg ˆe‡`wkK wewbgq, ev Í̄e
†¶‡ÎB BD‡ivcxq KvMwR gy`ªv bZyev gvwK©b Wjv‡ii g‡a¨B mxgve×| Gfv‡eB dvu`
cvZv nq †hb BD‡ivcxq gy`ªv I gvwK©b Wjv‡ii Pvwn`v eRvq _v‡K I Zv ÔD”Pgv‡bi
gy`ªvÕq (I Pvwn`vi) iƒc †bq| GB Pvwn`v eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb †Mvwô‡K
ïay Zv‡`i H gy`ªv¸wj‡K Qvwc‡q e¨env‡ivc‡hvMx K‡i Zzj‡Z nq| Avi GB
cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g Zviv k‚b¨ n‡Z webvkÖ‡g hZ Lywk m¤ú` ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

cy‡iv e¨e ’̄vwUi wcQ‡b AviI GKwU `yó PµvšÍ wQj Avi Zv n‡jv
Ab¨‡`i Zyjbvq cwðgv I Zvi mg‡MvwÎq gy`ªvi gvb evwoqv †Zvjv| Uv‡M©UK„Z
†`‡ki gy ª̀v‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i, wKsev eva¨Zvg‚jKfv‡e Zvi Aeg‚j¨vqb NwU‡q †mUv
Kiv nq| hLb H †`k¸wji gy ª̀vi gvb c‡o hvq, ZLb †`k¸wji mvaviY RbM‡Yi
wecyj m¤ú` H we‡kl weËevb †Mvwôi Kv‡Q P‡j hvq| wkKv‡i cwiYZ nIqv
†`k¸wji kÖwg‡Kiv µxZ`vmmyjf gRywi‡Z KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| Gme †`k ZLb
AvB-Gg-Gd I Zvi mg‡MvwÎq Avw_©K cÖwZôvb (hviv me©̀ v Mixe †`‡ki A_©bxwZi
Dbœq‡b hveZxq FY mnvqZv w`‡Z cȪ ÍyZ _v‡K!!) †_‡K H D”Pgv‡bi gy`ªvi (Z_v
Wjv‡ii) gva¨‡g FY wb‡Z eva¨ nq| hZB Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i gy`ªvi gvb Kg‡Z _v‡K,
ZZB H FY, my`mn cwi‡kva Kiv Zv‡`i Rb¨ KwVb †_‡K KwVbZi n‡Z _v‡K|
Avm‡j AvB-Gg-Gd-‡Kw›`ªK GB cy‡iv gy`ªve¨e ’̄v M‡o †Zvjv n‡qwQj GiKg
djvdj AR©‡bi Rb¨B| µgkt wPwýZ †`k¸wj wekvj F‡Yi dvu‡` AvUKv c‡o,
Zv‡`i m¤ú` ïu‡l †bqv n‡Z _v‡K, Zviv Zv‡`i wbqZ g‚j¨ nviv‡Z _vKv gy`ªvi
gva¨‡g FY †kva Kivi msMÖvg K‡i, Ges Kvjµ‡g `wi ª̀ n‡Z `wi ª̀Zi n‡Z _v‡K|
m¤§vwbZ cvVK Zv‡`i GB cwiYwZ †Kvb ỳN©Ubvi Kvi‡Y nq wb, wKsev †Kvb
cÖvK„wZK `y‡hv©‡Mi Kvi‡Y nq wb| GUv  wQj GK cwiKíbviB Ask!

m¡Y© I †iŠc¨ gy ª̀v - Bmjv‡gi „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i fwel¨r

26

me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© welq n‡jv, KvMwR gy`ªvi bZyb AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªve¨e ’̄v,
ÔAvswkK gRy`-wfwËK e¨vswKs-‡KÕ23 RbwcÖq K‡i †Zv‡j| G ai‡bi e¨vswKs-Gi
gva¨‡g Zviv my‡`i wewbg‡q Ggb cwigvY A_© FY w`‡Z cv‡i †h A_© Zv‡`i
wb‡R‡`i Kv‡QB †bB| GUvB n‡jv ˆeafv‡e cÖZviYvi GKUv wekvj Dcvq|
Avgv‡`i m‡›`n nq †h, Bmjv‡gi gydwZiv ÔAvswkK gRy`-wfwËK e¨vswKsÕ Kx Zv-B
Rv‡bb bv, A_ev GB eBwU‡Z AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv A_©bxwZi †h BwZnvm ms‡¶‡c ejv
n‡q‡Q Zv m¤‡̂Ü chv©ß Ávb iv‡Lb bv| A ~̀i fwel¨‡Z hLb ÔB‡j±ÖwbK gy ª̀vÕ
m¤ú‚Y©iƒ‡c KvMwR gy`ªvi ’̄vb wb‡q †b‡e I cÖZviYvg‚jK gy`ªve¨e ’̄v cy‡ivcywifv‡e
mg„w× jvf Ki‡e, Avgiv fq Kwi †h ZLbI H gydwZiv GKBfv‡e ÔB‡j±ÖwbK
gy`ªvÕ-‡K nvjvj e‡j †NvlYv †`‡eb|

AvB-Gg-Gd m„wói GKwU we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ wQj gy`ªv wewbg‡qi Dci me
iKg wewa-wb‡la‡K cÖwZ‡iva Kiv, KviY GB wb‡lavÁv Uv‡M©UK„Z †`‡ki gy`ªvi
(memgq) Aeg‚j¨vqb NUv‡Z evav †`q| ZvB AvB-Gg-G‡di Pyw³c‡Î ejv nq
Ò(GwUi j¶¨ n‡jv) ˆe‡`wkK wewbg‡qi cÖwZeÜKZv `‚i Kiv hv wek¡ evwY‡R¨i
cÖmvi‡K evavMȪ ’ K‡i|Ó24 Avi hLb ˆe‡`wkK wewbg‡qi evav¸wj `‚i n‡e ZLbB
Zv wPwýZ †`k¸wj‡Z A_©‰bwZK AvNvZ nvbvi c_ cwi®‹vi K‡i †`‡e| Hme
†`‡ki gy`ªvi gvb †b‡g hvevi mv‡_ mv‡_ abx †`k¸wji wecyj jv‡fi my‡hvM ˆZwi
n‡e|

†eªUb DW&m Kbdv‡i‡Ýi gva¨‡g †h AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªve¨e ’̄vi m‚Pbv nq Zv
B‡Zvg‡a¨ cÖvq cy‡iv gymwjg wek¡mn gvbeRvwZi wekvj Ask‡K k„•Lje× K‡i
†d‡j‡Q| GUv Zv‡`i‡K wPi ’̄vqxfv‡e Mwi‡e cwiYZ K‡i‡Q Avi A‡bK‡K wbtm¡
K‡i †d‡j‡Q| Aek¨ hLb B‡j±ÖwbK gy`ªv KvMwR gy ª̀vi ’̄vb wb‡q‡b‡e ZLb †mUvB
n‡e A_©‰bwZK `vm‡Z¡i P‚ovšÍ cwiYwZ| hw` gymwjgiv Ggb †Kvb Hk¡wiK
mvnv‡h¨i cÖZ¨vkv K‡i hv Zv‡`i‡K GB A_©‰bwZK `vmZ¡ n‡Z gy³ Ki‡e Zvn‡j
Zv‡`i‡K Aek¨B mwVKfv‡e GB mgm¨vi †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z n‡e? †mB †gvKvwejvi
¯̂iƒc wK n‡e? Zviv †Kvb&Lvb n‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e?

23  AvswkK gRy`-wfwËK e¨vswKs (Fractional Reserve Banking): †h e¨vswKs e¨e ’̄vq e¨vsK †h

cwigvY FY †`q, Zvi GKUv ¶z ª̀ Ask †Kw› ª̀q e¨vs‡Ki Kv‡Q gRy` iv‡L| mvaviYZ Zviv 1
UvKv gRỳ  †i‡L 10 UvKv FY w`‡Z cv‡i|

24  “assist in the . . .  elimination of foreign exchange restrictions which hamper the

growth of world trade.”

27

5\ Avgv‡`i Reve

hLbB †Kvb gymwjg mgvR Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb wgÎkw³i AÜ AbyKiY Ki‡Z
wM‡q Avwe®‹vi K‡i †h Zviv gnvbex (mvt)-Gi GKwU mybœvZ‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Q,
ZLb HiKg AbyKiY n‡Z gyL wdwi‡q †bqv Ges H mybœvZ cybivq cvjb Kiv
Zv‡`i Rb¨ Aek¨ KiYxq n‡q c‡o| Avi hw` H mybœv‡Zi wfwË „̀pfv‡e KziAv‡bi
Dci cÖwZwôZ n‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡`i‡K Aek¨B Avjøvni Kv‡Q GiKg Ab¨v‡qi
Rb¨ ¶gv cÖv_©bv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cwiZ¨³ H mybœvZ‡K cvjb Kivi Rb¨ msMÖvg
Ki‡Z n‡e| GLb cÖkœ n‡jv Zviv wKfv‡e H msMÖvg Pvjv‡e? Ge¨vcv‡i Zv‡`i wK
Kiv DwPZ?

cÖ_g avct

†mvbv I iƒcvi gy`ªvi gva¨‡g gymwjgiv Zv‡`i agx©q KvR¸wj Ki‡Z
cv‡i, †hgb hvKvZ cÖ̀ vb, we‡qi †gvnivbv Av`vq, n‡¾i e¨q enb Kiv BZ¨vw`|
Dciš‘ GiKg gy`ªv Zvi wbRm¡ gvb a‡i iv‡L e‡jB abxiv Zv‡`i m¤ú`‡K G¸wj‡Z
iƒcvšÍi K‡i, Ges m¤ú‡`i g‚‡j¨i wbivcËv weavb K‡i| Z‡e †mvbv‡K gy`ªv wnmv‡e
evRv‡i e¨envi Ki‡jI Zv Mwie I wbtm¡ RbM‡Yi DcKv‡i Av‡m bv, KviY gvÎ
GKwU †mvbvi w`bvi †Kbv ev msi¶Y KivB Zv‡`i Rb¨ Kómva¨| ZeyI †mvbvi
w`bvi I iƒcvi w`invg evRv‡i †jb-‡`‡bi Rb¨ hLb Db¥y³ Kiv n‡e ZLb Zv
Aek¨B mvaviY gvbyl‡K m‡PZb K‡i †Zvjvi †¶‡Î eo f‚wgKv ivL‡e|

hLb †mvbv I iƒcvi gy`ªv evRv‡i Ôwewbg‡qi gva¨gÕ I Ôg‚‡j¨i
cwigvcKÕ wn‡m‡e cÖ‡ek Ki‡e, ZLb mybœvn-wfwËK gy`ªv cy‡ivcywifv‡e Pvjy n‡e|
GiKg gy`ªv mv‡_ mv‡_B KvMwR gy`ªvi cÖZviYv‡K D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i †dj‡e| Avgv‡`i
aviYv, hLb †mvbv I iƒcv‡K ˆea †jb-‡`‡bi gva¨g wn‡m‡e m¡xK„wZ †`qvi Rb¨
Avgiv msMÖvg Kie, ZLb c„w_exi kvmbKvix Bûw`-wLÖ÷vb wgÎkw³, Ges gymwjg
†`‡k Zv‡`i †`vmi, Avi m‡ev©cwi e¨vswKs gnj, me©kw³ w`‡q Zv cÖwZnZ Kivi
†Póv Ki‡e|

gy`ªve¨e ’̄vi GB wec¾bK cwiw ’̄wZ‡Z Bmjv‡gi †gŠwjK cÖwZwµqv
nIqv DwPZ GLbKvi †jb-‡`‡bi ˆea AvB‡bi Dci „̀wówbe× Kiv hv †jb-‡`‡bi
gva¨g wnmv‡e †mvbv I iƒcvi gy`ªvi e¨envi‡K wbwl× K‡i‡Q| mvaviY gvbyl‡K `ªæZ
DØy× Kiv DwPZ †hb Zviv GKwU cÖkœB K‡i: Ò†Kb gy`ªv wn‡m‡e m¡Y©gy`ªvi e¨envi
wbwl× Kiv n‡q‡Q?Ó| m¤¢eZ c„w_exi †Kvb miKviB GUvi DËi w`‡Z cvi‡e bv,

m¡Y© I †iŠc¨ gy ª̀v - Bmjv‡gi „̀wó‡Z A‡_©i fwel¨r

28

KviY G cÖ‡kœi D™¢e hvi Kvi‡Y n‡q‡Q †mB AvB-Gg-Gd wb‡RB Gi †Kvb DËi
w`‡Z cv‡i wb|

GiKg A‰bwZK I †kvlYg‚jK AvB‡bi weiæ‡× Avgv‡`i †h cÖwZwµqv
ev msMÖvg nIqv DwPZ Zv Aek¨B mybœvn †gvZv‡eK n‡Z n‡e, †hfv‡e gnvbex (mvt)
wb‡R wewfbœ †kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× msMÖvg K‡iwQ‡jb| GiKg mybœvn Avgv‡`i GUvB
†kLvq †h ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK †kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× msMÖv‡gi cÖ_g avc n‡jv
RbmvaviY‡K G wel‡q wk¶v`vb Kiv I m‡PZb K‡i †Zvjv| Avi G eBwU G
D‡Ï‡k¨B †jLv n‡q‡Q|

ZviciI gy ª̀ve¨e ’̄vq KvMwR gy`ªvi cÖZviYvg‚jK ˆewkó¨ A‡bK
gymjgvbB wek¦vm Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv, hZ¶Y ch©šÍ ¯̂qs Djvgviv (Bmjv‡gi
cwÛZiv) GwU eyS‡Z bv †c‡i GiKg gy`ªv‡K ˆea ej‡Z _vK‡eb| GmKj
gymjgv‡bi Rb¨ †mB nvw`mwU mnvqK n‡Z cv‡ib †hLv‡b gnvbex (mvt) Ggb hyM
m¤‡̂Ü mZK© K‡i‡Qb hLb Djvgviv Ggb cwigv‡Y Bmjv‡gi mv‡_ wek¦vmNvZKZv
Ki‡e †h ZvivB n‡e ÔAvKv‡ki wb‡P me‡P‡q Lvivc gvbylÕ, Ges bvg e¨ZxZ
Bmjv‡gi Avi wKQyB Aewkó _vK‡e bv|

ÒLye kxNÖB Ggb mgq Avm‡e hLb bvg Qvov Bmjv‡gi wKQyB Aewkó
_vK‡e bv, Ges †jLvi Qvc Qvov KziAv‡bi Avi wKQyB _vK‡e bv| (†m mgq)
Zv‡`i gmwR` n‡e myig¨ BgviZ, wKšÍy Zv c_-cÖ`k©b Ki‡e bv| Ges (†m mgq)
ÔDjvgvÕ-iv n‡e AvKv‡ki wb‡P me‡P‡q wbK…ó e¨w³| Zv‡`i ga¨ n‡Z wdZbvi
D™¢e NU‡e, Avi Zv‡`i g‡a¨B Zv wd‡i hv‡e|Ó

Ñ mybvb, wZiwghx

wØZxq avct

msMÖv‡gi cieZx© avc n‡jv cÖZ¨šÍ MÖvgvÂ‡j KvMwR gy`ªv ev B‡j±ÖwbK
gy`ªv‡K cwinvi Kiv| D`vniYm¡iƒc, B‡›`v‡bwkqvi Rvfv Øx‡ci avb Pvlx‡`i DØy×
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †hb Zviv Pv‡ji wewbg‡q w`bvi ev m¡Y©gy`ªvq A‡_©i `vex K‡i|
G‡¶‡Î hw` †µZviv w`bvi w`‡q wKb‡Z Am¡xK„wZ Rvbvq, Zvn‡j Pvj we‡µZviv
Pvj-‡KB wewbg‡qi gva¨g A_©vr gy`ªv wnmv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Pvj-‡K gy`ªv
wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv Aek¨B GKwU mvgwqK e¨e ’̄v Avi GUv †Kej Aí cY¨ ev
†QvU-LvU µ‡qi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e, ¶ỳ ª chv©‡qi †jb-‡`‡b
n‡jI KvMwR gy`ªv I B‡j±ªwbK gy`ªv‡K mwi‡q mybœvn-wfwËK gy`ªv Zvi RvqMv K‡i
wb‡Z cv‡i|

Avgv‡`i Reve

29

GUv ej‡ZB nq †h, hZw`b BqvRyR I gvRy‡Ri wek¦-e¨e ’̄v c„w_ex‡K
kvmb Ki‡Q, ZZw`b we‡k¦i kni¸wj B‡j±ªwbK gy`ªvi dvu‡` AvUKv c‡o _vK‡e|25
Z‡e gnvbex (mvt) Gi fwel¨ZevYx cwic‚Y© bv nIqv ch©šÍ mybœvn-wfwËK gy`ªv cÖZ¨šÍ
MÖvg n‡Z kn‡ii w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i:

Avey eKi Beb Avwe gwiqg n‡Z ewY©Z †h, wZwb Avjøvni bex‡K ej‡Z
ï‡b‡Qb, ÒgvbeRvwZi Dci Ggb mgq Aek¨B GwM‡q Avm‡Q hLb e¨envi Kivi
(ev DcKv‡i Avmvi) gZ Avi wKQyB _vK‡e bv| ZvB (†Zvgiv) w`bvi (¯̂Y©gy`ªv) I
w`invg (†iŠc¨gy`ªv) mÂq K‡i ivL|Ó

Ñ gymbv`, Avngv`

mgvß

25  ÔcweÎ KyiAv‡b †RiæRv‡jgÕ eBwU‡Z GKwU cy‡iv Aa¨vq i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b BqvRyR I gvRyR

m¤ú‡K© Bmjv‡gi e³‡e¨i we Í̄vwiZ eY©bv †`qv n‡q‡Q|

30

UxKv

1| KziAvb Ôe¨emvÕ I ÔA_©-FY †`qvÕ G ỳwUi gv‡S cwi®‹vifv‡e
cv_©K¨ K‡i w`‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU e¨emvRwbZ A_© †jb-‡`‡b GKwU SyuwK _v‡K, KviY
GB †jb-‡`‡bi gva¨‡g jvf n‡Z cv‡i wKsev †jvKmvbI n‡Z cv‡i| gnvb Avjøvn
Zvi B”QvgZ KviI KvQ †_‡K wKQy wb‡q Ab¨ KvD‡K w`‡Z cv‡ib| Gfv‡e, gnvb
Avjøvn GUv wbwðZ K‡ib †hb cy‡iv A_©bxwZ Ry‡o m¤ú` cÖevwnZ nq| d‡j †Kvb
abxB wPiKvj abx _vK‡Z cv‡i bv Ges †Kvb Mwie‡K wPiKvj `vwi‡ ª̀i gv‡S ew›`
_vK‡Z nq bv|

wKšÍy hLb my‡`i wewbg‡q A_© FY †`qv nq, ZLb FY`vZv wb‡R‡K †h
†Kvb ¶wZ n‡Z evuPvevi Rb¨ m‡ev©”P cwigv‡Y wbivcËv wbwðZ K‡i| ZvB my`-
wfwËK A_©bxwZ‡Z A_© cÖevwnZ nq bv| hviv abx Zviv wPiKvjB abx _v‡K Avi
Mwi‡eiv _v‡K wPiKvjB Mwie, Ges †m †h †Kvb cÖKvi †kvl‡Yi Rb¨ Db¥y³ _v‡K|
D`vniY¯̂iƒc, B‡›`v‡bwkqvi MÖv‡gi Mwie gymwjg gwnjv‡`i wmsMvcy‡i Agymwjg
DcRvwZq kvmK‡Mvôxi evmv‡Z M„n-cwiPvwiKv wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z nq, hw`I Zviv
Bmjv‡gi cÖwZ ˆeixfvevcbœ| ïK‡ii gvsm ivbœv I cwi‡ekb Kiv QvovI Zv‡`i‡K
ˆ`wbK 24 N›Uv K‡i mßv‡ni cÖwZwU w`bB KvR Ki‡Z nq| Ges G¸wji cÖwZwUB
Ki‡Z nq `vm-myjf gRywii wewbg‡q|

2| ÒAvbvm Beb gvwjK n‡Z ewY©Z †h Avjøvni bex e‡j‡Qb: †h e¨w³
evRv‡i wRwb‡li g‚j¨ m¤ú‡K© Rv‡b bv, †mB e¨w³‡K VKv‡bv n‡jv wievÓ

Ñ mybvb evBnvKx

ÒAve`yjøvn web Avey AvDdv n‡Z ewY©Z: evRv‡i cY¨ mvwR‡q ivLv GK
†jvK wg_¨v kc_ wb‡q e‡j †h Zvi cY¨ †Kbvi Rb¨ A‡bK `vg †`evi cȪ Íve †`qv
n‡qwQj, hw`I Zv‡K GiKg cȪ Íve †`qv nq wb| Gi †cÖw¶‡Z GB KziAv‡bi
AvqvZwU bvwhj nq: Òhviv Avjøvni bv‡g K„Z A½xKvi Ges cÖwZÁv mvgvb¨ g‚‡j¨
weµq K‡i, AvwLiv‡Z Zv‡`i †Kvb Ask †bB| Avi Zv‡`i mv‡_ wKqvg‡Zi w`b
Avjøvn K_v ej‡eb bv| Zv‡`i cÖwZ (KiæYvi) `„wóI †`‡eb bv| Avi Zv‡`i‡K
cwiï×I Ki‡eb bv| e Í̄yZt Zv‡`i Rb¨ i‡q‡Q hš¿bv`vqK Avhve|Ó (3:77)|
Beb Avey AvDdv †hvM K‡ib: Giƒc (Dc‡iv³) gvby‡liv n‡jv wievi †fvMKvix I
wek¦vmNvZK|Ó

Ñ mvnxn, eyLvix

UxKv

31

evRvig‚j¨‡K †Mvcb †i‡L cÖZviYvi gva¨‡g †jb-‡`b, GKRb we‡µZv
ev †µZv‡K evRvig‚‡j¨i †P‡q D”P ev wbgœg‚‡j¨ cY¨ wewµ ev µq Ki‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡i| Gfv‡e b¨vh¨fv‡e hZUyKz jvf Kiv DwPZ Zvi †P‡q †ewk jvf ev gybvdv
AR©b m¤¢e nq| Avgiv GLb ej‡Z cvwi †h cÖZviYvg‚jK †jb-‡`‡bi gva¨‡g H
cÖZviYvi gvwjK hw` Zvi b¨vh¨ jv‡fi †P‡q †ewk jvf K‡i Z‡e Zv n‡e wiev|
AvaywbK gy`ªve¨e ’̄v M‡o I‡V‡Q KvMwR gy`ªvi Dci wfwË K‡i hv cÖwZwbqZ Zvi g‚j¨
nviv‡”Q| Avi GUvB †mB cÖZviYv, hvi gva¨‡g H gy`ªve¨e ’̄vi wbqš¿Kiv Zv‡`i
b¨vh¨ jv‡fi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk gybvdv jvf Ki‡Q| ZvB GUv‡K ÔwievÕ ej‡Z n‡e|


429 Too Many Requests

nginx


Islamic Law of Islamic Law of

PropertyProperty

LAB2033LAB2033

DR. ZULKIFLI HASANDR. ZULKIFLI HASAN

CONTENTSCONTENTS

�� IntroductionIntroduction

�� The Administration of The Administration of WaqfWaqf in Malaysiain Malaysia

�� Various Instruments of Investment of Various Instruments of Investment of

WaqfWaqf PropertyProperty

�� Support InfrastructureSupport Infrastructure

�� Issues and ChallengesIssues and Challenges

�� Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

IntroductionIntroduction

�� In Malaysia, it is estimated that over In Malaysia, it is estimated that over

35,727 hectares of 35,727 hectares of waqfwaqf land all over land all over

Malaysia and a research done by JAKIM Malaysia and a research done by JAKIM

in 2000 recorded that there are 20,735.61 in 2000 recorded that there are 20,735.61

acres of registered acres of registered waqfwaqf lands.lands.

336,700 square 336,700 square kilometreskilometres

WaqfWaqf lands in Malaysialands in Malaysia

20,735.615919.8314,815.787TOTAL

89.2667.0522.21Pulau Pinang

51226474474Perak

1063.25442.15621.10Selangor

1788.6061.251727.35Negeri Sembilan

843.34423.34420Kedah

843.3469.97773.39Melaka

227.448.75218.69Perlis

592839761951Johor

29.59825.424.178Sabah

3985-3985Pahang

236.929-236.929Sarawak

247.4443.01204.43Terengganu

27.5422.075.47Federal Territories

304.66133.12171.54 Kelantan

Total

(Acres)

General Waqf

(Acres)

Specific Waqf

(Acres)

State

The Administration of The Administration of WaqfWaqf in Malaysia in Malaysia

�� WaqfWaqf affairs are the responsibility of the Islamic Religious affairs are the responsibility of the Islamic Religious

Council of each state. Council of each state. the courts recognized the courts recognized shariahshariah as the as the
governing law of property for Muslims including governing law of property for Muslims including waqfwaqf..

�� Section 25 of the Civil Law Act 1956 stated that the Section 25 of the Civil Law Act 1956 stated that the
administration of Muslimadministration of Muslim’’s property shall in accordance s property shall in accordance
with the Islamic law. with the Islamic law. There are 14 State Islamic Religious There are 14 State Islamic Religious
Councils, one for each of the 13 states and one for the Federal Councils, one for each of the 13 states and one for the Federal
Territory. Territory.

�� The government of Malaysia has formed a department for The government of Malaysia has formed a department for zakatzakat, ,
waqfwaqf and and hajj hajj on the 27th March 2004 with the aim of making the on the 27th March 2004 with the aim of making the
administration systematic and effective. This department administration systematic and effective. This department
however does not have an authority to administer and manage however does not have an authority to administer and manage
waqfwaqf properties but rather plays a role as a planning coordinator properties but rather plays a role as a planning coordinator
and observes the and observes the waqfwaqf matter.matter.

MajlisMajlis as the Sole Trusteeas the Sole Trustee

�� section 89 of the Administration of the section 89 of the Administration of the

Religion of Islam (State of Religion of Islam (State of JohorJohor) Enactment ) Enactment

2003 states that notwithstanding any 2003 states that notwithstanding any

provision to the contrary contained in any provision to the contrary contained in any

instrument or declaration creating, instrument or declaration creating,

governing or affecting it, the governing or affecting it, the MajlisMajlis shall be shall be

the sole trustee of all the sole trustee of all waqfwaqf..

Approach in Developing Approach in Developing WaqfWaqf

�� The government has allocated RM250 million to The government has allocated RM250 million to

develop develop waqfwaqf land all over Malaysia for purpose of land all over Malaysia for purpose of

building mosques and building mosques and surausurau, utilizing , utilizing wakafwakaf land, or land, or

land donated for religious or charitable purposes and land donated for religious or charitable purposes and

using for commercialusing for commercial

�� JAWHAR formed JAWHAR formed YayasanYayasan WaqafWaqaf MalaysiaMalaysia (Malaysian (Malaysian

WaqfWaqf Foundation) for the sole purpose of identifying Foundation) for the sole purpose of identifying

the underutilised assets of the underutilised assets of awqafawqaf and planning for their and planning for their

development in coordination with the SIRC of each development in coordination with the SIRC of each

state.state.

�� SelangorSelangor has established has established LembagaLembaga WaqfWaqf or or WaqfWaqf Board Board

with objective to manage, administer with objective to manage, administer waqfwaqf property property

Jurisdiction Jurisdiction

�� Jurisdiction over Jurisdiction over waqfwaqf lies within the jurisdiction of the lies within the jurisdiction of the
syariahsyariah court List II (1) of the Ninth Schedule of the court List II (1) of the Ninth Schedule of the
Federal Constitution.Federal Constitution.

�� the Enactment of the Enactment of WakafWakaf (State of (State of SelangorSelangor) 1999 and ) 1999 and
the Enactment of the Enactment of WakafWakaf (state of Malacca) 2005 and (state of Malacca) 2005 and
the Enactment of the Enactment of WakafWakaf ((NegeriNegeri Sembilan)2005Sembilan)2005

�� One of the important characteristics of One of the important characteristics of waqfwaqf in Malaysia in Malaysia
is that every is that every waqfwaqf shall be registered in the name of the shall be registered in the name of the
Islamic Religious Council as proprietor in accordance Islamic Religious Council as proprietor in accordance
with the National Land Code 1965with the National Land Code 1965

�� WaqfWaqf Management Committee to administer all matters Management Committee to administer all matters
pertaining to pertaining to waqfwaqf..

Definition Definition

�� Section 2 of the Administration of Islamic Law Section 2 of the Administration of Islamic Law

(State of (State of SelangorSelangor) Enactment) Enactment 2003: 2003:

�� waqfwaqf as any property from which its benefits or as any property from which its benefits or

interest may be enjoyed for any charitable interest may be enjoyed for any charitable

purpose whether as purpose whether as waqfwaqf amam or or waqfwaqf khaskhas in in

accordance with accordance with syariahsyariah principles, principles,

Types of Types of WaqfWaqf

�� the administration of the the administration of the MajlisMajlis, , waqfwaqf is divided is divided

into into

�� 1. Public 1. Public WaqfWaqf : the income of : the income of waqfwaqf amam goes to goes to

baitulbaitul malmal

�� 2. Private 2. Private WaqfWaqf : : waqfwaqf khaskhas is applied to objects is applied to objects

specified by the dedicator specified by the dedicator

ContCont……

�� Public Public WaqfWaqf is statutorily defined as is statutorily defined as a dedication in a dedication in

perpetuity of the capital and income of property perpetuity of the capital and income of property

for religious or charitable purposes recognized for religious or charitable purposes recognized

by Islamic Law by Islamic Law

�� Private Private WaqfWaqf in other wordsin other words refer to a dedication refer to a dedication

in perpetuity of the capital of property for in perpetuity of the capital of property for

religious or charitable purposes recognized by religious or charitable purposes recognized by

Islamic law and the property so dedicated, the Islamic law and the property so dedicated, the

income of the property being paid to persons or income of the property being paid to persons or

for purposes prescribed in the for purposes prescribed in the waqfwaqf

Cont..Cont..

�� Section 91 (2) (a) of the Administration of the Section 91 (2) (a) of the Administration of the

Religion of Islam (State of Religion of Islam (State of SelangorSelangor) Enactment ) Enactment

2003: 2003:

�� Every Every waqfwaqf khaskhas must be declared and validated must be declared and validated

by Sultan.by Sultan.

�� MajlisMajlis is the sole trustee of the is the sole trustee of the waqfwaqf property. property.

ContCont……

�� Section 8 (a) of the Enactment: Section 8 (a) of the Enactment:

�� Provides that notwithstanding any provision to Provides that notwithstanding any provision to

the contrary contained in any instrument or the contrary contained in any instrument or

declaration creating, governing or affecting it, declaration creating, governing or affecting it,

the the MajlisMajlis shall be the sole trustee of all shall be the sole trustee of all waqfwaqf,,

whether whether waqfwaqf amam or or waqfwaqf khaskhas

ContCont……

�� Section 91 (2) (b) of the Enactment states that Section 91 (2) (b) of the Enactment states that
private private waqfwaqf made by certain person during death made by certain person during death
illness must be in writing before a witness. Any illness must be in writing before a witness. Any
waqfwaqf more than one third shall be invalid. more than one third shall be invalid.

�� PahangPahang, Malacca, , Malacca, PulauPulau PinangPinang, , KedahKedah and and PerlisPerlis
have he same application except have he same application except KelantanKelantan and and
TerengganuTerengganu where ruler can validate it and the where ruler can validate it and the
beneficiaries expressly sanction it.beneficiaries expressly sanction it.

�� When someone wants to create a When someone wants to create a waqfwaqf, he is , he is
required to transfer his land to the required to transfer his land to the MajlisMajlis. The . The
MajlisMajlis then become the administrator of all then become the administrator of all waqfwaqf
property. property.

Cont..Cont..

�� S90: Every S90: Every waqfwaqf then shall be registered in the name of then shall be registered in the name of

the the MajlisMajlis as proprietor in accordance with the National as proprietor in accordance with the National

Land Code 1965 Land Code 1965

�� S 95: the S 95: the MajlisMajlis shall prepare, issue and publish in the shall prepare, issue and publish in the

gazette a list of all properties, investments and assets gazette a list of all properties, investments and assets

and not forming part of the and not forming part of the baitulmalbaitulmal. .

�� S 43: All of the S 43: All of the mawqufmawquf and and waqfwaqf property must be property must be

declared in the gazette under the administration of the declared in the gazette under the administration of the

MajlisMajlis. .

�� S 47: S 47: waqfwaqf to be certified by to be certified by syariesyarie judge or witnessed by judge or witnessed by

two persons qualified by two persons qualified by syariahsyariah principles to be such principles to be such

witnesses".witnesses".

IstibdalIstibdal

�� The practice of The practice of istibdalistibdal is regulated under the is regulated under the

states enactment and the states enactment and the MajlisMajlis has an authority to has an authority to

deal with the matter deal with the matter

� 1. the selling of the awqaf assets and replacing

them with other assets in other

� places;

� b) the exchange of the existing awqaf assets with

other types of construction in the same places;

Practices in MalaysiaPractices in Malaysia

�� The concept of The concept of istibdalistibdal is utilized in several forms is utilized in several forms
such as such as

�� selling part of the selling part of the waqfwaqf property to develop the property to develop the
remaining of the same property, remaining of the same property,

�� selling bundle of selling bundle of waqfwaqf properties and buying new properties and buying new
one in exchange to be used for the same purposes one in exchange to be used for the same purposes
of the sold properties, of the sold properties,

�� selling one selling one waqfwaqf and buying another having and buying another having
common purpose and common purpose and

�� selling a handful properties belonging to various selling a handful properties belonging to various
waqfwaqf and buying a new property which has higher and buying a new property which has higher
income and the same revenueincome and the same revenue

Cont..Cont..

�� S 2: S 2: istibdalistibdal as a substitution of as a substitution of waqfwaqf property with property with

another property or cash either through substitution, another property or cash either through substitution,

purchase, sale or any other way that approved by purchase, sale or any other way that approved by

syariahsyariah principles. Substitution can be divided into two principles. Substitution can be divided into two

forms forms ieie substitution of one substitution of one waqfwaqf with a similar and the with a similar and the

substitution of land with its cash value. substitution of land with its cash value.

�� S20 the S20 the MajlisMajlis may substitute any may substitute any waqfwaqf property, when it property, when it

is no longer beneficial as intended by the dedicator and is no longer beneficial as intended by the dedicator and

in the event that the usage of in the event that the usage of waqfwaqf property does not property does not

meet the actual purpose of meet the actual purpose of waqfwaqf. .

ContCont……

� the 4th Meeting of the National Fatwa

Negotiation Committee which was held on 14

April, 1982 had agreed that the application of

istibdal was permissible, in accordancew ith the

opinion of Imam Abu Hanifah

� Fatwa: FT, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu, Johor

and Melaka

Isa Abdul Rahman and Anor v. Majlis AQama

Islam Pulau Pinang. (1995) 10 JH 222

� Waqf: Masjid Jamek Simpang Enam. waqf deed was
completed on 26 September 1900.

� Waqf khas which was created as a place for public
worship. In this waqf deed, the founder stipulated that
his lands should be used as a place of Mohammedan
public worship and for no other purpose

� The MUIPP had planned to demolish the above
mosque of Simpang Enam and put up a five storey
building, of which the first to the third storeys would be
used for the offices of an Islamic Bank, while the
remaining two storeys above would be dedicated as a
mosque

ContCont……

� 2 fatwas: the Syariah Committee of Penang.

� 1. invalidated the proposal, 2. validated it on the

grounds that such a new erection could provide

more space

� the Mufti of Penang: both of the fatwas can be

accepted he seemed to incline towards accepting

the latter.

� Judge, Abdul Hamid Mohamed on 13 October,

1995, a new fatwa should be issued on this

matter.

Condition for Condition for IstibdalIstibdal

� In cases of necessity,

� To accommodate the interests of the public or its

beneficiaries provided that its replacement is ensured,

whether of a similar value, or even higher,

� It is not repugnant to the principles of the Shari ah.

� A replacement which could provide better investment

to the waqf concerned should be given priority. An

istibdal which is to be applied for mere development of

the waqf concerned should not be considered, as this is

not regarded as a necessity

Manual for Management of Manual for Management of WaqfWaqf Land Land

�� The objectives: provide standard guidelines, The objectives: provide standard guidelines,
precise and transparent data of precise and transparent data of waqfwaqf lands and to lands and to
inculcate professionalism in the management of inculcate professionalism in the management of
waqfwaqf landslands

�� Chapter 1: introduction, background, scope, Chapter 1: introduction, background, scope,
justification, procedures, definition, concept and justification, procedures, definition, concept and
principles and principles and syariahsyariah aspects of aspects of waqfwaqf lands. the lands. the
advantageous and benefits of advantageous and benefits of waqfwaqf and also and also
provides explanation on conditions, pillars, provides explanation on conditions, pillars,
istibdalistibdal including provisions of including provisions of waqfwaqf under the under the
National Land Code 1965. National Land Code 1965.

ContCont……

�� Chapter 2: the procedures for registration of Chapter 2: the procedures for registration of

waqfwaqf land and these involve of application either land and these involve of application either

from individual or the States Islamic Religious from individual or the States Islamic Religious

Council, caveat, cancellation and etc. Council, caveat, cancellation and etc.

�� Chapter 3: the administration of Chapter 3: the administration of waqfwaqf lands and lands and

procedures for payment of procedures for payment of waqfwaqf duty, leasing, duty, leasing,

monitoring and enforcement, insurance and monitoring and enforcement, insurance and

istibdalistibdal. .

Various Instruments of InvestmentVarious Instruments of Investment

�� The investment of The investment of waqfwaqf land could be supported land could be supported
by the federal or state government or statutory by the federal or state government or statutory
bodies or financial institutions. bodies or financial institutions.

�� The utmost important is that the ability of the The utmost important is that the ability of the
waqfwaqf institution to choose the most appropriate institution to choose the most appropriate
and suitable methods of financial schemes for any and suitable methods of financial schemes for any
of its investment project.of its investment project.

�� For example the development plan of the Islamic For example the development plan of the Islamic
Religious Council of Religious Council of PulauPulau PinangPinang is supported by is supported by
the Federal Government with RM40 million the Federal Government with RM40 million
advanced consists of a construction of 165 lowadvanced consists of a construction of 165 low--cost cost
houses, shops, Islamic medical centre, conversion houses, shops, Islamic medical centre, conversion
of of LebuhLebuh AchehAcheh into a new centre for designing into a new centre for designing
and printing holy and printing holy QuranQuran, including an educational , including an educational
centre in the cost of RM70 million as well as RM5 centre in the cost of RM70 million as well as RM5
millionmillion’’s cost integrated training centre. s cost integrated training centre.

Built, Operate and TransferBuilt, Operate and Transfer

�� This model can be in two forms namely build This model can be in two forms namely build

occupy and sale and build, lease and transfer occupy and sale and build, lease and transfer

�� The Islamic Religious Council of The Islamic Religious Council of PulauPulau PinangPinang

followed this model in constructing 21followed this model in constructing 21--storey of storey of

UMNO TowerUMNO Tower’’s building in Georgetown.  This s building in Georgetown.  This

building was erected on building was erected on waqfwaqf land and the land and the

council leased the building from the developer council leased the building from the developer

for a period of 99 years. At the end of the lease for a period of 99 years. At the end of the lease

period the council will own the building period the council will own the building

through sale transaction through sale transaction

EquityEquity--Based Instrument Based Instrument

�� This instrument can be in the form of joint This instrument can be in the form of joint
ventures. The call for joint ventures scheme ventures. The call for joint ventures scheme
arises where the arises where the waqfwaqf institution lack of institution lack of
expertise and financial resources. The expertise and financial resources. The waqfwaqf
institution plays a role as landowner and enters institution plays a role as landowner and enters
into venture with a financier with or without into venture with a financier with or without
capital contribution.  capital contribution.

�� JV scheme of the Islamic Religious Council of JV scheme of the Islamic Religious Council of
Federal Territory with Federal Territory with TabungTabung HajiHaji, TH , TH
Technologies Technologies SdnSdn. . BhdBhd. and Bank Islam . and Bank Islam
Malaysia Malaysia BerhadBerhad for the construction of a 34for the construction of a 34--
storey building at a 0.484storey building at a 0.484--ha site on Lot ha site on Lot
168/169, 168/169, JalanJalan PerakPerak, Kuala Lumpur. This , Kuala Lumpur. This
RM151 million project is considered as the first RM151 million project is considered as the first
largelarge--scale commercial development on scale commercial development on waqfwaqf
land in Malaysia land in Malaysia

SelfSelf--Finance Instrument Finance Instrument

�� SelfSelf--finance instrument means the cash or land finance instrument means the cash or land

contributed to the cost of investment by the contributed to the cost of investment by the

waqfwaqf institutions where they can generate its institutions where they can generate its

own income to finance its investment project own income to finance its investment project

such as such as ijarahijarah, cash , cash waqfwaqf or or waqfwaqf shares and shares and

istibdalistibdal. .

�� Lease or Lease or IjarahIjarah-- In In waqfwaqf SyahSyah WaliWali at at PulauPulau

PinangPinang, the Islamic Religious Council , the Islamic Religious Council

constructed 56 units of apartments and 4 unit constructed 56 units of apartments and 4 unit

of shopof shop--house for rental. In house for rental. In waqfwaqf WismaWisma SyeikhSyeikh

Abdullah Abdullah FahimFahim the council erected a the council erected a

commercial center for the same purpose commercial center for the same purpose

ContCont……..

�� Cash Cash WaqfWaqf and and WaqfWaqf SharesShares-- Building of Building of JohorJohor

WaqfWaqf Shares at cost of RM4 million, plantation Shares at cost of RM4 million, plantation

project of 3800 acres land and purchase of sixproject of 3800 acres land and purchase of six--

storey hostels at Cairo, Egypt for studentsstorey hostels at Cairo, Egypt for students’’

accommodation accommodation

�� Substitution of Substitution of WaqfWaqf Land or Land or IstibdalIstibdal --In Federal In Federal

Territory, Territory, waqfwaqf of of NorcahayaNorcahaya MajidMajid. She dedicated . She dedicated

a piece of vacant land which is less economical. a piece of vacant land which is less economical.

The council agreed to substitute this land with 2 The council agreed to substitute this land with 2

units of terrace houses at units of terrace houses at TamanTaman PelangiPelangi JayaJaya, ,

SentulSentul, Kuala Lumpur , Kuala Lumpur

Support Infrastructure Support Infrastructure
�� Legal InfrastructureLegal Infrastructure

�� The states authorities have taken several measures The states authorities have taken several measures
in improving the law on in improving the law on waqfwaqf by introducing few by introducing few
provisions in the administration of Islamic law provisions in the administration of Islamic law
enactment and specific enactment of enactment and specific enactment of waqfwaqf such as such as
the Enactment of the Enactment of WakafWakaf (State of (State of SelangorSelangor) 1999 ) 1999
and the Enactment of and the Enactment of WakafWakaf (State of Malacca) (State of Malacca)
2005. 2005.

�� These legislations provide both substantive These legislations provide both substantive
provisions and procedural aspects of provisions and procedural aspects of waqfwaqf

�� Tax incentive for any donation given including a Tax incentive for any donation given including a
cash cash waqfwaqf in section 44(6) the Income Tax Act in section 44(6) the Income Tax Act
1967 (Reference no. LHDN.01/35/42/51/1791967 (Reference no. LHDN.01/35/42/51/179--
6.5621 Government Gazette No. 14369 dated 6.5621 Government Gazette No. 14369 dated
27.07.2004 27.07.2004

ContCont……....

�� The Implementation of the ICT SystemThe Implementation of the ICT System

�� A computerized A computerized waqfwaqf system can be a key to the system can be a key to the

waqfwaqf institution to have its own a comprehensive institution to have its own a comprehensive

database of all matters related with the database of all matters related with the waqfwaqf..

�� Information system of Information system of WaqfWaqf land of the Islamic land of the Islamic

Religious Council of Religious Council of PulauPulau PinangPinang consists of four consists of four

main applications namely main applications namely waqfwaqf information information

management system, comprehensive building management system, comprehensive building

information system, information system based on information system, information system based on

geographic information system (GIS) and geographic information system (GIS) and PulauPulau

PinangPinang Geographic Information System. Geographic Information System.

ContCont……..

�� Manual for Management on Manual for Management on WaqfWaqf LandLand

�� The Department of The Department of WakafWakaf, , ZakatZakat and Hajj has and Hajj has
issued a issued a Manual Manual PengurusanPengurusan TanahTanah WakafWakaf or or
Manual for Management of Manual for Management of WaqfWaqf Land due to Land due to
several administrative and procedural problems several administrative and procedural problems
incurred to the existing framework such as lack incurred to the existing framework such as lack
of database and record of of database and record of waqfwaqf properties and properties and
unclear procedures amongst the states. unclear procedures amongst the states.

�� The objectives of the Manual are to provide The objectives of the Manual are to provide
standard guidelines, precise and transparent standard guidelines, precise and transparent
data of data of waqfwaqf lands and to inculcate lands and to inculcate
professionalism in the management of professionalism in the management of waqfwaqf
lands. lands.

ContCont……..
�� Fatwa CommitteeFatwa Committee

�� The investment of The investment of waqfwaqf land also adheres to the roles land also adheres to the roles
play by the National Fatwa Committee and the State play by the National Fatwa Committee and the State
Fatwa Committee. Fatwa Committee.

�� Issues involved in the investment plan project shall be Issues involved in the investment plan project shall be
referred to the respected fatwa committee. Without this referred to the respected fatwa committee. Without this
fatwa making body infrastructure, it may lead to the fatwa making body infrastructure, it may lead to the
disruption of the investment plan and create hurdles to disruption of the investment plan and create hurdles to
the the waqfwaqf authority in developing certain authority in developing certain waqfwaqf land. land.

�� The National Fatwa Committee on 22nd April 1999 has The National Fatwa Committee on 22nd April 1999 has
issued a fatwa that the practice of issued a fatwa that the practice of istibdalistibdal is permissible is permissible
provided that the acquired or transferred provided that the acquired or transferred waqfwaqf land by land by
the government shall be compensated with the same the government shall be compensated with the same
value or be substituted with another landvalue or be substituted with another land

To What Extent the Approach To What Extent the Approach

Works? Works?
�� The existing approaches taken by the authority The existing approaches taken by the authority

positively contributed to the development of positively contributed to the development of

waqfwaqf lands.lands.

�� EgEg. . WaWaqfqf shares scheme. Johor Building of shares scheme. Johor Building of WaqfWaqf

sharesshares and joint venture project with Oil Palm and joint venture project with Oil Palm

EstateEstate to develop 3,900 acres land for purpose to develop 3,900 acres land for purpose

of cultivating oil palm trees. These two projects of cultivating oil palm trees. These two projects

involved more than RM5 million capitals and it involved more than RM5 million capitals and it

creates many employment opportunities. creates many employment opportunities.

Issues and ChallengesIssues and Challenges

�� Lack of Financial ResourcesLack of Financial Resources

�� Most of Most of waqfwaqf properties are mosques, religious properties are mosques, religious
places, Islamic school and cemeteries and very places, Islamic school and cemeteries and very
few of few of waqfwaqf lands generate income to the lands generate income to the
Islamic Religious Council. Islamic Religious Council.

�� For example, the income derived from monthly For example, the income derived from monthly
rental of rental of waqfwaqf properties managed by the properties managed by the
Islamic Religious Council of Federal Territory Islamic Religious Council of Federal Territory
only contributed a sum of RM15, 745 only contributed a sum of RM15, 745

�� The The waqfwaqf authority may consider various authority may consider various
financial schemes and instruments appropriate financial schemes and instruments appropriate
to to waqfwaqf real estate development real estate development

ContCont……
�� It is also strongly proposed that the Islamic It is also strongly proposed that the Islamic
Religious Council to set up its Religious Council to set up its waqfwaqf corporate corporate
entityentity in the form of in the form of waqfwaqf holding or holding or a a waqfwaqf
development corporationdevelopment corporation

�� The establishment of the The establishment of the waqfwaqf development development
corporation may enable the Islamic Religious Council corporation may enable the Islamic Religious Council
to arrange various finance schemes for the to arrange various finance schemes for the
investment of investment of waqwaqff land and in fact the Council will land and in fact the Council will
not be exposed with liabilities arising from a not be exposed with liabilities arising from a
particular development. particular development.

�� The The waqfwaqf holdings as a subsidiary of the Islamic holdings as a subsidiary of the Islamic
Religious Council will certainly indoctrinate Religious Council will certainly indoctrinate
professionalism and ensure effective management of professionalism and ensure effective management of
waqfwaqf land land

ContCont……..
�� UndervelopedUnderveloped and Unproductive and Unproductive WaqfWaqf LandLand

�� As a general observation, it is found that there are a As a general observation, it is found that there are a
lot of undeveloped lot of undeveloped waqfwaqf lands throughout the lands throughout the
country country

�� In In JohorJohor, 926.6 acres or 71 percent of the total , 926.6 acres or 71 percent of the total waqfwaqf
land are reserved for cemetery, 246.8 acres or 19 land are reserved for cemetery, 246.8 acres or 19
percent for mosques, 90 acres or 6.9 percent for percent for mosques, 90 acres or 6.9 percent for
suraussuraus andand 1 acre for other purposes. There are a lot 1 acre for other purposes. There are a lot
of other areas of of other areas of waqfwaqf lands have potential to be lands have potential to be
developed for commercial activities for the benefits developed for commercial activities for the benefits
of community at large. of community at large.

�� In case of state of In case of state of PerakPerak, there are 1,233 lots of , there are 1,233 lots of waqfwaqf
land totaling of approximately 5122 acres but only land totaling of approximately 5122 acres but only
56 shop56 shop--houses and residential units have been built houses and residential units have been built
on them and the rest has been left undeveloped on them and the rest has been left undeveloped

ContCont……..

�� Loopholes in the Legal FrameworkLoopholes in the Legal Framework

�� WaqfWaqf administration is regulated through administration is regulated through
various states law or enactment various states law or enactment

�� There is no specific statute on management There is no specific statute on management
and administration of and administration of waqfwaqf except the except the
Enactment of Enactment of WakafWakaf (State of (State of SelangorSelangor) )
1999 and the Enactment of 1999 and the Enactment of WakafWakaf (state of (state of
Malacca) 2005. Malacca) 2005.

�� There are a lot of administrative problems There are a lot of administrative problems
raised by the existing procedures such as raised by the existing procedures such as
improper forms and etc.improper forms and etc.

ContCont……..
�� Unregistered Unregistered WaqfWaqf LandLand

�� The Islamic Religious Council does not have The Islamic Religious Council does not have
comprehensive and reliable data on comprehensive and reliable data on waqfwaqf land which land which
causes some of unregistered causes some of unregistered waqwaqff lands undeveloped. lands undeveloped.

�� WaqfWaqf on Leasehold Land and Land Classified as on Leasehold Land and Land Classified as
HeritageHeritage

�� the the waqfwaqf authority may face problems in developing authority may face problems in developing
leasehold land due to its temporary features. For leasehold land due to its temporary features. For
instance, instance, waqfwaqf Ahmad Ahmad DawjeeDawjee DadabhoyDadabhoy at Lot 2420, at Lot 2420,
JalanJalan MasjidMasjid India will be ended on 30th September India will be ended on 30th September
2024.2024.

�� The The waqfwaqf authority is also facing a problem to authority is also facing a problem to
develop develop waqfwaqf land classified as heritage. This type of land classified as heritage. This type of
land will be put under the auspices of the local land will be put under the auspices of the local
authority and the museumauthority and the museum’’s department. s department.

ContCont……

�� The The MajlisMajlis faced problem on the registration of faced problem on the registration of

waqfwaqf land title and therefore it could not be land title and therefore it could not be

identified and registered. Without the land title, identified and registered. Without the land title,

it is hard to the it is hard to the MajlisMajlis to develop to develop waqfwaqf land. land.

�� The The MajlisMajlis does not have comprehensive and does not have comprehensive and

reliable data on reliable data on waqfwaqf land which cause a lot of land which cause a lot of

unregistered unregistered waqwaqff lands undeveloped and even lands undeveloped and even

unidentified. unidentified.

ContCont……

�� It is observed that a lot of It is observed that a lot of waqfwaqf lands are located lands are located

at rural area, scattered and lack of potential to be at rural area, scattered and lack of potential to be

developed. developed.

�� These features cause These features cause waqfwaqf land undeveloped and land undeveloped and

under utilized. In addition, there were cases under utilized. In addition, there were cases

where where waqfwaqf land which has been trespassed due land which has been trespassed due

to weak monitoring and enforcement by the to weak monitoring and enforcement by the

authorities authorities

The Way ForwardThe Way Forward
�� WaqfWaqf FinancingFinancing

�� The Federal TerritoriesThe Federal Territories’’ Islamic Religious Islamic Religious

Council together with Council together with TabungTabung HajiHaji, TH , TH

Technologies Technologies SdnSdn BhdBhd and Bank Islam launched and Bank Islam launched

a RM151 million project for the construction of a RM151 million project for the construction of

a 34a 34--storey building at Kuala Lumpur. storey building at Kuala Lumpur.

�� Exchange of Expertise amongst Exchange of Expertise amongst WaqfWaqf
InstitutionInstitution

�� It may provide exchange of It may provide exchange of efficient efficient waqfwaqf

administrative process, technical cooperation administrative process, technical cooperation

and exchange of experience and exchange of experience

ContCont……..
�� Revive Unproductive Revive Unproductive WaqfWaqf Land by Optimizing Land by Optimizing

the Concept of the Concept of IstibdalIstibdal

�� The practice of The practice of istibdalistibdal is regulated under the state is regulated under the state

enactment and the enactment and the MajlisMajlis has an authority to substitute has an authority to substitute

any any waqfwaqf property, when it is no longer beneficial as property, when it is no longer beneficial as

intended by the dedicator and in the event that the intended by the dedicator and in the event that the

usage of usage of waqfwaqf property does not meet the actual property does not meet the actual

purpose of purpose of waqfwaqf ..

�� IstibdalIstibdal adheres to the decision or views of the state adheres to the decision or views of the state

fatwa committee fatwa committee

�� There must be continuous efforts in doing research and There must be continuous efforts in doing research and

identifying potential identifying potential waqfwaqf lands to be substituted with lands to be substituted with

another valuable and beneficial piece of lands. another valuable and beneficial piece of lands.

ContCont……..
�� Legal FrameworkLegal Framework

�� States need to immediately enact specific States need to immediately enact specific

statute on statute on waqfwaqf. It is even better if we could . It is even better if we could

have a single legislation on the have a single legislation on the

administration of administration of waqfwaqf for the whole for the whole

Malaysia.Malaysia.

�� To enhance and improve the procedural law To enhance and improve the procedural law

on on waqfwaqf

�� WaqfWaqf BankBank

Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

�� The existing frameworks and various instruments The existing frameworks and various instruments
of investment approaches taken by the of investment approaches taken by the waqfwaqf
institution contributed positively to development institution contributed positively to development
of of waqfwaqf land. This is undeniably supported by land. This is undeniably supported by
various support infrastructures.various support infrastructures.

�� Inevitably, the development of Inevitably, the development of waqfwaqf land also land also
involved problems and challenges such as lack of involved problems and challenges such as lack of
financial resources, undeveloped and unproductive financial resources, undeveloped and unproductive
waqfwaqf land, loopholes in the legal framework, land, loopholes in the legal framework,
unregistered unregistered waqfwaqf land and land and waqfwaqf on leasehold on leasehold
land. land.

�� Due to these obstacles, it is submitted that Due to these obstacles, it is submitted that
Malaysia still really need further measures, more Malaysia still really need further measures, more
effective and comprehensive approaches in order effective and comprehensive approaches in order
to improve its future investment on the to improve its future investment on the waqfwaqf lands. lands.


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