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Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
Monthly Archives: June 2015
June 16, 2015
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Welcoming Ramadhan 1436H
RAMADHAN MEDAN ISLAH AL NAFS (REFORMASI DIRI)
Pendahuluan
Pada 1961, Presiden Habib Burguiba mengejutkan seluruh rakyat Tunisia apabila mengiystiharkan larangan berpuasa di bulan Ramadhan bagi semua penjawat awam. Bagi menunjukkan komitmen larangan ini, seluruh anggota Kabinet telah mengadakan majlis makan tengahari dan ditayangkan secara langsung di media elektronik. Arahan tegahan untuk berpuasa di bulan Ramadhan ini di buat berdasarkan andaian bahawa ia akan mengurangkan produktiviti dan ini tidak baik untuk negara.
Tindakan yang dibuat oleh Presiden Habib Burguiba ini jelas menunjukkan kejahilan dan ketidaktahuan sejarah Islam. Sejarah telah mencatatkan banyak peristiwa penting umat Islam berlaku pada bulan Ramadhan. Ramadhan bukan menjadi penghalang kepada produktiviti mahupun penyebab kemunduran bahkan ia adalah bulan kemenangan bagi umat Islam. Bermula dari penurunan wahyu pertama kepada Rasulullah Sallallahualaihiwasallam diikuti kemenangan umat Islam dalam peperangan Badar, Khandaq dan Hunain, penaklukan kota Mekah serta kejayaan mendapatkan kembali bumi Al Aqsa semasa era Salahuddin al Ayubi. Pada bulan Ramadhan juga empayar Rome ditakluki dan seterusnya menjadikan negara Islam sebagai salah satu kuasa besar.
Berbanding dengan zaman kegemilangan umat Islam terdahulu, pada masa ini, sesungguhnya umat Islam melalui masa-masa getir dengan pelbagai peristiwa dan tragedi yang berlaku di serata dunia. Walaupun kesemua negara Islam telah mencapai kemerdekaan setelah dijajah puluhan atau ratusan tahun, umat Islam masih berada dalam keadaan yang menyedihkan. Dengan mengenang nasib umat Islam di Syria, Afghanistan, Arakan, Myanmar, Palestine, Iraq, Selatan Thailand, Filipina, Sudan, Bosnia, Chechnya, China dan lain-lain yang tidak dapat ditulis dalam ruangan yang kecil ini, terdetik sejenak mengapakah peristiwa ini berlaku sedangkan umat Islam telah dianugerahi dengan nikmat Islam dan iman. Bahkan Ramadhan sudah semestinya menjadi institusi paling berkesan mendidik dan melatih umat Islam untuk kemajuan dan pembangunan. Sehubungan dengan itu, artikel ini serba sedikit akan mengupas intipati Ramadhan.
Carta Prestasi Umat Islam Seiring Dengan Sambutan Ramadhan
Seiring dengan sambutan Ramadhan yang sudah melebihi 1400 tahun, artikel ini cuba memberikan sedikit gambaran tentang status umat Islam pada hari ini. Dalam konteks Malaysia, penulis juga ingin berkongsi fakta mengenai keadaan umat Islam setelah melalui kemerdekaan.  Fakta-fakta ini bakal menimbulkan satu persoalan mengapa umat Islam pada hari ini termasuk di Malaysia masih ketinggalan, mundur dan miskin. Di samping mengakui bahawa banyak faktor lain yang menjadi punca kemunduran dan permasalahan umat Islam pada hari ini, namun Penulis berpandangan bahawa salah satu punca kemunduran umat Islam pada hari ini adalah kerana gagal untuk memahami dan menghayati intipati dan aspirasi Ramadhan.
Berkenaan dengan pendidikan, laporan yang dikeluarkan oleh Yarmouk Universiti mengenai kedudukan universiti dan penyelidikan umat Islam sesuai dijadikan rujukan untuk membuka minda mengenai status umat Islam. Laporan ini mencatatkan bahawa di 57 negara OIC, hanya terdapat lebih kurang 1000 universiti yang menepati piawaian antarabangsa. Jika dibandingkan dengan negara lain, Jepun misalnya mempunyai 1000 universiti manakala di Amerika sahaja, terdapat 5,758 universiti.
57 Negara OIC ini juga ketinggalan dari aspek penyelidikan di mana hanya keluarkan lebih kurang 500 PhD setahun berbanding di UK sahaja melahirkan 5,000 graduan PhD. Didapati tiada negara Islam yang memperuntukkan lebih dari 0.5% daripada GDP untuk penyelidikan berbanding di Jepun, Amerika dan Jerman yang memperuntukkan sekurang-kurangnya 2.5% daripada GDP mereka. Begitu juga yang berlaku dari sudut penerbitan apabila direkodkan bahawa negara Islam hanya menerbitkan kira-kira 100,000 buku dan artikel penyelidikan daripada jumlah 2.1 juta naskhah yang telah diterbitkan di seluruh dunia. Bahkan, hingga kini tiada universiti di negara Islam yang tersenarai sebagai antara 100 terbaik di dunia.
Dari sudut ekonomi, direkodkan bahawa hampir separuh daripada 57 negara OIC diklasifikasikan sebagai ’Negara Berpendapatan Rendah’  dan ’Negara Miskin dan Tinggi Keberhutangn’. 70-85% daripada 1.6 billion orang Islam ini juga dikategorikan sebagai ’non-bankable’ dan 50% hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan serta 25% tiada akses pada kemudahan perubatan dan air bersih. Sebagai contoh revolusi di Tunisia tercetus akibat kesempitan hidup iaitu lebih 40% kadar pengangguran dan lebih 25% dilaporkan sebagai miskin tegar. Situasi yang sama berlaku di Mesir iaitu dengan 80 juta penduduk dan lebih 90% adalah Muslim, direkodkan hampir 50% penduduk adalah miskin dan kadar pengangguran juga mencecah lebih 10%. Sehingga kini lebih 22 negara OIC masih dikategorikan sebagai Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)oleh Bank Dunia.
Dari aspek GDP, walaupun negara OIC mewakili 70% daripada pengeluaran minyak dunia, GDPnya hanyalah 4.7% daripada GDP dunia, eksport hanya 7.9% daripada jumlah eksport dunia dan 1.3% daripada perdagangan dunia. GDP negara OIC melainkan Turki dan Indonesia adalah kecil daripada syarikat di senarai bursa saham di barat. Umpamanya, GDP Malaysia pada 2009 hanya USD193 billion hanya bersamaan dengan ’market capitalisation’ Google. Jumlah GDP negara OIC dengan populasi seramai 1.5 billion iaitu 22% daripada populasi dunia hanya mencapai USD9.8 trillion mewakili hanya 11% daripada jumlah GDP dunia.
Merujuk kepada tahap pendidikan, ia lebih menyedihkan. Sebagai contoh, kualiti pendidikan yang rendah dapat dinilai menerusi pencapaian dalam the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Daripada 65 negara yang dinilai, 5 daripada 10 negara paling teruk pencapaian adalah negara Islam dan tiada negara Islam yang menduduki tangga yang boleh dibanggakan. Begitu juga dari aspek sains dan teknologi. Negara OIC hanya menyumbang 2.1% daripada jumlah Gross Domestic Expenditures on R&D dunia. Bagi memberikan gambaran betapa ketinggalannya negara OIC, boleh merujuk kepada permohonan Paten di dunia Islam berbanding dunia barat. Seluruh negara OIC hanya mencapai 60,000 permohonan paten mewakili 0.6%. Sedangkan US, Japan, China, Korea Selatan sahaja mewakili lebih 70% permohonan paten dunia. Aspek tadbir urus juga merupakan antara permasalahan utama negara OIC. An Economic Islamicity Index iaitu indeks bagi mengukur perlaksanaan nilai-nilai Islam sesebuah negara juga memberikan gambaran yang tidak baik kepada imej Islam. Daripada 208 buah negara yang dinilai tiada negara OIC yang menduduki tangga sehingga ke-30. Hanya Malaysia menduduki tangga ke-33 mewakili negara Islam yang mempunyai nilai tadbir urus yang baik. Kesemua negara bukan OIC mendominasi indeks terbaik keseluruhan indeks ini. Fakta-fakta ini seakan memberikan gambaran bagaimana madrasah Ramadhan itu gagal untuk memberi impak kepada kehidupan umat Islam di dunia.
Realiti Ramadhan dan Umat Islam di Malaysia
Dengan bilangan penduduk Malaysia yang mencecah 30 juta, bilangan penagih dadah juga meningkat setiap tahun. Direkodkan setiap hari akan ada 12 penagih baru dan kini bilangan penagih dadah telah melebihi 1.3 juta orang. Lebih menyedihkan umat Islam mewakili 80% angka ini iaitu 1.04 juta manakala Cina, 149,000 dan India, 101,000. Kos penyelenggaraan mereka ini juga menelas kos yang amat besar iaitu mencecah RM8.65 bilion.
Dari sudut ekonomi, walaupun Malaysia telah berjaya menurunkan kadar kemiskinan , namun didapati umat Islam masih lagi mendominasi statistik penduduk miskin. Sebanyak 5.3% umat Islam dikategorikan sebagai miskin berbanding Cina, 0.6% dan India, 2.5%. Dianggarkan lebih 75% orang miskin di Malaysia adalah umat Islam. Institut Penyelidikan Ekonomi Malaysia melaporkan bahawa selepas tiga dekad pelaksanaan Dasar Ekonomi Baru, 75% pendapatan isi rumah di bawah RM2,000 sebulan adalah Bumiputra dan Melayu. Kadar kemiskinan tegar di Malaysia pula sebenarnya telah berada di tahap 24.3% sekiranya Paras Garis Kemiskinan ditetapkan kepada RM1,500 sebulan.
Dari aspek ketaksamarataan ekonomi di Malaysia, ‘the Colour of Inequality’buku yang mesti dibaca oleh warga Malaysia yang prihatin mendedahkan beberapa penemuan yang begitu membimbangkan. Lebih 50% warga Malaysia tidak mempunyai aset kewangan di mana melayu mewakili 74.3% jumlah ini. Dari sudut peluang pelajaran direkodkan bahawa bumiputra hanya mencapai jumlah 72, 387 bagi institusi pendidikan tempatan berbanding 175, 426 untuk bukan bumiputra. Jumlah ini lebih tinggi apabila merujuk institusi pendidikan luar negara di mana bumiputra hanya mencapai jumlah 5,800 manakala bukan bumiputra 112,000.
Merujuk kepada fenomena jenayah, Statistik Yayasan Pencegahan Jenayah Malaysia melaporkan statistik kes rogol membabitkan pelajar kian meningkat dan pada tahun 2008 sebanyak 309 kes direkodkan di mana majoriti yang terlibat adalah orang Melayu. Selain daripada itu, Polis DiRaja Malaysia (PDRM) juga merekodkan seramai 8,809 pelajar berusia antara 7 dan 18 tahun terlibat dalam kes-kes jenayah yang mana sebanyak 72.7% adalah umat Islam berbanding India, 10% dan dan Cina, 7.3%. Lebih menyedihkan, kes buang bayi juga didominasi oleh umat Islam apabila PDRM melaporkan lebih 80% yang didakwa terlibat adalah umat Islam.
Menghayati Aspirasi Ramadhan Menuju Ketaqwaan dan al Falah
Merenung kepada fakta dan angka tersebut di atas, jelas menunjukkan umat Islam kini menghadapi krisis yang perlu ditangani segera. Persoalannya di sini, mengapa dan kenapa ia berlaku sedangkan disepakati bahawa Islam itu agama yang syumul, sempurna dan merupakan cara hidup. Lebih-lebih lagi Islam memperuntukkan sebuah institusi pembersihan jiwa mendidik rohani dan jasmani yang perlu dilalui oleh setiap umat Islam selama sebulan setiap tahun.
Institusi Ramadhan merupakan sebuah institusi yang diperuntukkan khusus oleh Allah untuk melatih, mendidik, menyucikan jiwa dan fizikal umat Islam. Ia umpama sebuah kem, sekolah, universiti atau institusi lain yang menyediakan modul untuk membina kekuatan diri. Bagi memotivasikan umat Islam, Allah menjanjikan pelbagai insentif yang hampir mustahil untuk ditolak umpamanya malam ’lailatul qadr’ yang hanya ditawarkan kepada umat Nabi Muhammad Sallallahualaihiwasallam. Sekiranya ruh Ramadhan ini dihayati, umat Islam pasti selepas ini akan dapat mengembalikan kegemilangan Islam sepertimana yang dikecapi satu masa dahulu. Dengan itu, penulis berpandangan bahawa antara punca utama permasalahan yang berlaku hari ini ialah kegagalan umat Islam untuk menjadikan institusi Ramadhan sebagai medan membentuk syahsiah diri mencapai darjat ketaqwaan.
Memahami dan Menghayati Intipati Ramadhan
Mengapa Ramadhan?
Timbul persoalan mengapa Ramadhan amat penting sebagai institusi mendidik diri. Jawapannya sudah pastilah kerana ia arahan Allah kepada hambanya agar dapat membina kekuatan jiwa dan iman melalui proses pentaqwaan diri. Kenapa pula Ramadhan dipilih sebagai institusi latihan dan ujian? Ini berkemungkinan amat berkait rapat dengan hadith Nabi Sallallahualaihiwasallam yang menyebut bahawa apabila Ramadhan menjelang tiba maka pintu syurga dibuka, ditutup pintu neraka serta dibelenggu para syaitan (Al-Bukhari dan Muslim).
Bertepatan dengan makna Ramadhan yang bermaksud panas iaitu bulan menghanguskan dosa, Allah telah memberikan peluang kepada umat Islam untuk beramal dan beribadah tanpa gangguan hasutan syaitan. Segala kelakuan dan perbuatan di bulan Ramadhan menjadi cermin sebenar tatkala syaitan dirantai daripada menghasut dan membisik. Allah telah memberikan peluang yang sangat tinggi nilainya ini untuk umat Islam membentuk dan membina syahsiah diri dengan hanya perlu berhadapan dengan hawa nafsu tanpa dipengaruhi oleh bisikan syaitan.
Taqwa Sebagai Objektif Ramadhan
Tidak dapat dinafikan pelbagai hikmah Ramadhan dan puasa yang dapat dibuktikan melalui kajian saintifik sehinggakan terdapat di Amerika, ‘Fasting Centre International Incorporation’ sebuah institusi yang mempromosikan puasa sebagai cara untuk mencegah dan memulihkan penyakit. Namun begitu, kelebihan berpuasa sama ada dari sudut kesihatan mahupun dari aspek yang lain bukanlah merupakan matlamat utama Ramadhan. Objektif utama Ramadhan dirakamkan oleh Allah dengan jelas di dalam al Quran iaitu untuk mencapai darjah ketaqwaan.
“Hai orang-orang yang beriman, diwajibkan atas kamu berpuasa sebagaimana diwajibkan atas orang-orang sebelum kamu agar kamu bertakwa” (Al-Baqarah: 183)
Melalui ayat di atas tersangatlah jelas bahawa melalui kalimah ‘la’alla’ itu yang bermaksud, ‘agar’ atau ‘semoga’ atau ‘mudah-mudahan’ menunjukkan matlamat sebenar puasa Ramadhan iaitu tidak lain dan tidak bukan mencapai makam taqwa. Kelebihan taqwa ini dinukilkan Allah di dalam surah al A’raf ayat 26 yang bermaksud “Hai anak Adam, sesungguhnya Kami telah menurunkan kepadamu pakaian untuk menutupi auratmu dan pakaian indah untuk perhiasan. Dan pakaian Taqwa itulah yang paling baik. Yang demikian itu adalah sebahagian dari tanda-tanda kekuasaan Allah, mudah-mudahan mereka selalu ingat”.
Sekiranya dirujuk kembali, pengertian taqwa bukan sahaja bererti takut namun ia juga membawa maksud yang lebih luas. Ibn Kathir menyatakan taqwa berasal daripada perkataan tawaqqi, iaitu menjaga diri daripada perkara yang tidak diingini. Imam Ibn Kathir menerangkan Taqwa di dalam tafsirnya dengan merujuk kisah dialog Umar al Khattab dan Ubay bin Kaab. Dalam kisah ini Ubay memberikan analogi Taqwa dengan perumpamaan orang melalui jalan berduri di mana sudah pastinya seseorang itu berhati-hati bagi mengelakkan terpijak duri.
Bagi merumuskan makna taqwa, kata-kata daripada Ali Bin Abi Talib sangat relevan untuk dirujuk. Beliau merumuskan ciri taqwa itu kepada empat iaitu takut kepada azab dan murka Allah, yakin dengan al Quran, redha dengan sedikit nikmat dan sedia menghadapi hari kematian. Keempat-empat ciri inilah yang menjadikan seorang yang bertaqwa itu mempunyai peribadi unggul dan jiwa yang merdeka.
Di samping memahami taqwa sebagai matlamat Ramadhan, ia juga membuktikan keadilan Allah. Sesungguhnya Allah menilai seseorang itu melalui kaca mata taqwa dan bukan dari kualiti yang lain. Taqwa itu boleh dicapai oleh sesiapa sahaja sama ada individu itu kaya, miskin, gemuk, kurus, cantik, kurang upaya, ternama dan sebagainya. Melalui penilaian taqwa ini Allah jelas menunjukkan keadilannya di mana semua manusi berpotensi untuk mencapai makam taqwa dan seterusnya mendapat kasih dan rahmat Allah.
Islah Nafs ’Reformasi Diri’ Ke arah Ketaqwaan?
Secara umumnya amalan umat Islam dalam bulan Ramadhan selama ini tidak akan berjaya merealisasikan aspirasi untuk mencapai darjah ketaqwaan. Amalan Ramadhan umat Islam hari ini adalah tidak sama dengan amalan para salaf al-salih. Dahulu, para sahabat Rasulullah menanti-nantikan dan merindui Ramadhan. Mereka bergembira menghidupkan Ramadhan dengan tarawih, tadarus, tahajud, qiyamullail dan sebagainya. Laungan selawat dan tasbih menguasai suasana. Amalan bersedekah menjadi lumrah dan kebajikan golongan tidak berkemampuan diambil berat dan dibela. Di kala Ramadhan meninggalkan mereka, para sahabat menangis dan bersedih kerana takut tidak ketemu lagi Ramadhan yang mulia. Alangkah indahnya suasana Ramadhan ketika itu.
Kini, syawal lebih dinantikan berbanding Ramadhan. Suasana Ramadhan hanya meriah tatkala di permulaannya. Masjid dan surau hanya penuh di awal Ramadhan dan hampir lengang diakhirnya. Di sepanjang jalan kelihatan bazaar Ramadhan yang dihadiri ribuan umat Islam membeli juadah berbuka walaupun waktu Maghrib hampir menjelang tiba. Lagu-lagu raya dimainkan di mana-mana tatkala selawat dan salam lebih utama. Paling menyedihkan jumlah kehilangan nyawa akibat kemalangan jalanraya terus berleluasa dan tidak kurang angka statistiknya.
Setelah melihat kepada situasi dan amalan Ramadhan umat Islam pada hari ini secara umumnya, dapatlah disimpulkan bahawa Ramadhan yang disambut setiap tahun itu tidak akan dapat mengubah diri, masyarakat negara dan umat. Ini memandangkan amalan Ramadhan itu tidak dimanifestasikan dengan matlamat ketaqwaan. Di dalam berbicara mengenai matlamat ketaqwaan, persoalan yang besar diajukan ialah bagaimana atau apakah formula untuk mencapai darjat ketaqwaan. Umat Islam pada hari ini perlu melakukan transformasi diri atau dalam erti kata lain melaksanakan proses ’Islah al Nafs’ atau reformasi diri. Sepertimana perkara yang lain, usaha untuk mencapai taqwa perlu melalui proses ’reformasi diri’. ’Islah al Nafs’ ini perlu dilaksanakan satu persatu secara konsisten, ikhlas dan itqan dan kesemuanya ini memerlukan persiapan dari sudut ilmu, amal, tawakkal, syukur dan redha.
Berilmu.
Ketaqwaan tidak akan dapat dicapai melainkan dengan ilmu. Hanya dengan ilmu yang sahih dapat memberi petunjuk kepada kita mengenai cara dan amalan yang boleh mendekatkan diri kepada Allah. Hanya dengan ilmu yang benar bersumberkan nas-nas yang sahih akan memastikan amalan yang dilakukan diterima Allah. Amalan dan ibadah yang bertentangan dengan amalan Rasulullah dan berunsurkan bidaah dhalalah bukan sahaja tidak diterima oleh Allah bahkan ia boleh menjadi faktor kemurkaan Allah.
Beramal
Taqwa itu sangat berkait rapat dengan amalan. Tanpa amalan walaupun berilmu tidak akan dapat membuatkan seseorang mencapai darjat ketaqwaan. Begitu juga amalan yang dibuat sambil lewa juga tidak mendapat perhatian daripada Allah.  Amalan Ramadhan Rasulullah sesungguhnya perlu dijadikan panduan dan rujukan dalam segenap aspek. Dalam hal ini setiap amalan itu perlu mempunyai ciri-ciri Itqan, Istiqamah dan Ikhlas.
(i)	Itqan: Rasulullah bersabda: Allah mengasihi seorang hamba kalau ia melakukan sesuatupekerjaan ia melakukannya dengan sempurna (Al-Tabarani).
(ii)	Istiqamah: Dan sesungguhnya amal yang paling dicintai Allah adalah yang terus menerus meskipun sedikit.(Muttafaq ‘alaih)
(iii)	Ikhlas: Amirul Mu’minin, Abi Hafs Umar Al Khattab, dia berkata: Saya mendengar Rasulullah bersabda: Sesungguhnya setiap perbuatan tergantung niatnya.  Dan  sesungguhnya  setiap  orang  (akan dibalas) berdasarkan apa yang dia niatkan. Siapa yang hijrahnya karena (ingin mendapatkan keridhaan) Allah dan Rasul-Nya, maka hijrahnya kepada (keridhaan) Allah dan Rasul-Nya. Dan siapa yang hijrahnya karena dunia yang dikehendakinya atau karena wanita yang ingin dinikahinya maka hijrahnya (akan bernilai sebagaimana) yang dia niatkan (Bukhari dan Muslim).
Berdoa dan Bertawakkal
Berdoa merupakan senjata orang mukmin. Sebagai hamba kepada Allah, amalan berdoa dengan sepenuh hati tanpa jemu akan menjadikan diri merasa sangat kecil di hadapan Allah. Doa ini pula mesti diikuti dengan tawakkal iaitu konsep berserah pada ketentuan Allah. Konsep doa dan tawakkal ini yang akan menambahkan ciri ketaqwaan kepada Allah di mana ia memperlihatkan peranan kita sebagai hamba Allah yang menyerahkan sepenuh jiwa raga kepadaNya.
Syukur dan Redha
Setelah melalui ketiga-tiga fasa di atas, setiap individu yang ingin mencapai darjat ketaqwaan perlu memenuhi ciri-ciri fasa terakhir iaitu syukur dengan nikmat dan anugerah Allah dan redha dengan apa sahaja ujian, pemberian dan penentuan Allah. Konsep syukur dan redha ini merupakan natijah dari ilmu, amal, doa dan tawakkal. Melalui institusi Ramadhan yang menguji keimanan melalui pembentukan jiwa menerusi amalan ibadah yang disyariatkan akan dapat mendidik diri ke arah pembinaan insan yang bertaqwa.
Penutup
Ruh dan intipati Ramadhan perlu diberi penghayatan dan diterjemahkan ke dalam hidup umat Islam sepertimana hidupnya Ramadhan sewaktu zaman Rasulullah. Penghayatan Ramadhan melalui penterjemahan ruh dan intipatinya merupakan pencetus kepada matlamat ketaqwaan. Makam Taqwa itu pula penentu kepada harga diri kita di mata Allah. Hanya dengan pakaian taqwa kita akan mendapat rahmat dan berkat Allah serta mempunyai harga di mata Allah. Apabila kita mendapat rahmat Allah ini, maka dengan itu jugalah segala usaha ke arah pembangunan diri, negara, bangsa dan umat akan mendapat keberkatan dan tidak akan menjadi sia-sia. Sesuai dengan sambutan Ramadhan ini juga marilah kita jadikan bulan ini sebagai titik tolak dan asas pengukuhan Taqwa demi kesejahteraan umat Islam. Hayatilah roh Ramadhan al-Mubarak hanya untuk mendapat keredhaan Allah dan hidupkanlah semarak semangat penghayatan Ramadhan serta jadikan taqwa sebagai dasar pembangunan ke arah kecemerlangan dunia dan akhirat.
Rujukan
Abu Orabi, S. T. (2011). Scientific Research and Education in the Islamic World. Beirut, Lebanon.

AADK. (2012). Laporan Dadah 2011. Kuala Lumpur: AAADK.

Al-Ghazali. (2006). Ihya Ulumuddin. Kuala Lumpur: Darul Fajar.

Mohd Azis Ngah. (2011, 22 Mei). Masyarakat Memerangi Jenayah. Berita Harian.

SESRIC. (2010). Annual Economic Report on the OIC Countries 2010. Istanbul: Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries.

Mohammad Omar Farooq. (1999). Taqwa, Ramadan and the Quran: The Triangular Link of Our Ethical System. SSRN:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1564242
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Ramadhan at Masjidil Haram, Makkah
My Story
My Thought
1 Comment
June 1, 2015
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Islamic Finance as the Way Ahead for the Socio-economic Empowerment of the Global Ummah
Islamic Finance as the Way Ahead for the Socio-economic Empowerment of the Global Ummah
By Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, former chairman of the World BANK and IMF, former chairman of Asian Development Bank, former chairman of Islamic Development Bank and the Founding Chairman and Chief Executive of Petronas
Available at:
http://internationalbanker.com/finance/islamic-finance-as-the-way-ahead-for-the-socio-economic-empowerment-of-the-global-ummah/
In this article I will be touching on certain issues that I consider pertinent and relevant to our efforts to further the global cause and development of Islamic finance and banking. Islamic economics, and thus Islamic finance, is based on the philosophy of justice, equity and morality. This is reflected by the overarching and core Shari’ah principles governing or underlying its features and operations, the most important of which are as follows:
prohibition of riba (usury), which includes interest on debt in any form,

prohibition or avoidance of gharar (uncertainty or ambiguity in contracts),

adherence to risk-sharing and reward-sharing, i.e. profit- and loss-sharing (PLS),

ban on immoral business activities and INVESTMENTS (such as production and sale of liquour, gambling, hoarding, pornography),

sanctity of contracts,

protection of ownership rights,

prohibition on dishonesty and deceptive practices,

discouragement of concentration of wealth in a few hands,

redistribution of wealth by way of zakat (alms tax).
The overall mission of Islamic finance is the socio-economic and moral well-being of the whole community. This means that its orientation and ethos differ, or should differ, from those of conventional BANKS. While the performance of commercial banks is solely measured on financial criteria, the most important of which is the profit criterion, the performance of Islamic banks ought to be based on a combination of social and financial criteria. The focus should never be solely on profitability but also on social benefits to the community. Adherence to this philosophy dictates that Islamic banks should not surrender themselves to the pressures of following the profit-maximization practices of conventional banking, such as getting rid of unprofitable but socially beneficial lines of business or downsizing the workforce to cut costs and thus contributing to unemployment, or shying away from microfinance for the empowerment of the underclass.
Proponents and practitioners of Islamic finance must always be mindful that the raison d’etre of Islamic economics is justice, equity and the socio-economic well-being of the whole community. They must not sacrifice this very important principle just for the sake of increasing their market SHAREor for easing the entry or expansion of their operations into the global financial system, which still very much functions and operates according to the rules, practices and ethos of conventional banking. In the long-term, the survival and growth of Islamic finance depends on its integrity and reputation.
Islamic banking and finance currently constitutes only a small portion of the global economy, although statistical data INDICATES that it is growing. An estimate has put the total assets held by Islamic banks and finance institutions globally at around $1 trillion in 2010 then increasing to $1.6 trillion currently, representing between 1 to 2 percent of the entire assets in the global economy and growing at between 15 to 20 percent annually. Some analysts take the VIEW that Islamic banks and financial institutions are more resilient than their conventional counterparts, better able to minimize or mitigate the effects of the most recent financial crisis of 2007-2008 and the global economic downturn that followed. Of course, this resilience is attributable to the inherent features and characteristics of Islamic finance itself, in view of its adherence to the Shari’ah principles, which I briefly mentioned. However, we should not fall prey to over-optimism and entertain the illusion that Islamic banking and finance is immune from the effects of a global recession, or, indeed, of any great shift or turn in the forces and currents that shape the world— culturally, politically, socially or economically.
For this reason, we must continuously make the effort to monitor and understand the happenings in the world as well as the apparent and hidden forces giving rise to them. These include first, the civilizational crisis today with the possibility of collapse and general chaos, as a result of the interplay of various seemingly intractable phenomena—climate change, global environmental crisis, depletion of natural resources, loss of biodiversity and extinction of species, economic instability, wars and serious humanitarian crises, proliferation of nuclear weapons, hunger and famine, widespread social unrest, and many more—all of which are largely attributable to human follies and misdeeds (ghafla and fasad in the language of Islam). Many factors have been advanced to identify the root cause of this civilizational malaise.
The second is globalization: in the last few decades, the world has become increasingly integrated in all spheres of life. This globalization is not an accident of history. It is underpinned by a combination of sub-processes and policies—particularly liberalization, privatization and deregulation—that are consciously propagated and pursued to promote free TRADE and level playing fields for all economic agents. High technology, particularly the Internet, and modern means of transportation enhance the speed and efficiency of the globalizing process. The opening of national markets to foreign competition, through a liberalized and deregulated environment, diminishes the ability and power of governments and market regulators. In this sense, the market is playing the supervisory role in reverse. Governments everywhere are under the constant surveillance and radar of international rating agencies and market analysts. Thus globalization is both a boon and a curse. Whether it works for us or against us depends to a large degree on our own wisdom, on the policies and strategies we put in place.
The third reality is the shift from the real economy to the financial economy; some observers refer to this phenomenon as “financialization”, whereby investors no longer look for dividends but behave more like gamblers speculating and betting on price movements, and by extension even on the collapse of national economies. This development magnifies the dangers and risks of speculation that many economists fear and is abhorrent to the Islamic financial system.
Finally, the rise of the global Occupy movement and the Arab Spring uprisings in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–2008. They signify a new wave of consciousness and desire for change in the existing political, social and economic order and arrangements that benefit a few at the expense of many. The acceptance of capitalism as the economic system by the former socialist states does not negate the amorality of the system in which consumers are open to exploitation. It was the natural choice since capitalism was the order of the day, and it would have been odd for them to have done otherwise. Thus it is not surprising that the annual report put out by the World Economic Forum in Davos in each of the last three years identifies income inequality as the number one global risk.
It is worth reiterating that the Islamic economic system is neither capitalistic nor socialistic in nature. It is a system that has been provided by the Quran and the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet Muhammad SAW. It is the ethical system that operates on the basis of shared risk and profit to the lender and the borrower. Similarly, Islam differentiates between the production of goods and services, the science of economics as it were, and the manner in which they are distributed, or the economic system. The science of economics is universal and can be absolute, irrespective of creed and beliefs. The economic system, on the other hand, elaborates on the manner in which wealth is to be acquired, distributed and disposed of. It is, therefore, the ideal system that is not encumbered by the drawbacks of capitalism and socialism. This is the subject at hand and the crux of the matter; and the Islamic economic system has laid down the rules based on the Shari’ah.
The fundamental of the Islamic economic system lies in the belief that man is the representative or trustee of Allah SWT, who is the real owner of the heavens and the earth and everything in the universe. It is man’s right to apply resources for his existence, but it is not limitless. And divine wisdom dictates that man should not hoard his wealth as if it belongs to him absolutely, while denying the use of such wealth by others. It is for this reason that sadaqah and zakat were instituted, and these serve as the platform for the equitable distribution of wealth. It is also timely to note the contrasting differences between interest or usury or riba of the capitalist system and sadaqah and zakat. They are complete opposites of each other. While sadaqah and zakat channel wealth from the rich to the poor, interest channels wealth away from the poor to the rich. It denounces miserliness, greed, extravagance and unnecessary wastage. It is in this context that we must situate Islamic banking and finance.
There are good reasons for believing in a bright future for Islamic finance. As noted by Dr. Mahmoud Moheildin, the managing director at the World Bank, there is a growing interest in financial instruments that emphasize risk-sharing in the aftermath of the recent financial crisis.   Islamic finance’s “underlying tenets of an ethical and just financial system that strengthens real economy sectors has tremendous global relevance. A large client base exists that is sensitive to doing business with socially responsible institutions” (“State of the Global Islamic Economy”, a 2013 report produced by Thomson Reuters). According to a survey conducted by Thomson Reuters, the demand for sukuk is expected to reach $421 billion by 2016 from $200 billion in 2012. In his inaugural address at the World Islamic Economic Forum (WIEF) in London in October 2013, the British prime minister, David Cameron, said he wants London to stand alongside Dubai and Kuala Lumpur as one of the leading hubs for Islamic finance. He also announced the plan of the London Stock Exchange to launch an Islamic Market Index. This is some of the good news that point to the wide open road for Islamic finance in the years to come.
The success of Islamic finance requires the commitment and support of many quarters, especially the government, which possesses the wherewithal to put in place the requisite regulatory framework and the policies to create a conducive environment and to allocate seed funds and resources. The experience of Malaysia is a good case in point. With a modest beginning in 1963 with the launching of Tabung Haji (Pilgrimage Fund), the brainchild of a pre-eminent Malaysian economist, Royal Professor Ungku A. Aziz—currently with assets of $10.4 billion and 8.2 million depositors—Islamic banking and finance in Malaysia has grown by leaps and bounds and is now internationally acknowledged as a leading success story. Value-wise, total Malaysian Islamic banking assets currently stand at about $168.4 billion, representing more than 10 percent of the global total, while our sukuk issuance accounts for more than 60 percent of the global Islamic bond market. Regulatory-wise, Malaysia is one of the 30 countries today to have standalone legislation and regulation governing Islamic banking and finance. Institution-wise, Malaysia has 21 full-fledged Islamic banks, the highest number worldwide, and 16 takaful/re-takaful operators, the third highest in the world behind Saudi Arabia, with 23 operators, and Indonesia, with 22 operators. In terms of supporting infrastructure, it has a full-functioning national Shariah Advisory Council, established in 1997 by Bank Negara Malaysia, the Malaysian central bank; the International Centre for Education in Islamic Finance (INCEIF), a university established by Bank Negara in 2005 to provide education in Islamic finance up to the doctorate level; and, of course, the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB), another initiative of Bank Negara inaugurated in 2002 as a standard-setting body of regulatory and supervisory agencies dedicated to ensuring the soundness and stability of the Islamic banking and finance industry.
However, for Islamic finance to realize its full potential and respond to the increasing demand for ethical, equitable, stable and risk-resistant financial products and services, serious efforts must be undertaken to address the challenges, weaknesses and constraints existing and their potential at all levels and in all aspects of implementation, operation and practice. Many proponents and thinkers in Islamic finance—including Dr. Umer Chapra, Dr. Mahmoud Mohieldin, Dr. Abbas Mirakhor, Professor Hossein Askari, Dr. Iraj Toutounchian and Mr. Daud Vicary Abdullah, just to name a few—have produced insightful analyses and have come up with substantive and useful suggestions relating to this very important issue; these include improving and strengthening regulatory framework and supervisory oversight, promoting standardization both domestic and across jurisdictions, rebalancing tax treatment, ensuring adequate liquidity, establishing sound best-management practices, establishing cooperative mechanisms to respond to crises occurring at institution and industry levels, ensuring adequate supply of trained personnel, and raising the level of understanding of Islamic banking and finance among judges, arbitrators and industry-connected professionals (lawyers, accountants, etc).
The efforts and measures undertaken in enhancing Islamic banking and finance should not focus merely on the quantitative aspect but must also encompass the qualitative as well. Firstly and most importantly is the need to strictly adhere to the core Shari’ah principles underpinning Islamic finance and resist the temptation to circumvent them, for example, by resorting to so-called creative financial engineering or using ambiguous or deceptive words or turn of phrases. Doing so would not only be wrong in the sight of the Shari’ah but also would compromise the integrity of Islamic finance itself, and this would ultimately reduce public confidence in the industry and damage its reputation. Secondly, we should give special priority to the socio-economic mission embedded within the philosophy of Islamic finance to realize distributive justice by extending the reach of services to the disadvantaged sectors of the community through micro-finance, qard al-hasan (good loan or loan without interest), zakat, sadaqat and waqf and so on.
In the early development of Islamic finance and banking, there was a tendency to not design Islamic finance products to the strictest of Islamic principles and standards. It was inevitable then as the understanding and measurement of the economic and finance systems were based on the conventional system. This being the case and given the lingering tendency, although somewhat infrequent now, to continue measuring the mechanics of Islamic finance using conventional indicators, I think a relook at the system with a VIEW to refining it is timely and opportune. In this regard, it does not hurt the system if we were to revisit what constitutes halal and haram in Islamic banking and finance. This, I SUBMIT, is part of the continuous quality-assurance exercise that we have to go through to keep our practice true to the dictates of the Shari’ah.
In the mission to empower the global ummah economically, it is now quite obvious that the system of choice is the Islamic economic system. To undertake this game-changing transformation of the global ummah requires the financial wherewithal to provide the substantial FUNDING. In this regard, the success of Tabung Haji (Pilgrim’s Fund) in Malaysia, the international waqaf movement and the growth of Islamic cooperatives could be replicated throughout the Muslim world to help in developing that financial muscle and strength. All that is required is the political will to make that replication a reality. With the right type of cooperation, and with the participation of such bodies as the Islamic Development BANK and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, which have the necessary technical expertise, the empowerment of the global ummah would be a reality. I strongly believe that such a development as this could provide the platform and the basis for the universal application of the Islamic economic system together with the complementary political and legal systems.
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+

Islamic Finance Cases

LAB3073
ZULKIFLI HASAN

+
Contents

n  Islamic finance cases

n  1987-2002

n  2003-2007

n  2008-2011

n  2012-2016

+
1987-2002

n  Tinta Press Sdn Berhad v BIMB (1987) 1 MLJ 474; 1
CLJ 474: IJarah

n  Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad v Adnan Omar [1994] 3
CLJ 735; [1994]3 AMR 44; [1994] 4 BLJ 372: BBA

n  Dato’ Nik Mahmud Bin Daud v Bank Islam Malaysia
Berhad [1996]4 MLJ 295 (BBA) Malay Reserve

n  Bank Islam Malaysia Bhd v Shamsuddin Bin Haji
Ahmad [1999] 1 LNS 275; [1999] MLJ 450 (BBA)

n  Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Malaysia Bhd v Nesaretnam
Samyveloo [2002] 8 CLJ 95; [2002] 7 MLJ 103 (BBA)

+Observation
n The judges are more concerned on the

application of classic common law approach by
emphasizing the civil technical aspects and did
not tackle the actual Shari’ah issues.

n In the case of Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad v
Adnan Omar, the High Court held that the
defendant was bound to pay the whole amount
of the selling price based on the grounds that
he knew the terms of the contract and
knowingly entered into the agreement. In this
respect, the court applied the classic common
law interpretational approach where the parties
are bound with the terms and conditions of the
contract. The court did not look into the issue
further whether BBA facility involves an element
not approved by the Shari’ah as stipulated
under the IBA and the BAFIA.

+2003-2007
n  Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Malaysia Berhad v Emcee

Corporation Sdn. Bhd. [2003] 2 MLJ 408; 1 CLJ 625
(BBA)

n  Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad v Pasaraya Peladang Sdn
Berhad [2004] 7 MLJ 355 (BBA)

n  Tahan Steel Corporation Sdn Bhd v Bank Islam
Malaysia Berhad [2004] 6 CLJ 25; [2004] 6 MLJ 1
(istisna)

n  Arab Malaysian Merchant Bank Berhad v Silver
Concept Sdn Bhd [2005] 5 MLJ 210 (BBA)

n  Malayan Banking Berhad v Marilyn Ho Siok Lin [2006]
7 MLJ 249; 3 CLJ 796 (bba)

n  Affin Bank Berhad v Zulkifli Abdullah [2006] 3 MLJ 67
(bba)

n  Malayan Banking Berhad v Yakup bin Oje & Anor
[2007] 6 MLJ 398 (bba)

+Observation

n In the second phase, the court indicates its
interest to examine critically the underlying
principles and financing facility offered by
the IFIs. Unlike the earlier cases in the first
phase, several judges initiated a different
approach in resolving issues involving
Islamic finance particularly in the case of
Affin Bank Berhad v Zulkifli Abdullah and
Malayan Banking Berhad v Marilyn Ho Siok Lin.

n This position indicates the improvement of
judges’ level of awareness and understanding
of Islamic finance.

+Affin Bank v Zulkifli Abdullah
n BBA 25 years PP: rm394k paid rm33k claimed by

the B: rm958k

n Held: profit up to the date of judgment plus penalty.

n The learned judge indirectly criticized the attitude
of early court by using narrow interpretation and
heavily applying classic common law approach.

n The proper approach is that for the court to
examine further as to the implementation of Islamic
banking whether it is contrary to the religion of
Islam. The courts held that Islamic contract of BBA
is similar with conventional loan and hence the
Islamic banks could not claim the unearned profit
because it is equal with interest calculation

+2008-2011
n  Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Malaysia Bhd v PSC Naval

Dockyard Sdn Bhd [2008] 1 CLJ 784; [2007] MLJ
722 (Bai INah)

n  Arab Malaysian Finance Bhd v Taman Ihsan Jaya
Sdn Bhd & Ors (Koperasi Seri Kota Bukit Cheraka
Bhd, third party) [2008] 5 MLJ 631; [2009] 1 CLJ
419 (BBA)

n  Light Style Sdn Bhd v KFH Ijarah House (Malaysia)
Sdn Bhd [2009] CLJ 370; [2009] 1 LNS 193
(Murabahah)’]

n  Bank Islam Malaysia Bhd v Lim Kok Hoe & Anor
And Other Appeals [2009] 6 CLJ 22; [2009] 6 MLJ
839 (BBA)

n  Tan Sri Khalid Ibrahim v Bank Islam Malaysia
Berhad [2009] 6 MLJ 416  (bba)

n  Bank Islam Malaysia Bhd v Azhar Osman & Other
Cases [2010] 5 CLJ 54 [2010] 1 LNS 251 (bba)

+Observation
n In the case of Arab Malaysian Finance Bhd v

Taman Ihsan Jaya Sdn Bhd & Ors that the
application of the BBA is contrary to the IBA and
the BAFIA.

n Clearly indicates the new constructive
approach of the court towards Islamic banking
cases particularly in resolving issues pertaining
to BBA facility. This judgment may affect the
Islamic financial sector in Malaysia as the
expert estimates that 70 per cent of Islamic
financing facility was granted under BBA
facility.

+ BANK
  ISLAM
  MALAYSIA
  BHD
  V

LIM
  KOK
  HOE
  &
  ANOR
  AND
  OTHER
  APPEALS

[2009]
  6
  CLJ
  22

“Similarly,
  the
  law
  applicable
  to
  BBA
  contracts
  is
  no

different
   from
   the
   law
   applicable
   to
   loan
   given

under
  the
  conventional
  banking.
  The
  law
  is
  the
  law

of
   contract
   and
   the
   same
   principle
   should
   be

applied
  in
  deciding
  these
  cases.
  Thus,
  if
  the
  contract

is
  not
  vitiated
  by
  any
  vitiating
  factor
  recognised
  in
  law

such
   as
   fraud,
   coercion,
   undue
   influence,
   etc.
   the

court
   has
   a
   duty
   to
   defend,
   protect
   and
   uphold
   the

sanctity
   of
   the
   contract
   entered
   into
   between
   the

parties.”

+
Tan Sri Khalid Ibrahim v Bank Islam
Malaysia Berhad [2009] 6 MLJ 416

n For the first time in the history of the
Malaysian court that the High Court judge
made reference to the SAC for confirmation
of the Shari’ah status of the agreement.

n BBA is recognized form of transaction.

+
Azhar bin Osman & 3 Other Cases
(2010) 9 MLJ

n  Counsel for the bank contended that in a BBA contract the Bank has a
legal right to claim for the full sale price as stipulated in the Property
Sale Agreement, as.

n  The HC observed that in specifying the amount due, the issue which
confronts a BBA contract is the agreement is silent on:

n  Since the tenure of the contract has not completed, normally the bank
will further deduct as ibrar (a term used in Islamic banking for rebate)
what it refers to as ‘unearned profit“, i.e. the amount which has yet to
be earned by the bank, based on an Amortization table.

n  When a BBA contract is prematurely terminated upon default by the
borrower, the court cannot allow the bank to enforce the payment of
the full sale price in a premature termination:

+Arab Malaysian Finance Bhd v Taman
Ihsan Jaya Sdn Bhd & Ors ) [2008] 5 MLJ
631
n The beginning of pro-active attitude of the

court in examining the validity and
determining issues involved in Islamic
banking cases.

n The Federal Constitution, the IBA and the
BAFIA do not provide the interpretation of
which madhhab is to prevail. BBA facility
must not contain any element which is not
approved by the religion of Islam under the
interpretation of any of the recognized
maddhab.

+n  The court accepts that BBA facility is a bona fide
sale transaction and the interpretation of selling
price in the case of Affin Bank Berhad v Zulkifli
Abdullah was referred to where the court rejects the
plaintiffs’ interpretation and applies the equitable
interpretation.

n  Where the bank recalls BBA facility at a higher
price in total, the sale is not a bona fide sale but a
financing transaction and rendered the facility
contrary to the IBA and the BAFIA.

n  The court holds that the plaintiffs are entitled under
section 66 of the Contracts Act 1950 to return the
original facility amount they had extended. It is
equitable that the plaintiffs must seek to obtain
price as close to the market price as possible and
account for the proceeds to the respective
defendants.

+Case analysis
n In BBA facility, the court uses an equitable

interpretation as to the definition of selling price
whether the defendant was bound to pay the whole
amount of the selling price even in the event of early
termination of the contract.

n The classic common law approach will require the
defendants to pay the whole amount of the selling
price as they are bound by the terms of the contract
but the court in this case chooses to apply an
equitable principle.

n An equitable interpretation of the selling price
removes the excessive amount of profit derived from
BBA transaction and therefore the defendants will only
have to pay the principal sum of the facility.

+
Profit portion of BBA facility is unlawful
and contrary to the religion of Islam

n 1. The court considers deferred payment of the
selling price is a credit or a loan and any profit
claimed or charged by the bank as an
additional to the facility amount is interest. The
court signifies that the profit derived from BBA
facility is lawful if the transaction is considered
as a bona fide sale. Nevertheless, BBA facility in
this case abandon the element of bona fide sale
in which making the profit derived from it
would be prohibited as riba

+
n 2. In addition, the court also mentions that

excessive selling price under BBA facility
imposed a heavier burden upon the
defendants that would be contrary to the
intent and purpose of verses 275-280 of surah
al-Baqarah.

n Al-Ghazali insists the practice of ihsan or
doing good deeds in business rather than
merely advocating the maximization of
profit. The element of tolerance and
benevolence should be the basis upon which
the Islamic banking business transactions
are conducted.

+
n 3. The issue of iwad in BBA transaction.

Although the court in the current case does
not mention anywhere this specific issue, it
is observed that BBA facility has apparently
neglected the requirement of iwad (equal
counter value or compensation) where the
obligation of warranty to the properties sold
has been shifted to the vendor and not the
plaintiffs as the sellers. Moreover, it is
evident in most of BBA legal
documentations that the bank holds no
liability arising from all defective assets
sold.

+n 4. The true nature of contracts and
transactions is the substance and not the
words and the structure. The distinction
between a sale and a loan is not maintained in
its form alone but it must also be maintained
in substance.

n The court opines that BBA facility may be
classified as pretence of sale transaction
unless there was a novation agreement to
make the bank a genuine seller.

+
n 5. In interpreting the requirement under the

IBA and the BAFIA that the financing
facilities offered do not involve any element
not approved by the religion of Islam, the
court declares that the facility must not
contain any element not approved by any of
the recognized madhab unless the financing
agreement states the specific to a particular
madhhab.

n Since Bay al-Inah concept is only acceptable
in madhhab Shafi’i, it fails to meet the IBA
and the BAFIA’s requirement and renders
the transaction null and void.

+ Effect of the Void Instruments
Tan Sri Abdul Khalid Ibrahim v Bank Islam Malaysia  Berhad [2009] 6 MLJ 416 HC

•  “… Learned counsel contends that the mode of execution of APA and ASA was
improper because Tan Sri Khalid was made to sign both agreements first before

they were passed back to be completed by the bank. There was therefore no
separation of the APA with the ASA and no distinction in term of time of execution
as required under the said ruling of the SAC. As such there was no complete sale of

shares to the bank under the APA before the bank can resell shares to Tan Sri
Khalid in the ASA. To my mind, this issue is based on mere technicality and a trivial

one. The consensus between parties has been arrived at the point the letter of
offer was accepted by Tan Sri Khalid. The agreement to be bound is subject to the

formalities of the execution of various documents. Signing of the written
agreements is to formalise and to translate the consensus of parties in the terms
clearly agreed upon. Besides, it has always been a practice, for the borrower to affix

signatures on all banking documents before the bank execute the same, and it is rather
inconceivable to suggest that it can affect the validity of the contract. Furthermore, a
written confirmation from the bank’s own Shariah Council in exh GN4 confirmed that

the mode employed for the execution of the documents in the present case is in order
and has no bearing from Shariah perspective. With seven sets of APA and ASA

documents signed in the same manner, the parties would have condoned and accepted
such practice. As such, I fail to see how these agreements will not be binding on parties

merely because they are signed without following orders of precedent, when after
entering into the seven sets of transaction the defendant never protests or raises any

issue.”

+Mohd
  Alias
  Ibrahim

  V
  Rhb
  Bank
  Bhd
  &
  Anor
  [2011]
  4

Clj
  654
  [2011]
  3
  Mlj
  26

n Plaintiff challenged the validity of s 56-57 of the
CBA 2009. Ultra vires the Federal Constitution

n 1. Binds the court? Usurping article 121 (1) of the
FC.

n 2. Whether the sections had in effect delegated the
court power to the sac.

n 3. Making ruling binding, the parties had been
deprived of their right to be heard:
n i. breach of constitution
n ii. Breach of natural justice

n 4. Retrospective effect.

+
2012-2015

n Tan Sri Abdul Khalid bin Ibrahim v Bank Islam
Malaysia Bhd [2012] 7 MLJ

n Low Chin Meng v CIMB Islamic Bank [2015] 5
CLJ 324

n MK Associates Sdn Bhd v. Bank Islam Malaysia
Bhd  [2015] 6 CLJ

n Maybank Islamic BHD v M-10 Builders Sdn Bhd
& Anor (2015) 1 SHR

+Tan Sri Abdul Khalid bin Ibrahim v Bank
Islam Malaysia Bhd [2012] 7 MLJ

n (Mohd Zawawi J):

n   It is settled law that ss 56 and 57 of the Act are
valid federal laws enacted by Parliament and as
such were not in contravention of the FC.

n Difference of opinion on Shariah issues relating to
Islamic banking should be resolved within the
SAC. It is advisable and practical that a special
body like the SAC should ascertain the Islamic law
most applicable to the Islamic banking industry in
Malaysia

+
Low Chin Meng v CIMB Islamic Bank
[2015] 5 CLJ 324

n Highlighted the same issue i.e. its
validity and legality of al-Bay
Bithaman Ajil.

+MK Associates Sdn Bhd v. Bank Islam
Malaysia Bhd  [2015] 6 CLJ

n  In this case the plaintiff, MK Associates Sdn Bhd defaulted in the
installments of al-Bay Bithaman Ajil. The defendant, Bank Islam Malaysia
Bhd claimed the outstanding balance of the facility together with ta’widh
or compensation for late payment in the amount of RM10, 384, 262.88 for
the period of 30 months i.e. from January 2000- June 2012. The plaintiff
contended that the defendant was not entitled to charge ta’widh since it
was not part of the terms agreed upon at the time of the agreements
were signed. The defendant on the other hand claimed that it has rights
to do so pursuant to the BNM’s letter dated 10 December 1998 and the
Shari’ah Advisory Council Resolution in 1998.

n  There are there main issues involved in this case namely: (i) whether the
defendant was entitled to charge the plaintiff, ta’widh pursuant to the
Agreements; (ii) whether the defendant was entitled in law to charge the
plaintiff ta’widh; and (iii) whether the defendant was entitled to charge
ta’widh in the sum of RM10, 384, 262.88. After giving due consideration
of all factors and arguments, the learned judge made decision in favour
of the plaintiff and ta’widh was not relevant in this case.

+
Cont…

n The court held that the plaintiff must know of the
imposition of ta’widh so that consent would be
valid. The plaintiff in this case did not know the
term ta’widh as at the time the agreements were
entered into in 1998, it was not practised by IFIs.
The learned judge opined that ta’widh was only
introduced after the SAC’s Resolution in 1998 and
the said resolution was only effective on 1 January
1999. It is unfair for the imposition of ta’widh where
the agreements are silent on it and therefore it
shall be applicable only on or after 1 January 1999.

+Maybank Islamic BHD v M-10 Builders Sdn
Bhd & Anor (2015) 1 SHR

n By their conduct, both parties were privy to the
illegality and had camouflaged the MOD facility as
murabahah and both had benefited from this
illegality.

n   This transaction had clearly violated the basic tenets
of the financing premised on the Islamic concept.

n Further, the contract involving the MOD facility which
the parties termed as murabahah was contrary to the
basic tenets of financing based on murabahah as
there were no fresh ASA and APA having been
executed.

+n Held:

n 1. The practice of the civil court referring question on
Islamic law to Islamic authorities is not new.

n 2. The jurisdiction falls under the Civil Court
jurisdiction. Law relating to finance.

n 3. The SAC is merely required to make an
ascertainment and not determination. The court still
has to decide the ultimate issues and the final
decision remains with the court.

n 4. No retrospective effect.

n Effect of the Void Instruments: It was held that, if the
murabahah contract contradicts the Shariah
principles and the basis tenets of the financing
based murabahah, the murabahah Facility was
declared null, void and unenforceable


429 Too Many Requests

nginx


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BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
July 3, 2014
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
FIQH JIHAD ASAS MEMAHAMI KRISIS DI SYRIA
FIQH JIHAD ASAS MEMAHAMI KRISIS DI SYRIA
Zulkifli Hasan
Pendahuluan
Krisis yang berlaku di dunia Islam khususnya di Timur Tengah seperti di Syria, Mesir, Libya, Iraq, dan Palestine termasuk di Xinjiang China begitu menyedihkan umat Islam dan masyarakat dunia umumnya. Berita serangan Israel di Gaza dan diskriminasi terhadap umat Islam di Xinjiang dalam Ramadhan yang mulia ini begitu mengoyak sanubari. Khususnya di Syria, hingga kini, krisis politik dan kemanusiaan berterusan seumpama tiada garisan penamat. Malangnya yang menjadi mangsa utama adalah rakyat awam terutama kanak-kanak, wanita, warga emas serta orang kurang upaya. Kekalutan dan kemuncak kesengsaraan kini berlaku di Syria. Pelbagai liputan media massa yang memaparkan situasi di Syria yang akhirnya menimbulkan kekeliruan. Bagi memahami krisis di Syria ini, penulis mengambil pendekatan bahawa hanya dengan menjadikan fiqh jihad sebagai asas membolehkan kita memahami krisis di Syria dan memastikan sebarang reaksi, persepsi dan tindakbalas adalah berhikmah. Penulis ingin menyarankan dua buah kitab tersohor karangan Sheikh Yusuf al Qaradawi dan Sheikh Said Ramadhan al Buti iaitu Fiqh al Jihad dan Al-Jihad fi al-Islam: Kaifa Tafhamuh? Wa Kaifa Numarisuh? sebagai teks wajib untuk diwacana dan didiskusikan secara meluas bagi memberi kefahaman kepada konsep jihad.
Berbanding dengan siri kebangkitan rakyat di Tunisia dan Mesir, krisis di Syria mendapat liputan dan analisis yang agak berbeza daripada pelbagai pihak. Secara umumnya, terdapat dua teori yang berkaitan dengan krisis di Syria. Golongan pertama berpandangan bahawa jatuhnya rejim Bashar Al-Assad akan mengukuhkan pengaruh Israel di Timur Tengah. Golongan kedua pula mempunyai teori dan pandangan yang berlainan di mana krisis di Syria dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang ’genuine’ dan penentangan terhadap rejim Bashar al Assad adalah suatu tuntutan jihad. ’Dichotomy’ dan dua teori yang bertentangan ini telah menimbulkan kesulitan kepada aktivis dan badan bukan kerajaan yang sedang memperjuangkan nasib dan kehidupan rakyat Syria yang kini menghadapi krisis kemanusiaan yang sangat membimbangkan. Hingga kini dilaporkan bilangan penduduk yang menghadapi krisis kemanusiaan akan mencecah lebih 2.5 juta.
Perkembangan terkini yang berlaku di Iraq juga memberikan satu dimensi baru kepada situasi di Timur Tengah. Sekumpulan pejuang yang dikenali sebagai Islamic State of Iraq and levant (ISIL) juga telah mengisytiharkan pembentukan khilafah apabila berjaya menguasai sebahagian besar kawasan di Iraq dengan menjadikan Abu Bakar al Baghdadi sebagai khalifah abad 21. Kini terdapat beberapa kumpulan yang sedang berjuang dan berjihad menentang kezaliman dan kekufuran seperti yang diketahui dan ini termasuk ISIL, Free Syrian Army (FSA) dan sebagainya. Situasi ini semakin menimbulkan kekeliruan di kalangan umat Islam malahan masyarakat umum di seluruh dunia. Oleh itu, pemerhatian secara menyeluruh dan berhati-hati perlu diberikan bagi memahami dan meneliti perkembangan terkini apa yang berlaku di Syria. Asasnya, umat Islam perlu melihat dari aspek taklif atau tanggungjawab membantu rakyat Syria yang kini melalui saat kehidupan yang begitu dhaif, mencabar dan memeritkan dengan serba kekurangan khususnya dari aspek kemanusiaan seperti tempat tinggal, keperluan asas, ubat-ubatan, pendidikan dan juga hak untuk diberikan perhatian dari sudut hak kemanusiaan. Gagasan utama artikel ini merujuk kepada keperluan memahami Fiqh Jihad sebagai asas kepada sebarang reaksi dan tindakbalas serta persepsi terhadap krisis di Syria ini supaya bertepatan dan bersesuaian dengan tuntutan syarak.
Krisis di Syria dan Persoalan
Pandangan yang menganggap rejim Bashar al Assad sebagai pengancam Israel dan kejatuhannya hanya akan mengukuhkan hegemoni Israel di Timur Tengah ini disuarakan oleh ramai penganalisis politik dan jurnalis antarabangsa seperti Robert Fisk termasuk tokoh ulama iaitu Sheikh Imran Hossein. Robert Fisk di dalam artikelnya bertajuk ”Bashar al Assad, Syria, and The Truth About Chemical Weapons” menyuarakan pandangannya mengenai usaha Amerika memburukkan rejim Bashar al Assad dengan hasrat untuk menjatuhkannya melalui tuduhan menggunakan senjata kimia. Ini disokong oleh Professor Michel Chossudovsky di dalam artikel beliau ”Confronting Iran, Protecting Israel: The Real Reason for America’s War on Syria”. Beliau berpandangan bahawa kejatuhan rejim al Assad hanya akan mengakibatkan Syria dapat dikuasai oleh sekutu atau agen Amerika dan Israel dan dengan itu, Hamas dan Hezbollah dapat dihapuskan sekali gus melemahkan Iran yang dianggap musuh dan ancaman kepada mereka. Terdapat juga segelintir ahli akademik tanahair yang cenderung dengan pandangan ini malahan melabelkan pejuang pembebasan Syria ini dengan gelaran ”pemberontak” dan ”pengganas” yang sama sekali bertentangan dengan mauqif ulama muktabar.
Berdasarkan permasalahan di atas, penulis ingin berkongsi pandangan mengenai krisis yang berlaku di Syria dan cuba merungkaikan beberapa persoalan yang kini membelenggu pemikiran sesetengah pihak. Penulis telah merujuk pelbagai sumber makalah, artikel, buku, berita, laporan, jurnal dan sebagainya termasuk menghadiri syarahan ulama tersohor Syria, maklumat sumber pertama sahabat-sahabat di Syria serta penerangan oleh aktivis yang telah masuk ke Syria termasuk buku tulisan Dr. Zulkifli Al Bakri bertajuk ’Krisis Syria dan Mauqif Ulama’ yang menjelaskan pendirian dan pandangan ulama muktabar mengenai krisis di Syria. Berdasarkan sumber-sumber sahih ini, penulis sangat berkeyakinan bahawa krisis di Syria ini adalah sesuatu yang ’genuine’ dan umat Islam bertanggungjawab untuk memberikan bantuan kemanusiaan kepada warga Syria yang memerlukan. Rakyat Syria yang berjihad menentang kezaliman dan kemungkaran diketuai rejim Bashar al Assad ini bukanlah ’pemberontak’ tetapi adalah pejuang pembebasan dan jika gugur dikategorikan sebagai syahid. Bersama-sama dengan rakyat Syria bangun menentang kezaliman, keganasan, ketidakperikemanusiaan dan ketidakadilan adalah suatu tuntutan dan kewajipan umat Islam.
Merungkai Persoalan Krisis di Syria dan Mauqif Ulama
Bagi memahami krisis di Syria ini, perlu juga dilihat terlebih dahulu Syria dari sudut demografi. Syria mendapat kemerdekaan pada 1946 dengan penduduk berjumlah lebih 23 juta. 75% adalah Muslim-sunni tetapi kerajaan Syria dikuasai oleh parti Baath iaitu diwakili minoriti Alawi yang hanya 3-4%. Parti Baath yang minoriti Alawi ini bermazhab Syiah Nusairiah dan berideologi sosialis. Berdasarkan demografi ini, amatlah bermanfaat untuk menelusuri serba sedikit asal usul rejim al Assad di Syria ini. Setelah kemerdekaan Syria telah dipimpin oleh keluarga al Assad. Kemuncak kezaliman rejim al Assad ini telah berlaku pada 1982 di bawah pimpinan Hafiz al Assad (memerintah selama 32 tahun) sewaktu tragedi berdarah di bandar Hamah yang meragut nyawa lebih 40 ribu penduduk, 15 ribu hilang tempat tinggal dan 150 ribu menjadi mangsa pelarian. Bukan itu sahaja, dilaporkan lebih 88 buah masjid dimusnahkan dan infrastruktur awam dihancurkan. Sebegitu ramai ulama dan ilmuan Islam yang dipenjara, diseksa dan dibunuh. Di antara ulama yang menjadi pelarian politik ialah Sheikh Abu Fattah Abdu Ghuddah, Sheikh Said Hawa, Sheikh Muhammad Ali Al Sabuni, Sheikh Muhammad Hashim al Majzub, Sheikh Usamah al Rafie dan ramai lagi.
Bashar al Asad telah mengambil alih pemerintahan daripada Hafiz al Assad pada tahun 2000 setelah Perlembagaan Negara dipinda semata-mata untuk membolehkannya menjadi Presiden yang pada itu belum mencapai umur 40 tahun yang dibenarkan. Beliau meneruskan kekejaman lalu dengan beberapa insiden kemanusiaan seperti peristiwa berdarah Qamisyli pada 2004 dan 2008, peristiwa Hasakah pada 2004 dan peristiwa penjara Soydana. Tragedi 2011 hingga hari ini adalah yang paling trajis di mana telah meragut nyawa ratusan ribu rakyat Syria yang majoritinya adalah Muslim-sunni. Ini disahkan oleh Utusan Khas PBB dan Liga Arab, Lakhdar Brahimi. Malahan kekejaman rejim Bashar al Assad juga telah meranapkan pelbagai kesan sejarah penting Islam seperti Maktabah al Khanji yang dianggap antara perpustakaan tertua dunia yang mempunyai koleksi berharga yang tidak ternilai. Melalui fakta-fakta ini, sudah jelas lagi bersuluh betapa tidak logiknya sebarang pandangan yang menyokong rejim Bashar al Assad atas apa sahaja alasan. Malahan melabelkan rakyat yang menuntut keadilan dengan gelaran pemberontak atau pengganas adalah suatu perkara yang amat dikesalkan.
Selain itu, adalah amat penting juga untuk mengenali Alawi atau Shiah Nusairiah yang pengikutnya menguasai kerajaan Syria. Shiah Nusairiah di Syria ini mempunyai hubungan amat rapat dengan Iran dan Hizbullah. Ini kerana terdapat segelintir umat Islam termasuk di Malaysia yang tidak mempunyai gambaran sebenar malahan memberikan sokongan kepada rejim Bashar al Assad dan menganggap Iran serta Hizbullah sebagai pembela agama dan memberi ancaman kepada Israel. Dilaporkan juga Iran telah membekalkan pelbagai jenis senjata kepada Syria. Ayatullah Ali Khomeini pernah mengeluarkan fatwa bahawa wajib rakyat Iran mempertahankan rejim al Assad. Dalam hal ini, kita perlu merujuk kepada pandangan dan fakta-fakta mengenai shiah Nusairiah ini. Sebenarnya, terlalu ramai ulama muktabar telah terlebih awal memberikan fatwa mengenai kesesatan Syiah Nusairiah. Ibn Taimiyah, Ibnu Kathir, al Zahabi, Sheikh Abdul Aziz Baz dan Sheikh Ali al Sabuni secara jelas memfatwakan shiah nusairiah sebagai sesat. Sheikh Gharib al Sirjani mengatakan bahawa kesesatan shiah Nusairiah ini adalah berasaskan ijma. Oleh itu, sebarang pandangan yang menyokong rejim Bashar al Assad yang juga shiah Nusairiah ini adalah dianggap perkara mungkar dan menyesatkan.
Bagi mengukuhkan pandangan betapa rejim Bashar al Assad ini perlu ditentang dan dijatuhkan, penulis ingin merujuk kepada beberapa pendirian ulama muktabar kontemporari seperti yang dinukilkan di dalam buku ’Krisis Syria dan Mauqif Ulama”. Sheikh Abdul Aziz Baz pada 1982 berfatwa bahawa wajib memberi bantuan kepada umat Islam yang dizalimi oleh rejim Al Assad. Sheikh Yusuf al Qaradhawi dengan tegas menyatakan bahawa wajib bagi rakyat Syria untuk bangkit menentang rejim al Assad malahan menggesa jemaah haji berdoa untuk kehancurannya. Sheikh Ali al sabuni yang baru-baru ini berada di Malaysia dengan tegas menggesa umat Islam untuk memberikan bantuan sewajarnya bagi meringankan kesengsaraan rakyat Syria. Ramai lagi ulama tersohor seperti Sheikh Soleh al Luhaidan, Sheikh Muhammad Hasan, Sheikh Aidh al Qarni, Sheikh Muhammad al Irifi, Sheikh Ahmad Qattan dan Sheikh Wahbah al Zuhaili memberikan pandangan yang sama di mana menyeru umat Islam untuk membantu rakyat Syria.
Pandangan dan pendirian ulama muktabar mengenai kewajipan membantu rakyat Syria ini disahkan dan disokong oleh Resolusi Muktamar Syria di Istanbul iaitu persidangan para ulama sedunia pada 1-3 Julai 2012. Muktamar ini secara umumnya menegaskan bahawa revolusi rakyat Syria adalah kebangkitan yang hak dan benar dan adalah menjadi kewajipan semua umat Islam untuk membantu rakyat Syria dan menjatuhkan rejim Bashar al Assad. Muktamar ini merayu agar semua negara Islam di bawah pertubuhan OIC serta negara-negara lain untuk memberikan bantuan kemanusiaan termasuk membekalkan persenjataan. Informasi dan maklumat mengenai resolusi muktamar seperti ini dan bukti-bukti kezaliman rejim Bashar al Assad mungkin tidak sampai atau lambat diperolehi oleh umat Islam dan ini menyebabkan ada yang mempersoalkan tindakan rakyat Syria bangun menentang kerajaan Syria. Ini bukanlah sesuatu yang asing kerana rejim Bashar al Asad seringkali cuba untuk menyembunyikan keganasan mereka. Umpamanya telah ramai wartawan yang telah terkorban semasa membuat liputan di Syria seperti Mika Yamamoto, jurnalis Jepun yang sangat aktif melaporkan kebenaran krisis di Syria.
Fiqh Jihad: Jihad Misi Kemanusiaan Mengatasi Jihad Mengangkat Senjata
Fiqh jihad adalah terlalu luas untuk dibicarakan di sini. Umat Islam dinasihatkan untuk memahami fiqh jihad melalui penguasaan ilmu pengetahuan. Kerangka fiqh jihad itu perlu disesuaikan dengan fiqh waqi dan awlawiyah serta mengambil perhatian dari sudut mafsadah dan maslahah. Umumnya, jihad ini selalu difahami dengan erti mengangkat senjata sedangkan dalam konteks hari ini, bantuan kemanusiaan juga adalah jihad yang utama. Ini dinyatakan sendiri oleh ramai ulama dunia termasuk ulama tersohor Syria yang berpandangan penglibatan dari aspek kemanusiaan adalah lebih diperlukan berbanding dengan jihad mengangkat senjata. Ini juga bertepatan dengan isu pejuang-pejuang yang berjihad mengangkat senjata tanpa keizinan ibubapa dan yang mereka-mereka yang masih menuntut ilmu dan belum menamatkan pelajaran sepertimana yang diamanahkan. Sekiranya kefahaman fiqh jihad itu mendalam, sudah pasti keutamaan menunaikan amanah yang sepatutnya diaulakan diberikan perhatian.
Menelusuri pelbagai sumber bagi meneliti krisis di Syria menimbulkan persoalan yang sering dimainkan oleh ramai pihak. Keperluan jihad mengangkat senjata adalah antara perkara yang mendapat reaksi ramai. Dalam konteks ini, penulis ingin mengesyorkan selari dengan konsep fiqh awlawiyah berserta dengan nas-nas syarak dan bersesuaian dengan fiqh waqi dalam konteks semasa di Malaysia khususnya bahawasanya keperluan berjihad yang lebih aula dan utama pada waktu ini adalah dari sudut bantuan kemanusiaan. Fiqh Keutamaan dan Fiqh Waqi ini boleh disimpulkan sebagai disiplin ilmu yang merujuk kepada penguasan ilmu dan pemahaman dalam meletakkan sesuatu pada peringkat yang sebenar, sesuai dengan pertimbangan ilmu, keadilan, hukum syarak, akhlaq atau etika, keadaan semasa dan keadaan setempat. Ini adalah amat bersesuaian dengan ruh Islam itu sendiri di mana setiap perkara mesti diletakkan secara adil menurut syariat Islam dengan mengambil kira aspek maslahah dan mafsadah.
Dalam konteks di Syria, Mufti Wilayah Persekutuan, sohibus samahah Dr Zulkifli Muhammad Al Bakri dalam kenyataannya terkini bahkan ramai ulama tersohor dunia termasuk Syria secara jelas mengajak semua umat Islam untuk mengutamakan bantuan kemanusiaan kepada warga Syria yang kini mencecah jutaan dalam kesempitan dan kesusahan. Hingga kini dilaporkan bilangan penduduk yang menghadapi krisis kemanusiaan yang meruncing dengan ketiadaan sumber makanan, air mentah, pakaian asas, perubatan, pendidikan dan sebagainya mencecah lebih 2.5 juta orang. Fakta ini disahkan sendiri oleh ramai aktivis kemanusiaan seperti Malaysia Lifeline Syria yang secara langsung menyampaikan bantuan kepada rakyat Syria. Kehidupan saudara seagama seakidah yang begitu dhaif dan memilukan ini menuntut kita semua untuk mengutamakan misi kemanusiaan ini. Inilh jihad paling utama yang perlu diberikan perhatian oleh umat Islam khususnya Malaysia pada waktu ini. Jihad misi kemanusiaan juga sekaligus dapat menyelesaikan sebarang permasalahan mengenai isu kedudukan rejim al Assad mahupun status perjuangan rakyat Syria yang bangun menuntut keadilan. Jihad misi kemanusiaan ini memfokuskan kepada warga Syria yang sebenarnya perlu dibantu dengan meletakketepikan terus sebarang unsur perbezaan politik, mazhab dan ideologi.
Penutup
Dunia telah menyaksikan kebangkitan rakyat bermula di Tunisia diikuti Mesir, Libya, Syria dan kemungkinan negara-negara Timur Tengah yang lain. Namun, revolusi di Syria yang kini semakin meruncing menimbulkan pelbagai persoalan dan kekeliruan. Malahan persoalan yang lebih besar ialah nasib Syria pasca revolusi. Berbanding dengan revolusi di Tunisia, Mesir dan Libya, krisis di Syria adalah sedikit berlainan kerana ianya melibatkan pelbagai isu geo-politik. Teori menjatuhkan rejim al Assad sebagai tindakan meningkatkan hegemoni dan penguasaan Israel di Timur Tengah juga adalah satu perkara yang tidak mempunyai asas yang kuat. Pendirian atau mauqif ulama muktabar di seluruh dunia mengenai kewajipan umat Islam untuk membantu rakyat Syria mengesahkan bahawa kebangkitan rakyat Syria adalah sesuatu yang hak dan benar. Kezaliman dan keganasan tidakperikemanusiaan tahap luarbiasa rejim Bashar al Assad adalah tindakan yang tidak boleh sama sekali diterima akal. Rejim Bashar al Assad ini mesti dibawa ke muka pengadilan dan dibicarakan di Mahkamah serta segala keganasan dan kezaliman ini didedahkan kepada dunia supaya tragedi kemanusiaan ini dapat memberi pengajaran kepada semua umat manusia.
Krisis yang berlaku di Syria menimbulkan persoalan keperluan bentuk jihad yang digagaskan oleh Islam. Kefahaman jihad yang sering kali didominasikan dengan perjuangan mengangkat senjata adalah sama sekali tidak tepat. Fiqh Jihad itu adalah terlalu luas dan tidak sepatutnya disempitkan dengan elemen peperangan dan pertumpahan darah. Dalam konteks hari ini khususnya umat Islam di Malaysia, jihad utama yang dituntut ialah membantu dengan sedaya upaya menyalurkan bantuan kemanusiaan kepada warga Syria. Yusuf al Qaradawi dalam bukunya Fiqh Jihad telah menulis ensiklopedia jihad yang sangat komperehensif begitu juga Said Ramadhan al Buti di dalam kitabnya Al-Jihad fi al-Islam: Kaifa Tafhamuh? Wa Kaifa Numarisuh? Juga menjelaskan konsep fiqh jihad ini dengan mendalam dan penuh berhikmah. Umat Islam khususnya di Malaysia disarankan untuk mendiskusikan dan mewacanakan kedua-dua buku ini secara meluas di seluruh Negara bagi menanamkan kefahaman yang ideal dan selari dengan tuntutan syarak serta keperluan umat. Hanya melalui penguasaan ilmulah, umat Islam akan dapat menangani sebarang permasalahan umat dan dalam masa mengembalikan semula kegemilangan Islam. Wallahua’lam.
5 Ramadhan 1435H
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3 thoughts on “FIQH JIHAD ASAS MEMAHAMI KRISIS DI SYRIA”
Umar Mukhtar
says:
July 3, 2014 at 9:05 am

Berkobar-kobar membaca artikel ini. Alhamdulillah

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Muhammad Khaliff says:
June 21, 2016 at 4:17 pm

Assalammualaikum Dr Zulkifli, jika tidak keberatan, boleh doktor berikan kepada saya rujukan kitab atau statement ulama’ yang menyokong perjuangan atau jihad di syria, mungkin ini dapat membantu isu ayah saya yang ditahan dibawah sosma. Syukran Dr. Jazakallahu khairan.

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DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN says:
June 22, 2016 at 12:28 am

Boleh rujuk buku tulisan Dr Zulkifli al Bakri yang merujuk banyak pendirian ulama mengenai isu SYria. Tajuk Krisis di Syria dan Mauqif Ulama.

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