PART A: PRELIMINARY........................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1

OBJECTIVE..............................................................................................................................1

SCOPE OF APPLICATION.................................................................................................... 2

PART B: RESOLUTIONS OF SHARIAH ADVISORY COUNCIL OF BANK NEGARA

MALAYSIA.................................................................................................................................... 3

MUDHARABAH........................................................................................................................3

MUSHARAKAH MUTANAQISAH........................................................................................10

TAWARRUQ...........................................................................................................................12

BAI` `INAH...............................................................................................................................14

HIBAH ......................................................................................................................................18

KAFALAH ................................................................................................................................21

QARDH....................................................................................................................................24

TA`WIDH .................................................................................................................................26

IBRA`........................................................................................................................................29

WA`D ........................................................................................................................................33

ACCEPTING OF FUND FROM UNLAWFUL SOURCES...............................................36

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PART A: PRELIMINARY

INTRODUCTION

1. The compliance with Shariah principles is an integral feature in the Islamic

banking and finance. Shariah deliberation and interpretation process is

imperative in assuring such compliance. Harmonisation of Shariah interpretations

will underpin a comprehensive and wholesome development of this sector. It will

strengthen the regulatory and supervisory oversight of the industry and will also

foster and nurture a pool of competent Shariah advisers.

2. Among initiative to achieve the above objectives, Bank Negara Malaysia has

amended the Central Bank of Malaysia Act 1958 to enhance the role and

functions of its Shariah Advisory Council of Bank Negara Malaysia (SAC). This

amendment has accorded the SAC as the sole Shariah authority in Islamic

finance. To serve this purpose, the SAC could be referred to by the court or

arbitrator in disputes involving Shariah issues in Islamic banking, finance and

takaful cases.

3. In light of the above, Bank Negara Malaysia has prepared the Resolutions of

Shariah Advisory Council of Bank Negara Malaysia that disseminate relevant

Shariah resolutions issued by the SAC.

OBJECTIVE

4. The guide  aims at achieving the following:

(i) to disseminate Shariah resolutions issued by the SAC

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(ii) to facilitate  Islamic financial institutions in developing financial products by

providing reference in Shariah matters ; and

(iii) to promote harmonisation of Shariah interpretation in Islamic finance

industry.

SCOPE OF APPLICATION

5. The Shariah resolutions shall be applicable to all Islamic financial institutions

regulated and supervised by Bank Negara Malaysia. The reference to "Islamic

financial institution" for the purpose of this guide means:

(i) an Islamic bank licensed under the Islamic Banking Act 1983 (IBA);

(ii) a financial institution licensed under the Banking and Financial Institutions

Act 1989 (BAFIA) which participates in the Islamic Banking Scheme

(BAFIA IBS bank);

(iii) a development financial institution prescribed under the Development

Financial Institutions Act 2002 (DFIA) which carries on Islamic Banking

Scheme; and

(iv) a takaful operator registered under the Takaful Act 1984 (TA).

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PART B: RESOLUTIONS OF SHARIAH ADVISORY COUNCIL OF BANK NEGARA

MALAYSIA

MUDHARABAH1

Background

6. Mudharabah contract is a profit sharing contract between the entrepreneur and the

capital provider. Mudharabah contract is applied in deposit taking arrangement such

as current account, savings account and investment account. Mudharabah contract

is also applied in inter-banks investment and Islamic bonds. In takaful industry,

mudharabah contract is used as one of the operational model as well as being

applied for investing the takaful funds.

Issue

Floating Islamic Negotiable Instrument of Deposit (INID)

7. Bank Negara Malaysia has introduced floating INID with the following

mechanisms:

(i) A customer deposits money into a bank;

(ii) The bank accepts customer’s deposit and issues INID to the customer as

an evidence of receiving deposit;

(iii) INID is tradable in the secondary market;

(iv) On maturity, the customer or holder of INID returns it to the bank and

receives the principal value of INID and declared divided; and

1
 Mudharabah means a contract whereby a capital owner provides his capital to be used by an
entrepreneur. Any profit derived from the business is shared by both parties according to their pre-
agreed conditions. Any financial loss shall be borne entirely by the capital owner while loss of effort
shall be borne by the entrepreneur.

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(v) The declared dividend is the dividend derived from the investment of the

deposit.

8. The term “floating” refers to the characteristic of product that changes in value

based on the dividend declared by the bank from time to time. The question is

whether the investment mechanism mentioned above is in line with mudharabah

principle.

Resolution

9. The Council in its 3rd meeting held on 28th October 1997/ 26 Jamadil Akhir 1418,

resolved that Floating Islamic Negotiable Instrument of Deposit (INID) using

mudharabah concept is permissible and can tradable in the secondary market.

Mudharabah Current Account

10. There was a proposal from Islamic banking institution to introduce mudharabah

current account product. This account is different from the wadiah current

account in which the payment of dividend to customers is at the sole discretion of

the bank. In this mudharabah current account, customers have right to share any

profits generated in proportion to a pre-agreed ratio by both parties at the point of

opening the current account. Besides, customers will be in the position to enjoy

any additional facilities offered by the bank such as takaful coverage scheme.

The Shariah issue here is whether mudharabah current account mechanism as

mentioned above is in line with mudharabah contract.

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Resolution

11. The Council in its 4th meeting held on 14th February 1998/ 16 th Syawal 1418,

resolved that it is permissible to use mudharabah contract in current account

product and the bank can offer other additional facilities to customers which are

attached to the product, such as takaful scheme.

Wadiah and Mudharabah Current Account

12. Islamic banking institution has proposed to offer current account based on

wadiah yad dhamanah and mudharabah concepts. Under these principles, the

bank acts as a trustee and entrepreneur while the customer acts as a depositor

and capital provider respectively.

13. Both parties agree on a ratio of profit sharing which must be disclosed and

agreed upon by both parties at the time of opening the account. The guarantees

on the deposit will only be given if the account’s balance does not satisfy the

conditions of profit sharing. However, if the account balances comply with the

conditions of profit sharing, the customers will have to bear all the risk of financial

losses (no guarantees on deposit) since the contract has now changed to

mudharabah.

14. The issue is whether the current account mechanism of combining two types of

contracts, wadiah and mudharabah is permissible in Shariah.

Resolution

15. The Council in its 5th meeting held on 30th April 1998/ 3rd Muharram 1419

resolved that current account product based on the combination of two contacts,

wadiah and mudharabah is permissible in Shariah.

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Indicative Rate in Islamic Banking

16. An indicative rate was introduced as an indicator to investors and depositors who

want to invest or deposit their money in Islamic banking institution.

17. The indicative rate uses profit rate declared by every Islamic banking institution

for assets they hold as the basis of computation. In mudharabah contract, the

actual profits distributed will only be known after the contract has matured based

on an pre-agreed profit-sharing ratio.

18. In the context of Islamic banking in Malaysia, generally, most of the investment

portfolios are in the form of fixed return such as financing based of bai` bithaman

ajil concept and investment in securities based on bai` dayn concept. Hence, the

bank could determine from the very beginning the expected returns for a certain

period.

19. Therefore, for an investor invests his money for certain period of time, the profit

distribution (according to an agreed profit sharing ratio) should appropriately be

made according to the bank’s expected profit.

20. A proposal was made that the profit rate to be given to investors may be

determined at the time when the contract is executed if the expected profit rate is

known based on the asset portfolios held. The issue raised here is whether it is

permissible in Shariah to indicate profit rate in mudharabah contract.

Resolution

21. The Council in its 9th meeting held on 25th February 1999/8th Zulkaedah 1419

resolved that the application of indicative profit in Islamic banking mudharabah

contract is permissible based on the following conditions:

(i) The Islamic banking indicative profit rate is only regarded as an reference

of the expected return that will be received; and

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(ii) If the actual profit rate received by Islamic banking at the time the contract

matured is different from the indicative profit rate agreed at the inception

of the contract, the profit rate paid to investor must be based on the actual

profit rate.

Mudharabah Investment Certificate

22. The need for collateral in certain financing is common in banking activities

whether the financing is conventional or Islamic based. Asset used as collateral

is in various forms including real asset and financial asset. Therefore, Islamic

banking institution raised an issue whether Shariah compliant financial asset like

Mudharabah General Investment Certificate can be used as collateral in

conventional financing.

Resolution

23. The Council in its 9th meeting held on 25th February 1998/ 8th Zulkaedah 1419

resolved that Mudharabah General Investment Certificate can be used as

security (collateral) for Islamic financing. However if the certificate is used as

collateral for conventional financing, it is the responsibility of the customers

themselves and it is beyond the jurisdiction of Islamic banking institution.

Administrative Costs in Mudharabah Deposit Account

24. Mudharabah deposit account is an Islamic financial product offered in the market.

There is a proposal from Islamic banking institution to charge administrative cost

on depositors (sahibul mal) of mudharabah deposit account. The issue i s

whether the bank as mudharib can charge administrative cost on depositors from

the Shariah perspective.

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Resolution

25. The Council in its 16th meeting held on 11th November 2000/12 Sya`aban 1421

resolved that bank cannot impose administrative cost on depositors (sahibul mal)

in mudharabah deposit account. If the bank requires additional amount to cover

the administrative cost, it should be taken into account when deciding on the

profit sharing ratio as agreed by both parties.

Collateral in Mudharabah

26. Collateral agreement is one of the products proposals in diversifying the Islamic

Accepted Bill product. The transfer of fund between a funding bank and a

receiving bank is proposed to be done based on mudharabah as follows:

(i) The investment from Bank A (fund provider) to Bank B (fund recipient) is

done based on profit sharing arrangement;

(ii) The difference between this contract and the normal mudharabah contract

is the existence of security as collateral to be used if receiving bank fails to

return the fund (capital) on maturity;

(iii) The total amount of investment is equivalent or less than the market value

of the pledged security;and

(iv) The profit ratio is determined at the execution of the contract.

27. The Shariah issue is whether the collateral on investment capital is permissible in

mudharabah contract.

Resolution

28. The Council in its 18th meeting held on 12th April 2001/ 22nd Muharram 1422

resolved that collateral in mudharabah contract is not permissible since it is

against the mudharabah concept.

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Intra-Day Transaction

29. Intra-day transaction was introduced in Islamic Inter-Bank Money Market. Intra-day

transaction refers to investment of fund based on mudharabah with its maturity

and settlement is done on the same day.  The objective of intra-day transaction is

to facilitate the financial needs of market participants so that their position can be

stabilized at certain point of time.

30. The approach used in intra-day transaction is the same as inter-bank mudharabah

investment. The difference is only in terms of maturity period, whereby the inter-

bank mudharabah investment’s maturity period is between overnight to one year.

On the other hand, intra-day transaction has a short maturity period between

9.00 a.m. untill 4.00 p.m. on the same day.

31. The Shariah issue raised is whether the short investment maturity period can affect

the validity of certain mudharabah contract.

Resolution

32. The Council in its 19th meeting held on 20th August 2001/ 1st Jamadil Akhir 1422

resolved that intra-day transaction which refers to  investment of fund based on

mudharabah in Islamic money market is permissible.

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MUSHARAKAH MUTANAQISAH2

Background

33. The Shariah recognises various contracts of muamalat such as sales, partnership,

leasing and others. However the current practice of Islamic finance has largely

focused on the application of sales concept without seriously looking at other

feasible new alternatives. Therefore, there is a need to explore other innovative

Islamic financial products based on the contracts like partnership and leasing as

alternatives to the sale contracts. Product innovation which departs from the

existing predominant sales concept may enhance diversification of Islamic

financial products and attend to consumers’ needs and interests. Hence,

musharakah mutanaqisah is introduced to inculcate the element of sharing in

terms of capital and liability between financier and customer.

Issue

Financing based on Musharakah Mutanaqisah Contract

34. Islamic financial institution has submitted a proposal to offer property financing

product based on the concept of musharakah mutanaqisah. Basically, the modus

operandi of the property financing product based on musharakah mutanaqisah is

as follows:

(i) A customers who wants to buy a property approaches the bank for

financing;

2
 Musharakah Mutanaqisah means a contract of partnership between a financier and a recipient of
financing  to own an asset in which one of the partners give the right to the other partner to buy the his
equity share of the asset either by one payment or several payments based on agreed conditions.

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(ii) The bank and customer enter into musharakah agreement to jointly

purchase the property based on an agreed share depending on the

amount of financing requested (for example 90:10);

(iii) The  deposit a l ready paid b y  will be deemed as his initial share

contribution;

(iv) The customer will rent the bank’s shares of jointly acquired property

through ijarah agreement; and

(v) The instalment by the customer will be used to buy the share of the bank

gradually until the entire bank’s share is owned by the customer.

35. A Shariah issue arising from the above transaction is the combination of

musharakah a n d  ijarah in one document of agreement. This combined

transaction may be perceived as having two sales in one sale contract (bai`atain

fi al-bai`ah) which is prohibited in Shariah.

Resolution

36. The Council in its 56th meeting held on 5th February 2006/7th Muharram 1427

resolved that the financing product structured based on musharakah

mutanaqisah contract is permissible. This is because  the  musharakah

mutanaqisah is a contract recognized in Islamic muamalat. In implementing

musharakah mutanaqisah contract, it is permissible for the contracting parties to:

(i) Combine the two contracts of musharakah and ijarah in one document of

agreement, as long as both contracts are concluded separately and

clearly not mixed between each other;and

(ii) Impose a pledge on the shares owned by the customer because the right

of beneficial ownership is recognized by Shariah.

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TAWARRUQ3

Background

37. Previously, the common Shariah concepts adopted in Islamic finance is wadiah,

qardh, mudharabah and others. However, since there is a need to address the

contemporary issues and subscribe to the majority opinion of Shariah scholars,

the tawarruq concept is now introduced. Even though the concept has long been

discussed by the Shariah scholars, only recently such concept was being

practically implemented. This concept is regarded as an alternative to bai` `inah

concept and is used in product financing, deposits and financial liquidity

management.

Issues

Deposit Product and Financing based on Tawarruq

38. Islamic financial institution made  a  proposal  to  offer deposit product and

financing based on the concept of tawarruq or commodity murabahah. In brief,

the mechanism of deposit murabahah commodity involves the following

transactions:

(i) The customer (depositor) appoints bank as an agent to purchase metal

commodity from metal trader A seller on cash basis in an established

metal commodity market;

(ii) The bank will thereafter purchase the metal commodity from the customer

on a deferred sale at a cost price plus profit margin;

(iii) Next, the bank will sell back the metal commodity to metal trader B in the

metal commodity market.

3
 Tawarruq means purchasing a commodity on a deferred price either in a form of musawamah or
murabahah, later selling it to a third party with the objective of obtaining cash.

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39. As an agent to purchase the metal commodity on behalf of the customer, the

bank receives cash from the customer for the price of commodity which is

deemed as deposit in the bank’s account. As a result of the transactions (ii)

above, the bank assumes liability (the cost price of the commodity plus profit

margin) to be paid to the customer on maturity. The price of commodity

purchased by metal trader A and the commodity’s price when sold to the metal

trade B are same.

40. With respect to financing mechanism on the other hand, the sequence of

transactions would be as follow:

(i) The bank purchases metal commodity from metal trader B on cash basis;

(ii) Thereafter, the bank sells the metal commodity to customer on deferred

price (cost price plus profit margin);

(iii) The customer may appoints the bank as h is  agent to sell the metal

commodity to metal trader A on cash basis in the metal commodity

market.

41. While the cash sale price by the customer to metal trader A enables the

customer to obtain cash for financing, while deferred sale price from the bank to

the customer enables customer to pay back the financing facility to the bank

within an agreed term.  T h e  issue is whether the above mechanism of

transactions complies with Shariah.

Resolution

42. The Council in its 51st meeting held on 28th July 2005 / 21st Jamadil Akhir 1426

resolved that deposit product and financing based on the concept of tawarruq is

known as commodity murabahah is permissible.

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Ijarah Sukuk and Shariah Compliant Securities as Underlying Asset in Tawarruq

Transaction.

43. There is a proposal to use ijarah sukuk and Shariah-compliant securities as

underlying asset in tawarruq transaction or murabahah to manage liquidity in

Islamic financial system. The proposed characteristics of ijarah sukuk include

ijarah sukuk which is backed by tangible asset, financial asset and a combination

of both tangible asset and financial asset. For Shariah-compliant securities, the

proposed characteristic is that the securities must be endorsed as Shariah

compliant. The issue here is whether the use of financial asset like sukuk and

securities instead of commodity in tawarruq transaction is permissible in Shariah.

Resolution

44. The Council in its 58th meeting held on 27th April 2006/ 28th Rabiul Awal 1427

resolved that the use of ijarah sukuk a n d  Shariah-compliant securities a s

underlying asset in tawarruq o r  murabahah to manage liquidity in Islamic

financial system is permissible. However, such ijarah sukuk must be backed by

tangible asset and not financial asset.

BAI` `INAH4

Background

45. Bai` `Inah concept is used in Malaysia Islamic banking system and capital market

to facilitate the needs of market players when Islamic financial industry was first

pioneered in the country. Even though the majority of Shariah scholars disallow

this concept, some of them are of the opinion that it is acceptable as long as all

the pillars and conditions of the contract are complied with. Based on this

4
  Bai` `Inah means a seller sells an asset to client and then buy back that asset from the same client at a
different price in which the deferred price is higher than the cash price.

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opinion, bai` `inah concept is accepted to be practiced in Malaysia to ensure that

Islamic finance is as competitives as its conventional counterpart. Among others,

this concept is applied in money market transaction, bond issuance, debt

securitization and credit card facility.

Issue

Bai` Inah Transaction in the Money Market

46. Bai` ̀ inah transaction is perceived as a suitable contract to be introduced in

Islamic Inter-bank money market. In this transaction, Shariah-compliant asset (for

example Government Investment Issues) will be sold by a financier (for example

central bank) to the recipient bank at X price on deffered terms. Then, recipient

bank will sell back the asset to the financier on cash basis at Y price. The

deffered price of X is higher than the cash price of Y, hence he difference is

regearded as profit to the financier. Both sale  contracts are executed separately.

The question is whether the application of bai` ̀ inah a s explained above is

complies with the concept of bai` `inah which is acceptable in Shariah.

Resolution

47. The Council in its 8th meeting held on 12th December 1998/ 23 Syaaban 1419

resolved that bai` ̀ inah transaction in the Islamic Inter-Bank Money Market is

permissible based the following conditions:

(i) Bai` ̀ Inah transaction must follow the mechanism which is accepted by

Syafii school;and

(ii) The transacted good is not a ribawi item.

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Islamic Credit Card Based on Bai` `Inah

48. Islamic banking institution proposed to offer Islamic credit card based on the

combination of bai` `inah and wadiah concepts. The proposed mechanism is as

follows:

(i) The customer purchases an asset from the bank on deferred terms ( the

purchase price comprise cost plus profit); for example, f o r example,

RM11, 800 (RM10, 000 + RM1, 800) to be paid within one year by the

customer;

(ii) The customer thereafter will sell back the asset to the bank on cash basis

(at cost value); for example, RM10,000. The selling price of the asset is

lower than the purchase price. This is the amount which will be credited

into a marginal wadiah account of the bank for customer’s use.

49. The above mechanism of Islamic credit card was proposed to the Council for

deliberation to determine whether it is in compliance with Shariah.

Resolution

50. The Council in its 18th meeting held on 12th April 2001/ 22 Muharram 1422

resolved that the mechanism of Islamic credit card which applies bai` ̀ inah

concept to generate funds for credit purposes by a customer who requests for

the Islamic credit card is permissible.

Revisiting the Rulings on Bai` `Inah

51. The Regional Shariah Dialogue which was held on 28th and 29th June 2006 aims

at harmonising and promoting understanding amongst the Shariah scholars who

are involved in Islamic finance. The dialogue had specifically focused on finding

the best solution to resolve the issue of the use of bai` ̀ inah and tawarruq in

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Islamic financial system. The Council and the participating Shariah scholar had

taken a comprehensive approach with regard to bai` `inah a n d  tawarruq

transactions.

Resolution

52. The Council in the Regional Shariah Scholars Dialogue on 29th June 2006 or 3

Jamadil Akhir 1427 resolved that:

(i) The permissibility of bai` ̀ inah and tawarruq is still a matter of juristic

disagreement among the Shariah scholars backed by their own basis of

justifications;

(ii) The basis relied upon to justify the permissibility of tawarruq is similar with

the basis to justify the permissibility of bai` `inah. Therefore, both concepts

shall be ruled similarly;

(iii) Bai` ̀ inah concept is still necessary in the context local Islamic finance

development. However, the market players are required to strengthen and

enhance the operational process and documentation to comply with the

features of bai` `inah  as permitted; and

(iv) Since ba` ̀ inah concept is still regarded as a matter of juristic

disagreement among the Shariah scholars, it is more desirable that

Islamic financial institutions to limit its use in products which face difficulty

in structuring them based on other consensually accepted contracts.

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HIBAH5

Background

53. Islamic banking Industry normally applies hibah concept to award wadiah

depositors and qardh. In certain cases, there are instances of giving hibah to

customers who make timely payment as scheduled. In takaful industry, hibah

concept is used in several family takaful products in which participants could give

hibah in the form of assigning the takaful benefit to the nominee or hibah

recipient.

Issue

Hibah in the Contract of Al-Ijarah Thumma Al-Bai`

54. There are customers of Islamic financial institution who make their monthly

payment according to the prescribed schedule. To encourage the good conduct

in managing their financing, Islamic financial institutions would take initiatives to

credit certain amount as hibah to customers of al-ijarah thumma al-bai`. The

issue is whether this kind of initiative is permissible under Shariah.

Resolution

55. The Council in its 13th meeting held on 10th April 2000/5th Muharram 1421

resolved that hibah concept used in al-ijarah thumma al-bai` contract as an

initiative to the customer who pay on schedule is permissible.

5
  Hibah means transfer of ownership of a property or usufruct to another without any compensation
during the life of the donor.

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Hibah in Takaful Industry

56. Generally, assets in its tangible form or in the form of its benefit (usufruct) can be

given as hibah to other parties. The issues that arise are:

(i) Whether takaful benefit qualifies as an asset for hibah?

(ii) Whether the status of hibah changes to will (wasiah) if the participant dies

since the transfer of the asset ownership would take place after the death

of the donor?

(iii) Whether a participant can revoke the hibah before the maturity of takaful

the certificate?

(iv) What is the implication should the recipient of the hibah die before the

maturity of the takaful certificate?

Resolution

57. The Council in its 34th meeting held on 21st April 2003/ 19 Safar 1424 resolved

the following:

(i) Takaful benefit can be used for hibah since it is the right of the

participants. Therefore, participants should be allowed to exercise their

rights according to their choice as long as it does not contradict with

Shariah;

(ii) The status of hibah in takaful plan does not change into a will (wasiah)

since this type of hibah is a conditional hibah, in which the hibah is an

offer to the recipient of hibah for a specified period. In the context of

takaful, the takaful benefit is both associated with the death of the

participant, as well as the maturity of the certificate. If the participant

remains alive on maturity, the takaful benefit is owned by the participant

but if he dies within such period, then hibah shall be executed;

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(iii) A participant has the right to revoke the hibah before the maturity date

because conditional hibah is only deemed to be completed after delivery is

made (qabdh);

(iv) Participant has the right to revoke the hibah and transfer it to other parties

or terminate the takaful participation if the recipient of hibah dies before

maturity;and

(v) The takaful nomination form has to be standardized and must stipulate

clearly the status of the nominee either as a beneficiary or an executor

(wasi) or a trustee. Any matter concerning distribution of takaful benefit

must be based on the contract. Participants should be clearly explained on

the implication of every contract being executed.

Hibah for Loan Contract (Qardh)

58. Qardh contract is one of the contracts used to manage liquidity in Islamic finance.

The contract obliges a borrower to return the loan amount to the lender without

contracting to pay any additional return. However, in normal practice a borrower

sometimes give hibah at his own discretion when paying off the debts. The issue

is whether the practice of giving hibah complies with Shariah.

Resolution

59. The Council in its 55th meeting held on 29th December 2005/ 27th Zulkaedah

1426 resolved that the practice of giving unconditional hibah in a loan contract is

permissible. Nevertheless, the Council advised that  such practice should be

implemented wisely so as to avoid it becoming a norm (`urf) which can make it a

condition attached to the loan contract.

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Hibah in Inter-Bank Mudharabah Investment Contract

60. Inter-bank Mudharabah investment is one of the transactions used by

participants in the Islamic Inter-Bank Money Market. Banks that are in need of

funds normally offer competitive returns to attract investors. However, there are

banks that can only manage to offer returns lower than the market rate of return.

To attract more investors, there is a proposal to introduce hibah in the Inter-bank

Mudharabah Investment contract. Based on this concept, it is suggested that the

receiving banks that have lower rate of returns offer hibah as a gesture of

consolation gift to the investing banks that are willing to invest with the former.

The issue here is whether the approach of giving hibah in the mudharabah

contract is permissible in Shariah.

Resolution

61. The Council in its 8th meeting held on 12th December 1998/ 23rd Syaaban 1419

resolved that the practice of offering hibah in mudharabah contract by the

receiving banks to the investing banks in Islamic Inter-bank Money Market using

mudharabah conract is not permissible. This is because mudharabah contract is

based on profit sharing. If the practice of offering hibah is allowed, it can affect

the nature of the mudharabah contract.

KAFALAH6

Background

62. The banking system became more robust and stronger with the existence of

deposit insurance scheme and credit guarantee facilities, introduced through the

riba-based conventional banking. Based on the similar needs, the Islamic

6
   Kafalah means a guaranteed contract on certain asset, usufruct and/or services provided by a

guarantor to the parties involved.

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financial system has to device similar facilities based on approaches and

mechanisms which are in line with Shariah. These facilities can be structured

based upon the principle of kafalah or dhaman. This principle has been used in

deposit insurance scheme and credit guarantee facility.

Issue

Deposit Insurance Scheme

63. The public confidence factor is paramount to protect deposits and ultimately

ensure stability of any banking institution.  One of the safety net arrangements to

protect the banking system is through the deposit insurance scheme. The main

objective of deposit insurance scheme in the banking system is to minimize

depositors’ risk of lossing their deposit.

64. In Islamic banking, the implementation of deposit insurance scheme is equally

important to ensure that the Islamic banking deposits are able to compete with

the conventional deposits in attracting customers. The main issue here is

whether Islamic banking institution can the same facility.

Resolution

65. The Council in its 26th meeting held on 26th June 2002/ 15th Rabiul Akhir 1423

resolved that deposit insurance scheme in Islamic banking is permissible based

on the concept of  mutual guarantee among the Islamic financial institution as

participants to the scheme. The implementationof deposit insurance scheme

does not contradict with the Shariah principles since its objective is to protect the

public interest especially the depositors and the banking industry as a whole.

Nevertheless, there is a need to separate the funds in the operation of deposit

insurance scheme for Islamic banking to ensure that the fund of Islamic deposit

insurance scheme are invested in Shariah compliant instrument.

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Credit (Debt) Guarantee

66. Credit guarantee company, which provides guarantee scheme for Islamic

banking, proposed to offer Islamic Direct Acces Gurantee Scheme (Skim

Jaminan Laluan Terus Secara Islam). The characteristics of this Scheme are as

follows:

(i) Amount of financing is within the prescribed limit by  the  guarantee

company;

(ii) Limit of guarantee period is prescribed between 5 to 8 years;

(iii) The amount of fees is prescribed by the company;

(iv) Guarantee coverage ranging from 30% to 100% from the total amount of

financing;

(v) Processing charge (once) will be imposed; and

(vi) Renewal charge will be imposed

67. The credit guarantee will only cover Islamic financing offered by Islamic financial

institutions to their customers. One of the Shariah issues in credit guarantee

facility as explained above is whether the guarantee mechanism in which the

guarantor charges fee for the guarantee service provided is permissible in

Shariah.

Resolution

68. The Council in its 54th meeting held on 27th October 2005/ 23rd Ramadan 1426

and in its 55th meeting held on 29th December 2005/27th Zulkaedah 1426,

resolved that the above Islamic guarantee (by charging guarantee fee)

mechanism provided by credit guarantee company to the Islamic financial

institutions offering Islamic financing products to customers is permissible.

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QARDH7

Background

69. In the early stage of Islamic banking development in this country, several

products were introduced based on qardh hasan, such as government

investment certificate and benevolent loan. Now, the application has been

expanded to include other products such as rahn, credit card and charge card. It

has also been used to structure liquidity management instrument for Islamic

banking institution.

70. Since qardh hasan concept is essentially benevolent in nature, it is improper to

implement it in commercial transaction with profit orientation. Thus, the Council

has made in-depth srcutiny on the terminology to modify it according to the

current needs.

Issue

Qardh Hasan Terminology

71. The use of qardh hasan concept in a correct manner and acceptable by Shariah

would definitely benefit contracting parties. However, if it is used inappropriately

used, it would potentially create problems which may tarnish the image of Islamic

financial system.  Among others:

(i) Whether or not qardh hasan in its true meaning implies the need to be

repaid  or otherwise.

(ii) Since Islamic banking institution provides financing by utilizing customer’s

deposits who expect returns, the use of qardh hasan as a mode of

7
  Qardh means a debt or borrowing contract between two parties in which repayment of the borrowed
amount must be of the same.

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financing is deemed to be inappropriate. This is because qardh hasan is

not meant to generate profits rather it is benevolent or tabarru`at by

nature.

Resolution

72. The council in its 51st meeting held on 28th July 2005/ 21st Jamadil Akhir 1426

resolved that the word ”hasan” should be taken out after the word qardh implying

that qardh is an obligation for borrowers to pay back their loan to lenders.

Liquidity Management Instrument based on Qardh

73. Liquidity management instrument is an instrument used to ensure that the level

of liquidity of banking institutions is at an optimum level. It is specifically used to

absorb liquidity surplus in the market. Using this instrument, Islamic banking

institutions able to channel its liquidity surplus to the Bank Negara Malaysia.

Previously, the Islamic liquidity management instruments were based on

mudharabah and wadiah concepts.

74. Qardh-based instrument is proposed to be offered as an additional instrument for

liquidity management in Islamic financial system. The mechanism of qardh-based

liquidity management instrument is as follows:

(i) Bank Negara Malaysia will issue a tender through FAST (Fully Automated

System for Issuing/Tendering) system disclosing the amount of loan to be

borrowed;

(ii) The tender is based on uncompetitive bidding whereby bidders are

required to bid for total nominal amount that they are willing to loan to

Bank Negara Malaysia;

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(iii) The successful bidders will provide the loan based on period of tenure

until maturity ;and

(iv) On maturity, Bank Negara Malaysia will pay back the loan in total. Hibah

may be given at the discretion of Bank Negara Malaysia.

Resolution

75. The Council, in its 55th meeting held on 29th December 2005/ 27th Zulkaedah

1426, resolved that the liquidity management instrument based on qardh, which

is a contract of interest free loan between Islamic financial institution and Bank

Negara Malaysia to facilitate the need of short-term loan, is permissible.

Nevertheless, Bank Negara Malaysia as the borrower can pay back more than

the borrowed sum in the form of hibah provided it is at sole discretion of borrower

and there is no pre-condition clause.

TA`WIDH8

Background

76. Islamic banking operation exists when there is a relationship between a financier

and a recipient of finance. This relationship creates obligations for both parties in

which the financier is obliged to provide financing to the financee (customer) as

stipulated in the contract. On the other hand, the financee is under obligation to

pay total financing received within the stipulated period. If the payment is not

made within the specified period, it would inevitably affect the financial activity of

the financier.

8
   Ta`widh means giving compensation for loss incurred as a result of harm occurring.

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77. For a conventional bank, the issue of default is dealt with by imposing interest

(riba). Since interest is apparently against the principle of Shariah, Islamic bank

need to have a proper mechanism to overcome the issue of default.

78. The absence of a proper mechanism to overcome the issue of default may

trigger moral hazard on the part of the customer who may take such opportunity

to deliberately delay payment. Therefore, ta`widh has since been the best

approach to overcome the issue of default in payment by the customer.

79. The discussion on the application of this mechanism in Islamic financial activities

in Malaysia cover various aspects such as default on financing repayment,

judgement debt, mudharabah investment and early settlement of debt.

Issue

Imposition of Ta`widh in Islamic Finance

80. The conventional banking handles default in payment by charging interest on

customers. Since charging interest is against the principle of Shariah, Islamic

banking is not allowed to emulate this mechanism to resolve the issue of default.

This requires a Shariah compliant mechanism to deal with the issue and it was

brought to the attention of the Council for its resolution.

Resoultion

81. The Council in its 4th meeting, held on 14th February 1998/16th Syawal 1418

resolved that ta`widh (compensation) may be imposed on the defaulting

customer who fails to meet his obligation to pay the financing based on the

following conditions:

(i) The amount of ta`widh cannot exceed the actual loss suffered by the

financier;

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(ii) The determination of compensation is made by a third party, that is Bank

Negara Malaysia;and

(iii) The default or delay of payment is due to negligence on the part of the

customer.

Ta`widh on Debt Judgement

82. The existing procedural l aw  provides that the court has the power to order

payment of interest (riba) on the judgement debt as decided by court. This

interest is ordered on the judgement debtor at a rate of 8% per annum of the total

judgement, to be calculated from the date of the judgement is made until the

judgement debt is settled by the judgement debtor to the judgement creditor.

83. With respect to Islamic financial cases, such a claim also exists but the court

normally exercise its discretion not to impose the interest since it is based on riba

mechanism. If the claim is made in court for fixed rate financing cases such as

murabahah and bai` bithaman ajil, the claimant (judgement creditor) will make a

claim on the total balance of outstanding selling price, subject to the deduction of

rebate (ibra`), if any.

84. Since the mechanism to avoid delay in paying judgement debt for Islamic

financial cases had never been introduced, this issue was posed to the Council

for its resolution.

Resolution

85. The Council in its 50th meeting, held on 26th May 2005/17 Rabiul Akhir 1426 and

61st meeting on 24th august 2006/30th Rejab 1427 resolved that the court may

impose late payment penalty charges on judgement debt as decided by the court

on Islamic banking and takaful cases. The imposition of late payment penalty

charge is based on the combination of gharamah (penalty) and ta`widh

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(compensation) mechanisms. The Council also resolved that the mechanisms for

implementing late payment penalty charge should be as follows:

(i) The court may impose penalty charges at the rate of 8% per annum.

However, from this rate of 8% per annum, the judgement creditor (bank) is

only allowed to be compensated for the actual loss (ta`widh);

(ii) To determine the compensation rate of actual loss ( ta`widh) that may be

taken by the judgement creditor, the Council agreed to adopt “annual

average for overnight weighted rate” of Islamic money market of  the

preceding year as a reference;and

(iii) The total compensation based on actual loss must not exceed the

principal debt. If the rate of actual loss is less than 8% per annum, the

balance shall be channelled by judgement creditor to charitable

organisation as may be determined by Bank Negara Malaysia.

86. If the judgement creditor is an individual, (for example the payment of takaful

benefits by takaful provider to participant), judgement debtor shall only be obliged

to pay  ta`widh to the judgement creditor in addition to the judgement debt.

Judgement debtor needs to pay the balance of the late payment penalty charge

directly to charitable organisation as may be determined by Bank Negara

Malaysia.

87. For judgement debt which involves payment of takaful benefit by takaful provider

to the participant, the total late payment penalty charge shall be paid from the

shareholder’s fund.

IBRA`9

9
   Ibra` means surrendering one’s right to a claim on debt either partially of fully.

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Background

88. In the conventional system, customer has to pay only the outstanding principal

amount and earned interest at the time when early settlement is made. The

unearned interest is normally waived by the financier. Contractually, customer in

Islamic financial system has to settle total outstanding selling price in the case of

early settlement. However, Islamic bank normally  give rebate to its customer

who made early settlement. This practice of rebate is important to maintain the

competitiveness of Islamic banking. Therefore, the concept of ibra` which

resembles the rebate payment is introduced. The concept of ibra` is more

suitable for the financier who wants to surrender its right over the debt to

customers.

Issues

Ibra`Clause in Financing Agreement

89. In the beginning, Ibra` was practiced in Islamic banking institution based on a

financier’s discretion to grant it to a customer who settles his debt earlier than the

stipulated period. However, since the practice of giving rebate is solely

discretionary on part of an Islamic banking institution; the customer may cast

doubt whether they are eligible to receive ibra` when they make an early

settlement. Furthermore, they are also in the dark about the formula for the ibra`

computation by the bank. As a result, customers shift to conventional financing

instead.

90. To overcome confusion in the granting and computation of ibra` by Islamic

banking institution, it was proposed that a clause on promise to provide ibra` to

customers who settle their debts earlier than the stipulated period be introduced.

Therefore, it is important to resolve the issue of whether the incorporation of such

clause on promise to give ibra` to customers in the Islamic financing agreement

is permissible by Shariah.

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Resolution

91. The Council in its 24th meeting, held on 24th April 2002/11 Safar 1423 resolved

that Islamic banking institution may incorporate the clause on undertaking to

provide ibra` to  customers who make early settlement in the Islamic financing

agreement on the basis of public interest (maslahah). This clause shall be

stipulated under the method of payment.

92. With the inclusion of ibra` clause in the financing agreement, the bank is bound

to honor that promise. This approach mirrors the concept of giving discount on

price or reducing the debt of the customers who make early settlement based on

the concept of dha` wa ta`ajjal which is acceptable in Shariah. The confusion on

the issue of uncertainty in price (gharar) does not arise if the clause on promise

to give ibra` is stated clearly in the financing agreement.

Ibra` in Variable Rate Bai` Bithaman Ajil Product

93. One if the latest innovative Islamic financing product is bai` bithaman ajil product

based on variable rate. The main features of this product are as follows:

(i) The contract used is deferred payment or bai` bithaman ajil. This contract

would not change throughout the financing period except for the effective

profit rate which may varies depending on the current market rate by

modifying the rate of ibra` (rebate) on monthly basis;

(ii) The bank and the customer would execute a n asset sale contract based

on a selling price. This selling price comprises cost plus and agreed

ceiling profit rate. The ceiling profit rate would normally be higher than the

current profit rate in the market since the bank needs to provide a buffer to

cater for the increases in market rate;

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(iii) The bank will give monthly rebate to the customer to make it equivalent to

the market rate if the current profit rate is lower than the agreed ceiling

profit rate. In any circumstances, the effective profit rate wiil not exceed

the stipulated ceiling profit rate.

94. Based on the characteristics of variable rate bai` bithaman ajil product, there are

several Shariah issues that need to be resolve. These Shariah issues include:

(i) Whether a  clause of ibra` can be included in the financing agreement

document;

(ii) Whether two forms of ibra` c a n  b e  incorporated in one single

agreement:one clause on ibra` for early settlement and another clause on

ibra` for monthly basis to correspond the current profit rate in the market;

(iii) In the event the effective profit rate is increased with the monthly

instalment payment to remain unchanged,  whether a clause on

rescheduling to extend the financing period can be provided for in the

agreement without the need to execute a fresh contract.

Resolution

95. The Council in its 32nd meeting on 27th February 2003/25th Zulhijjah 1423

resolved that granting of ibra` in a variable rate bai` bithaman ajil product is

permissible. In this context, the bank is the party who offered the ibra`

(unilaterally promise to give ibra`) to the customers and the bank may decide to

give ibra` in any manner it feels appropriate. If the bank has promised (binding

promise) to give ibra` to its customers, the bank bound to fulfill its promise.

96. Based on the mutual agreement in the contract, the financing period for the

customer can be extended without the need to execute fresh contract provided

that both parties fulfill all conditions in the agreement and the final price charged

on the customers shall not exceed the original selling price (based on the ceiling

profit rate) contracted earlier.

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WA`D10

Background

97. Generally under the shariah principles, a “contract” is different from a “promise”.

Each of them has its own legal implications. In a contract, the parties are bound

by the terms of the contract, thus they may be obliged to compensate for the

breach of the contract. On the other hand, in a promise it is not binding on the

promisor to fulfill his promise. As such, no compensation could be imposed on

him if he breaches of the promise.

98. In the current financial practices however, there are a number of promissory

elements, such as the sale and buy-back agreement (repo), When Issue

transaction and forward foreign currency transactions. Thus, such a promissory

mechanism in practice must be carefully examined to avoid any potential breach

of promise by promisor, which would result in losses to the promisee.

Issues

Sale and buy-back Agreement (Repo)

99. Sale and buy-back agreement (repo) refers to sale and purchase of an asset ( in

the forum of Shariah compliant financial instrument) whereby both contracting

parties promise to buy or re-sell the asset in future. This arrangement is essential

for cash line financing in inter bank money market. It raises two Shariah issues:

(i) What is the status and legal effect of a promise in a contract?

(ii) Whether it is permissible to stipulate a condition to buy or re-sell the same

asset in a contract of sale?

10

   Wa`d in Islamic transaction means promise.

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Resolution

100. The Council in its 13th meeting held on 10th April 2000/ 5th Muharram 1421

resolved that wa`d in the sale and buy-back agreement is permissible provided

that wa`d is not stipulated as a condition for the sale and purchase of the asset.

”When Issue”  Transaction

101. When Issue i s a promise made by both contracting parties (vendor and

purchaser) in order to secure a transaction in debt securities, at certain price,

which will usually be issued approximately in a week. Although it is merely a

promise, its relevant to be recorded in t he  “Bond Information Dissemination

System” in order to ensure market transparency for all market participants. This

When Issue arrangement is meant to facilitate the participants to forecast an

accurate price for bidding on the issuing date.

102. The actual sale and purchase of the securities take place upon the delivery of the

securities and the price settlement, after the issuing date. Should the issuer

cancel the issuance of the securities, the promise too will be automatically

terminated. This raises a Shariah issue on the permissibility of a promise to sell

and buy in future.

Resolution

103. The Council in its 22nd meeting held on 26th February 2002/ 13th Zulhijjah 1422,

resolved that When Issue transaction in Islamic securities market is permissible

based on the permissibility of promise to sale and promise to buy.

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Forward Foreign Currency Transaction

104. Transactions in foreign currency, either on the basis of spot or forward, are

among the necessary transaction for an Islamic banking institution. In the current

banking practices, delivery and settlement in foreign currency  transactions do

not take place on spot at the same time and date of the conclusion of the

contract.

105. In a foreign currency spot transaction, delivery and settlement will normally take

place on T+2 (two days after transaction day), whereas, in a forward transaction,

settlement will be made on a pre-determined future date, for example, after one

month or three months according to the terms of the contract. A similar

arrangement, which is based on the concept of promise, is introduced by Islamic

banking institution, whereby both parties promise to sell and buy currency at an

agreed rate. As such, the actual contract takes place on T+2 for a spot

transaction and on a predetermined future date for a forward transaction.

106. In its actual operation, an Islamic banking institution will immediately secure a

contract booking number after both parties reach an agreement and promise

each other. This booked contract will be marked to the market. In addition, there

will be no actual signing of agreement on the settlement date. The issue from the

Shariah point of view is whether this practice, which is based on promise, is

permissible or not.

Resolution

107. The Council in its 49th meeting held on 28th April 2005/ 19th Rabiul Awal 1426

resolved that an Islamic banking institution is allowed to enter into foward foreign

currency transaction based on unilateral binding promise (binding only on the

promisor) and the compensation for breaching  of promise could be

implemented. This permissibility is only applicable for currency hedging

purposes. Such a transaction may be arranged between the Islamic banking

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institution and its customers, or between the Islamic banking institutions, or

between the Islamic banking institutions and conventional banking institutions.

ACCEPTING OF FUND FROM UNLAWFUL SOURCES

Background

108. Among the main functions of Islamic banking institution in Malaysia are accepting

deposits, providing financing facilities and investments. All of these activities are

carried out in accordance with S hariah principles as endorsed by their own

Shariah Advisory Committees a n d  supervised b y  Bank Negara Malaysia.

Through these Shariah compliant activities, Islamic banking institutions manage

to generate profits and the b enefits are shared with the investors and

shareholders.

109. Even though Islamic financial activities have been closely regulated and

supervised, the financial institutions can not avoid accepting deposits whose

sources may be non-Shariah comlpiant or a  mixture of  Shariah compliant and

non-Shariah compliant  activities. The compliance status of the sources may

probably be unknown and uncertain. Sometimes, the institutions may also

receive a request from customers who take Islamic financing facility but choose

to have it insured under conventional insurance.

Issues

Customers’ Deposit

110. In relation to Islamic banking deposits, is it permissible for the Islamic banking

institution to accept every deposit without the need to screen its source?

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Resolution

111. The council in its 58th meeting held on 27th April 2006/ 28th Rabiul Awal 1427

resolved that Islamic banking institutions may, generally, accept any application

for placement of deposit or investment fund from individual or corporate

customers without the need to investigate the status of the sources of fund; either

Shariah compliant, non-Shariah compliant  or a mixture between the two.

Islamic Financing Insured by Conventional Insurance

112. Taking into account the co-existence of Islamic financial system along the

conventional financial system, customers have the freedom to choose the most

suitable financial service according to their needs. Thus, there is possibility that

the customers may choose to subscribe to a conventional insurance to insure

their Islamic financing facility. This situation raises an issue of whether accepting

conventional insurance policy money by an Islamic banking financier upon the

death of the customer is permissible in Shariah.

Resolution

113. The Council in its 5th meeting held on 30th April 1998/ 3rd Muharram 1419

resolved that an Islamic banking institution may accept the conventional policy

claim payment should the deceased customer had taken up a conventional

insurance policy to insure the Islamic financing facility.

PART A: PRELIMINARY

INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVE

SCOPE OF APPLICATION

PART B: RESOLUTIONS OF SHARIAH ADVISORY COUNCIL OF BANK NEGARA MALAYSIA

MUDHARABAH

MUSHARAKAH MUTANAQISAH

TAWARRUQ

BAI` `INAH

HIBAH

KAFALAH

QARDH

TA`WIDH

IBRA`

WA`D

ACCEPTING OF FUND FROM UNLAWFUL SOURCES


Islamic Banking, Islamic Banking,

TakafulTakaful and Al and Al RahnuRahnu

LCA4562LCA4562

DR. ZULKIFLI HASANDR. ZULKIFLI HASAN

ContentsContents

�� Legal requirementsLegal requirements

�� TakafulTakaful productsproducts

Legal PositionLegal Position

�� S 4 of the TAS 4 of the TA-- takafultakaful operators only operators only

�� 1. Company 2. Cooperatives Society.1. Company 2. Cooperatives Society.

�� In order to carry on In order to carry on takafultakaful business the TO must:business the TO must:--

�� 1. registered under the Act.1. registered under the Act.

�� 2. Maintains a surplus of assets over liabilities of 2. Maintains a surplus of assets over liabilities of

not less than the amount prescribed from time to not less than the amount prescribed from time to

time.time.

�� 3. made deposit with the Accountant General a 3. made deposit with the Accountant General a

value of not less than the amount prescribed by the value of not less than the amount prescribed by the

ministerminister

�� S8S8-- DG responsible for registration S10DG responsible for registration S10-- DG DG

may impose conditions for registration.may impose conditions for registration.

�� S 8(5)S 8(5)-- Vital SectionVital Section-- DG must be satisfied that DG must be satisfied that

the aims and operations the aims and operations ––syariahsyariah principles. principles.

�� The AOA to establish SSC.The AOA to establish SSC.

�� S 16S 16-- TO shall establish and maintain a TO shall establish and maintain a takafultakaful

fund in respect of each classes of fund in respect of each classes of takafultakaful

business.business.

Maintains a surplus of assets over Maintains a surplus of assets over

liabilitiesliabilities

�� TakafulTakaful (Surplus of Assets over liabilities) (Surplus of Assets over liabilities)

Regulations 1985. Regulations 1985.

�� Family Solidarity BusinessFamily Solidarity Business-- RM5 millionRM5 million

�� TakafulTakaful BusinessBusiness-- RM10 million.RM10 million.

Made deposit with the Accountant Made deposit with the Accountant

GeneralGeneral

�� TakafulTakaful Statutory Deposits Regulations 1985.Statutory Deposits Regulations 1985.

�� Not less than RM300,000.00Not less than RM300,000.00

�� TO must pay annual registration fee to BNM.TO must pay annual registration fee to BNM.

�� FSB or GBFSB or GB-- RM2500.00RM2500.00

�� FSB and GBFSB and GB-- RM5000.00RM5000.00

TakafulTakaful BusinessBusiness

�� 1. Family Solidarity Business:1. Family Solidarity Business:

�� Long terms Long terms mudharabahmudharabah contract which provide contract which provide
cover mutual aid among participants, expressed cover mutual aid among participants, expressed
in the form of financial benefits paid in family in the form of financial benefits paid in family
takafultakaful fund should any of its members be fund should any of its members be
inflicted by a tragedy.inflicted by a tragedy.

�� 2. General business .2. General business .

�� Short term basis. Protection in the form of Short term basis. Protection in the form of
mutual help to compensate members of any mutual help to compensate members of any
financial loss arising out of material damage to financial loss arising out of material damage to
personal property and belongings.personal property and belongings.

Differences of Family Differences of Family TakafulTakaful

and Life Insuranceand Life Insurance

Insurable interest is a Insurable interest is a

requirementrequirement

Insurable interestInsurable interest-- not not

relevantrelevant

Payment out of assured Payment out of assured

premiumpremium

Share of profitShare of profit

Insured money + interestInsured money + interestDividendDividend

NomineeNomineeTrusteeTrustee

LoanLoanMudharabahMudharabah

LILIFTFT

Family Solidarity BusinessFamily Solidarity Business

�� 1. Individual Plan1. Individual Plan

�� A. Family A. Family TakafulTakaful PlanPlan-- long term fund for long term fund for
the bereaved familythe bereaved family’’s sustenance in the s sustenance in the
event of policy holderevent of policy holder’’s untimely death or to s untimely death or to
help the policy holders in case of mishaps help the policy holders in case of mishaps
such as permanent disability.such as permanent disability.

�� B. FT for educationB. FT for education-- to finance future to finance future
higher education in the event of the policy higher education in the event of the policy
holderholder’’s untimely death.s untimely death.

�� C. C. TakafulTakaful MortgageMortgage-- to redeem the mortgage to redeem the mortgage in in
the event of policy holderthe event of policy holder’’s untimely death.s untimely death.

�� D. EPF D. EPF TakafulTakaful Annuity SchemeAnnuity Scheme--takafultakaful
contribution from the contribution from the EPFEPF’’ss account.account.

�� E. E. TakafulTakaful Plan Plan SiswaSiswa--

�� FF--TakafulTakaful WaqfWaqf PlanPlan--

�� G. G. TakafulTakaful SihatSihat PlanPlan-- plan to cover plan to cover
financial aid to critical illness.financial aid to critical illness.

�� H. H. TakafulTakaful KeymanKeyman planplan-- to cover  a firm for to cover  a firm for
loss of earnings brought by the death of a loss of earnings brought by the death of a
key officer.key officer.

�� I. I. TakafulTakaful MaasyiMaasyi PlanPlan-- annuity annuity programmeprogramme..

�� J. J. TakafulTakaful Dana Dana KerjaKerja--long term saving.long term saving.

�� K. K. TakafulTakaful ZiarahZiarah--saving once in a five saving once in a five

yearsyears-- can withdraw to plan holidays.can withdraw to plan holidays.

�� L. L. TakafulTakaful HawaHawa-- financial benefitsfinancial benefits-- cancer.cancer.

Group PlanGroup Plan-- FSBFSB

�� A.GroupA.Group FT PlanFT Plan-- group of persons under group of persons under

single single takafultakaful certificate. Injury and death.certificate. Injury and death.

�� B. GFT Credit FacilityB. GFT Credit Facility-- to protect interest in to protect interest in

credit facility in which they grant to their clients credit facility in which they grant to their clients

in the event of nonin the event of non--payment due to death or payment due to death or

permanent permanent diabilitydiability of their clients.of their clients.

�� C. Group Medical C. Group Medical TakafulTakaful PlanPlan-- to cover to cover

medical expenses.medical expenses.

General BusinessGeneral Business

�� Fire Fire TakafulTakaful SchemeScheme

�� House Owners and HouseholdersHouse Owners and Householders’’ takafultakaful

scheme.scheme.

�� Motor Motor TakafulTakaful SchemeScheme

�� Accident Accident TakafulTakaful SchemeScheme

�� Liability Liability TakafulTakaful SchemeScheme

�� Engineering Engineering TakafulTakaful SchemSchem..

Legal Documentation Legal Documentation

�� Subscription FormSubscription Form

�� A cover note or a statement of A cover note or a statement of accuntingaccunting--

�� Policy of insurance.Policy of insurance.

�� IjabIjab and and QabulQabul

�� ConsiderationConsideration

�� Legal capacityLegal capacity

�� Non existence of unlawful element.Non existence of unlawful element.

Issues Issues

�� TakafulTakaful contract based on contract based on mudharabahmudharabah. .
Each terms and conditions must be made Each terms and conditions must be made
known to the participants.known to the participants.

�� S 64S 64-- below 18 have no capacity to enter into below 18 have no capacity to enter into
a contract of a contract of takafultakaful. Insurance Act. Insurance Act-- above above
10 and below 1610 and below 16--can enter into contract + can enter into contract +
written consent of parent.written consent of parent.

�� In Islam 18 is not an age of majority. Need In Islam 18 is not an age of majority. Need
to depart from the strict Islamic concept.to depart from the strict Islamic concept.

Issues Issues

�� There is no requirement of doctrine of There is no requirement of doctrine of

utmost good faith under the TA. utmost good faith under the TA.

�� Insurance ContractInsurance Contract-- There must be There must be ““utmost utmost

good faithgood faith””. Hence impose the same duty of . Hence impose the same duty of

disclosure upon parties to contract.disclosure upon parties to contract.

�� In Islam contract of In Islam contract of mudharabahmudharabah requires requires

parties to be truthful, honest and sincere.parties to be truthful, honest and sincere.

Issues Issues

�� The TA does not mention the rule on strict The TA does not mention the rule on strict

application of the law relating to warranties.application of the law relating to warranties.

�� Effect: Effect: TakafulTakaful contract can be avoided by contract can be avoided by

the the takafultakaful co. if a wrong answer is given in co. if a wrong answer is given in

the proposal form when the participants the proposal form when the participants

believes it to be correct.believes it to be correct.

Issues Issues

�� Insurable risk Insurable risk

�� Def: Chance of loss, the possibility of loss or Def: Chance of loss, the possibility of loss or

uncertainty concerning the occurrence of a loss.uncertainty concerning the occurrence of a loss.

�� Two types of risk Pure Risk and Speculative Risk. Two types of risk Pure Risk and Speculative Risk.

Only pure risk is insurableOnly pure risk is insurable. Reason: would . Reason: would

resemble wagering practice.resemble wagering practice.

�� Conventional Insurance is concerned with the Conventional Insurance is concerned with the

economic problems created by economic problems created by pure riskpure risk. . EgEg. .

Accident =may suffer a loss.Accident =may suffer a loss.

�� Speculative RiskSpeculative Risk: where either profit or loss is : where either profit or loss is

possible. possible. EgEg shares of common stock.shares of common stock.

Should the Should the takafultakaful be confined to Pure Risk?be confined to Pure Risk?

�� All types of risks are insurable under All types of risks are insurable under takafultakaful

contract:contract:--

�� 1. 1. TakafulTakaful is based on brotherhood, is based on brotherhood,

solidarity and mutual assistance. solidarity and mutual assistance.

�� 2. Al2. Al--tabarrutabarru conceptconcept-- all types of risks are all types of risks are

acceptable.acceptable.

�� 3. Speculative risk is not identical to 3. Speculative risk is not identical to

gambling. gambling. EgEg. Taxi driver who is driving his . Taxi driver who is driving his

car with danger of accident. Pure Riskcar with danger of accident. Pure Risk--

Accident :Speculative RiskAccident :Speculative Risk-- loss of future loss of future

gain.gain.

Insurable Interest Insurable Interest

�� Def: Interest an individual  must have in Def: Interest an individual  must have in

insurance coverage carried by someone else.insurance coverage carried by someone else.

�� Legal perspective: the party to the insurance Legal perspective: the party to the insurance

contract who is the insured or policy holder contract who is the insured or policy holder

must have a particular relationship with the must have a particular relationship with the

subject matter of the insurance whether that be subject matter of the insurance whether that be

a life or property or a liability to which he might a life or property or a liability to which he might

be exposed.be exposed.

�� The absence of this requirement under The absence of this requirement under

conventional insurance will render the contract conventional insurance will render the contract

illegal, void and simply unenforceable.  illegal, void and simply unenforceable.

�� The purpose: 1. to determine the motive for The purpose: 1. to determine the motive for

purchasing insurance and in the assignment of a purchasing insurance and in the assignment of a

beneficiary in a life insurance policy. beneficiary in a life insurance policy.

�� 2. to avoid gambling or wagering practices.2. to avoid gambling or wagering practices.

�� EgEg. . ““AA”” pays premium on behalf of his wife and pays premium on behalf of his wife and

names her as beneficiaries= The insurance co. names her as beneficiaries= The insurance co.

recognizes it coz in the event of unexpected recognizes it coz in the event of unexpected

death, the family would suffer an economic loss.death, the family would suffer an economic loss.

�� EgEg. . ““AA”” pays premium of insurance for another pays premium of insurance for another

party let say his best friend, if that person names party let say his best friend, if that person names

him as the beneficiaries. The insurance co will him as the beneficiaries. The insurance co will

not issue the policy. not issue the policy.

�� S 152 of the Insurance Act 1996S 152 of the Insurance Act 1996--

Requirement of Insurable Interest. Requirement of Insurable Interest.

�� Exception to employerException to employer--employee employee

relationship. relationship.

�� The requirement of II specifies that the The requirement of II specifies that the

insured must lose financially if a loss occurs insured must lose financially if a loss occurs

or must incur some harm if the loss takes or must incur some harm if the loss takes

place.place.

Whether the principle of insurable Whether the principle of insurable

interest is relevant in interest is relevant in takafultakaful??

�� The requirement of II is not relevant under The requirement of II is not relevant under

TakafulTakaful not because of to determine the not because of to determine the

motive for purchasing insurance and in the motive for purchasing insurance and in the

assignment of a beneficiary in a life assignment of a beneficiary in a life

insurance policy and to avoid gambling or insurance policy and to avoid gambling or

wagering practices but:wagering practices but:--

�� 1. The TA 1984 does not require this 1. The TA 1984 does not require this

principle in family principle in family takafultakaful or general or general takafultakaful..

�� 2. The nature of family 2. The nature of family takafultakaful makes this makes this

element irrelevant as a participant participates in element irrelevant as a participant participates in

this scheme only for the benefit of himself and this scheme only for the benefit of himself and

his family. He cannot do so for the purpose of his family. He cannot do so for the purpose of

benefiting or on behalf of the 3rd party.benefiting or on behalf of the 3rd party.

�� 3. Ab 3. Ab initioinitio irrelevantirrelevant coz the participant cum coz the participant cum

insured could not have any interest on his life.insured could not have any interest on his life.

�� 4. The principle of 4. The principle of takafultakaful: : takafultakaful contract must contract must

be concluded between the participants be concluded between the participants

themselvesthemselves, a party who is neither insured or , a party who is neither insured or

insurer is not eligible to participate in the insurer is not eligible to participate in the

contract.contract.