 *Corresponding author.

Email: asmaahmed.adan@gmail.com

eISSN: 2550-2166 / © 2020 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources

  Food Research 4 (4) : 1125 - 1134 (August 2020)
  Journal homepage: http://www.myfoodresearch.com

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Phytochemical composition and essential mineral profile, antioxidant and

antimicrobial potential of unutilized parts of jackfruit

*Adan, A.A., Ojwang, R.A., Muge, E.K., Mwanza, B.K. and Nyaboga, E.N.

Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya

Article history:

Received: 30 September 2019

Received in revised form: 22

November 2019

Accepted:  26 February 2020

Available Online: 1 April

2020

Keywords:

Artocarpus heterophyllus,

Solvents,

Phytochemicals,

Radical scavenging capacity,

Antibacterial activity

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(4).326

Abstract

The processing of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam) yields a considerable amount

of bio-waste. Accumulation of this waste is considered a health risk because it is a

potential source of air and water pollution. Recycling of the unutilized fruit parts,

therefore, reduces the quantity and the impact of the bio-waste released to the

environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the phytochemical profile,

antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts from three fruit parts (peel, fiber and

the core) of jackfruit sampled from the coastal region of Kenya. Different extraction

techniques and solvents were tested. The highest phenolic and flavonoid content of the

peels, fiber and the core were obtained from methanol extracts following a 48-hour

incubation. The values were recorded at 17.07±5.16 mg/g, 23.28±4.73 mg/g, and

15.68±3.74 mg/g for the phenolics and 28.55±12.42 mg/g, 35.4±9.53 mg/g and

36.23±2.54 mg/g for the flavonoids, respectively. The highest tannin content was obtained

from distilled water extracts following homogenization recorded at 10.82±2.63 mg/g,

10.39±4.10 mg/g and 10.52±1.05 mg/g for peels, fiber and core, respectively. The fiber

extracts gave the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity

followed by the core at 61.51±29.90% and 51.06±33.39%, respectively. The antioxidant

activity was highest for methanol fiber extracts at 61.51±29.90% for DPPH radical

scavenging activity and 7.94±4.56 mg/mL for reducing power assay. The best

antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) was obtained

from Ethyl acetate extracts showed. The unutilized jackfruit parts, therefore, are a

potential source of natural antioxidants as well as antibacterial, for agriculture and food

industry.

1. Introduction

The disposal of unutilized parts of fruits is a key

environmental concern because of increased bio-waste

accumulation. The waste is considered a potential

breeding ground for food-borne and water-borne

pathogens (Feumba et al., 2016). According to

Hoornweg et al. (2013), global waste is estimated to be

1.3 billion tons annually and may increase to 2.2 billion

tonnes by 2025. The main sources of the bio-waste are

factories, such as the fruit juice processing plants in the

food industry that leave huge accumulation of unutilized

parts of the fruits ( Asquieri et al. 2008). Therefore, there

is a need to recycle unutilized parts of fruits to prevent

their bioaccumulation. Phytochemical compounds,

essential elements, antioxidant and antimicrobial

activities, have been isolated from unutilized parts of

fruits found hence making them important to the food,

agriculture and pharmaceutical industry (Al-Zoreky,

2009; Dorta et al., 2012; Geraci et al., 2016). Researches

have confirmed that there are appreciable amounts of

bioactive compounds in waste fruit parts (peels pomaces,

seed and fiber) with potential benefits to human health

and can also act as fungicides, bactericides and for

disease control in agriculture (Al-Zoreky, 2009; Geraci

et al., 2016).

The present study utilized a variety of techniques

and solvents in the extraction of phytochemicals from the

jackfruit parts (the peel, fiber and the core). The extracts

from the various solvents were assayed for mineral and

various phytochemical compositions. The total phenolic

content, flavonoids content, tannins content, DPPH

scavenging activity and reducing power were determined

using spectrophotometric methods. The mineral analysis

was conducted using atomic absorption flame emission

spectrometry (AAS). The potential antimicrobial activity

of the various solvent extracts was evaluated on xam

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8483-3322

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pathogen.

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam) is a large

and evergreen tree that can produce about 100 to 200

fruits in a year (Prakash et al., 2009).  There have been

limited studies on unutilized fruit parts of jackfruit.

Jackfruit is the largest known edible fruit whose

unutilized fruit parts include the peels, fiber and the core

are the dominating part of the fruit (accounts for 60% of

the entire fruit). It is clear that the edible pulp and seeds

of ripe jackfruits are excellent sources of macronutrients

and bioactive compounds. There is however lack of

reference available on the chemical composition and

antioxidant capacity of the peel, fiber and core of ripe

Jackfruits. Most studies on the jackfruit phytochemical,

antioxidant properties and mineral analysis have focused

on the edible regions (pulp and seeds) (Shanmugapriya,

2011; Sreeletha et al., 2017; Awuor et al., 2018). In

addition, lack information on the antibacterial activity of

different extracts from peel, fiber and core against

bacterial species of agriculture interest. The study of the

unutilized parts of the fruit will encourage utilization of

the waste parts of the fruits, which will contribute in

reducing bio-waste accumulation with the dual aim value

addition to jackfruit waste as well as management of

pathogenic bacteria in crop plants.

This study purposed to determine the phytochemical

composition, mineral profiles and in vitro radical

scavenging activities of phenolic compounds of three

jackfruit parts (peels, fiber and core) using different

extraction techniques and solvents. The knowledge of the

phytochemical composition of these fruit parts will help

in providing a cost-effective alternative source of

phytochemicals and essential minerals. The potential of

the polyphenolic extracts of jackfruit fruit parts against

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) bacteria,

the causative agent of Cassava Bacterial Blight (CBB)

was also evaluated in search of potential biocontrol

agents.

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Plant material and sample preparation

Jackfruits were obtained from farmer’s fields in

coastal Kenya. Fruits (150 – 180 days old) considered

physiologically mature (approximately 10 kg each) were

harvested and used for analysis. The peel, fiber and the

core were manually separated and chopped into small

pieces. The pieces were cleaned using double distilled

water, air-dried at 105°C in an oven (Memmert by

Vindon Scientific) overnight and ground into fine

powder using a grinder (Nutribullet by Homeland

Housewares) for subsequent characterization.

2.2 Solvent extraction of phytochemicals

The solvent and extraction method was optimized in

order to obtain high antioxidant capacity extracts from

the peel, fiber and the core of Jackfruit. Fruit peel, fiber

and the core were extracted using two different methods

(48-hour extraction and homogenization) and two

solvents (methanol and distilled water) were tested. For

the 48-hour extraction method, the samples (peel, fiber

and the core) were incubated with solvents for 48 hrs at

24°C. A mass of 2.5 g of each sample was placed into

separate conical flasks containing 25 mL methanol and

distilled water supplemented with 5% acetic acid. The

conical flasks containing the samples and the solvents

were covered in aluminium foil and incubated at room

temperature for 48 hrs as described by Ojwang et al.

(2017). On the other hand, for the homogenization

method, extraction of phytochemicals was performed

using a slight modification of Torti et al. (1993) protocol

with slight modifications. A total of 100 mg of the

samples were homogenized for longer time (120 s) at a

maximum speed of 3000 rpm instead of 60 s as indicated

in Torti et al. (1993). The falcon tubes were spanned for

15 mins at 10,000 × g at 4°C. The resultant pellet was

then re-suspended in 10 mL of the test solvents,

centrifuged again at 10,000 × g and stored at 4°C for

subsequent phytochemical analysis.

2.3 Estimation of phytochemical compounds

Calorimetric assays described by Abu Bakar et al.

(2015) and As et al. (2017) based on the reduction of

Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used to determine the

content of phenolic compounds in the various extracts.

Absorbance at 725 nm using UV-VIS spectrophotometer

(UVmini-1240 by Shimadzu Corporation) was taken and

the results expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents per

gram of extracts (mg GAE/g). The equations y = 0.0057x

+ 0.4792 for methanol extracts and y = 0.009x + 0.3847

for water extracts were used for further calculations.

Total flavonoid content (TFC) of crude jackfruit

extracts was determined by aluminium chloride

colorimetric protocol as described by Kumaran and

Karunakaran (2006). Absorbance at 510 nm using UV-

VIS spectrophotometer (UVmini-1240 by Shimadzu

Corporation) was immediately recorded. The similar

method was repeated for rutin standard solution and TFC

determined using rutin equivalent (RE) (20 to 100 μg/

mL) calibration curve. The data was expressed as mg of

rutin equivalents RE/g of extract. The equations y =

0.0004x + 0.0573 for methanol extracts and y = 0.0015x

- 0.0094 for water extracts were used to compare the

results.

The amount of tannin in the sample was estimated

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using Folin-Ciocalteu method. A total of 100 μL of

extracts was added to 0.25 mL Folin-Ciocalteu reagent,

incubated for 5 mins before the addition of 1.25 mL of

the sodium carbonate solution, mixed well and the

absorbance read against a blank at 725 nm after 40 mins.

The total tannin content was calculated as GAE with

reference to a standard curve prepared based on

standards of Gallic acid concentration (0 to 100 μg/mL).

The equations y = 0.0089x + 0.1312 for methanol

extracts and y = 0.0086x + 0.136 for water extracts were

used to calculate the values.

2.4 Determination of DPPH radical scavenging activity

The protocol was based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-

picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity by

Adjimani and Asare (2015) with some modifications was

used to determine the antioxidant activity of the extracts.

A standard (ascorbic acid) and a blank containing all the

test reagents except the test extract were used.

Calculations were based on the following equation:

2.5 Reducing power of the extracts

The method described by Sylvie et al. (2014) was

used to estimate the reducing power of the extracts.   One

mL of extract was added to a mixture containing 2.5 mL,

of 0.2 mol/L phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) and 2.5 mL, (1%)

potassium ferricyanide. The mixture was kept in an oven

for 20 mins at 50°C before the addition of 2.5 mL of

10% Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and then centrifuged at

3 000 rpm for 10 mins. The upper phase (2.5 mL) of the

solution was mixed with an equal volume of distilled

water and 0.5 mL, 0.1% ferric chloride (FeCl3). The

absorbance of the mixture was read at 700 nm against a

blank containing all the test reagents except the extract.

2.6 Mineral analysis

These were analyzed by atomic absorption flame

emission spectrometry (AAS) according to

Osarumwense et al. (2013) but using Varian SpectrAA-

10 machine instead of a bulk Scientific VGP 210 model

of AAS. A wet digestion technique was used to convert

solids to liquids. One g each of the finely powdered

sample was treated with 60% HNO3 in a beaker for

digestion and placed in a hot plate in a fume cupboard.

The mixture was allowed to boil for 30 mins where

brown fumes were released with a resultant clear liquid.

The mineralized samples were transferred into 50 mL

volumetric flasks and de-ionized distilled water used to

adjust volumes to the mark.

For AAS, an atomic absorption flame emission

spectrophotometer (Varian SpectrAA-10) with an air-

acetylene flame was used. The wavelengths were set to

422.7 nm for calcium (Ca), 279.5 nm for manganese

(Mn), 248.3 nm for iron (Fe), 213.9 nm for zinc (Zn),

589.0 nm for Sodium (Na), 766.8 nm for potassium (K),

324.8 nm for copper (Cu) and 285.2 nm for Magnesium

(Mg) determination were used. Stock solutions (1000

ppm) of Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Na, K, Mg and Zn were used to

prepare working standard solutions with at least 3

concentrations (1 ppm, 5 ppm and10 ppm) within the

analytical range.

2.7 Determination of antimicrobial activities

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) is a

pathogenic bacterium that causes bacterial blight disease

in cassava. A few infected leaf samples from plants of

cassava cultivar TME14 were collected from western

Kenya. The protocol by Chege et al. (2017) was used in

the isolation of the pathogen. A total of 5 mL of yeast

peptone glucose (YPG) media was sterilized, after which

cephalexin and cycloheximide antibiotics at 150 mg/L

and 50 mg/L respectively were added. Small pieces of

leaf tissues were cut into sterile 15 mL falcon tubes

containing the selective media and incubated at 28°C for

48 hrs. The resultant bacterial suspension was serially

diluted to 103 and 50 µL of each dilution plated on

YPGA medium supplemented with cephalexin and

cycloheximide antibiotics and incubated for 48 hours at

28°C. Single colonies were picked, purified and used for

antimicrobial test.

Antibacterial sensitivity assay was done using the

disc diffusion method highlighted in As et al. (2017).

Extracts obtained from the various powdered jackfruit

wastes using different solvents were tested on Xam

pathogen. The Xam bacteria were cultured for 48 hrs and

then evenly spread on Mueller Hinton agar plates. Sterile

discs of Whatman paper (6 mm in diameter) were dipped

in extract solution and placed in the inoculated agar plate

before incubating at 28°C for 48 hrs and eventually

measuring the zones of inhibition. Three replicates were

used and the experiment was repeated twice.

2.8 Statistical analysis

The mean values of the data obtained were

determined and analyzed using one-way ANOVA at

P<0.05. The data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel

2011 data analysis tool and StatPlus statistical software.

The relationship between phenolic, flavonoid, tannins,

DPPH and antioxidant activity were determined using a

correlation matrix.

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3. Results and discussion

3.1 Effect of solvent and extraction technique on the

content of phytochemicals

The total phenolic content of peels, fiber and the

core were determined spectrophotometrically after

extraction with methanol and with distilled water. In

general, the highest phenolic content was found in the

fiber followed by peels and then the core at 23.28 mg/g,

17.07 - 6.38 mg/g and 15.68-8.37 mg/g, respectively

(Table 1). The differences in total phenolic content

extracted using different solvents with 100% methanolic

extract (48 hrs) having the highest composition, followed

by the 70% methanolic extract was significant (P<0.05).

The lowest phenolic content was recorded from the

distilled water extract for both 48 hrs incubation and

homogenization methods. Previously used organic

solvents for extraction of phenolic compounds from

plants include methanol, ethanol acetone and ethyl

acetate (Lafka et al., 2007; Alothman et al., 2009). It has

been shown that phenolic content differs with solvent

polarities; pure methanol and acetone were found to be

better solvents than water (Addai et al., 2013).

The flavonoid contents of peel, fiber and the core

were as shown in Table 1. Fibers had the highest

flavonoid content in samples that were incubated with a

solvent for 48 hours, while peels showed the highest

flavonoid content in the samples that were homogenized

and centrifuged. There was a significant variation

(P<0.05) in flavonoid compounds extracted using

different solvents. The methanolic extract (48 hours

incubation) gave the highest composition in all parts.

The fiber had the highest flavonoid content in the 48

hours extraction in both methanol and distilled water,

while the peels had the highest composition in

homogenized extracts. The highest levels of flavonoids

in peripheral tissues are consistent with other studies.

Banana peels were found to have higher flavonoid

content than the pulp (Fatemeh et al., 2012)

The tannin content from unutilized parts of jackfruit

was depended on the extraction method used (Table 1).

Homogenization method was the best method for

extraction of tannins for all samples while the best

extraction solvent for tannins was distilled water. The

fiber consistently gave high values in all extraction

methods and solvents. There was a significant variation

(P<0.05) in the extraction solvents used with distilled

water and 70% methanol recording high values

compared to the methanol. This could be attributed to the

fact that tannin compounds are soluble in water (Mena et

al., 2015)

The variation in the phytochemical composition of

samples extracted with methanol and distilled water with

48 hours incubation as well as with the homogenization

method was significant (P<0.05). Flavonoids had the

highest composition in the methanol extraction, followed

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Method of Extraction  Tissue  Solvent
Phytochemicals

Phenolics Flavonoids Tannins

48 hrs Extraction

Peels
Meth 17.07±5.16 28.55±12.42 5.83±2.83

dH20 10.19±2.32 3.11±0.79 4.9±0.14

P-values  0.638273 0.000727 0.308509

Fiber
Meth 23.28±4.73 35.4±9.53 8.73±3.58

dH2O 15.15±4.47 3.67±3.18 7.76±4.20

P-values  0.798075 0.014103 0.162447

Core
Meth 15.68±3.74 24.15±20.99 4.61±2.64

dH2O 14.12±5.41 2.66±1.62 5.37±2.01

P-values  0.114262 0.014047 0.661028

Peels
Meth 6.38±2.80 22.17±26.08 5.96±2.07

Homogenization

dH2O 7.7±3.73 25.25±4.55 10.82±2.63

P-values  0.015424 0.006625 0.011504

Fiber
Meth 13.91±12.66 14.72±9.81 12.27±5.55

dH2O 11.92±4.24 13.59±1.15 10.39±4.10

P-values  0.655119 0.529461 0.922842

Core
Meth 13.91±1.25 12.27±19.91 9.69±6.94

dH2O 8.37±2.81 17.16±2.95 10.52±1.05

P-values  0.057748 0.065747 0.656972

Table 1. Concentration of phytochemical compounds extracted from fruit peels, fiber and core extracts of Jackfruit using

different solvents and extraction methods

Values are means ± standard deviation of triplicate analysis. P-values on the table indicate difference in solvent extraction

efficiency of the various phytochemicals.

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by phenolics and lastly tannins (Table 1). Among the

fruit parts, fibers showed the highest phytochemical

composition, followed by peels and then the core (Table

1). The extraction with distilled water gave the highest

composition for the phenolic compounds and the least

for the flavonoids. The highest levels of tannins were

extracted in distilled water for 48 hours and there was no

variation in the level of tannins between the different

parts (Table 1).

3.2 Effect of solvent and extraction methods on the

antioxidant activities

There was a significant variation (P<0.05) in DPPH

scavenging activity of the extracts. The highest DPPH

scavenging activity was 50.78±3.81% for peels using

H2O and centrifugation, followed by 61.51±29.90% for

fiber using H2O for 48hrs incubation and 51.06±33.39%

for core using H2O and centrifugation method. Water

extracted the highest antioxidants from all the parts but

the levels varied with respect to the extraction method

used (Table 2).

The variation in the ferric reducing antioxidant

power of the extracts from different unutilized parts of

jackfruit (Table 2) was significant (P<0.05). The extracts

from the fiber consistently gave the highest iron reducing

power in all the extracting solvents and extraction

techniques used (Table 2). The variation in Iron

concentration from one tissue to the other is an

indication of the difference in its utilization by tissues.

These results confirm that the presence of high levels of

flavonoids does not always correspond to high

antioxidant properties in plants (Teixeira et al., 2017).

3.3 Correlating phytochemical contents to total

antioxidant capacity

There was a positive correlation between DPPH

scavenging activity and the phenolic and tannin

composition (Table 3) of the jackfruit parts studied. This

was also the case between polyphenol levels and

reducing power activity. However, there was a negative

correlation in the flavonoids extracted from the same

jackfruit parts studied (Table 3).

3.3.1 Mineral profile

Mineral analysis of Jackfruit peels, fiber and the core

showed the presence of high levels of essential elements

within the waste parts of the fruit. There was a

significant variation (P<0.05) in K, Na and Ca levels

present in the parts studied. Potassium accounted for the

major element followed by Ca while Na levels were the

least (Table 4). This is consistent with other studies

where the peels of watermelon, mango, pomegranate,

banana, apple and pineapple were found to be rich in

essential minerals such as calcium, zinc, iron and

manganese (Romelle et al., 2017).

3.3.2 Antimicrobial activity

Acetone and ethyl acetate extracts had antibacterial

activity against Xam pathogen (Table 5). For the acetone

extracts, the peels gave the highest inhibition followed

by the fiber while the core gave the least. On the other

hand, ethyl acetate extracts from jackfruit fiber and the

core gave the highest and least antibacterial activities

respectively. In general, Ethyl acetate was a better

solvent than the aqueous (50%) acetone. These findings

differ from those on Pisang Abu where 90% and 70%

acetone gave the highest levels of phenolic compounds

compared to other solvents (Toh et al., 2016).

4. Discussion

The unutilised parts of the fruits have been found to

have phytochemical compounds, essential elements,

antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, which makes

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Extraction technique and
solvent used

Ferric reducing power (mg/mL)

Peels Fiber Core

 48 hrs extraction,
distilled H2O

3.59±0.15a 6.12±2.80e 5.09±0.14i

Homogenization, distilled
H2O

2.49±0.34b 2.89±0.91f 2.63±1.17b

48 hrs extraction,
methanol

6.69±4.07c 7.94±4.56g 5.20±1.33j

Homogenization, 70%
methanol

2.11±0.36d 2.46±0.96h 2.10±0.49d

Table 2. Iron reducing power of extracts from Jackfruit peels,

fiber and the core

Values are means ± standard deviation of triplicate analysis.

Values in the same column with different superscript letters

are significantly different (P<0.05).

 Phenolics Flavonoids Tannins DPPH Reducing power

Phenolics 1 0.145 0.99 0.996 0.999

Flavonoids -0.145 1 0.281 0.053 0.095

Tannins 0.99 -0.281 1 0.973 0.982

DPPH 0.996 -0.053 0.973 1 0.999

Reducing power 0.999 -0.095 0.982 0.999 1

Table 3. Correlation matrix of phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of extracts of Jackfruit bio-waste

Linear regression analysis between estimated antioxidant activities, free radical scavenging activities and iron reducing power

with total phenolic, flavonoid and condensed tannins.

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them important to the food and pharmaceutical industry

(Al-Zoreky 2009; Dorta et al., 2012; Geraci et al., 2017).

In the present study, considerable amounts of

phytochemical compounds with remarkable antioxidant

and antimicrobial activities were obtained from peel,

fiber and the core of Jackfruit. In addition, the study

confirmed that the extracting solvent and extraction

method are critical factors in the extraction of

phytochemicals from bio-waste. This agrees with the

study by Do et al. (2014) who also found out that the

extraction of phytochemicals varies with the type of

solvent used and extraction technique applied.

The chemical composition of unutilized fruit parts of

jackfruit is essential in order to establish a potential

relationship and understanding of their role in different

valuable biological activities. There was no significant

variation in total phenolic contents (TPC) from the

different unutilized parts of the fruit. This could be

attributed to the fact that all the studied sections are parts

of the entire fruit. Metabolites are known to diffuse from

one part of the fruit to another, which makes the TPC

levels almost the same (Etxeberria et al., 2012). The

solubility of polyphenolic compounds in the extracting

solvent and the extraction method used determines the

ease of their recovery from plant materials. The polarity

of the solvent will also play a crucial role in raising the

solubility of phenolic acids (Do et al., 2014). In the

present study, methanolic extracts had the highest

composition of phenolic compounds in comparison to

distilled water extracts and this could be attributed to the

amphiphilic nature of methanol. Another explanation for

the polyphenols in water extracts could be due to the

degradation of polyphenols in aqueous extracts

(observed as brown color the extracts) by the enzyme

polyphenol oxidase. This enzyme is inactive in methanol

as reported by Gonźalez-Montelongo et al. (2010).

Phenolic compounds have varying degrees of polarity

and some may not dissolve in a 100% polar solvent like

water (Boeing et al., 2014). Studies have also shown that

there are quantifiable water-soluble polyphenols present

in plants (Kawakami et al., 2010).

There was a significant variation in the levels of

flavonoids extracted using different solvents. Methanol

extraction gave the highest total flavonoid content (TFC)

in all fruit parts and in all techniques compared to water.

This is because the concentration of extracted flavonoid

compounds extracted from plant material is influenced

by the polarity of solvents used (Tambe and Bhambar,

2014). Naturally occurring flavonoids such as rutin, have

low solubility in water (Lipkovska et al., 2014).

Homogenization with water and methanol solvents was

found to be the best technique for extraction of flavonoid

compounds. This is because homogenization results in

the grinding of the plant material to a fine powder with

resultant disruption of cell walls hence increased

extraction surface area (Das et al., 2010).

There was no significant variation in total tannin

content (TTC) (P >0.05) in the different parts as there is

an exchange and free movement of tannins between the

three interconnected parts of the fruit when the need

arises (Shitan, 2016). There was however a significant

variation (P<0.05) in TTC extracted using different

solvents. Distilled water extracts had the highest

composition of phenolic compounds compared to

methanolic extracts. Previous research by Mena et al.

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 Parameters

Mineral content (mg/g DW)

Peels (mg/g) Fiber (mg/g) Core (mg/g)

Potassium (K) 22.8±9.400 31.07±17.502 24.15±8.105

Sodium (Na) 0.47±0.087 0.48±0.091 0.43±0.079

Calcium (Ca) 4.9±1.929 7.32±4.099 6.94±2.074

Magnesium (Mg) 1.456±1.291 1.24±0.421 1.322±0.752

Zinc (Zn) 1.44±1.038 0.98±0.044 1.9±0.408

Copper (Cu) 0.018±0.017 0.005±0.005 0.009±0.011

Manganese (Mn) 0.015±0.0072 0.01±0.0025 0.011±0.004

Ferrous (Fe) 0.112±0.060* 0.088±0.133 0.051±0.023*

Table 4. Mineral composition of extracts from jackfruit peels, fiber and the core

Values are means ± standard deviation of triplicate analysis. The difference between values with an asterisk (*) is significant (P

<0.05).

Solvent used
Inhibition zone diameter (mm)

Peels Fiber Core

Acetone 4.39±1.35 3.56±2.17 3.08±2.28

Ethyl acetate 6.50±1.62 7.10±2.13* 5.06±2.64*

P values 0.0428925 0.000522 0.093637

Table 5. Antibacterial activity of extracts from the peel, fiber

and core of the jackfruit against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.

manihotis (Xam)

Values are means ± standard deviation of triplicate analysis.

The difference between values with an asterisk (*) is

significant (P<0.05) while the P-values on the table indicate

the difference in activity of extracts from the two solvents

used in each tissue.

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(2015) showed that most tannin compounds are soluble

in water. However, our results contradict reports by

Baldosano et al. (2015) who indicated that water proved

to be an ineffective solvent for the extraction of tannins

due to the formation of insoluble complexes with

proteins. Results from the current study could be as a

result of low protein content in the parts studied as was

shown in other previous studies which reported lower

content of proteins in Jackfruit (Swami et al., 2012;

Madruga et al., 2014).

The findings of the present study are consistent with

those of Boeing et al. (2014), that showed methanol as a

better solvent in the extraction of phenolic compounds in

berries. Total phenolic content differs with solvent

polarities (Addai et al., 2013). A similar scenario was

also observed in the current study. Pure methanol and

acetone were found to be better solvents than water

(Addai et al., 2013). A study by Alothman et al. (2009),

revealed that the type of solvent used had an effect on

the quantity of phenolic compounds extracted from

plants (Alothman et al., 2009). The current results were

also consistent with those of Iloki-Assanga et al. (2015),

that indicated that the levels of phytochemicals in Bucida

buceras L. and Phoradendron californicum was affected

by the extraction solvent used.

The assay on DPPH scavenging activity is based on

the donation of hydrogen by antioxidant groups like

phenolics, flavonoids and tannins (Rohman et al., 2010).

The fiber samples had an average of 58% scavenging

activity, 10% higher than the peels and the core, which

were equal at about 48%. The results also showed that

antioxidant activity is not very sensitive to extraction

solvents as the values were mostly above 50% but higher

radical scavenging compounds were from distilled water

extracts. There variation in reducing power depending on

the technique and solvent used was significant (P<0.05).

Incubation of sample with solvent for 48 hours was a

better technique as compared to homogenization for the

extraction of compounds with reducing power, while

methanol was a better solvent as compared to water.

Fiber samples consistently had the greatest iron reducing

power in all the solvents and techniques.

The correlation between DPPH scavenging activity

and the composition of phenolic and tannin in the

Jackfruit parts studied were positive. This was also the

case in a study by Almeida et al. (2011), which focused

on free radical scavenging activity of fruit samples.

There was however no correlation between flavonoid

and radical scavenging activity just like it was in the

study by Bilušić et al. (2007). The results generally

indicate the presence of high antioxidant activity in the

extracts of the peels, fiber and the core of jackfruit.

Hence, the fruit is a potential source of natural

antioxidants. Polyphenol levels positively correlated with

reducing power activity while flavonoids extracted from

the peels, fiber and core parts of the Jackfruits studied

negatively correlated. These results contrast with other

studies which showed a positive correlation between

flavonoids extracted and their DPPH scavenging activity

as well as iron reducing power (Rohman et al., 2010;

Abu Bakar et al., 2015; Ojwang et al., 2017). These

results show that the presence of high levels of

flavonoids does not always correspond to high

antioxidant properties in plants as these metabolites have

a wide variety of activities (Teixeira et al., 2017).

In the current study, mineral analysis of jackfruit

peels, fiber and core showed that there are high levels of

essential elements present within the waste parts of the

fruit. In general, most fruits contain high levels of

potassium (Julian-Loaeza et al., 2011). The Jackfruit

biowaste contained high levels of potassium followed by

calcium and then sodium. Similar finding was reported

by Akinmutimi, (2006) and Swami et al. (2012).

Consumption of food with high potassium/calcium to

sodium levels have been shown to mitigate the risk of

hypertension (Perez and Chang, 2014). The elements

Sodium and potassium in combination, maintain optimal

acid-base balance and nerve impulses transmission in the

body (Adumanya et al., 2015). The study also showed

the presence of trace elements namely zinc and

magnesium in high quantities. These elements are

important in plants for their normal growth and

development. It is important to note that the mineral

Zinc, is essential in the functioning of enzymes involved

in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism of zinc is

also an essential mineral for (Julian-Loaeza et al., 2011;

Osarumwense et al., 2013). There were also low

amounts of iron, copper and manganese, which are

essential for proper plant daily functions. Jackfruit peels,

fiber and core are a, therefore, a potential source of

essential minerals and their use in biofortification of food

could lead to improved health.

The antibacterial properties of different extracts of

peel, fiber and core were assayed against Xam and

measured inhibition zones exerted by each extract

towards the bacteria. Both acetone and ethyl acetate

extracts showed efficacy in antibacterial activity against

Xam. The activity was highest in the peels and lowest in

the core. This could be attributed to the fact that the peels

form the protective outer layer of the fruit and it is more

exposed to microbial pathogens compared to the inner

parts of the fruit and hence the antimicrobial compounds

are more likely to be in the peels. Furthermore,

antimicrobial activity of polyphenol and flavonoids have

demonstrated by a number of studies (Swami et al.,

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2012; Sylvie et al., 2014) and therefore the same can be

inferred for the antimicrobial activity of extracts from

jackfruit unutilized parts. The broad-spectrum

antibacterial activities of phenolic compounds are

attributed to the configuration of their structure. The

hydroxyl group content and degree of polymerization

contribute to their antimicrobial activities (Daglia, 2012).

Ethyl acetate extracts were the most significantly

effective solvent than aqueous acetone against Xam

bacteria. These results agree with those by As et al.

(2017) and Swami et al. (2012) which showed that the

edible parts of Jackfruit have antimicrobial activity.

The high potential revealed by peel, fiber and core

extracts of jackfruit to inhibit a cassava bacterial

pathogen, highlights the promising potential application

for this bio-waste. The high content of polyphenols in the

studied parts of the fruit may be attributed to their strong

antibacterial activity against the bacteria tested. These

data suggest that peels, fiber and core of Jackfruits

contain potential inhibitors of plant pathogenic bacteria

and would be a good candidate for the future

development of a bio-bactericide for agricultural

application.

5. Conclusion

The unutilized parts (peels, fire and the core) of

jackfruit are all good natural sources of phytochemicals

such as phenolics, flavonoids and tannins. That the

solvent used and the extraction technique affects the

levels of phytochemicals extracted and hence their

functional properties (antioxidant and antimicrobial) to

various magnitudes. Phenolic and flavonoid contents

were highest in methanol extracts and 48 hours

incubation, whereas the highest content of tannins was

obtained with distilled water and homogenization. The

peels, fiber and the core are all good sources of essential

minerals such as Fe, Ca, K, Na and Mg amongst others.

The extracts of unutilized parts of jackfruit have

potential antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that

vary depending on the extraction solvent used. These

results have therefore established that peels, fiber and the

core of jackfruits exhibited high antioxidant and

antibacterial activities in vitro.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to offer thanks to the

Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi for

providing the research materials and facilities. The

Ministry of Mining, Kenya is also acknowledged for

facilitating mineral analysis in their laboratory facilities.

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https://doi.org/10.17306/J.AFS.2016.1.7

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02036646

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02036646


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PENUNTUT ILMU
Dr. Abdullaah Jalil
40 Hadith (13)

Academic Advisory, Supervision and Review

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Books (40)

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Conferences & Workshops – Participant/ Moderator

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Shariah Compliance and Governance

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About

Blog
Consultation
2014
Bengkel Pengenalan Pengurusan Masjid dan Surau Berasaskan Shariah: E-MIMAS. Tema: Masjid Hati Ummah. Tarikh: 20 September 2014. Sabtu. Labuan. JAKIM Labuan.

Bengkel Percambahan Idea Transformasi Masjid Negeri Sembilan. Tema: Masjid Hati Ummah. Tarikh: 4-5 April 2014. Jumaat & Sabtu. Alson Kelana Seremban. Peserta: Perunding USIM, 22 Pegawai Eksekutif Masjid, Staf MAINS.
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