BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
August 4, 2014
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Ijtihad, Legitimasi, Fiqh Siyasi dan Ilusi
IJTIHAD, LEGITIMASI, FIQH SIYASI DAN ILUSI
Kenyataan Mufti Arab Saudi, Sheikh Abdul Aziz yang menyebut bahawa Islam melarang demonstrasi bagi menyokong Gaza dan ia hanyalah tindakan bunyi bising dan tidak bermanfaat bukanlah sesuatu yang mengejutkan. Malahan, terdapat pandangan ulama yang lebih mengecewakan di mana fatwanya merestui rejim al Assad dan meredhai rejim al Sisi membantai dan membunuh rakyatnya sendiri. Ulama-ulama ini sanggup duduk sebaris dengan pendokong rejim merestui rampasan kuasa seperti yang berlaku di Mesir. Di Malaysia juga terdapat pandangan sebegini apabila ada kenyataan yang menghalalkan darah pendemonstrasi atas dasar bughah. Ulama-ulama yang senada dengan pandangan sebegini baru-baru ini juga telah menubuhkan ‘Council of Muslim Elders’ di Abu Dhabi tajaan Emiriyah Arab Bersatu sebagai saingan kepada ‘International Union of Muslim Scholars’ yang dipengerusikan oleh Sheikh al Qaradhawi yang dilihat sering menyebelahi gerakan Islam arus perdana.
Seiring dengan perkembangan terkini konflik dan krisis di Timur Tengah, artikel ini merupakan refleksi penulis terhadap fenomena yang terus menghimpit dan menzalimi umat Islam. Artikel ini sama sekali tidak bermaksud untuk menghina mana-mana ulama mahupun mempertikaikan autoriti mereka dalam berijtihad dan memberikan fatwa. Penulis hanya ingin mencetuskan beberapa persoalan mengenai ijtihad dan hubungkaitnya dengan implikasinya terhadap perkembangan dunia Islam khususnya dari aspek ‘political legitimacy’ yang sangat signifikan kepada umat Islam. Disamping mengakui dan mengiktiraf keilmuan ulama-ulama kontemporari ini, penulis berpandangan bahawa betapa perlunya beberapa pandangan ulama-ulama ini disemak semula ataupun diberikan pencerahan selanjutnya bagi mengelakkan ia dimanipulasi dan seterusnya menimbulkan kecelaruan di kalangan masyarakat.
Ijtihad dan Legitimasi
Ijtihad adalah sesuatu yang sangat signifikan dalam kehidupan. Hampir setiap perkara memerlukan ijtihad sama ada individu mahupun secara kolektif. Ijtihad akan menjadi lebih signifikan apabila ia melangkaui isu individu bahkan bakal menentukan hala tuju dan implikasi yang besar kepada masyarakat. Dalam situasi ini, sudah pasti ijtihad yang benar-benar tepat melalui proses yang ketat dengan mengambil kira semua faktor dan implikasi ijtihad perlu dilaksanakan. Individu ataupun sekumpulan ilmuan memegang amanah untuk memastikan ijtihad yang dikeluarkan adalah ‘genuine’, ‘justly balanced’ dan menjaga maslahah umum.
Fenomena yang berlaku di Negara Arab khususnya di Timur Tengah begitu menyedihkan seluruh umat manusia. Nyawa seakan terlalu murah dan kezaliman itu seakan menjadi sebahagian daripada Timur Tengah. Ribuan nyawa melayang atas dasar konflik agama, geo-politik, bangsa mahupun faktor ekonomi. Isunya di sini, dengan institusi ijtihad yang berperanan menyelesaikan isu umat, ia kini seakan tidak berupaya, lemah longlai tidak memberikan impak kemaslahatan kepada umat. Adakah kebejatan ini berfaktorkan cacatnya ijtihad atau ijtihad yang batil atau ijtihad yang tidak diberkati.
Lihat saja ijtihad sesetengah ulama yang menyokong rampasan kuasa oleh tentera diketuai Al Sisi di Mesir. Ijtihad ulama yang menyokong rejim Al Assad di Syria juga satu perkara yang sungguh mengecewakan. Bahkan terdapat ijtihad yang sangat kontroversi apabila mengatakan tiada jihad di Gaza menentang zionis Israel. Ijtihad-ijtihad oleh sarjana ilmuan yang boleh dianggap alim dengan ilmunya ini pastinya memberikan implikasi yang sangat signifikan kepada umat.
Ijtihad-ijtihad yang mengiktiraf rejim al Sisi, rejim al Assad dan menidakkan jihad di bumi Palestine ini merupakan antara faktor utama ‘LEGITIMASI’ kepada penyangak-penyangak ini untuk meneruskan agenda jahat mereka.  John Locke ahli falsafah Inggeris yang terkenal dengan magnum opusnya Two Treatises of Government mentakrifkan LEGITIMACY ini sebagai ‘legitimacy derives from popular explicit and implicit consent of the governed’. Ini bertepatan dengan apa yang berlaku pada hari ini apabila LEGITIMASI yang diperolehi melalui Ijtihad dan institusinya boleh dianggap sebagai ‘explict and implicit consent of the governed’. Didapati melalui IJTIHAD ELIT sesetengah ulama inilah walaupun melalui proses yang menepati usul hatta dengan keihklasan sekalipun hanya memberikan lampu hijau dan endorsemen untuk rejim mahazalim menyekat kebangkitan umat. LEGITIMASI melalui ijtihad inilah antara yang menjadi faktor kepada terusnya kekuasaan rejim diktator yang secara istiqamah mencabul hak dan menzalimi umat. Lebih membimbangkan, ijtihad inilah yang secara tidak langsung menghalalkan pembiayaan negara Islam seperti Arab Saudi dan UAE menyokong dan mendanai rejim diktator ini.
Sungguh ironi merujuk kepada ijtihad OIC yang menyuarakan penghargaan terhadap usaha Mesir untuk menghentikan serangan Israel dan mencapai keamanan. Kerajaan al Sisi yg sebelum ini telah mendapat restu melalui ijtihad beberapa ulama telah berpakat dengan Israel untuk menekan pejuang Palestin di Gaza diharapkan untuk menjadi penaja rundingan damai.
Adakah ijtihad OIC ini gagal atau dengan niat saja gagal untuk memahami situasi yang berlaku. Rashid al-Ghannushi, pengasas kepada Hizb al-Nahḍah, Parti Pembaharuan Tunisia mendedahkan bahawa Mesir enggan menerima pesawat Tunisia yang sarat dengan ubat-ubatan dan bantuan perubatan di Kaherah untuk dihantar ke Gaza dan membantu pemindahan mangsa kecederaan ke Tunisia. Al-Monitor, 11 Julai 2014 melaporkan: Sebelum serangan Israel ke atas Gaza pada pagi 8 Julai, saluran Al Jazeera Mubasher Misr melaporkan Mejar Jeneral Mohammed Farid al-Tohamy, Pengarah Perkhidmatan Inteligen Am Mesir, telah mengunjungi Tel Aviv beberapa jam sebelum serangan dan bertemu dengan pegawai keselamatan Israel. Dilaporkan juga Presiden Mesir Abdel Fattah al-Sisi telah memberikan Israel kelulusan awal untuk melancarkan operasi ketenteraan ke atas Gaza untuk menghancurkan Hamas. Zvi Bar’el menulis dalam Haaretz, 11 Julai 2014, menyatakan bahawa al-Sisi telah menjadi sekutu tentera Israel secara tidak rasmi, memandangkan dua negara itu bekerjasama rapat dalam menentang Hamas. Menteri Perisikan Israel, Yuval Steinitz semasa temubual dengan Siaran Berita 2 Israel menyatakan, ‘terima kasih Tuhan kerana Mesir bersama kita. Tanpa kerjasama Mesir, Israel tidak akan berjaya menepati misi menyerang Gaza’. Anas Al Tikriti, salah seorang cendiakawan Islam, membuat kesimpulan bahawa sekarang kita telah memahami mengapa berlakunya rampasan kuasa oleh tentera di Mesir di mana Israel menyambutnya dan Arab Saudi dan UAE membiayainya.
Situasi di Syria juga begitu membingungkan. Kekejaman al Assad semasa peristiwa berdarah Qamisyli pada 2004 dan 2008, peristiwa Hasakah pada 2004 dan peristiwa penjara Soydana dan tragedi melampaui batasan kemanusiaan hari ini telah meragut nyawa ratusan ribu rakyat Syria. Ini disahkan oleh Utusan Khas PBB sendiri dan Liga Arab, Lakhdar Brahimi. Namun, apa yang berlaku ialah masih ada lagi ijtihad-ijtihad yang menyantuni rejim al Assad dan dengan inilah sekali lagi “LEGITIMASI’ ini dimiliki dengan harga yang sangat murah.
Ijtihad dan Fiqh Siyasi
Antara elemen fiqh siyasi yang dibicarakan secara mendalam oleh ramai sarjana kontemporari termasuk Yusuf al Qaradhawi, Rashid Ghanoushi, Tariq Ramadan dan ramai lagi ialah keharusan untuk berdemonstrasi dan protes secara aman. Walaupun telah ada fatwa yang melarang rakyat untuk berdemonstrasi seperti pandangan Sheikh Abdul Aziz, Mufti Arab Saudi bersandarkan hujah ghawgha, bidaah, perbuatan yang terkeluar dari kaedah Islam, sadd al zarai’ dan lain-lain, penulis sangat tertarik dengan metod Yusuf al Qaradhawi menyantuni pandangan ekstrim ini dengan penuh berhemah. Dengan melihat fiqh waqi’ sesuai dengan perkembangan dunia Islam, beliau mengambil pendekatan yang sangat dinamik dan pandangan beliau ini adalah sangat signifikan dalam mempengaruhi gerakan kebangkitan Islam di dunia.
Amat menarik pandangan Yusuf al Qaradhawi ini apabila beliau secara santai menjawab tohmahan ini dan menolak pandangan yang menyatakan demonstrasi aman ini adalah haram. Bagi menguatkan hujah ini, beliau memetik peristiwa Umar al Khattab di awal pengIslamannya di dalam buku bertajuk ’Thaurah Shaab’. Beliau menukilkan bagaimana Umar al Khattab meminta restu Rasulullah untuk menyatakan kebenaran di jalanan bersama-sama dengan beberapa sahabat yang lain. Rasulullah telah memberi keizinan dan restu baginda dan sejurus itulah Umar al Khattab mengetuai sahabat-sahabat yang lain berdemonstrasi secara aman menyatakan kebenaran di depan kaum Musyrikin Mekah pada waktu itu. Peristiwa itu dirakamkan sebagai antara demonstrasi jalanan yang paling awal dalam sejarah Islam.
Keharusan berdemonstrasi aman ini bukan sahaja dapat dibuktikan melalui peristiwa Umar al Khattab di atas malahan ia juga bersandarkan kepada kaedah usul fiqh dan qawaid fiqh. Dengan menggunakan kaedah masalih mursalah, perantaraan mempunyai hukum yang sama dengan tujuan, sadd al zarai’ dan dalil daripada al sunnah, adalah boleh disimpulkan bahawa demonstrasi jalanan dan protes secara aman adalah harus. Bahkan adalah berdosa besar kepada pihak berkuasa yang mencederakan pendemonstrasi ini dan mereka dianggap sebagai golongan yang zalim dan bakal menerima azab Allah.
Kenyataan yang menyebut demonstrasi aman ini sebagai tindakan bunyi bising dan tidak bermanfaat juga sebenarnya gagal melihat betapa besarnya kesan dan pengaruhnya pada dunia. Sejarah membuktikan bahawa revolusi dan gerakan pembebasan serta aktivisme sosial melibatkan demonstrasi aman adalah sangat memberi kesan terutama bagi menyuntik kesedaran dan menanam semangat untuk memperjuangkan keadilan. Demonstrasi aman yang dipimpin oleh Gandhi antaranya telah berjaya membebaskan India dari penjajahan, demonstrasi aman anti-apartheid di seluruh dunia telah melenyapkan rejim apartheid di Afrika Selatan, demonstrasi aman di Jerman telah meruntuhkan tembok Berlin, demonstrasi aman di Tunisia telah menjatuhkan rejim Ben Ali dan demonstrasi aman di Mesir telah menundukkan rejim Mubarak. Demonstrasi sebagai salah satu daripada elemen demokrasi ini memberikan ruang masyarakat awam untuk menyuarakan pandangan dan suara isi hati mereka kepada umum. Ia seumpama kesaksian dan refleksi terhadap sesuatu isu yang signifikan kepada kemaslahatan umum dan pastinya tidak bertentangan dengan prinsip Islam.
Inilah antara sebab peri pentingnya para alim ulama mufti memahami fiqh ‘international politic’ secara makro dan mikro dan terlibat secara langsung dengan gerakan islam dan masyarakat dalam memberikan pandangan berkaitan isu isu politik. Pandangan para ulama yang menyokong rampasan kuasa di Mesir seumpamanya sememangnya dapat menghentikan sementara pertumpahan darah tapi lihatlah kesannya, saudara seIslam di Gaza yg menjadi mangsa. Malahan Israel dilihat lebih berkuasa dan bermaharajalela membantai umat Islam tanpa perikemanusiaan. Moga-moga semua ulama yang berpandangan sebegini bersatu padu menarik balik fatwa mereka dan mengecam sekerasnya kerajaan al sisi dan mana-mana rejim diktator di dunia ini. Sesungguhnya kita mengimpikan kesatuan ulama yang punya umat bukan yang hanya punya majikan.
Epilog
Ijtihad merupakan aspek yang sangat signifikan dalam menyelesaikan isu umat. Ijtihad yang dilaksanakan oleh Rasulullah dan para sahabat telah mencetuskan fenomena keadilan dan kemakmuran dalam masyarakat. Walaubagaimanapun, pada hari ini, terdapat ijtihad-ijtihad yang boleh dipersoalkan keberkesanannya malahan kesahihannya. Lebih membimbangkan, dikhuatiri ijtihad-ijtihad ini hanya memberikan ‘LEGITIMASI’ kepada rejim diktator dan sekutunya termasuk rejim zionis untuk terus bermaharajalela. Bahkan secara tidak langsung ijtihad ini juga seakan menghalalkan pendanaan dan pembiayaan terhadap rejim diktator ini oleh negara Islam itu sendiri. Ijtihad yang pada asasnya telah memberikan “LEGITIMASI’ ini akhirnya hanya menerbitkan “ILUSI’. ILUSI IJTIHAD.
Regards

Zulkifli Hasan
Note: The views expressed here are solely those of the author in his private capacity and do not in anyway represent any institution or organisation.
With Sheikh Mustafa Ceric, Grand Mufti of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Sarajevo.
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1

ISLAMIC BANKING ISLAMIC BANKING

AND TAKAFULAND TAKAFUL

LBA 3013LBA 3013

ContentContent

�� Introduction: Fiat Money Introduction: Fiat Money vsvs Gold Gold DinarDinar

�� The need of GDThe need of GD

�� Features and Characteristic of GDFeatures and Characteristic of GD

�� Current Monetary Legal FrameworkCurrent Monetary Legal Framework

�� ShariahShariah Aspect of GDAspect of GD

�� Legal FrameworkLegal Framework

�� ConclusionConclusion

2

IntroductionIntroduction

�� In 2002, In 2002, TunTun M proposed the GD to be used M proposed the GD to be used

for international trade.for international trade.

�� Moving towards the unifying currency used Moving towards the unifying currency used

in commercial dealings and to in commercial dealings and to minimiseminimise the the

USD hegemony.USD hegemony.

�� The early jurist had categorized money into The early jurist had categorized money into

two: money by its nature which is pure gold two: money by its nature which is pure gold

and silver and money by social convention and silver and money by social convention

which refers to contaminated which refers to contaminated dinardinar or or

dirham.dirham.

Historical BackgroundHistorical Background

�� When paper currency was first introduced in When paper currency was first introduced in
the 16the 16thth century it was fully backed by gold. century it was fully backed by gold.
The goldsmiths used a 100 percent reserve The goldsmiths used a 100 percent reserve
system. They only issued receipts equivalent system. They only issued receipts equivalent
to the reserved gold that they held in their to the reserved gold that they held in their
vaults. vaults.

�� The system requires the government not to The system requires the government not to
print paper currency exceeding the national print paper currency exceeding the national
gold stock. However, the system was gold stock. However, the system was
collapsed when the world wide Depression collapsed when the world wide Depression
of 1930s occurred. of 1930s occurred.

3

ContCont……
�� In 1944, major nations held an international In 1944, major nations held an international

conference at conference at BrettonBretton Woods, New Woods, New

Hampshire and agreed to accept gold and Hampshire and agreed to accept gold and

dollar as international reserve. The US had dollar as international reserve. The US had

printed dollar exceeded its gold stock to printed dollar exceeded its gold stock to

solve its financial problem. solve its financial problem.

�� Eventually, in 1971, the USA began a world Eventually, in 1971, the USA began a world

wide movement to end tying currencies to wide movement to end tying currencies to

gold. Since then, paper currencies all around gold. Since then, paper currencies all around

the world are no longer backed by gold. This the world are no longer backed by gold. This

type of currency is called type of currency is called fiat moneyfiat money. .

Fiat MoneyFiat Money

�� in Latin means 'let there be' in Latin means 'let there be'

�� fiat money serves as the medium of fiat money serves as the medium of

exchange by government declaration exchange by government declaration

�� fiat money is a type of money that is not fiat money is a type of money that is not

backed by any physical good or commodity. backed by any physical good or commodity.

�� The value of fiat money or its purchasing The value of fiat money or its purchasing

power lies on public acceptance, power lies on public acceptance,

government decree and relative scarcity. government decree and relative scarcity.

�� Cash, Cash, chequescheques or bank notes or bank notes

4

World CurrencyWorld Currency

RinggitRinggit Malaysia MYRMalaysia MYR

Kuwaiti Kuwaiti DinarDinar KWDKWD

Philippines PesoPhilippines Peso PHPPHP

Saudi RiyalSaudi Riyal SARSAR

Swiss FrancSwiss Franc CHFCHF

Swedish Swedish KronaKrona SEKSEK

BahtBaht THBTHB

US DollarUS Dollar USD USD

Australian DollarAustralian Dollar AUDAUD

EuroEuro EUREUR

Indian RupeeIndian Rupee INRINR

RupiahRupiah IDRIDR

Iranian Iranian RialRial IRRIRR

YenYen JPYJPY

South Korean WonSouth Korean Won KRWKRW

Pound SterlingPound Sterling GBP GBP

Fiat Money: Fiat Money: SyariahSyariah PerspectivePerspective

�� 33rdrd conference of Islamic conference of Islamic FiqhFiqh Academy Academy

which held in Amman Jordan on 16 October which held in Amman Jordan on 16 October

1986, 1986,

�� "Fiat money is a currency that stands with "Fiat money is a currency that stands with

its own value. Its rule is similar with the rule its own value. Its rule is similar with the rule

of gold and silver. Thus, it is treated as one of gold and silver. Thus, it is treated as one

of of zakatablezakatable as well as as well as ribawiribawi (usurious) (usurious)

items".items".

5

Reason Reason DD’’etreetre

�� QiyasQiyas: Scholars of : Scholars of usulusul fiqhfiqh make analogy make analogy

between fiat money with gold and silver between fiat money with gold and silver

which had been used as currencies during. which had been used as currencies during.

IllahIllah: Holding monetary value.: Holding monetary value.

�� IstihsanIstihsan: As fiat money become the only : As fiat money become the only

acceptable payment around the world its acceptable payment around the world its

use is inevitable either in domestic market use is inevitable either in domestic market

or at international trade level. or at international trade level.

ContCont……..

�� social convention or social convention or ‘‘urfurf: : nonnon--contradict contradict
with the textual revelation neither from the with the textual revelation neither from the
Qur'anQur'an nor the nor the SunnahSunnah and the subject and the subject
matter must be a general custom (matter must be a general custom (al 'al 'urfurf al al
`am).`am).

�� masalihmasalih mursalahmursalah: interest, welfare, : interest, welfare,
advantage and wellbeing  advantage and wellbeing

�� sad alsad al--dharaidharai‘‘: : blocking the means which blocking the means which
leads to unlawful matter.leads to unlawful matter.

�� the views of the views of usulusul fiqhfiqh scholars indicate that scholars indicate that
the utilization of fiat money is legitimate the utilization of fiat money is legitimate

6

Why?Why?

�� Current monetary regime dominates Current monetary regime dominates

financial transactions with elements of financial transactions with elements of ribariba, ,

maisirmaisir and and gharargharar..

�� Currency speculators earned money by Currency speculators earned money by

manipulating weaknesses in the manipulating weaknesses in the

international monetary regime.international monetary regime.

�� IFIsIFIs are tied to the market interest rate.are tied to the market interest rate.

�� Forever in debt.Forever in debt.

DinaristDinarist vsvs the Opponentthe Opponent

�� DinaristDinarist-- RaisRais UmarUmar VadilloVadillo, , MasudulMasudul

ChowduryChowdury and and AhamedAhamed KameelKameel MydenMyden

MeeraMeera..

�� Possible to return to Gold StandardPossible to return to Gold Standard

�� The OpponentThe Opponent-- NejatullahNejatullah SiddiqiSiddiqi, ,

Muhammad Muhammad FarouqFarouq, , MahmoudMahmoud ElGamalElGamal..

�� In current monetary system, it is almost In current monetary system, it is almost

impossible to implement the GD.impossible to implement the GD.

7

Features and Characteristic of GDFeatures and Characteristic of GD

�� Muslim used Muslim used dinardinar since the prophetsince the prophet’’s s
time.time.

�� WITO adopted this standard as specific WITO adopted this standard as specific
weight of 22 carat gold = 4.25 grams weight of 22 carat gold = 4.25 grams
with a parameter of 23 mm.with a parameter of 23 mm.

�� 1 1 DinarDinar = RM165= RM165

�� Proposal is to return to Proposal is to return to BrettonBretton Woods Woods
policy on goldpolicy on gold--reserve system.reserve system.

Value dependent upon the Value dependent upon the

investorinvestor’’s belief that the s belief that the

promise will be fulfilledpromise will be fulfilled

Cannot be inflated by printing Cannot be inflated by printing

more of it.more of it.

Only recognized within the Only recognized within the

boundary of the issuing boundary of the issuing

governmentgovernment

Naturally international Naturally international

currency notwithstanding currency notwithstanding

different names and weightdifferent names and weight

Managed and issued by govt.Managed and issued by govt.Does not need govt. to issue Does not need govt. to issue

it. Only need the freedom to it. Only need the freedom to

possess and use gold and possess and use gold and

silversilver

Based on supply and demand. Based on supply and demand.

No intrinsic valueNo intrinsic value

Commodity based. Has its Commodity based. Has its

intrinsic valueintrinsic value

Fiat MoneyFiat MoneyDinarDinar

8

MalaysiaMalaysia’’s Monetary Systems Monetary System

�� Malaysian Currency (Malaysian Currency (RinggitRinggit) Act 1975) Act 1975--

RinggitRinggit and Cent.and Cent.

�� S2 MCRA S2 MCRA –– the unit currency shall be the the unit currency shall be the

ringgitringgit which shall be divided into 100 cent.which shall be divided into 100 cent.

�� T4 BNM is empowered to issue notes and T4 BNM is empowered to issue notes and

coins in RM.coins in RM.

�� RM  local legal tender and not tradable RM  local legal tender and not tradable

abroad.abroad.

�� Malaysia has been reducing the use of USD. Malaysia has been reducing the use of USD.

1998 Crisis1998 Crisis-- RM5.80 for USD1RM5.80 for USD1

Legal Framework for international Legal Framework for international

tradetrade

�� Limited application of GDLimited application of GD-- Currency for Currency for

international trade only and to be held as international trade only and to be held as

central bank reserve.central bank reserve.

�� S 2 (b) of Article iv under the IMF article of S 2 (b) of Article iv under the IMF article of

agreementagreement-- use of GD could contravene the use of GD could contravene the

IMF.IMF.-- t4 Malaysiat4 Malaysia’’s proposal is only to be s proposal is only to be

used as a currency to settle bilateral used as a currency to settle bilateral

payment arrangement.payment arrangement.

9

Legal Framework In Islamic Legal Framework In Islamic

Banking BusinessBanking Business

�� The need for a new and specific act.The need for a new and specific act.

�� Relevant legal frameworkRelevant legal framework--The IMF do not The IMF do not

allow the use of gold currency. allow the use of gold currency. –– Tax Tax anfanf

fiscal incentives.fiscal incentives.

�� Special powers of BNM to regulate and Special powers of BNM to regulate and

monitor the usage of GD.monitor the usage of GD.

The Legal Effect of GDThe Legal Effect of GD

�� 1. The creation of dual currency system in 1. The creation of dual currency system in

MalaysiaMalaysia

�� 2. Responsibilities of BNM2. Responsibilities of BNM

�� 3. Permissibility of transactions3. Permissibility of transactions

10

TutorialTutorial

�� A debate on A debate on ““The Viability of Gold The Viability of Gold DinarDinar: :

Realistic or IdealisticRealistic or Idealistic””

�� T1T1-- USIM Islam Bank and AlUSIM Islam Bank and Al--KautharKauthar Bank Bank

will be the opponent of GD. will be the opponent of GD. ADDinarADDinar Bank Bank

will be the proponent of GD.will be the proponent of GD.

�� T2 T2 ––BarakahBarakah Bank Bank BhdBhd and Aland Al--BurtuqaalBurtuqaal

Bank will be the opponent of GD. IBank will be the opponent of GD. I--Global Global

Bank will the proponent of GD.Bank will the proponent of GD.

Next LessonNext Lesson

�� Salient features of Islamic bankingSalient features of Islamic banking

�� An overview of the jurisdiction of the courts An overview of the jurisdiction of the courts

in cases pertaining to Islamic banking and in cases pertaining to Islamic banking and

finance.finance.

�� Salient features of various statutes governing Salient features of various statutes governing

Islamic banking and finance.Islamic banking and finance.

�� Theory of the classifications of transactions Theory of the classifications of transactions

in Islamic commercial law in Islamic commercial law


BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
Daily Archives: March 19, 2010
March 19, 2010
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Islamic Megabank
No chance of an Islamic megabank says CPI Financial poll
By: Mike Gallagher Available at:
http://www.cpifinancial.net/v2/fa.aspx?v=0&aid=458&sec=Islamic%20Finance
Will an Islamic megabank emerge in 2010? The debate continues to rage with proponents and opponents passionately arguing their case in a CPI Financial poll. Megabank, Islamic megabank, cimb, maybank, hsbc, standard chartered, dib, dubai Islamic bank, saadiq, poll. Is the idea of an Islamic megabank grounded in reality? The concept usually pops up into the headlines around the first quarter of the financial year as analysts speculate about which bank might claim the grand mantle.
However, a poll on the CPI Financial website generated a flood of voting when it posed the question: Will an Islamic megabank emerge in 2010? A slim majority of 55 per cent said ‘no,’ when the votes were tallied. Some people have dismissed the whole idea of an Islamic megabank as utterly ridiculous for a wide number of reasons. Plenty of questions are being asked about how it will take shape and the biggest question is where the skilled staff will come from.
Another is how it will be created. The investors and the good intentions may be there, but does the capacity exist? Building a global presence as an Islamic megabank is fraught with regulatory hurdles. Will conventional banks be converted? What if they can’t get a licence in a given country? Where will the bank come from? Will it be Asia, the Middle East or Europe? Will a number of Islamic banks with a global presence in different countries agree to merge to become a single, giant entity? Again, more scepticism.
Megabank sceptics like to point out that ambitious, egotistical chief executives are unlikely to want to hand over power and take a lower position. Some Middle Eastern Islamic banks are owned by prominent families who may be unwilling to see their creation disappear into the arms of a more powerful neighbour. Regional and local rivalries are common. Arcane laws which impose limits on foreign ownership in Asia may trip up the unwary.
This year all the speculation (not for the first time) is on Al Baraka Banking Group (ANG), which is led by Sheikh Saleh Abdulla Kamel. ABG (by Islamic banking standards) has a fairly wide geographical reach. It has a presence in a number of countries in the north and south of Africa (Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria, Sudan and South Africa) and is also on site in Pakistan and Indonesia, not to mention a number of Near Eastern (Turkey and Lebanon) and Middle Eastern (e.g Bahrain, Syria and Jordan).
Sameer Abdi, Head of Islamic finance at Ernst & Young seems to think it is likely to be a possibility this year. “The key shareholders I would say are on board and we are looking for an imminent launch, within six months to a year,” he told the Reuters Islamic Banking and Finance Summit in Bahrain. There has been speculation that Saudi Arabia-based Al Rajhi Bank could claim the title. It has 19 branches in Malaysia. Or maybe it could be Dubai Islamic Bank with its teams already in place in Ireland, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, the Bahamas, Jordan, Sudan, Bahrain, Bosnia and Yemen.
Malaysia’s Maybank is on the ground in Bahrain, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, the US, the UK, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.  CIMB from Malaysia is another contender. It has a presence in Bahrain, Brunei, Hong Kong and China, Indonesia, Myanmar (Burma), Singapore, Thailand, the UK and the US and HSBC Amanah with its immense global presence also cannot be discounted. Another significant presence in emerging markets with lots of Islamic potential is Standard Chartered Saadiq. Takaful companies may be asking the same questions. When will a megaTakaful company come along?
“A bank is a place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.” Robert Frost
Regards

ZULKIFLI HASAN

DURHAM, UK
Oxford University
Islamic finance news
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SYARIAH COURT SYARIAH COURT

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

ENACTMENT OF SELANGOR ENACTMENT OF SELANGOR

(AMENDMENT) 2003. (AMENDMENT) 2003.

CONTENTSCONTENTS

�� INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

�� JURISDICTIONJURISDICTION

�� INTERPRETATIONINTERPRETATION

��GENERAL PROVISIONS GENERAL PROVISIONS

��ARRESTARREST

��CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Flow Chart For Criminal ProcedureFlow Chart For Criminal Procedure

Yes

No

Registration
(Charge)

Mention within
21 days

Plea Guilty

Hearing

Judgment

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

� Criminal procedure enactment was
adopted from the CPC.

� It consists of procedures of arrest,
summon, warrant of arrest, search
warrant, information to REO, charges,
trial, judments, sentence, appeal,
revision, bail and etc.

JurisdictionJurisdiction
�� Syariah Syariah Court Criminal Jurisdiction Act 1965.Court Criminal Jurisdiction Act 1965.

�� 3 years / 6 strokes/ RM5,000.003 years / 6 strokes/ RM5,000.00

�� 1) Sexual offences1) Sexual offences-- khalwatkhalwat, sodomy etc., sodomy etc.

�� 2) Intoxicating drinks2) Intoxicating drinks-- drink, sell, buy liquor.drink, sell, buy liquor.

�� 3) Related with 5 pillars of Islam3) Related with 5 pillars of Islam-- do not fasting in do not fasting in
RamadhanRamadhan, do not pay , do not pay zakatzakat..

�� 4) 4) AqidahAqidah-- deviant teaching, deviant teaching, apostacyapostacy..

�� 5) matrimonial offences5) matrimonial offences-- do not pay maintenance, do not pay maintenance,
polygamy without consent.polygamy without consent.

�� 6) Miscellaneous6) Miscellaneous-- cross dressing, indecent cross dressing, indecent
dressing and dressing and behaviourbehaviour..

ShSh. High Court. High Court--S 46 of AILFTA 1993.S 46 of AILFTA 1993.

�� Any offence committed ByAny offence committed By muslimmuslim and and ––

((Hj Laungan Tarki Mohd Noor vs Hj Laungan Tarki Mohd Noor vs

Mahkamah Anak Ngeri PenampangMahkamah Anak Ngeri Penampang. J.. J.

Hashim Yeop SaniHashim Yeop Sani))

�� Punishable under the Enactment or any Punishable under the Enactment or any

written law against precepts of the Islamwritten law against precepts of the Islam

�� May impose any punishment provided.May impose any punishment provided.

ContCont……

�� Subordinate CourtSubordinate Court--s 47s 47--AILFTA 1993.AILFTA 1993.

�� Any offence committedAny offence committed

�� ByBy muslimmuslim andand

�� Punishable under the Enactment or any Punishable under the Enactment or any

written lawwritten law

�� Against precepts of the IslamAgainst precepts of the Islam

�� RM2,000.00 or 1 year imprisonment andRM2,000.00 or 1 year imprisonment and

�� May impose any punishment provided.May impose any punishment provided.

INTERPRETATIONINTERPRETATION

�� ComplaintComplaint

�� Offence Offence

�� seizableseizable offenceoffence--PCPC-- Less than 3 years or Less than 3 years or
punishable with fine only.punishable with fine only.

�� nonnon--seizable seizable offenceoffence-- PC arrest without PC arrest without
warrantwarrant

�� Youthful offenderYouthful offender

�� REOREO--s 31 AILFT 1993s 31 AILFT 1993--to enforce the law to enforce the law

�� Police officerPolice officer-- any member of the PDRMany member of the PDRM

�� Beyond reasonable doubtBeyond reasonable doubt

�� Mens rea Mens rea and and actus reusactus reus

GENERAL PROVISION GENERAL PROVISION

�� Section 5Section 5

�� In open court exception in section 6.In open court exception in section 6.

�� Section 6.Section 6.

�� Exclusion of public in certain casesExclusion of public in certain cases

�� Special grounds of public policy orSpecial grounds of public policy or

�� Expediency in his discretionExpediency in his discretion

SECTION 7 SECTION 7

�� Criminal jurisdiction of judgeCriminal jurisdiction of judge

�� 1. Hear, try, determine and dispose 1. Hear, try, determine and dispose
prosecutions for offences committedprosecutions for offences committed

�� 2. Inquire into complaints of offences and 2. Inquire into complaints of offences and
summon and examine witnesses touching summon and examine witnesses touching
such offences and summon and such offences and summon and
apprehend and issue warrants for the apprehend and issue warrants for the
apprehension of criminal and offenders apprehension of criminal and offenders
and deal with them according to lawand deal with them according to law

ContCont……

�� 3. Issue warrants to search or cause to be 3. Issue warrants to search or cause to be
searched  places wherein any articles or things searched  places wherein any articles or things
with which or in respect o which any offence with which or in respect o which any offence
has been has been comitted comitted are alleged to be kept or are alleged to be kept or
concealed.concealed.

�� 4. Require persons to furnish security for their 4. Require persons to furnish security for their
good good behaviour behaviour according to law andaccording to law and

�� 5. Do all matter and thins which a judge is 5. Do all matter and thins which a judge is
empowered to do by any written law. empowered to do by any written law.

Section 8  Section 8

� Public when to assist, judge etc.

� Every person is bound to assist a judge, REO
or Police officer reasonably demanding his aid

� In the taking or preventing the escape of any
other person whom J, REO, PO is authorized
to arrest or

� In the prevention of a breach of the peace
arising from the arrest and detention of such
person.

� Hadith . If you see an evil deeds prevent it
with your hands……

SECTION 9

�� Public to give certain information of Public to give certain information of
certain  matters.certain  matters.

�� Every person Every person

�� Aware of the commission of or the Aware of the commission of or the
intention of any other person to commit intention of any other person to commit
any offenceany offence

�� Shall forthwith give information to the Shall forthwith give information to the
nearest REO or PO of such commission nearest REO or PO of such commission
or intention.or intention.

ARREST, ESCAPE AND REARREST, ESCAPE AND RE--

ARRESTARREST
�� Article 5 (1) FC. No person is to be deprived of Article 5 (1) FC. No person is to be deprived of

his personal liberty save in accordance with his personal liberty save in accordance with
law, law,

�� ArrestArrest-- seizure or touching of a personseizure or touching of a person’’s body s body
with a view to his restraints, with a view to his restraints,

�� words may, however amount to an arrest if in words may, however amount to an arrest if in
the circumstances of the case they are the circumstances of the case they are
calculated to bring and do bring to a personcalculated to bring and do bring to a person’’s s
notice that he is under compulsion and he notice that he is under compulsion and he
therefore submits to the compulsion.therefore submits to the compulsion.

Section 10Section 10

�� In making the arrest the REO, PO or other In making the arrest the REO, PO or other

person shall touch or confine the body of the person shall touch or confine the body of the

person to be arrested, unless there be a person to be arrested, unless there be a

submission to the custody by word or action.submission to the custody by word or action.

�� If such person forcibly resist the endeavor to If such person forcibly resist the endeavor to

arrest him or attempts to evade the arrest, such arrest him or attempts to evade the arrest, such

officer or other person may use all means officer or other person may use all means

necessary to effect the arrest.necessary to effect the arrest.

�� No right to cause death of any person.No right to cause death of any person.

Section 11Section 11

�� Search of place entered by person sought to be Search of place entered by person sought to be
arrested.arrested.

�� If any person acting under WOA, or any REO If any person acting under WOA, or any REO
or PO having authority to arrest or PO having authority to arrest

�� Has reason to believe that any person to be Has reason to believe that any person to be
arrestedarrested

�� Has entered into or is within any place,Has entered into or is within any place,

�� The person residing in or in charge of such The person residing in or in charge of such
place shall on demand of the person acting place shall on demand of the person acting
under warrant or REO OR PO allow him free under warrant or REO OR PO allow him free
ingress and afford all reasonable facilities for a ingress and afford all reasonable facilities for a
search therein.search therein.

ContCont……..
�� If ingress to such place cannot be obtained it shall be If ingress to such place cannot be obtained it shall be

lawful,lawful,

�� in any case for a person acting under a warrant and in any case for a person acting under a warrant and
in any case in which a warrant may be issued but in any case in which a warrant may be issued but
cannot be obtained without affording the person to cannot be obtained without affording the person to
be arrested an opportunity to escapebe arrested an opportunity to escape

�� For such REO or PO to enter such place and search For such REO or PO to enter such place and search
therein, and, in order to effect an entrance into such therein, and, in order to effect an entrance into such
place, place,

�� To break open any outer or inner door or window of To break open any outer or inner door or window of
any person if,any person if,

�� After notification of his authority and purpose After notification of his authority and purpose
demand admittance duly made, he cannot otherwise demand admittance duly made, he cannot otherwise
obtain admittance.obtain admittance.

Section 12Section 12

�� Search of persons in place searched under warrant.Search of persons in place searched under warrant.

�� Search is about to be lawfully made in any place Search is about to be lawfully made in any place

in respect of any offence, all persons found may in respect of any offence, all persons found may

be detained until the search is completed be detained until the search is completed

�� And if the thing sought is in its nature capable of And if the thing sought is in its nature capable of

being concealed may be searched in the presence being concealed may be searched in the presence

of REO or PO not below the rank of Inspector.of REO or PO not below the rank of Inspector.

�� Section 13Section 13

�� Power to open any place for purposes of Power to open any place for purposes of
liberationliberation-- Any REO or person Any REO or person authorised authorised
may break, open any place in order to may break, open any place in order to
liberate himself or any other person, having liberate himself or any other person, having
lawfully entered the place for the purpose of lawfully entered the place for the purpose of
making an arrest is detained therein.making an arrest is detained therein.

�� Section 14Section 14

�� Necessary restraint to prevent escape.Necessary restraint to prevent escape.

�� The search shall be made of the same sex.The search shall be made of the same sex.

Section 15Section 15
�� Search of persons arrested.Search of persons arrested.

�� By REO or PO under warrant which does not By REO or PO under warrant which does not
provide for bail/ or warrant with bail but cannot provide for bail/ or warrant with bail but cannot
furnish bail orfurnish bail or

�� Without warrant and unable to furnish bailWithout warrant and unable to furnish bail

�� REO or PO may search person and seize all articles REO or PO may search person and seize all articles
other than necessary wearing apparel found upon other than necessary wearing apparel found upon
him and place them in safe custody andhim and place them in safe custody and

�� Any articles Any articles ––reason to believe reason to believe ––used in the used in the
committing the offence may be detained until committing the offence may be detained until
discharge or acquittal.discharge or acquittal.

�� List of articles seizedList of articles seized--officer making the arrest and officer making the arrest and
shall be signed by him.shall be signed by him.

Section 16Section 16

�� The REO or other person making any arrest may The REO or other person making any arrest may

take from the persons arrested any offensive take from the persons arrested any offensive

weapon which he has about his person and shall weapon which he has about his person and shall

deliver all weapons so taken to the police. deliver all weapons so taken to the police.

Section 17Section 17
�� Every person lawfully in custody, who by reason Every person lawfully in custody, who by reason

of incapacity from intoxication, illness, mental of incapacity from intoxication, illness, mental
disorder or infancy is unable to give a reasonable disorder or infancy is unable to give a reasonable
account of himself, may be searched for the account of himself, may be searched for the
purpose of ascertaining his name and place of purpose of ascertaining his name and place of
residence.residence.

Arrest Without warrantArrest Without warrant..

�� REO, PO or PM may without warrant REO, PO or PM may without warrant

arrest:arrest:--

�� (a) (a)

�� 1. Any person who has been concerned in 1. Any person who has been concerned in

any  any  SeizableSeizable offence in offence in Selangor Selangor or or

�� 2. against whom a 2. against whom a reasonable complaint  reasonable complaint

(s2) (s2) has been made or has been made or

ContCont……

�� Credible informationCredible information has been received (any has been received (any

information in which in the judgment of the PO or information in which in the judgment of the PO or

REO appears entitled to credit in the particular REO appears entitled to credit in the particular

case.case.

�� A reasonable suspicionA reasonable suspicion exists that he has been so exists that he has been so

concerned.(concerned.( ShaabanShaaban orsors vs Chong Kam Anorvs Chong Kam Anor,,

Lord DevlinLord Devlin-- Suspicion is a state of conjecture or Suspicion is a state of conjecture or

surmise where proof is lacking,. Before prima surmise where proof is lacking,. Before prima

facie or proof has been obtained. It is not facie or proof has been obtained. It is not

admissible evidence)admissible evidence)

ContCont……

�� (b) any person who has committed or (b) any person who has committed or

attempted to commit in his presence any attempted to commit in his presence any

offence involving a breach of the peace.offence involving a breach of the peace.

�� (c) any person against whom a warrant (c) any person against whom a warrant

issued is still in force although such warrant issued is still in force although such warrant

is not in his possession.is not in his possession.

Section 19Section 19

�� Refusal to give name and residenceRefusal to give name and residence

�� 1) when any person1) when any person-- in the in the presnece presnece of REO or PO of REO or PO

––commits or is accused of noncommits or is accused of non--seizable seizable offence and offence and

refuses on demand to give name and residence/ or refuses on demand to give name and residence/ or

gives name or residence has reason to be falsegives name or residence has reason to be false--

�� He may be arrested and shall within 24 hours be He may be arrested and shall within 24 hours be

taken before the nearest judge taken before the nearest judge ShSh. Sub Ct. Sub Ct

�� Unless his true name and residence be ascertained Unless his true name and residence be ascertained ––

such person shall be released on his executing a such person shall be released on his executing a

bond for his appearance b4 a bond for his appearance b4 a sh sh judge if so required.judge if so required.

ContCont……

�� 2) when any person taken b4 judge of 2) when any person taken b4 judge of sysy. .

Sub ct judge may either require him to Sub ct judge may either require him to

execute a bond  with a surety for his execute a bond  with a surety for his

appearance before a judge if so required or appearance before a judge if so required or

May order him to be detained in custody May order him to be detained in custody

until he can be tried. until he can be tried.

ContCont……

�� 3) 3) when any personwhen any person-- in the presence of in the presence of
REO or PO REO or PO ––commits or is accused of commits or is accused of
nonnon--seizableseizable offence and refuses on offence and refuses on
demand to give name and residence a demand to give name and residence a
place outsideplace outside SleangorSleangor he may be he may be
arrested and shall be taken before the arrested and shall be taken before the
nearest judgenearest judge ShSh. Sub Ct. Sub Ct

�� who may require him to execute a who may require him to execute a
bond with a surety, bond with a surety, or may order him to or may order him to

be detained in custody until he can be tried. be detained in custody until he can be tried.

Person arrested by Person arrested by Pegawai MasjidPegawai Masjid

�� s 20. A PM making an AWR shall without s 20. A PM making an AWR shall without

unnecessary delay hand over the person so unnecessary delay hand over the person so

arrested to the arrested to the neares neares REO or PO or REO or PO or

�� in the absence of such officer take such in the absence of such officer take such

person to the nearest police station andperson to the nearest police station and

�� REO or PO shall re arrest every person so REO or PO shall re arrest every person so

arrested.arrested.

�� Pursuit of OffendersPursuit of Offenders-- S21 PO may pursue such S21 PO may pursue such

person in any part of Malaysia.person in any part of Malaysia.

Person arrested and detention for Person arrested and detention for

more than 24 hoursmore than 24 hours-- s 22s 22
�� 1) REO or PO AWR shall without 1) REO or PO AWR shall without

unnecessary delay and subject to bail take unnecessary delay and subject to bail take
or send the person arrested b4 judge of or send the person arrested b4 judge of sh sh
sub ct.sub ct.

�� 2) No REO or PO shall detain in custody a 2) No REO or PO shall detain in custody a
person AWR for  a longer period than is person AWR for  a longer period than is
reasonable.reasonable.

�� 3) Shall not exceed 24 hours exclusive of 3) Shall not exceed 24 hours exclusive of
the time necessary for the journey from the the time necessary for the journey from the
place of arrest to the court.place of arrest to the court.

ContCont……..

�� 4) When the person arrested is brought b4 4) When the person arrested is brought b4

the court, the Ct shall immediately hear the the court, the Ct shall immediately hear the

charge against him or adjourn the case.charge against him or adjourn the case.

�� 5) If adjourned, the accused be remanded in 5) If adjourned, the accused be remanded in

prison or police custody under a remand prison or police custody under a remand

warrant issued by a judge unless he released warrant issued by a judge unless he released

on bail.on bail.

Section 23Section 23

�� Release of person arrestedRelease of person arrested

�� No person No person ––arrested by REO or PO shall be arrested by REO or PO shall be

released except on bond or bail or under the released except on bond or bail or under the

order on writing or under order in writing of order on writing or under order in writing of

a judge or CREO or PO not below rank of a judge or CREO or PO not below rank of

inspector.inspector.

Section 24Section 24

�� Offence committed in the presence of a Offence committed in the presence of a

judge.judge.

�� He may himself arrest or He may himself arrest or authorise authorise any any

person to arrest the offender and may person to arrest the offender and may

commit the offender to custody.commit the offender to custody.

�� Section 25Section 25-- Arrest by or in the presence of Arrest by or in the presence of

judge. At any time may arrest or authorize judge. At any time may arrest or authorize

the arrest.the arrest.

Section 26Section 26

�� Power to pursue and rePower to pursue and re--arrest.arrest.

�� If person in lawful custody escapes or was If person in lawful custody escapes or was
rescued , the person whose custody he rescued , the person whose custody he
escaped may immediately pursue and arrest escaped may immediately pursue and arrest
him either with or without jurisdiction and him either with or without jurisdiction and
deal with such person as he might have deal with such person as he might have
done on the original arrest. done on the original arrest.

�� S 27S 27-- s 11 and s 13 shall apply to arrest in s s 11 and s 13 shall apply to arrest in s
26.26.

Learning OutcomeLearning Outcome

�� Students should be able to understand the Students should be able to understand the

terms used in criminal procedure, the terms used in criminal procedure, the

procedure for arrest with warrant or without procedure for arrest with warrant or without

warrant, duty of REO or PO or any person warrant, duty of REO or PO or any person

or or pegawai masjidpegawai masjid..

�� It is important to know the exact procedure It is important to know the exact procedure

of an arrest and its requirement. of an arrest and its requirement.

Thank YouThank You

Zulkifli Bin Zulkifli Bin HasanHasan

Lecturer Faculty ofLecturer Faculty of SyariahSyariah & Law& Law

EE--mail: mail: zul361977@yahoo.comzul361977@yahoo.com..

Tel. No: 06Tel. No: 06--7988 4837988 483

H/Phone No: 019H/Phone No: 019--66985146698514


BLOG OF KNOWLEDGE (Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News)
Shari'ah, Law, Islamic Finance and Muslim News
Author Archives
February 1, 2018
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Announcing the Launch of My Newly Redesigned Website zulkiflihasan.com
Announcing the Launch of My Newly Redesigned Website
zulkiflihasan.com
Dear all,
I am very pleased to announce the released of my newly redesigned website zulkiflihasan.com. It is dedicated to publishing my writings and to provide relevant information that may be useful for interested parties. I welcome all of you and enjoy reading all the information, my opinion, thoughts and academic writings. I will update the information and upload my recent writings and publication for your reading pleasure.
With this newly designed website, my weblog zulkiflihasan.wordpress.com will no longer be updated and all readers and followers may surf directly to zulkiflihasan.com.
Welcome to
http://www.zulkiflihasan.com
Regards
Zulkifli Hasan
Islamic finance news
Leave a comment
June 30, 2017
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Shariah-compliant robo advisor Algebra to pilot in Asia before going global
Shariah-compliant robo advisor Algebra to pilot in Asia before going global
Available at:
https://www.dealstreetasia.com/stories/shariah-compliant-robo-advisor-algebra-to-pilot-in-asia-first-75533/
By Tanu Pandey June 21, 2017 Malaysia-based private wealth management firm Farringdon Group is all set to finally launch its Shariah-compliant robo advisor Algebra next month, after its earlier plan to launch it late last year was delayed. A robo advisor is an online wealth management service that provides automated, algorithm-based portfolio management advice without the use of human financial planners. Farringdon Group believes Algebra, which can take minimum investments worth $4000, will cater not only to wealthy Muslim population in the region, but also the entire Islamic finance market, its CEO Stuart Yeoman told DEALSTREETASIA in an interaction. Farringdon is launching the product next month in Malaysia, and has partnered with local banks, a well known insurance firm and fintech firm for the product, which the company touts as the first such Shariah compliant platform in Asia. “We will focus on Asia for the time being. You need to look where the Muslim population is for the Shariah version. Obviously we are going to look at Middle East eventually. But we are piloting it in Asia first and see how it goes,” Stuart said. Algebra uses smart beta trading algorithms to derive its active equity portfolio and then blends it with Sukuk bond funds — fixed interest Exchange Traded Funds — to derive a risk weighted portfolio suitable for each investor’s risk appetite. According to the firm, the market opportunity for the product is worth $11.5 trillion. Research by the Malaysia Islamic Financial Centre shows that there is a growing appeal for Shariah-compliant products in the global Islamic fund industry with $58 billion in assets under management and expected to grow to $77 billion by 2019. The robo advisor from Farringdon will follow basic Islamic principles. It has bagged the approval of Shariah scholar Datuk Dr Daud Bakar of Amanie Advisors for its shariah investment strategy. It will be launched in Malaysia to go after the offshore market. “We are regulated by Labuan FSA, so we are the offshore jurisdiction,” said Stuart. Labuan IBFC is a midshore jurisdiction in Malaysia’s Labuan which has an internationally-recognised legal framework enforced by its regulator, Labuan Financial Services Authority (Labuan FSA). Established in 2007, Farringdon Group provides private wealth management and personal tax planning solutions for individuals across Asia Pacific, Russia and Central Asia. Farringdon Asset Management, part of the Farringdon Group operates in Singapore where it focuses on providing expat clients with discretionary portfolio management services.
Islamic finance news
Leave a comment
February 23, 2017
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Announcing the Launch of My Newly Redesigned Website zulkiflihasan.com
Announcing the Launch of My Newly Redesigned Website
zulkiflihasan.com
Dear all,
I am very pleased to announce the released of my newly redesigned website zulkiflihasan.com. It is dedicated to publishing my writings and to provide relevant information that may be useful for interested parties. I welcome all of you and enjoy reading all the information, my opinion, thoughts and academic writings. I will update the information and upload my recent writings and publication for your reading pleasure.
With this newly designed website, my weblog zulkiflihasan.wordpress.com will no longer be updated and all readers and followers may surf directly to zulkiflihasan.com.
Welcome to
http://www.zulkiflihasan.com
Regards
Zulkifli Hasan
Islamic finance news
Leave a comment
January 15, 2017
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Malaysia launches 5-year Islamic fund, wealth management blueprint
Malaysia launches 5-year Islamic fund, wealth management blueprint
Available at:
http://www.msn.com/en-my/news/other/malaysia-launches-5-year-islamic-fund-wealth-management-blueprint/ar-AAlMnH5
The plan, the first of its kind globally, is also aimed at developing the country as an international provider of Islamic wealth management services.
It was launched by Second Finance Minister Datuk Johari Abdul Ghani at the International Fund Forum 2017 in Kuala Lumpur on Thursday.
The 51-page blueprint comprises three strategic thrusts, namely, strengthen Malaysia’s position as a global hub for Islamic funds, establish the country as a regional centre for shariah-compliant sustainable and responsible investment, and develop it as an international provider of Islamic wealth management services.
“The Islamic wealth management industry is still at a nascent stage of development as compared with other segments of the Islamic capital market.
“Malaysia, with its comprehensive Islamic finance ecosystem and track record in innovation, is at an advantageous position to play a lead role in shaping the concept and driving the development of Islamic wealth management services,” the blueprint highlighted.
It also outlined 11 recommendations for Malaysia to achieve the desired status by 2021, and which focus on addressing impediments to growth and innovation, while identifying potential opportunities for collaboration and partnerships, as well as accelerating the process of building scale.
The recommendations, among others, provide enabling frameworks to support innovation in Islamic markets, enhance market access and international connectivity, promote the growth of private equity, as well as spur institutional participation in Islamic funds.
It also includes facilitating new digital business models, products and services for Islamic fund and wealth management, develop facilitative market infrastructure for Islamic wealth management, and fortify talent pipeline for Islamic wealth management.
As Malaysia operationalises the blueprint, utmost attention would be given to the phased implementation of initiatives under the respective recommendations.
It is recognised that there might be further shifts that would influence the dynamics of the global and domestic marketplace, including the emergence of new factors.
Therefore, the recommendations are designed to provide sufficient flexibility within the overall objective of the blueprint to enable appropriate adjustments and realignment in such situations. – Bernama
Islamic finance news
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December 15, 2016
DR. ZULKIFLI HASAN
Aleppo Terus Menangis: Dilema Krisis Di Syria
Aleppo Terus Menangis: Dilema Krisis di Syria
Zulkifli Hasan
Pendahuluan
Krisis yang berlaku di dunia Islam khususnya di Timur Tengah seperti di Syria, Mesir, Libya, Iraq, dan Palestine termasuk di Arakan, Myanmar dan Xinjiang China begitu menyedihkan umat Islam dan masyarakat dunia umumnya. Khususnya di Syria dengan berita terkini kekejaman rejim Asad memusnahkan Aleppo meratah rakyat sendiri, krisis politik dan kemanusiaan berterusan seumpama tiada garisan penamat. Rejim Asad terus mengganas dengan sokongan beberapa kuasa besar membunuh sewenang-wenangnya tanpa ada perasaan belas kasihan dan kemanusiaan. Ironinya, ada segelintir agamawan ‘kerajaan’ yang berdiam diri menolak untuk mengutuk rejim Asad dengan pelbagai alasan dan justifikasi. Malangnya yang menjadi mangsa utama adalah rakyat awam terutama kanak-kanak, wanita, warga emas serta orang kurang upaya. Kekalutan dan kemuncak kesengsaraan kini berlaku di Syria sebenarnya adalah manifestasi kegagalan umat Islam seluruhnya.
Pelbagai liputan media massa yang memaparkan situasi di Syria juga menimbulkan kekeliruan. Robert Fisk yang terkenal sebagai rujukan utama isu politik dan perkembangan di Timur Tengah juga menunjukkan sikap dan kecenderungan yang membingungkan ramai pihak. Bagi memahami krisis di Syria ini, penulis mengambil pendekatan seimbang sebagai asas membolehkan kita memahami krisis di Syria dan memastikan sebarang reaksi, persepsi dan tindakbalas adalah berhikmah.
Berbanding dengan siri kebangkitan rakyat di Tunisia dan Mesir, krisis di Syria mendapat liputan dan analisis yang agak berbeza daripada pelbagai pihak. Secara umumnya, terdapat dua teori yang berkaitan dengan krisis di Syria. Golongan pertama berpandangan bahawa jatuhnya rejim Bashar Al-Assad akan mengukuhkan pengaruh Israel di Timur Tengah. Golongan kedua pula mempunyai teori dan pandangan yang berlainan di mana krisis di Syria dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang ’genuine’ dan penentangan terhadap rejim Bashar al Assad adalah suatu tuntutan jihad. ’Dichotomy’ dan dua teori yang bertentangan ini telah menimbulkan kesulitan kepada aktivis dan badan bukan kerajaan yang sedang memperjuangkan nasib dan kehidupan rakyat Syria yang kini menghadapi krisis kemanusiaan yang sangat membimbangkan. Hingga kini dilaporkan bilangan penduduk yang terkesan dan menghadapi krisis kemanusiaan akan mencecah 20 juta.
Perkembangan yang berlaku di Iraq juga memberikan satu dimensi baru kepada situasi di Timur Tengah. Sekumpulan pejuang yang dikenali sebagai Islamic State of Iraq and levant (ISIL) juga telah mengisytiharkan pembentukan khilafah apabila berjaya menguasai sebahagian besar kawasan di Iraq dengan menjadikan Abu Bakar al Baghdadi sebagai khalifah abad 21. Kini terdapat beberapa kumpulan yang sedang berjuang dan berjihad menentang kezaliman dan kekufuran seperti yang diketahui dan ini termasuk ISIL, Free Syrian Army (FSA) dan sebagainya. Situasi ini semakin menimbulkan kekeliruan di kalangan umat Islam malahan masyarakat umum di seluruh dunia. Oleh itu, pemerhatian secara menyeluruh dan berhati-hati perlu diberikan bagi memahami dan meneliti perkembangan terkini apa yang berlaku di Syria. Asasnya, umat Islam perlu melihat dari aspek taklif atau tanggungjawab membantu rakyat Syria yang kini melalui saat kehidupan yang begitu dhaif, mencabar dan memeritkan dengan serba kekurangan khususnya dari aspek kemanusiaan seperti tempat tinggal, keperluan asas, ubat-ubatan, pendidikan dan juga hak untuk diberikan perhatian dari sudut hak kemanusiaan.
Krisis di Syria dan Persoalan
Pandangan yang menganggap rejim Bashar al Assad sebagai pengancam Israel dan kejatuhannya hanya akan mengukuhkan hegemoni Israel di Timur Tengah ini disuarakan oleh ramai penganalisis politik dan jurnalis antarabangsa seperti Robert Fisk termasuk tokoh ulama iaitu Sheikh Imran Hossein. Robert Fisk di dalam artikelnya bertajuk ”Bashar al Assad, Syria, and The Truth About Chemical Weapons” menyuarakan pandangannya mengenai usaha Amerika memburukkan rejim Bashar al Assad dengan hasrat untuk menjatuhkannya melalui tuduhan menggunakan senjata kimia. Ini disokong oleh Professor Michel Chossudovsky di dalam artikel beliau ”Confronting Iran, Protecting Israel: The Real Reason for America’s War on Syria”. Beliau berpandangan bahawa kejatuhan rejim al Assad hanya akan mengakibatkan Syria dapat dikuasai oleh sekutu atau agen Amerika dan Israel dan dengan itu, Hamas dan Hezbollah dapat dihapuskan sekali gus melemahkan Iran yang dianggap musuh dan ancaman kepada mereka. Terdapat juga segelintir ahli akademik tanahair yang cenderung dengan pandangan ini malahan melabelkan pejuang pembebasan Syria ini dengan gelaran ”pemberontak” dan ”pengganas” yang sama sekali bertentangan dengan mauqif ulama muktabar.
Berdasarkan permasalahan di atas, penulis ingin berkongsi pandangan mengenai krisis yang berlaku di Syria dan cuba merungkaikan beberapa persoalan yang kini membelenggu pemikiran sesetengah pihak. Penulis telah merujuk pelbagai sumber makalah, artikel, buku, berita, laporan, jurnal dan sebagainya termasuk menghadiri syarahan ulama tersohor Syria, maklumat sumber pertama sahabat-sahabat di Syria serta penerangan oleh aktivis-aktivis yang telah masuk ke Syria termasuk buku tulisan Dr. Zulkifli Al Bakri bertajuk ’Krisis Syria dan Mauqif Ulama’ yang menjelaskan pendirian dan pandangan ulama muktabar mengenai krisis di Syria. Berdasarkan sumber-sumber sahih ini, penulis sangat berkeyakinan bahawa krisis di Syria ini adalah sesuatu yang ’genuine’ dan umat Islam bertanggungjawab untuk memberikan bantuan kemanusiaan kepada warga Syria yang memerlukan. Rakyat Syria yang berjihad menentang kezaliman dan kemungkaran diketuai rejim Bashar al Assad ini bukanlah ’pemberontak’ tetapi adalah pejuang pembebasan dan jika gugur dikategorikan sebagai syahid. Bersama-sama dengan rakyat Syria bangun menentang kezaliman, keganasan, ketidakperikemanusiaan dan ketidakadilan adalah suatu tuntutan dan kewajipan umat Islam.
Merungkai Persoalan Krisis di Syria dan Mauqif Ulama
Bagi memahami krisis di Syria ini, perlu juga dilihat terlebih dahulu Syria dari sudut demografi. Syria mendapat kemerdekaan pada 1946 dengan penduduk berjumlah lebih 23 juta. 75% adalah Muslim-sunni tetapi kerajaan Syria dikuasai oleh parti Baath iaitu diwakili minoriti Alawi yang hanya 3-4%. Parti Baath yang minoriti Alawi ini bermazhab Syiah Nusairiah dan berideologi sosialis. Berdasarkan demografi ini, amatlah bermanfaat untuk menelusuri serba sedikit asal usul rejim al Assad di Syria ini. Setelah kemerdekaan Syria telah dipimpin oleh keluarga al Assad. Kemuncak kezaliman rejim al Assad ini telah berlaku pada 1982 di bawah pimpinan Hafiz al Assad (memerintah selama 32 tahun) sewaktu tragedi berdarah di bandar Hamah yang meragut nyawa lebih 40 ribu penduduk, 15 ribu hilang tempat tinggal dan 150 ribu menjadi mangsa pelarian. Bukan itu sahaja, dilaporkan lebih 88 buah masjid dimusnahkan dan infrastruktur awam dihancurkan. Sebegitu ramai ulama dan ilmuan Islam yang dipenjara, diseksa dan dibunuh. Di antara ulama yang menjadi pelarian politik ialah Sheikh Abu Fattah Abdu Ghuddah, Sheikh Said Hawa, Sheikh Muhammad Ali Al Sabuni, Sheikh Muhammad Hashim al Majzub, Sheikh Usamah al Rafie dan ramai lagi.
Bashar al Asad telah mengambil alih pemerintahan daripada Hafiz al Assad pada tahun 2000 setelah Perlembagaan Negara dipinda semata-mata untuk membolehkannya menjadi Presiden yang pada itu belum mencapai umur 40 tahun yang dibenarkan. Beliau meneruskan kekejaman lalu dengan beberapa insiden kemanusiaan seperti peristiwa berdarah Qamisyli pada 2004 dan 2008, peristiwa Hasakah pada 2004 dan peristiwa penjara Soydana. Tragedi 2011 hingga hari ini adalah yang paling trajis di mana telah meragut nyawa ratusan ribu rakyat Syria yang majoritinya adalah Muslim-sunni. Ini disahkan oleh Utusan Khas PBB dan Liga Arab, Lakhdar Brahimi. Malahan kekejaman rejim Bashar al Assad juga telah meranapkan pelbagai kesan sejarah penting Islam seperti Maktabah al Khanji yang dianggap antara perpustakaan tertua dunia yang mempunyai koleksi berharga yang tidak ternilai. Melalui fakta-fakta ini, sudah jelas lagi bersuluh betapa tidak logiknya sebarang pandangan yang menyokong rejim Bashar al Assad atas apa sahaja alasan. Malahan melabelkan rakyat yang menuntut keadilan dengan gelaran pemberontak atau pengganas adalah suatu perkara yang amat dikesalkan.
Selain itu, adalah amat penting juga untuk mengenali Alawi atau Shiah Nusairiah yang pengikutnya menguasai kerajaan Syria. Shiah Nusairiah di Syria ini mempunyai hubungan amat rapat dengan Iran dan Hizbullah. Ini kerana terdapat segelintir umat Islam termasuk di Malaysia yang tidak mempunyai gambaran sebenar malahan memberikan sokongan kepada rejim Bashar al Assad dan menganggap Iran serta Hizbullah sebagai pembela agama dan memberi ancaman kepada Israel. Dilaporkan juga Iran telah membekalkan pelbagai jenis senjata kepada Syria. Ayatullah Ali Khomeini pernah mengeluarkan fatwa bahawa wajib rakyat Iran mempertahankan rejim al Assad. Dalam hal ini, kita perlu merujuk kepada pandangan dan fakta-fakta mengenai shiah Nusairiah ini. Sebenarnya, terlalu ramai ulama muktabar telah terlebih awal memberikan fatwa mengenai kesesatan Syiah Nusairiah. Ibn Taimiyah, Ibnu Kathir, al Zahabi, Sheikh Abdul Aziz Baz dan Sheikh Ali al Sabuni secara jelas memfatwakan shiah nusairiah sebagai sesat. Sheikh Gharib al Sirjani mengatakan bahawa kesesatan shiah Nusairiah ini adalah berasaskan ijma. Oleh itu, sebarang pandangan yang menyokong rejim Bashar al Assad yang juga shiah Nusairiah ini adalah dianggap perkara mungkar dan menyesatkan.
Bagi mengukuhkan pandangan betapa rejim Bashar al Assad ini perlu ditentang dan dijatuhkan, penulis ingin merujuk kepada beberapa pendirian ulama muktabar kontemporari seperti yang dinukilkan di dalam buku ’Krisis Syria dan Mauqif Ulama”. Sheikh Abdul Aziz Baz pada 1982 berfatwa bahawa wajib memberi bantuan kepada umat Islam yang dizalimi oleh rejim Al Assad. Sheikh Yusuf al Qaradhawi dengan tegas menyatakan bahawa wajib bagi rakyat Syria untuk bangkit menentang rejim al Assad malahan menggesa jemaah haji berdoa untuk kehancurannya. Sheikh Ali al sabuni yang pernah berada di Malaysia dengan tegas menggesa umat Islam untuk memberikan bantuan sewajarnya bagi meringankan kesengsaraan rakyat Syria. Ramai lagi ulama tersohor seperti Sheikh Soleh al Luhaidan, Sheikh Muhammad Hasan, Sheikh Aidh al Qarni, Sheikh Muhammad al Irifi, Sheikh Ahmad Qattan dan Sheikh Wahbah al Zuhaili memberikan pandangan yang sama di mana menyeru umat Islam untuk membantu rakyat Syria.
Pandangan dan pendirian ulama muktabar mengenai kewajipan membantu rakyat Syria ini disahkan dan disokong oleh Resolusi Muktamar Syria di Istanbul iaitu persidangan para ulama sedunia pada 1-3 Julai 2012. Muktamar ini secara umumnya menegaskan bahawa revolusi rakyat Syria adalah kebangkitan yang hak dan benar dan adalah menjadi kewajipan semua umat Islam untuk membantu rakyat Syria dan menjatuhkan rejim Bashar al Assad. Muktamar ini merayu agar semua negara Islam di bawah pertubuhan OIC serta negara-negara lain untuk memberikan bantuan kemanusiaan termasuk membekalkan persenjataan. Informasi dan maklumat mengenai resolusi muktamar seperti ini dan bukti-bukti kezaliman rejim Bashar al Assad mungkin tidak sampai atau lambat diperolehi oleh umat Islam dan ini menyebabkan ada yang mempersoalkan tindakan rakyat Syria bangun menentang kerajaan Syria. Ini bukanlah sesuatu yang asing kerana rejim Bashar al Asad seringkali cuba untuk menyembunyikan keganasan mereka. Umpamanya telah ramai wartawan yang telah terkorban semasa membuat liputan di Syria seperti Mika Yamamoto, jurnalis Jepun yang sangat aktif melaporkan kebenaran krisis di Syria.
Misi Kemanusiaan dan Advokasi Sebagai Jihad
Fiqh jihad adalah terlalu luas untuk dibicarakan di sini. Umat Islam dinasihatkan untuk memahami fiqh jihad melalui penguasaan ilmu pengetahuan. Kerangka fiqh jihad itu perlu disesuaikan dengan fiqh waqi dan awlawiyah serta mengambil perhatian dari sudut mafsadah dan maslahah. Umumnya, jihad ini selalu difahami dengan erti mengangkat senjata sedangkan dalam konteks hari ini, bantuan kemanusiaan juga adalah jihad yang utama. Ini dinyatakan sendiri oleh ramai ulama dunia termasuk ulama tersohor Syria yang berpandangan penglibatan dari aspek kemanusiaan adalah lebih diperlukan berbanding dengan jihad mengangkat senjata. Ini juga bertepatan dengan isu pejuang-pejuang yang berjihad mengangkat senjata tanpa keizinan ibubapa dan yang mereka-mereka yang masih menuntut ilmu dan belum menamatkan pelajaran sepertimana yang diamanahkan. Sekiranya kefahaman fiqh jihad itu mendalam, sudah pasti keutamaan menunaikan amanah yang sepatutnya diaulakan diberikan perhatian.
Menelusuri pelbagai sumber bagi meneliti krisis di Syria menimbulkan persoalan yang sering dimainkan oleh ramai pihak. Keperluan jihad mengangkat senjata adalah antara perkara yang mendapat reaksi ramai. Dalam konteks ini, penulis ingin mengesyorkan selari dengan konsep fiqh awlawiyah berserta dengan nas-nas syarak dan bersesuaian dengan fiqh waqi dalam konteks semasa di Malaysia khususnya bahawasanya keperluan berjihad yang lebih aula dan utama pada waktu ini adalah dari sudut bantuan kemanusiaan dan advokasi. Fiqh Keutamaan dan Fiqh Waqi ini boleh disimpulkan sebagai disiplin ilmu yang merujuk kepada penguasan ilmu dan pemahaman dalam meletakkan sesuatu pada peringkat yang sebenar, sesuai dengan pertimbangan ilmu, keadilan, hukum syarak, akhlaq atau etika, keadaan semasa dan keadaan setempat. Ini adalah amat bersesuaian dengan ruh Islam itu sendiri di mana setiap perkara mesti diletakkan secara adil menurut syariat Islam dengan mengambil kira aspek maslahah dan mafsadah.
Dalam konteks di Syria, Mufti Wilayah Persekutuan, sohibus samahah Dr Zulkifli Muhammad Al Bakri dalam kenyataannya terkini bahkan ramai ulama tersohor dunia termasuk Syria secara jelas mengajak semua umat Islam untuk mengutamakan bantuan kemanusiaan kepada warga Syria yang kini mencecah jutaan dalam kesempitan dan kesusahan. Hingga kini dilaporkan bilangan penduduk yang menghadapi krisis kemanusiaan yang meruncing dengan ketiadaan sumber makanan, air mentah, pakaian asas, perubatan, pendidikan dan sebagainya mencecah lebih 20 juta orang. Fakta ini disahkan sendiri oleh ramai aktivis kemanusiaan seperti Malaysia Lifeline Syria yang secara langsung menyampaikan bantuan kepada rakyat Syria. Kehidupan saudara seagama seakidah yang begitu dhaif dan memilukan ini menuntut kita semua untuk mengutamakan misi kemanusiaan ini. Inilah jihad paling utama yang perlu diberikan perhatian oleh umat Islam khususnya Malaysia pada waktu ini. Jihad misi kemanusiaan juga sekaligus dapat menyelesaikan sebarang permasalahan mengenai isu kedudukan rejim al Assad mahupun status perjuangan rakyat Syria yang bangun menuntut keadilan. Jihad misi kemanusiaan ini memfokuskan kepada warga Syria yang sebenarnya perlu dibantu dengan meletakketepikan terus sebarang unsur perbezaan politik, mazhab dan ideologi.
Penutup
Adalah sesuatu yang sangat membingungkan apabila membaca dan mengetahui ada segelintir umat Islam bahkan mereka yang terpelajar menyalahkan pandangan-pandangan dan fatwa yang menyokong kebangkitan terhadap rejim yang zalim dan jelas mungkar di Syria. Bahkan golongan ini juga membuat tuduhan yang sangat dangkal mengatakan bahawa ulama yang menyokong kebangkitan rakyat ini sebagai ulama yang suka menumpahkan darah. Ironinya, golongan ini tidak pula menyalahkan rejim Asad bahkan ada yang bersama-sama Asad berdiam diri hanya melihat rakyat dibunuh dengan begitu kejam dan zalim tanpa perikemanusiaan. Golongan ini juga mula menyalahkan demokrasi dan mengatakan demokrasi tidak bersesuaian dengan dunia arab seperti di Syria. Ini sangat menakjubkan kerana golongan ini lebih rela hidup dalam sistem yang berasaskan kediktatoran dan kuku besi hinggakan ada yang mengatakan dunia arab hanya sesuai dengan sistem diktator. Ini menambahkan lagi kekeliruan dan kekaburan mengenai krisis yang begitu merugikan dunia Islam ini.
Dunia telah menyaksikan kebangkitan rakyat bermula di Tunisia diikuti Mesir, Libya, Syria dan kemungkinan negara-negara Timur Tengah yang lain. Namun, revolusi di Syria yang kini semakin meruncing menimbulkan pelbagai persoalan dan kekeliruan. Malahan persoalan yang lebih besar ialah nasib Syria pasca peperangan. Berbanding dengan kebangkitan yang berlaku di Tunisia, Mesir dan Libya, krisis di Syria adalah sedikit berlainan kerana ianya melibatkan pelbagai isu geo-politik yang lebih rumit melibatkan kuasa besar dan ketenteraan. Teori menjatuhkan rejim al Assad sebagai tindakan meningkatkan hegemoni dan penguasaan Israel di Timur Tengah juga adalah satu perkara yang tidak mempunyai asas yang kuat. Pendirian atau mauqif ulama muktabar di seluruh dunia mengenai kewajipan umat Islam untuk membantu rakyat Syria mengesahkan bahawa kebangkitan rakyat Syria adalah sesuatu yang hak dan benar. Kezaliman dan keganasan tidakperikemanusiaan tahap luarbiasa rejim Bashar al Assad adalah tindakan yang tidak boleh sama sekali diterima akal. Rejim Bashar al Assad ini mesti dibawa ke muka pengadilan dan dibicarakan di Mahkamah serta segala keganasan dan kezaliman ini didedahkan kepada dunia supaya tragedi kemanusiaan ini dapat memberi pengajaran kepada semua umat manusia.
Krisis yang berlaku di Syria menimbulkan persoalan keperluan bentuk jihad yang digagaskan oleh Islam. Dalam konteks Malaysia, kefahaman jihad yang sering kali didominasikan dengan perjuangan mengangkat senjata adalah sesuatu yang perlu disemak semula. Fiqh Jihad itu adalah terlalu luas dan tidak sepatutnya disempitkan dengan elemen peperangan dan pertumpahan darah. Dalam konteks hari ini khususnya umat Islam di Malaysia, jihad utama yang dituntut ialah membantu dengan sedaya upaya menyalurkan bantuan kemanusiaan kepada warga Syria dan advokasi kemanusiaan. Yusuf al Qaradawi dalam bukunya Fiqh Jihad telah menulis ensiklopedia jihad yang sangat komperehensif begitu juga Said Ramadhan al Buti di dalam kitabnya Al-Jihad fi al-Islam: Kaifa Tafhamuh? Wa Kaifa Numarisuh? Juga menjelaskan konsep fiqh jihad ini dengan mendalam dan penuh berhikmah. Umat Islam khususnya di Malaysia disarankan untuk mendiskusikan dan mewacanakan kedua-dua buku ini secara meluas di seluruh Negara bagi menanamkan kefahaman yang ideal dan selari dengan tuntutan syarak serta keperluan umat.
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