Issued on: 2 October 2015

Rahn

(Shariah Requirements and Optional Practices)

Exposure Draft

BNM/RH/ED
028-1

Islamic Banking and Takaful
Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and Optional
Practices) Exposure Draft

Issued on: 2 October 2015

Table of contents

PART A OVERVIEW.................................................................................... 1

1. Introduction  .................................................................................. 1

2. Policy objectives  .................................................................................. 2

3. Scope of policy document .................................................................... 2

4. Applicability  .................................................................................. 2

5. Legal provisions  .................................................................................. 2

6. Effective date  .................................................................................. 2

7. Interpretation  .................................................................................. 3

8. Related legal instruments and policy documents ................................. 3

9. Policy documents superseded ............................................................. 4

PART B SHARIAH REQUIREMENTS AND OPTIONAL PRACTICES ....... 5

10. Compliance with this Part ..................................................................... 5

11. Definition  .................................................................................. 5

12. Nature   .................................................................................. 5

13. Contracting parties ............................................................................... 6

14. Offer (ijab) and acceptance (qabul) ...................................................... 6

15. Requirements of collateral (marhun) .................................................... 7

16. Requirements of the obligation (marhun bih) ..................................... 10

17. Utilisation of marhun ........................................................................... 11

18. Expenses in rahn................................................................................ 11

19. Liquidation of the marhun ................................................................... 12

20. Arrangement of rahn in qard .............................................................. 14

21. Arrangement of rahn in murabahah, tawarruq and bai` `inah ............. 14

22. Arrangement of rahn in istisna` .......................................................... 14

23. Arrangement of rahn in ijarah ............................................................. 15

24. Arrangement of rahn with kafalah....................................................... 15

25. Arrangement of rahn in mudarabah, musyarakah or wakalah bi al-

istithmar   ................................................................................ 15

26. Arrangement of rahn with takaful........................................................ 16

27. Dissolution of rahn .............................................................................. 17

28. Completion of rahn ............................................................................. 17

BNM/RH/ED
028-1

Islamic Banking and Takaful
Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and Optional
Practices) Exposure Draft

Issued on: 2 October 2015

APPENDICES ............................................................................................... 19

Appendix 1  Legitimacy of Rahn ................................................................ 19

Appendix 2  Glossary  ................................................................................ 21

Appendix 3 Related legal instruments and policy documents .................... 22

BNM/RH/ED
028-1

Islamic Banking and Takaful
Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and Optional
Practices) Exposure Draft

Issued on: 2 October 2015

As part of the objective to strengthen the Shariah-compliance practices among
Islamic financial institutions (IFIs), Bank Negara Malaysia (the Bank) is
embarking on an initiative to develop a Shariah-based regulatory framework.
The purpose of the framework is to ensure that the IFI comply with Shariah. In
this regard, the Bank is issuing a series of policy documents on Shariah
contracts to enhance end-to-end compliance with Shariah.

This Exposure Draft (ED) outlines the Shariah requirements and optional
practices relating to rahn to facilitate IFIs in developing Islamic financial
services and products including the features of rahn and its arrangement with
other Shariah contracts or concepts.

The Bank invites written comments from your institution on this ED, including
suggestions for particular issues, areas to be further clarified/ elaborated and
any alternative proposal that the Bank should consider. To facilitate the Bank’s
assessment, please support each comment with clear rationale, accompanying
evidence or illustrations, as appropriate.

Written comments in the form of a softcopy are preferable and may be
submitted to shariahstandard@bnm.gov.my by 2nd November 2015. Hardcopy
of the written feedback may also be submitted to:

 Pengarah
 Jabatan Perbankan Islam dan Takaful
 Bank Negara Malaysia
 Jalan Dato' Onn
 50480 Kuala Lumpur
 Malaysia

BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
1/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

PART A OVERVIEW

1. Introduction

 1.1 Compliance with Shariah requirement is a prerequisite in ensuring the

legitimacy and integrity of Islamic financial products and services. In

particular, the avoidance of prohibited elements such as riba and

elimination of gharar (contractual ambiguity) are the cornerstones of a

valid Islamic financial transaction from Shariah perspective. In meeting

this expectation, it is essential for an IFI to establish the necessary

operational framework and infrastructure to ensure that the conduct of

Islamic financial transactions is consistent with Shariah.

 1.2 The formulation of the Shariah contract-based regulatory policies aims

to outline the essential regulatory requirements founded based on

Shariah rulings to preserve the sanctity Shariah contract and promote

consistent application in Islamic financial transactions. The fulfilment of

these requirements support to attain validity of the Shariah contract,

enhance the contracts’ certainty and strengthen Shariah compliance by

IFIs.

 1.3 The Shariah contract-based regulatory policy consists of the Shariah

requirements and optional practices of a specific Shariah contract. The

policy documents highlight the salient features and essential conditions

of the contract including arrangement of the contract with other Shariah

contracts or concepts.

 1.4 Rahn is a contract between a pledgor (rahin) and a pledgee (murtahin)

whereby an asset is pledged as collateral (marhun) to the pledgee to

provide assurance that the liability or obligation against the pledgee will

be fulfilled.

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
2/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

2. Policy objectives

 The objectives of this document are to:

 2.1 outline the Shariah requirements and optional practices relating to rahn

to be observed by the Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) in developing

Islamic financial services and products;

 2.2 cover the arrangement of rahn with other Shariah contracts or

concepts; and

 2.3 facilitate the understanding of the Shariah requirements relating to

rahn that must be adhered to by IFIs in order to ensure its validity.

3. Scope of policy document

 3.1 This policy document provides mandatory Shariah requirements to

ensure the validity of rahn and its optional practices.

4. Applicability

 4.1 This policy document is applicable to all IFIs as defined in paragraph

5. Legal provisions

 5.1 The requirements in this policy document are:

 a) specified pursuant to sections 29(1) of the Islamic Financial

Services Act 2013 (IFSA); and

 b) issued pursuant to section 126 and constitute as a direction

pursuant to  section 129(3) of the Development Financial

Institutions Act 2002 (DFIA).

6. Effective date

 6.1 The consultation period for this Exposure Draft ends on 2nd November

2015.

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
3/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

7. Interpretation

 7.1 The terms and expressions used in this policy document shall have the

same meanings assigned to them in the Financial Services Act 2013

(FSA), IFSA and DFIA unless otherwise defined in this document.

 7.2 For the purpose of this document:

 “S” denotes a standard, requirement or specification that must be

complied with. Failure to comply may result in one or more

enforcement actions;

 “G” denotes guidance which may consist of such information,

advice or recommendation intended to promote common

understanding and sound industry practices which are

encouraged to be adopted.

 “Islamic financial institutions” or “IFIs” means –

 a) licensed Islamic banks and licensed takaful operators under

the IFSA;

 b) licensed banks and licensed investment banks under the FSA

which are approved under section 15(1)(a) FSA to carry on

Islamic banking business; and

 c) prescribed institutions under the DFIA  which are approved

under section 129(1) DFIA to carry on Islamic banking

business or Islamic financial business.

 [A glossary of terms used in the policy document is set out in
Appendix 2]

8. Related legal instruments and policy documents

 8.1 This policy document must be read together with the following Shariah

rulings and policy documents:

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
4/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

 a) any Shariah Advisory Council (SAC) rulings published by the

Bank;1 and

 b) Shariah Governance Framework for Islamic Financial

Institutions.

9. Policy documents superseded

 9.1 Not applicable.

1
 Including Shariah resolutions on Islamic finance, standards, circulars or any directive pertaining to a
Shariah matter issued by the Bank.

Remainder of this page is intentionally left blank

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
5/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

PART B SHARIAH REQUIREMENTS AND OPTIONAL PRACTICES

10. Compliance with this Part

S 10.1 An IFI which uses rahn as part of the underlying contract for its

products and services shall ensure that such products and services

are in compliance with this policy document.

DEFINITION AND NATURE OF RAHN

11. Definition

S 11.1 Rahn is a contract between a pledgor (rahin) and a pledgee (murtahin)

whereby an asset is pledged as collateral (marhun) to the pledgee to

provide assurance that the liability or obligation against the pledgee

will be fulfilled.

12. Nature

S 12.1 The specific inherent nature of rahn is to provide assurance that a

pledgor will fulfill the obligation to meet the pledgor’s liability to the

pledgee.

S 12.2 Rahn is binding on the pledgor (rahin) upon entering into the contract.

The pledgor does not have the right to revoke the rahn contract without

the consent of the pledgee (murtahin).

Remainder of this page is intentionally left blank

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
6/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

COMPONENTS OF RAHN

13. Contracting parties

S 13.1 In a rahn contract, there shall be a pledgor (rahin) and a pledgee

(murtahin).

S 13.2 The contracting parties shall have the legal capacity5 to enter into the

rahn contract.

S

13.3 The contracting parties in the rahn contract shall be a natural person or

a legal entity.

G

13.4 The contracting parties in the rahn contract may involve more than one

pledgor or pledgee.

G 13.5 Any contracting party in the rahn contract may conclude the contract

through an agent.

14. Offer (ijab) and acceptance (qabul)

S 14.1 The rahn contract shall be entered into through an offer and

acceptance between the pledgor and the pledgee.

G 14.2 The offer and acceptance may be expressed verbally, in writing or in

any other methods which could be evidenced by appropriate

documentation or record.

S 14.3 Any term or condition of the rahn contract that has been mutually

agreed upon by the contracting parties and does not contravene the

Shariah shall be binding on the contracting parties

5
  The legal capacity of a person, from Shariah perspective, is defined as capacity to assume rights and
responsibilities; and capacity to give legal effect to his action. Among the important conditions are that
the person must possess sound mind and the capacity to distinguish between what is harmful or
beneficial to one’s interests. Legal capacity of a legal entity is defined as eligibility of an entity to acquire
rights and assume responsibilities. In Malaysia, the legal capacity is governed by the Contracts Act
1950 and the Age of Majority Act 1971.

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
7/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

15. Requirements of collateral (marhun)

S 15.1 The collateral (marhun) in a rahn contract shall be an asset which is

recognised by Shariah valuable, in existence, identifiable, and

deliverable.

 15.2 Notwithstanding paragraph 15.1:

G a) shares of companies with mixed asset comprised of Shariah-

compliant and Shariah-non-compliant assets may be accepted as

marhun provided that the core business of the company is of

Shariah-compliant activities; and

G b) a mixed asset comprised of Shariah-compliant assets and Shariah-

non-compliant assets may be used as marhun provided that the

portion of Shariah compliant and Shariah non-compliant can be

separated and the collateral is valued up to the amount of the

Shariah compliant portion only.

 15.3 Pursuant to paragraph 15.2 (b):

S a) the collateral value for interest bearing debt based asset such as

conventional fixed deposit certificate and conventional bonds is

limited to the principal amount of the instrument; and

S b) the collateral value for Shariah-non-compliant unit trust is limited to

the value of investors' initial and subsequent/additional investment.

S  15.4 The marhun shall be an asset owned by the pledgor.

G 15.5 Notwithstanding paragraph 15.4, a third-party asset may be pledged.

S 15.6 Pursuant to paragraph 15.5, the consent of the third party owner must

be obtained.

G 15.7 The marhun may be an asset that will be owned by the pledgor in the

future.

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
8/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

S 15.8 Pursuant to paragraph 15.7 the future marhun must arise from an

asset that is already in existence.

G 15.9 An undivided asset that is jointly owned by the pledgor with other

owner may be pledged proportionate to the value of the pledgor’s

ownership.

S 15.10 The pledgor is liable to transfer the possession of the marhun to the

pledgee upon entering into the rahn contract.

G 15.11 Notwithstanding 15.10, the pledgor may, with the consent of the

pledgee, transfer the possession of the marhun after entering into the

rahn contract.

S 15.12 The legal ownership of the marhun shall remain with the pledgor.

S 15.13 In relation to paragraph 15.10 and 15.11, possession of the marhun

shall either be in the form of:

a) physical possession; or

b) constructive possession.

G 15.14 The marhun, with the consent of the contracting parties may be kept by

a third party.

S 15.15 In relation to paragraph 15.14, any contracting party shall not transfer

the marhun kept by a third party without the consent of the other.

S 15.16 The marhun in a rahn contract shall be held in custody either by the

pledgee or the third party.

S 15.17 In relation to paragraph 15.16, the pledgee or the third party shall not

be held liable in the event of loss or damage of the marhun except if

the loss or damage is due to his misconduct (ta`addi), negligence

(taqsir), or breach of specified terms (mukhalafah al-shurut) in the rahn

contract.

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
9/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

G 15.18 The marhun may include:

(a) physical/tangible assets such as buildings, vehicles and

machines; and/or

(b) financial assets such as shares, unit trusts, and current

accounts or investment accounts.

G 15.19 Takaful benefits may be assigned to the creditor to fulfil the debt

obligation in the case of default of the debtor.

G 15.20 A marhun may be used to secure more than one obligation of the

pledgor.

S 15.21 In relation to paragraph 15.20, if there is more than one pledgee and

all of them are of the same rank, the consent of all pledgees must be

obtained, and the pledgees’ rights in the marhun will be shared in

proportion to their respective debts.

S 15.22 In relation to paragraph 15.20, if the pledgees are ranked in a way that

the right of claim of the preceding pledgees is prioritized over the

succeeding pledgee, the consent of the succeeding pledgee only shall

be obtained.

S 15.23 The pledgee shall have no right to keep the marhun upon the pledgor’s

fulfilment or discharge of his obligations under the rahn contract.

G 15.24 Notwithstanding paragraph 15.23, the contracting parties may agree

that the marhun is kept by the pledgee as marhun for any subsequent

obligation of the pledgor within a period agreed by the contracting

parties.

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
10/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

16. Requirements of the obligation (marhun bih)

S 16.1 Marhun bih  (the financial liability or obligation which must be fulfilled

by the pledgor) shall be in the form of either:

a) al-dayn (debt liability); or

b) al-ayn (delivery of a physical asset) such as delivery of istisna`

or salam asset to the purchaser.

S 16.2 In relation to paragraph 16.1 (b), the marhun bih shall not be an asset

held in trust under a wadi`ah contract.

S 16.3 The marhun bih shall be known and specified by the contracting

parties.

S 16.4 The marhun bih shall not arise from Shariah-non-compliant contracts or

activities.

G 16.5 The marhun bih may include liabilities arising from a loan contract

(qard), exchange contract (mua`wadat), or compensation on

misconduct (ta`addi), negligence (taqsir) or breach of specified terms

(mukhalafah al-shurut).

S 16.6 The marhun bih shall be a financial liability or obligation that is already

established (dayn lazim) and/or that will be established (ma ya’ul ila al-

luzum) in the future.

Remainder of this page is intentionally left blank

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
11/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

MANAGEMENT OF RAHN

17. Utilisation of marhun

S 17.1 All the benefits, usufruct, income generated or growth of the marhun

shall belong to the owner(s) of the asset.

S 17.2 In the event that the pledgee has physical possession on the marhun,

the pledgor may utilize the marhun with the consent of the pledgee.

S 17.3 In the event the pledgee has constructive possession on the marhun,

the pledgor may utilize the marhun with or without the consent of the

pledgee provided that the utilisation does not affect the rights of the

pledgee on the marhun.

S 17.4 The pledgee shall not utilise the marhun except with the consent of

the pledgor.

S 17.5 Notwithstanding paragraph 17.4, in the event the financial liability or

obligation arises from a loan (qard) contract, the pledgee shall not

utilise the marhun, even with the consent of the pledgor.

S 17.6 The consent of the pledgee must be obtained if the pledgor decides to

conduct a transaction such as a sale, hibah or waqf that will result in a

transfer of ownership of the marhun.

18. Expenses in rahn

S 18.1 Expenses in rahn are categorised into:

a) expenses incurred in relation to the the maintenance 6  of the

marhun; and

b) expenses incurred in relation to the rahn contract such as

safekeeping, documentation and liquidation of the marhun.

6
 This is maintenance that would have to be done even if the asset were not being used as the marhun in
a rahn contract.

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
12/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

S 18.2 All expenses incurred in relation to the maintenance of the marhun

shall be borne by the owner of the marhun.

G 18.3 In case the owner fails to cover the expenses incurred in relation to the

maintenance of the marhun, the pledgee may advance the

maintenance cost of the marhun.

S 18.4 In relation to paragraph 18.3, any advance provided by the pledgee to

cover the maintenance cost incurred shall be considered as a debt

owed by the pledgor to the pledgee and the pledgee reserves the right

to claim it from the pledgor.

G 18.5 The contracting parties may agree that the expenses incurred in

relation to the maintenance of the marhun shall be provided by the

pledgee, who will be reimbursed by the pledgor upon claim made by

the pledgee.

S 18.6 All expenses incurred in relation to the safekeeping, documentation

and liquidation of the marhun shall be borne by the pledgee except

when the contracting parties mutually agree otherwise.

19. Liquidation of the marhun

G 19.1 The contracting parties may mutually agree that the marhun is

liquidated by the pledgee, his agent or any other third in the case of

default.

G 19.2 The mutual agreement on the matters set out in paragraph 19.1 may

be made at the time of entering the rahn contract or upon the event of

default.

G 19.3 The liquidation of the marhun may be done wholly or partially.

S 19.4 In respect of paragraphs 19.1 and 19.3, the pledgee has the right to

claim the proceeds from the liquidation of the marhun to settle the

financial liability or obligation of the pledgor.

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
13/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

G 19.5 In the event that the proceeds from the liquidation of the marhun are

inadequate to meet the financial liability or obligation of the pledgor,

the pledgee may demand the differential amount from the pledgor.

S 19.6 In the event that the proceeds from the liquidation of the marhun

exceed the financial liability or obligation of the pledgor, the excess

amount shall be returned to the pledgor.

Remainder of this page is intentionally left blank

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
14/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

 ARRANGEMENT OF RAHN WITH OTHER CONTRACTS OR CONCEPTS

20. Arrangement of rahn in qard

G 20.1 A rahn contract may be arranged as a security in qard.

S 20.2 The marhun shall be utilised to recover payment of the outstanding

debt amount arising from the qard in the event of default.

S 20.3 The pledgee shall not charge any fee in the rahn contract which

implicates bai` wa salaf (making an exchange contract contingent to a

qard) arrangement such as charging a fee linked to the amount of qard

that includes profit.

G 20.4 Notwithstanding paragraph 20.3, the pledgee may claim any actual

cost incurred.

21. Arrangement of rahn in murabahah, tawarruq and bai` `inah

G 21.1 A rahn contract may be arranged as a security in murabahah, tawarruq

and bai` `inah.

S 21.2 The marhun shall be utilised to recover payment of the outstanding

debt amount arising from murabahah, tawarruq or bai` `inah in the

event of default.

G 21.3 The contracting parties may agree to include the claim on actual costs

incurred for the recovery of the outstanding debt payment from the

marhun.

22. Arrangement of rahn in istisna`

G 22.1 A rahn contract may be arranged as security in an istisna` contract.

S 22.2 The marhun shall be utilised as follows:

 (a) to recover payment of the outstanding debt amount from the

purchaser  in the event of default; or

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
15/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

 (b) to guarantee delivery of the istisna` asset by the seller.

G 22.3 Pursuant to paragraph 22.2 (a), the contracting parties may agree to

include the claim on actual costs incurred for the recovery of the

outstanding debt payment from the collateral.

23. Arrangement of rahn in ijarah

G 23.1 A rahn contract may be arranged as security in an ijarah contract.

S 23.2 The marhun shall be utilised as follows:

(a) to recover payment of rental due in the event of default; and/or

(b) to pay any other amount due arising from the lessee’s

misconduct (ta`addi) or negligence (taqsir) or breach of terms

(mukhalafah al-shurut).

G 23.3 In relation to paragraph 23.2 (a), the contracting parties may agree to

include the claim on actual costs incurred for the recovery of the rental

due from the collateral.

24. Arrangement of rahn with kafalah

G 24.1 In a kafalah contract with recourse, the guarantor may request the

guaranteed party to place an asset as marhun at the inception of the

kafalah contract.

G 24.2 In relation to 24.1, if the guaranteed party fails to settle the recourse

amount within the agreed period, the guarantor may liquidate the

marhun to settle the debt due.

25. Arrangement of rahn in mudarabah, musyarakah or wakalah bi al-

istithmar

S

25.1 A rahn contract shall not be arranged in a mudarabah, musyarakah, or

wakalah bi al-istithmar contract to guarantee the capital and/or profit.

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
16/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

G 25.2 Notwithstanding paragraph 25.1,

(a) the rabbul mal (capital provider) may take collateral from the

mudarib (entrepreneur) in mudarabah;

(b) each partner may be required to provide collateral in

musyarakah; or

(c) the muwakkil may take collateral from the wakil (agent)

provided that the collateral could only be liquidated in the event of

losses due to misconduct (ta`addi) or negligence (taqsir) or breach of

terms (mukhalafah al-shurut) of contract by the mudarib, partner(s), or

wakil.

26. Arrangement of rahn with takaful

G 26.1 Takaful coverage may be arranged in a rahn contract in order to

provide takaful cover on the marhun in the event of damage or

impairment.

G 26.2 In relation to paragraph 26.1, subject to the terms of the rahn contract,

the contracting parties may mutually agree on who will bear the cost of

takaful coverage of the marhun.

Remainder of this page is intentionally left blank

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
17/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

DISSOLUTION (FASAKH) AND COMPLETION (INTIHA’) OF THE RAHN

CONTRACT

27. Dissolution of rahn

S 27.1 The rahn contract is dissolved under the following circumstances:

 (a) destruction of the marhun caused by force majeure or by action

which is not due to misconduct (ta`addi) or negligence (taqsir)

or breach of terms (mukhalafah al-shurut);

 (b) termination of the rahn contract by the pledgee;

 (c) termination or mutual cancellation (iqalah) of the contract that

the rahn is pledged to; or

 (d) disposal of the marhun by the pledgor with the consent of the

pledgee, resulting in the transfer of ownership of the marhun

through contracts such as sale, hibah and  waqf.

S 27.2 The demise or dissolution of either contracting party as the case may

be does not dissolve the rahn contract. The legal heirs or successors

shall assume the rights and obligations of the demised or dissolved

party.

28. Completion of rahn

S 28.1 The rahn contract ends under the following circumstances:

(a) settlement of the financial liability or obligation by the pledgor,

his guarantor, or through the transfer of the pledgor’s financial

liability or obligation to a third party (hiwalah al-dayn);

(b) liquidation of marhun to fulfil the financial liability/obligation of

the pledger;

(c) set-off (muqassah) of full debt obligations between the pledgor

and the pledgee; or

(d) the pledgee waiving the right (ibra’) to claim the whole financial

liability or obligation from the pledgor.

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
18/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

S 28.2 Except for 28.1(b), in the circumstances set out in paragraph 28.1

above, the pledgee shall return the marhun to the pledgor.

S 28.3 Upon completion of the rahn contract, the contracting parties shall be

absolved from any contractual obligations.

Remainder of this page is intentionally left blank

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
19/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

APPENDICES

Appendix 1  Legitimacy of Rahn

 i. The legitimacy of the rahn contract is derived from the Quran and

founded on the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him),

and further supported by the consensus of Muslim jurists (ijma`).

 The Quran

ii. The following verse of the Quran implies the permissibility of the rahn

contract:

ُبوَضةْ َْفرَِهانْ َْكاتًِباَْتَُِدواْوَلَْ َْسَفرْ َْعَلىُْكن ُتمْ َْوِإنْ  ْفَ ل يُ َؤدْ ْبَ ع ًضاْبَ ع ُضُكمْ ْأَِمنَْْفَِإنْ َْمق
ُتُمواَْوالَْربَّهُْْاللَّهََْْول َيتَّقِْْأََمانَ َتهُْْاؤ ُتُِنَْْالَِّذي َهاَْوَمنْ ْالشََّهاَدةََْْتك  ُتم  ْلَّهَُْوالْقَ ل ُبهُْْآِثْ ْفَِإنَّهَُْْيك

 َعِليمْ ْتَ ع َمُلونَِْْبَا

“If you are on a journey and cannot find a scribe to write the

document, then [transact your business on the security of] a pledge

in hand, but if you decide to trust one another, then let the one who is

trusted fulfil his trust; let him be mindful of God, his Lord. Do not

conceal evidence: anyone who does so has a sinful heart, and God is

fully aware of everything you do” .7

 The Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)

iii. The following hadith implies the general permissibility of rahn.

َْعاِئَشَةَْرِضَيْاللَُّهَْعن  َها ْيَ ُهوِديٍّْ َعن  تَ َرىْطََعاًماِْمن  َأنَّْالنَِّبََّْصلَّىْاللَُّهَْعلَي ِهَْوَسلََّمْاش
َْحِديدْ  ِدر ًعاِْمن  َْوَرَهَنهُْ  .ِإََلَْأَجل

“Aishah (r.a.) narrated that the Prophet (peace be upon him) bought

some grain from a Jew on deferred payment, and he pledged steel

armour as security for it” (Bukhari and Muslim).

7
 Surah al-Baqarah (2), verse 283.

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
20/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

 The Consensus of Muslim Jurists (Ijma`)

iv. Muslim jurists have reached ijma` on the permissibility of rahn in

general, as cited by Ibn Qudamah.8

8
 Ibn Qudamah, al-Mughni, 4/362.

Remainder of this page is intentionally left blank

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
21/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

Appendix 2 Glossary

Terms Explanation

Hibah Gift.

Ijarah Lease contract.

Ijma` Consensus of Muslim jurists.

Istisna` Manufacturing sale.

Kafalah Guarantee contract.

Marhun Collateral.

Marhun bih Financial liability/obligation which must be fulfilled by
the pledgor.

Mudarabah Profit-sharing contract.

Mukhalafah al-shurut Breach of terms and conditions.

Murabahah Mark-up sale.

Murtahin Pledgee.

Musharakah Profit-and-loss-sharing contract.

Muwakkil Principal in an agency contract.

Qiyas Analogy.

Rahin Pledgor

Rahn Pledge - A contract between a pledgor (rahin) and a
pledgee (murtahin) whereby an asset of the pledgor
is pledged as collateral (marhun) to the pledgee to
provide assurance that the pledgor will fulfil his
financial liability/obligation (marhun bih) to the
pledgee.

Rahn hiyazi A rahn contract that is based on constructive
possession of the collateralized asset.

Rahn rasmi A rahn contract that is based on physical possession
of the collateralized asset.

Ta`addi Misconduct.

Ta`widh Compensation

Taqsir Negligence.

Tawarruq Commodity murabahah/monetization.

Wa`d Promise or undertaking.

Wakil Agent in an agency contract

Waqf Endowment.

 BNM/RH/ED 028-1
Islamic Banking and
Takaful Department

Rahn (Shariah Requirements and
Optional Practices) Exposure Draft

Page
22/22

Issued on: 2 October 2015

Appendix 3 Related legal instruments and policy documents

1. Shariah Advisory Council (SAC) rulings published by the Bank9;

2. Shariah Governance Framework for Islamic Financial Institutions.

9
 Including Shariah resolutions in Islamic Finance, standards, circulars or any directive pertaining to
Shariah matters issued by the Bank.

Remainder of this page is intentionally left blank


 *Corresponding author.

Email: msabubakar.age@buk.edu.ng

eISSN: 2550-2166 / © 2018 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources

  Food Research 3 (2) : 96 - 101 (April 2019)
  Journal homepage: http://www.myfoodresearch.com

F
U

L
L

 P
A

P
E

R

Determination of selected engineering properties of Moringa oleifera seed

*Abubakar, M.S. and Benjamin, I.A.

Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Bayero University, Kano-Nigeria

Article history:

Received: 6 June 2018

Received in revised form: 15

September 2018

Accepted: 8 October 2018

Available Online: 6

November 2018

Keywords:

Engineering properties,

Moringa oleifera,

Moisture content,

Seed

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.3(2).124

Abstract

Engineering properties of agricultural products are very important in the design and

manufacturing of processing machines. The methods adopted in the study were standard

laboratory procedures for the determination of the engineering properties selected. In this

research, the dimensional, gravimetric and frictional properties of Moringa oleifera seeds

were determined as design parameters for the development of post-harvest equipment. The

selected properties were: length, width, thickness, arithmetic and geometric diameters,

surface areas, sphericity, moisture content, bulk and true densities, porosity, one thousand

and unit seed weights, angle of repose and coefficient of static friction.  The moisture

contents used in the study were 7.82% and 15.82% dry basis (db). The mean seed length

of 9.217±1.407 mm, width of 8.012±1.349 mm and thickness of 5.443±1.382 mm was

found at moisture contents of 7.82% (db) respectively. While the mean seed length of

11.460±1.106 mm, width of 10.079±1.065 mm and thickness of 7.377±1.079 mm were

obtained at moisture content of 15.82% (db) respectively. The mean arithmetic diameter,

geometric mean diameter, sphericity and surface area at moisture content of 7.82% (db)

were 7.557±1.3407 mm, 7.366±1.374 mm, 0.7964±0.048 mm, 176.185±64.416 mm2

respectively. Also, the mean arithmetic diameter, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and

surface area at moisture content of 15.82% (db) were 9.639±1.049 mm, 9.475±1.065 mm,

0.826±0.030 mm, 285.476±65.753 mm2 respectively. The mean true density, bulk density,

average porosity, unit mass and thousand seed mass at 7.82% (db) moisture content were

found to be 0.5100±0.025 gcm-3, 0.247±0.0580 gcm3; 58.86%, 0.339±0.061 g, and

272.051±11.827 g respectively. Also, the average true density, bulk density, average

porosity, unit mass and thousand seed mass at 15.82% (db) moisture content were

0.610±0.030 gcm-3, 0.253±0.005 gcm-3, 58.52%, 0.350±0.055 g, and 273.396±8.079 g

respectively. The mean angle of repose, average static coefficient of friction on three

different surfaces that include: glass, galvanized steel, and plywood at 7.82% (db)

moisture content was found to be 17.834±0.350o, 0.437±0.003, 0.481±0.002, and

0.569±0.003 respectively. Also, the mean angle of repose, average static coefficient of

friction on three different surfaces that include: glass, galvanized steel, and plywood at

15.82% (db) moisture content were found to be 19.345±0.409o, 0.471±0.002,

0.570±0.002, and 0.612±0.013 respectively. These parameters would serve as inputs for

the efficient design of post-harvest equipment for M. oleifera seeds.

1. Introduction

Moringa oleifera is native to some parts of Africa

and Asia and it is the sole genus in the flowering plant

family Moringaceae (Zaku et al., 2015). M. oleifera has

been in use for many centuries in traditional alternative

medicine to heal or prevent hundreds of diseases (Aremu

and Akintola, 2014), and because of its numerous

healing and nutritional properties, it is called “Miracle

Tree”, “Mother’s Best Friend” and “Never Die”. The

other common names of M. oleifera include “horseradish

tree” and “drumstick tree”. The history of M. oleifera

according to Zaku et al. (2015) dates back to 150 B.C

when ancient kings and queens used M. oleifera leaves

and fruit in their diet to maintain mental alertness and

healthy skin. A mature M. oleifera grows up to a height

of 6-7 m and is a drought-resistant and fast growing plant

(Ramachandran et al., 1980; Fuglie, 1999). There are

thirteen varieties of moringa trees in the family,

according to Aremu and Akintola (2014) which includes:

97 Abubakar and Benjamin / Food Research 3 (2) (2019) 96 - 101

eISSN: 2550-2166 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources

M. stenopetala, M. doughardii. M. arborea, M. borziana,

M. longituba, M. rivae, M. pygmaea, M. ruspoliana, M.

hildebrandtii, M. ovalifolia, M. concanensis, M. oleifera

and M. peregrina. However, M. oleifera is the most

widely known variety. It is also a readily available diet

used to help prevent malnutrition in children, pregnant

women and nursing mothers (Ndubuaku et al., 2014).

The leaves and seeds have been found to be highly

nutritious and medicinal. The seeds yield edible oil that

is clear and odorless. It burns without smoke and will not

turn rancid. The seeds are 35% oil and the remaining

seed cake can be used as fertilizer or to purify water

(Abdullah et al., 2013). M. oleifera seeds contain a

significant amount of oil that is commercially known as

"Ben oil" or "Behen oil" due to the fact that oil contains

high amounts of behenic acid which is used in many

products for its ability to smooth the skin and condition

hair. It could also be used in cooking, cosmetics, fuel and

lubrication among others.

The characteristics of M. oleifera seed oil can be

highly desirable especially with the current trend of

replacing polyunsaturated vegetable oils with those

containing high amounts of monounsaturated acids

(Corbett, 2003). In recent times, increased attention has

been focused on the utilization of under-exploited locally

available agricultural products and by-products for food/

fibre processing in developing countries. Obviously,

such utilization would help these countries, especially

African countries that are currently facing adverse

economic problems. Due to the facts that M. oleifera is

harvested and collected manually by handpicking, there

are always unwanted materials in all the harvested seeds

which necessitates the need for the cleaning of the seeds.

For further processing of the harvested seeds, there is a

need for the determination of engineering properties,

such as physical, chemical and oil properties among

others. The knowledge of these properties is highly

relevant to agricultural engineers due to the increasing

economic importance of food materials, together with the

complexity of modern technology for their production,

handling, storage, processing, preservation, value

addition and utilization (Adebayo and Nwankwo, 2013).

A rational approach to the design of agricultural

machinery, equipment and facilities involve the

knowledge of the properties of the agricultural product

concerned. The need for comprehensive information on

its properties is of importance, as these properties

influence the design and evaluation of the processing/

handling of the product. Considering this, the knowledge

of the engineering properties of agricultural seed

materials are important in designing the equipment for

harvest, transport, storage, processing, cleaning, hulling

and milling (Niveditha et al., 2013). Also Adejumo and

Abayomi (2012) conducted a study on the effect of

moisture content on some physical properties of  shelled

and unshelled M. oleifera seed at 6.8%, 10%, 15%

moisture content (wet basis) and obtained the following

results: the mean values of the physical properties of the

seeds were determined as length 8.3-8.7 mm and 12.7-

13.4 mm, width 7.4-7.6 mm and 10.3-11.0 mm,

thickness 6.5-7.3 mm and 10.4-10.9 mm, geometric

mean diameter 133.1-160.1 mm and 453.5-535.6 mm,

sphericity 16.0-18.4 mm and 35.7-40.0 mm, thousand

seed mass 316.8-326.7 g and 318.3-329.3 g, bulk density

0.031-0.032 g/cm and 0.041-0.047 g/cm³, true density

0.221-0.632 g/cm³ and 0.300-0.289 g/cm³, porosity 85.9-

94.9% and 86.3-83.7%, surface area 3.19-2.21 cm³ and

3.56-5.32 cm³ for shelled and unshelled seeds

respectively. Also, Oloyede et al. (2015) measured some

engineering properties necessary to design drumstick M.

oleifera L. pod sheller. The basic dimensions (length,

width, and thickness) of moringa pods and seeds were

found to increase linearly from 311.15 to 371.45 mm,

22.79 to 31.22 mm, and 22.24 to 29.88 mm, respectively,

in the moisture range of 12 to 49.5% db. The coefficient

of friction for both pods and seeds increased linearly

with an increase in moisture content on all the surfaces

used. The highest value was recorded on mild steel, with

0.581 for pods and 0.3533 for seeds, and the lowest on

glass for pods, with a value of 0.501, and of 0.2933 for

seeds on galvanized steel. These properties influence the

design and evaluation of the processing of the seed. In

this research, the dimensional, gravimetric and frictional

properties of M. oleifera seeds were determined and

presented as design parameters for the development of

post-harvest equipment.

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Sample preparation

The dry seeds of M. oleifera were obtained from

Kano station of Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria

(FRIN) and used for all the experiments in the study. The

seeds were cleaned manually to remove all foreign

matter such as dirt, stones and chaff as well as immature

and broken seeds. It was then sealed and kept in a

polyethylene bag for 78 hrs to equilibrate the moisture

content of the seed. Seed samples were randomly taken

to determine the initial moisture content by drying in an

air ventilated oven at 103°C for 24 hrs (Ahmadi, 2009)

and the average values obtained was recorded.

The remaining seed mass was divided into two sets.

One set of the seed samples was reconstituted in addition

to the initial moisture content of the sample by adding a

calculated amount of distilled water and sealed in a

polyethylene bag and stored in a refrigerator at 5°C for

five days to enable the moisture to distribute uniformly

F
U

L
L

 P
A

P
E

R

 Abubakar and Benjamin / Food Research 3 (2) (2019) 96 - 101 98

eISSN: 2550-2166 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources

throughout the seed sample (Ahmadi, 2009). The amount

of water added to the sample in order to achieve the

desired moisture was calculated using equation (1) as

given by Solomon and Zewdu (2009):

Where Q = Quantity of water to be added, g; Mi = initial

moisture content; %, Mf = required moisture content; %,

Ws = weight of samples, g.

Before starting a test, the required quantity of the

seed was taken out of the refrigerator and allowed to

equilibrate to the room temperature for about 2 hrs

(Singh and Goswami, 1996) and after which the

reconstituted samples were checked for the moisture

content using the method described by Adesina et al.

(2014). All analysis was carried out in the Department of

Agricultural and Environmental Engineering’s

Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering Bayero University,

Kano, Nigeria.

2.2 Determination of moisture content

The initial moisture content dry basis of the seed

samples was determined using the relationship obtained

from Adesina et al. (2014)

Where Mdb = dry basis moisture content; Wi =initial

weight of the seeds in grams; Wf = final weight of the

seeds in grams

2.3 Dimensional measurement

The physical dimensions of the seed were

determined by taking 25 seeds randomly and measured

the length, width and thickness at the different moisture

contents using a micrometer screw gauge (with 0.01 mm

accuracy and 0-25 mm main reading (Model GMC- 20).

The seed length was defined as the longest dimension.

Width is the longest dimension perpendicular to length.

Thickness is the longest dimension perpendicular to the

length by width plane Adesina et al. (2014) (Figure 1).

The arithmetic mean diameter, and geometric mean

diameter was calculated using equation (3) and (4)

respectively as used by Adesina et al. (2014):

Where L is the length in mm; W is the width in mm; T is

the thickness in mm; Da and Dg are arithmetic and

geometric mean diameters, respectively

2.3.1 Determination of sphericity (φ)

Sphericity was obtained using the equation (5) below

as given by Adesina et al. (2014)

Where φ = Sphericity; L is the length in mm; W is the

width in mm; and T is the thickness in mm.

2.3.2 Determination of surface area (S)

The surface area, (S) in mm2 was calculated by using

equation (6) below as given by Niveditha et al. (2013).

Where; S = surface area; and Dg = geometric mean

diameter.

2.4 Gravimetric Measurement

2.4.1 Determination of unit and one thousand seed

mass

Mass of 1000 seeds of M. oleifera was determined

by counting 100 seeds randomly and measured using an

electrical digital balance (Model MP1001, gallen kamp)

with maximum capacity of 600 g and accuracy 0.01 g

and then was multiplied by 10 to give the mass of 1000

seeds and divided by 100 to give the unit mass (Adesina

et al., 2014). The test was done in ten replicates and

mean value was taken.

2.4.2 Determination of solid density

The true or solid density can be defined as the ratio

of a given mass of sample to its volume and was

determined by using water displacement method. The

solid density was calculated using equation (7) below as

given by Adesina et al. (2014). The test was done in ten

replicates and the mean value was taken:

2.4.3 Determination of bulk density

Bulk density was determined by weighing the grains

packed in a container of known volume. The equation (8)

below as given by Aviara et al. (2017) was used to

determine the bulk density of the grain sample.

F
U

L
L

 P
A

P
E

R

(1)

(2)

Figure 1. Measurement of dimensional axes

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

99 Abubakar and Benjamin / Food Research 3 (2) (2019) 96 - 101

eISSN: 2550-2166 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources

Where ρb = Bulk density of the seeds (g/cm3); Mb=

mass of seeds in the beaker (g); and Vb= volume of

beaker (cm3).

2.4.4 Determination of porosity

The porosity of the seeds was calculated using

equation (9) as utilized by Aviara et al. (2017).

Where  = bulk density (g/cm3); and = solid density

(g/cm3).

2.5 Frictional properties

2.5.1 Determination of Angle of repose

The angle of repose of the M. oleifera seeds was

determined using the cylindrical pipe method. A topless

and bottomless cylinder was filled with grains and

slowly raised on a surface until it leaves the seeds

forming a cone, and the radius of the base and height of

the cone that was formed by the grains were used to

calculate the angle of repose. Equation (10) below was

used to determine the angle of repose as given by Zewdu

and Solomon (2007). The test was done in ten replicates

and mean value was taken.

Where Ɵ = angle of repose (o); h = height of piled seed

(cm); and r = radius of base of cone (cm)

2.5.2 Determination of coefficient of static friction

Coefficient of static friction (µ) was determined on

three different surfaces (plywood, galvanized steel and

glass), which are commonly used for the construction of

processing and handling machine (Niveditha et al.,

2013). A plastic cylinder of 100 mm, diameter and 50

mm height as described by Adesina et al. (2014) was

used. The cylinder was filled with seed and placed on an

adjustable inclined surface. The plastic cylinder was

raised slightly so that its open bottom edge did not touch

the inclined surface only the seed samples were touching

the surface. All three surfaces were raised slowly until

the cylinder filled with seeds started to slide down. At

that point, the angle of tilt, (θ) was recorded. Coefficient

of static friction (µ) was calculated using the equation

(11) below. The test was done in ten replicates and mean

value was taken.

µ = tan θ

3. Results and discussion

The results obtained were subjected to statistical

analysis using Microsoft Excel 2007 (Microsoft Corp.,

USA). Tukey’s test at a significance level of p<0.05  was

used to compare means of all the parameters calculated

at the initial moisture content of 7.82% (db) to that

measured at 8% increase in moisture content of 15.82%

(db).

3.1 Seed axial dimensional

The results of M. oleifera seed axial dimensions

obtained at two different moisture content levels are

presented in Table 1. The Table shows that the three

axial dimensions of the seed increased with moisture

content in the moisture of 7.82% and 15.82% (db.), the

major axis (length) increased from (9.217±1.407) mm to

(11.460±1.106) mm, the intermediate axis (width) from

(8.012±1.349) mm to (10.078±1.065) mm, and the minor

axis (thickness) from (5.443±1.382) mm to

(7.377±1.079) mm. This was in agreement with the work

F
U

L
L

 P
A

P
E

R

(8)

(9)

(10)

Parameters and Unit
Moisture

content (db)
N Mean±SD Std. Err. t-value

95% Conf. Interval

Lower Upper

Length (mm)
7.82% 25 9.217±1.407 0.281 -6.268 8.636 9.798

15.82% 25 11.460±1.106 0.221 -6.268 11.003 11.916

Width (mm)
7.82% 25 8.012±1.349 0.270 -6.012 7.456 8.569

15.82% 25 10.079±1.065 0.213 -6.012 9.639 10.518

Thickness (mm)
7.82% 25 5.443±1.382 0.276 -5.517 4.872 6.013

15.82% 25 7.377±1.079 0.216 -5.517 6.932 7.823

Arithmetic diameter (mm)
7.82% 25 7.557±1.3407 0.268 -6.117 7.004 8.110

15.82% 25 9.639±1.409 0.210 -6.117 9.206 10.071

Geometric diameter (mm)
7.82% 25 7.366±1.374 0.275 -6.064 6.799 7.933

15.82% 25 9.475±1.065 0.213 -6.064 9.035 9.914

Sphericity (mm)
7.82% 25 0.7964±0.048 0.010 -2.611 0.777 0.816

15.82% 25 0.836±0.030 0.006 -2.611 0.814 0.839

Surface area (mm2)
7.82% 25 176.185±64.416 12.883 -5.937 149.596 202.775

15.82% 25 285.476±65.753 13.151 -5.937 258.335 312.617

Table 1. Statistical value of the measured and calculated axial dimensional of the M. oleifera seed

(11)

 Abubakar and Benjamin / Food Research 3 (2) (2019) 96 - 101 100

eISSN: 2550-2166 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources

of Aja and Fakoyode (2013), who measured some

engineering properties of M. oleifera and found to have

increased of 8.45±0.976 mm, 7.82±0.922 mm and

6.41±1.092 mm respectively. The increasing trend in

axial dimensions, this gained in moisture content, might

be due to the filling of voids upon absorption of moisture

and subsequent swelling. The arithmetic mean diameter

had higher mean values of (7.557±1.340 mm to

9.639±1.049 mm) than the geometric (7.366±1.374) mm

to (9.475±1.065) mm, sphericity (0.796±0.048 mm to

0.826±0.0302 mm) and the surface area

(176.185±64.416 mm2 to 285.476±65.753 mm2) of the

seed. These could be of important consideration in the

theoretical determination of the M. oleifera seed volume

at different moisture contents. Moreover, assessment of

the mean geometric diameter is useful in the evaluation

of the projected area of a particle moving in the turbulent

or near-turbulent area of an air stream.

The null hypothesis was tested on the assumption

that seeds exposed to 7.82% and 15.82% moisture

contents have the same effect on the dimensional

properties of the seed, i.e. the difference in the means of

the treatments (moisture content) is zero. This indicates

that the null hypothesis was rejected out-rightly and

means that there was a significant difference between the

means of the axial dimension at 5% level of significance.

3.2 Seed gravimetric properties

The mean true and bulk densities were found to be

0.600±0.025 gcm-3, 0.247±006 gcm-3 and 0.610±030

gcm-3and 0.253±0.005 gcm-3 at 7.82% and 15.82%

moisture levels respectively. The porosity was computed

from the values of the true and bulk densities as 58.86%

and 58.52% at 7.82% and 15.82% moisture contents

respectively. The true density of the M. oleifera seeds

shows that the seeds were slightly less dense than water

(1.00 g/cm3) and therefore will float on water. It was

noticed also that all the gravimetric properties increased

with increase in moisture content (Table 2). The unit

mass increased from 0.339±0.061 g/cm3 at 7.82%

moisture content to 0.350±0.055 g/cm3 at 15.82%

moisture content. The 1000 seeds mass also increased

from 272.051±11.827 gcm-3 at 7.82% moisture content to

273.396±8.079 gcm-3. Based on the gravimetric analysis

of the seed, result shown that the different moisture

contents (7.8% and 15.82%) have the same effect on the

true density, unit mass and thousand seed weight of the

seed, except the bulk density of the seed in which there

was a significant difference in their mean effects.

3.3 Frictional properties of M. oleifera seed

The average coefficients of friction on three different

surfaces viz glass, galvanized steel and plywood were

found to be 0.437±0.003, 0.481±0.002 and 0.569±0.003

respectively at 7.82% moisture content (Table 3). The

average values for glass, galvanized steel and plywood at

15.82% moisture content was found to increase to

0.470±0.002, 0.570±0.002 and 0.612±0.013. It was

observed that the static coefficient of friction was highest

on plywood and lowest on glass. The mean angle of

repose was found to be 17.834±0.351° at 7.82% moisture

content and 19.345±0.4090at 15.82% moisture content.

F
U

L
L

 P
A

P
E

R

Parameters and Unit Moisture
content (db) N Mean±SD Std. Err. t-value

95% Conf. Interval
Lower Upper

True density (g/cm3)
7.82% 10 0.510±0.025 0.008 -0.812 0.582 0.618

15.82% 10 0.610±0.030 0.009 -0.812 0.589 0.631

Bulk density (g/cm3)
7.82% 10 0.247±0.058 0.002 -2.506 0.243 0.251

15.82% 10 0.253±0.005 0.002 -2.506 0.249 0.257

Unit mass (g)
7.82% 10 0.339±0.061 0.0019 -0.400 0.296 0.383

15.82% 10 0.350±0.055 0.017 -0.400 0.310 0.389

Thousand seed mass (g)
7.82% 10 272.051±11.827 3.740 -0.297 263.590 280.512

15.82% 10 273.396±8.079 2.555 -0.297 267.617 279.175

Table 2. Statistical values of the measured and calculated gravitational properties of the M. oleifera seed

Parameters and Unit Moisture
content (db) N Mean±SD Std. Err. t-value

95% Conf. Interval
Lower Upper

Coefficient of static friction on glass
7.82% 1 0.437±0.003 0.000867 -34.589 0.435 0.439

15.82% 0 0.471±0.002 0.000482 -34.589 0.470 0.472

Coefficient of static friction on
galvanized steel

7.82% 1 0.481±0.002 0.000593 -104.050 0.480 0.482
15.82% 0 0.570±0.002 0.000616 -104.050 0.568 0.571

Coefficient of static friction on
plywood

7.82% 1 0.569±0.003 0.000971 -9.989 0.567 0.571
15.82% 0 0.612±0.013 0.004142 -9.989 0.602 0.620

Angle of repose
7.82% 1 17.834±0.351 0.110857 -8.871 17.785 18.085

15.82% 0 19.345±0.409 0.129300 -8.871 19.053 19.638

Table 3. Statistical values of the measured and calculated frictional properties of the M. oleifera seed

101 Abubakar and Benjamin / Food Research 3 (2) (2019) 96 - 101

eISSN: 2550-2166 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources

4. Conclusion

The determination of selected engineering properties of

M. oleifera seeds at two moisture content 7.82% (db)

and 15.82% (db) show that the higher the moisture

content present in the seed the higher the value of its

length, width and thickness. This study also shows that a

significant change in the moisture content will also lead

to a significant change in the physical properties of the

seed.

References

Abdullah, B.M., Yusop, R.M., Salimon, J., Jousif, E.,

Salih, N., Abiodun, O.A. and Prince, M.L. (2013).

Oil potential of Moringa. Agrosearch, 12(2), 68-69.

Adebayo, S.E. and Nwankwo, C.C. (2013).

Determination of Some Engineering Properties of

Dika Nut (Irvangia gabonesis) at Two Moisture

Content Levels as Relevant to its Processing.

International Journal of Engineering Research and

Applications, 3(2), 182-188.

Adejumo, B.O. and Abayomi, D.A. (2012). Effect of

Moisture Content on some Physical Properties of

Moringa oleifera Seed. IOSR Journal of Agriculture

and Veterinary Science, 1(5), 12-21. https://

doi.org/10.9790/2380-0151221

Adesina, B.S., Asiru, W.B., Omotade, S.A., Diabana,

P.D. and Akinyemi, D. (2014). Some Mechanical

Properties of Moringa oleifera seeds. International

Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 5

(6), 1286-1295.

Ahmadi, H. (2009). Some Physical and Mechanical

Properties of Fennel Seed (Foeniculum vulgare).

Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(1), 66-75.

Aja, E.A. and Fakoyode, O.A. (2013). Mechanical

Properties of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Seeds in

relation to an Oil Expeller Design. Agrosearch, 13

(3), 206-216.

Aremu, A.K. and Akintola, A. (2014). Effects of Some

Drying Methods on Nutritional Characteristics of

Moringa (Moringa oleifera) seeds. In 4th

International Conference on Biotechnology and

Environment Management, Vol. 75, p. 66-72.

Singapore: IPCBEE.

Aviara N.A., Kawuyo, U.A. and Okolo, D.C. (2017).

Physical Properties of Two Acha Varieties as a

Function of Moisture Content. Arid Zone Journal of

Engineering, Technology and Environment, 13(5),

555-566.

Corbett, P. (2003). It is time for an oil change!

Opportunities for high oleic vegetable oils. Inform,

14(8), 480-481.

Oloyede. D.O., Aviara, N.A. and Shittu, S.K. (2015).

Measurement of Engineering Properties Necessary

to the Design of Drumstick (Moringa oleifera L.)

Pod Sheller. Journal of Biosystems Engineering, 40

(3), 201-211. https://doi.org/10.5307/

JBE.2015.40.3.201

Fuglie L.J. (1999). The Miracle Tree. Moringa Oleifera.

Natural Nutrition for the Tropics, p. 66. Dakar:

Church World Service.

Ndubuaku, U.M., Ndubuaku, T.C.N. and Ndubuaku,

N.E. (2014). Yield Characteristics of Moringa

oleifera Across Different Ecologies in Nigeria as an

Index of its Adaptation to Climate Change.

Sustainable Agriculture Research, 3(1), 22-25.

Niveditha, V.R., Sridhar, K.R. and Balasubramanian, D.

(2013). Physical and mechanical properties of seeds

and kernels of Canavalia of coastal sand dunes.

International Food Research Journal, 20(4), 1547-

1554.

Ramachandran. C., Peter, K.V. and Gopalakrishnan,

P.K. (1980). Drumstick (Moringa oleifera): A

multipurpose Indian Vegetable. Economic Botany,

34(3), 276-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858648

Singh, K.K. and Goswami, T.K. (1996). Physical

properties of cumin seed. Journal of Agricultural

Engineering Research, 64, 93-98. https://

doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1996.0049

Solomon, W.K. and Zewdu, A.D. (2009). Moisture

Dependent Physical Properties of Niger (Guiconia

abyssinica Cass.) Seed. Industrial Crops and

Products, 2(9), 165-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/

j.indcrop.2008.04.018

Zaku, S.G., Emmanuel, S., Tukur, A.A. and Kabir, A.

(2015). Moringa oleifera: An underutilized tree in

Nigeria with amazing versatility: A review. African

Journal of Food Science, 9(9), 456-461. https://

doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2015.1346

Zewdu, A.D. and Solomon, W.K. (2007). Moisture-

dependent physical properties of Tef seed.

Biosystems Engineering, 96(1), 57-63. https://

doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2006.09.008

F
U

L
L

 P
A

P
E

R

https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-0151221

https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-0151221

https://doi.org/10.5307/JBE.2015.40.3.201

https://doi.org/10.5307/JBE.2015.40.3.201

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858648

https://doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1996.0049

https://doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1996.0049

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.04.018

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.04.018

https://doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2015.1346

https://doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2015.1346

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2006.09.008

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2006.09.008


429 Too Many Requests

nginx


6/11/2017 دار اإلفتاء  حكم تحية المسجد أثناء خطبة الجمعة

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=2743#.WT1JUuGNhE 1/2

English2017 16 رمضان 1438  ,  11 حزيران

الصفحة الرئيسية

الفتاوى

 عدد التقييمات : 2 عدد مرات الطباعة: 761 عدد القراء: 25238

اسم المفتي : لجنة اإلفتاء

الموضوع : حكم تحية المسجد أثناء خطبة الجمعة

رقم الفتوى : 2743

التاريخ : 26‐11‐2012

التصنيف : صالة الجمعة

نوع الفتوى : بحثية

السؤال :

عندما يدخل املصلي املسجد واإلمام خيطب للجمعة٬ هل يصلي حتية املسجد٬ أم جيلس ويستمع؟

الجواب :

احلمد هللا٬ والصالة والسالم على سيدنا رسول اهللا
ُيسنُّ عند دخول املصلي للمسجد يوم اجلمعة أن يصلي ركعتني خفيفتني قبل أن جيلس٬ حىت لو كان اخلطيب على املنرب.

يقول اإلمام الرملي رمحه اهللا: "التحية لداخل املسجد واخلطيب على املنرب ُيسنُّ له فعلها٬ وخيففها وجوبًا٬ خلرب مسلم: َجاَء ُسَلْيٌك الَغَطفاينُّ يـَْوَم اُجلُمعِة َوالنَِّيبُّ َصلَّى اهللاُ َعَلْيِه َوَسلََّم َخيُْطُب
٬ َوْلَيَتَجوَّْز ِفيِهما). هذا إْن صلى سنة اجلمعة [أي يف بيته َفَجَلَس٬ فـََقاَل: (يَا ُسَلْيُك٬ ُقْم فارَْكْع رَْكَعَتْنيِ َوَجتَوَّْز ِفيِهَما). ُمثَّ قال: (إذا َجاَء َأَحدُُكْم يـَْوَم اُجلُمَعِة واإلماُم َخيُْطُب؛ فـَْلَريَْكْع رَْكَعَتْنيِ

مث حضر إىل املسجد]٬ وإال صالها خمففة وحصلت التحية٬ وال يزيد على ركعتني بكل حال.
أما الداخل آخر اخلطبة٬ فإْن غلب على ظنه أنه إن صالها فاتته تكبرية اإلحرام مع اإلمام؛ مل ُيَصلِّ التحية٬ بل يقف حىت تقام الصالة٬ وال يقعد لئال جيلس يف املسجد قبل التحية. قال

ابن الرفعة: ولو صالها يف هذه احلالة اسُتحبَّ لإلمام أن يزيد يف كالم اخلطبة بقدر ما يكملها" انتهى من "�اية احملتاج" (2/ 321). واهللا أعلم.

فتاوى أخرى
•   حكم النيابة المستمرة في الخطابة

•   حكم ذكر الصحابة والسالطين في خطبه الجمعة
•   حكم صالة الجمعة في قرية ال يبلغ عدد المصلين فيها أربعين

•   يجوز جمع العصر مع الجمعة بعذر المطر
•   حكم من لم يصل سنة الجمعة القبلية لصعود اإلمام المنبر بعد األذان األول مباشرة

•   هل تختلف سنة الجمعة القبلية عن سنة الظهر
•   حكم التبكير لصالة الجمعة لصاحب العذر

•   تقدم لخطبتها شاب يعمل في هيئة األوراق المالية

•   تعلقت به الفتاة بعد استمرار المحادثة بينهما

الفتاوى

      ‐ع+ع

http://www.aliftaa.jo/DefaultEn.aspx

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Default.aspx

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Default.aspx

http://www.aliftaa.jo/CatQuestion.aspx?Id=141

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=1707

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=1698

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=2222

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=521

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=2219

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=2221

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=2767

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=857

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=762

http://www.aliftaa.jo/QuestionPrint.aspx?QuestionId=2743

javascript:

javascript:

6/11/2017 دار اإلفتاء  حكم تحية المسجد أثناء خطبة الجمعة

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=2743#.WT1JUuGNhE 2/2

•   تعلقت به الفتاة بعد استمرار المحادثة بينهما
•   كالم المصلي أثناء خطبة الجمعة ينقص ثوابه وال يبطلها

<< < 3 2 1 > >>

لالطالع على منهج الفتوى في دار اإلفتاء يرجى زيارة (هذه الصفحة)

حسب التصنيف [ السابق ‐‐‐ التالي ]

رقم الفتوى [ السابق ‐‐‐ التالي ]

التعليقات

االسم *

البريد اإللكتروني *

الدولة

عنوان التعليق *

التعليق *

 إرسال

تنبيه: هذه النافذة غري خمصصة لألسئلة الشرعية٬ وإمنا للتعليق على املوضوع املنشور لتكون حمل استفادة واهتمام إدارة املوقع إن شاء اهللا٬ وليست للنشر. وأما األسئلة الشرعية فيسرنا
استقباهلا يف قسم " أرسل سؤالك "٬ ولذلك نرجو املعذرة من اإلخوة الزوار إذا مل ُجيَب على أي سؤال شرعي يدخل من نافذة " التعليقات " وذلك لغرض تنظيم العمل. وشكرا

األردن

ادخل كلمة للبحث عنها

بحث الفتاوى المتقدم

أقسام الفتاوى

العقيدة (70)

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=762

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=2223

javascript:__doPostBack('LinkButtonNext2C','')

javascript:__doPostBack('LinkButtonNextC','')

javascript:__doPostBack('3C','')

javascript:__doPostBack('2C','')

http://www.aliftaa.jo/ShowContent.aspx?Id=47

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=2224

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=2967

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=2742

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=2745

http://www.aliftaa.jo/SearchQuestions.aspx

http://www.aliftaa.jo/Questions.aspx?Id=2


 1

Penerangan Ringkas Berkenaan dengan Hukum Sijil Simpanan Premium

Penerangan ini dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian: (i) Asas, (ii) Isu dan (iii) Kesimpulan.

ASAS

1. Akad di antara pembeli/pemilik Sijil Simpanan Premium dan Bank Pengeluar (Bank

Simpanan Nasional) adalah akad pinjaman (al-Qardh)1. Ia adalah harus.

2. Tiada sebarang pulangan yang dijanjikan atau diwajibkan ke atas peminjam (pihak

Bank) untuk diberikan kepada pihak pemberi pinjam (pelanggan). Maka, ialah adalah

akad pinjaman (al-Qardh) tanpa riba’. Ia adalah harus.

3. Pemilik Sijil Simpanan Premium juga “berpeluang” (bukan dijanjikan) mendapat

hadiah daripada cabutan yang dijalankan. Hadiah-hadiah tersebut adalah dalam bentuk

kenderaan dan sijil simpanan premium. Hadiah atau hibah kenderaan adalah harus.

Hadiah dalam bentuk sijil simpanan premium sebenarnya adalah dalam bentuk wang atau

hutang. Ia adalah harus.

4. Pelanggan yang mempunyai Sijil Simpanan Premium yang lebih banyak mempunyai

“kebarangkalian” (dari sudut pengiraan matematik) yang lebih tinggi untuk mendapat

hadiah daripada cabutan tersebut. Ia adalah harus kerana ia hanyalah “kebarangkalian”

dan tidak mencapai tahap “pasti”. Sekiranya kemenangan daripada cabutan bertuah

adalah pasti, maka ia adalah haram kerana ia seumpama tambahan pulangan atau manfaat

yang diwajibkan di dalam akan pinjam. Namun ini tidak berlaku, maka ia adalah harus.

1 Ini adalah kerana duit tersebut akan digunakan oleh pihak bank bagi urusan dan perniagaannya. Ia
bukanlah mirip kepada akad Wadiah yang lebih merupakan akad pemegangan amanah. Wadiah perbankan
adalah mirip kepada al-Qardh mengikut majoriti ulama’.

 2

ISU

5. Pihak Bank (BSN) yang memberikan hadiah tersebut juga menjalankan pembiayaan

secara konvensional dan Islam, maka keuntungan yang diperolehi oleh pihak bank

(secara kumpulan) mungkin terdiri daripada keuntungan konvensional yang tidak

mematuhi Syariah dan keuntungan yang mematuhi Syariah. Sekiranya hadiah yang

diberikan oleh pihak Bank kepada pemilik Sijil Simpanan Premium adalah daripada

keuntungan yang bercampur tersebut, maka hadiah tersebut adalah harus diterima. Ini

adalah kerana menerima hadiah daripada seseorang yang mempunyai harta bercampur di

antara halal dan haram adalah harus.

6. Pihak Bank juga “mungkin” menggunakan duit yang dipinjam daripada pelanggan

untuk menjalankan urusniaga perbankan yang tidak mematuhi Syariah? Apakah

hukumnya? – Selagimana “tidak diyakini” (tidak mencapai tahap yakin) bahawa duit

yang diberi pinjam tersebut akan digunakan untuk urusniaga haram, maka hukum

memberi pinjam tersebut bersekitar di antara hukum makruh dan harus (berdasarkan

kekuatan zann / sangkaan berkenaan penggunaan duit tersebut untuk urusniaga haram).

Secara prinsipnya, pemberi pinjam (pelanggan) tidak diwajibkan untuk mengambil tahu

tujuan penggunaan duit yang dipinjam tersebut.

KESIMPULAN

Bagi pihak pelanggan:

Hukum Sijil Simpanan Premium adalah harus sepertimana yang diputuskan oleh

Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Malaysia

Kali Ke-28:

“Skim Sijil Simpanan Premium adalah harus mengikut Syarak.”

Keputusan yang sama juga telah diambil oleh Majlis Fatwa Negeri Sembilan. Pihak

INFAD juga seharusnya mengambil pendapat yang sama dengan kedua-dua institusi

fatwa tersebut,

 3

Bagi pihak Bank:

Penggunaan duit yang diperolehi daripada Sijil Simpanan premium dan hadiah yang

dikeluarkan kepada pihak pelanggan perlulah dipastikan daripada sumber yang mematuhi

Syariah. Berkenaan hal ini, pihak Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal

Ugama Islam Malaysia ada menyebut:

“Mesyuarat juga bersetuju memberi pandangan kepada Bank Simpanan Nasional supaya

skim sijil simpanan premium ini diletakkan di bawah sistem Perbankan Islam.2”

Gambarajah 1: Ilustrasi Ringkas bagi Sijil Simpanan Premium

Disediakan oleh:

ABDULLAAH JALIL,

Pensyarah FEM

Merangkap Ahli Unit Syariah dan Kewangan Islam INFAD

Wednesday, April 28, 2010 / Jamada El Oula 15, 1431

2 Rujukan: http://www.e-fatwa.gov.my/mufti/fatwa_warta_view.asp?keyID=1472

http://www.e-fatwa.gov.my/mufti/fatwa_warta_view.asp?keyID=1472

Penerangan Ringkas Berkenaan dengan Hukum Sijil Simpanan Premium

ASAS

ISU

KESIMPULAN


Skip to content
PENUNTUT ILMU
Dr. Abdullaah Jalil
40 Hadith (13)

Academic Advisory, Supervision and Review

Academic Courses

ASWJ

Awards

Books (40)

Chapter in Books

Conferences & Workshops – Participant/ Moderator

Conferences – Presenter/ Author/ Co-Author

Consultation

Courses & Workshops – Trainer/ Member

Educational Background

Fiqh Muamalat

Hak Cipta

Halal

Home

Islamic Banking and Finance

Journals

Kuliah & Kursus Agama – Pengajar/ Pembentang

Laws and Regulations

Mirath & Fara’id

Mutun Ilmiyyah

News Paper / Magazines

PCVE (Deradicalization and Rehabilitation)

Penyelidik IMARAH

Policy / Industry

Q & A

References & Links

Research

Risalah Penuntut Ilmu (RPI)

Selected Fatwa

Services/ Modules Offered

Shariah Compliance and Governance

Takaful

Talaqqi

Waqf

Zakat

Zikrullah and Supplications

About

Blog
Author: Penuntut Ilmu
Writing Workshop, INCEIF
December 18, 2016
Penuntut Ilmu
Leave a comment
Ibra’ in BBA
December 9, 2016
Penuntut Ilmu
Leave a comment
Bengkel Panel Penyelidik Fatwa Negeri Sembilan
December 7, 2016
Penuntut Ilmu
Leave a comment
2016, 6-8 Disember. Bengkel Panel Penyelidik Fatwa Negeri Sembilan. Boardromm 1, Tingkat 7, Palm Seremban Hotel. Anjuran: Jabatan Mufti Negeri Sembilan.
Bengkel Nvivo
December 3, 2016
Penuntut Ilmu
Leave a comment
Thanks for signing up and participating in this workshop.

Location:
Reezqi Academy
7A, Tingkat 1,
Jalan Ceongsam 10/11
Seksyen 10, 40100,
Shah Alam, Selangor.

Next to the Azira Restoran & Butik Indah.

Pay parking on weekdays between 9am to 1pm.
Get your coupun parking from the Restoran Azira.

Weekends is FREE parking.

If you using WAZE, type REEZQI ACADEMY or REEZQI CINEMATOGRAPHY.

The More You Give
The More You Get.
G2.TMC1.FM2.Sports Toto
December 2, 2016
Penuntut Ilmu
Leave a comment
Bengkel Penyelidikan Wakaf IPT
December 2, 2016December 2, 2016
Penuntut Ilmu
Leave a comment
Nilai Golf Springs Resort
MLM: Fantasi atau Realiti
November 25, 2016December 2, 2016
Penuntut Ilmu
Leave a comment
Khamis. 24 November 2016. Dkp 3. jam 8.30 mlm – 10.30 mlm.
Muqassah, Urbun, Hamish Jiddiyya and Wa’d
November 24, 2016December 2, 2016
Penuntut Ilmu
Leave a comment
khamis. 3-4 pm.
al Rahnu Scheme
November 18, 2016November 18, 2016
Penuntut Ilmu
Leave a comment
tmc1. bt3.4. 4-5 ptg. kelas ganti.
Ja’alah, Ijarah dan Hibah
November 16, 2016November 18, 2016
Penuntut Ilmu
Leave a comment
Tmc1 – 10-11, bt3.4
Posts navigation
Older posts
Newer posts
Blog at WordPress.com.
PENUNTUT ILMU
Blog at WordPress.com.
Follow

Following

PENUNTUT ILMU

Join 37 other followers

												Sign me up

Already have a WordPress.com account?
Log in now.
PENUNTUT ILMU

Customize

Follow

Following

Sign up

Log in

Report this content

View site in Reader

Manage subscriptions

Collapse this bar


Mengenali Dua Skim Penipuan

Terbesar:

Skim Piramid dan Skim Ponzi
Dan Kaedah Mengenali Skim Penipuan

4 Mei 2017

Seminar Fiqh Muamalat Dalam Gerakan Koperasi (18-19 April) 2017

Piawaian Terhadap Maslahah dan  Mafsadah dalam Gerakan Koperasi

Hotel Royale Bintang Resort & Spa Seremban, N9

1

Pembentang

Abdullaah Jalil
Pensyarah Kanan

Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM)

2

Email: abdullaah@usim.edu.my /

abdullaah.usim@gmail.com

FB:  Abdullaah Jalil

FB Page:  Penuntut Ilmu & Masjid Hati Ummah

Laman Sesawang:  www.penuntutilmu.com

mailto:abdullaah@usim.edu.my

mailto:abdullaahjalil@gmail.com

mailto:abdullaahjalil@gmail.com

http://www.penuntutilmu.com/

Kerangka Pembentangan

Pendahuluan  Skim Piramid Skim Ponzi
Perbezaan Skim

Piramid dan Skim
Ponzi

Skim Piramid
Bertopengkan

JL/MLM

Tips Mengenal
Skim Penipuan

Bagaimana
Menghindari

Pelaburan "Scam"?

Semakan Prinsip-
prinsip Shariah

Semakan dengan
Pihak Berautoriti

Contoh Maklumat
dari BNM and SC

Rumusan

3

Pendahuluan

• Pihak pengurus pelaburan dan perniagaan
perlu mengetahui bentuk-bentuk penipuan
dalam pelaburan agar tidak menjadi “naïve”
dalam dunia pelaburan dan perniagaan sebenar.

• Saidina ‘Umar al-Khattab RA pernah berkata:

ْعِرْف اْْلااِهِليَّةا  ْ يا ْن َلا ْسالاما ما ْعِرُف اْْلِ  َلا يا

“Sesiapa yang tidak mengenali apa itu JAHILIAH,
maka dia tidak mengenal apa itu ISLAM.”

4

• Penyair Arab pernah berkata:

5

“Investment Scam” – Pelaburan Palsu

6

Skim Ponzi Skim Piramid

Skim Pelaburan Emas

Skim Pelaburan Minyak dan Gas

Skim Pelaburan FOREX

Skim Piramid Bertopengkan MLM
“Pump-and-dump”

TIADA HAD BAGI KAEDAH-KAEDAH PENIPUAN

Skim Piramid

• satu bisnes model (berbentuk piramid – sedikit di

bahagian atas dan bertambah banyak apabila

berpindah ke bahagian bawah) yang tidak dapat

bertahan melibatkan pertukaran dan perpindahan

duit di kalangan peserta-peserta bermula daripada

peringkat atas sehingga ke akhirnya.

• Kebiasaannya, Skim Piramid asli tidak melibatkan

penjualan produk atau perkhidmatan.
7

8

Skim Piramid pasti akan

runtuh

“Infinite legs” - unworkable

Skim Ponzi
• pelaburan berunsur penipuan yang membuat bayaran

kepada pelabur di peringkat awal menggunakan duit

pelabur yang melabur di peringkat yang lebih bawah.

Pembayaran ini bukanlah datang daripada keuntungan sebenar

pernigaan.

• Walaupun kadang-kala perniagaan sebenar dijalankan, namun ia

hanyalah di peringkat permulaan atau hanya meliputi

sebahagian duit deposit yang diterima dengan tujuan

mengaburkan mata para pelabur dan masyarakat umum.

• Ponzimonium adalah satu istilah yang baru tercipta apabila

skim pelaburan berasaskan Skim Ponzi terbongkar dengan

banyak di akhir-akhir 2008. 9

10

Hub

Skim Ponzi

• Kedua-dua skim ini atau Skim Ponzi semata-mata
dimodifikasi menjadi seolah-olah satu bentuk
pelaburan di dalam sektor-sektor yang menarik
seperti sektor minyak dan gas, pelaburan luar
pesisir pantai (off-shore), perundingan kewangan,
jual-beli sekuriti kewangan, pengurusan dana
kewangan yang melabur di dalam sekuriti
kewangan dan pasaran hadapan (futures), jual-beli
matawang asing, hartanah, teknologi, komoditi
perladangan, emas dan lain-lain.

11

Skim Pelaburan Internet Palsu

• Skim Pelaburan Internet yang berunsur penipuan
ini pada kebiasaannya sering mendakwa mereka
melabur di dalam sekuriti kewangan kerana
industri kewangan moden pada hari ini kurang
difahami oleh ramai orang awam yang
menggunakan internet.

• Sebahagian skim-skim ini menggunakan ISTILAH-
ISTILAH FIQH MUAMALAT bagi mengkaburi
kedudukan mereka yang sebenar.

12

Perbezaan Skim Ponzi dan Skim

Piramid

• Walaupun Skim Ponzi ini kelihatan hampir

serupa, namun ia mempunyai beberapa

perbezaan.

13

Bil. Aspek Perbezaan Skim Ponzi Skim Piramid

1. Penerimaan Wang dan

Pertemuan Langsung

dengan Peserta Baru

(Mangsa)

Di dalam skim ini,

pengelola terlibat

sebagai “hub” atau

pusat pembayaran dan

penerimaan wang kepada

mangsa. Pengelola

bertemu dengan setiap

mangsa secara langsung.

Di dalam skim ini, pihak

peserta di peringkat

awal yang

bertanggungjawab untuk

merekrut peserta baru dan

mendapat bayaran/wang

secara langsung daripada

masa yang di bawahnya.

2. Kaedah Pemasaran Di dalam skim ini, biasanya

pemasaran dilakukan secara

tertutup dengan beberapa

individu yang penting sahaja dan

pada kebiasaannya menumpukan

pemasaran kepada para pelabur

yang sememangnya mempunyai

wang.

Skim ini dengan

secara terang

melakukan

pemasarannya dan

tanpa ada keahlian

baru maka tiadalah

“pendapatan” untuk

peserta.

3. Jumlah Keahlian dan

Ketahanan Model

Pelaburan

Skim ini biasanya boleh

bertahan lebih lama walaupun

dengan ahli yang sedikit, iaitu

dengan menggalakkan agar

peserta menambah lagi wang

pelaburannya.

Skim ini lebih

mudah runtuh

kerana ia

memerlukan

kemasukan peserta

baru yang ramai

untuk membolehkan

ia terus bertahan.

14

Skim Piramid Bertopengkan Jualan

Langsung atau MLM

• Namun pada hari ini, Skim Piramid yang bertopengkan  JL (Syarikat
Jualan Langsung) atau MLM (Multi-Level Marketing) menggunakan
produk atau perkhidmatan untuk mendapat lesen perniagaan
daripada pihak berautoriti.

• Namun, dalam masa yang sama, modus operandi mereka adalah
lebih kepada pencarian ahli atau “head hunting”.

• Untuk mengkaburi pihak berkuasa dan pelanggan, mereka
mengenakan yuran kemasukan yang rendah tetapi peserta wajib
membeli produk dengan harga yang sangat mahal sehingga
mencecah ribuan ringgit.

• Kewujudan Skim Piramid bertopengkan JL atau MLM ini telah
merosakkan reputasi syarikat JL dan MLM yang tulin apabila
masyarakat umum tidak dapat membezakan di antara kedua-duanya.

15

Tips Mengenal Skim Penipuan
• Risiko – pulangan – tempoh : tidak munasabah

(Terdapat juga yang menawarkan pulangan munasabah) – Pada

kebiasaannya pulangan yang tinggi, umpamanya, 20-30%

sebulan bagi setiap bulan.

• Anda tidak diajar tentang produk dan kaedah

mempromosikan produk yang kononnya berkualiti ,

sebaliknya penekanan diberikan kepada komisen yang akan

diberikan berdasarkan penambahan ahli (head hunting).

• Anda diberitahu bahawa tawaran itu hanya untuk tempoh

terhad dan anda MESTI membelikannya sekarang serta

anda tidak akan dihubungi lagi jika tidak membuat keputusan

serta-merta. 16

• Anda dimaklumkan bahawa anda telah memenangi
hadiah dan anda diminta memasukkan wang ke dalam
bank asing dalam mata wang asing tetapi anda tidak pernah
berurusan dengan syarikat asing tersebut.

• Anda menerima panggilan telefon menawarkan peluang-
peluang pelaburan dan anda sendiri tidak tahu
bagaimana syarikat itu mendapat nombor telefon anda.

• Anda menerima e-mel yang meminta nombor akaun
anda kerana mereka mahu menghantar wang kepada anda,
berjumlah berjuta-juta dolar Amerika dari negara asing. Ini
sebenarnya bukanlah satu bentuk skim penipuan pelaburan,
tetapi tetap satu lagi skim penipuan yang popular.

• Anda ditawarkan satu produk pelaburan yang menjamin
keuntungan besar tanpa sebarang risiko kewangan.

17

18

• Anda diminta melabur dalam satu skim pelaburan: Alamat dan
maklumat perhubungan syarikat pelaburan yang menawarkan
keuntungan besar kepada anda itu terletak di sebuah negara
asing yang anda tidak dapat pastikan di mana kedudukan
sebenar syarikat itu.

• Anda didatangi oleh seseorang yang mengaku sebagai ejen bagi
syarikat dagangan asing yang beribu pejabat di luar negara untuk
berdagang dalam indeks asing (contohnya, indeks Hang Seng),
komoditi (contohnya kopi) atau mata wang asing (contohnyaAS$,
Yen dsb) tetapi anda perlu mendepositkan sejumlah wang
dalam mata wang asing sebagai “margin”, sebelum sesuatu
urus niaga boleh dilakukan.

• Sukar  untuk menemui sebarang maklumat mengenai lesen
atau kewujudan syarikat itu dalam laman web mana-mana pihak
pengawal selia atau pihak berkuasa yang berkenaan. Anda dihubungi
oleh syarikat yang menawarkan pakej percutian kepada anda tetapi
anda perlu hadir ke syarikat terbabit untuk mendengar taklimat
terlebih dahulu dan kemudiannya dipujuk menyertai sesuatu pakej

http://www.nccc.org.my

Tips Ringkas

Pulangan Tinggi
dengan Risiko Yang

Rendah

Komisen Yang Tinggi
Melalui “Head

Hunting”

Pulangan Tetap
Secara Mingguan atau

Bulanan

Ketiadaan Perniagaan
Sebenar atau Produk
Jauh Bernilai Rendah

/ Saiz Kecil

Berlagak Kaya
Tidak Berlesen atau
Lesen Antarabansa

Semata-mata

19

Bagaimana Menghindari Pelaburan

“Scam”?

Melakukan sekurang-kurangnya dua semakan:

20

Semakan Prinsip-

prinsip Shariah

Semakan dengan

Pihak Berautoriti

Ilmu Fiqh

Muamalat

Semakan Prinsip-prinsip Shariah

• Pemeriksaan prinsip Shariah bagi pelaburan
perlulah meliputi perkara-perkara berikut:
– Status akad di pengelola dan peserta?

– Status akad di antara sesama peserta?

– Apakah “barang akad” bagi skim ini dan adakah dia
benar-benar wujud dan dimiliki?

– Modus operandi sebenar bagi menjana pendapatan?

– Sumber bayaran komisen/ dividen?

– Kaedah pembahagian pendapatan?

– Elemen-elemen haram: Riba, Gharar, Darar dan
Melanggar Kesucian Syariat.

21

Semakan dengan Pihak Berautoriti

• Badan-badan autoriti yang mengawalselia pasaran
kewangan, perniagaan, pelaburan dan internet perlulah
dirujuk bagi mengetahui status sesuatu pelaburan
internet. Agensi-agensi yang dicadangkan untuk rujukan
pihak berkepentingan dan pelabur yang berpotensi
ialah:
– Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM)

– Suruhanjaya Sekuriti (SC)

– Kementerian Perdagangan Dalam Negeri, Koperasi dan
Kepenggunaan (KPDNKK)

– Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia (SSM)

– Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia (SKMM)

22

BNM – Consumer Alerts and Updates

23

BNM - Contoh

24

SC – List of Unauthorised Websites/ Investment

Products / Companies / Individuals

25

SC - Contoh

26

Rumusan/ Kesimpulan

• Pihak pentadbir harta AMANAH perlu mengambil sikap
berhati-hati dalam membuat keputusan pelaburan.

• Polisi dan prosedur dalaman bagi pelaburan dan
perniagaan perlu dibangunkan dan disemak dari semasa
ke semasa.

• Pengetahuan prinsip-prinsip Shariah dalam aktiviti
Muamalat akan membantu pihak pentadbir/ pelabur
mengenal sesuatu skim penipuan dengan mudah kerana
skim-skim ini pasti mengandungi elemen-elemen yang
diharamkan oleh Shariat Islam.

27

28

Terima kasih.

 َواهللُ َأْعَلُم َوِعْلُمُه َأَتم

Allah Maha Mengetahui dan Ilmunya Maha Sempurna