 *Corresponding author.

Email: rennyekaputri@ae.unand.ac.id

eISSN: 2550-2166 / © 2018 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources

  Food Research 3 (2) : 171 - 176 (April 2019)
  Journal homepage: http://www.myfoodresearch.com

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Rice yield prediction model with respect to crop healthiness and soil fertility

1*Putri, R.E. 2 Yahya, A., 3Adam, N.M. and 2Abd Aziz, S.

1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Andalas University, West Sumatera 25163, Indonesia
2Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Univeristi Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang,

Selangor, Malaysia.
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Univeristi Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Article history:

Received: 5 July 2018

Received in revised form: 9

October 2018

Accepted: 20 October 2018

Available Online: 14

November 2018

Keywords:

Rice Yield,

Crop Healthiness,

Soil Nutrient,

Multiple Linear Regressions.

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.3(2).117

Abstract

The main staple food for most people in the world precisely in Asia is rice also known as

another name Oryza sativa L. This study aimed to establish a rice yield prediction model

based on crop healthiness and soil fertility in Malaysia. Multiple linear regressions (MLR)

model was used to develop a relationship between a dependent variable, Y (rice yield) and

three predictor variables, X (crop healthiness and soil nutrient). A model was developed to

predict rice yield based on crop healthiness and soil nutrient variability including all

interaction variables with an overall R2 = 0.6403. The information obtained from

variability could assist farmers in making management decisions to improve cropping

practices for succeeding rice crops. This study may aid in enhancing the rice yield and the

profitability of Malaysia farmers.

1. Introduction

In Malaysia, rice is regarded as a huge insurance and

strategically crucial agricultural industry. As of 2013,

Malaysia has harvested 690,000 hectares area with the

annual rice production reached 2.63 million tons

(FAOSTAT, 2014). In the same year, the country’s

number population had reached 29.72 million which

makes the total guesstimate to be 3.13 million tons. The

rice production in the country itself was insufficient and

to balance the rice, rice was imported from other

countries such as Vietnam, Thailand, and Pakistan. The

country’s net rice imports are estimated to grow by 2.2%

for each year. In 2011, it started from 1.08 million ton

and by the year 2021, it will peak at 1.37 million ton

(Wailes, 2012).

The application of precision farming practices in

crop management is described as understanding the

content of leaf chlorophyll and the NPK status of harvest

soil in each part of the agricultural field as a mean to

develop the production profits within the field and to

gain a higher per unit production costs. Maintaining the

inputs (i.e. seed, fertilizer, chemical, etc.) is a

fundamental of precision farming and at the most

economic production time and location, implementing

every input exclusively is necessary. In addition,

essentials such as the evaluation, exploration and control

of temporal, spatial variability of plant and soil nutrient

must be maintained in order to have a successful

implementation of the systems (Chan, 2013).

Malaysian crop productions are well known to have

a quite degree of variability that influences crop yield.

The factors that influence crop yield include the contour

of the area, condition and variety of soil, the level of leaf

chlorophyll and more primary determinants. Recently, a

research has been conducted to understand the crop

growth using yield monitoring technology that seeks

after the relationship between the output of crop yield

and the influential crucial factors (Yanai et al., 2000;

Yanai et al., 2001; Yanai et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2008).

There were also several studies to understand the

collision or responsiveness to stimulate the chlorophyll

content and the soil nutrient on rice yield using spatial

variability management (Yana et al., 2000; Mzuku et al.,

2005; Aimrun et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2007; Aishah et al.,

2010; Gholizadeh, Amin, Soom et al., 2011; Gholizadeh,

Amin, Anuar et al., 2011; Teoh et al., 2012; Tilaki et al.,

2013, Putri, Adam and Aziz, 2016). As a result of

comparing the farmer's fertilizer practice to locale-

specific N management during the farm research, it was

discovered that yields with site-specific N management

increased by reducing N fertilizer rate (Balasubramanian

et al., 2000; Dobermann et al., 2002; Peng et al., 2006).

Soil fertility variation is an important factor to improve

the quality of rice. For that reason, many laboratories had

172 Putri et al. / Food Research 3 (2) (2019) 171 - 176

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evaluated the soil to quantify the nutrients level. A few

studies had investigated on the spatial variability of the

content in leaf chlorophyll and harvest soil (Nitrogen,

Phosphorus, and Potassium/NPK) status that might be

available within the rice field.

The main purpose of the study is to formulate a

relationship to predict the rice yield based on the leaf

chlorophyll content and after-harvest-soil NPK status

levels. The modelling will be based on the instantaneous

harvested rice from the actual rice field.

2. Material and Methods

The rice fields placed at Blok E5 Parit Timur 5 of

Sungai Besar, Selangor was used as the research

locations. The area was selected due to it is plain flat

coastal under Integrated Agricultural Development

Authority (IADA) Rice Granary located between Kuala

Selangor and Sabak Bernam and it is one of the well-

known main growing areas in Sungai Besar District,

Malaysia. Out of the forty (40) available rice plots in this

area, three rice plots were randomly selected. The size of

each plot was 1.09 ha. Field observation and data

collection at the selected plots were conducted on two

consecutive of the rice growing seasons. Figure 1

displays the field layout of the selected rice plots.

A calibration instrument combined with rice

harvester was used to measure the leaf chlorophyll

content and the NPK status of the soil after harvesting

(Putri et al., 2014). During the growing period, the soil

nutrient values and the SPAD values were measured.

The Crop Cut Test (CCT) was performed first on the

harvesting period, followed by the field harvest operation

using the combined instrument. This research also

involved the farmers in the experimental plots

specifically on agronomic and cultivation activities as

recommended by the Department of Agriculture Farm

Officers at Kuala Selangor (Putri, Yahya, Adam et al.,

2016).

2.1 SPAD values

Leaf samples were randomly collected from grown

rice plants on the 45-day after planting (DAP), 70-DAP

and 95-DAP. In total, twenty sampling points were

picked from a sampling grid (30 x 18 m). The

chlorophyll content of the leaf samples collected at the

sampling points was measured using the SPAD-502

meter in triplicates. The mean value was determined as

the SPAD value at each sampling point (Putri, Yahya,

Adam et al., 2016).

2.2 Soil sampling analysis

In order to determine the variation of soil nutrient

levels, a laboratory analysis of soil samples that had been

collected on a grid pattern was conducted. In addition,

the spatial variation of soil properties allowed

sophisticated farming technologies to change the rate of

the input application on-the-go condition. Data that were

included on the specification of soil nutrient levels were

nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K).

A cone sampler was used to collect soil samples (15

cm depth) at the sampling points. As many as twenty

sampling points were taken from each plot using an 18 x

30 m sampling grid. The positions of the grid points

were opted using a handled DGPS receiver. The grid

sampling was designed as a sophisticated soil sampling

approach as it provided highly detailed information

about the variability of nutrient. The soil samples were

then analysed at Agricultural Services Sdn Bhd (353791-

M) Felda Analytical Laboratory.

2.3 Rice yield model

In order to obtain the relationship of response Y (rice

yield) to variable X (after-harvest-soil NPK status), and

also some unknown parameters (β), Multiple Linear

Regression (MLR) was used to create every model. Y

was a function of X and β. SAS was used to determine

the linear regression relationship. This determination was

conducted using the chlorophyll content data (SPAD

value at 45-DAP, 70-DAP and 95-DAP), soil nutrient

data (N, P and K) and yield data. Equation (1) shows the

rice yield prediction model:

Y = ao + a1X1 + a2X2 + a3X3 + a4X4 + a5X5 + a6X6

Where Y = yield (ton/ha); ao= Intercept value; X1 =

SPAD value at 45-DAP; X2= SPAD value at 70-DAP;

X3 = SPAD value at 95-DAP; X4 = Total Nitrogen

Content (%); X5 = Available phosphorus (mg/kg); X6 =

Exchangeable K (cmol/kg); a1,2,3,4,5,6 = Corresponding

coefficients of X1 through X6

The SAS analysis application aimed to determine

every single parameter’s model. This model included R2,

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(1)

 Figure 1. Aerial view of Blok E5 Parit 5 Timur, Sungai Besar,

Selangor.

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sum of square, mean square, F value, errors, regression,

Pprob>F and the value of a1, 2,3,4,5,6 (SAS Institute, 1996).

The predicted rice yield model was evaluated based on

the R2 value for the prediction parameter. In fact, the R2

value will show the percentage of variance in the

variable Y calculated by the variable X. From R2 value

between 0.50 to 0.65, it can be summed up that 50% to

65% of the variable Y is taken into account by the

variable X. An R2 between 0.66 and 0.81 shows an

estimate of quantitative predictions, whereas, values

between 0.82 and 0.90 reveal good predictions. The

model that has R2 above 0.91 is categorized as a very

good prediction model (Williams, 2003). The other

interpretations based on R2 values derived from Best and

Kahn, (2003) in case it is up to 0.20 then they are

considered negligible, 0.20-0.40 is low, 0.40-0.60 mean

moderate, 0.6-0.80 substantially and from 0.80 to 1.01 is

categorized high to very high.

3. Results and discussion

Multiple regression was used to develop the rice

yield prediction models. The model was based on the

chlorophyll content and after-harvest-soil NPK status.

Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) was also used to

analyze the patterns of relationships among the variables.

Table 1 tabulates the correlation between the yield and

all the parameters involved. According to this research, it

could be concluded that there was a significant positive

correlation between the yield and the SPAD values at all

growth stages (45-DAP, 70-DAP, and 95-DAP), nitrogen

and phosphorus except potassium.

The models of multiple regression were evaluated to

discover the relationship between independent and

dependent variables. In this case, the dependent variable

was variable Y (rice yield) while the independent

variables were X1 to X6 (six variables). Equation (2)

shows the linear model.

Y= b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4X4 + b5X5 + b6X6

Where Y = yield (ton/ha); b0 = Intercept value; X1 =

SPAD value at 45-DAP; X2 = SPAD value at 70-DAP;

X3 = SPAD value at 95-DAP; X4 = Total Nitrogen

Content (%); X5 = Available phosphorus (mg/kg); X6 =

Extractable Potassium (cmol/kg); b1,2,3,4,5,6 =

Corresponding coefficients of X1 through X6

The regression model of yield used six explanatory

variables against the rice yield. Five models were

evaluated to have their own predictive power and were

explained.

3.1 Model 1

Model 1 used all the six variables to predict the

yield. Table 2 presents the details of the regression

model. This table shows a highly significant relationship

between the chlorophyll content and after-harvest-soil

NPK status to predict the yield.

The model 1 prediction model can be shown as:

With R2 = 0.5498 or adjusted R2 = 0.53

3.2 Model 2

As there was no significant correlation between the

yield and X6, variable X6 was deleted to produce Model

2. The analysis of variance for model 2 is presented in

Table 3. This model showed a significant difference at α

0.05.

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(2)

Y1 = 1.77189 + 0.11138X1 + 0.08063X2 +

0.01684X3 - 8.95345X4 + 0.06807X5 - 0.26292X6
(3)

  IY (Y)
SPAD

45-DAP (X1)

SPAD

70-DAP (X2)

SPAD

95-DAP (X3)

N

(X4)

P

(X5)

K

(X6)

Y 1

SPAD 45-DAP (X1) 0.46*** 1

SPAD 70-DAP (X2) 0.62*** 0.63*** 1

SPAD 95-DAP (X3) 0.53*** 0.52*** 0.70*** 1

N (X4) -0.25*** 0.36*** -0.01 ns -0.06 ns 1

P (X5) 0.28*** -0.04 ns 0.14 ns 0.10 ns -0.07 ns 1

K (X6) -0.07 ns -0.01 ns -0.15 ns -0.07 ns 0.07 ns 0.11 ns 1

Table 1. Pearson’ correlation coefficient matrix for all parameters

*Correlation is significant at the 0.1 level, **Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level, ***Correlation is significant at the 0.01

level, and ns Not Significant

Source DF
Sum of

Squares

Mean

square

F

Value
P Value

Model 6 43.23 7.20 23.00 <.0001

Error 113 35.40 0.31

Corrected

Total
119  78.63

Table 2. ANOVA of Model 1.

Source DF
Sum of

Squares

Mean

square

F

Value
P Value

Model 5 43.20 8.64 27.80 <.0001

Error 114 35.43 0.31

Corrected

Total
119 78.63

Table 3. ANOVA of Model 2

174 Putri et al. / Food Research 3 (2) (2019) 171 - 176

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Model 2 can be shown as:

With R2 = 0.5494 or adjusted R2 = 0.53

From the equation above, the R2 value was lower

than the other models, suggesting the X6 should be

included in the prediction model.

3.3 Model 3

Table 4 presents the ANOVA for model 3 when the

model was incorporated with the interaction of variables.

High significant correlation of variables between the

SPAD values were showed via Pearson’s correlation

coefficient of the following: i) 45-DAP (X1) and 70-DAP

(X2) with r = 0.6264; ii) 45-DAP (X1) and 95-DAP (X3)

with r = 0.5156; and iii) 45-DAP (X1) and 95-DAP (X3)

with r = 0.6984. These interaction variables were added

to this model as X1X2, X1X3 and X2X3.

The predicting model 3 can be shown as:

With R2 = 0.6326 or adjusted R2 = 0.60

3.4 Model 4

This model was a continuation of the first three

models with the addition of interaction of three variables,

X1X2X3. Based on Table 5, the developed model showed

a significant difference in predicting the rice yield using

all parameters include the interaction of variables. This

model gave the best R2 (0.6403), which defined the

necessity to include the interaction of variables.

The predicting model 4 can be shown as:

With R2 = 0.6403 or adjusted R2 = 0.61

3.5 Model 5

Model 5 was a modification of model 4, but the

number of variables was reduced. The objective of

developing this model was to determine the reduction of

the interaction variable would improve R2. The ANOVA

results for model 5 is presented in Table 6.

The developed model 5 is as shown in Equation (7):

With R2 = 0.5790 or adjusted R2 = 0.55

In conclusion, all models were evaluated based on

R2values to have a predictable yield. The highest R2 was

obtained using model 4 which included all interaction

among variables. Based on variable X of the chlorophyll

content and after-harvest-soil NPK status, the analysis of

variance has been accounted for and a resulted R2 value

of 0.64. It is denoted that an R2 value between 0.5 and

0.65 contain well 50% of the variance yield (Williams,

2003). A low R2 value might be caused by several

factors. Those basis factors are the chlorophyll content,

the after-harvest-soil NPK status, the management, the

circumstances of the environmental and the climate

(Dahal and Routray, 2011). Compared to soil fertility,

crop fertility has more variability. It may have been

affected by many factors such as the multifariousness of

microclimate, the distribution of nutrient supply, the

phase of yield growth, and the struggle of the plant

against pest (Heege, 2013).

4. Conclusion

Between the crop yield and the SPAD reading, a

positive correlation was found between these variables.

In paddy plot association, at the age of 70-DAP, the

Pearson's correlation ranged from 0.7280 to 0.8336. The

correlation coefficients indicated that the yield was not

significantly correlated to several soil nutrients. It

appeared that the relationship between soil test nutrient

level and yield may vary. Multiple linear regressions

(MLR) models were developed with the main purpose to

have a better description for the relationship between the

dependent variable, rice yield, and the more predictive

variables, such as the chlorophyll content and after-

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 Y = 1.62015 + 0.11047X1+ 0.08220X2 +

0.01672X3 - 8.96464X4 + 0.06714X5
(4)

Y = 16.6820 + 0.2194X1 + 0.7772X2 - 0.1691X3 -

7.6821X4 + 0.0577X5 +0.1179X6 + 0.0092 X1X2 -

0.0184X1X3 + 0.0233X2X3

(5)

Y = - 44.04973 + 2.01624X1 + 0.97993X2 +

2.39686X3 -7.12933X4 + 0.05267X5 + 0.19644X6 -

0.04269X1X2  - 0.09405X1X3 -0.05020X2X3 +

0.00216X1X2X3

(6)

Y5 = 10.34460 - 0.02355X1 - 0.03220X2 -

0.18173X3 - 9.17146X4 - 0.07138X5 - 0.02188X6 +

0.00015752X1X2X3

(7)

Source DF
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Mean

square

F

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P Value

Model 9 49.74 5.53 21.05 <.0001

Error 110 28.89 0.26

Corrected

Total
119 78.63

Table 4. ANOVA of Model 3

Source DF
Sum of

Squares

Mean

square

F

Value
P Value

Model 10 50.34 5.03 19.40 <.0001

Error 109 28.28 0.26

Corrected

Total
119 78.63

Table 5. ANOVA of Model 4

Source DF
Sum of

Squares

Mean

square

F

Value
P Value

Model 7 45.52 6.50 22.00 <.0001

Error 112 33.10 0.30

Corrected

Total
119 78.63

Table 6. ANOVA of Model 5

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harvest-soil NPK status. A combination of the model

with the interaction of variables developed a rice yield

predicting model with an R2 = 0.6403.

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1

Banking Model of Corporate Waqf: An Analysis of Wakaf Selangor

Muamalat1

By:

Asharaf Mohd Ramli & Abdullaah Jalil

Faculti Economi dan Muamalat

Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia

Asbtract

Purpose - This study aims to analyse the structure of the corporate waqf model

applied in “Wakaf Selangor Muamalat” which has been jointly established by

Perbadanan Wakaf Selangor (PWS) and Bank Muamalat Malaysia Berhad (BMMB).

Design/Methodology/Approach - This is an exploratory study primarily focused on

the library research and secondary information. Since “Waqf Selangor Muamalat”

was only launched on September 27, 2012, the empirical data of this instrument is not

yet available for analysis.

Findings – BMMB is the first Malaysian Islamic banking institution which partakes

in the accumulating and managing the waqf fund for investment with the State

Religious Council. This latest collaboration offers a new dimension of waqf corporate

models in Malaysia, specifically as a banking model of corporate waqf.

Originality/value – This is the first study on “Waqf Selangor Muamalat” structure

since it was launched. The outcome of this study is expected to provide some insight

on the potential waqf models that are applicable within the institutional framework of

banking sector.

Keywords Islam, Banking, Waqf, Corporate Waqf

Paper Type Theoretical Research Paper

1
 This study is a part of a research entitled “Pembentukan Model Baru Wakaf Korporat di Malaysia”.

The research is granted by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia under the

Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS).

2

1. Introduction

Current development of waqf activities in Malaysia is the participation of corporate

entities in the development and management of waqf properties. Corporate entities’

involvement in waqf practice could represent the ethical dimensions of the corporate

world. This new concept of corporate waqf set the direction of managing waqf assets

by corporate company, which known for their corporate culture of professionalism,

accountability and transparency. A number of corporate figures and corporate bodies

have been recognized to actively engage in the practice of waqf development and

management comprehensively.

The engagement of corporate bodies in waqf affairs is imperative considering a

number of issues associated with waqf authorities, for example, lack of management,

mismanagement and accountability. Waqf authorities in a number of Muslims and

non-Muslim countries have been blamed for under developed and negligent of waqf

properties. Thus, collaboration between waqf agencies with corporate bodies could

bring a new dimension of good governance in waqf affairs. With the emergence of

cash waqf concept which requires the prudent and systematic management team, the

expertise of personnel from corporate world benefits waqf authorities.

The paper starts with a brief discussion on waqf concept and the landscape of waqf in

Malaysia. Then, the explanation on corporate waqf will be highlighted.

1.1 Problem Statement

The emergence of movable waqf assets, especially cash waqf has raised the issues of

professionalism, accountability and transparency in the management of these assets.

Cash waqf involves a number of activities such the accumulation of the fund, the

3

investment of fund and the distribution of the fund. These kinds of acts are usually

executed by high skill and expert personnel in the area of fund management. The

elements of professionalism accountability and transparency of managing the fund is

a common practice in this corporate entity. Thus, the initiative taken by MAIS to

collaborate with BMMB; a financial institution is a major step to rejuvenate corporate

waqf practice in the country. The new partnership between the two parties could be a

catalyst towards the replication of corporate culture of accountability, good

governance and transparency into waqf management and administration. The

confidence of the public towards waqf authorities will be raised that eventually leads

to the increasing number of cash waqf donors.

1.2 Objective

This study aims to:

1. Analyse the managerial structure of “Wakaf Selangor Muamalat”.

2. Discuss the financial and operational framework of “Wakaf Selangor

Muamalat”.

3. Deliberate on the Shariah consideration of “Wakaf Selangor Muamalat”.

2. Literature Review

This section shall discuss some of the main literatures of waqf in Islamic

jurisprudence and its current development in Malaysia as well as the growth of

corporate waqf in practices.

4

2.1 Waqf Concept

Waqf literally means detention or prevention. In Islamic jurisprudence, waqf is a form

of gift in which the corpus is detained, and the usufruct is set free. The meaning of

'detention' of the corpus is its prevention from being inherited, sold, gifted,

mortgaged, rented, lent or any type of disposition. As to dedication of the usufruct, it

means its devotion to the purpose mentioned by the waqif (endower) without any

financial return. Thus, waqf could be technically defined as dedication and donation

of a property that can be utilized with the permanent existence of its corpus, without

any right of disposition for its original endower or others to a permissible existing

party or by chanelling its yields or proceeds to charitable and good purposes for the

sake of Allah. The waqf term is also commonly used to denote the endowed property

(al-mal al-mawquf) itself.

In general, waqf could be categorized into several categories from three different

aspects, i.e. the beneficiaries, the purpose of waqf and the subject matter of waqf. In

terms of the beneficiaries, waqf could be either waqf khayri (charitable endowment)

or waqf ahli/dhurri (endowment for offspring). In waqf dhurri, the waqf property is

only for the benefit of specified relatives, family members and their offspring. In

terms of the purpose, waqf could be either waqf am (general waqf) or waqf khass

(specific waqf). In terms of the subject matter of waqf, a waqf could be either waqf al-

c
aqar (endowment of immoveable asset) or waqf al-manqul (endowment of the

moveable assets) (Abdullaah Jalil and Asharaf Mohd. Ramli, 2008). Hanafiyyah does

not approve waqf al-manqul with the exception of the moveable asset which is

endowed together with the immoveable ones or if there are proofs from the Shariah

on the legality of such waqf such as swords and horses or if the practice has been

5

accepted by al-
c
urf (customary practice) such as books and money. Waqf should be on

the permanent basis (al-ta’bid) according to the majority of the Islamic jurists.

However, Malikiyyah view that waqf could be on the temporary basis (al-Zuhayli,

1997). A permanent endowment made by the government for the public interest such

as endowment of lands for hospitals or schools is named as irsad rather than waqf.

There are three main models of waqf, i.e. (i) real estate waqf, (ii) cash waqf and (iii)

corporate waqf (which has been pioneered by JCorp) (Hajah Mustafa Mohd. Hanefah

et al., 2010). In Malaysia, all matters relating to waqf assets are vested under the State

Islam Religious Councils (SRIC), in accordance to Ninth Schedule (State List) of

Federal Constitution of Malaysia (Ahmad Ibrahim, 1997). As the sole trustee of waqf

properties, SRICs are empowered by law to appoint any individual or committee

acting as its representative and also use waqf assets to generate income through yields

and rentals. The establishment of the Department of Waqf, Hajj and Umrah in 2004

under the Ministry of Prime Minister Department shows the commitment of

Malaysian Federal Government to consolidate waqf activities at the national level.

The establishment of Malaysian Waqf Foundation (YWM) on 15
th

 September 2008,

under the purview of JAWHAR has also signed another milestone in waqf

development in Malaysia's level.

2.2 Waqf Development in Malaysia

The transformation of waqf development and management in Malaysia for the last

few years is encouraging. The Federal Government spearheads the initiative of

improving and enhancing waqf administration through the establishment of waqf

agencies at federal level and allocating funds for the development of idle waqf assets.

The emergence of cash waqf concept in a number of Muslim countries has also been

6

influencing waqf authorities in Malaysia to create this type of waqf asset. Corporate

entities participation into waqf affairs; also known as corporate waqf is another

milestone towards reviving charitable act of waqf.

In view of the huge potential of developing sizeable amount of waqf assets, The

Federal Government of Malaysia takes a huge step of founding two agencies, namely;

the Department of Waqf, Zakat and Hajj (JAWHAR), and Waqf Foundation of

Malaysia (YWM. Among the main duties of these two bodies are to coordinate,

facilitate and enhance SRIC in administrating and developing waqf properties in their

respective areas (Hajah Mustafa Mohd. Hanefah et al., 2010). Aiming at stimulating

the development of waqf assets in the country, the Federal allocated RM200 million

in the 9
th

 and 10
th

 Malaysia Plan for developing a number of waqf properties

(JAWHAR, 2010). JAWHAR and YWM in this respect represent the Federal

Government to implement and undertake the projects with the cooperation of SRICs.

The detail of the projects is shown below:

Figure 1: Waqf Projects of MP 9 & 10

State Projects Cost (Financing) Date of

Completion

Category

Kedah Orphanage Hostel,

2.08 mil,RMK-9 30.11.2009 Social

Selangor Contruction works of  land 160k , RMK-9 16.12 2009 Economic

Kelantan Orphanage Hostel 1.5 mil, RMK-9 15.4. 2010 Sosial

Sarawak Equipments for Islamic

Complex of Kuching

10 mil, RMK-9 31.12. 2010 Social/commercial

Negeri

Sembilan

1. Centre for new-convert

2. Wakaf Hotel and Baitul

Hilal

4.5 mil, RMK-9

18 mil, RMK-10

31.12.2010

01.11.2011

Sosial

Commercial

Johor 1.Hemodialicys Center

2. Women Shelter

8 mil, RMK-10

7.5 mil,RMK-10

7.12. 2010

31.12.2010

Social

Social

Pulau

Pinang

Maahad al-Mashoor

Education Complex

41 mil,RMK-10 31.01.2011 Social

Perak 1. Shop lot

2. Wakaf hotel

4.5 mil,RMK-10

19 mil, RMK-10

31.12.2010

31.12.2011

Social/Economy

Economy

Melaka Wakaf Hotel 25.6 mil,RMK-10 25.08.2011 Economy

Source: JAWHAR

7

As depicted in the Table 1, the traditional way of developing waqf assets for the

purpose of constructing religious buildings, for example, mosque is no longer

applicable. Waqf assets are mainly developed for social and commercial purposes.

Given the potential of generating income from waqf assets, the construction of

commercial properties that later contribute its proceeds of waqf fund is appreciated.

However, proper financial report must be in place to show the accountability and

transparency of any transaction occurred and also to prevent mismanagement and

embezzlement of waqf funds.

The emergence of movable waqf assets, particularly in the form of shares of the

company and cash money implemented in a number of Muslim countries is also

affecting waqf practice in Malaysia (Magda Ismail Abdel Mohsin, 2009). In 2006,

Johor Corporation (JCorp) pioneered the participation of corporate entity in the

administration waqf affairs by pledging the shares of its own company with the total

amount of RM200 mil as waqf (Borham, 2011; Hajah Mustafa Mohd. Hanefah et al.,

2009). This corporate waqf concept WANCORP; a subsidiary of JCorp is appointed

as the trustee responsible to manage waqf fund and channel the proceeds to the

beneficiaries.

In recent year's strategic partnerships between waqf authorities and corporate bodies

and figures have been executed to develop waqf properties. For example, Tabung Haji

(TH) and Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan agreed to collaborate in

developing and managing Menara Bank Islam located in Jalan Perak, Kuala Lumpur.

According to the agreement, TH financed the cost of construction and upon the

completion, its subsidiary TH Properties manages the assets. Since its completion, the

property is leased to Bank Islam and called Menara Bank Islam. Uda Holdings and

8

Majlis Agama Islam Pulau Pinang (MAINPP) have been joint ventured to develop a

parcel of waqf land known as Setee Aishah. This arrangement contributes to the

development of the asset, and a number of shop lots allocated to Majlis become a new

source for waqf fund.

The establishment of Corporate Waqf in 2006 by Johor Corporation (JCorp) has

transformed waqf practice in Malaysia. For the first-time  waqf assets in the form of

shares of company was issued and managed by corporate body. According to its

founder; Tan Sri Muhammad Ali Hashim, the idea of creating corporate waqf derives

from the notion of jihad business pioneered by himself with the main agenda is to

improve socio-economy wellbeing of Malay society in the country (Muhammad Ali

Hashim, 2012). Hajah Mustafa et.al (2009) and Abdul Shakur (2011) explains in

detail the structure of corporate waqf which started with the pledged of share's

amount RM200million as waqf to WANCORP; a subsidiary of JCorp as a nazir

(trustee). WANCORP manages and distributes waqf proceeds to the beneficiaries as

stated in waqf deed.

Perhaps, Koc Holdings in turkey is the first corporate bodies involved in the

establishment and administration of waqf properties as early as 1967 (Cizakca,

2011b). Koc Holdings endowed 10, 000 shares of the company and entrusted to Koc

Foundation as a trustee (nazir). Most of waqf fund managed by Koc Foundation

channels towards the establishment education institutions, for example, Koc

University. It is clear from the above explanation that the distinction of waqf

management between Koc Holdings and JCorp lies in the trusteeship of waqf assets.

While WANCORP a business entity responsible to manage waqf assets, Koc

9

Holdings established their Koc Foundation for administrating and managing waqf

properties.

Realising the huge potential of mobilising cash waqf for the improvement of socio-

economic of Muslim society has inspired Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL) to

establish the cash waqf certificate in 1997 (Mannan, 1999; Ramli and Sulaiman,

2006). Cash waqf certificate is created to accumulate waqf fund and channels the

proceeds for the betterment of underprivileged Muslims. IBBL in this respect has

become a pioneer in the establishment and management of cash waqf instrument at

the global stage.

The above discussion shows that corporate entities in a number of Muslim countries

such as Malaysia, Turkey and Bangladesh have played a major role in the

development and management of waqf properties. It is worth to note that these

institutions focus on developing movable waqf assets, in particular, shares and cash.

Given the current state of underprivileged of Muslims in most Muslims countries, the

participation of more corporate bodies in waqf activities could enhance and provide

better living standard for them.

3. Analysis of Wakaf Selangor Muamalat

Waqf Selangor Muamalat is the first milestone of corporate waqf in Malaysia

concerning the cooperation between a state-owned waqf management institution and

an Islamic commercial bank i.e. Perbadanan Wakaf Selangor Berhad (PWS) and

Bank Muamalat Malaysia Berhad (BMMB). Thus, such cooperation between these

strategic partners in developing waqf through corporate waqf strategy is worth for

study. The following section shall analyse Wakaf Selangor Muamalat from several

10

main aspects such as management, financial framework, and Shariah consideration

(takyif fiqhi).

3.1 Management Structure

PWS and BMMB have established a joint committee to manage the operation of

Wakaf Selangor Muamalat which is known as “Jawatankuasa Pengurusan Bersama

(JPB)” or Joint Management Committee. JPB consists of:

 Supervisory committee form MAIS

 A chairman

 A secretary and

 A joint secretariat which consists of six members where three of them come

from BMMB and another three are from PWS.

JPB is responsible in channelling the waqf fund to the agreed waqf projects, helping

the needy beneficiaries for the educational and health purposes, and reinvest the

proceeds of waqf fund and et cetera.

Figure 2: Management Structure of JPB

11

JPS

Supervisory

Council (MAIS)

Chairman

Secretary

Joint Secretariat

(6 members)

BMMB

(3 members)

PWS

 (3 members)

3.2 Financial and Operational Framework

In this section, the authors shall analyse the financial and operational framework of

Wakaf Selangor Muamalat. The framework could be illustrated in the figure below.

Figure 3: Financial and Operational Framework of Wakaf Selangor Muamalat

Individuals

Institutions

Jawatankuasa

Pengurusan

Bersama

 (JPB)

Bank Muamalat

Malaysia Berhad

(BMMB)

Perbadanan Wakaf

Selangor (PWS)

Education

Health

Investment

Return on

Investment

Muamalat Invest

Sdn Bhd.

(MISB)

25% for PWS’s activities

75% for activities determined by JPB

Fund Accumulation Management Distribution

Investment Manager

12

The waqf fund is obtained through the Bank Muamalat banking services from the

individuals and institutions. The minimum contribution is RM10 by individuals and

RM100 by institutions and there is no maximum amount for contribution by both.

The waqf fund aims to accumulate a sum of RM50 million in three years’ time and

Bank Muamalat itself has endowed RM1 million into the fund and its staff has

contributed RM74,040 at the launching ceremony of Wakaf Muamalat-Selangor

(xxxx). The fund will be managed and channelled by JPB to three main sections. The

sections are:

1. Education, such as infrastructure construction, equipment and etc.

2. Healthcare, such as dialysis machine and equipment, research and treatment.

3. Investment by Muamalat Invest Sdn. Bhd.

Muamalat Invest Sdn. Bhd. - a fund management company - will invest the allocated

fund professionally in Shariah compaliant instruments to generate return. 25% of the

return will then be distributed to the PWS and 75% of them will be channelled back

to JPS for redistribution in areas deemed appropriate by them. The two main sectors

aimed as beneficiaries of Wakaf Selangor Muamalat are healthcare and education for

the needy people, both Muslim and non-Muslim. These two sectors have been the

major area of waqf distribution in the history of Islamic countries. Murat Cizakca

(2011a) believes that waqf distribution to the public will eventually help to mitigate

the cost of living and government spending.

13

3.3 Shariah Consideration of Wakaf Selangor Muamalat

In this section, the authors attempt to rationalize the Shariah framework of Wakaf

Selangor Muamalat based on the modus operandi of the program as in the below

figure:

Figure 4: Shariah Consideration of Wakaf Selangor Muamalat

Individuals

Institutions

Jawatankuasa

Pengurusan

Bersama

 (JPB)

Bank Muamalat

Malaysia Berhad

(BMMB)

Perbadanan Wakaf

Selangor (PWS)

Education

Health

Investment

Return on

Investment

Muamalat Invest

Sdn Bhd.

(MISB)

75% for activities determined by JPB

Waqif
Mawquf alayh (Beneficiaries)Nazir / Mutawalli

Wakalah bi al-Istithmar

25% for PWS’s activities

Wakaf Selangor is a form of cash waqf managed by a joint committee consisting

representatives from corporate body and state authorities. Thus, it could be

considered as corporate waqf since it is established and managed by corporate

institutions of BMMB and its investment arm, Muamalat Invest Sdn. Bhd. The waqif

could be institutions and individuals. JPB is assigned as nazir/mutawalli of the fund

and responsible directly in managing the fund and channelling the fund’s proceeds to

the beneficiaries. MISD is appointed based on wakalah bi al-istithmar (agency for

investment) contract. However, it is unclear whether MISD charges fee on the

investment of the fund or not. Since the purpose of waqf is for healthcare and

education purposes, it is clear that Wakaf Selangor Muamalat is a form of waqf khairi

14

(charitable waqf) and not a waqf dhurri. The main beneficiaries are the needy people

in these two areas: (i) healthcare and (ii) education. The third beneficiary is PWS.

However, PWS is only entitled to receive 25% of the waqf investment’s proceeds and

the rest of 75% will be returned back to JPB for determined activities later. Thus, in

term of beneficiaries, it observed that the main beneficiaries are general (
c
amm) in

nature where no individuals are specified. However, the scope of beneficiaries is

restricted by its purposes.  Nevertheless, PWS is also specified as an entity (khass)

who will receive 25% of the waqf fund’s proceeds from the investment. Thus,

beneficiaries of waqf are the combination between general and specific beneficiaries.

The waqf fund is perpetual in nature. The Shariah consideration of Wakaf Selangor

Muamalat could be summarized in the following table:

Table 1: Shariah Consideration of Wakaf Selangor Muamalat

4. Conclusion

Wakaf Selangor Muamalat could be considered as a corporate waqf model that

occupies the participation of the corporate entity in its management and decision

making. Both BMMB and MIST have been appointed as the bank and the fund

management company accordingly in accumulating and investing the waqf fund.

Wakaf Selangor Muamalat is a form of waqf khairi in term of its purposes, a form of

No. Aspect Shariah Consideration

1 Subject Matter of Waqf Cash

2 Purpose of Waqf Khairi (Charity)

3 Beneficiaries of Waqf

‘Amm (General) and Khass

(Specific): Needy party in the

areas of healthcare and

education and PWS

4 Waqif Individuals and Institutions

5 Nazir/ Mutawalli JPB

6 Management Corporate

7 Investment contract Wakalah bi al-istithmar

8 Timing Perpetual

15

corporate waqf in term of its management structure, and a combination between

general (
c
amm) and specific (khass) in term of its beneficiaries. The beneficiaries of

the waqf fund could be further divided into direct and indirect beneficiaries. The

needy public in the area of healthcare and education are the direct beneficiaries while

PWS is the indirect beneficiaries of the waqf fund.

5. Bibliography

Abdullaah Jalil and Asharaf Mohd. Ramli. (2008) Waqf Instruments for Construction

Contract: An Analysis of Structure. The Journal of Muamalat and Islamic

Finance Research (JMIFR) 5: 14.

al-Zuhayli W. (1997) al-Fiqh al-Islamiyy wa adillatuh, Dimashq: Dar al-Fikr.

Borham AS. (2011) Pelaksanaan Pembangunan Wakaf Korporat Johor Corporation

Berhad (Jcorp): Satu Tinjauan. International Conference on Humanities 2011.

Park Royal Hotel, Penang, Malaysia: USM.

Cizakca M. (2011a) Islamic capitalism and finance: Origins, evolution and the future,

Glos: Edward Elgar.

Cizakca M. (2011b) Waqf in history and its implications for modern Islamic

economies. In: Kahf M and Mahamood SM (eds) Essential Readings in

Contemporary Waqf Issues. Kuala Lumpur: CERT, 1-42.

Hajah Mustafa Mohd. Hanefah, Abdullaah Jalil, Asharaf Mohd. Ramli, et al. (2010)

Waqf Models in Iskandar Malaysia: An Analysis. 4th Islamic Banking,

Accounting and Finance Seminar. Gombak: International Islamic University

Malaysia.

Hajah Mustafa Mohd. Hanefah, Asharaf Mohd. Ramli, Abdullaah Jalil, et al. (2009)

Financing the Development of Waqf Property: The Experience of Malaysia

and Singapore. International Conference on Waqf Laws & Management.

Gombak: International Islamic University Malaysia.

Magda Ismail Abdel Mohsin. (2009) Cash Waqf: A New Financial Product, Petaling

Jaya: Prentic Hall - Pearson.

Mannan MA. (1999) Cash-waqf Certificate Global Opportunities for Developing the

Social Capital Market in 21st-Century Voluntary-sector Banking. the Third

Harvard University Forum on Islamic Finance: Local Challenges, Global

Opportunities. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Center for Middle Eastern Studies,

Harvard University, 243-256.

Ramli AH and Sulaiman K. (2006) Pembangunan Harta Wakaf: Pengalaman Negara-

Negara Islam. Konvensyen Wakaf Kebangsaan. Kuala Lumpur.


 املقصود نظم
 ع لم ع لصرف يف

ع تعاىلع ع محهع لهللرع صمشيخع أمحدع بنع لبدع لصفحي ع لصطهطاوي

ع

ع

ع

ع

ع

 بسم اهلل الرمحن الرحيم
َوووَ بَ  َ وووَد مَح وووَد َا  ا   َْ  َيُقووو ُب
َووووَ  ا  َ ووووَر مَ  َ ووووُة امَح

َ
 َعب وووودس ري

َّ  ََاا ُ َوووووور  ُ  ََ َ وووووواس ٌُّووووووَ   فَ
   َ  ُ  ُ ََ

ووحَ   مََاووْ   فَوو فَووْ   َسَ وُتف   ْك
وووووُاَا  َ ْ َ يووووو َ   َ  َوإَ  تَُضوووووم  فَْ

س َوََلمس   ُ  مََاوووْ َْووود  فَُحَ وووْ او  َعووو
َيووووَْاِع مَبَووووْ   َواَحوووودَ   ُثووووم  الرِع
  َ ََ َ ووووَ َب َكووووَلاَ  َ ووووي   فَ  َعووووَا َ
 َ َ  َعوووو   َس َ ووو َيووو ا

َ
ََ  ري  َز  وووُد ااِعوووَ

َرَ ووووْ
َ
َيووووَْا َ ْ ووووُا ري لَُ ووووْ الرِع و

َ
 ري

ُصوووُخ  ُاََْ وووِيْ مَوووَل   و َزا َ َواخ
َ
 األ

  َ  َ ا  َكوووَلا َتَفووووو ََ َا اف وووو ََ  َاف ووووحَ
ووَداَ   ووُثووم  السِع ََ  َعوووَ  ا   َ  َوا   ََ  حَف

ووَْحَ  ال   وَ  ََ ووَْب َ ووْ َْوود   ََ َُ ا    َ وو

ََ  ََّووووَ  َ وووح  َا   ََّوووا  ا   ََ     ََن وووُ  ا

َب      ُمَصووووووووَّ ينْل َيَ اا ووووووووَ   َوا
ْ ووووُن َ مَووووَد  َووووُد  مح

َ
   ري

َ
 الوووور َحيمَ ري

وووو م َ امُووووُ  َ وووو َّ َكَاووووْ َ  ُس
َ
 َر ُ وري

حَ   لََ وووْ َب ا  َ وووْمَرَ  و  فَوووْ
َ
وووم  ري َُ و

َ
 ري

حَ   َوَ ووو و  تَ َ ووووَس  فَوووْ
َ
ا َعيووو َ وري نل  س

ووُلوَا ات َضوووَ ْ َْ  َ ووَ ا َاا مَْلوِع وو
 َحَّ

َ َزا َوووودَ  ِ  مَووووَ  َ ووووِحْ مََ ووووة  َوووو  َواْل
َ ََّووووَ   ََ َوَ ووووَلاَ  َ  َ وووو يَووووَا َ   َ  َ
ْ َسوووووْم  ٌَّوووووَ    َ  وووووَر

َ
َ أَل  َوْه

وووووَ    َ وووووَاْ َوَ  ََ  َوفَوووووَْعَ  َكَمْ
 اا ووووَْ  ا وَ َكووووَسَ ُؤَهْ َكوْن  فَوبَوووود

  ُ ووووووَّ َم َوزَ   َتَفَْعوووووووَ  نَوووووو   ََ  َت
ََ  ََّوووَ  َوا    ََ َِوووََّيَ  ا   ووو   ََ َب ا   وووو   ََ

َيَْعوووو    َز  وووودُ  َ َعََّوووو   الرِع  ُ  نَ  َعووووو
َ ََّوووَ    وُمووا   ٌُّوووم   نُوووُ  َتَف     وَاَْ   َوز

ِِع َ     حَ َدَا َوَ ْ يُو   مَُْ  ال َاص

تَووووو
َ
وووووَداس ري َ َوَمص   ُ َيووووو  َيَ ََض
َ   َزمَ ْل  فَوو َ َ  َ وون َا  اا وو َ  ُ ووَا  اَّل

ََ  َ ي و ََ   َُِكون  َ ون    َ    َِم ااِعَ  ج
َ
 ري

ا   ََ ََت َكَاووووووووف
َ
َ ري  ُ  مََفوح َ وحَووووووو

َ وَ  َاووو   َ ي   ُ ووووَا َ َ َعََّووو  َْوس   َغوووة
َ   َقوووويََْ  فَوْ   َوَ ووْ َعووووَداُ    تَوح وووَب

وووُا ز  او   َ يووو   او  َ و   ََ  َ  َ  ُمَضووو
َ ا  وو َ وََشووول  َ   وووُ  َ ووووْ مَوَ وووس   ُ ََ  و

َ ووَْ  وَ َكووَلا   َاووَنَ  َ وون  ال  َ وووُم الز
 ُْووَر    نَووَُْْخ  َوَ ووْ َواف وووحَ   لََ ووْ َ وون

ِ ََ ااِعوووَ   َعوووَداَوَ وووْ  ُُ    َ ََ وووو  اج
وو ب  َوفََْعووا   َُ ووُم َ ف   ر  وُكَسووَكووَلا ا

َََّقْ َاووَْ  اف وووحََ    ُ ال   َوآَخوورَ   ُ ووول
َن ا    َ   وََ ووك  ووَاَة َاف وو َكوووََْ  ُحر

وَداَ   فَ وُمَاَْ   وَ ا     ََل   والسِع  َسَ   وْك
ُ  اََلم َحووَدا َب ٌُّوووبُ ُتَ ْ   وووووَزم  َْووَد ا

وووَداَ  ووووور  لَُ ووووَاْ َوَمص
َ
َز ري  َكووووَ ا

َ َوام ووووَ م  ام ووون  ام ووووو َ   وَ   ُ  اث  َوووو
 َ مس ا   س َب ا   وَايوَكَلا ا    َسَ   وََ فَْك

ووووَ
َ
 َ  وُر َا  ٌََّ ٌَّوووو   ََن ووووُ  ا  وووحُ ري

ـَ ووووُ   َُم   ب  مََضووووُم ُحووووَحَاَْوَيوووود
تَوووو  َ وووم  َرُوووُروَ   ُ ووووَضْاَ نل

 نَوأ

ووونَ
َ َُّوووو م   فَ  َ َفح ُ َ ووْ وََجووو   مََاو

َسووا   َوَ ووْ ُ بَي ووَا  مَوووَدار  وَخوووَر اك
َ
 ري

َ   َ يوووَاْ َعووَدا َ ووْ َجووََْم َ وون    َ  َتَفووو
وووووَ ْ  َوإَ    ُ وووو ب  فََضواِع   َوووووَزم  مََاج

ووووحََ   َاووووا  ا   َوآَخووورس  َووووُ  مَُاق  ََ
ووو س  َ    ووورس َوَه

َ
ووْ تََصوووا  مَووَ  ََل  ري   نل

َل       َوا    ا   ََك وو ِع ُِو َخَر اح  ََ  َ  َب و
ووَر  م

َ
ُْ ري ووَل   َِوو ُ  اح

َ
ري  َحووََْضَ َوَيوود

   َ  َِ م وووو
َ
و  ري

َ
َكنل ُثوووم   ري م  ا  وووُُمَووور   ََتَ

وَرَهووووْ َِوووَ   ََل      َ ُ وَضووووَْا     مَوَ س
وووَ  َ وووحَُا اع  ُرو وَ س  مَُا وون   ق  َكوووَاف  ََ َِ

 ُجَ ووَ  ْ َا ُ ووووَضَْا    َوووَ ْ َْوووود  َ ووو
ووووْ ََِصوووو بس لََ ووووْ َ يانل و

َ
 ر  وَعي  نلووووْ َوري

ووووم   َ   وَ  َُ   َ َوووووَقْمَوووووَ اَو َجووووا  ْل
ُ
 ري

 َُّ  َ َُم َ ووووو  ُ وَََّ ووووووْمََفوووح     م  َوَيووود
وووا  َكوووْ َ   َ َز َو حََ ن     مُوووَد َْ مَوووَ ا

ََ وكَ  فَوووَ ْ َب َ ا َجوووَ ْ َ وو  الََكَوووم  َ ل
ووووَز َكوْ ُاووووون  َوَها  ي

َ
ب  َوري

َ
َ وووووورَ َوري  ج

َ
وووووووَرري ْ  ا   وووووووَر َ َوا    ُ  اٌّ و َحَوووووو

حَوووَ ن   لََ ووْ َ ووووَ ا َب  َب ا
َ
ِ وووُان  ري

َ
 ري

َ ُجَ ووووَ    ُ يَوووو ََ ووووم  َكووووَاْ مَوَاْ َُ
  َ َِ اَّل  َ َ وْمَووو  َْوود  َخحََاوووَْكوووَ س

ُ ووو اَ  َْ  ا  وو َحي وووُ  لََاو  ََ َ   وَا

 تَوووأ

ـُ حَ َووو     َل   وووُم  ََ  ُ َيَْا  َغوووة   ا ووورِع
َ  َعََّووووو  ٌََّ ٌَّوووو    َ وونَ   َعووووَدا اَّل

َ ووووَََّ   َ  َ وون  َكوووْ     َتَفَْعووَا او  َتَف
 َِ وحَُحوووم  َكَفوووح َ  َ وووْمَ َ  مَووَ  اخ   اَّل

َ   َ ن   مس َحَصووا   َاف  و   َكوَلا َجوز   او  نَص
و
َ
ن   َ    ري  ََك حََاوووووا  َِووووَص    ََل وََ وووك

 َ َََّْووووو   َونُوووو ُ    و
َ
وووَ    ري  تََفووووو  س

ا ا    وووزنل وووونَ  َوَها     ُ  َ وووووة  ََ  تَووووْب
 ُجووووووَزم  مَ َووووََْمُ  َ ْ وووَا ُ ووووَضَْا

ووومَ  َكَفَْعوووا  َ     َكَاوووْفََْعوووا   مَْ
ُ    َوَ وووْ   ا    وووحَقَ مََضوووم  َعووو  ر   ا

ووْ َجووْ َوإَ   مََكوووس   ََل  ووا  ََك   َز نل ََ  َف
يووو ََ َُ ب  َكووووَلا فَ وووو َ  َ ف   ُا مَوووَ ز

   َ ووووو َ َ وووووو    َ وووووو َ  َُ  ُب وْبس او  َ

و  َ وون
َ
 َعَزَ ووووُِْوووَجَُْم َ وون  َعََّوووَم ري

وووَر     اَل   ـَ م  او    نَوووَدا   َ ووْ َكوووَضم
 وَ

َ َا  ا   األ  ََ َفو   َ وْ    َ وَ َ  َواح   نَُقووا  َف
وو ب  َكوووَلا ََْحووويَجوووْ َُ وووُم َ ف   ُا ََم ا

ْبس او   ََ وووووو ووووواس او  َ ف  ََ ويووووفَ ََ  وُا فَ

َ ي  َ َ  الص  اس َب تَْص   فَص
فََْوَ وووووْ   او  ُمَضوووووَْا س   تَووووووَْص

 وبَ   َ َ ووووووْ َ   َكوْ  َ ْ َووووو ٌََّ ٌَّووووو س
 ُهَاووووووَْوُ حََ ووووووَّ مس َثُ اٌّ وووووو ََْ

ووو ََو  وووُم وَ   َفَْعوووَا ا   َر   َُِصوووور ُ  ا
وووووووا    َ  ُ َُ ْبَ  َوفََْعوووووووََّ  َ  فُووووووو

َ فََْعوووو  ُ   فَوَْعوووووووَ  وََّ   فََْعََّوووووحَ
 َُ وووو وووُم َ ف  َ  ُثوووم  ا    َِووووَْ   ب  لََسووووب

َُ بس ُ َْوووو  ُْ  وَ  وووو وووووَكوووَلاَ  َ ف   َ ف
 َ
َر اا وو   َكيوود  مَووََْلم  ووا   َونُوو َ  تَ   ََ

و ُجووو
َ
 أَل

َ َ ََكأل
وووَر َواا ووو   َرفَووووْ م   اع
 ُاَمَْاوووووبَ   َكووووَلا ُاَوووووَْا س َوَ   و

وووور  ُثوووم  َهووو

َ
َ ري  ُعووووَََّاَْب َغوووة

ووووووََّ   وَ  ََ  َ َ  ُ  فَوَْعوووووووَا  فََْعََّوووووو
ووووُام  فَوووْ وَُشووود    َ  ا  وووَْ  َوَ يَ َاوووْ ا

 نُوووووَقَ   َت َوفََ اَعوووَا َكَاووووْ َْوووود
ووووو  َُ و َُ  َووووو   َوٌَّووووون  َ ف  و  َت ََل َ ف

 َُ َُ لُ َ  ُثووم  َ  وو َسوو ووو  َُِضووو   ة  تَك
َ  ُ ووُ     ََل   تََصووا  وََااَت َخووُ  َ وو

اس َب فََ ا َد  فَص

يَ  ْل  مَوو ََ وو َز َوا  ض    َوووَزم   َعووود  َ ووَْ ا
وووووَراَعووووود  مََاووووْ   ُ َوَغي ووووورَ  خ

َ
 تَوأ

ِ  لََصوووَْ ا  َ وووَن
َ
وووَرري  َن فََْعووووووَ  ام
و  َزا َوووووود

َ
 وووووووَ  َتَفْعَ  َولَُ ووووووَاْ ري

 ْ وَُ وووم  َحووور َ  َجوووووُر  َ   ٌَُّ ٌَّوِيوووووَ
ووووَوإَ     ْ ُِوووووَراَحَلف ووووحََ ْ فَوَ َز نل

 َ ا َْوْتَوووووَ  َوَْووووا  ََك     َووووُ  َز  وووودنل
َ  َجووووَ   َ َواَْوووو ََت َ وَ ووووة

َ
 َوَْوووود  ري

وووَْب َاووووَْمنل  َوام ووووَدب  َ َوووَْمَ  ََ  ا    اََلف َح
 تَووووُكن   َْزاِنلووو ا    َاوووْ تََصوووُة َ اَلنل كَ
ووَْب َِووا فَووْ تَُكوون      إَ وَ  ََ  َ وووَكن   ََْلف َح
ووْوَ  َوي سنل

ُ
ُكووم  مََز  وود  َ وون  ري  َتوو َم  َهووا   اح

َيوووَْا  ََغَ ووَ  وَ   َعووَدا َ ووْ َعوود   ا ورِع
ا  ََلَزمس  ََل   ُمَاَْ   وا  ووووو ُكِع  ََ  اف ووووووحَ

ووَداَ    َ  َكووَلا السِع َ   َغووة  ََ ووحَف   مَووَْ  ا

ووووزَ  ووووْ    َ  لََ ا  ََ ْب  َ  ََ ووووو ُ  ف ووووو ََ  َ وب

ووووووَدا ُ  َحي و ُ نَوووووو س  ََزا َوووووو س   وَج

َُ اََل  َْب َجوووْ لََسووو ََ ووووَحف      َْ ََ  َ وووو

ََّي َكوووَلا َ وووَدُ  ا  ووووس  َْ َحووووَقْ س   مُ اع

َّ ووو َ ا   ُحوووُروُ  َوا   َْه  ُحوووُروُ   ََ

وونَ
َ َضووَ ْ ال َاووَْ   َُِكوون      فَ حَووحَ    مَبَ  ا

وووْ حُووووَحم  ُْوووا  َكووووَ َزا  ََ   َونََْْصنل  اخ

 َ ووووم    َ   اْ وووووَنَا    َويََََّفيوووو   َا

 مُ َوإَ   تَووووووووُكن  فَووووووووَْمس َثُ َوََل

ُفَفووْ َِووْ ََن وو َ  َوا  َغووم  لََاووْ َ     َز  ووُد اك

  َ ُاووو زس اَّل  وووحََاا  َيَ ال  َم   وووَز اش   َ ا

ووَ ي َ  ُاَكوور  ُثووم  الص   ُ  َ ووْ َعووَدا اَّل

ووُر   َ َ  وووبَْق  تَوووَ   فَوووَْمس َ ووَن اح   ا
و  َااَلنل او  َ اَلنل

َ
وووون  َكووووََْلز َ َجَْا  ري َُ

و
َ
َ   َواونل  ري وووة  ََ  ا  َغَاوون  تَووْ وَ  ا او  ٌَّووْ

 تَوووم    َاووَرامُ ال   مَووَل  َ   َ   وَ  اا ووَق فَوو
َ وَ   َ  َيخَ وَكو ن  سَ وَََّا فَْع   َداوحَوواه   َدا

َا او  تَوووَفَْعَ    َ وووحََاا  َْووَد  تَوَفووو  اح

 َُ وو َرن وَدا مََاف  ن َدا َواغ  َ وَ  َواْس  ََ  ب

وَا س وَ  ُ وووووة  ََ وَدَِووووو س   َ  َ وْ وووووَر ُ َت

َ َر فس فَووووَلا  َكووووَلا َ  َوووتَوووو  ويَْ ُ ال

وَا    ُ وووووة  ََ ووووووَدا َ  َ وَلوووووََّ     وَج

ووووَ َ  وحَم   الَ وووَر مُ  ُ وَؤا ُووووُ م  َكوْ

َُ وَ ال  وَ  َ ووووَْ  َ َاوووود  ُثوووم  الَّ وووو  ا ووز

َ وووو فََسوووم   وووو    حَِ  َ ووووََْْلنل ُ و ََ  َكَ

فَووووَ   مَووووَ  َوإَ    ووووَ فَْ ُعووووََّم  َِبَ    اج

س َثُ َ   َ وووْ َكووووَ    ُ وحَووووَ   َعوووو  م  تَس

 مُ ُ وووَ  ا   ف وَحووووَراق  َكووووَ َ  ا فَووووُلو

 ُاوَضوَْعوووَفْال   فَُ وو   ُْوووا  وََ ووا  َ

َب َْوووب َا َ ووْ
َ
فَوووا   ََن وووُ  َْوووَرا َ وووأ

َ
 ري

َ  َكَاوون   َفووور   َووو َْ َا  َثُ ُغَفوور   َكوْغ

ُا ز َت َوال ُاَضَْعَ  َوال َا   َح    َ  مَُْ  ال ُا
ا او   ََك اْ ووووََّ    َوَواونل َ َفوووَِْووووْ ُحووور

َ
َ  َ وون    ري َ وووَد َ ووح    َكوووَ َزا اَّل   َكووَ   مَو

 َغووَزت   َكوووَلا ُثووم  َغوووَزو ا وََغوووَزتَْ

ََ َوا    َ َقَّ وووُ  َب َ  ووو  ُ   وووحََ   نَوووَْ  ا

 َوا  ُسووو
َ
ووو ََ  َكووووَقَْب أَل  ََكَب َ وووْج

ووْ َ وون  َُّْ ووَن  َكَ وووَزَت  َ فنل
َ
ووَل   ري و  اح

َ
 ري

 َ َس  وَْوووب َََّ ْ َْوووَد ان وو َ ووْ ويََُْم  َ   َوا  وو

َ  ُ ُ وووو  ووووم  َ ووو َُ و
َ
َ نََ ْ ري  فََصووووة

ووُكن   س   ا   وَوَواوس اٌّ ووَر َكوو  ر  وتََصوو تَس

َ ََلُم َكوووووووَّ َا َ َوإَ   ُُتَووووووور      َوْه

  َ   َعَقووو     َحَرَ وووو س َ وووويَْ َكووووَ او
و  َِووووَ يُا ُثوووم

َ
 َ َْوووُْب َاا َِووووُق ُب ري

 َ  ُ َك  َب َاووووَر    َوإَ   ُهَاووووْ ُُمَووووور
َ  َجووْ َ وون اَ  و  َ وون  ََن ووُ  اَّل

َ
 َعَفووََْم ري

وووَ  ََل  ََ َلف ووووُ َاْ َب َ    ا  ث َ يَووو    َواح
وو َ   ُْووا  َْووْ ََ   ووَم فََْعووَا اج   َوَِف ا

 م  َِن حََصوو   َب نَووَُْْخ  ُْووا  ََغز  ا   لَوو
َُ ب   وووو وووَم َ ف   ُخوووَلا َوَ ووووَاُق ب  ا

ووووزُ ال   َوَ ْ ووووَ َ  ْ  و  َا     َغَاوووَْحووووح انل
َ
 ري

ََت َ ووون
َ
ووووُر ََغ َووو   ري

َ
ووو ََ   َوري ج

َ
 ري

َا  ُ ووووَمَْا س َ   وووُ  َكُقوووا    مَْ وووو  ق

َوووووَوٌَّو  ووووووَ  َيَ َكُقووووو ََل وَ   وَزم  ا

ُ  فَووووْ ال   حَوووا  وََحووول   َ بََا  َب  ُا وووحَق   ُمس

 او  َك ََعوووَدامَبَوووَْ  َ ووووْ َكَ َهوووَ

 د  َْوود  ُحَكووم  مََقي وو ُثووم  الَّ وووَفيُ  ََل

َ وووو س
َ
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َهْ َاَوو اََك وووَن مََضووووم  فَووووْ وَ   َ ووووس

َِ َ َْوووُْثُ َخَووووويَ   ووووْم
ووووَرا   فَ  لََّوض

ا َ ُقوووا  ُِوووو   ويُوي ووووَسَ َب كَ َْسُ َواونل

وووا  ب  َ ووَد نَوق  َْ  ُجووَ ا  َِووَْمنل َكوَجوووَة

 َ وووبََْو َ ا   َكوووَلا فَوووُقا  َغوووَ   َ ووَن
ووو   َ َْكووو نْل ََ وو    َ ووْ  وووََُّ ْ َ َ  فَو َق

 َِوووَمُْ  وَ
َ  ُقم  َواو  تَووو َ وووُ  َعوون  األ

ن    ُُتَوو     ُمَضووَْا   لَووم  َِن حََصوو   َ ووك
و  َ وون  َخوووَ

َ
َ َفووْري

َ
         َوَ وووََْم َاا اْ ََّوو   ري

َز َن مَوووَلا وحََ َ وووو    َوَ وووْ َكوحَوووو    ُمس
وووَز َ ووووْ تَووووَ   َ    َز  وووود  َوَها

َ
 مَووووأ

ب
َ
ُ  َوََل مَووووأ  َِْ َووووَ  َِووووَج    وََحوووول

َا ََكل َاوووَ ي وومَْ و  وووق   َاا َس  فَووَْمَ وَا َواك
َ ووَد ََّْ وو    َْ َ َْكوووَلاَ  َا وَوووو     ُْوود

ُ َخووووَ   وَُّووووُ  َغوووة   َ َ
 َكوََّوووويَُقا  َوري

  َ َز َ وََحوووول  َ  َهووووا   ُ  َوَعووو
َ ووووَا األ   َ

فنلووو َ وون    ُاووَحم   ْ لََّ  نَووَُْْخ  َب َاِ وووَن َحل

َ
ووور  َوري ََّم  َجوووَ  او      َ َُ تُووو   َ ووو

 نَووو

 َواََ ا    َوَْووووووا  َ وووووْ َْووووود  َواََ  زَ

 َ ووووَ  مَووووَاْ َ و ََْْوووووُخ  ُعََّووووم  َ وَ

ووَ ي َ َ ووَْوَ لص   ُ وو ََ ُكووم  َ   ُْووَر    َ  اح

وووووُر اَ
َ
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وووُا  ووَز ُ  زس َم   َُ َ وووَكن   ام ووَدب  َها   َ وو

َُ َكيَووُْكَ اِووَل   ُِ َ ووو ُ ا وات ووُر     َ وو

 َ َقوو    ُِوووَ ر    ُهوو    ََن وووُ  َْووَرا َوإَ

  ُ ووَز ُخوول  َوُموور  ُك   وََحوول   تََقووس   ََل  َها

ُصووو  َْوود   ووو َْ َ ووَن ا ق    َ تَوووم  َ ووْ ُا

َوووووووُد اهلَل ُ ووَصَّ وينلووووووووْ مح
َ
 َيَ  َوري

َ وووحَُا  وووُروق  َكوُاو  ُزَكوون   َوفَووََْم َ وف

 َ  ُ ََ اََِلٌّ و َووو وو َُ لََّ َجا    َيَووْ ُْووو ا َوَْووو

ووووَ  مَووونَ  ََغم  ََْاووون    ُ وَضووووَْع   فَو

ز  َكوووووْف َراَ  م  َوَِف ََكَووو  َيُاوووود  َجووو

وحَووووَ   َو ات ووووُرَكن  مَُاق
َ
 َحَرَ وووو   ري

ِس َكوووَلا ووووحَُ  وََ وووْمَ ك  تَووووو  َحور
َ
 ري

َجوز  َكَاوْ ان َضوبَ
َ
ب  َكوَلا وََ وا  ري

َ
أ  ََك

وووور    وَ  ََ   َُ وووَ يَ  َغوووة   َْوووس  َوَ لص

وووَلا  َحووَدِ ووون  َِووْفَْع  ُوو  َ  الس    َ َاا ا

 َوآَ وووووَ  َوَ ووون  تَوووووَ  د  ُ وَ ووووا


429 Too Many Requests

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 *Corresponding author.

Email: maryati@ums.ac.id

eISSN: 2550-2166 / © 2020 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources

  Food Research 4 (4) : 1018 - 1023 (August 2020)
  Journal homepage: http://www.myfoodresearch.com

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Cytotoxic effect of Spirulina platensis extract and Ulva compressa Linn. on cancer

cell lines

*Maryati, M., Saifudin, A., Wahyuni, S., Rahmawati, J., Arrum, A., Priyunita, O., Aulia,

A., Putra, F.P.H., As’hari, Y., Rasyidah, U.M., Fadhilah, A., Muflihah, C.H. and

Da’I, M

Faculty of Pharmacy , Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jalan A. Yani, Tromol Pos 1, Pabelan

Kartasura, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia

Article history:

Received: 19 November 2019

Received in revised form: 11

January 2020

Accepted: 15 January 2020

Available Online: 14 March

2020

Keywords:

Spirulina platensis,

Ulva compressa Linn,

Cytotoxic,

MTT method

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(4).389

Abstract

Studies have shown that algae and seaweed have cytotoxic activity. This study was aimed

to determine the cytotoxic activity of Spirulina platensis and Ulva compressa Linn.

extracts against cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic activity of the extract was carried out

using the MTT ((3-(4,5-dimetylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method.

Results showed that the ethanol extract and methanol extract of Spirulina platensis have

no cytotoxic effect against HeLa, WiDr, MCF7 and T47D cells. Water extract of Spirulina

platensis had no cytotoxic activity on T47D and Vero cells. Water extracts of Spirulina

platensis increase MCF7 cell growth. Phycocyanin powder also stimulates MCF7 cell

growth. Ethanol extract of Ulva compressa Linn. exhibited potentially cytotoxic activity

against MCF7 and moderate cytotoxic against  WiDR cells with IC50 values are 31.86 μg/

mL and 104.93 μg/mL, respectively. It can be concluded that extract of Spirulina platensis

has no potential to be developed for cancer therapy. Ulva compressa Linn has the

potential to be developed as an anti-cancer. Further research for study the mechanism of

anticancer of Ulva compressa Linn on MCF7 was needed.

1. Introduction

Cancer is still the main cause of death in the world.

In Indonesia, the prevalence of cancer showed an

increase from 1.4 per thousand population in 2013 to

1.79 per thousand population in 2018. The highest rate

was in the Yogyakarta with 4.86 per 1000 population,

followed by West Sumatra 2.47 79 per 1000 population

and Gorontalo 2.44 per 1000 population. The high cost

of chemotherapy, side effects and success treatment

encourage efforts to find alternative medicines/

treatments from natural ingredients for cancer. One effort

that can be taken is to explore the natural product, such

as algae. Spirulina platensis is one type of algae that has

received much attention because of the nutritional

component and source of bioactive for therapy

(Smiezeck et al., 2017).

The high nutritional content and therapeutic effects

of Spirulina lead the use of Spirulina as a food

supplement (Hosseini et al., 2013). Many studies

indicated that Spirulina contains high concentrations of

primary and secondary metabolites that are beneficial for

health. Spirulina contains protein (55-70% dry weight),

fat, minerals, vitamins, pigments such as chlorophyll, B-

carotene, C-Phycocianin and allophycocyanin, omega 3

and omega 6 (Habib et al., 2008; Lordan et al., 2011).

Several studies indicated that Spirulina or its extract

could prevent or inhibit cancer growth (Hirahashi et al.,

2002; Subashini et al., 2004). Spirulina is also known to

have antibacterial activity and inhibits the replication of

the Herpes simplex virus and HIV (Ayehunie et al.,

1998; Ozdemir et al., 2004; El-Sheekh et al., 2014).

Spirulina platensis have antioxidant, anti-inflamatory

and immunomodulator activity (Bashandy et al., 2016;

Wu et al., 2016).

Ulva compressa is also known to have cytotoxic

activity against HeLa cells and Vero cells.

Dichloromethane extract of Ulva compressa has

cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells with IC50 values of

17.8 μg/mL and 28.1 μg/mL against Vero cells. The

methanol fraction has cytotoxic activity against HeLa

cells with an IC50 value of 45.5 µg/mL (Barreto et al.,

2012).

In this study, the cytotoxic activity of Spirulina

platensis extract and Ulva compressa extract on several

 Maryati et al. / Food Research 4 (4) (2020) 1018 - 1023

eISSN: 2550-2166 © 2020 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources

cancer cell lines; Henrietta Lacks (HeLa), a human colon

carcinoma cell (WiDr), ahuman breast cancer cell line

(T47D) and Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7)

cells were determined. Cytotoxic activity of samples was

done using MTT assay.

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Sample materials

Spirulina platensis was produced by CV Neo Algae

Sukoharjo Jawa Tengah Indonesia. Ulva compressa

Linn. was obtained from Krakal Beach, Gunung Kidul,

Yogyakarta and the identification of the algae was

conducted by Abdul Razak Chasani S.Si., M.Si as a

biologist  in Plant Systematics Laboratory of the Faculty

of Biology, Gadjah Mada University based on its

morphology. The voucher specimen number is No 0933/

S.Tb./XII/2016.     Phycocyanin powder obtained from

PT Pico Biru Tekno, Bandung, Indonesia.

2.2 Aqueous extraction

Dried Spirulina platensis were blend into fine

powder followed by extraction using sterile water

(Czerwonkaa et al., 2018). Fifty grams of dried Spirulina

platensis powder were suspended in 500 mL of sterile

water (Bratachem) and extracted on shaker incubator

(New Brunswick) for 24 hrs at room temperature (30°C).

Then, the supernatant was separated by centrifugation

(10 mins, 4000 x g, RT), filtered through Whitman

paper, and lyophilized using a Freeze Dryer (Christ,

Alpha 1-2 Ldplus). Dried water extract was stored at 4°

C. The stock solution (10 mg/mL) was prepared directly

before use by dissolving dried water extract in the cell

culture medium.

2.3 Non-agueous extraction

Five hundred grams of Spirulina platensis powder

were macerated in 5 L 96% ethanol and methanol for 3

days and occasionally stirred. Ulva compressa were

macerated in 96% ethanol. The maceration is filtered

through Whitman paper, then concentrated using rotary

evaporator (Heidolph) and water bath to obtain a thick

extract.

2.4 Cytotoxic test

HeLa, WiDr, MCF7, T47D and Vero cells were

obtained from Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of

Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.  The 1.0

x 104 cells/well were seeded into 96-well plate and

incubated at 37°C, incubator (5% CO2) for 24 hrs. Cells

were treated with various concentration of Spirulina

platensis and Ulva compressa extract (31.25; 62.5; 125;

250; 500 µg/mL). The treated cells were incubated in an

incubator (5% CO2) for 24 hrs at 37oC. Cells were

washed with Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS), then added

with 0.5 mg/mL MTT (3-(4,5-dimetylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-

diphenyltetrazolium bromide), incubated for 4 hours at

37°C. Cells were added with regent stopper sodium

dodecyl sufate ((SDS) reagent (10%) in HCl 0.01 M),

incubated overnight at 28°C (Handayani et al., 2017).

2.5 Statistical analysis

The data obtained was used to calculate the

percentage of the viable cells using the following

equation:

Furthermore, to calculate the IC50, a linear regression

equation between the concentration of extract and

percent of viable cells was formulated (CCRC, 2009).

3. Results and discussion

Cytotoxic activity of Spirulina platensis extract on

HeLa, WiDr, MCF7 and T47 cells are shown in Figures

1 and 2.  At the highest concentration tested (500 µgmL),

ethanol extract inhibited the growth of HeLa, WiDr,

MCF7 and T47D cells by 27.32%, 7.97%, 8.04% and

32.72%, respectively (Table 1). At the highest

concentration tested (500 µg/mL), methanol extract did

not show any inhibition of HeLa and WiDr cells. In

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Figure 1.  Effect of ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis on

cancer cell lines.

Figure 2.  Effect of methanol extract of Spirulina platensis on

cancer cells line.

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MCF7 cells were only able to inhibit growth by 6.33%,

while in T47D cells were able to inhibit by 45.6% (Table

2). From the data obtained, the IC50 value could not be

calculated. The results of the Spirulina platensis ethanol

extract are in line with previous research which indicated

that the ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis has low

cytotoxic activity on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells

with an IC50 value of 700.28 μg/mL (Mekjaruskul et al.,

2016).

The water extract was tested against T47D, MCF7

breast cancer cells and Vero cells. Results showed that

the water extract also did not have cytotoxic activity. In

this study, we found an interesting phenomenon. It was

seen in MCF7 cells treated with water extracts.

Increasing concentration of the water extract causes an

increase in the percentage of living cells (Figure 3).

MCF7 cells are cells that have estrogen receptors. From

these results, we suspected that the water extract of

Spirulina platensis was estrogenic material, then it would

induce the growth of MCF7 cancer cells. These results

were different from previous studies conducted on a

commercial product water extract in China on A459 lung

cancer cells. The results of the study mentioned that

Spirulina water extract significantly decreased the

percentage of living cells and proliferation of lung cancer

cells A459 by the mechanism of cell cycle inhibition in

the G1 phase and induction of apoptosis (Czerwonka et

al., 2018). Other research indicated that Spirulina

platensis filtrate which prepare using media for cell

exhibited cytotoxic activity in Caco-2 colon cancer cells

(Smieszek et al., 2016)

In this study, we also tested the phycocyanin powder

produced by PT Pico Biru Tekno. Phycocyanin is known

as an active compound from Spiruliana that has

antitumor activity (Li et al., 2015), antioxidant activity

(Patel et al., 2006) and induces apoptosis (Gantar et al.,

2012). This phycocyanin was tested for its cytotoxic

activity against MCF7 cells. The result showed that

phycocyanin powder did not have cytotoxic activity

against MCF7 cells, but instead stimulated the growth of

MCF7 cells (Figure 4). This result is the same as the

effect of Spirulina platensis water extract on MCF7

cells.

We also determine the cytotoxic effect of Ulva

compressa Linn. Results showed that the ethanol extract

of Ulva compressa Linn has potentially cytotoxic

activity against MCF7 with IC50 of 31.86 µg/mL and

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Concentration (µg/mL)
% Cell viability (X±SD)

HeLa WiDr MCF7 T47D

31.25 111.547±3.907 99.20±5.67 114.014±2.89 84.232±1.997

62.5 98.627±17.898 97.81±2.94 103.990±1.13 80.655±0.576

125 94.859±3.356 95.63±3.54 96.912±6.24 72.116±0.427

250 82.978±5.018 93.68±0.76 94.907±11.57 69.837±2.038

500 72.673±1.384 92.03±6.31 91.963±2.50 67.280±6.727

Table 1.  Effect of ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis on cancer cell lines.

Concentration (µg/mL)
% Cell viability (X±SD)

HeLa WiDr MCF7 T47D

31.25 81.901±2.417 94.27±0.41 117.522±9.56 84.174±2.068
62.5 82.132±6.140 101.06±1.65 103.301±17.79 85.588±3.568
125 91.668±6.235 95.21±1.38 96.598±15.46 79.414±1.164
250 104.049±7.393 100.11±4.75 96.160±4.27 69.828±2.200
500 105.664±5.183 104.98±5.39 93.779±5.65 54.405±8.961

Table 2.  Effect of methanol extract of Spirulina platensis on cancer cell lines.

Figure 3.  Effect of water extract of Spirulina platensis on

WiDr and MCF7.

Figure 4.  Effect of Phycocyanin on MCF7 cells.

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moderate cytotoxic activity against WiDr cells with IC50

value of 104.93 µg/mL,  Figure 5 and Table 3). The

cytotoxic categories were based on Prayong et al. (2007).

Treatment using ethanol extracts cause morphological

changes in MCF7 cells and WiDr. Figure 1 shows that

the MCF7 cells before treated were oval shaped and

looked transparent while cells, after treated with extracts,

were seen to have changes in cell shape and darkness

(Figure 6).

Previous research showed that other green algae

which have the same genus with Ulva compressa, Ulva

fasciata Linn, contained phenol derivatives (Wikanta et

al., 2012), sesquiterpen (Lee et al., 2013) and

carotenoids which have anti-cancer activity (Baz et al.,

2014).  The algae also exhibited antioxidant and anti-

inflammatory activity (Wikanta et al., 2012; Lee et al.,

2013; Baz et al., 2014). Research shows that hexane

fraction of green algae has cytotoxic activity against

T47D cells with IC50 values of 28.7 ppm and against

HeLa cells of 25.6 ppm (Marraskuranto et al., 2008).

The ethyl acetate fraction Ulva fasciata is able to induce

apoptosis in CaSki and MCF7 cells (Wikanta et al.,

2012). The ethanol extract of Ulva fasciata was able to

induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells in HCT 116 by

50% at a concentration of 200 µg/mL, through a

mechanism of decreased expression of Bcl-2, changes in

mitochondrial permeability and activation of caspase-9

and caspase-3 (Ryu et al., 2013).

4. Conclusion

Spirulina platensis produced by CV Neo Algae has

no potential to be developed for cancer therapy. The use

of food supplements containing Spirulina platensis

produced by CV Neo Algae in breast cancer patients is

not recommended because it can induce the growth of

cancer cells. Ulva compressa has the potential cytotoxic

activity against MCF7 with IC50 of 31.86 µg/mL and

moderate cytotoxic activity against WiDr cells with IC50

value of 104.93 µg/mL. Further research for study the

mechanism of anticancer of Ulva compressa Linn on

MCF7 was needed.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express our gratitude to

the Directorate of Research and Community Service–

Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education

for funding this research.

References

Ayehunie, S., Belay, A., Baba, T.W. and Ruprecht, R.M.

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 Concentration (µg/mL)

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MCF7 WiDr MCF7 WiDr

250 9.00±0.28 8.78±1.69 31.86 104.93

125 22.88±2.13 57.74±1.59
62.5 40.20±1.39 78.38±6.85

31.25 56.35±3.33 93.33±5.65

Table 3. Effect of ethanol extract of Ulva compressa Linn. on WiDr and MCF7 cells

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shape and dark in color.

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