KEKAL ABADI
Berita Perpustakaan Universiti Malaya

Malay books printed in Bombay
a report on sources for historical bibliography

l. Proudfoot*

Abstrak: Sejak akhir abad kesembilanbelas, banyak buku bahasa Melayu telah
diusahakan oleh pencetak Islam di Bombay. Pendokumentasian kegiatan ini masih
belum cukup sempurna. Sumber-sumber yang berguna untuk penyusunan bibliografi
percetakan bahasa Melayu diBombay ialah warta-warta kerajaan Bombay dan buku-
buku yang didaftarkan dan dipelihara menurut undang-undang hakcipta. Sumber-
sumber ini dibincangkan di dalam makalah ini. Di antara yang terdapat dalam
lampiran-lampiran kepada makalah ini ialah perbincangan ringkas mengenai
peruntukan undang-undang di India dan diSfraits Settlements, petikan dari warta
kenjaan Bombay dan gambaran mengenai skop kegiatan percetakan ini.

Abstract: Since the end of the nineteenth century, many Malay books have been
printed by Muslim printers in Bombay. This publishing activity has not yet been wett
documented. Useful sources for a bibliography of Bombay Malay-language printing
are the Bombay Government Gazettes and the books preserved under copyright
deposit legislation. This article introduces these sources. In the appendices it summa-
rises the legal provisions applicable in India and the Straits Settlements, reproduces
excerpts f rom the Bombay Government Gazette, and gives an impression of the scope
of this printing.

The history ol Malay books and printing is
still being written. The historical bibliography
of Malay is still in its infancy. This article is a
preliminary report on some resources which
will extend historical bibliography in a specific
direction, though a significant one. The impor-
tance of Bombay as a source of Malay printed
books in the early twentieth century is easily
underestimated. These Bombay imprints ap-
pealed to rather conventional Muslim tastes.
They were lithographed manuscript-style in the
Arabic (y'a w) script, and comp rised main ly works
on religion (kitab) as well as an established
repertoire of popular ballads (syaifi.

It seems likely that the earliest Muslim print-
ing in the Malay language outside Southeast
Asia took place in Bombay. The evidence for

this is the survival of two booklets containing
short poems which were lithographed in Bom-
bay in 1874. These booklets happened to lind
their way into the library of the Batavian Soci-
ety of Arts and Sciences ten years later, but
there is no reason to believe that they are in
fact the f irst Malay books published in Bombay.

( conlinued on pa6e 2)

Malay books prlnted ln Bombay 1

Perolehan lstlmewa 21

Ulasan Buku 23

Kerlas Kerla Persldangan Yang Dlperolehl 26

Laporan Persldangan 43

Berlta Rlngkas 47

Hal Ehwal Kakltangan 48

Update on Computerlsatlon 51

Penerbitan Baru 52'Asian Studies Faculty, Auslralian Nalional Univsrsity.

Even the date ol 1874 puts Bombay ahead of
other overseas centres of Malay-language
publishing. Cairo probably began Malay and
Javanese printing a few years later. Malay
language printing in Mecca began in 1884, and
in lstanbul also about that date.1

ln the nineteenth century, Singapore was
the leading centre of Southeast Asian Muslim
printing. However, as the pace of Muslim
printing accelerated, Singapore printers failed
to keep up. By the turn of the twentieth century
there were probably more copies of Malay
books in the Arabic Qawi) script being produced
in Bombay than in Singapore; indeed for a
decade or so it is possible that a greater bulk of
Malay Muslim printing was done in Bombay
than anywhere else in the world. Malay and
Javanese printing was still unde.rway in Bom-
bay in the 1950s, when Padwick reported that
she saw "in the courtyard of a printing press in
Bombay huge bales of Arabic books, Qur'Ans,
and - small works of devotion, destined for
Java."z Matheson and Hooker found some
Malay books of this vintage among the old
stock in Muslim bookshops they approached in
the mid 1980s.3

As with any historical bibliography, the main
source of information is the books themselves'
For Bombay printing we are fortunate to have
another rich source of information provided by
the lndian law regulating printing presses, which
came into operation in 1867. (The provisions
of the lndian law are broadly similar to those
introduced in the Straits Settlements twenty
years later.)

The importance of the copyright law for
historical bibliography is two-fold. First, its
requirements for the legal deposit of published
works has meant that a selection of early printed
books have survived the ravages of time in
public repositories. This is particularly impor-
tant for earlier periods. We owe almost all we
know about Bombay Malay publishing in the
nineteenth century to the provisions for legal
deposit. Second, the catalogues of deposited
books were published quarterly, and contain a
great deal ol useful information about publish-
ers, print-runs, prices and so forth. Although
this data is detailed for the particular items
registered, there are always questions about
the completeness and reliability of the informa-
tion reported.

Evidence from the Government Gazettes

lndian scholars concerned with lndia's ret-
rospective national bibliography have assumed
that the quarterly catalogues of deposited books
are comprehensive.l This seems most unlikely.
It is very clearly not the case with Malay-
language publications, very few of which are
listed. This can be demonstrated in various
ways. While we have surviving examples of
Malay books printed in Bombay from 1876 to
the 1960s, Malay book registrations appear
only from 1890 to 1915, with one further in
1927. Even for the period 1890 to 1915, in
which there are registrations, the record is very
incomplete. Two publishers put out books in
1906 and 1909 which advertise lists of Malay
books in stock, and out of the 62 titles listed,
less than one-third had been registered.s This
is how it is possible for the library of the Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka to have eleven Bombay
imprints in its library, none of which is regis-
tered.

This very low level of compliance is sympto-
matic of a mis-match between a colonial ad-
ministrative regime and the realities of the
local printing industry. We can get some per-
spective on this from the report by Grant, an
education olficial charged with compiling a

retrospective bibliography of Bombay publica-
tions on the eve of the 1867 law. Grant found
that two major causes of his catalogue's incom-
pleteness were "(1) the absence, in many cases,
of regular records in the printing offices; (2) the
carelessness or obstructiveness of printers or
publishers, who failed to see that they had an
interest in facilitating the returns, and who
perhaps suspected the motives of the Govern-
ment in calling for them."6 Even though his
retrospective listing was based upon not one
but two visits by inspectors to the printing
presses, Grant believed that he had captured
only half of the publications which actually
appeared, though he believed his catalogue to
be representative.T

Apart from Grant's project, the colonial au-
thorities did not actively hunt down publica-
tions. They relied on the stick and the carrot.
The penalties for non-compliance were lines
and confiscation of deposit copies. Of course
non-compliance had to be detected first. Con-
sequently penalties probably hindered rather
than helped in achieving a complete catalogue.

It is known that one Marathi publisher was dealt
with underthese provisions. Having been igno-
rant of the deposit provisions and learning of
his obligation, he presented copies of works
published in earlier years to the Secretary's
office. For his trouble he was reprimanded and
fined,E - an outcome not likely to encourage
others to co-operate. On the other side, there
was a slight monetary incentive to comply. The
Act of 1867 required three best-quality copies
to be deposited, but also required the officer
receiving them to pay for them at the normal
retail (not wholesale) rate. Even though this
opened the way for some prolitable scams,e
the deposit clause of the 1867 Act supposedly
"stirred widespread objections". After 1890,
payment for deposit copies was stopped, and
thereafter the requirement to supply up to
three copies free of charge 'generated lasting
dissatisfaction on the part of the book trade
throughout the country."lo

The benefits of compliance were illusory.
The process of registration offered printers the
opportunity to claim copyright on their publica-
tions. This required a payment of Rs 2 (about
5$0.90), not a great sum perhaps, indeed one
which would often be just about covered by the
price received for the three copies surren-
dered. But the European conception of copy-
right embodied in the Act was neither under-
stood nor relevant to Bombay's Muslim pub-
lishers. lf the terms of the Act weie understood,
few publishers could claim to be "the author of
a literary or artistic works [when] first pro-
duced".11 Only three out ol the fifty or so
registered Malay and Javanese editions in-
clude copyright claims, and none meet this
criterion. All were standard religious texts in
the public domain, and two had in fact been
previously published in Singapore.r2 And if
copyright could be validly claimed, what use
was that? To prove it meant not just paying a
further Rs 2 to the registrar but commencing a
prohibitively costly civilclaim in a Presidency-
level court. lf a publisher wished to protect his
work lrom pirates, was he not better advised to
follow the example of lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal,
who simply made unsubstantiated claims that
his editions were legally protected? The truth
was that the British legal superstructure was
largely irrelevant to the operations of Muslim
printers. Just how irrelevant is shown by the
lact that the copyright legislation had been
intended to make defence of copyright easier

and cheaper! Anyway, very few bothered to go
through the formalities of registering copyright.
Butt puts this down to "a high degree of mutual
understanding among a small community en-
gaged in book trade activity".13 padwick may
be closer to the mark, when she observes that
"- the publication of these [lslamic] manuals
was not publication as known in the West.
There is no copyright, no authoritative edition,
and generally no distinction between printer
and publisher. While a few larger f irms in Cairo
and Bombay have a regular trade in prayer-
manuals for export, for the most part small
printings are undertaken here and there. These
may be at the cost of a pious benefactor or
because the presence of a group of devotees
shows a local printer an opportunity for sale."1a

The low rate of registration achieved, meant
that lew ol the books published were retained in
public collections. Of these few, in turn, only a
few survive. Most deposit copies were retained
in lndia, to suffer a variety of fates. lt was
reported in 1890, "ol 22,524 books in native
languages deposited with Bombay University
Library [since 18711,5164 have been destroyed,
mainly by white ants, or are missing." The
University wished to divest itself of the remain-
ing volumes.15 Some were sent to safe obscu-
rity in London. A copy of the quarterly list of
registered books was lorwarded to the British
Museum. From that list, the Museum requisi-
tioned books for its library.l6 Stalf maki n g these
selections were less interested in bibliography
than in building a representative collection of
texts, and were therefore rather sparing in their
requests. Second or later editions of texts seem
not to have been of interest to them, nor were
translations of standard texts into local lan-
guages. Fortunately, Malay and Javanese pubti-
cations were rather a rarity in Bombay and
attracted attention. About half were selected
for transmission to the Museum.

So much for the coverage of the registra-
tions. What of their quality? The eminent tn-
dian bibliographer, Govi, comments, "The ma-
chinery built up lor administering the [Printing
Pressesl Act diflered f rom presidency to presi-
dency, as also the officials responsible for
drawing up the catalogues. The quality of the
quarterly catalogues varied with the ability and
background of the officers and administration.
The catalogues suffer from such defects as

confusion of author and other collaborators,
incorrect slatements concerning editions, in-
correct transcriptions of titles, and inadequate
and, in some cases, misleading representation
of the subject of the book."l7 The same obser-
vations could be extended to the similar book
registrations in the Straits Settlements. ln fact
the Bombay registrations stand up fairly well on

most counts. They are certainly better in-
formed than the Straits Settlements registra-
tions. The reason is that those charged with
compiling the Bombay lists were experts of a
kind. The lists were compiled at first by the
Education departmentls and then the Oriental
Translator's Office. Attached to the Home
Department of the Bombay government alter
1902, this Off ice remained the agency dealing
with native publishers until it was redesignated
as the Office ol the Examiner of Books and
Publications in 1951.le Clerks of the Oriental
Translator's Olfice did not know Malay orJava-
nese, but they could at least read the Arabic
script and provide translations of the titles ol
the books. After 1906 their descriptions were
enhanced by giving the short titles of the books
in the appropriate script as well as in Roman
transcription. This levelof expertise and inter-
est puts the Colonial Secretary's office in Sin-
gapore to shame. Malay books are better de-

scribed and reported in Bombay than in Singa-
pore, where it is evident that the clerks han-
dling the registration often could not read the
Arabic script and did not care to enquire.

So, this Bombay cloth has quality but not
width. lt will not sustain any analysis of trends
in Malay printing activity. lt has been possible
to use the Straits Settlements records for this
purpose because they provide atar more com-
plete account of the small local industry. More-

over, their defects could be corrected because
all the rather small number of Straits registered
books were automatically deposited with the
British Museum. The very size, diversity and
vigour of the Bombay printing industry made it

infeasible to get a comprehensive record.

British Library's, most of which were preserved,
thanks to the registration laws. These books
have been described briefly by Gallop in her
introduction to the Malay books in the British
Library.2o After about 1915, however, the Brit-
ish Library's collection dries up. For the later
periods, f rom the 1920s onwards, Bombay im-
prints are more likely to be found in Malaysian
libraries, private collections in Southeast Asia,
and even on the back shelves of long-estab-
lished Muslim bookshops.

The books themselves are direcl evidence
of the sophistication of Bombay printing, its
style, its technical quality, and all the aspects
of form. As well, the books give explicit infor-
mation on authors, publishers, printers and
sometimes sales agents. Bombay imprints are
rich in this regard. Whereas Singapore litho-
graphs tend to be more reticent, Malay books
printed in Bombay generally display rather full
information ol this kind on elaborate title pages
and covers. From the Bombay books in the
British library, for instance, we learn of four
sales outlets in Singapore used by Bombay
printers to sell their books. Bombay printers
were more alive to the possibilities of self-
publicity than their Singapore counterparts.
The greater detail of information provided also
reflects a more highly organised industry. Title
pages may contain for instance printed annota-
tions indicating the print run, the edition, and
the press operator. The minuscule size of
these annotations and their inconspicuous
placements (often below the f rame of the elabo-
rate titte page), mark them as technical notes
useful to the printing shoP.

Beside being primary sources of informa-
tion themselves, the published books also pro-

vide information about other publications. I

have come across three books which have on

their back pages a list of titles available for
sale. Two of these lists appeared quite close
together in time, in 1906 and 1909, but in books
put out by different publishers. Each claims to
list books printed at their respective presses,2l
however the number of items common to both
lists suggests otherwise. Allowing for some
cross-listing of titles printed by their contempo-
rary colleagues, altogether 60 tiles are men-
tioned. Few of the titles listed are known to us

through registration in the Bombay Presidency
Catalogue. The second of the lists at least is
lent a certain credibility by annotation zer tab'

Evidence from the books themselves

The primary source of information for his-

torical bibliography is always the published
books themselves. The richest collection of
publications from the turn of the century is the

(in the press) placed against one of its items.
The third list appeared two decades later, in
1926.4 The book in which it appears was not
registered, and neither were any of the 43
books which were listed on its back cover (with
one possible exception).

Together, the quarterlycatalogues of printed
books and the surviving books themselves fur-
nish the basis ol an historical bibliography. The
greatest hope for extending its scope lies in a
more methodical and wider search for surviv-
ing Bombay imprints.

Appendix I

Sketch of legislative provisions for registration ol books

lndian Act no.XX of 1847

The first lndian legislation on copyright was
the lndian Act no.XX o11847.23 lt applied in all
territories of the East lndia Company, including
the Straits Settlements. This legislation pro-
vided a means for registering copyright by
setting up a public register of copyright in
books. This register was nominally to be kept
in the Office of the Secretary for the Home
Department, though in practice local arrange-
ments were made. ln Bombay, the register of
copyright in books was kept in the Patents
Office, and in the Straits Settlements in the
olfices of the Colonial Secretary for the Straits
Settlements at Penang and Singapore. The
practical purpose ol the Act no.XX of 1847 was
to provide a convenient way of proving copy-
right. An extract from the register was prima
facie proof of copyright, and would be accepted
as such in a court of law. There was no
compulsion to register copyright. To do so
required payment of a fee of Rs.2 (about S$0.90),
and the provision of basic information about
the publication concerned, namely:

. the title of the book

. the name of the publisher

. the place of publication

. the name and address of the holder of
copyright

. the date ol publication

Three Singapore publishers and one Penang
publisher claim to have registered editions un-
der this Act.za ln all cases, this is indicated by
a notice to this effect printed on the title page
in Roman script.

lndian Act no.XXV of 1857 (Press and
Registration ol Books Act)

Act no.XX ol 1847 on Copyright was supple-
mented by the Press and Begistration of Books

Act, no.XXV of 1867.25 The aims of this Act are
evident from its long title, "An Act for the
regulation ol printing presses and newspapers,
for the preservation of copies of books printed
in British lndia, and for the registration of such
books." The Act set up an elaborate mecha-
nism forthe acquisition and description of printed
materials.

The new law was enacted at the behest of
the Royal Asiatic Society. The Society be-
lieved that all lndian publications were subject
to legal deposit in the five depository libraries
of the British lsles, by virtue of British lmperial
legislation. Given that it was not feasible to
arrange deposit on this scale, the Society asked
the government "at least to collect quarterly the
titles of all Native books and pamphlets that
issue lrom the lndian presses."26 Means of
satisfying the Society were formulated by the
Bombay Director ol Public lnstruction, and em-
bodied in the Act of 1867.

The steps taken under this Act, to preserve
and record publications make its provisions
significant for bibliographical history. Three
new areas of regulation were particularly im-
portant:

It required every book to have printed leg-
ibly upon it the names of the printer and of the
publisher and the places of printing and of
publishing (sec.lll).

Further, it introduced statutory deposit re-
quirements. Until 1890, the Act required the
compulsory delivery of three best-quality cop-
ies of every book published to the oflice of the
Local Government. Unlike modern compul-
sory deposit rules, the Act required the officer
receiving the three copies to pay for them at the
normalretail rate (sec.X). The idea of payment
was suggested by Grant, who had been compil-

ing a retrospective catalogue of native publica-
tions requested by the Royal Asiatic Society
and was well aware of the practical difliculties
in getting co-operation from the local publish-
ers.27 ln 1890, the payment for copies deliv-
ered was abolished. Thereafter printers were
required to deliver copies free to the Govern-
ment. However, the printer was now required
to deliver only one copy in the first instance,
though he could be required to deliver a f urther
two copies for up to one year after publication.
The first deposit copy was to be deposited in a
local public library. From 1871 to 1890 this
was, at the suggestion of Grant, the Bombay
University Library.2s The second and third
copies were available to be sent to London to
the British Museum and to the Secretary of
State for lndia, viz. to the lndia Office' After
1890, the second and third copies would be
acquired and sent only upon request.

Finally, the new law provided for the de-
tailed registration of compulsorily acquired
books. Following guidelines suggested by the
Royal Asiatic Society, the memorandum of
registration was to include the following par-
ticulars (sec.XVlll)2e :

(1) the title of the book and the contents of
the title-page, with a translation into
English - ;

(2) the language in which the book is writ-
ten;

(3) the name of the author, translator or
editor of the book -;(4) the subject;

(5) the place of printing and the place of
publication;

(6) the name or firm of the printer and the
name or firm of the Publisher;

(7) the date of issue from the press, or of
the publication;

(8) the number of sheets, leaves or pages;

(9) the size;
(10) the lirst, second or other number of the

edition;
(11) the number ol copies of which the edi-

tion consists;
(12) whether the book is printed or litho-

graphed;
(13) the price at which the book is sold to the

public; and
(14) the name and residence of the proprietor

of the copyright - .

This last item was recorded only where a
claim for copyright was made in the manner
laid down in the Act of 1847, aller payment of
the requisite fee. The new Act made no change
to the provisions for copyright which already
applied under the Act ol 1847; it simply pro-
vided a new mechanism for recording claims to
copyright.

Certain classes of publication were exempt-
ed from the registration provisions by the
Governor General. Government publications
were a major exempt class.3o There was inde-
cision over whether books reissued without
'any additions or alterations"3l were exempt,
as also whether this provision could apply to
lithographs.u

These memoranda of books received were
to be published in a quarterly Catalogue (sec.XlX).
The Catalogue was to be published in the local
Gazette. ln Bombay, the quarterly Catalogue
of Books was published as a supplement to the
Bombay Government Gazette entitled Cata-
logue of Books Printed in the Bombay Presi-
dency. Copies were sent to London to the
Secretary of State for lndia, and to the Home
Department in Calcutta, later Delhi. Copies
were also sent to the British Museum, from
which the requests for supply of listed books
could be made.

Although the Straits Settlements were still
under lndian rule when the lndian Printing Presses
and Newspapers Act received assent in 1867,
the new law did not apply in the Straits Settle-
ments. The Straits Settlements were to be-
come Crown Colonies later in 1867, and in
anticipation ol this change, the new Indian Act
specilically excluded "the Settlement of Prince
of Wales lsland, Singapore, and Malacca" f rom
its effects (sec.l). This left the old Act no.XX of
1847 alone in force in the Straits Settlements.
From this point on, the legislation in lndia and
in the Straits Settlements follow different paths.

Straits Settlements Ordinance no.l5 o11886

For the next twenty years there was no
legislation requiring the deposit and preserva-
tion of works printed in the Straits Settlements.
This neglect was remedied in 1886.s ln the
previous year the British Government had signed
the Berne Convention. This Convention agreed
on an lnternational Copyright Union respecting

common standards of copyright. ln Britain, these
standards were embodied in the lnternational
Copyright Act of 1886. The passage of this
lmperial legislation made enabling provisions
necessary in the various colonial jurisdictions
where they were lacking, including the Straits
Settlements. This was one purpose of Straits
Settlements Ordinance no.15 of 1886. This
Straits Enactment completely displaced the
earlier lndian Act no.XX o11847. lt provided for
registration without fee of books notified to the
Colonial Secretary's office, and further that
such registration would itself be prima facie
evidence of copyright in cases of dispute. Unlike
the lndian Printing Presses and Newspapers
Act, the Straits Settlements Ordinance con-
lerred automatic copyright in all registered books.

ln other respects the Straits Settlements
Ordinance strongly resembled the lndian Act,
as is shown by its long title: "An Ordinance to
Provide forthe Preservation of Copies ol Books
printed in the Colony and for the Registration of
Such Books". This Straits Settlements Ordi-
nance also required the delivery of three copies
of best quality of all printed works, though
these were to be delivered to the Colonial
Secretary's office free of charge. The three
copies were directed to similar destinations:
one to a local public libraiy (the Raffles Mu-
seum), one to the British Museum, and the third

to be disposed of as ordered by the Governor in
Council. The Ordinance provides f or a detailed
memorandum of registration in the same form
as that required for the lndian catalogues, with
two differences- namelythat item 12 ("whether
the book is printed or lithographed") was omit-
ted; anr ha*[g last item, recording copyright,
was always made out, as copyright was auto-
matically recognised. Like the lndian cata-
logues, the Straits Settlements memoranda
were published quarterly in the Government
Gazette. Copies of the published memoranda
were sent to the British Museum (in duplicate)
and to the Secretary of State for the Colonies.

lndian Act no.3 of 1914 (lndian Copyright
Act,1914l

Finally the lndian legislation was brought
into line with that in the other colonies, includ-
ing the Straits Settlements. New copyright
legislation had been passed by the lmperial
parliament in the form of the Copyright Act
1911. This led to.the enactment of the lndian
Copyright Act no.lll of 1914.34 lt reaffirmed the
principle that intrinsic copyright lay with the
author, and abolished the payment of Rs 2 for
copyright registraton which had remained in
force from the days of the Copyright Act 1847
via the Press and Registration of Books Act
1 867.

Appendix ll
Excerpts from the Bombay Gazette

l

l

Here follow the details of books in the Malay
and Javanese'languages recorded in the pub-
lished quarterly Catalogue of Books Published
in the Bombay Presidency (CBPBP). Also
included are a small number of works in Arabic
which were printed in Bombay on behalf of
Singapore publishers. The information has
been excerpted from the copies of the Cata-
logues held in the British Library (formerly
British Museum). The period covered is from
the inception of the Catalogue in 1867 to 1930.

The list is arranged chronologically accord-
ing to the date of publication (which may differ
from the date of registration). The location of
each extract in the Catalogue is indicated, and
in cases in which a book was requisitioned by

the British Museum, its location in the present
British Library (BL OC) collection is indicated.3s

The long period over which the entries are
recorded, the number of different hands in-
volved, and the difficulties even the Govern-
ment Translator's Office faced when dealing
with Malay and Javanese all produce incon-
sistencies in the descriptions. These have
been smoothed over to some degree, though
a few important variations in names, and
peculiar transcriptions from the period before
1906 are given in the endnotes. The Bombay
Catalogue naturally follows lndian conven-
tions of Romanisation. The list below is adapt-
ed to Malaysian practice. Thus the letter
wawis transcribed in the Catalogue as'v', but

in the list as 'w'. ln the Catalogue, for instance,
'Jawi' is always 'Javi'. Similarly with shin, the
'sh' of the Catalogue ls here 'sY'.

Particulars

(1) Title
Allthe books in this list had titles in Arabic
or in Arabic script except A Guide to Eng-
tish, Hindustaniand Malay (no.47), which
must have had an English title'

(2) Language
While books in the regional languages of
Western lndia are recorded with painstak-
ing precision, often being related to dia-
lect as well as language, this is not so with
Javanese and Malay. The term "Javi" is
usually applied indifferently to both.36

A peculiarity of the Bombay registrations
is that the registration clerks have occa-
sionally confused Malay-Javanese with
Tamil. The conf usion arises because both
were unfamiliarto the Bombay clerks, both
were printed in Arabic script, and had

somewhat similar names, as Tamil was
known to the Bombay clerks as 'Arvi'.
lronically, the very lirst registration of
Malay material illustrates this very confu-
sion, for under the heading 'Javi' the first
work listed is in the 'Arvi' language, lhe
second in true'Javi' MalaY.37

(7) Date of publication
The dates given are putative dates of
publication, not actual dates ol produc-
tion. This is evident in the case of the
Alawi press, for which the publication
dates of the lour iawililles registered im-
ply an output of 2600 copies comprising
304,600 pages (i.e. 76,150 or 38,075 im-
pressions) over a period of 7 days' Also
implied is that one-third of the year's out-
put by the Alawi Press appeared in these
seven days.

(9) Size
The Catalogue's imperial measurements
are converted to metric.

(11) Number of copies
Print runs seem generally to be reported
reliably. ln cases where information on
the number of copies appears on the title
page of the book, it usually confirms what
is in the Catalogue. One instance of diver-
gence is Manasik al-Haii 1907 (no.37),
which notes an edition of 3500 on its title
page, but is credited with 5000 in the
Catalogue. Either the size of the edition
increased after the title page had been
written up, or there was a clerical slip in
the registration Procedure.

(10) First, second or subsequent edition
The least reliable element in the descrip-
tions is the designation of the book as
being a first, second or subsequent edi-
tion. Not only carelessness is involved
here, but also the differing views of what is
implied by publication which Padwick
noted above. Muslim lithographic pub-
lishing was in many respects an outgrowth
of the manuscript tradition - in which
quite different concepts of originality, re-
production, and proprietorship were rel-
evant.

(12) Whether the book is printed or litho-
graphed
After 1909, the Catalogue no longer
distinguishes between lithography and
typography, although the presumption is
always for lithography. The main presses
involved after 1909, the Karimi Press and
the Muzaffari Steam Press are occasion-
ally noted as the Karimi Litho. Press and
the Muzaffari Litho. Steam Press.

(13) Price
As the government was obliged to paying
lor three deposit copies at the 'normal
retail price', reported prices may err on the
high side until 1890. After 1890, the record
of price is not liable to any particular dis-
tortion. However it should be recalled that
in the nineteeth century, as today, it was
the practice to offer large discounts to
selling agents.s For convenience, price
equivalents are given in Straits dollars
converted at the exchange rate of the
day.tt

5.1.

Descriptions

Syaikh 'Abdul Wahab Sya'rani
Al-Yawakit wal-Jawahir fi 'Uqubat ahl al-

Kaba' i r (P recious Gems) - explanation
ol the Traditions of the ProPhet
Muhammad

republication
Arabic and Jawi languages
Bombay: Syaikh Fazlullah (at Alawi Press)
issued 20 April 1890
137pp., lithographed, octavo, in edition of

600 copies, priced As.10 [S$0.28]
CBPBP 1890, 3rd quarter, item 408
BL OC 14620.9.6

Syaikh Daud bin'Abdullah Patani
Mi'raj(Ascent to Heaven) - an account ol

the Prophet Muhammad's visitto heaven
republication
Jawi language
Bombay: Syaikh Fazlullahao (at Alawi Press)
issued 22 April 1890
104pp., lithographed, octavo, in edition of

800 copies, priced As.10 [S$0.28]
CBPBP 1890, 3rd quarter, item 309
BL OC 14620.9.2

Syaikh Daud bin'Abdullah Patani

lMunyat al-l Musalli(A Guide to One who
Offers Prayers) - rules for performing
prayers in lslam

original 1st edition
Jawi language [sc. Malay]
Bombay: Syaikh Fazlullah (at Alawi Press);

@ Syaikh Fazlullah Mira
issued 22 April 1890
135pp., lithographbd, octavo, in edition of

600 copies, priced Rs.1 [5$0.45]
CBPBP 1890, 3rd quarter, item 310
BL OC 14519.c.1

Syaikh'Abdul Ra'uf
Tanbih al-Ghafilin (A Warning to the Care-

less) - an exposition of some texts
from the Qur'an teaching moral and
social duties

republication
Arabic and Jawi languages
Bombay: Syaikh Fazlullah (at Alawi Press)
issued 26 April 1890
97pp., lithographed, octavo, in edition of

600 copies, priced As.8 [5$0.23]
CBPBP 1890, 3rd quarter, item 407
BL OC 14620.9.3

Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq (editor)
Khatam al-Qur'an - a book to be studied

after reading the Qur'an
republication
Jawi language
Bombay: Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq (at

Hasani Press)
issued 20 January 1893
156pp., lithographed, demy octavo, in edi-

tion of 600 copies, priced As.6 [S$0.17]
CBPBP 1893, 1st quarter, item 238
ordered for BL but not located

Syaikh Daud bin'Abdullah
Munyat al-Musal/i (Hopes of a Praying Man)

- shows the importance of the five
prayers and the good results flowing
from repeating them

original 1st edition
Jawi language
Bombay: Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq (at

Hasani Prdss)
issued 5 July 1893
136pp., lithographed, demy octavo, in edi-

iion of 1 000 copies, priced As.a [S$0.1 3]
CBPBP 1893,3rd quarter, item 246
not ordered for BL

Syaikh'Abdul Ra'uf
Tanbih al-Ghafilin (Admonitions to those

who Neglect their Religious Duties) -the book speaks ol the duties of the
Muslims

original 1st edition [sic]
Jawi language
Bombay: Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq (at

Hasani Press)
issued 12 July 1893
98pp., lithographed, demy octavo, in edi-

tion of 1000 copies, priced As.3 [S$0.10]
CBPBP 1893, 3rd quarter, item 248
not ordered lor BL

'Abdul Wahab Sya'rani
Al -Y awakit (Rubies) - giving choice admoni-

tions lrom lslamic law and saying that a
close practice of them leads the practi-
tioner to heaven

1st edition
Jawi language
Bombay: Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq (at

Hasani Press)
issued 15 July 1893

6.

2.

3.

7.

4.

8.

9.

136pp., lithographed, demy octavo, in edi-
tion of 1000 copies, priced As.4 [S$0.13]

CBPBP 1893, 3rd quarter, ilem 242
BL OC 14620.d.3(1)

Syaikh Daud bin'Abdullah
Nikah (Marriage) - describing details of

the ceremonies connected.with mar-
riage

original 1st edition
Jawi language
Bombay: Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq (at

Hasani Press)
issued 15 July 1893
208pp., lithographed, demy octavo, in edi-

tion of 1 000 copies, priced As'  [S$0.1 3]

CBPBP 1893,3rd quarter, ilem247
not ordered, but located at BL OC 14620.d.

3(3)
Tille tdhah al-Bab li Murid al-Nikah bi 'l-

Sawab

Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq [editor]
Sifat Duapuluhal - miscellaneous
original 1st edition
Jawi language
Bombay: Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq (at

Hasani Press)
issued 25 July 1893
32pp., lithographed, demy octavo, in edi-

tion of 1 000 copies, priced As.2 [S$0.06]
CBPBP 1893, 3rd quarter, item 241

not ordered for BL

Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq
Bab al-Sataf (A Door to the Mansion of

Prayer) - religious extracts intended to
be learned bY heart

original 1st edition
Jawi language
Bombay: Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq (at

Hasani Press)
issued 25 July 1893
16pp., lithographed, demy octavo, in edi-

tion of 1000 copies, priced As.1 [5$0.03]
CBPBP 1893, 3rd quarter, item 243
not ordered for BL

12. Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq
Bidayat al-Mubtadi (lntroductory Advice to

Beginners) - directions for making ab-
lutions, and saying prayers, and other
religious commandments as dictated by

lslam

original 1st edition
Jawi language
Bombay: Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq (at

Hasani Press)
issued 1 August 1893
120pp., lithographed, demy octavo, in edi-

tion of 1000 copies, priced As.3 [S$0.10]
CBPBP 1893, 3rd quarter, ilem 244
not ordered for BL

Syaikh Daud bin'Abdullah
Mi'raj(fhe Ascension of the Prophet Muham-

mad to Heaven) - description of inci-
dents of the ascension of the Prophet
Muhammad to heaven

original 1st edition [sic]
Jawi language
Bombay: Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq (at

Hasani Press)
issued 1 August 1893
104pp., lithographed, demy octavo, in edi-

tion of 1000 copies, priced As.3 [S$0.10]
CBPBP 1893, 3rd quarter, item 245
BL OC 14620.d.3(2)

Ahmad bin Muhammad
Bidayat al-Hidayah (A Guide to Beginners)

-treats of the lslamic faith and belief in
one God

original 1st edition
Jawi language
Bombay: Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq (at

Hasani Press)
issued 15 September 1893
160pp., lithographed, demy octavo, in edi-

tion of 1000 copies, priced As.3 [S$0.10]
CBPBP 1893, 4th quarter, item 257
ordered for BL but not located

Syaikh Daud Syaikh'Abdullah
Sullam al-Mubtadi (A Ladder for Begin-

ners)
original 1st edition
Jawi language
Bombay: Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq (at

Hasani Press)
issued 24 October 1893
200pp., lithographed, demy octavo, in edi-

tion of 1000 copies, priced As.6 [S$0.1 9]

CBPBP 1893, 4th quarter, item 258
BL OC 14620.d.3(4)
Note: copyist Muhammad Taib

13.

10.

14.

11.

15.

16. Syaikh'Abdul Samad Palembani
Hidayat al-Salikin (A Guide to Muslims) -gives some extracts from the Qur'an

and asserts that he who repeats them
daily will attain virtue and salvation

original 1st edition
Arabic and Jawiaz languages
Bombay: Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq (at

Hasani Press)
issued 7 May 1894
352pp., lithographed, demy octavo, in edi-

tion of 1000 copies, priced As.12 tS$O.481
CBPBP 1894, 2nd quarter, item 323
BL OC 1462O.e.243

17. Ahmad Dairabi
Kitab Mujarrabat (Book of Experiences) -miscellaneous
original 1st edition
Arabic and Jawi languages
Bombay: Maulwi Muhammad Siddiq (at

Hasani Press)
issued 15 June 1895
96pp., lithographed, royal octavo, in edi-

tion of 1000 copies, priced As.a [S$0.16]
CBPBP 1895, 3rd quarter, item 196
BL OC 14623.d.1
Translator: Awang Kenalidaripada ahli negeri

Kelantan, i.e. Tok Kenali

18. Syaikh Muhammad Yahya [al-Samarani]
Majmu'at al-Syari'at(A Collection of Tradi-

tions) - This is a translation of an
Arabic work of the same name. lt de-
scribes religious customs and traditions
among the Muslims

translation, 1 st edition
Jawa language [sc. Javanese]
Bombay:'Alibhai Syaraf'alie (at Muhammadi

Press) @'Alibhai Syaraf'ali, proprietor,
Muhammadi Press, no.167, Bhend Ba-
zaar, Bombay

issued 15 December 1899
388pp., lithographed, royal octavo, in edi-

tion of 1 000 copies, priced As.1 2 [S$0.50]
CBPBP 1900, 1st quarter, item 109
BL OC Jav.64
Note: copyist Muhammad Taib

19. 'Ali bin Muhammad Fajal
Munjiyat (Redeemers)
1st edition
Jawi language [sc. Javanese]
Bombay: 'Alibhai Syaraf'alias (at Muham-

madi Press)

issued 29 January 1903
312pp., lithographed, demy octavo, in edi-

tion of 750 copies, priced As.7 [S90.29]
CBPBP 1903, 1st quarter, item 101
BL OC Jav.57

20. Abu Hamid Muhammad Ghazali
Bidayat al- H i dayah (An Etementary G uide)
1st edition
Jawi language
Bombay:'Alibhai Syaraf'ali (at Muhammadi

Press)
issued 1 April 1904
162pp., lithographed, royal octavo, in edi-

tion o1800 copies, priced As.7 [S90.32]
CBPBP 1904, 2nd quarter, item 175
ordered for BL but not located

21. Syaikh lsma'il [Minangkabau]
Kifayat al-Ghulam (Sufliciency to a Stave)

- a manual giving the tenets of lslam
1st edition
Malay language
Bombay:'Alibhai Syaraf'ali (at Muhammadi

Press)
issued ll April 1904
104pp., lithographed, royal octavo, in edi-

tion of 800 copies, priced As.6 [S90.27]
CBPBP 1904, 2nd quarter, item 176
BL OC 14629.e.3
includes Kifayat al-Ghulam of Syaikh lsma,il

Minangkabau, Kitab al-Buyu', Kitab al-
Fara'idh of Syaikh'Abdul Ra'ul al-Fansuri;
dated 1321 AH [-1903 AD]

22. 'Abdul Rahim bin Ahmad Kadhi
Daqa'iq al-Akhbar (Minute Detaits)
1st edition
Arabic and Jawi languages
Bombay:'Alibhai Syaraf'ali46 (at Muhammadi

Printing Press)
issued 1 December 1904
176pp., lithographed, super royal quarto,

in edition of 1000 copies, priced As.8
ls$0.321

CBPBP 1905, 1st quarter, item 215
ordered for BL but not located

23. Syaikh Muhammad Arsyad Banjar
Perukunaft? (A book of that name)
1st edition
Jawi language
Bombay:'Alibhai Syaraf'ali (at Muhammadi

Printing Press)
issued 1 July 1905

5Opp., lithographed, super royal quarto, in

edition of 1 000copies, priced As.5 [5$0.201
CBPBP 1905,3rd quarter, item 185
BL OC '14620.h.2

24. Syaikh Muhammad ArsYad Banjar
Masa'il al-Mubtadi li lkhwan al-Mubtadi

(Guiding Principles for Brethren who
are Beginners)

1st edition
Jawi language
Bombay:'Alibhai Syaraf'ali (at Muhammadi

Printing Press)
issued 1 July 1905
32pp., lithographed, demy octavo, in edi-

tion of 10OO copies, priced As.3 [S$0.12]
CBPBP 1905,3rd quarter, item 186
BL OC 14620.e.9; lO 306/36.F.18

25. lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal
Manaqib (EulogY)
Jawi language [sc. Javanese]
Bombay: published by the author (at Karimi

Litho. Press)
issued 8 JanuarY 1906
234pp., lithograPhed, 25 x 16.5 cm, in

edition of 1 000 copies, priced As.S [S$0.1 8]

CBPBP 1906, 1st quarter, item 120
BL OC Jav.75

26. Syaikh Syamsuddin'Ali'Abdullah Muham-
mad ibn Kassim SYafi'i [?]

Taqrib (Nearness to God)
Arabic and Jawi languages
Singapore: lsma'ilsyaikh Badal (at Karimi

Litho. Press, BombaY)
issued 23 JanuarY 1906
328pp., lithographed, 32 x 22cm, in edition

of 1850 copies, priced As.10 [5$0'361
CBPBP 1906, 1st quarter, item 235
ordered for BL but not located

27. Haii Muhammad Salih bin 'Umar Samarani
M ai m u' ah al- Syari' at al-Kaf iyah li l-' Awamm

(A Complete Collection of Precepts for
the Public)

2nd edition
Jawi language [sc. Javanese]
Singapore: lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal (at

Karimi Press, BombaY)
issued 25 August 1906
388pp., lithograPhed, 21.5 x 16 cm, in

edition of 2000 coPies, Priced As.B

ls$o.2el
CBPBP 1906, 3rd quarter, ilem 127

BL OC Jav.65

Haji Muhammad Salih bin 'Umar Samarani
Lata'if al-Taharat (Graces of Purification)
3rd edition
Jawi language [sc. Javanese]
Singapore: lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal (at

Karimi Press, Bombay)
issued 28 August 1906
96pp., lithographed, 25 x 16.5 cm, in edi-

tion ol 3000 copies, priced As.4 [S$0.14]
CBPBP '!906,3rd quarter, item 130
BL OC Jav.83

Haji Muhammad Salih bin 'Umar Samarani
Munjiyat (Precepts that Lead to Salvation)
2nd edition
Jawi language [sc. Javanese]
Singapore: lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal (at

Karimi Press, Bombay)
issued 30 August 1906
224pp., lithographed, 25 x 16.5 cm, in

edition of 3000 copies, Priced As'6
ls$0.211

CBPBP 1906,3rd quarter, item 131

BL OC Jav.71
Note: Kitab Munjiyat compiled from lhya'

'Ulum al-Din of al-Ghazali; copyistAhmad
Taib

30. Abi lmam Sahli bin Salim Samarani
Tashil al-Ghabi min Kissah Mi'rai al-Nabi

(A guide giving the story of the ascen-
sion of the Prophet for the sake of the
forgetf ul)

Jawi language Isc. Javanese]
Singapore: lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal (at

Karimi Press, BombaY)
issued 31 August 1906
48pp., lithographed,2l.5 x 14 cm, in edi-

tion of 3000 copies, priced As.3 [S$0.1 1]

CBPBP 1906,3rd quarter, item 125
BL OC Jav.69
Note: According to title page, 1st edition

(al-marrah al-awali)

31. Syaikh 'Abdul Samad Palembani
Hidayat al-Salikin (Directions to the Fol-

lowers)
Jawi language
Singapore: lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal (at

Karimi Press, BombaY)
issued 3 September 1906
140pp., lithographed, 26.5 x 18.5 cm, in

edition of 800 copies, priced As.7 [S$0.25]
CBPBP 1906,3rd quarter, item 124
BL OC '14620.9.11

28,

29.

32.

33.

Note: includes at the end also Risalat Najah
al-l khwan of Sayid'Uthman bin'Abdullah
bin'Aqil bin Yahya al-'Alawi al-Husaini
with the commentary al-Durr al-Nafis of
Syaikh Muhammad Nafis ibn ldris al-
Banjari

Haji Muhammad Salih bin 'Umar Samarani
Faslatart's - a commentary on the Surahs

(verses of the Qur'an) occuring in prayers
Jawi language [sc. Javanese]
Singapore: lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal (at

Karimi Press, Bombay)
issued 3 September 1906
60pp., lithographed, 21.5 x 16.5 cm, in

edition of 10,000 copies, priced As.1/6
ls$o.o5l

CBPBP 1906,3rd quarter, item 128
BL OC Jav.82

Munsyi Muhammad'Ali Hindi
Panj Surah - f ive chapters of the Qur'an

with directions in Jawifor reading them
Arabic and Jawi languages
Singapore: lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal (at

Karimi Press, Bombay)
issued 3 September 1906
148pp., lithographed, 12.5 x 8.5 cm, in

edition of 8000 copies, priced As.1/6
ls$o.osl

CBPBP 1906, 3rd quarter, item 318
not ordered for BL

Haji Muhammad Salih bin 'Umar Samarani
Minhaj al-Atqia'(An Open Road for the

Devout)
Jawi language Isc. Javanese]
Singapore: lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal (at

Karimi Press, Bombay)
issued 10 September 1906
516pp., lithographed, 25 x 16.5 cm, in

edition of 1500copies, priced As.8 [S$0.29]
CBPBP 't906,3rd quarter, item 126
BL OC Jav.66
Note: composed by Syaikh Zain al-Din al-

Malibari; copyist Ahmad Khatib

Haji Muhammad Salih bin'Umar Samarani
Jawhar al-Tawhid (The Essence of the Unity

of God)
Jawi language
Singapore: lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal (at

Karimi Press, Bombay)
issued 10 September 1906
400pp., lithographed, 25 x 16.5 cm, in

edition of 1500 copies, priced As.7
ls$0.251

CBPBP 1906, 3rd quarter, item 129
not ordered for BL

Syaikh Salim bin Syaikh Samirat Hadhrami
Saf inat al-Najat- a book treating of salva-

tion with a Jawi translation
Arabic and Jawi languages
Singapore: lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal (at

Karimi Press, Bombay)
issued 10 September 1906
48pp., lithographed,22x 13.5 cm, in edi-

tion of 1 0,000copies, pricedAs.l/6 IS$0.051
CBPBP 1906,3rd quarter, item 319
not ordered for BL

Haji Muhammad Salih 'Umar Samarani
Manasik al-Hajj- the ceremonies to be

observed in connection with the pilgrim-
age to Mecca

2nd edition
Jawi language [sc. Javanese]
Bombay: Kadhi 'Abdul Karim Kadhi Nur

Muhammad (at Karimi Press)
issued 16 August 1907
64pp., lithographed,21.5 x 14 cm, in edi-

tion of 5000€ copies, priced As.1/6 tS$0.051
CBPBP 1907, 3rd quarter, item 215
BL OC Jav.31

Syaikh Muhammad bin Kassim
Fath al-Qarib - laws of religion of the

Syafi'i sect
1st edition
Arabic and Jawi languages
Bombay: 'Alibhai Syaraf 'ali (at Muhammadi

Press)
dated 1323 Hijri [-1905]; issued 1 January

1 908
344pp., lithographed,23 x 19 cm, in edition

ol 2000 copies, priced As.1O [S$0.36]
CBPBP 1908, 1st quarter, p.26 (no.1)
not ordered for BL

Sulaiman bin Haji llyas Jahar Bharao
Panj Surah me' Asnad - selections f rom

the Qur'an
1st edition
Arabic and Jawi
Bombay: 'Alibhai Syaraf 'ali (at Muhammadi

Press)
issued 1 January 1908
152pp., lithographed, 16mo, in edition of

8000 copies, priced As.2 [S$0.07]
CBPBP 1908, 1st quarter, p.26 (no.2)
not ordered for BL

36.

37.

38.

34.

39.

35.

40. Haji Muhammad Salih bin'Umar Samarani
Lata'if al-Taharat (Beauties ol Purity) -religious instructions for ablutions etc.
Jawi language
Bombay: Kadhi'Abdul Karim bin Kadhi Nur

Muhammad (at Karimi Press)
issued 10 July 1908
104pp., lithographed, 21.5 x 14 cm, in

edition ol 200 copies, priced As.2
ls$o.o7l

CBPBP 1 908, 3rd quarter, P.24 (no.1 )
not ordered for BL

'Abdul Rahim bin Ahmad (authofl; Syaikh
lsma'il bin Badal (translator)

Daqa'iq al-Akhbar (Minute Descriptions of
Heaven and Hell)

1st edition
Arabic and Jawi languages
Bombay: Syaikh lsma'il bin Badalsl (at

Karimi Press)
issued 15 January 1909
208pp., lithographed, 25.5 x 16.5 cm, in

edition of 2000 copies, Priced As.6
ls$0.211

CBPBP 1909, 1st quarter, p.4tr (no.1)
not ordered for BL

Abu Hamid bin Muhammad [Ghazali]
(author); lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal
(translator)

Bidayat al-Hidayah - a beginning guide to
some religious orders

1st edition
Arabic and Jawi languages
Bombay: lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal52 (at

Karimi Press)
issued 15 January 1909
132pp., lithographed, 25.5.x 16.5 cm, in

edition of 2000 coPies, Priced As.4
ls$o.141

CBPBP 1909, 1st quarter, p.41 (no.2)
not ordered for BL

43. Abu Hamid bin Muhammad [Ghazzali]
(author); Syaikh Hasyim (translator)

AI-Taqrib - an introduction to religious
doctrines

1st edition
Arabic and Jawi language
Bombay: lsma'il bin Syaikh Badals3 (at

Karimi Press)
issued 15 January 1909

328pp., lithographed, 32.5 x 22 cm, in
edition ol 2000 copies, priced As.11
ls$o.3el

CBPBP 1909, 1st quarter, p.44 (no.3)
not ordered for BL

'Abdul Rasyid
Perukunansa
1st edition
Malayu language
Bombay:'Alibhai Syaraf'ali (at Muhammadi

Printing Press)
issued 1 April 1909
50pp., 24 x 18 cm, in edition of 1000

copies, priced As.a [S$0.1a]
CBPBP 1909, 3rd quarter, p.30 (no.1)
not ordered for BL

Muhammad Hasyim
Ta'rif - a treatise on the conjugation of

Arabic verbs
1st edition
Arabic and Jawa language
Bombay:'Alibhai Syaraf'ali (at Muhammadi

Printing Press)
issued 1 April 1909
64pp., 23 x 18 cm, in edition of 1000

copies, priced As.a [S$0.1a]
CBPBP 1909, 3rd quarter, p.86 (no.1 : 'Ara-

bic-Java - Language')
not ordered for BL

Sayid Muhammad bin Agil
Nasa'ih al-Kafiyah (Perfect Admonitions)
1st edition
Arabic language
Singapore: by the author (at Muzaffari Steam

Press, Bombay)
issued 12 May 1909
226pp., 25 x 16.5 cm, in edition of 5000

copies, priced Rs.1l4l- IS$0.711
CBPBP 1909,2nd quarter, p.29 (no.1)
not ordered for BL

47. M. Rao
A Guide to English, Hindustani and Malay
1st edition
English, Hindi and Malay languages
Keppel Harbour, Singapore: by the author

(at Nirnaya Sagar Press, BombaY)
issued 10 July 1909

44.

41.

45.

42.

46.

32pp., octavo, in edition of 1000 copies,
priced As.12 tS$O.431

CBPBP19O9, 3rdquafter, p.86 (no.1 :'English-
Hindi and Malay')

not ordered for BL

Muhammad Ghazali
Bidayat al-Hidayah (Commencement of Ad-

monitions) - containing religious ad-
monitions and warnings

1st edition
Arabic language
Singapore: lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal (at

Karimi Litho. Press, Bombay), @ lsma'il
bin Syaikh Badal, Byculla, DellaiRoad,
Bombay

issued 21 February 1912; copyright 27
May 1912

144pp., octavo, in edition of 4000, price
not known

CBPBP 1912,3rd quarter, p.44 (no.1)
not ordered for BL

[author not given]
Jawahir al-Ma'alPs (Pearls of Maali) - a

poem in praise of the ProPhet
1st edition
Arabic and Jawi languages
Bombay: Faqir Muhammad HajiJilanis6 (at

Muzaffari Steam Press)
dated 1332 Hijri [-191a]; issued 15 May

1914
64pp., octavo, in edition of 1000 copies,

priced As.2 [S$0.07]
CBPBP 1914,3rd quarter, p.56 (no.1)
not ordered for BL

50. [author not given]
Urdu 'Arabo Tamil Qa'edah - primer of

Urdu and Jawi [sic = Arvi] language
intended for beginners

1st edition
Urdu and Jawifsic='Awi'] languages [ap-

parently in error for Urdu and Tamil in
Arabic script, or'Arvi'l

Bombay: Faqir Muhammad Haji Jilanis? (at
Muzaffari Steam Press)

dated Muharram 1332 Hijri [- December
1913; issued 15 May 1914

32pp., octavo, in edition of 1000 copies,
priced As.2 [S$0.07]

CBPBP 1914,3rd quarter, p.64 (no.1)
not ordered for BL

Nuh Sahib
Nafhat al-'ltriyah fi Syarh al-Watriyah (Fra-

grant Odours) - a commentation upon
the book Watriyah, containing precepts
of the Prophet

1st edition
Arabic and Jawi languages
Bombay: Muhammad'Abdullah (at Muzaffari

Litho. Steam Press)
dated 1331 Hijri [-191 3]; issued 15 August

1914
736pp., 11.5 x 8.5 cm, in edition of 1250

copies, priced Rs:5 [$2.851
CBPBP 1914, 4th quarter, p.61 (no.1)
not ordered for BL

Haji 'Abdul RahmansE
l'anataffs al-Muridin - Arabic grammar
1st edition
Arabic and Jawi languages
Bombay:'Alibhai Syaraf 'ali (at Muhammadi

Press)
dated 1333 Hijri [-1915]; issued 1 May

1915
128pp., royal octavo, in edition of 2000

copies, priced As.8 [S$0.29]
CBPBP 1915, 3rd quarter, p.65 (no.1)
not ordered for BL

53. Hafiz Sahib'Ali
Majmu'ah Maulud Syaraf al-Anam - col-

lections of articles and poems with re-
gard to the nativity of the best of Hu-
manity i.e. Prophet Muhammad

1st edition
Arabic language
Singapore: published by the author (printed

by Muhammad'Abdul Rahman at Khilafat
Press, Bombay)

issued 4 March 1927
2O7pp., royal [octavo?], in edition of 5000

copies, priced As.12 [5$0.401
CBPBP 1927, 2nd quarter, p.27 (no.4731
not ordered for BL

51.
48.

52.

49.

lndex of Names

'Abdul Karim bin Kadhi Nur Muhammad, Kadhi
37, 40

'Abdullah, Muhammad 51

'Abdul Rahim bin Ahmad Kadhi 22, 41

'Abdul Rahman, Haji 52
'Abdul Rahman, Muhammad 53
'Abdul Rasyid 44
'Abdul Ra'uf [al-Fansuri], Syaikh 4, 7, 21

'Abdul Samad Palembani, Syaikh 16, 31

'Abdul Wahab SYa'rani, SYaikh 1, 8

Abi lmam Sahli bin Salim Samarani 30

Abu Hamid Muhammad Ghazali 20, 42, 43,
48

Ahmad bin Muhammad '14

Ahmad Dairabi 17
Ahmad Taib 29
Alawi Press 1, 2, 3, 4
'Ali bin Muhammad Fajal 19
'Ali Hindi, MunsYi Muhammad 33
'Alibhai Syaraf'ali 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,

24,38,39, 44, 45,52
Arsyad Banjar, Syaikh Muhammad 23, 24

Daud bin'Abdullah Patani, Syaikh 2, 3, 6,

9, 13, 15
Fazlullah, SYaikh 1, 3, 4
Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad 20, 42, 43,

48
Hadhrami, Syaikh Salim bin Syaikh Samirat

36
Hafiz Sahib 'Ali 53
Hasani Press 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,

14, 15, 16, 17
Hasyim, Muhammad 43
Hasyim, Syaikh 45

lsma'il Minangkabau, Syaikh 21
lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,

30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 41, 42, 43,
48

Jilani, Faqir Muhammad Haji 49, 50
Karimi Press 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,

32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40,41,42,43,
48

Khilafat Press, BombaY 53
Muhammad bin Agil, SaYid 46
Muhammad bin Kassim, SYaikh 38
Muhammad Haji Jilani, Faqir 49, 50
MuhammadiPress 18, 19, 20, 2'1, 22, 23,

24, 38,39, 44, 45, 52
Muzalfari Steam Press 46, 49, 50, 51

Nirnaya Sagar Press, BombaY 47
Nuh Sahib 51

Rao, M. 47
Salih bin 'Umar Samarani, Haji Muhammad

27, 28, 29, 32,34, 35, 37, 40
Salim bin Syaikh Samirat Hadhrami Syaikh

36
Samarani, Abi lmam Sahti bin Salim 30
Samarani, Haji Muhammad Salih bin 'Umar

27, 28, 29, 32,34, 35, 37, 40
Siddiq, Maulwi Muhammad 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,

10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17

Sulaiman bin Haji llyas Jahar Bharao 39
Syafi'i, Syaikh Syamsuddin 'Ali 'Abdullah

Muhammad ibn Kassim 26
Syamsuddin 'Ali 'Abdullah Muhammad ibn

Kassim Syafi'i, SYaikh 26
Yahya, Syaikh Muhammad 18

Appendix lll
Preliminary list of titles

The following list of titles published in Bom-

bay is intended only to give an impression of

the range of books put out by Bombay printers

for the Southeast Asian market. lt is based

upon the Bombay quarterly Catalogues, adver-
tisements included in Bombay-printed books,

and an unsystematic survey of libraries and

other sources. lf is by no means comprehen-
sive.

Numbers in brackets refer to the excerpts
from the Bombay Catalogues.

LT [19061 = advertised in Lata'if al-Taharat,
1906

MZ [1909] = advertise din Matn al-Zubad,1909
SZ t19261 = advertised in Syair Siti Zubaidah,

1 926

Kitab
Akidah bagi Sanusiya Matn Umm al-Barahin -1901, SZ [1926]
Alfiyah [?] Tauhid Mutariam - LT [1906]
Bab al-Nikah - 1881, 1893 (no.9), LT [1906],

n.d., etc.
Bab al-Salat - 1893 (no.1 1)
Bahjat al-Mardhiat- 1881, LT [1906], MZ

[19091, SZ [1926]
Bahth 'Arab Bab al-Jama'at - SZ [19261
Bidayat al-Hidayah - 1 893 (no.14), 1 895, 1 904

(no.20),1909 (no.42),1912 (no.48), SZ

[1e26]
Bidayat al-Mubtadi - 1893 (no.12), LT [1906]
Bidayat al-salikin - 1894, 1906, LT [19061,

MZ [1eoe]
Dala'il al-Khairat - 1877, LT [1906]
Daqa'iq al-Akhbar Jawi - 1905 (no.22), 1909

(no.41), SZ [1926]
Dhamm Madkhal f i 'llm Sirf - SZ [19261
Du'a Madinah Munawwar - LT [1906]
Du'a Mekkah Azmah - LT [1906]
Durr al-Manthur - LT [1906]
Durr al-Thamim - LT [1906]
Faslatan - 1906 (no.32)
Fath al-Qarib - 1908 (no.38)
Fiqh Sunda - SZ [1926]
Ghayat al-Taqrib - LT [19061
Hadith Arba'in - LT [19061
Hadith Mikraj - LT [1906]
Hidayat al-Salikin [= Malay version of :] Bidayat

al-Hidayah - 1894 (no.l6), 1906 (no.31),
sz [1e26]

Hikam - 1909
Hukm - LT [1906]
l'anatah al-Muridin - 1915 (no.52)
lrsyad al-Anam - LT [1906]
lsra'dan Mi'raj- 1881
Jauharat al-Tauhid - 1906 (no.35)
Jawahir al-Ma'ali- 1914 (no.49)
Khatam al-Quran - 1891 (no.S), SZ [1926]
Khutbat Wa'iziyah - LT [1906]
Kifayat al-'Awamm - LT [1906], MZ [1909]
Kifayat al-Ghulam - 1904 (no.21), SZ [1926]
Kifayat al-Mubtadi - LT [1906]
Kifayat al-'Ulum - SZ [1926]
Lata'if al-Taharat - 1906 (no.28), 1908 (no.40)
Lokayanti - SZ [1 9261
Majmu'ah al-Fawa'id -MZ [1909], SZ [1926]
Majmu'ah al-syariat - 1899 (no.1 8), 1906 (no.27)

Majmuah Khatam al-Quran - LT [1906], MZ

[1eoe]
Manakib Saiyidina Abdul Kadir al-Jailani-

1906 (no.25)
Manakib Samman - SZ [1926]

Manasik al-Hajj- 1906 (no.37), LT [1906],
sz [1e26]

Marsyad al-Wajiz, Al- - LT [1906]
Masail al-Muhtadi - 1905 (no.24), SZ [19261
Matn al-Zubad - 1909, SZ [1926]
Matn Madkhal Saf inat al-Naja - SZ [1926]
Maulud'Azab - LT [1906]
Maulud al-Nabi Barzanji wa Diba' * SZ [1926]
Maulud Daiba'- 1880s, LT [1906]
Maulud Syaraf al-Anam, [Majmu'ah -] - LT

[1906], MZ [1909], SZ [19261, 1927 (no.53)
Miftah al-Jannah - LT [1906]
Mikraj - 1881,1890 (no.2), 1893 (no.13)
Minhaj al-Atkia - 1906 (no.34)
Muhimmat al-Nafa'is - LT [1906]
Mujarrabat - 1889-90, 1893, 1894 (no.17),

1899, LT [1906], MZ [1909], SZ [1926]
Munjiat lhya Ulum al-Din - 1903 (no.19), 1906

(no.29)
Munyat al-Musalli- 1890 (no.3), 1893 (no.6),

sz [1e26]
Muqadimah al-Mubtadi - LT [1906]
Muqarin - LT [1906]
Nafhat al-ltriyah - 1914 (no.51)
Nasaih al-Kafiyah - 1909 (no.a6)
Nuh Surah - LT [1906]
Pacis 25 Surah [Quran] - LT [19061
Panj Surah - 1906 (no.33), 1908 (no.39), SZ

[1e26]
Panj Surah ma' haft Haikal - SZ [1926]
Perukunan - 1909 (no.44), SZ [1926]
Perukunan Besar - 1905 (no.23), n.d.
Quran - 1894
Safinat al-Najat - 1893, 1904, 1906 (no.36),

1909, 1912, SZ [1926]
SifatDuapuluh - 1891 (no.10),1892, LT[1906],

MZ [1909], SZ [1926]
Sifat Duapuluh Syaikh'Uthman - SZ [1926]
Sifat Duapuluh Syaikh Daud - SZ [1926]
Sifat [Duapuluh] Wong Pulau Jawa - MZ [1 909]
Sullam al-Mubtadi- 1893 (no.15, LT [1906],

MZ [1eoel
Sullam al-Taufiq - LT [1906], MZ [1909]
Sullam al-Taufiq ma' Safinat al-Najat - SZ

[1e26]
Syaraf al-Anam - LT [1906], MZ 119091, SZ

[1926], 1927 (no.53)
Syarh al-'Alamat lFath al-Qarib] - MZ [1909],

sz [1e261
Syarh - LT [19061
Ta'rif - 1909 (no.45)
Tafsir Hasyimi- n.d.
Tajwid al-Quran - LT [1906]
Tanbih al-Ghaf ilin - 1890 (no.4), 1893 (no.7),

LT [1 906]

Taqrib, Al- - 1909 (no.43), 1906 (no.26)
Tariqat al-'Alayat al-Naqsybandiyah - SZ [1 926]

Tartib al-salawat -MZ [1909], SZ [1926]
Tashil al-Ghabi - 1906 (no.30)
Tasrif Sirl wa Nahu - SZ [1926]
Tuhfat al-Raghibin - LT [1906]
Umm al-Barahin - 1890, 1891, LT [1906]' MZ

[1eoe]
Usul al-Tahaqquq/Tahqiq - LT [1906]
Yawakit al-Jauhar - 1890 (no.1), 1893' 1893

(no.8), LT [1906]

Amulets
Ta'widh Darr al-A'la - LT [1906]
Ta'widh ismiAl- Husna - LT [1906]
Other References
"Guide to English, Hindustani& Malay" - 1909

(no.47)
Tarasul - 1921, SZ [1926], 1959-60

Hikayat
Abu Nawas - 1930
Abu Syahmah - 1920's, 1935
Akhbar al-Karim - 1907, SZ [1926]
Ali Hanafiah - 1916-17, etc.
Anbia [Hikayat ling Anbia]- SZ [1926]
lndera Bangsawan - 1939
Kamar al-Zaman - 1893, 1938, 1952
Nur Muhammad - 1935

Perempuan 'Asyik - 1934
Raja Handak - 1935, etc.

Syalr
Abdul Muluk -SZ [1926], n.d., etc.
Bunga Air Mawar - 1874
Bunga Akal - n.d.
Cincin Hikmat / Nasihat bagi Ugama lslam

1 937
Dagang Piatu - 1908, 1927
Firasat Nabi- 1934
Haris Fadhillah - 1924
lndera Putera - n.d., 1926, 1935, etc.
Juragan Budiman - 1922, SZ [1926], 1939
Kiamat - SZ [19261
Kubur - n.d.
Nasihat Laki-laki dan Perempuan - 1937
Nur Muhammad - SZ [1926]
Pantun Seloka - 1932
Pungguk - 1874
Saudagar Bodoh - 1939
Seri Banian Selindang Delima - 1934
Silam Bari /Sinyor Gilang - n.d. 118741, 1 933,

etc.
Takbir Mimpi - 1939, etc.
Unggas bersoal ilmu akhirat - n.d., SZ [1926]'

1938
Yatim Mustala - 1934
Zubaidah - n.d., 1926; '1952, etc.

Notes
1 Beginnings of Cairo Malay-language print-

ing are obscure, owing to difficulties in dat-
ing survivin g kitab. Otherwise, see C. Snouck
Hurgronje, Mekka in the Latter Part of the
19th Centuly (Leiden: Brill, 1931)' pp.286-
287.

2 Constance E. Padwick, Muslim Devotions: a
Study of Prayer-Manuals in Common Use

(London: S.P.S.K., 1961), P.xi
3 Virginia Matheson & M'B' Hooker, "Jawi lit-

erature in Patani: the maintenance of an

lslamic tradition", JMBRAS 61.1 (1988): 1-

86.
4 A.K. Priolkar, "lndian lncunabula", pp.129-

135 of N.N. Gidwani (ed), Comparative Li-
brarianship; Essays in Honour of Professor
D.N. Marshal/ (Delhi: Vikas, 1973); and
implicitly K.S. Deshpande, "Towards a Ret-

rospective Bibliography of Books in lndian
Languages: Case Study of Kannada Publica-
tions", in ibid., PP.162-180.

This is somewhat less than the proportion
37o/o ol the non-government books adver-
tised for sale bY Muhammad Siraj in
Singapore in 1897. Cf. l. Proudfoot, "A
Nineteenth-Century Malay Bookseller's
Catalogue" , Kekal Abadi6.4 (1987): 1-1 1 .

The other causes he noted were: "(3) the
wish in some cases to concealthe names of
works ol a discreditable character; (4) the
want of scholarship in some of the Deputy
Educational lnspectors; (5) the newness of
the whole thing, none of those concerned
having had experience of the means to be
aOopGO in framing a catalogue of the kind
required -". Sir A[lexander] Grant, Director
of Public lnstruction, Catalogue of Native
Publications in the Bombay Presidency up to
31st December 1864, prepared under orders
from the Government (2nd rev. edn., Bom-
bay: Education Society's Press, Byculla, 1867)'
p.6.

7 Grant, Native Publications, pp'7-8.

I Annotation by K.M. Chatfield, Director of
Public lnstruction, in Catalogue of Books
Printed in the Bombay Presidency: Supple-
mentary Catalogues 1867-'1873, 1 873.

e Proceedings of the Legislative Council of
lndia, 1889, vol.28, pp.303-304.

10 Allah Rakhio Butt, "The Nineteenth Century
Book Trade in Sind" (doctoralthesis, Univer-
sity ol Wales, Aberystwyth, 1988), p.132 (no
sources given). The amending Act was no.X
of 1890, the Press and Registration ol Books
Act (1867) Amendment Act.

11 lnternational Copyright Act, $2(2), etc.
12 Namely Syaikh Daud Patani's Munyat al-

Musalli(no.3) registered by Syaikh Fazlullah
Mira; Majmu'at al-Syari'af (no.18) by Syaikh
Muhammad Yahya al-Samarani registered
by'Al ibhai Syaraf 'ali; and al-Ghaz ali' s B i d ayat
al-Hidayah (no.48) registered by lsma'il bin
Syaikh Badal. Why were just these three
singled out for special protection? Cf. Butt,
"Book Trade in Sind", p.120. Overall about
15-2Oo/" of editions registered had claims of
copyright, but few of these were by Muslim
printers.

13 Butt, "Book Trade in Sind", p.1 19. He adds
that piracy was a rare event. lt is impossible
to square such a statement with the known
data. The same title was often printed by a
plurality of publishers. Without knowledge
of transfer of copyright, or even any grounds
lor believing that copyright was applicable at
all, it is not possible to speak in terms of
piracy or lack of piracy.

1a Padwick, Muslim Devotions, p.xii.
1 5 Deshpande, "Retrospective Bibliographf , p. 1 71 .

16 See also Annabel Teh Gallop, "Early Malay
Printing: an lntroduction to the British Li-
brary Collection", JMBRAS63. 1 (1 990), p.1 1 4,
n.30. The practice here differs from that
followed in the Malayan colonies. ln the case
of Malaya and the Straits Settlements, so
little was published that all was sent back to
London.

17 K.M. Govi, "The Genesis and Growth of ln-
dia's Natio nal BibIiog raphy", Lib ri 27 .2 (1 977l,
p.168.

18 Grant, Native Publications, p.8.
1e Deshpande, "Retrospective Bibliography",

p.1 67.
20 Gallop, "Early Malay Printing", pp.103-104.
21 The lists are in Lata'if al-Taharat published

by lsma'il bin Syaikh Badal in 1906 at the

Karimi Press (no.28 in the list of registered
editions below); and in Matn al-Zubad pub-
lished by 'Alibhai Syaraf'ali in 1909 at the
Muhammadi Press (not registered). They
are headed "Fihrist kutub jawi matbu'ah Matba'
Karimi Bombai" (i.e. List of jawibooks printed
at the Karimi Press, Bombay"; and "Fihrist
kutub jawi matbu'ah Matba' Muhammadiat
al-lslamiat Bombai" (List of jawi books printed
at Muhammadiah Muslim Press, Bombay)
respectively.

22ln Syair SitiZubaidah, published by 'Alibhai
wa Syaraf'ali at Matba'at al-Muhammadiyah
al-lslamiyah. The list of titles available is
headed: "Fihrist kutub Jawa wa Malayu
maujudah dukkan 'Alibhai wa Syaraf'ali
tajiran al-kutub wa malikan Matba' Muham-
madi" (i.e. List of Javanese and Malay books
in stock [at] the shop of 'Alibhai Syaraf'ali,
book traders and owners [of] the Muslim
Press).

23 William Theobald (ed.), Ihe Legislative Acts
of the Govemor General of lndia in Council
from 1834 to the end of 1867 ... (Calcutta:
Thacker, Spink, 1868), vol. 1 (1834-1851),
pp.617-627.

2a Hikayat Alf Lailah wa Lailah (Singapore: [Tho-
mas Trusty,l 1878-79); Hikayat Si Miskin
(Singapore: ThomasTrusty, 1 BB6); Muhammad
'Alibin Ghulam Husain al-Hindi, Hikayat Puteri
Gul Bakawali (Singapore: Makhdum Sahib
bin Ghulam Muhyiddin Sahib at Denodaya
Press, 1880); Bahauddin bin Muhammad al-
Syami, Kitab Saif A//ah (Singapore: Matbaah
Haji Muhammad Amin, 1900). Hikayat Sul-
tan Bustamam (Penang: Haji Putih Sya'ia,
1895), referring however to Act no. Xl of
1835. lt is significant that Makhdum Sahib
and Haji Putih are both of lndian extraction.

25 See also P.K. Sen, Ihe Press, Publications
and Copyright Laws of lndia (Calcutta: Sarkar,
1958), pp.1,81,132.

26 Grant, Native Publications, p.3.
27 Grant, Native Publications, pp.6, 8.
28 Deshpande, "Retrospective Bibliography",

p.170.
2e The RoyalAsiatic Society had proposed (1)-

(9), (13): Grant, Native Publications, p.4.
30 Notification no.1294 dated 12 March 1869

(Gazette of lndia 1868 pt.l, p.374\. Also ex-
empted were items such as catalogues, play
bills, almanacs and calendars, and other
non-literary forms of printing: Notification
no.5604 dated 21 December 1871 (Gazette
of lndia pt.l, p.979).

I

31 ln the 1867 Act, this exemption is a blanket
one. After the 1890 amendments, it applied
only to works whose first edition had previ-
ously been deposited under the terms ol the
Act.

32 Notifications under the Act at first provided
for exemption of reprints (which was not
necessary for they were already exempt in

the same words in the Act) and later pur-
ported to revoke this exemption. See Notifi-
cation no.5604 dated 21 Dpcember 1871

(Gazette of lndia 1 871 , pt.l p.979) at item 1 ;

and Notification no.3276 dated 16 August
1872 (Gazette of lndia1872,pl'l p.777)- The
wording of the Act refers not to the text of a
book, but to its 'letterpress' (sec.lX).

33 The Singapore and Malaysian laws are f ully
deseribed in Lim U Wen, "A Preliminary
Survey of a Retrospective National Bibliog-
raphy for Malaya and Singapore up to 1941"'
thesis, Diploma in Librarianship, University
of London, 1965, pp.15-33. Also l. Proudfoot,
"Pre-War Malay Periodicals", Kekal Abadi
4.4 (1985): 1-3; "A Formative Period in
Malay Publishing", JMBRAS 59.2 (1986)'
pp.1o2-103.

34 The British Act was 1 & 2 Geo V ch.46. For
the lndian Act, see Government of lndia,
lJnrepeated General Acts of the Governor
Generalin Councit(4th edn., Calcutta: Supt.
of Govt. Printing), P.34.

3s Gallop, "Early Malay Printing", p.117, gives

a list of the Malay-language publications of
the Alawi and Hasani Presses held in the
British Library.

36 While the two languages were jointly used as

the vernacular intellectual media of South-
east Asian lslam, they were usually distin-
guished in Southeast Asia. An exception is

Syai r t mbat lJ nggas (Singapore: Haji Muhammad
Said bin Haji Muhammad Arsyad, n.d. [1893]).

37 So also later a book glossed "Primer of Urdu

and Jawi language intended for beginners"
listed under the heading for "Urdu and Javi"
has as its title, in Arabic script, Urdu'Arabo
Tamit Qa'edah, indicating that Tamil, not
Malay or Javanese is signified. lt has never-
theless been included among the Gazette
registrations below as no.50.

38 Butt's investigations of Sindipublishing found
that in fact reported prices before 1890 were
often grossly understated. He attributes this
to the inexperience of early Sind printers, a
factor which would not apply to the jobbing
printers of Bombay city who had to be expert
in estimating costs and returns: Butt, "Book
Trade in Sind", p.117. Butt also notes that
books sold on credit were sold at a premium
of, say, 15% (pp.163-164) while it was the
practice of booksellers to offer substantial
discounts for bulk orders. Advertisements
regularly oflered 'lO% - 15"/" lo casual retail
buyers (p.118);presumably much more sub-
stantial discounts were given to agents.

3e Calculating the rupee/dollar exchange rate
from data supplied in Jawi Peranakkan and
in M.D. Joshi, "Currency", pp.381-399, in
V.B. Singh, Economic History of lndia: 1857-
1956 (Bombay: Allied, 1965); with C.W.
Darbishire, "The Commerce of Singapore",
ch. Xlll ol Walter Makepeace el al., One
Hundred Years of Singapore, volume 2 (Lon-
don: Murray,1921), and Li Dun Jen, British
Malaya. An economic analysis (2nd edition,
Kuala Lumpur: INSAN, 1982).

ao "Fazlulld"
a1 "Sifat Dava Folu"
42 "JAni"
a3 Gallop, "Early Malay Printing", p.99 provides

a photographic reproduction ol the title-page
of this work.

aa "Allybhoy Shar6fally"
as "Alibhai Sharafally"
46 "Allybhai Sharafally"
47 "Fruknon"
aB "Fasl6tan"
4e The title page ol the book gives the print run

as 3500.
so "Ha'zi Mahomed Onley bin Oomer Samarani"
51 "shaikh lsmail bin Buddeh"
52 "Shaikh lsmail bin Buddeh"
s3 "Shaikh lsmail bin Shaikh Budul"
s4 "Faro Konan"
ss "Jam6hiro Malay"
s6 "Faqir M. Haji Jelani"
s7 "Faqir M. Haji Jehani"
ss "Rahiman"
5e "A'anath"


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Bibliography
title:

Hikayat Syah Mardan

edition:

Zabedah Abdullah (ed.), Hikayat Syah Mardan, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2002.  Siri Warisan Sastera Klasik.

manuscript:

Or. 851, Cambridge University Library.

dates:

text:  ±1700-1736 (Braginsky);
	manuscript:  <1871, collected by T.J. Chamberlaine.

provenance:

text:   unknown;
	manuscript:   ? Labuan or Singapore.

words:

31081 words, including 10 verses.

references:

to the pages (1-150) of the manuscript, and the approximated lines on each page.

Editorial notes and bibliography

Zabedah Abdullah, Hikayat Syah Mardan, pp.x-xi:

Naskhah Hikayat Syah Mardan ini merupakan naskhah yang popu-lar kerana terdapat banyak versi yang berjaya dikumpulkan. Tidak kurang daripada dua puluh versi naskhah yang ditemui tersimpan di beberapa buah pusat pengumpulan koleksi utama.

Menurut Liaw Yock Fang, Hikayat Syah Mardan merupakan satu hikayat yang popular. Naskhahnya banyak terdapat di beberapa perpustakaan di Jakarta, Leiden, dan London. Salah satu naskhah Leiden (Cod. Or. 1919) menyebut seorang yang bernama Syeikh Mohammad Asyiq Abd. al-Faqr sebagai pengarangnya. Isi naskhah-naskhah ini sama saja, yang berbeza hanya nama orang dan tempat ditulis. R.O. Winstedt pernah membuat ringkasan yang panjang daripada suatu naskhah yang tercetak di Weltevreden pada tahun 1916.

Braginsky, The Heritage of Traditional Malay Literature, pp.717-78, summarises the plot:

After the usual description of the prince’s merits, there follows an account of the arrival in Dar al-Khatan of a wise brahman from the land of Dar al-Kiam (Arab. Qiyam), who knows the tongue of birds and who teaches Syah Mardan both this tongue and the art of transmigrating his soul into various bodies and objects.

Having completed his training with the brahman, Syah Mardan goes out to see his teacher off when he suddenly loses sight of him and realizes that he has become lost in a dense forest. After wandering in the woods for a while, Syah Mardan happens upon a palace in which he finds princess Rakna Kemala Dewi, a captive of a demon (raksasa) who has abducted her from her parents' beautiful garden. The princess brings Syah Mardan some water and later becomes his wife. However, he refuses to slay the raksasa and soon abandons Rakna Kemala Dewi so that he can go on with his search for the teacher. Moreover, Syah Mardan resolutely refuses to take his wife with him, thereby incurring her anger and punishment - the princess turns him into a parrot.

Disguised as a parrot, Syah Mardan flies to the country Dar al-Khiyam, where he finds himself at the palace of princess Siti Dewi, beautiful as a ‘red flower on a golden tray, lit with radiant sun-beams’. The princess is enraptured by the bird’s seven-hued plumage. She stretches out her hand towards the parrot, which at once perches on her palm, though previously it has evaded similar overtures from the princess's maids. Siti Dewi orders a golden cage for the parrot and afterwards never lets it out of her sight. One night the bird assumes a human form and becomes the princess's lover. The ruler of the country finds out that his daughter has been taken advantage of and, unable to find the guilty party, is about to kill the parrot in a fit of rage. However, as soon as he knows that the ‘parrot’ is in fact prince Syah Mardan, his wrath is assuaged and he gives his daughter in marriage to the prince. Syah Mardan does not stay with his wife for long, however, presently resuming his wanderings under the name of Indrajaya.

References:

•  Liaw Yock Fang, Sejarah Kesusasteraan Klassik, rev. ed., Singapura: Pustaka Nasional, 1982, pp.124-25.

•  R.O. Winstedt, A History of Classical Malay Literature, 2nd ed., Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1969, pp.79-80.

•  V.I. Braginsky, The Heritage of Traditional Malay Literature: a historical survey of genres, writings and literary views, Leiden: KITLV Press, 2004. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 214.

Preparation

Added:

The printed edition was scanned in Canberra by the MCP using Abbyy™ Finereader OCR.
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Hikayat Raja Damsyik

bibliography

text notes

list of words

Text notes

	MCP</class> text

<X damsyik >

	Dmsy.H 2
	Damsyik
	d.m.s.i.k

<X dewi >

	Dmsy.H 751
	Dewi
	mahdewi

<X kabar >

	Dmsy.H 276
	Kabar
	lebih sering: khabar

<X kabarkan >

	Dmsy.H 132
	kabarkan
	lebih sering: khabar

<X kabarnya >

	Dmsy.H 1113
	Kabarnya
	lebih sering: khabar

<X kelengkapannya >

	Dmsy.H 1473
	kelengkapannya
	kelengkapnya

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Jawharat al-Ma`ārif

bibliography

text notes

list of words
Bibliography
title:

Jawharat al-Ma`ārif

edition:

Oman Fathurahman, “Jawharat al-Ma`arif ” in Chambert-Loir, et al., Iman dan Diplomasi: Serpihan Sejarah Kerajaan Bima, Jakarta: KPG, 2010.

manuscript:

held in Museum Samparaja, Bima.

dates:

text:  ? < 1882;
	manuscript:  1882.

provenance:

text & manuscript:   Bima.

words:

3605 words.

references:

to the manuscript pages, verso and recto (4r-50r) and the colophon (k1v-k3r).

This text was kindly provided by Oman Fathurahman

Editorial notes and bibliography

The text comprises two parts:

4v-32r — ... Inilah suatu risalah dipindahkan di dalam kitab Shams al-ma�ārif yang besar dan segala kaum yang mengetahui segala ilmu ini bagi Imam bernama Ahmad anak �Alī bangsanya Būnī ...

33r-50r — Adapun fasal yang kedua pada menyatakan ilmu hikmah yang diamalkan oleh segala orang yang bernama sultan atau wazir atau raja-raja memegang negeri dengan rakyat supaya hasil akan maksudnya dan sempurna kebajikan yang dimatlubnya.

Oman Fathurahman comments on the context and significance of this text:

Kandungan
	isi Jawharat al-ma`ārif, yang menggabungkan penjelasan tentang etika politik para raja berdasarkan ajaran tasawuf al-Ghazālī, dengan ilmu hikmah dan ilmu gaib ini, saya fahami sebagai kekayaan literatur warisan kesultanan Bima.  Niscaya, ada penjelasan lain dalam konteks yang lebih besar jika penelitian terhadap sejarah dan tradisi Bima sendiri terus dilakukan.

Note that following usual practice, the extensive quotations in Arabic have not been indexed.  Similarly, as with the other texts from Bima, local names and titles have not been included in the general index, but may be found by using the
list of words
for this text.

References:

Henri Chambert-Loir, Massir Q. Abdullah, S. Suryadi, Oman Fathurahman, H. Siti Maryam Salahuddin, Iman dan Diplomasi: Serpihan Sejarah Kerajaan Bima, Jakarta: KPG, 2010.

S.W.R. Mulyadi & H.S. Maryam R. Salahuddin, Katalogus Naskah Melayu Bima,  [Mataram:] Yayasan Museum Kebudayaan "Samparaja" Bima, 1990-1992, vol.II, p.45 — item 3.4 “Kitab Kewajiban Sultan”.

Preparation

Added:  March 2010

A digital text was provided by Oman Fathurahman, and adapted to the MCP format.  There may be minor discrepancies between the MCP text and the published text.  In any such case, the published text is to be preferred.
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Salasilah Melayu dan Bugis

bibliography

text notes

list of words

list of rhyme words
Bibliography
title:

Salasilah Melayu dan Bugis

edition:

Raja Ali Haji, Salasilah Melayu dan Bugis,  ed. Mohd. Yusof Md. Nor,  Kuala Lumpur: Fajar Bakti, 1984.

manuscript:

Manuskrip bil. 209, Perpustakaan Muzium Negara.

dates:

text:  1865 (5 Rabiulakhir 1282);
	manuscript:  unknown.

provenance:

text:   Riau, written by Raja Ali Haji;

	manuscript:  Riau, in the possession of Haji Abdul Ghani.

words:

69784 words, including 2880 verses.

references:

to the pages (1-279) and lines of the Fajar Bakti 1984 edition.

Editorial notes

Mohd. Yosof’s text follows PMN 209, drawing on other versions
only "as comparisons and for completeness".

According to Mohd. Yusof’s editorial notes,
the opening section of the text, the Mukadimah, is found only in
PNM 209.  Unfortunately several pages are missing from that
manuscript, implying that the text is incomplete in this section.

Bibliography:

Raja Ali Haji b. Ungku Ahmad al-Hajj,
Kitab Salasilah Melayu dan Bugis dan Sekalian Raja-Rajanya,
Singapore: Sayid Abdullah b. Md b. Abu Bakar al- Hadad, Matbaat
al- Imam, 1329 [1911].

Raja Ali Haji, Salasilah Melayu dan
Bugis, ed. Arena Wati, Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara, 1973.

B.W. Andaya & V. Matheson, "Islamic
thought and Malay tradition: an examination of the writings of
Raja Ali of Riau (ca. 1809 - ca. 1870)", in A.J.S. Reid & D.
Marr, Southeast Asian Perceptions of the Past, Singapore:
Heinemann for ASAA, 1979.

Preparation

Added:  1999 - April 2000

The Fajar Bakti 1984 edition was scanned for the MCP in Canberra using Recognita™
OCR.

Reliability:

In accordance with standard practice, passages in Arabic have not been indexed.  They are glossed in the Malay text.
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Hikayat Seri Kelantan

bibliography

text notes

list of words
Bibliography
title:

Hikayat Seri Kelantan

edition:

Mohd. Taib Osman (ed.), Hikayat Seri Kelantan, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2004. Siri Warisan Sastera Klasik.

manuscript:

Naskhah "Hikayat Seri Kelantan", Library of Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. [photocopy]

dates:

text & manuscript:  1914 — the text was compiled from two earlier sources, the older dating from 1783.

provenance:

text:   Kelantan
	manuscript:    from the original held by Datuk Paduka Maharaja Lela, from his father, Datuk Haji Nik Mahmud bin Ismail, Datuk Perdana Menteri Paduka Raja Kelantan.

words:

28612 words.

references:

to the pages (1-110) of the manuscript, indicated in the printed edition, and then to the following lines of the printed edition.
Page 1 of the manuscript is transcribed at p.127 of the printed edition.

Underlying manuscript

Naskhah "Hikayat Seri Kelantan", Library of Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. [photocopy] < original held by: Datuk Paduka Maharaja Lela, Kuala Lumpur < his father, Datuk Haji Nik Mahmud bin Ismail, Datuk Perdana Menteri Paduka Raja Kelantan (compiler of "Ringkasan Cetera Kelantan")

Date:

of the text and manuscript:  1914 — the text was compiled from two earlier sources, the older dating from 1783.

Provenance:

of the text and manuscript:  Kelantan

Editorial notes and bibliography

Datuk Haji Nik Mahmud bin Ismail, Datuk Perdana Menteri Paduka Raja Kelantan was the compiler of “Ringkasan Cetera Kelantan”.

The publication is based on Mohd. Taib Osman's M.A. thesis, "Hikayat Seri Kelantan (sa-buah naskhah tulisan tangan dari Kelantan)", submitted to Jabatan Pengajian Melayu, Universiti Malaya, 1961.

Taib Osman provides copious notes to his text.   Those providing jawi readings or commenting on Kedah usage, have generally been incorporated into the concordance.  Those concerned with identifying people and places have not.

Taib Osman sometimes proposes cutting redundant or repetitive phrases from the text to achieve a smoother reading; in most cases, these emendations have been undone.

Jawi spelling of Siamese titles has not generally been noted.   For convenience, "Ch" has been changed to "C", thus Chula > Cula.

Note ⇒ Thai titles and names have not been included in the general index of this concordance.  The easiest way to locate them is to use the
word list for SKel
(or alternatively, to use the SKel text search with a literal || target).

Akmaha  (3),   Ambun  (2),   Anmaha  (5),   Bahdiongsa  (1),   Bang  (1),   Bantuan  (1),   Bantum  (1),   Bantun  (1),   Bawat  (1),   Beru  (2),   Berumba  (2),   Berut  (1),   Bru  (2),   Bua  (1),   Budin  (3),   Bura  (5),   Buru  (1),   Ca  (34),   Cao  (1),   Catdi  (1),   Cepuang  (4),   Cir  (1),   Cu  (5),   Cukon  (19),   Cula  (3),   Culalangkon  (5),   Cum  (3),   Cupa  (2),   Debongsan  (1),   Dicu  (1),   Jum  (2),   Jusi  (7),   Kantam  (3),   Karaj  (1),   Kelua  (1),   Keluju  (4),   Kentam  (2),   Keruma  (2),   Kerumpahak  (1),   Kluju  (3),   Krum  (1),   Krumpahak  (3),   Kupan  (1),   La  (1),   Langkong  (1),   Legong  (1),   Lek  (1),   Luong  (8),   Mahir  (1),   Mahra  (1),   Mebla  (1),   Mebun  (1),   Mehir  (1),   Mejit  (1),   Menat  (2),   Mina  (1),   Mingkot  (2),   Nahar  (1),   Nara  (1),   Niwai  (1),   Niwailah  (1),   Nucit  (13),   Nukon  (3),   Nurip  (1),   On  (6),   Pakdi  (13),   Parbat  (1),   Pardek  (1),   Pecu  (1),   Peraju  (1),   Perapan  (1),   Perat  (1),   Perbat  (1),   Pia  (1),   Pil  (1),   Pin  (1),   Pipit  (6),   Pirat  (1),   Piri  (1),   Pirong  (2),   Pit  (2),   Pitab  (1),   Prabat  (1),   Prat  (1),   Pubin  (1),   Pulatibtatkala  (1),   Pusamkan  (1),   Pusang  (5),   Rak  (1),   Rasda  (6),   Rasur  (1),   Rija  (7),   Sajam  (2),   Sakrat  (1),   Samarhak  (1),   Sambat  (2),   Sandong  (1),   Sangha  (10),   Sanghanan  (1),   Sanghanat  (1),   Santuan  (1),   Santun  (5),   Semardit  (2),   Semedit  (13),   Semuhak  (2),   Seraj  (3),   Seru  (1),   Sharif  (1),   Si  (2),   Sina  (2),   Sinha  (1),   Sit  (1),   Sitar  (1),   Sla  (1),   Song  (2),   Suar  (1),   Sud  (5),   Sudra  (1),   Sukon  (9),   Sura  (2),   Suria  (1),   Tak  (1),   Tamrat  (1),   Tamrit  (1),   Tana  (2),   Tara  (2),   Tib  (5),   Tikan  (2),   Tipia  (1),   Tit  (2),   Trusi  (2),   Tu  (2),   Tur  (1),   Upi  (4),   Wangsa  (5),   Wangsan  (1),   Webun  (1),   Wibun  (2),   Wirbu  (1),   Wiwangsa  (1),   Yahwa  (7),   Yuta  (1),   Yuti  (1).

Preparation

Added:  September 2008

The text was scanned in Canberra by the MCP using Recognita™ OCR.
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Puisi-Puisi Kebangsaan

bibliography

text notes

list of words

list of rhyme words
Text notes
MCP text

PK 208:7a

A

jawi:  alif

PK 194:8b

dijaga

dicek [sic]

PK 10:90a

Hugo

Huga

PK 306:4b

jaga

cek [sic]

PK 249:7b

kara

? perkara

PK 81:20a

mika

Abdul Latiff:  mek

PK 114:1a

O

jawi:  alif

PK 142:1a

O

jawi:  alif

PK 148:1a

O

jawi:  alif

PK 150:4a

O

jawi:  alif

PK 208:1a

O

jawi:  alif

PK 214:2a

O

jawi:  alif
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Syair Bidasari\n
\n\n

\n

bibliography
\n

text notes
\n

list of words
\n

list of rhyme words
\n
Rhyme words
listed
alphabetically
and
by frequency
double-click on a word to see it in its rhyme context
reverse alphabetical
ghalaba

3

dua

10

Sailani

1

dimasukkan

1
diraba

1

kedua

5

temani

1

sebalkan

1
riba

1

perdua

1

berani

9

tinggalkan

1
meriba

2

jua

14

semberani

1

ditinggalkan

1
hamba

4

semua

5

nurani

1

jualkan

1
berhamba

1

benua

2

Patani

2

ambilkan

2
perhamba

1

tua

1

sultani

5

rendamkan

1
Samba

1

Pastani

2

direndamkan

1
rimba

2

bawa

1

layani

2

tahankan

1
kucoba

1

dibawa

3

melayani

1

pesankan

1
loba

1

membawa

2

ini

19

disalinkan

1
Segerba

1

terbawa

2

bini

2

dipohonkan

1
ada

42

kubawa

1

begini

7

disuapkan

1
mengada-ada

3

Pandawa

1

Malini

2

menyuapkan

1
ba`da

1

penggawa

3

dipersalini

2

sabarkan

2
dada

48

Jawa

10

sini

16

sadarkan

1
mengada-ngada

4

mawa

1

diratapi

1

diperbesarkan

1
mengada

2

danawa

1

kabari

1

dilontarkan

1
syahada

6

Korawa

1

cari

12

disyairkan

1
tiada

20

tertawa-tawa

1

dicari

17

fikirkan

2
Pada

1

tertawa

15

mencari

10

hampirkan

1
pada

14

nyawa

9

kucari

1

ditidurkan

1
perada

1

bernyawa

1

bidadari

11

undurkan

1
beperada

1

kecewa

2

bidiadari

1

membalaskan

1
persada

2

sebahwa

2

disandari

1

lepaskan

3
sabda

21

jiwa

11

Sundari

5

ingatkan

1
sabda-sabda

1

sebaya

1

Mandudari

26

lihatkan

1
bersabda

59

percaya

7

dipagari

1

angkatkan

1
berbeda

6

dipercaya

2

dengari

4

diangkatkan

1
inangda

5

daya

6

mendengari

2

dapatkan

1
Bida

14

pedaya

1

hari

91

mendapatkan

1
berida

8

berdaya

5

sehari-hari

9

dibuatkan

1
sida-sida

1

bergaya-gaya

1

bahari

7

membuatkan

1
anakda

11

bercahaya

2

cahari

1

perbuatkan

1
ayahanda

26

sahaya

7

matahari

2

muatkan

1
kakanda

45

kaya

3

sehari

9

tahukan

1
anakanda

20

upaya

6

dinihari

4

menentukan

1
Ulanda

1

raya

5

Jauhari

5

bertimbalan

4
mamanda

4

seraya

2

jauhari

5

andalan

2
kharanda

3

diseraya

1

jari

10

bertinggalan

1
biduanda

11

berseraya

2

ajari

2

jalan

1
frequency
Bidasari

178

balang

3

Peringgi

1

kelak

1
bangsa

3

Pualam

1

kelakuannya

1
putri

133

bapa

3

Pudagah

1

kelambu

1
bapanya

3

Puspawarna

1

kelana

1
diri

127

bena

3

Rajuna

1

kelenggara

1
bentara

3

Ratnawali

1

kelengkapan

1
berkata

115

berahi

3

Sailani

1

kelentang

1
berdosa

3

Samba

1

keluar

1
mata

104

bergala

3

Segerba

1

kemanaian

1
berhingga

3

Selan

1

kemati-matian

1
baginda

95

berikan

3

Sembarang

1

kemuliaan

1
istri

95

berjenaka

3

Siam

1

kena

1
berjentera

3

Simarus

1

kepudang

1
kemari

92

berkuda

3

Syah

1

kerjakan

1
berlari

3

Teluk

1

kertas

1
hari

91

bermadah

3

Tuhan

1

kesalahan

1
bernyala-nyala

3

Tuhanku

1

kesturi

1
cita

89

berpindah

3

Ulanda

1

kesughulan-sughulan

1
bersama-sama

3

Wati

1

kesukaan

1
menteri

88

berseloka

3

Wilapat

1

kesuma

1
bersuka-sukaan

3

Wirawan

1

kesumbah

1
sendiri

85

berulang

3

Wulan

1

kesusahan

1
berulang-ulang

3

abang

1

ketahuinya

1
negeri

70

berwarta

3

abdi

1

ketiga

1
betara

3

adap

1

khali

1
pestari

65

biaperi

3

adikku

1

khemah

1
bisai

3

aguk

1

kiamat

1
serta

63

budi

3

aibkan

1

kira

1
budiman

3

akal

1

kualanya

1
bersabda

59

bundanya

3

akat

1

kuangka

1
bestari

59

celari

3

alah

1

kubah

1
cumbu-cumbuan

3

`alam

1

kubawa

1
beta

56

delima

3

`alamin

1

kucari

1
dewangga

3

alpa

1

kucoba

1
bangsawan

55

diam

3

alu

1

kujadikan

1
terperi

55

dibawa

3

anak

1

kuku

1
dibuang

3

anak-anakan

1

kumainya

1
tuan

50

dicucuri

3

anakku

1

kumati

1
dihantari

3

anaknya

1

kunang-kunang

1
dada

48

dilarang

3

aneka

1

kundang

1
dimakan

3

anggerik

1

kupandang

1
top