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BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
Daily Archives: March 8, 2012
March 8, 2012
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
What We Need To Know About Arms Trade Treaty?
Isu Pengawalan Perdagangan Senjata Dunia: Apa Peranan Kita?
Zulkifli Hasan
Pendahuluan
Baru-baru ini dilaporkan bahawa Rusia dan China telah menggunakan kuasa veto untuk membatalkan resolusi Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) yang menyokong pelan Liga Arab untuk mendesak Presiden Syria Bashar Al Assad supaya berundur dan mengutuk keganasan kezaliman yang berlaku. Hingga kini dilaporkan lebih 6000 rakyat Syria telah terkorban semenjak Mac 2011 dan ribuan lagi telah tercedera, ditangkap dan hilang tanpa dapat dikesan.  Ramai yang tertanya-tanya mengapa dan kenapa negara-negara ini berbuat demikian. Sudah pasti mereka mempunyai sebab dan justifikasi terhadap tindakan mereka ini. Dilaporkan bahawa Rusia merupakan pembekal senjata dan rakan dagang utama Syria dalam membekalkan pelbagai jenis senjata kepada rejim Al Assad. Begitu juga di Bahrain, dalam keghairahan media barat mengutuk Iran untuk membangunkan tenaga nuklearnya, Amerika dalam masa yang sama telah membekalkan senjata yang besar jumlahnya kepada Bahrain.
Dunia telah menyaksikan bahawa abad ke 20 merupakan abad yang paling kejam dalam sejarah manusia dengan dua peperangan dunia, diikuti lebih 30 tahun perlumbaan senjata, perang teluk, perang Afghanistan, Perang Vietnam, Perang Iran-Iraq termasuk konflik dalaman, revolusi dan sebagainya. Program Penyelidikan Keamanan, Cornell Universiti di Amerika telah menganggarkan bahawa seramai 231 juta manusia telah terkorban melalui peperangan dan konflik sepanjang abad ke 20. Di antara faktor utama sejarah tragis manusia ini adalah kesan daripada perdagangan senjata. Perdagangan senjata yang sering kali dilihat sebagai langkah memperkuatkan sistem pertahanan dan perbelanjaan persenjataan atas dasar keselamatan sebenarnya hanya mencetuskan konflik dan pertumpahan darah.
Bagi membincangkan topik ini, penulis akan cuba berkongsi sedikit pengetahuan dan pengalaman mengenai peri pentingnya umat Islam untuk memberikan respon positif terhadap usaha-usaha ke arah pengawalan perdagangan senjata. Artikel ini akan menelusuri gerakan-gerakan di seluruh dunia yang giat memperjuangkan undang-undang pengawalan perdagangan senjata. Artikel ini juga akan meninjau realiti perdagangan senjata termasuk menampilkan aktor-aktor pengeluar senjata dan pelanggan tetap kepada saudagar senjata ini di seluruh dunia. Di samping itu, penulis juga akan berkongsi maklumat berkenaan dengan institusi dan badan yang aktif dan komited mengawal dan memantau perdagangan senjata dan juga entiti yang secara komperehensif merekod dan menyimpan data serta statistik perdagangan senjata di seluruh dunia. Di akhir penulisan, artikel ini secara ringkas akan membincangkan peranan umat Islam itu sendiri terhadap isu pengawalan perdagangan senjata ini.
Kenali Pengeluar dan Pelanggan Perdagangan Senjata
Adalah tidak mengejutkan bahawa, Amerika merupakan peneraju perdagangan senjata diikuti oleh Rusia, Britain dan Perancis. Maklumat mengenai Perdagangan Senjata dunia boleh diperolehi menerusi Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) sebuah badan bebas antarabangsa berpengkalan di Sweden yang mengkhusus kepada penyelidikan mengenai perdagangan senjata yang memantau dan mempunyai pengkalan data yang komprehensif mengenai perdagangan senjata dunia. Menurut SIPRI, direkodkan bahawa antara 1996-2000 perdagangan senjata dunia dipelopori oleh Amerika, Russia, Perancis yang mewakili 30%, diikuti oleh Britain dan Jerman, 20% dan Belanda, Ukraine, Italy, China, Belarus, Sepanyol dan Israel, 15%. Apa yang menarik dan dalam masa yang sama agak mengejutkan ialah negara-negara pengeluar senjata ini merupakan ahli tetap Majlis Keselamatan PBB iaitu mewakili 85% perdagangan senjata dunia. Sudah pasti fakta ini menimbulkan persoalan mengenai keberkesanan dan keadilan dalam Majlis Keselamatan PBB.
Dari aspek pengeluar senjata, terdapat tujuh syarikat  utama pengeluar senjata di dunia iaitu Lockheed Martin (Amerika) BAE Systems (Britain), Boeing (Amerika), Raytheon (US), General Dynamics (Amerika), Thomson-CSF (Perancis). Syarikat-syarikat ini secara aktif mempromosi dan membekalkan senjata di seluruh dunia. Terdapat juga individu pengusaha dan pembekal senjata yang beroperasi membekalkan senjata secara penyeludupan. Victor Bout seorang ikon saudagar senjata dunia yang telah membekalkan pelbagai jenis senjata di serata dunia akhirnya telah ditangkap di Thailand dan diekstradisi ke Amerika. Di antara 2005-2009, direkodkan bahawa negara utama pengguna dan yang melanggan senjata ialah Taiwan, Arab Saudi, Turki, Korea Selatan, India, Mesir, Israel, Pakistan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Greece, Singapura dan Algeria. Menurut ‘Congressional Research Service’, institusi yang menjalankan penyelidikan untuk kongres Amerika, nilai perdagangan senjata antarabangsa bagi 2010 sahaja telah mencecah USD35 bilion.
Selain daripada senjata berat, isu perdagangan senjata kecil juga perlu diambil perhatian kerana ianya juga sangat mempengaruhi dan kerap kali kematian diakibatkan oleh senjata sebegini. Panel Pakar PBB mengkategorikan senjata kecil ini kepada senjata yang digunakan oleh pihak polis dan tentera seperti pistol, rifel, bom tangan, mortar, gas pemedih mata dan lain-lain. Senjata kecil ini pada dasarnya bertujuan untuk menjaga ketenteraman awam dan memelihara keamanan. Namun demikian, dunia menyaksikan senjata ini akhirnya sering kali digunakan oleh pihak berkuasa menindas dan menzalimi orang awam. Pengeluar utama senjata seumpama ini ialah China, Russia dan Amerika. Kajian yang dibuat oleh ‘Graduate Institute of International Studies’ di Geneva menganggarkan bahawa sekurang-kuranya 550 juta pistol dan senjata seumpamanya yang terdapat di dunia iaitu mewakili satu senjata bagi setiap 11 penduduk dunia. ’Small Arms Survey’ yang dijalankan oleh institusi ini pula melaporkan bahawa nilai perdagangan senjata kecil ini adalah melebihi USD7 bilion setahun. Ironinya ialah sebanyak USD2.4 bilion telah diperuntukkan pada 2010 untuk pembelian senjata kecil ini seperti gas pemedih mata, kereta perisai dan senjata lain telah dijual kepada Negara yang mengalami krisis dan konflik seperti Bahrain, Mesir, Libya, Syria dan Yaman. Ini menunjukkan bahawa oleh kerana tiadanya undang-undang antarabangsa pengawalan perdagangan senjata yang boleh menghalang penjualan senjata kepada negara-negara yang secara jelas melanggar hak asasi manusia telah mengakibatkan krisis dan konflik yang berterusan di negara-negara berkenaan.
Implikasi Perdagangan Senjata
Persepsi yang selalu menjadi tanggapan umum terhadap persenjataan ialah senjata adalah untuk keselamatan. Bagi negara pengeluar senjata, industri ini dapat menjana ekonomi dan memberi hasil kepada negara termasuk mencipta peluang pekerjaan. Tetapi tahukah anda bahawa sekitar 2,000 orang mati setiap hari akibat dari perdagangan senjata ini. Industri pembuatan senjata juga tidak banyak menyumbang kepada ekonomi dan sebenarnya tidak menjana peluang pekerjaan yang signifikan. Ini memandangkan industri senjata ini dikategorikan sebagai industri berteknologi tinggi dan tidak memerlukan pekerja yang ramai. Sekiranya dibandingkan antara maslahah dan mafsadah industri ini, didapati terlalu banyak implikasi negatif secara langsung atau tidak langsung melalui urusniaga perdagangan senjata ini.
Jika diteliti dan dianalisis secara telus, hakikatnya perdagangan senjata ini boleh memberikan implikasi yang sangat negatif dan amat berpotensi untuk mencetuskan konflik. Umpamanya pada 1998, terdapat 11 konflik senjata di Afrika. Bagaimana hal ini boleh berlaku? Di antara faktor utama konflik ini ialah pihak yang bermusuhan memiliki armada tentera dan persenjataan yang mencukupi. Dilaporkan antara 1989-1998, Amerika telah memperuntukkan USD227 juta untuk latihan ketenteraan dan senjata bagi tentera-tentera di beberapa negara di Afrika. Daripada jumlah ini sebanyak USD111 juta digunakan untuk peperangan yang berlaku di Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Burundi, Chad Namibia, Rwanda, Sudan, Uganda dan Zimbabwe.
Perdagangan senjata ini juga boleh mempengaruhi dasar dan peruntukan kewangan negara. Peruntukan perbelanjaan untuk persenjataan yang berlebihan akan menjejaskan agenda pembangunan sesebuah negara. Menurut Laporan Setiausaha Agung PBB kepada Majlis Keselamatan berkenaan dengan senjata kecil (S/2008/258) melaporkan bahawa perbelanjaan senjata terutamanya di negara dunia ketiga dan membangun menyebabkan kekayaan negara tidak dapat disalurkan kepada pembangunan sosial. PBB merekodkan bahawa lebih 1 bilion penduduk hidup di bawah paras kemiskinan iaitu pendapatan kurang daripada USD1 sehari sedangkan USD184 setahun diperuntukkan bagi perbelanjaan senjata bagi setiap individu di muka bumi ini. Amat malang kerana fenomena perbelanjaan persenjataan yang keterlaluan ini juga berlaku di negara membangun dan mengalami krisis kemanusiaan. ‘Global  Fire Power’, sebuah laman sesawang yang mempunyai pengkalan data mengenai maklumat umum pertahanan negara di dunia, merekodkan tatkala Pakistan dan Mesir dilanda krisis pengangguran dan masalah ekonomi, kedua-dua negara ini telah memperuntukkan jumlah wang yang besar untuk ketenteraan dan masing-masing kini menduduki tangga ke 15 dan 16 dunia dari segi kekuatan angkatan tentera. Lebih mengejutkan lagi ialah daripada jumlah pasaran senjata dunia, 10 negara membangun yang mengalami masalah ekonomi dan kemanusiaan adalah mewakili 60% daripada jumlah pasaran senjata bagi tahun 2003-2010.
Perkembangan perbelanjaan senjata yang berlebihan untuk tujuan keselamatan juga mengakibatkan peruntukan yang sepatutnya disalurkan kepada sektor pembangunan dan kebajikan tidak dapat dimanfaatkan. Sebagai contoh, harga bagi 30 buat jet Sukhoi-30 MKI buatan Rusia ialah USD1.8 bilion. Peruntukan sebanyak ini sebenarnya boleh disalurkan untuk membiayai persekolahan rendah selama setahun bagi 20 juta kanak-kanak. Harga bagi 310 kereta kebal T-90S buatan Russia ialah USD600 juta dan sekiranya wang ini digunakan untuk tujuan kesihatan ianya boleh dibelanjakan untuk membiayai pembelian 200 juta ‘insecticide-treated nets; yang mampu mengurangkan kematian akibat malaria. Nilai bagi 6 buah kapal selam buatan Perancis ialah USD1.8 bilion. Peruntukan sebanyak ini mampu untuk membantu dalam proses rawatan 1.7 bilion kanak-kanak yang mengidap ‘debilitating intestinal worms’ selama 3 tahun. Harga bagi sepuluh jet pejuang Mirage-2000E buatan Perancis ialah USD325 juta. Dianggarkan wang ini cukup untuk membekalkan vitamin dan mineral yang diperlukan bagi 1 bilion orang selama 10 tahun. Peruntukan untuk membeli 66 Jet Pejuang Hawk fighter buatan Britain ialah USD1.7 bilion. Perbelanjaan ini hakikatnya mampu untuk membiayai ‘antiretroviral AIDS drugs’ bagi lebih 11 juta pesakit AIDS selama setahun. Fakta dan angka ini kadang-kadang amat menggerunkan kerana kita dapat menyaksikan betapa rakusnya manusia terhadap kuasa hingga sanggup mengenepikan keperluan yang lebih mendesak seperti kesihatan, pendidikan dan pembangunan sosio ekonomi masyarakat.
Di antara implikasi negatif yang sering juga terjadi berikutan kegiatan perdagangan senjata ialah meningkatnya indeks rasuah. Perdagangan senjata sering melibatkan pihak tengah, tidak telus, bersifat rahsia dan sangat berpotensi menyumbang ke arah amalan rasuah. Dilaporkan bahawa terdapat lebih 50% tuduhan rasuah melibatkan perdagangan senjata. Amalan industri perdagangan senjata yang tidak telus dan keghairahan pihak tertentu untuk memiliki senjata berteknologi tinggi dan terkini menyemarakkan lagi anasir rasuah yang akhirnya menelan perbelanjaan yang besar bagi bajet sesebuah Negara. Berdasarkan kepada faktor ini, seharusnya sesuatu perlu dilakukan bagi memantau industri senjata dan juga mewujudkan satu undang-undang antarabangsa untuk mengawal perdagangan senjata di dunia. Sekurang-kurangnya, undang-undang antarabangsa yang bersifat universal ini akan sedikit sebanyak dapat mengurangkan perdagangan senjata yang tidak bertanggungjawab dan beretika.
Perkembangan Pengawalan Perdagangan Senjata
Pada hari ini, didapati tiada satu perjanjian yang bersifat global dan mengikat mengenai pengawalan perdagangan senjata. Gerakan dan aktivisme pengawalan perdagangan senjata ini secara rasminya bermula pada 1997 di New York hasil inisiatif  sekumpulan Pemenang Nobel Perdamaian dan ‘International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War’ (IPPNW) yang mengesyorkan untuk mewujudkan Kod Etika Perdagangan Senjata. Selepas kempen dan promosi oleh pelbagai badan bukan kerajaan dan masyarakat sivil antarabangsa, saranan ini kemudiannya diterima oleh PBB dalam resolusi 61/89 pada 18 Disember 2006.
Tarikh 30 Oktober 2009 menjadi detik sejarah apabila Perhimpunan Agung PBB dengan 151 undi akhirnya telah bersetuju mengguna pakai Resolusi A/Res/64/48 untuk menerima usul ke arah mewujudkan Perjanjian Pengawalan Perdagangan Senjata (Arms Trade Treaty). PBB juga bersetuju untuk meneruskan proses memperincikan Perjanjian ini dengan menganjurkan beberapa mesyuarat Jawatankuasa Pemandu pada 2010 dan 2011. Kini Perjanjian ini berada diperingkat akhir pengemaskinian dan PBB akan menganjurkan konferen khas pada Julai 2012 bagi menggubal Perjanjian atau Instrumen yang bakal mengikat semua negara sama ada pengeluar atau pengguna senjata mengenai undang-undang pengawalan perdagangan senjata.
Secara umumnya, Perjanjian Pengawalan Perdagangan Senjata ini bertujuan untuk menghentikan pertambahan perdagangan senjata, menghalang penyalahgunaan senjata dan menyediakan peruntukan undang-undang bagi mengawal perdagangan senjata. Perjanjian ini akan memastikan senjata tidak berpindah kepada pihak yang tidak bertanggungjawab. Di antara kandungan utama Perjanjian ini ialah sebarang perdagangan senjata adalah tidak dibenarkan sama sekali dan melanggar undang-undang antarabangsa sekiranya ianya melibatkan pihak-pihak yang boleh menjejaskan pembangunan sosial dan bertentangan dengan hak asasi manusia. Di antara mekanisme untuk merealisasikan matlamat ini, Perjanjian ini akan menyediakan garis panduan perdagangan senjata secara komprehensif yang perlu dipatuhi oleh semua pihak. Perjanjian senjata ini juga akan memastikan bahawa tiada perdagangan senjata yang melibatkan risiko kemanusiaan dan ini termasuk sekiranya perdagangan senjata tersebut bertentangan dengan hak asasi manusia antarabangsa, tergolong dalam jenayah kemanusiaan atau ‘genocide; potensi untuk menjana jenayah terancang dan boleh menjejaskan kedudukan ekonomi sosial dan pembangunan.
Setakat ini, gerakan ke arah penggubalan dan termeterainya Perjanjian ini hinggi kini dimainkan oleh badan bukan kerajaan terutamanya institusi keagamaan. Penulis berkesempatan menghadiri program seumpama ini dan telah berinteraksi dengan pimpinan agama dari seluruh dunia bersama-sama merancang gerakan dan strategi untuk mempromosikan aktivisme ke arah keamanan sejagat. Di Sweden, ‘Swedish Fellowship of Reconciliation’ (SWEFOR) dan ‘Church of Sweden’ sangat giat mengatur strategi dan program bagi memberikan kesedaran terhadap peri pentingnya isu pengawalan perdagangan senjata ini. Di Amerika, ‘Global Youth Network of Religions for Peace’ secara aktif terlibat dalam gerakan mempromosi Perjanjian Pengawalan Perdagangan Senjata ini dan menganjurkan pelbagai program berkaitan. Di Malaysia, Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia telah menjalinkan kerjasama dengan pelbagai badan bukan kerajaan dari seluruh dunia dan merangka beberapa agenda gerakan bagi tujuan mempromosi inisiatif Pengawalan perdagangan Senjata ini. Di India, ‘Asian Muslim Action Network’ di antara organisasi yang serius mengatur program bagi tujuan yang sama. Satu Deklarasi menyokong Perjanjian Pengawalan Perdagangan Senjata ini juga telah ditandatangani oleh 40 pimpinan agama dan 70 institusi keagamaan dari seluruh dunia hasil inisiatif SWEFOR, ’Caritas France’, ‘CCFD-Terre Solidaire’ dan ‘Interfaith Working Group of the Control Arms Coalition’ pada 21 September 2011. Di peringkat Asia Pasifik, satu bengkel intensif telah dianjurkan pada 26-27 Januari di Bangkok dengan melibatkan perwakilan dari seluruh dunia untuk merangka gerak kerja seterusnya. Ini diikuti dengan konferen di Manila yang akan diadakan pada 11-13 Mac 2012. Usaha-usaha sebegini semakin giat dijalankan oleh masyarakat antarabangsa dan sehingga kini ianya mendapat sambutan yang amat baik di seluruh dunia.
Respon Terhadap Isu Pengawalan Perdagangan Senjata
Mahu tidak mahu, umat Islam di dunia perlu mengakui bahawa negara-negara Islam merupakan di antara pelanggan dan pengguna terbesar senjata. Arab Saudi, Bahrain, UAE, Malaysia termasuk negara-negara miskin seperti  Pakistan, Syria, Mesir dan Yaman merupakan negara yang berbelanja besar bagi maksud persenjataan. Kerap kali alasan yang sering diberikan atas pembelian senjata ini ialah atas faktor keselamatan. Ada juga yang memberikan justifikasi keselamatan dan ancaman Israel, konflik sempadan dan keperluan pertahanan negara.
Namun sekiranya dilihat dan diperhatikan, bahawa sebenarnya tidak terdapat keperluan yang menghambat untuk membeli persenjataan ini secara besar-besaran hingga mengabaikan tangungjawab yang lebih utama. Bahkan, apa yang berlaku ialah senjata-senjata ini kerap kali digunakan untuk hal ehwal dalaman malahan menzalimi rakyat dan orang awam. Umpamanya di Libya, Mesir dan Syria, pihak kerajaan telah menggunakan senjata yang dibeli bukan untuk tujuan keselamatan negara tetapi atas dasar ingin mempertahankan kuasa dan telah menelan ribuan nyawa rakyatnya sendiri. Oleh itu, alasan faktor keselamatan negara untuk berbelanja besar dalam pembelian senjata tidak boleh diterima secara bulat bahkan boleh dipertikaikan. Sebagai contoh, Amerika merupakan pengeksport utama senjata kepada Mesir termasuk memberikan dana ketenteraan dan persenjataan sebanyak USD1.3 bilion setahun. Manakala 10 negara pengeluar senjata telah membekalkan senjata kepada Libya semenjak 2005 hingga sekarang iaitu Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain and the UK.  India, Perancis, dan Rusia telah membekalkan bahan letupan dan pelbagai senjata lain ke Syria. Kesannya apa yang dapat dilihat ialah, tragedi kemanusiaan yang telah berlaku di mana kehilangan nyawa ribuan orang awam termasuk kanak-kanak dan wanita serta kerosakan infrastruktur awam yang hanya memburukkan lagi keadaan di negara-negara yang mengalami konflik dalaman ini.
Di antara prinsip utama yang sangat ditekankan oleh Islam ialah pro kepada keamanan, maslahah ummah, pembangunan, hak asasi manusia dan keadilan. Dalam konteks perdagangan senjata ini, umat Islam juga dituntut untuk memperjuangkan keamanan dan menolak sebarang bentuk keganasan. Ini bertepatan dengan firman Allah di dalam surah al Baqarah ayat 190 yang bermaksud: ”Dan perangilah kerana (menegakkan dan mempertahankan) ugama Allah akan orang-orang yang memerangi kamu, dan janganlah kamu menceroboh (dengan memulakan peperangan); kerana sesungguhnya Allah tidak suka kepada orang-orang yang menceroboh”. Bahkan dalam ayat yang lain, al Quran jelas menggariskan kepentingan memelihara keamanan dan memperjuangkan keadilan seperti firman Allah di dalam surah al Maidah ayat 32 yang bermaksud: ”Dengan sebab (kisah pembunuhan kejam) yang demikian itu kami tetapkan atas Bani Israil, bahawasanya sesiapa yang membunuh seorang manusia dengan tiada alasan yang membolehkan membunuh orang itu, atau (kerana) melakukan kerosakan di muka bumi, maka seolah-olah dia telah membunuh manusia semuanya; dan sesiapa yang menjaga keselamatan hidup seorang manusia, maka seolah-olah dia telah menjaga keselamatan hidup manusia semuanya. Dan demi sesungguhnya, telah datang kepada mereka Rasul-rasul kami dengan membawa keterangan yang cukup terang; kemudian, sesungguhnya kebanyakan dari mereka sesudah itu, sungguh-sungguh menjadi orang-orang yang melampaui batas (melakukan kerosakan) di muka bumi”. Bersesuaian dengan intipati ayat di atas, bolehlah disimpulkan bahawa usaha-usaha ke arah menjamin keamanan melalui sokongan terhadap inisiatif Perjanjian Pengawalan Perdagangan Senjata adalah selari dengan ajaran Islam bahkan ianya merupakan perkara yang sangat dituntut.
Setelah memahami topik Pengawalan Perdagangan Senjata ini, timbul persoalan mengenai pendekatan atau langkah yang boleh dilaksanakan bagi tujuan ini. Bagi menjawab persoalan ini, perkara utama yang perlu diberikan perhatian ialah usaha-usaha memupuk kesedaran yang tinggi terhadap isu perdagangan senjata ini. Ini boleh dimulakan di antaranya melalui program untuk mempromosi Perjanjian Perdagangan Senjata di segenap peringkat termasuk perkongsian maklumat mengenai implikasi negatif berikutan tiadanya undang-undang khusus antarabangsa dalam hal ini. Selain daripada itu, masyarakat juga perlu sentiasa memantau perbelanjaan dan bajet negara terhadap peruntukan bagi maksud persenjataan. Perbelanjaan yang besar untuk pembelian senjata hingga menjejaskan peruntukan sektor utama negara seperti pendidikan, kesihatan dan lain-lain seharusnya dielakkan. Oleh kerana isu keamanan ini merentasi sempadan agama, bangsa dan ideologi, kerjasama yang berbentuk universal untuk melobi dan mempengaruhi masyarakat antarabangsa menerima Perjanjian Pengawalan Perdagangan Senjata di segenap peringkat dan lapisan masyarakat perlu dipergiatkan.
Kesimpulan
Isu perdagangan senjata sama ada secara sah atau haram merupakan perkara yang perlu diberi perhatian oleh semua pihak. Di antara punca keganasan dan pembunuhan serta penindasan yang berlaku di seluruh dunia adalah berpunca daripada perdagangan senjata yang tidak beretika. Negara-negara kaya menjadi pengeluar senjata dan menikmati keuntungan yang berlipat ganda melalui penjualan senjata terutamanya kepada negara-negara membangun dan dunia ketiga. Hasil negara yang sepatutnya digunakan untuk tujuan pembangunan terpaksa digadaikan untuk tujuan pembelian senjata atas nama keselamatan. Bahkan dalam konteks negara-negara Islam, alasan ancaman Israel juga kerap kali menjadi justifikasi untuk berbelanja secara besar-besaran membeli kelengkapan senjata. Alasan ini sebenarnya kadang kala adalah bersifat delusi dan khayalan, pada hakikatnya dunia menyaksikan kerap kali senjata yang dibeli ini telah digunakan untuk menzalimi dan menindas rakyat sendiri seperti apa yang berlaku di Mesir, Libya dan Syria. Sudah sampai masanya, umat Islam untuk bangun dari dibuai mimpi ini. Gerakan pro-keamanan dan mendesak adanya Perjanjian Perdagangan untuk mengawal perdagangan senjata ini perlu diberikan perhatian dan sokongan. Di samping teruja dengan inisiatif Perjanjian Pengawalan Perdagangan Senjata ini, masyarakat antarabangsa juga perlu memastikan bahawa pelaksanaan undang-undang antarabangsa ini adalah berpaksikan kepada keadilan dan tidak bersifat partisan serta berpihak. Ianya harus terpakai kepada semua negara di dunia termasuk negara pengeluar senjata dan perhatian serius dan khusus sewajibnya diberikan kepada negara-negara yang kerap kali melanggar hak asasi manusia, mencetuskan konflik serta sering melancarkan keganasan seperti Israel yang secara terus terang tidak menghormati kehormatan Palestin.
Best Regards

ZULKIFLI HASAN
With Dr. Ashgar Ali Engineer, Founding Chairman of Asian Muslim Action Network in Bangkok, Thailand
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Our aim is to globalize the concept of modest fashion
beyond the religious misconceptions and to initiate a

product line in the respective field.

Our mission is to create Concept and Spread the
Knowledge of Modesty in Fashion by conducting

research & development, trainings, capacity building,
events, publications and providing consultancy to

fashion brands so that we can provoke modesty in the
fashion industry and serve Muslims according to the

values of Islam.

Islam allows us to dress and adopt fashion in a way that does not reveal our body and has delivered
this concept in a very magnificent manner (modesty). Fashion has always been a keen interest of
people as it is an aesthetic representation of time, people and places especially through clothing.
Emergence of Islamic values and modesty in fashion is an evolving concept, that has changed over
time and is diversely adopted, rejected, altered by or in some cases imposed on different groups of
women (and, to a lesser extent, men) in different times and places. The type of clothing always
varies person to person as it depends on their comfortability level of one’s own-self. It provides
confidence to one’s self and let them shine in their own way. Modest clothing was used to be
considered as a religious norm, but the developing market in the respective field has proved this
concept wrong. Muslims from all around the globe invest a huge amount in clothing, and modest
fashion being there preference, is becoming a hot topic in the market. The investors are looking
forward for more opportunities as it can play a great role in generating the revenues and potentially
increasing the GDP shares of Fashion Industry.

Despite all this revolution in the Fashion Industry, the word ‘Modest” with fashion is still a
questionable thing and makes its marketability doubtful. The modest fashion sector is growing
rapidly with 4.8% year on year growth, but there is dire need for modest fashion standards or
guidelines to address the challenges e.g. models does not wear appropriate clothing to market a
line of hijabs in US etc. Wearing scarfs and hijabs on professional or social media platforms is still
discouraging for women. Our purpose is to develop a global network of modest fashion and to
educate and train people in this regard so that we can normalize the concept of modest fashion for
both men and women.

The term "modesty" derives from the Latin word modest us which means
"keeping within measure". Standards of modesty are culturally and context
dependent and vary widely. In the fashion industry, modest clothing refers
to less revealing cloths, which are not sexually appealing or covering the
body in a tremendous manner. Abayas, hijabs and scarfs are some typical
cloths that are considered under the category of modest along with the veil
being the most noticeable one, but several other gown style-clothing can
also lie under this class.

The ways in which modest self-presentation is achieved are myriad and so
are the reasons that motivate it. For some women, modest dressing is
clearly motivated by their understanding of their religion. For others, it
provides a way to reinterpret community and ethnic norms in relation to
contemporary life. For others, modest dressing is less about faith or
spirituality than about pragmatic options for achieving social or
geographical mobility, or for responding to changes in their life cycle (such as
having children, getting older, going to a new job). Modest dressing can
mean different things to different women and can change meanings over
the course of their lives.

Modest and Fashion are paradoxical words getting the global intentions
from last few years. Although modest fashion - the roller coaster of religious
fashion industry, is a few decade old phenomenon but taken the momentum
from last couple of years on streets, in media, online or on the catwalk. The
concept was started in 1998 by Dana Becker, a converted Muslim from
Minnesota, USA, is a good starting point to discuss religion and fashion.
Today the modest apparel industry is worth $283 billion globally. By 2023, it
is estimated that the global Islamic clothing market alone will hit $361
billion.

AlHuda Center of Islamic Banking and Economics and its sister concern
organization, Halal Research Council, has been serving the halal market over
15 years and has achieved success in catering the need of Muslim market in
an excellent manner. The services provided by both organizations in the field
of Islamic Banking and Finance, and Halal Food and Non-food items are
globally remarkable. Considering the growth of Muslim Fashion industry, we
want to provide our services in the particular field by creating awareness of
Modest Fashion among the brands and institutes working in the fashion
industry.

AlHuda – Center of Modest Fashion
www.alhudacibe.com/cmf

Advisory, Research & Development
Consultancy to Fashion Brands
Capacity Building & Trainings
Publication & Events


BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
January 15, 2017
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Malaysia launches 5-year Islamic fund, wealth management blueprint
Malaysia launches 5-year Islamic fund, wealth management blueprint
Available at:
http://www.msn.com/en-my/news/other/malaysia-launches-5-year-islamic-fund-wealth-management-blueprint/ar-AAlMnH5
The plan, the first of its kind globally, is also aimed at developing the country as an international provider of Islamic wealth management services.
It was launched by Second Finance Minister Datuk Johari Abdul Ghani at the International Fund Forum 2017 in Kuala Lumpur on Thursday.
The 51-page blueprint comprises three strategic thrusts, namely, strengthen Malaysia’s position as a global hub for Islamic funds, establish the country as a regional centre for shariah-compliant sustainable and responsible investment, and develop it as an international provider of Islamic wealth management services.
“The Islamic wealth management industry is still at a nascent stage of development as compared with other segments of the Islamic capital market.
“Malaysia, with its comprehensive Islamic finance ecosystem and track record in innovation, is at an advantageous position to play a lead role in shaping the concept and driving the development of Islamic wealth management services,” the blueprint highlighted.
It also outlined 11 recommendations for Malaysia to achieve the desired status by 2021, and which focus on addressing impediments to growth and innovation, while identifying potential opportunities for collaboration and partnerships, as well as accelerating the process of building scale.
The recommendations, among others, provide enabling frameworks to support innovation in Islamic markets, enhance market access and international connectivity, promote the growth of private equity, as well as spur institutional participation in Islamic funds.
It also includes facilitating new digital business models, products and services for Islamic fund and wealth management, develop facilitative market infrastructure for Islamic wealth management, and fortify talent pipeline for Islamic wealth management.
As Malaysia operationalises the blueprint, utmost attention would be given to the phased implementation of initiatives under the respective recommendations.
It is recognised that there might be further shifts that would influence the dynamics of the global and domestic marketplace, including the emergence of new factors.
Therefore, the recommendations are designed to provide sufficient flexibility within the overall objective of the blueprint to enable appropriate adjustments and realignment in such situations. – Bernama
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Academic
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Durham Islamic Finance Programme

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IIUM Institute of Islamic Banking and Finance

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MIHE
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BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
Daily Archives: August 31, 2009
August 31, 2009
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Malaysia Independence Day
The struggle to search for independence began in 1511 and took more than 446 years. It ended with the declaration of national independence on 31st August 1957. On that day, YTM Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj poignantly read out the Proclamation of Independence of Malaya.
Transcript of YTM Tunku Abdul Rahman’s speech as follows:
Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses, Your Highnesses, Your Excellencies, People of Persekutuan Tanah Melayu.
I am indeed proud that on this, the greatest day in Malaya’s history it falls to my lot to proclaim the formal independence of this country. Today as new page is turned, and Malaya steps forward to take her rightful place as a free and independent partner in the great comity of nations – a new nation is born and though we fully realize that difficulties and problems lie ahead, we are confident that, with the blessing of God, these difficulties will be overcome and that today’s events, down the avenues of history, will be our inspiration and our guide. It is therefore with a feeling of particular solemnity that we have listened to the eloquent words of His Royal Highness and in particular to the moving message he has conveyed from Her Majesty the Queen. We are indeed honored that Her Majesty should have deputed her own uncle, His Royal Highness, to be with us on this occasion particularly when we remember that he is no stranger to this land: We recall too with pleasure his previous visit to Malaya and happy recollections of his stay have remained with us.
His Royal Highness has spoken in moving words of the past associations of our two countries. We in Malaya have a long history, but we do not lightly forget old relationships.
For many years past our fortunes have been linked with those of Great Britain and we recall in particular the comradeship of two world wars. We remember too the products of our association; justice before the law, the legacy of an efficient public service and the highest standard of living in Asia. We shall therefore always remember with gratitude the assistance which we have received from Great Britain down our long path to nationhood; an assistance which culminated today with the proclamation of Malaya’s independence.
But the long-standing friendship between our countries does not cease with independence: Rather it takes on a new form. As you have heard in the gracious message from Her Majesty the Queen, Malaya will henceforward take her place in the great Commonwealth of Independent Nations whose members are found in all parts of the world, and as an equal partner in that great association. We in this country will do all in our power to promote its well-being in the interests of mankind in general and in the particular service of world peace.
Thus today a new chapter opens in our relationship with Britain; our colonial status has given place to full equality but we are confident that, fortified by old associations, and linked by old memories, our ties with Britain will grow ever stronger and more durable.
British will ever find in us her best friend, and it is a source of much gratification to my government that British civil servants will continue to serve in this country to assist us in the solution of the many problems which independence will present.
But while we think of the past, we look forward in faith and hope to the future; from henceforth we are masters of our destiny, and the welfare of this beloved land is our own responsibility: Let no one think we have reached the end of the road: Independence is indeed a milestone, but it is only the threshold to high endeavor — the creation of a new and sovereign state. At this solemn moment therefore I call upon you all to dedicate yourselves to the service of the new Malaya: To work and strive with hand and brain to create a new nation, inspired by the ideals of justice and liberty — a beacon of light in a disturbed and distracted world.
High confidence has been reposed in us; let us unitedly face the challenge of the years.
And so with remembrance for the past, and with confidence in the future, under the providence of God, we shall succeed.
PROCLAMATION OF INDEPENDENCE: IN THE NAME OF GOD, THE COMPASSIONATE, THE MERCIFUL. PRAISE BE TO GOD, THE LORD OF THE UNIVERSE AND MAY THE BLESSINGS AND PEACE OF GOD UPON HIS messengers. Whereas the time has now arrived when the people of the Persekutuan Tanah Melayu will assume the status of a free independent and sovereign nation among the nations of the World.
AND WHEREAS by an agreement styled the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1957, between Her Majesty the Queen and Their Highness the Rulers of the Malay states it was agreed that the Malay states of lohore, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Trengganu and Perak and the former Settlements of Malacca and Penang should as from the 31st day of August, 1957, be formed into a new Federation of States by the name of Persekutuan Tanah Melayu.
AND WHEREAS it was further agreed between the parties to the said agreement that the Settlements of Malacca and Penang aforesaid should as from the said date cease to form part of Her Majesty’s dominions and that Her Majesty should cease to exercise any sovereignty over them.
AND WHEREAS it was further agreed by the parties aforesaid that the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, and all other agreements subsisting between Her Majesty the Queen and Their Highness the Rulers or anyone of them immediately before the said date should be revoked as from that date and that all powers and jurisdiction of Her Majesty or of the Parliament of the United Kingdom in or in respects of the Settlements aforesaid or the Malay States or the Federation as a whole should come to an end.
AND WHEREAS effect has been given in the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1957, by Her Majesty the Queen, Their Highnesses the Rulers, the Parliament of the United Kingdom and Legislatures of the Federation and of the Malay States.
AND WHEREAS a constitution for the government of the Persekutuan Tanah Melayu has been established as the supreme law thereof.
AND WHEREAS by the federal constitution aforesaid provision is made to safeguard the rights and prerogatives of Their Highness the Rulers and the fundamental rights and liberties of the people and to provide for the peaceful and orderly advancement of the Persekutuan Tanah Melayu as a constitutional monarchy based on parliamentary democracy.
And whereas the federal constitution aforesaid having been approved by an Ordinance of the Federal Legislatures, by the Enactments of the Malay states and by resolutions of the legislatures of Malacca and Penang has come into force on the 31st day of August, 1957, aforesaid.
Now in the name of God the Compassionate, the Merciful, I, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halimshah, prime minister of the Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, with the concurrence and approval of Their Highnesses the Rulers of the Malay States do hereby proclaim and declare on behalf of the people of the Persekutuan Tanah Melayu that as from the 31st day of August, 1957 the Persekutuan Tanah Melayu comprising the states of Lohore, Pahang, Negri Sembilan, Selangor, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Trengganu, Perak, Malacca and Penang is and with God’s blessing shall be forever a sovereign democratic and independent state founded upon the principles of liberty and justice and ever seeking the welfare and happiness of its people and the maintenance of a just peace among all nations.
To all fellow Malaysian, Merdeka, merdeka, merdeka.
Best Regards

ZULKIFLI HASAN

DURHAM
Texas, United States of America
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BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
Daily Archives: January 11, 2010
January 11, 2010
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
GCC remains dominant in Islamic finance
GCC remains dominant in Islamic finance

Abdul Jalil Mustafa | Arab News Available at:
http://www.arabnews.com/?page=6&section=0&article=131017&d=11&m=1&y=2010&pix=business.jpg&category=Business
AMMAN: The Islamic financial system gained additional popularity in 2009, thanks to the relative immunity it enjoyed from the fallout of the financial crisis. The widely perceived viewpoint that Shariah-compliant financial institutions had passed the global credit crisis nearly unscathed is presenting the Islamic financial industry to many non-Muslim investors in the world as a safe haven from speculative excesses.
“We have reports that countries such as France, Australia and Japan are now mulling the introduction of Islamic banking into their financial systems,” Musa Shehadeh, general manager of the Jordan Islamic Bank said. Investors traumatized by the credit crisis apparently found comfort from the stricter rules imposed on lending by Islamic law, which considers the payment of interest as usury, thus banning the structures and financing methods that quickly unraveled during the US mortgage crisis at the end of 2008, Shehadeh said.
According to a study published in November by the Banker Magazine in association with HSBC Amanah, Islamic finance continued double digit growth despite global crisis in 2009. The survey, that covered top 500 Islamic financial institutions, showed that assets held by fully Shariah-compliant banks or Islamic banking windows of conventional banks rose by 28.6 percent to $822 billion from $639 billion in 2008.
This result contrasted sharply with a Banker study released in July which showed that the world’s top 1,000 conventional banks achieved an annual asset growth of just 6.8 percent. “The Islamic finance industry continues to build a solid track record: The compound annual growth rate for 2006-2009 is 27.86 percent, with assets forecast to hit $1.033 trillion in 2010,” the study said.
The six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states remained the dominant segment of Islamic finance, with $353.2 billion or 42.9 percent of he total global aggregate, according to the study. Iran remains the largest single market for Shariah-compliant assets, accounting for 35.6 percent of the global aggregate.
Outside the Middle East, Malaysia is by far the largest player, accounting for 10.5 percent of the global aggregate, but other markets are expanding rapidly. The United Kingdom now accounts for just under 2.5 percent of the world’s Shariah-compliant assets. “Apparently, Islamic finance sectors are attracting larger amounts of investment funds against the backdrop of being the least affected as a result of the global financial crisis,” Salah Shalhoub, professor of Islamic financing at the Dhahran-based King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals, told the Dubai-based Arabic version of the CNBC television.
“Demand has also substantially increased for Islamic tools and bonds, known as sukuk, due to the shortage of liquidity that can be obtained from conventional banks,” he added. However, the image of the booming Islamic finance seemed to have been marred at the end of November with the declaration by the state-run Dubai World conglomerate that it was asking creditors of two of its flagship real estate firms-Nakheel World and Limitless World – for a standstill on debt worth of tens of billions of dollars.
The two subsidiaries are run according to Islamic law through the issuance of billions of dollars worth of sukuk. Some analysts expected Islamic finance to be at risk as a result of the Dubai World debt crisis, but Hanaa Hunaiti, professor of Islamic Economics at the Amman Arab University for Higher Studies, believes the problem has nothing to do with Islamic finance. “Nobody said that the problem was because of sukuk, which as a matter of fact can lead either to profit or loss according to Islamic law,” Hunaiti said.
“I believe it is a short-lived ordeal that certainly will be dealt with in a satisfactory manner, given the assurances made by UAE officials that the emirate will be able to repay all its debts,” she added. However, other analysts suggested the focus of Islamic finance could be shifted from Dubai to Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Bahrain in 2010 pending the settlement of the Dubai World debt crisis. This vision was supported by a report issued recently by the Saudi chambers of commerce which expected investment funds to change their direction from Dubai to Saudi Arabia. “An opportunity now exists for Saudi Arabia to lead the forthcoming wave of the Islamic finance industry in the Gulf as the kingdom possesses all qualifications of this leadership, including the necessary infrastructure and guidelines,” the report said.
“You will become as small as your controlling desire; as great as your dominant aspiration”, James Allen
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