TRANSLATOR

Sopia binti Md. Yassin

WRITERS

Suwaibatullaslamiah binti Jalaludin
Jong Tze Kian

Mohd Ramadhan bin Anwar

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
Kuala Lumpur

2017

DESIGNER

Roszaini binti Md.Yussof

EDITORS

Siti Hanim binti Yunus
Mariati Josepha binti Mustafa

Mohamad Arshad bin Sulaiman

DUAL LANGUAGE PROGRAMME
The Ministry of Education Malaysia would like to

express its appreciation for the contributions made

by the following:

•	 The Panel of Evaluators,

Textbook Division,

Ministry of Education Malaysia

•	 Officers of the Textbook Division and

Curriculum Development Division,

Ministry of Education Malaysia

•	 The Panel of Evaluators,

Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka

•	 Officers of the English Language Teaching

Centre (ELTC), Teacher Education Division,

Ministry of Education Malaysia

•	 All parties involved in the process of

publishing this book

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
KK  507-221-0102021-49-1255-20101

ISBN  978-983-49-1849-1

First Printing 2017
 Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka 2017

All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording or any information storage and retrieval
system without permission in writing from the
Director General, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, P.O. Box
10803, 50926 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Negotiation
is subject to the calculation of royalty or honorarium.

Publisher:
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka,
50460 Kuala Lumpur.
Telephone:  03-21479000 (8 hunting lines)
Facsimile: 03-21479643
Website: http://www.dbp.gov.my

Design and Typeset:

Typeface: Azim

Text size: 13 points

Printed by:
Aslita Sdn. Bhd.,
Lot 20, Jalan 4/10B,
Springcrest Industrial Park,
Batu Caves,
68100 Kuala Lumpur.

Serial No.: 0168
CONTENTS
1

77

15

93

21

47

Science Process Skills
Manipulative Skills
Let’s Test: Manual Air Conditioner
Let’s Remember
Mind Challenge
Let’s Try: Air Bags

2
7
9
11
12
14

Animal Extinction
Threatened with Extinction
Activities That Threaten Animals
and Plants
Let’s Test: Endangered Animals and
Plants Blog
Preservation and Conservation of
Animals and Plants
Let’s Remember
Mind Challenge
Let’s Try: Voices of Nature

78
80

82

84

85
89
90
92

Follow The Science Room Rules
Let’s Test: Pamphlet Competition
Let’s Remember
Mind Challenge
Let’s Try: Design an Icon

16
18
19
20
20

What is Force?
Let’s Test: Feel the Effects of Forces
Effects of Forces
Let’s Test: Observing the Effects of Forces
Frictional Force
Factors That Affect Frictional Force
Effects of Frictional Force
Increasing and Decreasing Frictional Force
Let’s Remember
Mind Challenge
Let’s Try: Model of a Simple Hovercraft

94
96
97
98

100
102
104
107

111
112
114

Tiny Living Things
Let’s Test: Microbial Interactive Catalogue
Life Processes of Microorganisms
Let’s Test: Microbes Alive!
Growth of Microbes
Harmful Effects of Microorganisms
Uses of Microorganisms
Let’s Test: Fresh Yoghurt
Live Healthily, Live Well
Healthy Daily Routines
Let’s Remember
Mind Challenge
Let’s Try: Hunting for Bacteria

22
24
25
26
30
32
34
36
37
40
43
44
46

Interactions Among Animals
Animals Living in Groups
Animals Living in Solitary
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Animals Living in Groups
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Animals Living in Solitary

48
50
52

54

58

Let’s Test: Animals Mini Album
Factors of Competition Among
Intraspecies and Interspecies Animals
Symbiosis Among Animals
Let’s Test: Animals Interaction Video
Factors of Competition Among Plants
Let’s Test: Competition Among Plants
Types of Interaction Among Plants
Let’s Test: Plant Interaction Chart
Let’s Remember
Mind Challenge
Let’s Try: Terrarium Project

60

61
64
66
67
69
71
72
73
74
76

1    SCIENTIFIC SKILLS

2   SCIENCE ROOM RULES

3   MICROORGANISMS

4  INTERACTIONS AMONG
  LIVING THINGS

6     FORCE

5    PRESERVATION AND
    CONSERVATION

iii
115

133

149

163

11 CONSTELLATIONS 177

12 MACHINES 189

ANSWERS 209

What is Speed?
Let’s Test: Your Speed
Units for Speed
Let’s Test: Speedometer With
Various Units
Relationship Between Speed,
Distance, and Time
Let’s Test: Relationship Between
Speed and Distance
Let’s Test: Relationship Between
Speed and Time
Calculating Speed
Let’s Test: Google Maps
Let’s Remember
Mind Challenge
Let’s Try: My Car Model is Very Fast

116
118
119

120

122

123

125
126
128
129
130
132

Food Spoilage
Causes of Food Spoilage
Food Preservation
Food Preservation Methods
Let’s Test: Pineapple Entrepreneur
Project
Importance of Food Preservation
Technology
Let’s Remember
Mind Challenge
Let’s Try: Salted Egg Project

134
136
137
138

142

143
145
146
148

Knowing Waste Materials
Biodegradable or Not?
Let’s Test: Separate Wisely
Appreciate Our Earth
Waste Management Practices
Planned Management of Waste
Materials
Let’s Remember
Mind Challenge
Let’s Try: Recycled Broom

150
152
153
154
156

158
159
160
162

Eclipse of the Moon
Let’s Test: Eclipse of the Moon Simulation
Eclipse of the Sun
Let’s Test: Solar Eclipse Camera
Let’s Test: Sketching an Eclipse
Let’s Remember
Mind Challenge
Let’s Try: Eclipse Project

164
167
168
171
172
173
174
176

What are Constellations?
Let’s Test: My Constellation
Constellation in the Night Sky
Knowing Constellations
Let’s Test: Constellation Projector
Use of Constellations
Let’s Remember
Mind Challenge
Let’s Try: Constellation Story Project

178
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
188

190
196
197
200
201
203
205
206
208

Simple Machines
Let’s Test: Work Made Easy
Complex Machines
Let’s Test: Machine in a Machine
Invention of a Sustainable Machine
Let’s Test: Sailing Boat
Let’s Remember
Mind Challenge
Let’s Try: Catapult

7   SPEED

8   FOOD PRESERVATION

9   WASTE MATERIALS

10  ECLIPSES

iv
The content of this Science Year 6 textbook is written based on the Content Standards
and Learning Standards in the Year 6, Standard-Based Curriculum for Primary School
(KSSR) for Science. The content of this textbook is also written based on performance
standards to facilitate teachers in assessing pupils’ development and progress. It is
written to emphasise the acquisition of knowledge on scientific skills and thinking skills.
 This textbook consists of 12 units covering six themes: Introduction to Science,
Life Science, Physical Science, Material Science, Earth and Space Science, and
Technology and Sustainability of Life. The writing of this book is organised to stimulate
and attract pupils’ interest to continue to appreciate the learning of Science in the
classroom or  through self-learning. Every unit in this book starts with a stimulus page,
description of the learning content, activity, summary, evaluation, and enrichment
activity.  To facilitate the teaching and learning, answer pages are provided at the end
of the book as a guide for the answers to the questions found in every unit.
  In ensuring that the goals and objectives of KSSR for the Science subject are
achieved, elements on creativity and innovation, entrepreneurship, information
and communication technology (ICT), and Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) are
incorporated into the existing elements across the curriculum. In addition, values,
positive attitudes, and good working cultures are also embedded in this textbook.
 The teaching and learning strategies in KSSR prioritises learning by thinking,
emphasising the optimum acquisition and mastery of skills and knowledge. Besides
that, the knowledge on science and technology learned is adapted and applied to
everyday life, the community, and environment. In order to raise pupils’ interest
and enjoyment in learning, the presentation of this book is added with elements of
educational humour.
 Finally, the writers hope that this textbook can trigger ideas for teachers to enhance
the effectiveness of their teaching. At the same time, pupils will be excited to use this
book for learning.

FOREWORD

189

209

v
Number for learning
standards contained in
the Science Curriculum
and Assessment Standard
Document.

Activities that pupils need to
do to master the learning
standards.

Exercises that pupils need
to do to master the learning
standards.

1.2.1
-

1.2.5

Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test

CLICK

Additional interesting
information related to the
topic discussed.

Questions to evaluate
pupils’ achievements in
each unit.

Q

Questions to enable pupils
to improve Higher Order
Thinking Skills (HOTS).

A guide to assist pupils
when conducting
investigations.

HOTSHOTS

Safety measures to be
considered when doing
activities to avoid injuries
or accidents.

#TEACHER Information to assist
teachers to conduct
activities or to obtain
extra information.

Questions to test
understanding and to
reinforce concepts learned
by the pupils.

Summary of the content
for each unit using simple
graphic organisers.

Enrichment activities for
each unit.

Elements of
entrepreneurship are
added across the existing
curriculum.

Additional activities needed
to be done by the pupils.

Let`s
Remember
Let`s
Remember

#SAFETY

Mind
Challenge
Mind
Challenge

EXPLANATION OF
TEXTBOOK ICONS

Let`s

Try
Let`s

Try

TASKTASK#TIPS

vi
KEMAHIRAN SAINTIFIK

1

The question above can be answered through an investigation involving
scientific skills.

Why do the hot-air balloons
fly at different heights?

Amir, look! There are
many hot-air balloons.
Some fly high and
some fly low.

11 SCIENTIFIC SKILLSSCIENTIFIC SKILLS

1
Science Process Skills

How can scientific skills help in solving Amir’s question?
Let us build a mini air balloon to investigate factors that influence
the time taken for a mini air balloon to fly.

Cut the brown paper into four sections
of the same size.

Paste the double-sided tape on the sides
of the brown paper. Join the four pieces of
paper to form a dome.

Join both ends of the long card stock
using adhesive tape to form a circular
frame.

1 2

43

Apparatus and materials needed for making the mini air
balloon in this investigation are brown paper, card stock,
ruler, marker pen, scissors, double-sided tape, adhesive
tape, fine wire, wax burner, and matches.

1.1.1
-

1.1.12

Steps to build a mini air balloon are as follows:

•  Wax burner is available in hardware stores.

#TEACHER

Connect two fine wires across each
other over the frame.

2
Stick the base of the dome to the frame
with the fixed wax burner.

The mini air balloon is now complete
and ready to be flown.

Hold the top and bottom of the mini
air balloon. Then, light up the wax burner.

65

7

9

10

8

Punch a hole in the wax burner and
insert the wire. Bend the wire so that
the wax burner will not come off easily.

Release the mini air balloon when it starts to float in the air.

What can you observe before the mini air balloon is successfully flown?

Make inferences
based on your
observation. Let’s conduct

an experiment!

#SAFETY

Be careful when lighting the
wax burner.

KEMAHIRAN SAINTIFIK

3

SCIENTIFIC SKILLSSCIENTIFIC SKILLS
Sizes of Mini Air BalloonsExperiment 1

What are other variables that
can be made constant?

Problem Statement
Does the size of a mini air balloon affect the time taken for it to fly?

Steps
1. Make three mini air balloons of different sizes and label them A, B and C.
2. Test the mini air balloon by flying mini air balloon A.
3. Record the time taken for mini air balloon A to fly from the moment it floats

until it falls to the ground.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 with mini air balloons B and C.

Observation
Record your observations in the table as shown below.

Apparatus and Materials
• brown paper
• card stock
• ruler
• marker pen
• scissors

• double-sided tape
• fine wire
• wax burner
• matches
• stopwatch

Mini air balloon Size Time (mins)

A

B

C

What is the hypothesis
to be tested?

Therefore, the manipulated
variable is the size of a
mini air balloon while the
responding variable is the
time taken for a mini air
balloon to fly. The constant
variable is the type of paper
used to build the dome of
the mini air balloon.

The bigger the
size of a mini air
balloon, the longer
the time it takes to
fly.

4
Pupils, here are some mini air balloons
of different sizes and colours. Classify
these mini air balloons based on the
characteristics that you have observed.

HOTSHOTS
Predict the time taken for a mini air balloon to fly if plastic is
used to replace the brown paper.

1. What are your observations after the mini air balloons are flown?
2. Give an inference based on each of your observations.
3. Which mini air balloon flies for the longest time?
4. What is the relationship between the manipulated and responding variables

in your experiment?
5. What is the operational definition for the time taken for a mini air balloon

to fly?

Questions

Conclusion
1. Hypothesis (accepted/not accepted).

2. The size of a mini air balloon   the time taken for it to fly.
3. The bigger the size of a mini air balloon, the   the time it takes to fly.

KEMAHIRAN SAINTIFIK

5

SCIENTIFIC SKILLSSCIENTIFIC SKILLS
Materials for Mini Air BalloonsExperiment 2

What is your hypothesis?

Plan and conduct an experiment to test your hypothesis.

Does the type of materials
affect the time taken for mini
air balloons to fly?

6

Checklist Note Your Action

1.  Identifying a problem

2. Making a hypothesis

3. Planning an experiment

Determine:
  • Control variables
  • Apparatus and materials
  • Steps for the experiment
  • Method of collecting data
  • Method of analysing data

4.  Conducting the experiment

Conduct the experiment according to the planned steps.

5.  Collecting Data

Record the data

6.  Analysing data

7.  Interpreting data

8.  Making conclusion

State a conclusion obtained from the experiment.

9. Writing a report

Use the checklist below when conducting your experiment.

Besides brown paper, the dome of mini air
balloons can also be made from other materials
such as plastic, cardboard, and newspaper.
Science manipulative skills need to be practised when a science experiment
or investigation is carried out. Manipulative skills will help us to carry out an
experiment or investigation more accurately. Let us recall the manipulative
skills involved in the following investigation.

Manipulative Skills

1 2

3 4

Apparatus
and
Materials

Microscope, cover slip, glass slide, dropper, needle, filter paper,
and mouldy bread

Aim

Steps

To observe bread fungi using a microscope.

#SAFETY

Be careful when adjusting the
microscope lens to avoid breaking the
cover slip.

Use the mouldy bread as a specimen. Use a needle to take some fungi from
the bread. Place the specimen in the
centre of a glass slide.

Drip drops of water onto the specimen
using a dropper.

Put the cover slip gently on the specimen.
Wipe the edges of the cover slip with
filter paper.

1.2.1
-

1.2.5

KEMAHIRAN SAINTIFIK

7

SCIENTIFIC SKILLSSCIENTIFIC SKILLS
Science manipulative skills are
important to ensure the results
of an investigation are clear
and precise. The apparatus
and materials are also more
systematically managed.

How does the use of
manipulative skills
affect the experiment
that we conduct?

Throw the used specimen into the dustbin. Clean the cover slip and glass slide.

Keep the apparatus and materials properly and carefully.

Compare what you had sketched with a friend.

1. Why do we need to handle the specimen correctly and carefully when
conducting the investigation?

2. What are the science manipulative skills that you have used in this investigation?

Place the glass slide carefully under the
microscope.

Observe the specimen under the
microscope and sketch the specimen
that you see.

5

7

8

9

6

8
Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test

Shape the ice cream stick into a fan
blade. Fix the ice cream stick into the
shaft of the motor.

Cut the plastic bottle and use the
middle section of the bottle.

Make a hole in the middle of the
ice cream stick using a screwdriver.

Connect the motor to the batteries.

Manual Air Conditioner

Steps

Apparatus

and

Materials

Aim To build an air conditioner using energy from batteries.

Batteries, battery holder, wires, motor, cutter, screwdriver or nail,

ice cream stick, plastic bottle, and cotton

#SAFETY Be careful while using a cutter.

1 2

3 4

KEMAHIRAN SAINTIFIK

9

SCIENTIFIC SKILLSSCIENTIFIC SKILLS
Wet the cotton with water and place it
in the middle of the cut out section.

Place the model on a flat surface.
Connect the circuit and observe.

1. What did you observe?
2. What are the manipulative skills involved in doing this project?
3. What transformation of energy occurs in this project?

Science process skills and manipulative skills are not only used in the
laboratory, they can also be applied in the fields below.CLICK

Pharmacy: Classification and
arrangement of medicines.

Engineering: Construction of
building structures.

Agriculture: Production of
plants through bud grafting.

Q State a few examples of manipulative skills that we
use in our daily life.

5 6

10
CONDUCTING
THE EXPERIMENT

PLANNING AN EXPERIMENT

• Determine the control variables
• Determine apparatus and materials needed
• Determine steps to conduct the experiment
• Determine method of collecting data
• Determine method of analysing data

IDENTIFYING A
PROBLEM

COLLECTING
DATA

ANALYSING
DATA

WRITING
A REPORT

MAKING A
HYPOTHESIS

MAKING A
CONCLUSION

INTERPRETING
DATA

If
there is

a new problem

Science
Process

Skills and
Manipulative

Skills

Observing

Classifying

Making
inferences

Making
hypothesis

Predicting

Using space-time
relationship

Interpreting
data and
time

Defining
operationally

Communicating

Experimenting

Measuring and
using numbers

SCIENTIFIC SKILLS
Science Process Skills:
Experimenting

Let`s
Remember
Let`s
Remember

Controlling
variables

Sketch specimens,
science apparatus,
and materials
accurately

Store science apparatus
and materials correctly
and safely

Use and handle
apparatus
and materials
correctly

Handle specimens
correctly and carefully

Clean science apparatus
and materials correctly
and carefully

KEMAHIRAN SAINTIFIK

11

SCIENTIFIC SKILLSSCIENTIFIC SKILLS
Mind
Challenge
Mind
Challenge

Answer all of the following questions in the Science exercise book.

1. Based on the situation below, identify an inference
from the incident that happened.

2. Lim made the hypothesis below while playing
spinning top with his friends.

The greater the number of turns of the string around
the top, the longer it takes to spin.

From the hypothesis above, identify the:
 i. manipulated variable
  ii. responding variable

3. Observe the situation below.

a) Predict what will happen after picture C.
b) What are the manipulated and responding variables from the

situation above?

A B C

Look! The dustbin has
fallen. What caused
the bin to fall?

Maybe it was a monkey from
the grove nearby. Since the
area was cleared up, I often
see monkeys wandering
around.

12
After three hours, Amir weighed the mass of each towel again.
a) What is the aim of this investigation?
b) Predict the final mass of the towels in ascending order.

c) State an inference based on the difference in the final mass
between towel X and towel Z.

4. Amir conducted an investigation on three towels of the same type and size.
He poured 50 ml of water on each towel and weighed them. The initial mass
of each towel was recorded. He placed towels X, Y and Z under the sun as
shown below.

5. An agricultural officer recorded observations made on the volume of milk
produced in 2015 as shown in the table below.

Goat
herder

Volume of milk by month (litre)

February  March         April May

Encik Yusof 350 405 608 704

Encik Ramli 150 245 365 526

a) Write an inference based on the difference in the volume of milk produced
by Encik Yusof and Encik Ramli’s livestock.

b) Provide another inference based on your observation above.
c) State the relationship between the manipulated and responding variables

based on the inference made in (a).
d) Transfer the data in the table into another suitable form

of communication.

towel X towel Y towel Z

KEMAHIRAN SAINTIFIK

13

SCIENTIFIC SKILLSSCIENTIFIC SKILLS
Let`s

Try
Let`s

Try Air Bags

Steps

Apparatus
and
Materials

Problem

Statement

Aim
To investigate the effects of different amounts of baking soda
on the volume of gas produced.

Measuring tape, three ziplock bags, tissue, vinegar, and
baking soda

Is the volume of gas produced inside the plastic bag influenced by
the amount of baking soda used?

1. What did you observe?
2. What is the relationship between the amount of baking soda used and the

volume of gas produced?
3. Predict what will happen if the vinegar solution is replaced with water.

Baking soda mixed with vinegar
solution produces carbon dioxide,
water, and salt.

CLICK

1. Make your hypothesis.

2. Determine the constant, manipulated,
and responding variables.

3. Do this experiment in a small group.

4. Record the data from your observation.

5. Write a report of the experiment and
discuss it together with the other groups.

6. Plan another experiment to test a new
hypothesis from questions raised
in the discussion.

14
We have learned about Science Room Rules in Year 4 and Year 5.
Let’s observe the two situations below.

15

PERATURAN BILIK SAINS

Wait for my instructions
before you start the
investigation.

Wait for my instructions
before you start the
investigation.

Situation A

Situation B

SCIENCE ROOM RULES22 SCIENCE ROOM RULES

What can you observe in Situation A?
What are the Science Room Rules that are not followed in this situation?
Why do we need to obey the Science Room Rules?
16

Atan, teacher has not
allowed us to enter yet.

It’s alright.

Good
morning,
teacher!

Good
morning,
teacher!

Take the
apparatus and
materials for our
investigation from
the back of the
room.

It hurts, Atan.

Do not throw rubbish
into the sink.

It’s alright. The
teacher is not
looking.

Oh, no! It was
an accident.

Follow the Science Room Rules

2.1.1

Last week, my friend and I entered the Science Room.
We were very excited to learn a new topic. We lined up in
front of the classroom and walked in a single line towards
the Science Room. We lined up outside the Science Room.
Then…
17

I smell smoke.

I’m sorry, teacher. I
will not do it again.

Pupils, today we will carry out
an experiment to investigate
the boiling point of water.

This is what happens
if we do not follow the
Science Room Rules.

Atan, who told
you to start?

Suddenly…

PERATURAN BILIK SAINS

Based on Amir’s story, what are the Science Room Rules
which Atan did not follow? What is the importance of
following the Science Room Rules? How do we make sure
that everyone who uses the Science Room always follow
the Science Room Rules?

Since then, Atan started to follow the
Science Room Rules. He regretted
his actions. There would be no more
accidents.

SCIENCE ROOM RULESSCIENCE ROOM RULES
18

You are given five days. Winners
will be selected based on the
criteria set.

Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Pamphlet Competition

Steps

1. Design a pamphlet entitled Science Room Rules in pairs.
2. List the Science Room Rules and include information on the needs of these

rules in the pamphlet.
3. Design and decorate your pamphlet based on your own creativity using

suitable software.
4. Present your pamphlet in front of the class.

Lim, let’s design it
together, okay?

You found out that one of your friends did not follow the Science Room Rules.
How can you overcome this problem?

Apparatus

and

Materials

Aim To organise a pamphlet design competition entitled
“Science Room Rules”.

Computer, printer, and A4 paper
19

Let`s
Remember
Let`s
Remember

PERATURAN BILIK SAINS

Do not do the following:

Adhere to the
following:

SCIENCE ROOM RULES

Enter the Science
Room with

the teacher’s
permission.

Open the
windows and

switch on
the fan.

Playing or running
in the Science

Room.

Eating or drinking
in the

Science Room.

Touching, smelling or
placing any substances

into the mouth
without the teacher’s

permission.

Bringing out science
apparatus without

the teacher’s
permission.

Carry out
the activity

according to
the teacher’s
instructions.

Dispose liquid wastes
into the sink with

running tap water.

Report immediately
to the teacher any

accidents, injuries or
damages.

Put off burning or
smoldering materials
before throwing them

into the dustbin.

Use the first-aid kit with
the help from
the teacher.

Throw rubbish into
the dustbin.

Arrange the stools and
clean up the Science
Room before leaving.

Light the
Bunsen burner

using the correct
method.

Tie your hair
neatly when
conducting

experiments.

SCIENCE ROOM RULESSCIENCE ROOM RULES
20

1.  Observe the picture.

I. Eating in the Science Room.
 II.  Running or playing in the Science Room.
 III. Arranging stools before leaving the Science Room.
 IV. Reporting accidents or injuries in the Science Room.

A. I and II B.  I and III        C.  II and IV   D.  III and IV

2. There are Science Room Rules which can be practised in other areas of your
school. State the rules.

3. Read the statement below. Discuss.

Mind
Challenge
Mind
Challenge

Answer all of the following questions in your Science exercise book.

Let`s

Try
Let`s

Try

1. Design an icon for the Science Room Rules using a suitable software.
2. Print the icon you have designed.
3. Present the icon to the class.

Steps

How does the icon you have designed explain the Science Room Rules?

Design an Icon

Apparatus and Materials

Aim To design an icon for Science Room Rules.

Computer, printer, paper, and Internet

Practising Science Room Rules can ensure everyone’s safety.

A pupil did something which is prohibited while
he was in the Science Room. Apart from what
the pupil did, what else are not allowed in the
Science Room?
MIKROORGANISMA

Based on the situation above, what do you observe after one hour?
How did the dough rise? What is the microorganism used in making
bread? Does this microorganism provide benefits to us?

Do you know how to
make bread?

Mix all the ingredients above into
a mixing bowl.

Cover the dough with a clean towel and
leave it for an hour.

Knead the dough until it is soft.

Observe the dough.

250 g of
wheat flour

2 tablespoons
of sugar

a pinch
of salt

100 ml of warm water

15 g of
dry yeast

bowl

1 2

3 4

21

MIKROORGANISMA

33 MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS
Teacher, what are
microorganisms?

22

Fungi

Protozoa

Algae

Amoeba

Paramecium

Spirogyra

3.1.1

Tiny Living Things

A group of fungi that can be seen
with the naked eye is known
as mould. Yeast, mucor, and
Penicillium can only be seen
using a magnifying glass or
a microscope.

Algae are microorganisms which have the
characteristics of plants. Algae make their own
food through the process of photosynthesis.

Phytoplankton

Micro means very tiny and cannot be
seen with the naked eye while organisms
mean living things.
Microorganisms are very tiny living things
that are not visible to the naked eye.

Microorganisms can be found around us.
There are several types of microorganisms.
How do they look and what are their
shapes?

mucor
Penicillium

Microorganisms are tiny living
things. Can you see them?

Yes, teacher. Are they
the ones that are
moving?

Protozoa live in water
habitats such as ponds,
lakes, and rivers.

yeast
What is the size of this microorganism?
A needle tip of 0.2 mm in diameter can
accommodate millions of these microorganisms.
Imagine how tiny these microorganisms are!

CLICK

Bacteria

Bacteria exist in a variety of
shapes, sizes, and colours.
Bacteria can be found in a variety
of environments.

Bacillus

Salmonella

23

MIKROORGANISMA

Virus

HIV

Viruses are
finer than other
microorganisms.
Viruses can only
be seen under
an electron
microscope. HIV
and influenza virus
are examples
of viruses.

influenza
virus

Streptococcus

Most microorganisms
cannot be seen
by the naked eye.
A microscope is
an instrument
used to observe
microorganisms
clearly.

Escherichia coli

yeast

MICROORGANISMS
24

Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Microbial Interactive Catalogue

Steps

1. Conduct this activity in pairs.
2. Search information and pictures on different types of microorganisms

from suitable websites.
3. Keep the information and pictures you have collected in a folder.
4. Print out the pictures that you have collected.
5. Make a catalogue of the microorganisms based on the information you

have gathered using your creativity.
6. Display the catalogue and share it with the other groups.

1. What types of microorganisms have you identified?
2. What are the shapes of these microorganisms?

There are differences between a virus and other microorganisms. Fungi, algae, protozoa,
and bacteria are living things. However, virus is a microorganism that is partially living and
partially non-living but can reproduce by inhibiting other cells.

3.1.1
-

3.1.5

CLICK

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim To identify the types of microorganisms.

Computer, Internet, printer, scissors, manila card,
and glue
25

MIKROORGANISMA

Microorganisms such as fungi, protozoa, algae, and bacteria
carry out life processes.

Try to think about
the life processes of
microorganisms.

Life processes of
microorganisms are not
the same as ours.

Let us conduct an investigation to find out the life processes of microorganisms.

Life Processes of Microorganisms

3.1.2

MICROORGANISMS
26

Steps

1. Pour 250 ml of lukewarm water into a plastic bottle.
2. Put in three teaspoons of yeast into the bottle.
3. Add one tablespoon of sugar and shake the bottle.
4. Place the balloon over the mouth of the bottle.
5. Observe the size of the balloon.
6. Measure the diameter of the balloon using a thread
  and ruler every 5 minutes for a duration of 20 minutes.
7. Discuss your observations in front of the class.

Activity 1

Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Microbes Alive!

HOTSHOTS
What is the gas released
during the breathing process of
microorganisms?

1. What are the changes you observed?

2. State your inference on the changes that you have observed.

3. Why is sugar used in this investigation?

4. What conclusion can you make?

3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.5

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim To show that yeast breathes and releases gas.

Plastic bottle, teaspoon, tablespoon, thread, ruler,
lukewarm water, balloon, yeast, and sugar

Can microorganisms
breathe?

What will happen if sugar is
replaced with salt?
27

MIKROORGANISMA

Steps

1. Put some pond water into the beaker.
2. Use a dropper to take some of the water from

the beaker.
3. Put a drop of pond water on the glass slide.
4. Cover the drop with a cover slip.
5. Remove excess water on the glass slide with

a filter paper.
6. Place the glass slide on the microscope stage.
7. Adjust the lens of the microscope until a clear image

is obtained.
8. Observe the movement of microbes under

the microscope.
9. Sketch the microbes you observed.
10. Record and report your observations.

Activity 2

•	 Be careful when using cover slip which breaks easily.
•	 Wash your hands after the investigation.

Prepare additional resources from the Internet to show pupils
the movement of microorganisms.

#SAFETY

#TEACHER

1. Make an inference based on your observations of the pond water
under the microscope.

2. State your conclusion for this investigation.

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim To observe that microorganisms move.

Microscope, dropper, cover slip, glass slide, beakers,
petri dish, filter paper, and pond water

Do microorganisms move?

MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS
Activity 3

28

Steps

1. Spray water on the slice of bread as shown below.
 Slice A: 1 spray
 Slice B: 2 sprays
 Slice C: 3 sprays

slice A slice B slice C

Put each slice into separate
transparent plastic bags and
label them as A, B and C.

2. Observe bread slices A, B and C for one week. Record the changes in
size and colour of the moulds on the slices of bread.

3. Discuss your observations with your friends.

1. What is the evidence that shows moulds grow?
2. State your conclusion based on this investigation.

1. Use three slices of
bread from the same
loaf.

2. Do not open the
plastic bags while
observing and
measuring.

HOTSHOTS
Why are there
changes in the colours
of the mould? Explain.

#TIPS

Apparatus and
Materials

Aim To show that moulds grow.

Transparent plastic, spray bottle, bread, and water

Do microorganisms grow?
The situations below show a number of incidents that happened while
Amir and his friends were doing activities 1, 2 and 3.

The balloon
expands 20 minutes
after the activity.
What caused it
to expand?

Maybe there’s
gas trapped in
this balloon.

There is something
moving in this drop of
pond water.

What is growing on
top of these three
slices of bread?

Activity 1 Activity 2

Activity 3

29

MIKROORGANISMA

All three activities indicate that
microorganisms are living things.
Microorganisms such as fungi,
protozoa, algae, and bacteria
carry out life processes like
breathing, moving and growing. Most
microorganisms cannot be seen with
the naked eye.

TASKTASK

Choose one type of microorganism
you have identified. Build a model
of the microorganism using recycled
materials and present it with extra
information about the microorganism.

3.1.3

Which of the following microorganisms
makes its own food through
photosynthesis?

What conclusion can
you make from these
three activities?

Q

•	Fungi						•	Protozoa						•	Algae

MICROORGANISMS
Experiment Factors that Affect the Growth of Microorganisms

These guavas are rotten because
of the actions of microorganisms.
What are the factors that affect
the growth of microorganisms on
these guavas?

I think microorganisms need
water, air, nutrients, suitable
temperature, and suitable
acidity to grow.

Amir, that is a
hypothesis.

30

Dina found fungi growing on the guavas she bought a week ago.

Fruits become rotten
because of the actions
of microorganisms.

3.1.4
3.1.5

Growth of Microbes

Oh, no! It’s spoilt.
How can fruits
become rotten?

Let’s conduct an experiment to
investigate the factors which
cause guavas to rot.
What is the conclusion?
Conclusion

Let us plan an experiment
to test the hypothesis. We can
determine the factors by using
different situations as shown in
this table.

We set the size of the pieces of
guava as the constant variable.

Factors
Plastic

Bag
Situation of plastic bags containing guava pieces

Air

A Left open.

A1
The plastic bag is tied after the air is drawn out using
a vacuum pump.

Water
B

The plastic bag is tied after a guava piece is dried
using a hair dryer.

B1 The plastic bag is tied.

Nutrient

C The plastic bag is tied after 50 ml sugar is added.

C1
The plastic bag is tied after 50 ml solution without
sugar is added.

Acidity
D The plastic bag is tied after 50 ml vinegar is added.

D1 The plastic bag is tied.

Temperature

E The plastic bag is tied and placed in a refrigerator.

E1
The plastic bag is tied and placed outside a
refrigerator.

Let us conduct the experiment. Make observations after a week to test the
hypothesis and record them.

Plastic bag Observations on the piece of guava after one week

A

A1

B

Write a report on your experiment.
The following questions can help you make a conclusion.

31

MIKROORGANISMA

1. State the factors that cause fungi to grow on guavas.
2. What are the methods that can be used to prevent guavas from getting

rotten?

Questions

Cut 10 thin pieces of
guava so that they
are easily dried.

Record your observations in a table as shown below.

MICROORGANISMS
What will happen if Amir
eats bread that has passed
the expiry date with fungus
on it?

Harmful Effects of Microorganisms

3.2.1

Besides spoiling the food, some microorganisms have
harmful effects on humans.

Microorganisms cause contagious
diseases including conjunctivitis,
tuberculosis, tinea, and malaria.

tuberculosisconjunctivitis

tinea malaria

What are the diseases caused by
viruses? Why are these diseases
difficult to cure?

32

Do not eat that bread. It has
passed the expiry date. Look,
it has fungus.
33

MIKROORGANISMA

Bacteria such as Salmonella found in
spoilt food will multiply and produce
toxins in the human intestine causing
food poisoning.

What are the harmful effects of microorganisms
to humans? How do these harmful
effects happen?

Microorganisms spoil food and cause a
change in the texture, shape, smell,
and taste.

Bacteria present in the mouth convert
sugar and starch from food into acid
that causes tooth decay.

How can we avoid the harmful
effects of microorganisms?

Diarrhea, vomiting, and headache
are symptoms of food poisoning.

MICROORGANISMS
34

Microorganisms such as fungi,
protozoa, algae, and bacteria
provide benefits to other living
things.

Bacteria are used in making cheese
and yoghurt.

Food manufacturing

How do microorganisms
provide benefits to other
living things?

Production of antibiotics and vaccines

The consumption of antibiotics and vaccines strengthen the immune system.
Antibiotics and vaccines are used to prevent the growth of disease-causing
microorganisms.

Yeast is used in making bread,
tempeh, and tapai.

Uses of Microorganisms

3.2.2
3.2.3

cheese

antibiotics
vaccines

yoghurt

tempeh
tapai

bread

The human body has a natural defence system known as the
immune system. This system allows the human body to fight
against microorganisms that enter the body and prevents the body
from being easily infected by diseases.

#TEACHER

2018
Explain the importance of
microorganisms in your
daily life.

Decomposition of organic materials

Aside from the harmful effects, there
are microorganisms that provide
benefits to other living things.
These beneficial microorganisms
are used in food manufacturing,
production of antibiotics and vaccines,
decomposition and decay of organic
materials, making fertilisers, and
sewage treatment for the well-being
of humans.

Microorganisms will decompose
chicken, cow or goat faeces. When
these materials are mixed with
sawdust, they would decay and
form organic fertilisers.

Bacteria are used to treat sewage and
destroy toxic wastes found in sewage
treatment plants.

HOTSHOTS
Predict what happens if
dead living things do not
decay.

CLICK

Lactobacillus is a good bacterium used in making yoghurt.
Lactobacillus also lives in the human intestine to break
down carbohydrates so that food is easily digested and to
prevent diarrhea.

35

MIKROORGANISMAMICROORGANISMS
Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Fresh Yoghurt

Steps

When the yoghurt thickens, put it in the refrigerator.

Serve the yoghurt with fruits, cereals or nuts.

Report the results of your activities to the class and share the
results of this investigation in your blog.

Boil the glass jar and
spoon for 5 minutes.

Heat the fresh milk for
5 minutes using a small
flame.

Pour the milk into the
glass jar and place it in
a bowl of water until the
milk is lukewarm.

Put in the cultured yoghurt
and stir slowly until it is fully
dissolved.

Put the lid on the glass jar
and wrap the glass jar using
a small towel to maintain the
temperature. Leave it for 6 to
8 hours.

Cultured yoghurt is available in baking shops or
supermarkets.

#TEACHER

3.2.2
3.2.4

1. How do microorganisms convert milk into yoghurt?
2. Why were the glass jar and spoon boiled for 5 minutes?
3. Describe the use of microorganisms in making yoghurt.

I can sell this
yoghurt during
Canteen Day.

1 32

4 5

6

7

8

Apparatus and
Materials

Aim To make yoghurt using microorganisms.

Pots, glass jar, small towel, 200 ml of fresh milk, water, bowl,
and 20 g of cultured yoghurt

#SAFETY

Be careful when
heating and pouring
the hot milk.

36
To make yoghurt using microorganisms.

Morning EveningYum, this
sandwich is tasty!

Why can’t we share towels with other people?
What steps need to be taken to prevent us from
being infected with tinea?

A week later…

Oh, no! I got
tinea on my
body.

What are other personal
items that we cannot share
with other people?

Why are you
using my towel?

TOILET

Shafiq! How can you
eat immediately after
playing football?

37

MIKROORGANISMA

Healthy daily routines can protect us from contagious diseases caused by
the spread of microorganisms. Hence, we need to know the steps to prevent
contagious diseases.

Live Healthily, Live Well

3.3.1

What does Shafiq need to do to avoid from having a stomach ache?

MICROORGANISMS
38

What will happen to Dina and Rani? Why?
Why do we need to cover our mouth when sneezing or coughing?

How can being quarantined control the spread of contagious diseases?

What is the disease transmitted by the
Aedes mosquito? How can we prevent
ourselves from the disease carried by
this mosquito?

Sweat on the body does not smell.
Bacteria on the body break
down sweat causing body odour.

CLICK

Two days later..
39

MIKROORGANISMA

Why is this kitchen very dirty?
We are preparing food for
people to eat!

How can unhygienic food preparation causes us to be infected by
contagious diseases?

Why do we need to boil the water?

TASKTASK

1. Surf the Internet to gather information on the causes, symptoms, and steps
to prevent contagious diseases.

2. Use the MS PowerPoint or other suitable software to make a report
creatively and innovatively from the information gathered.

3. Share your report in your blog.

Where did you take
this water from?

MICROORGANISMS
40

How do you practise a routine
to prevent contagious
diseases?

Help your friend practise
a healthy daily routine to
prevent contagious diseases.

3.3.2

Healthy Daily Routines

Maintain the cleanliness of the bedroom
by cleaning up dirt and throwing away
wastes from food and rubbish to prevent
bad odour. Insects such as cockroaches
and ants will avoid our bedroom.
Mum, why do you
wash your hands
after going to
the toilet?

Germs spread easily in dirty
places. We must wash our hands
to keep them clean and
prevent ourselves from
infectious diseases.

What are other
important daily
routines that we
need to practise?

Avoid eating food which are
exposed to flies. Flies are carriers of
contagious diseases because they
always land on trash and dirt.

We must cover the food.
Do not leave them exposed.

41

MIKROORGANISMA

What are other daily routines that can be practised to ensure
good health and prevent infection of diseases? Let us observe
the situations below.

MICROORGANISMS
TASKTASK

1. Do this activity in small groups.
2. Collect information from the Internet, books, and other sources on practices

which can protect us from contagious diseases.
3. Present the findings using MS PowerPoint in front of the class.
4. Email it to your teacher and classmates.

Try not to be in close contact
with friends who are infected

with contagious diseases
such as conjunctivitis.

Hands can also be cleaned using
sanitisers which are often placed
in hospitals and clinics.

All of these routines
must be practised in our
daily life. These daily
routines keep us healthy
and prevent us from
contracting contagious
diseases.

Showering using soap or an
antiseptic soap cleans the
body and gets rid of germs.
These germs can cause
itchiness and skin diseases.

We have to wear a mask
during an outbreak of a
disease which spreads
through the air.

42 3.3.2
3.3.3
Let`s
Remember
Let`s
Remember MICROORGANISMS

Used in Causes

food poisoning

contagious
 diseases

food spoilage

tooth decay

decomposition of
organic materials

production of
organic fertilisers

production of
antibiotics and
vaccines

Carry out life
processes

TYPES

movegrow breathe

fungi protozoa algae bacteria virus

food
manufacturing

•	 	Wash	hands	before	eating
•	 	Do	not	share	personal	items	with

other people
•	 	Quarantine	patients	with

contagious diseases
•	 	Prepare	hygienic	food
•	 	Boil	water	for	drinking

•	 Wash hands
•	 Avoid food which is exposed to flies
•	 Cover food
•	 Use soap or antiseptic soap when having a

shower
•	 Cover nose and mouth
•	 Try to stay away from patients who are

infected with contagious diseases

Steps to prevent
contagious diseases

Daily routines to prevent
contracting contagious diseases

43

MIKROORGANISMAMICROORGANISMS

TOILET
Mind
Challenge
Mind
Challenge

1. Which of the following fungi are best seen using a microscope?

3. Which microorganisms are used in the production of food?

4. Rani found that a bread mixed with yeast rises. After the mixture was
 baked, she found air holes in the bread. Why did this situation happen?

5. Lim is infected with conjunctivitis. What should he do?

6.  Lim, Dina, and Amir ate food bought at a nearby stall on their way home
  from school. That night, Lim and Dina had food poisoning and were rushed
  to the hospital. Amir, however, did not experience food poisoning like his
  friends. Why?

Answer all of the following questions in the Science exercise book.

I.  Fungus  II.   Mucor
III. Yeast  IV.   Mushroom

A.  I and II   B.   I and III
C.  II and III D.  II and IV

A.  I and II    B.   I and III
C.  II and III  D.   II and IV

I. Yeast  II. Virus  III.  Bacteria        IV.   Penicillium

2. Choose the correct answers.
 Look at the picture. Which of the
  following statements are true about the black
  spots on the bread?

•		The	black	spots	grow.
•		The	black	spots	spoil	the	food.
•		The	black	spots	produce	their	own	food.
•		The	black	spots	can	also	be	found	on	plants.

44
7. The graph below is a temperature reading of yeast and sugar solution from
 an investigation by Amir, Lim, and Dina to show that yeast breathes and
  releases gas.

4. Tuberculosis is a disease caused by bacterial infection. Symptoms of
tuberculosis include persistent cough for more than two weeks, phlegm with
blood, fever and sweating in the afternoon and evening, fatigue, weight
loss, and loss of appetite.

Data collected by the Ministry of Health Malaysia for four years are
 as follows:

a) What observations can be made on the temperature readings of yeast
  and sugar solution in this investigation?
b) Based on the observations in (a), provide a suitable inference.
c) What is the relationship between the two variables in this investigation?

Te
m

p
e

ra
tu

re
 o

f
so

lu
tio

n
 (o

C
)

Time taken (minutes)

34

32

30

28

26
3           6         9             12

a) What is the cause of tuberculosis?
b) In which year the number of cases recorded is the highest?
c) How can we prevent ourselves from getting infected with this

contagious disease?
d) What is the trend in the number of tuberculosis cases for the past four

consecutive years?
e) Transfer the data on the number of tuberculosis cases for the four

consecutive years in the form of a bar chart.

Year 2008 2009 2010 2011

Number of cases
(people)

17 506 18 102 19 337 14 791

8.

45

MIKROORGANISMAMICROORGANISMS
Let`s

Try
Let`s

Try

46

Hunting for Bacteria

1. Mix the powdered jelly with hot water. Stir
until the powder dissolves.

2. Pour the liquid jelly into the five petri dishes,
cover, and let them cool.

3. Wear gloves and swipe the cotton buds
in four different locations. Examples of the
locations are drain, wall, pots, trees, and
others. Put the cotton buds in the
ziplock bags and label them.

4. Swipe each cotton bud onto the surface of
the jelly in the petri dishes.

5. Cover the petri dishes, label, and store at
room temperature.

6. Leave one petri dish without any smear. This
petri dish is the control in this experiment.

7. Record your observations every day for
one week.

8. Report your observations to the class.

Steps

#SAFETY

Wash your hands
thoroughly after
conducting the activity.

Which jelly contains the biggest growth of microorganisms? Why?

•	 Teacher	may	prepare	the	jelly	before	the	activity.
•	 Teacher	may	also	use	other	suitable	glass	or	plastic	containers	with	covers.

#TEACHER

Apparatus and
Materials

Aim To identify places with a lot of bacteria.

5 petri dishes with lids, ziplock bags, cotton buds, marker pen,
disposable gloves, 100 ml of hot water, and 100 g of
powdered jelly

Soak the petri dishes in
hot water for 5 minutes to
kill microorganisms.

#TIP
Tropical Rainforest

Animals and plants living in the same habitat interact with each other.
Observe the living things found in each of the habitat shown above.
What is the relationship among living things in both of these habitats?

Mangrove Swamp

47

INTERAKSI ANTARA HIDUPAN

44
INTERACTIONS AMONG
LIVING THINGS
INTERACTIONS AMONG
LIVING THINGS
Intraspecies and interspecies interactions
may occur either in the form of cooperation
or competition.

Bees work together
to build their nest.

Chicks compete for food.

48

In a habitat, usually there are many animals of the same or
different species. These animals will interact with each other to
meet their basic needs for survival.

Interaction is an active relationship among
living things that are dependent upon each
other. The interaction between the same
species is known as intraspecies interaction
while the interaction between different species
is known as interspecies interaction.

4.1.1

What is the meaning of interaction?

Interactions Among Animals
Antelopes and baboons live in the same habitat. Antelopes
have a good sense of hearing and smell. Baboons, however,
have a very good sense of sight. These characteristics work
together to detect the presence of predators.

On the other hand, eagles
and snakes compete for
limited food.

49

INTERAKSI ANTARA HIDUPAN

Look at the picture. What interaction is
occurring? Give another example of an
intraspecies and interspecies interactions
between animals.

INTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGSINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS
Termites live in a large
colony.

Bees live in groups
and stay in the same hive.

Some animals live together among their own species. These
animals live in groups and search for food together in the
same habitat.

Animals Living in Groups

A mustering of storks
look for food.

50 4.1.2
A flight of swallows fly to
the nests.

Many animals live in groups,
Small groups and large groups,
Living together, looking for food,
So that life is easy and good.

Lions live in small
groups.

Deers live in large
groups.

What other animals live
in groups?

Read the poem below.

Goats live and move
in groups.

Fish swim in groups.

51

INTERAKSI ANTARA HIDUPANINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGSINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS
Squirrels collect and store
seeds as food.

Woodpeckers build their
nests in tree trunks.

Animals that live in solitary are animals that live without
other members of their species. These animals do everything
alone. Animals that live in solitary have enough space to rest
and look for food in their habitats.

Animals Living in Solitary

Tapirs actively look
for food at night.

52 4.1.2
Hornbills are herbivores
that eat fruits.

Tigers protect their
territory from being
trespassed by other
animals.

Spiders trap their prey
in their web as food.

What other animals live in
solitary?

Pythons coil their bodies
around their prey for food.

53

INTERAKSI ANTARA HIDUPANINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGSINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS
Together we are
blessed.

Ants work together to build nests and find food.

Work together to build nests and
find food

A pack of wolves find food
by hunting their prey in
groups. Why do wolves
need to hunt in groups?

Left, right,
left…

Advantages and
Disadvantages of
Animals Living in Groups

A school of piranhas can attack and
eat their victims to the bones in less
than one minute.

CLICK

Why do some
animals live in
groups?

Where are you going
to run? We have
surrounded you.

54 4.1.3
4.1.4
Ensure safety of group
members

Anchovies swim in large groups to confuse
their predators.

Animals that live in groups are able to ensure
the safety of their species from being attacked
by predators.

We are smaller
in size, but... Hunting in groups allows

hyenas to defeat
larger prey.

Zebras live in groups to
camouflage themselves
from predators.

Lions are colour-blind. This condition
does not allow them to differentiate
between stripes on a zebra and
tall grasses.

CLICK

55

INTERAKSI ANTARA HIDUPANINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGSINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS
Lions will protect their territory
and water resources within
their territory from other animal
groups. Lions will mark their
territory by urinating at certain
places in the territory.

Animals that live in groups usually consist of a parent and their young.
These animals protect their young.

Sit with me. Your
mother has gone out
hunting.

When a group of lions hunt,
the lioness in the same group
will take care of their young.

Animals that live in groups will work together to build
nests, find food, maintain safety, protect their
young, and control their territory. How do these
animals work together to achieve these advantages?

What will happen if
one of the animals
living in groups is too
dominant in
the group?

HOTSHOTS

Animals that live in groups will control their
territory from being invaded by other animals.

I look after all the
female sea lions.

Male sea lions will control
their territory to get a
group of female sea lions
for mating purposes.

56
Animals that live in groups also have a
number of disadvantages.

What is the effect on the
species of animals that live
in groups if this situation is
not controlled?

Animals that live in groups are
easily detected by predators. Thus,
weak animals in the groups will
find it difficult to escape from the
predators.

Wait for me.

How can this situation have
an effect on the species of
animals that live in groups?

Animals that live in groups are easily infected by an
outbreak of diseases and are easily detected by
predators. Weak animals in a group will find it difficult
to save themselves from predators.

The outbreak of a disease
caused by virus transmitted
through air can easily spread to
other animals living in groups.

4.1.3

Is this the bird
flu outbreak?

57

INTERAKSI ANTARA HIDUPANINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGSINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS
Limited food resources cause pandas to live in
solitary to avoid competition for food.

Owls live alone to avoid competition with
each other or with other animals when
hunting for food. Owls hunt actively
at night.

Leopards require a large area
to find food or mates. They will
attack other animals invading
their territory.

Animals that live in solitary can overcome the problem of
limited food resources and reduce the competition
in finding mates.

Why do some animals
live in solitary?

My food
has arrived.

Advantages and Disadvantages
of Animals Living in Solitary

To fulfill the need for food,
I have to eat a lot of bamboo
shoots and leaves.

58 4.1.3
Animals that live in solitary will
die if they lose when competing
for territory.

Animals that live in solitary will also face problems.

Animals that live in solitary will have
difficulty finding a partner during
mating season.

How do these animals live?  What are
the advantages of the ways these
animals live?

Animals that live in solitary find
it difficult to defend themselves
from enemies and have
difficulty finding partners during
mating season. What are other
weaknesses of animals that live
in solitary?

I have walked so far. I still
haven’t met my partner yet.

Ouch! It’s painful!
He is so strong...

59

INTERAKSI ANTARA HIDUPANINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGSINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS
Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Animals Mini Album

4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.6

Apparatus and
Materials

Aim
To identify animals that live in groups and animals
that live in solitary.

Scissors, drawing paper, coloured papers, old magazines,
old newspapers, computer, Internet, ribbon,
and glue

Q

Steps

1. Carry out this activity in groups.
2. Choose an animal habitat.
3. Find pictures of animals in the habitat

of your choice from a variety of
sources such as old magazines,
newspapers or the Internet.

4. Discuss in your group about:
 a) Habitat that you have chosen.
 b) Ways the animals live.
 c) Advantages and disadvantages of
     animals living in groups and
   in solitary.
5. Make a mini album based on

your creativity.
6. Present your mini album to the class.
7. Display your mini album at the

display corner of your class.

Which of the following
animals live in groups?

• Zebra

• Eagle

• Scavenger birds

• Leopard

Example of a mini album:

60

Animal
Living

in Solitary

MINI ALBUM

Bees

P
A

N
D

A

A
R

M
A

D
ILLO

S
EL

A
D

A
N

G

BEAR
Two squirrels are competing
for limited shelter.

Factors of Competition
Among Intraspecies and
Interspecies Animals

4.1.4

Vultures are scavengers
that compete for food.

Barnacles compete for the area
on the surface of damp rocks.

How does intraspecies
competition between
animals occur?

61

INTERAKSI ANTARA HIDUPANINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGSINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS
Intraspecies competition among
animals occurs when the basic needs
of animals: food, water, shelter or
territory, and mates are limited.

The deers are competing
for limited water
resources in their habitat.

What would happen to the animals
when they are defeated in
a competition?

The male peacock opens up its
beautiful and attractive feathers
to attract the female peacock. Male
peacocks compete to get partners
to mate.

62
Ants from different species and
colonies compete to defend
their territory.

Interspecies competition among animals
occurs when the basic needs: food,
water, and shelter or territory are limited.
Animals will compete to get the basic needs
to stay alive.

What is the effect of competition
among animals on the total number
of species in a habitat?

A group of zebras and giraffes are drinking from a
limited source of water.

Lions and hyenas compete for
limited food.

How can interspecies
competition between
animals occur?

63

INTERAKSI ANTARA HIDUPANINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGSINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS
The situations below show several types
of interaction between different animals
living in a habitat. Symbiosis is the
relationship between two or more animals
that live closely together. It can occur
in three situations namely mutualism,
commensalism, and parasitism.

How does the symbiosis
between animals affect
other animals?

The symbiosis between
buffaloes and tickbirds is an
interaction that brings benefits
to both the animals. This
interaction is called mutualism.
What are the benefits obtained
by the buffalo and tickbirds
from the interaction?

There are many
lice on your body,
Miss Buffalo.
I will eat them.

The symbiosis between cats and ticks is
an interaction that benefits only one party
and harms another party. This symbiosis
is known as parasitism.

My ears are
very painful.

Symbiosis Among Animals

tick

State other animals that
live symbiotically.

Eat them, Miss Bird. Thank you for reducing
the itchiness on my back.

64 4.1.5
How are the interactions
between animals
important to keep the
balance in nature?

HOTSHOTS

I have a lot of food
today. Thank you,
Mister Shark.

The symbiosis between sharks and remora fish is an interaction between two
different species of fish. This interaction is only beneficial to one species but the
other species does not get any benefit or any bad effect. This symbiosis is known
as commensalism.

Eat as much as
you can. You don’t
disturb me at all.

Sea anemones attach themselves on the shell of
a hermit crab and provide it with extra protection.
When the hermit crab moves, the sea anemones
get a free ride. This cooperation is beneficial to both
parties. What type of interaction is this?

I’m happy. I don’t need to
pay for transport and house
rent. Food is easily found. Thank you

sea anemone for
sticking on this shell.
I feel safe.

65

INTERAKSI ANTARA HIDUPANINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGSINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS
What are the advantages
gained by both animals?

Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Animals Interaction Video

The symbiosis between animals exists in the form of mutualism,
commensalism, and parasitism. These interactions are necessary to
ensure the survival of a species and its population.
 Give examples of other animals that interact through mutualism,
commensalism, and parasitism.

Steps

1. Collect information to describe types of interactions among animals.
2. Download suitable pictures or videos to support the information collected.
3. Prepare a slide presentation about interactions among animals using

MS PowerPoint.
4. Present the outcomes of the task and upload them in your blog.

1. State the types of interactions among animals.
2. What are the effects on animals if interactions do not happen among

the animals in a habitat?

4.1.5
4.1.6

Apparatus and
Materials

Aim To gather information and communicate to describe the
interactions among intraspecies and interspecies animals.

Computer and Internet

Surf the Internet to find out videos on interactions
among animals.

#TEACHER

66
In a forest habitat, interactions occur among plants.
This interaction occurs to ensure that plants receive their
basic needs for survival. Plants that grow in a crowded
area will have to compete for water, sunlight, space,
and nutrients.

Factors of Competition Among Plants

How do plants adapt to get
their basic needs?

Plants grow taller to compete for sunlight. The roots on the
other hand, grow deeper into the ground to get water.

Do plants also face interspecies
and intraspecies competitions
like animals?

How do the interactions among
plants affect other living things?

HOTSHOTS

67

INTERAKSI ANTARA HIDUPAN

4.2.1

INTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGSINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS
Let us look at the situation below.

Good morning.

Good morning.

Wow! It’s so
refreshing.
Why are you
sulking?

Wow! That’s better.
No need to compete
anymore.

How do plants compete for space
and nutrients?

Note the difference between the two pictures.
Why is there a difference in the growth of
the trees?

The plants above compete for nutrients and space causing a difference in the
size of the plants in the same pot.

tropical rainforest oil palm plantation

Nutrients are essential elements needed by plants for growth.
Nutrients consist of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium.

#TEACHER

Let us carry out an investigation to determine the factors causing competition
among plants.

68
Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test

Competition
Among Plants

Apparatus and
Materials

Aim

Activity 1

Activity 2

To investigate water as a factor that causes competition
among plants.

2 pieces of plastic containers, 2 small aquariums, 2 pieces of
wire mesh, 2 small pots, garden soil, chilli seeds, and water

Steps

1. Plant the chilli seeds in the plastic container.
2. Let the seedlings grow for one week.
3. After one week, select chilli seedlings of the same size.
4. Plant two seedlings in Pot A and 10 seedlings in Pot B.
5. Arrange the apparatus and materials as shown.
6. Observe the growth of the chilli roots coming out from the

bottom of the chilli pots after two weeks.

1. What can you observe about the roots of the chilli seedlings?
2. Provide an inference on the growth of the chilli seedlings’ roots.
3. Which factor caused competition between the chilli seedlings?

Apparatus and Materials

Aim To investigate light as a factor that causes competition
among plants.

Pot, garden soil, chilli seeds, box, and water

Steps

1. What observation can you make on the shoots of the chilli seedlings?
2. Provide an inference on the growth of the chilli seedlings’ roots.
3. What can you conclude from this activity?

hole

A

B

1. Plant 10 chilli seeds in a pot filled with
garden soil.

2. Let the chilli seedlings grow for a week.
3. Make a small hole on top of the box.
4. Cover the chilli seedlings with the box.
5. Water the chilli seedlings using a tube placed

into the hole every day.
6. Observe the chilli seedlings after two weeks.

69

INTERAKSI ANTARA HIDUPANINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGSINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS
Activity 3

Activity 4

Apparatus and Materials

Apparatus and Materials

Aim

Aim

To investigate space as a factor which causes competition
among plants.

To investigate nutrients as a factor that causes competition
among plants.

2 plastic containers, garden soil, chilli seeds, and water

2 plastic containers, garden soil, fertiliser,
chilli seeds, and water

1. Plant 20 chilli seeds at a distance of about 5 mm apart in plastic container A
filled with garden soil.

2. Plant 20 chilli seeds at a distance of about 5 cm in container B.
3. Pour equal amount of water every day. Let the seedlings

grow for 3 weeks.
4. Observe the growth rate of the chilli seedlings.

1. What can you observe about the growth rate of
the chilli seedlings?

2. Make an inference based on your observations.

1. What can you observe about the growth of the
chilli seedlings?

2. Make an inference based on your observations.
3. What are the factors that caused the difference in

growth between the chilli seedlings?

Steps

Steps

A

A

without fertiliser

with fertiliser

B

B

1. Plant 10 chilli seeds in two containers A and B at a distance of 5 cm.
2. Leave the chilli seeds to grow for one week.
3. Water the chilli seeds every day with the same amount of water.
4. Sprinkle fertilisers evenly around the chilli seedlings in container B.
5. Observe the growth of the chilli seedlings in containers A and B after two weeks.

70
What is
the type of
interaction
that happens
in plants?

Staghorn ferns attach themselves on
oil palm trees which are higher to
get the supply of water and sunlight
to ensure that they stay alive. This
condition is not harmful to the host
tree. This interaction is known as
commensalism.

What is the interaction
between these living things?

Types of Interaction Among Plants

4.2.3

Plants modify their growth patterns to get the
basic needs. These plants also form an interaction
with other plants. This interaction is known as
symbiosis. The symbiosis between plants is
divided into commensalism and parasitism.

These wild orchids grow on tree trunks.
What type of interaction is this?
How does this interaction happen?

How does the interaction between
plants have a positive effect on the
process of photosynthesis?

HOTSHOTS

Thank you for
allowing me to
grow here.

You’re welcome.
You’re not
disturbing me
at all.

2 plastic containers, garden soil, fertiliser,
chilli seeds, and water

71

INTERAKSI ANTARA HIDUPANINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGSINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS
Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Plant Interaction Chart

Interactions among plants occur to ensure that
the basic needs: water, sunlight, and nutrients are
obtained to stay alive.

1. Collect examples of interactions between plants in a habitat of your choice
from the website.

2. Download and save the related pictures.
3. Print out the pictures.
4. Based on your creativity, design an interesting chart using the pictures

you have chosen.
5. Share the results of your work with your friends.

Steps

4.2.3
4.2.4

What are the effects of the interactions among plants and other living things
in a habitat that you have identified? Explain.

Apparatus and
Materials

Aim To prepare a chart with information on the interactions
among plants in a habitat.

Computer, Internet, printer, scissors, manila card,
glue, and stationery

The loranthus plant grows on
the branches of a mango tree
which is the host tree. It gets
nutrients and water from the
host. In the long term, parts
of the host tree will die. The
relationship between these
plants is called parasitism.

Huh...loranthus growing on my
branches! My branch will rot.

72
Plant Interaction Chart

Let`s
Remember
Let`s
Remember

Symbiosis
Factors of

Interactions

Water

Sunlight

Nutrients

Space

INTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING
THINGS

Animals

Way of life

Groups Solitary

Interactions

Work together to:
•  build nest
•  get food
•  take care of their

safety
•  protect their young
•  defend their

territory

Competition Symbiosis

Factors of
competition

Factors of
competition

Food Food

Habitat or area Habitat or area

Partner

Water Water

Intraspecies Interspecies Commensalism

Commensalism

Parasitism

Parasitism

Mutualism

Advantages

Disadvantages Disadvantages

Advantages

•  overcome
problems with
limited food
sources

•  avoid competition
to find mates

•  easily infected by
disease outbreak

•  easily detected by
predators

•  difficult for weak
animals in a group
to save themselves
from predators

•  easily exposed to
threats of extinction

•  difficult to find
partner during
mating season

•  difficult to protect
itself from enemies

Plants

Interaction

73

INTERAKSI ANTARA HIDUPANINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGSINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS
Mind
Challenge
Mind
Challenge

Answer all of the following questions in the Science exercise books.

Staghorn ferns grow on other trees to
survive. However, the host tree still thrives.
What is the type of interaction between
these plants?

Banana plants reproduce via banana
pups. This situation causes the parent
plant and seedlings to grow close to each
other. What are the factors of competition
between the banana plants and
the seedlings?

In groups In solitary
A. hornbill, squirrel woodpecker, pangolin

B. goat, stork deer, pangolin

C. hyena, lion python, chameleons

D. zebra, python spider, squirrel

A. The relationship that occurs among animals to get the same
basic needs.

B. The relationship that occurs among animals to get the limited
basic needs.

C. The relationship that occurs in intraspecies and interspecies
in getting the basic needs.

D. The relationship that occurs in intraspecies and interspecies
in getting the limited basic needs.

1. Which classification of animals is true based on the way they live?

2. What is the meaning of competition among animals?

3.

4.

74
Put 5 corn seeds in container X and 15 corn seeds in container Y.

Pour the same volume of water in both containers daily.

After two weeks, compare the growth of the corn seedlings.

Prepare two planting containers of the same size and fill the
containers with equal amount of soil. Label the containers X
and Y.

a) Based on the information above, give two suitable inferences on the
differences observed.

b) By selecting one of the inferences you gave in (a), provide another
observation to support that inference.

c) What should the prawn breeder from Pond B do to increase the mass
of the prawns in his pond?

mass: 14 grams mass: 8 grams

Pond A Pond B

5. The following information shows the steps in investigating the factors of
competition among plants.

a)  Arrange the following steps in the correct order.

b) What are the factors of competition between the plants identified
from the steps above?

P

Q

R

S

6. An investigation was conducted by a group of Science Club members on
two prawns from two different prawn culture ponds. The pictures below
show the observations and data they collected.

75

INTERAKSI ANTARA HIDUPANINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGSINTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING THINGS
Let`s

Try
Let`s

Try Terrarium Project

1. Carry out this activity in pairs.
2. Use the Internet to search for information on ways to build a terrarium.
3. Choose a method to build a terrarium and save it.
4. Discuss with your partner on how to do this project.
5. Prepare the apparatus and equipment given in the information you

have collected.
6. Use the information as a guide to build your terrarium.
7. Make observations by taking photos for a period

of one, two, and three months.
8. Compare your observations and write a report

together with your friend and teacher.

Steps

#SAFETY

Wash your hands
with soap after
carrying out
this project.

1. What are the competitions that take place in your terrarium?
2. What are the suitable plants that you used as specimens in carrying out

your project? Give your reasons.

CLICK Terrarium is a mini
garden built in a
transparent container.

Building a terrarium is an interesting and challenging activity.
Teachers can organise this activity as a competition at school
level and sell the terrarium.

#TEACHER

Apparatus and
Materials

Aim
To build a terrarium and understand the competition that
takes place in a habitat.

Computer, Internet, and tools to build a terrarium

76
Why do these animals no longer exist? What caused these animals to
become extinct?

Age of the Dinosaurs

Ice Age

77

PEMELIHARAAN DAN PEMULIHARAAN

55
PRESERVATION
AND CONSERVATION
PRESERVATION
AND CONSERVATION
CLICK

CLICK

Animal Extinction

Animals in
Memories

Taiwan’s clouded
leopard

China’s river dolphin Japanese sea lion Javan tiger

These animals that originated from Asia had gone extinct.

Dodo bird was a tame bird from the island of Mauritius.
These birds could not fly. These animals went extinct
because sailors who stopped there hunted the birds.
Meanwhile, rats and cats ate the eggs.

Tyrannosaurus Rex (T-Rex)
resembled giant lizards that lived in
the age of the dinosaurs. Aside from
the T-Rex, almost all of the animals
in the age of dinosaurs had
become extinct.

Animal extinction means the disappearance of animals from the Earth. We only
know of their existence through the discovery of fossils, history, and research.

The most rational hypothesis for the extinction of dinosaurs
on Earth was the impact of comets or meteors that hit the
Earth. The devastating impact caused the dinosaurs to be
wiped out.

Source: www.geocities.ws

78 5.1.1
Quagga had a body that partially
resembled a horse and a zebra.
Humans hunted these animals for
their meat and skin.

Mammoth that resembled
an elephant lived during
the ice age.

The saber-toothed tiger
had a long canine teeth
which could grow up to
30 cm long.

TASKTASK

1. Search the website for information on other
extinct animals.

2. Make a creative blog presentation consisting of information
on extinct animals that you have gathered.

Give other examples
of extinct animals.

79

PEMELIHARAAN DAN PEMULIHARAANPRESERVATION AND CONSERVATIONPRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION
kacip fatimah

rhinoceros
Rafflesia

dove orchid

pitcher plant

slipper orchid

Threatened with Extinction

Plants such as tongkat ali
is exploited to produce
ingredients for traditional
medicines.

Marine life such as turtles
often die trapped in
fishing nets and trawls.

Dugongs which mainly graze
on sea grasses in the shallow
waters are threatened by
waterfront development.

More animal and plant species are decreasing in numbers
from year to year. Over time, these living things can
become extinct. These living things are said to be under the
threat of extinction or endangered.

The following are animals and plants that
are threatened with extinction.

80 5.1.2
merantikeruingchengal

tiger

orang–utan

tapir

elephant

The panda is increasingly
endangered because its
bamboo forest habitat is
diminishing.

The habitat for
mangrove trees
is reclaimed for
developing ecotourism.

Most of the endangered
animals are big in size. Why? Make a list of animals and plants

that you know are endangered.
Draw a mind map on the
Malaysian animals and plants that
are endangered in your Science
exercise book.

81

PEMELIHARAAN DAN PEMULIHARAANPRESERVATION AND CONSERVATIONPRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION
What are the factors that cause
animals and plants to be
threatened with extinction?

Activities That Threaten
Animals and Plants

Human activities are the main factors
that threaten animals and plants. These
activities include illegal logging, hunting,
deforestation, and pollution.

Meat, skin, fur, ivory, horn, and fat of the animals are hunted
illegally and used for clothing, food, jewellery or traditional
medicines. Rampant poaching causes wild animals to be
threatened with extinction.

Unplanned deforestation for logging,
development, and construction of roads leads to
the destruction of wildlife habitats.

forest fires

rubbish dumping

82 5.1.3
Meat, skin, fur, ivory, horn, and fat of the animals are hunted
illegally and used for clothing, food, jewellery or traditional
medicines. Rampant poaching causes wild animals to be
threatened with extinction.

Natural disasters such as
flood, earthquake, and hurricane also
destroy the habitats of animals and
plants. Natural disasters cause many
animals to die because they are
unable to escape.

Apart from human
activities, animals
and plants are also
threatened by
natural disasters.

tornado

earthquake

flood

Oil spill, rubbish, and toxic wastes
dumped into the environment
threaten the lives of animals
and plants.

oil spill

83

PEMELIHARAAN DAN PEMULIHARAANPRESERVATION AND CONSERVATIONPRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION
Steps

1. Conduct this activity in groups.
2. Use the Internet to gather information on other endangered animals and

plants such as:
•	 name of the animal
•	 habitat
•	 current population that are still alive

3. Based on the information that you have collected, explain the factors that
threatened these animals and plants and classify the threats into the
following categories:
•	 human activities
•	 natural disasters
•	 pollution

4. Using the MS PowerPoint software, create a presentation related to the
plants and animals that are threatened with extinction.

5. Upload your MS PowerPoint presentation into the VLE platform to be
shared with friends.

CLICK CLICK

By visiting this site, http://www.nga.
gov/content/ngaweb/education/kids/
kids-jungle.html, you can build your
virtual forest using selected animals
and plants.

Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Endangered Animals and Plants Blog

5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4

To design a digital presentation on endangered animals and
plants and upload it on a blog.

Apparatus and
Materials

Aim

Computer, Internet, a blog account, and
MS PowerPoint software

The World Wide Fund for Nature, WWF is an
international non-governmental organisation
that supports and carries out preservation and
conservation efforts as well as research on flora
and fauna. This organisation has branches
around the world including Malaysia.

1. State the meaning of extinction and threatened with extinction.
2. Based on the information you have gathered, suggest ways to overcome

the threats faced by these animals and plants.

84
PEMELIHARAAN DAN PEMULIHARAAN

Yes, it is
tame too.

Such a big
rhinoceros!

Preservation of animals and plants

Can you describe ways to
preserve and conserve animals
and plants?

State the meaning
of preservation
and conservation.

The efforts on
preservation and
conservation are
required to save the
animals and plants
from extinction.

5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3

Preservation and Conservation
of Animals and Plants

This rhinoceros is taken
care of by the zoo as a
way to protect it from
being threatened with
extinction.

Preservation means
maintaining the original
state of animals and plants
from being destroyed.

PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATIONPRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION

85
Educate the community to protect animals
and plants from the threats of extinction.

Organise campaigns against
illegal logging and poaching.

Avoid buying products made from
the body parts of endangered animal
species.

Gazette an area of the forest
as forest reserves.

Cutting down only selected trees to
prevent the extinction of plants.

Gazette protected animals and plants
species.

The following are
preservation activities.

86
PEMELIHARAAN DAN PEMULIHARAAN

The Convention on
Wetlands or The Ramsar
Convention provides
a framework for the
conservation and wise use
of wetlands and
their resources.

CLICK

Ramsar Site Pulau
Kukup, Johor.

Some mangrove areas are declared as
Ramsar sites to protect the flora and fauna in
these areas.

Gazette marine parks to protect
animal and plant habitats in the
ocean.

The rehabilitation centre for
orang-utan was created to conserve
orang-utan. This rehabilitation centre
is an example of conservation. Do you
know what is meant by conservation?

Enforce laws and regulations to
those who kill, hunt, and smuggle
endangered animals.

1. Search the website for information on endangered living things in Malaysia.
2. Produce a creative presentation in a blog containing information about

endangered living things.

TASKTASK

PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATIONPRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION

87
Conservation of Animals and Plants
Let’s look at the
conservation activities
in Malaysia.

Before conservation Conservation activities After conservation

Replanting trees in logging areas replaces habitats that have been destroyed.

TASKTASK

Use the Internet or various media sources to look for information on other
endangered animals and plants, and the factors that threaten these plants
and animals with extinction. Suggest suitable preservation and conservation
methods. Explain the role of humans in preserving and conserving animals
and plants. Use MS PowerPoint software and present your findings to
the class.

Conservation is the practice of
protecting animal and plant
species and their habitats to
ensure that they will be around
for future generations.

Turtle conservation centres ensure that
turtles have a high chance of survival to
live in their natural habitat.

88
PEMELIHARAAN DAN PEMULIHARAAN

Let`s
Remember
Let`s
Remember

PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION

ENDANGERED ANIMALS
AND PLANTS

Threat Factors

Human Activities

Preservation and Conservation

Natural Disasters Pollution

Endangered plantsEndangered animals

Ways to Overcome

• illegal logging
• illegal hunting
• exploration of land for

agriculture, development,
industrialisation, and tourism

• road construction
• water, air, and land pollution

• water
 - oil spills
 - disposal of toxic and

waste materials
• air
 - smoke from factories

and forest fires
• soil
 - disposal of toxic and

waste materials

• educate society on protecting
animals and plants from threats of
extinction

• organise campaigns against illegal
logging and poaching

• avoid buying products made from
body parts of endangered species

• gazette forest reserves

• flood
• earthquake
• hurricane

tapir orang-utan

dove
orchid

pitcher
plant

Rafflesia
rhinoceros

• gazette animal and plant species that are
protected

• cutting down trees selectively
• enforce laws and regulations on illegal

hunting and smuggling
• gazette marine parks
• gazette mangrove areas (Ramsar)
• set up rehabilitation centres for animals
• replant forest trees

89

PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATIONPRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION
Mind
Challenge
Mind
Challenge

In conservationIn preservation Extinct Endangered

Answer all of the following questions in the Science exercise book.
1. Choose the activities that support preservation and conservation.

2. The graph shows the number of
animals A, B, C and D that was
recorded from 1995 to 2010.

Based on the graph, state whether
the status of the animals A, B, C
and D are:

3. A group of pupils gathered information on the number of animals for a
particular animal species in a forest area. The table shows the information
they obtained.

a) What can you observe from the information above?

b) State an inference to explain the changes in the number of animals

from 1995–2015.

c) State the change in pattern on the number of animals in the forest.

a) The residence of a successful entrepreneur is decorated with luxurious
decoratives such as carved ivory.

b)  A group of fishermen helped a turtle that was trapped in a drift net on
the beach and the turtle was released into the sea.

c)  A hunter is very proud of the deer antler decoration in the living room
of his house.

d)  The villagers telephoned the Wildlife Department after their crops were
destroyed by wild elephants.

Time (year) 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Number of
animals

800 400 100 100 100 150 210 300 400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Animal A

Animal B

Animal C

Animal D

Number of animal

Year
1995 2000 2005 2010

90
PEMELIHARAAN DAN PEMULIHARAAN

4.  The pictures below show a number of activities to save animals and plants
from further threats of extinction.

Match the activities in the pictures according to the suitable category.

H I J K L

Preservation Conservation

A. H and I J, K and L

B. J and K H, I and L

C. H and J I, K and L

D. J, K and L H and I

5.  The pictures below show animals and plants that are threatened
with extinction.

a) Explain the factors that cause the above animals and plants to be
threatened with extinction.

b) Suggest ways to overcome the threats of extinction on the above
animals and plants.

d) Suggest efforts that can be taken by the government to bring the

number of animals back to its original number.

e) What will happen if the efforts mentioned in (d) fail?

f ) What conclusion can be made from the information given in the table?

91

PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATIONPRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION
Let`s

Try
Let`s

Try Voices of Nature

3.  Discuss, design, and write a suitable dialogue for each character on the back
of each card. The dialogues produced must contain the following words.

4. Act out the drama based on the following situation:

If the plan to build a rest house continues, what appropriate preservation and
conservation steps need to be taken to ensure that the plants and animals are
not threatened?

1. Conduct this activity in groups.
2. Create eight character cards as shown in the examples below.

Steps

Animal Activist
(Defendant)

Wildlife Officer

Plant A
Animal B

Villagers

(Greedy) Animal A

Contractor

(Land Developer)

Village Head

(Fair)

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim To explain the importance of preservation and conservation of the
environment by acting out the drama “The Jungle Dwellers’ Environment”.

Marker pen and card

Damai Village is a tourist attraction because it is located on the highlands
and beside a forest reserve. A construction company plans
to build a rest house for tourism in the village area.

Endangered      Extinct    Species  Preserve  Conserve   Habitat

Hunted          Development        Logging                Law

92
DAYA

Have you ever played the traditional games above?
How do the objects in the games are made to move?

Wow! That is
so fast.

The cans are
dented!

Can you go
faster?

It’s difficult to
pull you. Ha! Ha!

We will
win.

Bamboo dance

Spinning tops

Aim at the cans

Pulling upih

Whoever is
trapped loses
the game.

Hey! My top
spins slowly.The top spins

very fast.

Pull and push
to the beat!

93

66 FORCEFORCE
A force is a pull or a push that acts upon an object. A pull
is an action that moves an object nearer to us. On the other
hand, a push is an action that moves objects away from us.

What force is involved when you start
to move, stop, and turn during cycling?

What is Force?

Rock climbing involves pulling the
rope and pushing onto the rock
holds. The climber’s hand pulls the
rock hold while his leg pushes the
rock hold to gradually climb up the
face of the wall.

How can this boy
move his scooter?

What force is involved when the
mother moves the baby stroller
forward?

What does the climber
need to do to reach
the peak?

A variety of daily activities involve
force. Observe the activities in
the pictures below. Which activity
involves a pull or a push?

94 6.1.1
DAYA

How does the boy move
forward on his roller skates?

What is the force involved
when this worker is pruning
the shrubs?

What force is involved
when the boy is flying
the kite?

What is the force applied by the
paddlers to move their kayaks forward?

What force is
involved during
fishing?

FORCEFORCE

95

FORCEFORCE
Activity 1

Activity 2

Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Feel the Effects of Forces

Steps

Steps

1. Blow and tie the
balloon.

2. Fill the basin with
water.

3. Push the balloon into the
water using your hands.

1. Hold both ends of the spring. 2.  Pull both ends of the spring.

1. What is the meaning of force?
2. What are the forces involved in Activity 1 and Activity 2?
3. What do you feel when the balloon is pushed into the water?

Aim To state the definition of force.

Apparatus and Materials Balloon, basin, and water

Apparatus and Material Spring

CLICK

The gravitational force of attraction
between the Sun and the Earth
causes the Earth to constantly
revolve around the Sun.

96 6.1.1
A force can change the shape of an object.

A force can change the direction of motion of an object.

A force can stop a moving object.

DAYA

A force cannot be seen
but we can feel and
see its effects.

Before

Before

Before

After

After

After

Effects of Forces

You will feel the effect of force when
your hand is pushed by a friend.
Observe the effects of the
following forces.

976.1.2

FORCEFORCE
A force can move a stationary object.

A force can change the speed of an object.

Before

Before

After

After

Apparatus and Material

Aim To observe the effects of forces when a balloon is released.

Balloon

Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Observing the Effects of Forces

Steps

Blow a balloon and hold the
neck of the balloon using your
fingers to avoid air
being released.

What are the effects of forces
that you observed in
this activity?

1

98
Release the balloon and observe its movement.

1. Explain five effects of forces that
can be identified in this activity.

2. Sketch your observations on the
condition of the balloon in the table
as shown below:

Effect of
force

Condition
of balloon

Q

CLICK

The movement of the Earth’s ocean floor
creates a push causing a strong wave to move
to the land area. The strong force from the
waves pushes various objects on the land and
destroys it.

DAYA

Choose the correct statement about
force.

2

•	 An object that is moving will keep
on moving until it is stopped by
a force.

•	 All moving objects will finally stop.

99
6.1.2
6.1.3

FORCEFORCE
Frictional Force

The carrom striker moves because of the push applied by
flicking the finger. However, the carrom striker stopped
because of the frictional force between the carrom striker
and the surface of the carrom board.

A frictional force is the force generated
when two surfaces are in contact.

6.2.1

What is frictional force?

Oh, no! It has
stopped.

Why does the
carrom striker stop
moving?

100
DAYA

Observe the movement of the carrom
striker again. Do you know the
direction of the frictional force?

A frictional force often opposes the direction of a moving object.

A frictional force can also cause a
moving object to slow down and finally
stop.

No wonder this carrom
striker slowed down and
finally stopped.

Try to give examples of daily
activities that involve frictional
force.

The direction of the frictional
force is opposite to the
movement of the carrom striker.

direction of motion
of carrom striker

direction of frictional force

Q

•	 A frictional force occurs when two surfaces are in contact.
•	 A frictional force moves parallel with the direction of motion of

an object.
•	 A frictional force often opposes the direction of motion of an object.
•	 A frictional force causes a moving object to slow down and

finally stop.

Choose the correct statements on frictional force.

Identify the two surfaces that are in contact which
cause frictional force in the following situations.

101

FORCEFORCE
In this investigation:
1. Plan the steps to carry out this experiment using the given

apparatus and materials.
2. Conduct the experiment.
3. Record the results in a suitable table.
4. Make conclusions based on the experiment.
5. Write a report of the experiment.

Type of Surface

A frictional force is influenced by factors such
as the type of surface and mass of the object.

Factors That Affect Frictional Force
What are the factors that affect
a frictional force?

6.2.2

Experiment 1

Let us investigate using a toy
car moving on different types
of surfaces.

Aim To investigate how types of surfaces affect frictional force.

Apparatus and materials needed
are toy car, rubber band, plastic
sheet, a piece of cardboard,
a piece of carpet, and measuring
tape.

How do the type
of surfaces affect
frictional force?

Construct your hypothesis based on the problem
statement. Identify the manipulated variable,
responding variable, and constant variables in this
experiment.

The operational definition for frictional force in this experiment
is the measurement of the distance travelled by the toy car on
different types of surfaces.

#TEACHER

Problem statement

If the mass of the
trolleys is the same,
which trolley is easier
to push?

cement floor grass

A B

102
Mass of Object

DAYA

Problem Statement How does the mass of an object affect frictional force?

1. What can you observe from the distance travelled by
the toy car on the different types of surfaces?

2. On which surface did the toy car record the longest
distance? What is your inference?

3. Predict the distance travelled by the toy car if it moves on
a tarred road.

4. What is the relationship between the type of surface and
the distance travelled by the toy car?

Experiment 2

We observe which toy
lorry travels the
longest distance.

Why is it difficult to move this
cupboard? The other cupboard
can be pushed easily!

Plan and conduct
the experiment.

1. What can you observe from the distance travelled by the toy lorries?
2. Which toy lorry recorded the longest distance? State your inference.
3. What is the relationship between the mass and the distance travelled by the

toy lorries? Is your hypothesis accepted?

Let’s test using three
toy lorries with different
mass or load.

What will happen to
the objects on Earth
if frictional force
does not exist?

HOTSHOTS

FORCEFORCE

103
HOTSHOTS
How can the design of these tyres
overcome the problems caused by
frictional force?

Due to the rain, all the racers
are heading to the pit stop to
change tyres.

Why did the racers often go to the pit
stop to change tyres? How does frictional
force affect the race?

soft tyre hard tyre

Oh, no! It’s
going to rain.

The Malaysian Grand Prix
race is going on right now
at the Sepang International
Circuit.

Commentator

Commentator

6.2.3104

Effects of Frictional Force
Do you know the
disadvantages of frictional
force?

There are situations whereby frictional
force causes problems in our daily life.

It is difficult to move the table because of frictional force.

Help me! It’s
difficult to move
this table.

DAYA

What are the advantages of frictional force?

Our hands feel hot because frictional force occurs and produces heat.

Why do my hands
feel hot?

Try rubbing both
your hands
together.

Frictional force can make
an object remains static.

The frictional force between
the surface of the hand and
the object allows us to hold
the object with a firm grip.

The frictional force
between the soles of
the shoes and the floor
surface allows us to walk
without slipping.

FORCEFORCE

105
Oh, no! The gears are
rusty.

Be careful, my
friends. This slope
is quite steep.

Now, the brakes
are not functioning!
Help!

Lim, why is
your bicycle
making noise?

Frictional force causes surfaces
to be worn out.

Frictional force produces
unwanted noise.

Based on the situations
below, state the
disadvantages of frictional
force.

Frictional force produces noise
in an iron cutter machine.

Frictional force causes
the soles of shoes to
wear out.

Frictional force causes the
golf ball to stop.

Let’s look at the disadvantages
of frictional force in our daily life.
What are the effects of frictional
force in the following situations?

Your bicycle tyres
are also worn out!

The brakes are
worn out too!

106
DAYA

HOTSHOTS

How is sound
produced when a
violin is played?

Why do trains take a
long time to stop after the
brakes are applied?

Why do pistons produce heat? Why does a glass
filled with cold
water move on its
own when placed
on a table surface
made of glass?

Increasing and Decreasing
Frictional Force

There are several circumstances that require more frictional force to help us do
work. By increasing frictional force, the work can be carried out more efficiently
and easily.

It’s difficult to
open the jar. Too
tight!

The palm of your
hand may be
slippery. Well, use
this towel.

You’re right. I’m
able to remove the
lid easily by using
a dry towel!

Of course. It’s because the
dry towel increases the
frictional force on the surface
of the lid as opposed to the
palm of your hand that is
slippery.

FORCEFORCE

1076.2.4
How can we increase the
frictional force in our daily
activities?

Anti-slip mats are used to increase
the frictional force between the wet
floor and the mat.

The mouse pad increases the frictional
force between the computer mouse
and the mouse pad. Therefore, the
movement of the computer mouse is
easily controlled.

Patterns on the surface of gloves
increase the frictional force and make it
easier to grip objects.

Weightlifters use magnesium
carbonate chalk powder to lift the
metal barbell. This chalk powder is
used to increase the frictional force
and grip to prevent the metal barbell
from slipping.

Patterned and rough shoes soles can
prevent us from slipping while walking
or running.

How does the design
of a safety helmet
help cyclists move
faster?

HOTSHOTS

108 6.2.4
DAYA

In other circumstances, the frictional force produced creates problems and
needs to be overcomed or reduced.

Dad, look at this window. It
is making a creaking sound
and is more difficult to open.

Most probably the
window opener
is rusty.

It’s easy. We need to
apply some grease on
the surface of the window
opener that rubs against
each other.

So, the use of lubricants such as grease or
oil can reduce the frictional force on parts
that rub against each other. Thank you, dad.

See, there is no
more creaking
sound and this
window can be
opened easily.

The use of rollers and wheels reduce
the frictional force and make objects
move easily.

The use of lubricants in motor vehicles reduces
the excessive frictional force in the engine
compartment.

Do you know other ways of reducing
frictional force in our daily activities?

FORCEFORCE

109
This knife is
blunt.

No wonder it is
difficult for you to cut
the chicken, mum.

Ouch! It’s painful.

What are the effects of frictional force that you
can identify in both situations?

How can you help if you are in the
situations above? Should the frictional force
be increased or decreased? Why? Suggest
ways to increase or decrease the
frictional force.

Problem Solving

Wax is applied to the tracks
of drawers so that it can be
opened and closed easily.

The use of boric acid powder
makes the carrom seeds move
easily.

Situation A Situation B

110
DAYA

Let`s
Remember
Let`s
Remember

Pull

changes the
direction of motion

of an object

moves a
stationary object

Disadvantages of frictional forceAdvantages of frictional force

Ways to increase
frictional force

Ways to reduce
frictional force

•	 use lubricants
•	 use grease
•	 use rollers and

ball bearings
•	 use wax
•	 use boric acid powder

changes the
shape of an

object

changes the
speed of an

object

stops a moving
object

Push

•	 use patterned soles and
surfaces

•	 make the surface
rougher

•	 use anti-slip mats
•	 use magnesium

carbonate chalk powder

•	 produces heat
•	 slows down a moving object and

stops it
•	 holds an object
•	 makes an object stay static
•	 sharpens tools

•	 produces unwanted noise
•	 makes movement difficult
•	 causes the soles of shoes and tyres of

vehicles to be worn out

Effects of a Force

FORCE

Affecting
factors

Frictional Force

•	 type of surface
•	 mass of object

111

FORCEFORCE
Mind
Challenge
Mind
Challenge

Answer all of the following questions in the Science exercise book.

2. State the types of force involved in the following activities.

1. Explain the effects of force on the objects in the following activities.

a) Noor hits a stationary ball with a hockey stick.
b) Kugan catches a ball thrown at him.
c) Rose hits the shuttlecock moving towards her.
d) Raju is kneading roti canai dough.

Ball
Time taken to reach the end of the

track (s)

X 4

Y 8

a) Give two inferences on the difference in the time taken to reach the end
  of the track between the two balls.
 b)  Based on your answers in (a), make a suitable hypothesis.

The 300 g metal ball travelled 150 cm.
The 200 g metal ball travelled 200 cm.
The 100 g metal ball travelled 350 cm.

4. Ahmad pushed three different metal balls of different masses with the
same amount of force. The distance travelled by the three metal balls are
as follows.

3. The table below shows the results of an investigation. Ball X and Ball Y
were released on an inclined plane. The time taken by the two balls to
reach the end of the track was recorded.

Activity Force

a) Putting on socks

b) Squeezing toothpaste

c) Cutting wood using a handsaw

d) Playing the piano

e) Pumping tyre using a hand pump

112
DAYA

a) Which metal ball experiences the biggest frictional force?
b) Give reasons to support your answer in (a).
c) Transfer the data in the form of a bar chart.

5. The picture shows a boy pulling
 a box. How can he move the box
  more easily?

I.   Using wooden rollers.
II.   Create a pattern on the surface of the box.
III. Ensure the surface of the box is clean.
IV.   Put a cloth under the box and pull it using the cloth.

A. I and II       B. II and III
C. II and IV     D. I and IV

6. A group of pupils carried out an investigation on a toy car that moves on
different types of surfaces. They found that the distance travelled by the toy
car is as follows:

Type of
surface

Distance travelled by
toy car (cm)

X 50

Y 40

Z 30

a) Write an observation of this investigation.
b) Give an inference based on your observation in (a).
c) What is the aim of this investigation?
d) If surface X is a plastic sheet and surface Y is a piece of sandpaper,

predict surface Z.

The mass of a vehicle affects the amount of frictional force
experienced by it.

e) State a relationship between the two variables gathered based on
the statement above.

113

FORCEFORCE
CLICK

Hovercraft is a vehicle that moves using a layer of air
cushion that helps to reduce frictional force. Thus, enabling
it to move on the surface of land and water.

Let`s

Try
Let`s

Try Model of a Simple Hovercraft

Steps

How does the air inside the balloon help
move your simple hovercraft easily?

Stick the bottom of the pop-top cap over
the hole of the compact disc. Leave it
to dry.

Open the pop-top cap and apply
hot glue on the bottom of the cap.

Blow the balloon. Twist the mouth of the
balloon and stretch it over the pop-top cap.

5  Report your observations in
front of the class. HOTSHOTS

Why is the shape of
the ice skating shoes
different from the
ice climbing boots?

Apparatus and
Materials

Aim To reduce frictional force by applying an air cushion.

Balloon, used compact disc, pop-top cap, and hot glue gun

1 2

3 4

Hot glue gun can be replaced with strong glue or any type of
glue that dries up easily.

#TEACHER

Place the model of your simple hovercraft
on the table and pull the pop-top cap.

114
A motion that is fast or slow determines how soon or later an object
reaches its destination. Observe the pictures above. What should the
athletes do to win the race in the sports events?

Running

Swimming

Bicycle Racing

115

KELAJUAN

77 SPEEDSPEED
What is Speed?
All moving objects have speed. Different objects move with different speeds.
What is the meaning of speed?

Dad, is it
still far?

Err…another half
an hour at this
speed.

That’s too long, I’m bored.
Can’t we get there earlier? Yes, we need to drive

slightly faster if we want to
reach there sooner.

Don’t!

Why not,
mom?

Better late as long
as we are safe.

We need to abide
by the speed limit.

km/j

116 7.1.1
A slow moving car has
less speed. Is that
correct, mom?

Yes, a slow moving car will
take a longer time to reach
its destination.

Half an hour later... Oh, I understand! Speed is the
measurement of how fast or slow
an object travels from one place to
another.

What will happen if the car
driven by Dina’s dad travels
at the same speed as the
bicycles? Why?

Light too has speed because light travels from one
place to another in a very short time. The speed of
light is 300 000 000 m/s in a vacuum.

CLICK

Hey, dad’s car
is faster.

Why did they arrive here later?
Is it because they were
moving slower?

117

KELAJUANSPEEDSPEED
Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Your Speed

Steps

1. Conduct this activity in pairs on the field.
2. Stick adhesive tape on the starting line, measure 20 m

away from it and stick the tape to mark the finishing line.
3. Ask your friend to travel along the track using different

motions such as walk, brisk walk, and run.
4. Record the time taken for your friend to travel from the

starting to the finishing line as shown in the table below.

Types of motion Distance (m) Time (s)

Walk 20

Brisk walk 20

Run 20

5. Use MS Excel to draw a bar chart.
6. Discuss the results of your investigation.

1. Which type of motion enabled your friend to reach the finishing line first? Why?
2. What is the meaning of speed based on this activity?

Q
The picture shows the race between Sang Kancil and
Sang Kura-Kura. Which of the following statements are
correct?
•	 Sang Kancil travels faster than Sang Kura-Kura.
•	 Sang Kura-Kura travels slower than Sang Kancil.
•	 Sang Kancil will reach the finishing line earlier than Sang Kura-Kura.
•	 Sang Kura-Kura will reach the finishing line earlier than

Sang Kancil.

Apparatus and Materials

Aim To investigate the speed in various types of motion.

Stopwatch, measuring tape, marker pen, and adhesive tape

118
7.1.1
7.1.6
Units for Speed

centimetre per
second (cm/s)

Speed involves the measurement of distance and time covered by a travelling
object. The unit for speed is a combination of both distance and time.
The following are a few examples of units of speed.

1 second

1 second

1 hour

metre per second (m/s)

kilometre per hour (km/h) A horse can travel as far as
76 km in one hour.
The unit for its speed is km/h.

A squirrel can travel
5 metres in one second.
The unit for its speed is m/s.

5 m/s

1.3 cm/s

This snail moves slowly
because snails can only travel
1.3 centimetres in one second.
Therefore, the unit for its speed
is cm/s.

76 km/h

The information above is obtained from
www.infoplease.com.

#TEACHER

HOTSHOTS
Why is the unit of speed in km/h not suitable in measuring the speed
of a pupil who is walking?

Stopwatch, measuring tape, marker pen, and adhesive tape

119

KELAJUAN

7.1.2

SPEEDSPEED
#TIPS

The centre of a circle
can be determined by
folding the circle.

centre of
a circle

fold
marks

Tortoises are one of the slowest animals
in the world. A tortoise can travel
7.6 centimetres in 1 second. What is the
unit of its speed?

The units for speed are centimetre per second (cm/s), metre per second (m/s),
and kilometre per hour (km/h). Look at the pictures below. What are the units of
speed used?

The fastest man in the world can run the
100-metre race in 9.58 seconds. What is
the suitable unit of speed to use?

To design a speedometer or speed meter with different units.

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim

Scissors, compass, protractor, ruler, pen, pencil, glue, manila card
(3 different colours), straw, and adhesive tape

Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Speedometer with Different Units

F1 cars can race with a speed of
360 kilometres in 1 hour. What is the unit
of speed used?

Conduct this activity individually.

Draw and cut out two circles with
diameters of 14 cm and 18 cm
respectively, on two manila cards.

Steps

7.1.2

Draw and cut out the third manila card
into a 9 cm shaped needle as shown.

1

2

3

The information above is obtained from
www.infoplease.com, www.sciencekids.co.nz, and Wikipedia.

#TEACHER

CLICK

The standard unit for measuring
speed in the metric system
is metre per second and is
normally written as m/s.

18
 cm

14 cm

9 cm

120
Using your speedometer, what is the speed
of 45 km/h in m/s?

Place the protractor at the centre
of the 14 cm-diameter circle.
Starting with angle 0o, mark a
point for each angle of 10o until
250o.

Draw a straight line to
connect the centre of the
circle to all the points.

Use a pen and label numbers
0 to 25.

Repeat steps 4 to 5 with the
18 cm-diameter circle. This
time, starting with angle  0o,
mark a point for each angle of
27.7o until 250o.

Write the unit for speed
on each circle of the
speedometer. Divide the
scale into 5 equal parts.

Label the numbers 0 to 90.

Cut the end of a straw to the
shape as shown in the picture.
Stick the needle at the end of
the straw. Make a hole to fit
the straw at the centre of
the circle.

Align the scales at number
0 and glue the two circles at
both centres.

Fix the needle to the centre
of the speedometer as
shown in the picture above.

4

7

10

5

8

11

6

9

12

13 Use the speedometer that you have made to
indicate speed using different units.

centre
of circle

centre of
circle

121

KELAJUANSPEEDSPEED
During the school‘s sports day, Amir overtook other pupils in the sprint race.

Wow! Amir is
very fast.

Let us investigate the relationship between speed, distance, and time. What are
the factors that influence the speed of a moving object?

Relationship between Speed,
Distance, and Time

I think Amir will
reach the finishing
line first.

The hypothesis is the speed
of an object increases if the
object travels farther within a
set time.

State the hypothesis to be
tested first.

Apparatus and materials
needed in this investigation are
toy car, measuring tape or ruler,
stopwatch, and a long rubber
band.

What are the variables
involved in this
investigation?

Are you sure?
Let’s test.

122 7.1.3
Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test

Relationship between Speed
and Distance

To investigate the relationship between speed and distance

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim

Toy car, stopwatch, metre ruler, and rubber bands

Steps

Stretch and twist the long
rubber band and loop the
ends to the legs of a chair.
Place the toy car in front of
the rubber band.

Pull the toy car with
the rubber band 5 cm
backwards.

Release the toy car.

Stop the car after
3 seconds.

•	 Join small rubber bands to form a long rubber band.
•	 The toy car will travel faster when it is pulled farther

backwards using a rubber band.

#TEACHER

Why was the rubber band
pulled 10 cm in step 6?

Measure the distance
travelled by the toy car.

Repeat steps 1 to 4 by pulling the rubber band 10 cm backwards.

Record the distance travelled by the toy car in the table as shown below.

Distance of rubber band
streched backwards (cm)

Distance travelled by
the car (cm)

5

10

1 2

5

3

4

6

7

123

KELAJUANSPEEDSPEED
Write a report for this
investigation.

Based on the information obtained in
this investigation, what is the relationship
between speed and the distance travelled
within the set time?

1. What are your observations after the toy car was pulled and released at
different distances of the rubber band stretched backwards?

2. Make inferences based on the observations.
3. What is the relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding

variable in this investigation?
4. Predict the distance travelled by the toy car if 6 cm and 15 cm distances are

used in your investigation.

What other factors affect the time taken by a moving object to travel? How does
speed affect the time taken for an object to travel a fixed distance? Let us do the
next activity.

Q

Do stationary
objects have speed?
Why?

CLICK Every vehicle that moves on the road has
a speedometer mounted on the front
panel of the driver’s seat. A speed meter
or speedometer is important to indicate
the speed of a vehicle in km/h.

Car P Q R

Time taken (s) 5 6 3

1. Which of the following shows the shortest distance travelled within the
same duration of time?

2. The table below shows the time taken by three types of toy cars
P, Q and R to travel 3 metres.

Toy car  _____ travels slower than toy car _____ but faster than toy

car _____.

•		80	km/h	 •		120	km/h	 •		95	km/h

124
KELAJUAN

Problem statement
How does speed affect the time taken for an object to travel?

If the distance travelled by an object is fixed, what is
the relationship between time and its speed?

1. What should you do to obtain a shorter travel time for the same distance?
2. What is the relationship between speed and travel time of an object?
3. State the conclusion of your experiment.

Observe the needle of the speedometer of your father’s car
while driving. Does the needle of the speedometer always
show the same reading? Why?

Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test

Relationship between Speed
and Time

To investigate the relationship between speed and time.

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim

Toy car, one metre long board, books, stopwatch, and
adhesive tape

I think that the
time taken by
the object that
moves faster
is shorter.

Conduct an investigation to study the relationship between the speed of an
object and the time taken to reach a fixed distance. Plan and conduct the
investigation to test your hypothesis. Write a report on the results of
the investigation.

Let’s investigate.

finishing lin
e

Toy cars will move faster when they are released on
 a steeper ramp.

#TEACHER

SPEEDSPEED

125
Calculating Speed
The speed of an object is the distance travelled by the object within a unit of time.
Observe the two situations in the pictures below.

Situations A and B show that the distance travelled increases as time increases.
Both pupils travelled 5 meters every second. Therefore, their speed is the same,
that is 5 m/s.

In the situation above, the distance travelled
within 5 seconds is 30 metres. What is the
distance travelled in 1 second?
The distance travelled in 1 second

Therefore, the speed for the movement of
the pupil is 6 m/s.

0 m

0 m

0 m

25 m

50 m

30 m

HOTSHOTS

The measure of 50 cm is
longer than 30 cm. Compare
50 cm/s and 30 cm/s. Which
speed is higher? Why?

=  30 metres
    5 seconds

= 6 metres per seconds

What is the
speed in
each of the
situation?

7.1.4

0 s

0 s

0 s

5 s

5 s

10 s

Situation A

Situation B

How can speed be calculated?
Let us calculate the speed of the motion of the
pupil above.

126
KELAJUAN

Observe the following situation.

In a relay race, Amir ran 100 metres in 50 seconds.
What is his speed?

Q

1. A motorcycle took 1 minute to travel 600 metres. What is the speed
in m/s?

2. A tortoise travels with a speed of 25 cm/s. How far can the tortoise
travel in 4 seconds?

Speed =
Distance

Time

=

=

200 km
2 hours

100 km/h

Speed has a relationship with the distance travelled by an object and the
time taken for it to travel. Therefore, speed can be calculated by dividing the
distance travelled with the time taken. Speed can be calculated using the
formula below.

Speed =
Distance

Time

This train took 2 hours
to travel 200 km. What
is its speed?

CLICK

The speed of light is faster than the speed of sound. Therefore, during lightning,
you will see strikes of light before the sound of thunder is heard. The speed of
sound is 344 m/s in dry air at the temperature of 20°C.

SPEEDSPEED

127
Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test

5. Calculate the speed for each journey
using the formula you have learnt.

6. Record the distance, time, and speed
for each journey in the table as shown.

7. Compare the speed obtained from

Google Maps

Steps

1. Conduct this activity individually.
2. Surf Google Maps at www.google.com.my/maps.
3. Find out:

• the distance and driving travel time
• the distance and walking travel time
from your house to the nearest town centre.

4. The steps to use Google Maps are shown below.

How useful is the above activity in our daily life?

Journey Distance Time Speed

Car

Walking

To determine speed using Google Maps application.

Apparatus and Materials

Aim

Computer and Internet

choose the travel method

fill information about the
starting location and your
destination in this space

select the
recommended routes

Google Maps with the speed calculated using the formula.

128 7.1.4
7.1.5
KELAJUAN

Definition
Measurement of how fast or slow

an object moves from one place to
another.

Unit
centimetre per second (cm/s)

metre per second (m/s)
kilometre per hour (km/h)

Distance Factor
Travels farther within the

same period of time.

Time Factor
Takes a shorter time to
travel along the same

distance.

Speed =
Distance

Time

Formula

10 s

10 s

20 m

20 m

SPEED

10 m

20 m

20 s

10 s

SPEEDSPEED

129

Let`s
Remember
Let`s
Remember SPEED
Mind
Challenge
Mind
Challenge

Answer all of the following questions in your Science exercise book.

1. The bar chart compares the time taken by three different pupils to finish a
100-metre race. What conclusion can you make?

A. Dina moves the fastest.
 B. Amir moves slower than Dina but faster
  than Lim.
 C. Lim moves faster than Dina and Amir.
 D. Amir moves faster than Lim but slower
   than Dina.

2. The table shows the distance travelled by four types of vehicles P, Q, R and
S in two hours.

Vehicle P Q R S

Distance Travelled (km) 170 190 150 200

Which of the following is correct?

Vehicle Distance (km) Time (hour)

X 120 2

Y 300 3

Z 450 5

3. The table shows the distance travelled and the time taken by
 three vehicles.

Dina Lim Amir

Time taken (s)

Pupil

a) The vehicle with the fastest speed is  _____.

b) Vehicle X has a speed of   __________.

c) Vehicle _____ travels slower than vehicle Y but faster than vehicle  _____.

A. Q moves faster than S.
B. R moves faster than P.
C. Q moves faster than P and R.
D. P moves slower than R and S.

130
KELAJUAN

4. At 8.30 a.m., Dina’s father left the house and reached his office at 9.00 a.m.
 If Dina’s father was driving at a speed of 60 km/h, what is the distance
  between his house and the office?

5. If Amir’s toy car travels at a speed of 3 m/s, how far can the car travel in
  5 seconds?

6. Rani’s school bus takes half an hour to reach the school that is situated
 20 kilometres away from her house.
 a) Use the formula to calculate the speed of the school bus.
 b) If the speed of the school bus is increased 40 km/h more than the
  speed in (a), what is the time needed for the bus to reach the school?

7. In an investigation, toy car P was released down a 3-metre inclined plane.
  The investigation was repeated using toy cars Q and R of different masses.
  The time needed for the three toy cars to reach the end of the inclined plane
  is recorded.

a)  Based on the results in the bar chart above, state two constant variables.
 b)  What is your observation from this investigation?
 c)  State one inference to explain your answer in (b).
 d)  In this investigation, state the
      i. manipulated variable
     ii. responding variable
 e) Which toy car is the slowest? What is its speed?
 f) Predict the time taken by toy car P if the height of the inclined plane
  is increased.

SPEEDSPEED

131

P Q R
Toy car

Time
taken (s)

3

6

10
Let`s

Try
Let`s

Try My Car Model is Very Fast

Steps

Scissors, ruler, pencil, 4 compact discs, cardboard, satay sticks, straw

from small packet drinks, paper clips, rubber bands, and adhesive tape

How can you improve your car model so that it can
move faster?

• Recycled materials such as bottle caps and tissue rolls can
   be used to build car models.
• Tie rubber band together to make it longer.

#TEACHER

To design model of a car that can travel fast.

Apparatus
and Materials

Aim

Cut out the cardboard as
the base for the car model
according to the shape and
measurement shown above.

Cut and glue the straw on
the cardboard as shown in
the picture above.

Cover the holes of the compact
discs with cardboard and
adhesive tape.

Poke the satay stick into
the middle section of the
compact disc.

Insert the remaining satay
stick into the straw.

Attach another compact disc to
the other end of the satay stick
as the car wheels.

Tie the long rubber band to
the satay stick as shown in
the picture.

Pull and stick the rubber band
to the other end of the base of
the car using a paper clip.

5

1

6

7 8

2 3

4

7.1.5

Turn the car wheels
that is tied to the rubber
band and release it on a
smooth surface to move
your car model.

Present the car model
you designed and
compete in a race against
the other groups.

9

10

132
Presently, the use of chemical
preservatives allows food to last for a
longer period of time.

Louis Pasteur discovered a method to destroy
bacteria by heating and cooling liquids.

500,000 BC

Ancient Arab society
dried and stored food as
preparation in case
of flood.

Humans rubbed salt into
food to avoid wastage and
shortage of food.

12,000 BC

1400 AD
1862

Present Day

Cooking food using fire is the
earliest preservation method
in human civilisation.

133

PENGAWETAN MAKANAN

88 FOOD PRESERVATIONFOOD PRESERVATION

Since ancient times, humans have been preserving food using various
methods. State the importance of food preservation.
Chicken
meat

Fish

I’m so hungry. I’ll
eat now.

Eww! It’s
sour!

This means that
the sandwich is
spoiled.

But how do we
know that the food is
spoiled?

The colour
has changed.

Spoilt fish changes
texture and has an
unpleasant smell.

Drinks or food that is
spoiled is harmful to our
health.

Food Spoilage

Spoilt chicken meat changes
to a dark colour, has an
unpleasant smell and slimy
texture.

8.1.1

fish

chicken meat

Let’s look at the
characteristics of
spoiled food!

Eww! It is
smelly.

Hey, isn’t that
yesterday’s sandwich?

134
Rice, bread,
and cake

Vegetables
and fruits

Milk

This rice is
mouldy.

The rice becomes soft,
slimy with dark spots
and smells sour.
The bread, baulu, and
cake contain dark
spots.

Spoilt vegetables
change to a
yellowish colour
and wilt.

Spoilt fruits change
texture, colour, and
become mouldy.

Spoilt milk changes texture, becomes
frothy, tastes sour, and has an
unpleasant smell.

Spoilt milk is
frothy.

banana

apple

watermelon

baulu

rice

bread

cabbage

vegetables

Spoilt food can be
observed using our
sense of sight, smell,
taste, and touch.

Can you explain the
characteristics of
spoilage on other
examples of food?

There is a growth
of fungi on the
bread.

135

PENGAWETAN MAKANANFOOD PRESERVATIONFOOD PRESERVATION
Wow! This
is fun.

All right, father.
We already had
breakfast.

Hurry up, we are late.
You’ll be late for school.

Good news, my friends!
Looks like there is food for us.

Wait, don’t
leave me.

Eww, it smells
sour.

Unfortunately, this
food is spoilt.

7.00 a.m.

9.00 p.m.

8.1.2

Causes of Food Spoilage

We are the
cause!!!

Why do exposed food become
spoilt?

Food becomes spoilt as a result
of the actions by microorganisms.

136
A storm hit Pak Ali’s village and
destroyed his properties including a
mango orchard.

Food Preservation

Don’t worry, Pak Ali. We can
still save them.

Such a pity. These mangoes didn’t
ripe in time. These young mangoes
will be wasted.

How do we
do it?

8.1.3

Based on the situation above, how can Pak Ali ensure that his mangoes
will not be spoilt?

We can help Pak Ali by carrying out food
preservation processes on his mangoes.

What is the purpose of
food preservation?

Food preservation is a method of
processing food that can prevent
or slow down the life processes of
microorganisms.

So, the preserved
food will last longer.

137

PENGAWETAN MAKANANFOOD PRESERVATIONFOOD PRESERVATION
The high temperature
kills most of the
microorganisms.

Boiling is the process
of heating food at high
temperature.

Boiling

Pickling
Pickling is the process of brining food in a sugar or salt
solution. This method is commonly used to preserve
fruits and vegetables.

Boiling makes the rendang
lasts longer.

The acidity or high sugar
concentration makes the
condition unsuitable for
microorganisms to grow
and reproduce.

Pouring the
sugar or salt
solution onto
the fruits.

A bottle of
pickled chilly.

Different types of pickled fruits.

The process of
removing air from
a container or
food packaging.

Without air, the
bacteria cannot grow
and reproduce.

Vacuum
packing

carrots

sausages

There are various methods of food preservation that can be
used to ensure that food lasts longer.

Food Preservation Methods

8.1.4138
Lower temperatures cause
microorganisms to become less active.
They also grow and reproduce at a
slower rate.

Drying is the method of removing or getting rid of
most of the water from food. Food can be dried
under the sun or in an oven.

Drying

dried vermicellitamarind peel

Cheese manufacturing is one method
of preserving fresh milk. What are the
controlling factors that make cheese
lasts longer?

Process of drying
dried fish

Without air, the
bacteria cannot grow
and reproduce.

corn pack

mushroom

Freezing is the process
of keeping food at the
freezing point (0°C) or
lower.

Cooling is the process
of keeping food in a
surrounding temperature
below 18°C.

When the temperature is below the freezing
point, microorganisms become inactive.

Freezing and
cooling

The absence of water causes microorganisms
to die or become inactive.

dried fish

139

PENGAWETAN MAKANANFOOD PRESERVATIONFOOD PRESERVATION
Canning and bottling involve
the process of boiling food to
kill microorganisms. The food
is then left to cool and put in
an airtight container.

Canning and bottling

milking cows

Pasteurisation

salted fish

Salting uses salt to
remove moisture from
food. This method has
been used for a long time.
It is used in salting fish,
eggs, and vegetables.

Salting

salted eggs

Waxing is the process of coating fruits
and vegetables such as apples, oranges,
lemons, and tomatoes with liquid wax to
prevent the growth of microorganisms on
their surfaces. This method also helps to
retain the freshness of fruits.

Waxing

Smoking is the method of
drying food with smoke for
a long period of time. This
method inhibits the growth
of microorganisms.

Smoking

smoked meat

140
pasteur pipe

heating instant
cooling

Canning and bottling

pasteurised milk

Heating at boiling temperature kills
most bacteria that are active without
affecting much the taste and nutritional
value of the food.

Pasteurisation is the process of heating food to a certain
temperature for some time and followed by rapid cooling.

milking cows

CLICK Louis Pasteur was the scientist who
discovered that the method of heating
followed by rapid cooling kills most
bacteria. The method known as
pasteurisation is named after him.

smoked fish

smoked banana

Food is filled
into the can.

Can is sealed to
make it airtight.

Cans are cooled
by immersing
into water or
spraying water.

Cans are heated in
a pressure cooker to
kill most bacteria.

Cans are labelled
and packed for
marketing.

Can is filled with sauce,
oil or sugar solution.

1 2

3

4 5 6

TASKTASK

Using your creativity, create a new type of
preserved food innovatively using a preservation
method that you have learnt.

141

PENGAWETAN MAKANANFOOD PRESERVATIONFOOD PRESERVATION
TASKTASK

Carry out an activity on fruit preservation using
the pickling method.

Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Pineapple Entrepreneur Project

Steps

1. What is the preservation method used to make the
pineapple jam? Name other suitable methods to
preserve pineapples.

2. What are the factors needed for microorganism’s
growth that are eliminated in this preservation method?

HOTSHOTS
Elaborate the advantages of
food preservation in terms of
microorganisms’ growth.

Peel the pineapple
and clean it. Cut
into small pieces.

Blend the pineapple
pieces until they
become smooth.

Cook the blended
pineapple with
sugar in a cooking
pot using a slow
fire.

Stir the pineapple
jam and turn off the
fire when the jam
looks thick.

Leave the jam to
cool and put it in
a container. Label
your pineapple jam
container.

8.1.5

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim To make pineapple jam using a preservation method.

Blender, gas stove, chopping board, knife, a pineapple,
250 g of sugar, cooking pot, spatula, and 2 cups of water

Food preservation methods
are simple and can be
done at home. Hence,
many small businesses
produce preserved foods
and sell them using the
social media.

CLICK

1 2

5

3 4

142
PENGAWETAN MAKANAN

Thank you,
sir.

This supply of canned
food is for your family.

Canned food can solve food shortage problem during an emergency. For
example, when flood hits an area.

Some food that are produced in one country can be enjoyed in
other countries.

Our business is getting
more successful.

Yes, we will penetrate
the European market.

Food preservation technology makes it easy for food to be stored and
transported for marketing elsewhere.

8.1.6
8.1.7

I want to cook
rendang for
dinner tonight.
Fortunately, it is
sold here.

A supermarket in London

FOOD PRESERVATIONFOOD PRESERVATION

143

Importance of Food
Preservation Technology
Based on the situation above, describe
the importance of food preservation
technology in order to meet the
demands for food supply.

TASKTASK

Using the Internet, find information about food preservation technology
and explain the factors that influence the growth of microorganisms in food.
Print your findings and create a scrapbook on interesting food preservation
methods.

Surf the Internet to find out information about food pickling.

#TEACHER

This durian jam was made by
my mother. She preserved it
during the last durian season.

Seasonal fruits can be enjoyed throughout the year.

Don’t worry. The food
sold here have all
been preserved.

Delicious! Can it last
long? I want to buy
a lot of it.

Preserved food can be stored longer and meet the demands for food supply
throughout the year.

144
PENGAWETAN MAKANAN

Let`s
Remember
Let`s
Remember

CHARACTERISTICS OF SPOILT FOOD

Changes colour to black,
becomes mouldy, and frothy

Tastes sour

Unpleasant
smell

Slimy

FOOD

PRESERVED
UNPRESERVED

1. Boiling

2. Pickling

3. Vacuum packing

4. Drying

5. Freezing and

cooling

6. Salting

7. Waxing

8. Canning and

bottling

9. Pasteurisation

10. Smoking

1. Overcome food shortage.

2. Some food produced

by one country can be

enjoyed in other countries.

3. Seasonal food is always

available.

4. Easy to store and

transport.

5. Can be stored longer and

meet the demands for

food supply throughout

the year.

Action of

microorganisms

Becomes
Spoilt

Preservation
Methods

Importance

PURPOSE

FOOD PRESERVATION

Preventing or delaying
microorganisms’
life processes

FOOD PRESERVATIONFOOD PRESERVATION

145
Mind
Challenge
Mind
Challenge

Answer all of the following questions in the Science exercise book.

2. The picture shows part of a curry puff.

1. Which of the following are the characteristics of spoilt rice?

If the curry puff is left exposed, which part
will be spoilt first? Explain your answer by
stating the characteristics of the spoilage.

3. The pictures show four different methods of preserving food.

For each of the food above, state the:

a) Preservation method used.
b) Factors that prevent the growth of microorganisms.

I.     Pleasant smell     II. Slimy
III. Have black spots    IV. Powdery

A. I and II  B. II and III
 C. II and IV  D. III and IV

4. The picture shows food that is spoilt.
Which of the following are factors that caused the
food to spoil?

I.  Presence of sunlight
II.  Presence of water
III. Temperature that is too low
IV.  Presence of air

pastry

filling

146
PENGAWETAN MAKANAN

5. The pictures show the condition of a tomato that was left at room
temperature for 3 weeks.

a) What is the purpose of this investigation?
b) What is the pattern in the change of the fungus growth on the tomato?
c) State the constant variable in this investigation.
d) What conclusion can be made from this investigation?
e) Suggest two ways to preserve tomatoes and to avoid the growth

of fungus.

week 1 week 2 week 3

A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and III
D. II and IV

a) State the conditions of the milk.
 i. Milk X
 ii. Milk Y
 iii. Milk Z
b) Based on your answer in (a), what inferences can be made?
 i. Milk X
 ii. Milk Y
 iii. Milk Z

6. The pictures show a 100 ml of fresh milk stored in three different ways
 after 3 days.

placed on
the table

cooled in the
refrigerator

boiled and
filled into a
thermos

X Y Z

FOOD PRESERVATIONFOOD PRESERVATION

147
Steps

Let`s

Try
Let`s

Try Salted Egg Project

HOTSHOTS
Can duck eggs used in this
preservation be replaced with chicken
eggs? Why?

Name other suitable food that can be
preserved using the same method.

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim To make salted eggs using the salting method.

Jar, pot, stove, ladle, two duck eggs, Internet, 150 g of salt,
and 500 ml of water

Clean the duck eggs and
dry it.

Boil water with the salt until
it has completely dissolved.
Leave the salt solution to
cool.

Close the jar tightly.
Leave it for 2 weeks.

Put the eggs and salt
solution into a jar. Make sure
that the eggs are completely
immersed.

After 2 weeks, the salted
eggs can be boiled.

6 Surf the Internet

to find other suitable

methods for making

salted eggs. Present

the results to

the class.

Coarse salt is more
suitable for salting.

#TIPS

1 2 3

4 5

148
Observe the pictures above. What lifestyle do they practise? Predict
what will happen to the environment if this lifestyle is not practised.

Classroom

Fast food restaurant

Picnic on the beach

149

BAHAN BUANGAN

99 WASTE MATERIALSWASTE MATERIALS
Paper
Materials
such as old
newspapers,
magazines, and
boxes are types
of paper wastes.

Knowing Waste Materials

Waste materials can be categorised as follows:

Glass
Bottles, jars, and
glass apparatus
are examples of
glass wastes.

Every day we throw leftover food, plastic
bags, drinking cans, papers, and other
types of materials. Do you know the
meaning of waste materials?

Metal
Waste materials
such as scrap
iron, aluminium,
and milk cans are
examples of metal
wastes.

Plastic
Plastic waste
consists of
synthetic
materials,
food wrappers,
bottles, and
containers made
of plastic.

Waste materials are
materials that we no
longer need and do not
want to keep.

SCIENCEYEAR 6

State examples of
waste materials
based on the types
of material.

150 9.1.1
industrial waste
materials

smoke from
factories

smoke from vehicles spray from pesticides

Food Waste
Remains of bones,
skin of fruit, rotten
vegetables, and spoilt
food are wastes that
originate from our food.

Excretory Products and
Faeces
Wastes eliminated from
humans and animals
such as urine and faeces
are waste materials that
can be categorised as
excretory products and
faeces.

Food waste and paper are organic
wastes because they derive from
animals and plants.

Toxic Waste
Toxic wastes are waste materials derived from chemical,
industrial, and agricultural wastes. Aerosol canisters,
pesticides, used batteries, and smoke from vehicles are
classified as toxic wastes.

Contain toxic materialsHighly
Flammable

Contain materials
with harmful

microorganisms

Contain concentrated
solutions of strong acid or
alkaline that can corrode

skin and metals.

CLICK

Be careful with toxic wastes! The
following are the meanings of the
symbols on the containers of
toxic materials.

151

BAHAN BUANGANWASTE MATERIALSWASTE MATERIALS
Teacher, why do wastes from
food and paper no longer exist
in the soil?

Biodegradable?

Oh, it is because these
waste materials are
biodegradable.

Biodegradable wastes are waste
materials that can be decayed by
microorganisms.

Biodegradable wastes are decayed by microorganisms and are
returned as nutrients to the soil. Biodegradable wastes consist of
organic materials such as food wastes, papers, excretory products,
and faeces.

However, waste materials such as glass, plastic, and
metal cannot be decayed by microorganisms. These
wastes are called non-biodegradable wastes. Toxic
wastes are also non-biodegradable wastes.

glass, plastic, and metal

1990 Today

What will happen to waste materials after they are thrown for a
long time in our environment?

This means that non-biodegradable
wastes can pollute our environment!

Biodegradable or Not?

Where is my toy car?
Wow! This toy
car is still good.

152 9.1.2
4. Construct a table as
  shown above. Transfer the
  results of your observations
 into the table.

Steps

1. Why is there a need to control the use
of non-biodegradable materials?

2. How can waste materials be classified?
3. What conclusion can you make from

this activity?

2. Choose and collect a
  few items in your
  school surroundings.

5. Present your table to the class. Share the results of your observations
  with other friends.

1. Conduct this activity in small groups.

Do you know that waste
materials can remain in the
soil for hundreds of years?

1 – 3
months

2 – 3
weeks

10 – 20
years

200 – 400
years

> 500
years

3. Use the coloured stickers
  and mark the items
  according to the

following categories:

•  Biodegradable
•  Non-biodegradable

CLICK

HOTSHOTS

Predict what will happen if all
materials are non-biodegradable.

9.1.3
9.1.6

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim To classify biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes in school
surroundings.

Marker pen, manila card, red and blue stickers, and waste
materials

Object Material

Waste material

Biodegradable Non-biodegradable

ZZ

Surf the Internet to find out the time taken for waste materials
to decay.

#TEACHER

paper banana skin disposable
diaper

can plastic bottle
and rubber

153

BAHAN BUANGAN

Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Separate Wisely

WASTE MATERIALSWASTE MATERIALS
aluminium glass paper

Energy used to create
new products from
raw materials.

Energy used to create new
products by recycling.

Amount of energy needed
for production

Product

With advanced technology, humans tend to produce
a variety of products that last longer, can withstand
high temperature, and are easy to use. Plastic bags,
synthetic fabrics, and computer items are among
materials that are non-biodegradable and are
increasingly produced around the world.
 These materials do not decay when thrown
away and remain in the environment for a long time.
Therefore, we must use them wisely.

Appreciate Our Earth

Toxic wastes thrown
into the river

Urban area

Why do we need to
use non-biodegradable
wastes wisely?

How can non-biodegradable
wastes contribute to
environmental pollution?

Based on the bar chart,
how can we save energy
in the production of non-
biodegradable materials?

154 9.1.4
How can non-
biodegradable wastes
disposal affect our health?

contaminated
fish sold in
the market

disease

dengue
fever

Aedes breeding ground

flash flood

clogged drains

How can non-biodegradable
wastes cause
natural disasters?

larva

CLICK

Toxic wastes are chemicals from factories
that become wastes. These wastes cannot
be decayed by microorganisms. These
materials remain in the environment.

fish eaten by
humans

155

BAHAN BUANGANWASTE MATERIALSWASTE MATERIALS
Waste materials
should be
separated
according to their
types of material
before being
disposed.

Waste
materials
should be put
in a garbage
bag and tied
neatly.

Waste Management Practices

It is to control unplanned
disposal of waste materials.

Sustainable living is a practice
that reduces the impact on the
environment so that the beauty
of nature can be enjoyed by
future generations.

What is your role in managing
waste materials properly?

Why is waste oil
collected into a
container, dad?

Use special
containers
to dispose
chemical wastes
and waste oil.

Thank you for making
it easy for us to
manage these wastes.

You’re welcome.

9.1.5

Put the waste material
according to its type,
please!

156
BAHAN BUANGAN

R – RECYCLE
Recycle waste materials
into new products.

R - REDUCE
Reduce the use of waste
materials such as plastic
bags.

R - REUSE
Reuse or diversify the use of
waste materials.

Practising the 3R’s can reduce piles of waste materials in the environment.

glass
productsuse recycled

bags

old tyre

flower pot

Food wastes can decay and be composted. The following is how to make a
simple compost.

Mix the compost pile every week
and pour water to maintain the
soil moisture.

After 4 to 5 weeks, the food wastes
have decayed and become
compost.

1 2

3 4

How can we save humans and the environment by using
non-biodegradable waste materials wisely?

Put soil into a plastic container
with holes.

Put food wastes and mix them with
the soil. Pour water and leave it for
4 to 5 weeks.

Keep the compost
pile outside the
house to avoid
smelly odours
during the
decomposition
process.

#TIPS

This compost
can be used as
soil and fertilisers
for our crops.

glass waste
materials

WASTE MATERIALSWASTE MATERIALS

157
TASKTASK

Use your creativity to create several bookmarks that contain ways to manage
waste materials and the role of humans to manage waste materials for
sustainable living.

Waste materials that
cannot be recycled
are burned in a
high-temperature
incinerator.

In most urban areas, domestic wastes are
managed in a planned manner by the Local
Municipal Authorities.

Wastes from incinerators
are sent to landfills
for disposal.

Wastes that can be recycled are compacted and sent to a processing
plant to be made into new materials.

Waste materials are collected and sent
to a waste treatment centre.

waste glass
powder

block of scrap
metal

pellets of plastic
waste

block of paper
waste

new paper
bag

new plastic
bottle

new aluminium
can

new glass
bottle

Planned Management of
Waste Materials

How are waste
materials disposed?

At the waste treatment centre, waste
materials are separated by types of
recyclable and non-recyclable wastes.

158 9.1.6
BAHAN BUANGAN

Non-biodegradableBiodegradable TYPE

Planned

Local Municipal
Authorities

Waste materials
are sent to waste
treatment centre

Waste materials are
separated by type

RecycledBurned in an
incinerator and

disposed

Practices • pollution

• health problems

• flood

• waste of energy

food wastes glass bottle, plastic,
and aluminium/

metal can

Bad Impacts

Put waste materials in
garbage bags and
tie neatly.

Put liquid wastes in
special containers.

Produce composts using
food wastes.

Put waste materials
according to the types of
bin provided.

3R’s Practices
R-REDUCE
R-REUSE
R-RECYCLE

Let`s
Remember
Let`s
Remember WASTE MATERIALS

Management

WASTE MATERIALSWASTE MATERIALS

159
Mind
Challenge
Mind
Challenge

1. Fill in the following table according to the suitable type of waste material.

Waste
material

Herbicides
Milk

carton
Plastic
chair

Goat
faeces

Banana
skin

Scrap
metal

Cracked
mirror

Type of
waste

material

Answer all of the following questions in the Science exercise book.

2. Amir wants to throw garbage. The following are the waste materials to be
disposed by Amir. Classify these waste materials into biodegradable and
non-biodegradable items.

3. Arrange the steps to manage domestic wastes by the Local Municipal
Authorities in the correct sequence.

P Waste materials that cannot be recycled are burned in an incinerator
and disposed.

Q Waste materials are separated according to the types of waste at the
waste treatment centres.

R Wastes that can be recycled are compacted and sent to a processing
plant to be made into new materials.

S Waste materials are collected and sent to a waste treatment centre.

A

E

B

F

C

G

D

H I

CAR
BATTERY

160
BAHAN BUANGAN

e) Make a hypothesis based on the above statement.

The number of dengue cases in city A is influenced by the
amount of waste materials produced by residents.

4. What are the impacts of reckless disposal of non-biodegradable
wastes?

5. Anna and her friends conducted an
investigation on two types of waste
materials planted in a container filled
with soil for 4 weeks.

A. I and II
B. I and IV
C. II and III
D. III and IV

a) After 4 weeks, state what can be observed
  on the following waste materials:
  i.   Fish
  ii.  Plastic bottle
 b) Give an inference based on your observations in (a).
 c) What is the purpose of this experiment?
 d) What conclusion can you make from this investigation?

6. The chart shows the results of an investigation on the total
  number of plastic bags used in city A.

a) State the information collected in
this investigation.

b) Write a statement to relate the two
information in (a).

c) State one bad impact on city A due to the
change in the pattern shown.

d)  State one inference to explain the change in
the number of plastic bags used from January
to December.

Total usage of
plastic bags

(tonne)

0

50

100

150

January April August December
Month

I.   Pollution   II. Skin disease
III. Waste of energy IV. Flash flood

WASTE MATERIALSWASTE MATERIALS

161
Let`s

Try
Let`s

Try Recycled Broom

Steps

Fit all 4 cut bottles (B) into
bottle (A).

1.   Cut the bottles as follows:

Then fit (C) as shown.

Make two holes at the top and
bottom, insert the wire, and tidy
the knot.

To make a broom using discarded plastic bottles.

Apparatus

and

Materials

Aim

Knife, scissors, nail, hammer, tapered nose pliers,
hole punch, marker, 6 plastic bottles (1.5 litre),
broom handle, and wire

#SAFETY

Be careful when
using sharp
objects.

1

2 3

4

1. What differentiates the Reuse activities such as the above with Recycle
and Reduce activities? Explain your answer using examples.

2. How can 3R’s practices save our environment?

1 bottle (A) 4 bottles (B)
Cut the top section
of bottle (C)

Fit the broom handle
into the mouth of the
bottle and secure it with
a nail.

5

mark the lines using
a marker

mark the lines using
a marker

13 cm

2 cm
13 cm

162
163

ECLIPSE

The picture above shows a group of people on Earth during an eclipse.
Look towards the sky. What happened to the Sun? Have you ever seen
this phenomenon before? How does an eclipse occur?

ECLIPSESECLIPSES1010

163
Eclipse of the Moon occurs when the Earth blocks the sunlight from reaching
the Moon. The Earth’s shadow is formed on the surface of the Moon. Observe
the positions of the Sun, Earth, and Moon in the diagram below. How does an
eclipse of the Moon occur?

Lunar eclipse can occur three times a year. The duration of the eclipse of the
Moon usually happens for several hours.

Eclipse of the Moon

10.1.1

•	 The eclipse is a natural phenomenon that occurs when all or part of the
sunlight is blocked by the Moon or Earth.

•	 The diagram above does not show the actual proportional size and
distance but it was created to facilitate the pupils’ understanding.

•	 Surf the Internet to find out an interactive simulation of an eclipse.

#TEACHER

The Sun is a source of light in the Solar System. Sunlight
travels in a straight line and cannot pass through
opaque objects such as the Earth.

Sun

164
totally dark area

partially dark area

partially dark area

The totally dark area or umbra is an area that is totally
blocked from sunlight. The partially dark area or penumbra
is an area that is partially blocked from the sunlight.

CLICK

Earth

Earth’s orbit

Moon’s orbit

Moon

Eclipse of the Moon
occurs at night when
the Moon is in the full
moon phase.

The Earth blocks sunlight from
reaching the Moon. The Earth’s
shadow is formed on the surface
of the Moon.

If you are a Malaysian astronaut who
is on the Moon during an eclipse of the
Moon, what will you see?

HOTSHOTS
Why does eclipse of
the Moon only occur
during the full moon
phase?

The Earth is between the
Sun and the Moon during
an eclipse of the Moon. The
Sun, Earth, and Moon are in a
straight line.

165

ECLIPSEECLIPSESECLIPSES
The diagram below shows the stages of the eclipse of the Moon that can
be seen with the naked eye. In these stages, we can see two types of
eclipse of the Moon, namely the total eclipse of the Moon and the partial
eclipse of the Moon. How do the stages of the eclipse of the Moon occur?

Total and partial eclipses of the Moon

totally dark
area partially dark

area
partially dark

area

Total eclipse of the Moon can
be seen when the whole Moon
is in the totally dark area.

Partial eclipse of the Moon
starts to appear when the
Moon begins to move out
of the partially dark area
to the totally dark area.

CLICK

The Moon does not look dark
during a total eclipse of the Moon
but is reddish-brown in colour.
This is the effect of the dispersion
and refraction of light when
sunlight passes through the
Earth’s atmosphere. This effect is
clearly seen during sunrise
and sunset.

Moon’s orbit

Partial eclipse of the Moon
will be visible again when
the Moon moves out of
the totally dark area to the
partially dark area.

166
Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Eclipse of the Moon Simulation

Steps

Put the polystyrene plate
on top of the square
polystyrene sheet.

Shape a model of the
Moon and Earth using the
plasticine.

Poke the model of the Moon
at the end of the satay stick
and place it on the edge of
the polystyrene plate.

Put the model of the Earth
on the cardboard roll and
place it in the middle of the
polystyrene plate.

Adjust the positions of
the Moon, the Earth, and
the torch so that they are
in a straight line. Do this
simulation in a dark room.

Turn on the torch and point
towards the model of the
Earth. Rotate the polystyrene
plate and observe the
Earth’s shadow on the
Moon’s surface.

1. Based on this simulation of the eclipse, explain why does
the eclipse of the Moon cannot occur if Earth’s position is
higher or lower than the position of the Moon.

2. Explain the eclipse of the Moon based on the activities that
were carried out.

HOTSHOTS
Do other planets also
experience the eclipse
phenomena? Why?

The simulation using the model of the eclipse of the
Moon can also be used on the eclipse of the Sun.

#TEACHER

10.1.1
10.1.3

7. Sketch the model of the eclipse of the Moon made.

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim To explain eclipse of the Moon using an eclipse simulation model.

Torch, plasticine, satay stick, polystyrene plate, 10 cm cardboard roll, and

30 cm square polystyrene sheet

1 2 3

4 5 6

ECLIPSESECLIPSES

167

ECLIPSEECLIPSESECLIPSES
Eclipse of the Sun occurs when the Moon blocks the Earth from the sunlight
either totally or partially. The size of the Moon is smaller than the Sun. Hence,
the shadow of the Moon formed is small and not large enough to fully cover
the Earth. This is the reason why the eclipse of the Sun can only be seen from a
small area on the surface of the Earth.

Eclipse of the Sun can occur at least twice a year. The
eclipse of the Sun usually lasts for only a few minutes.

Eclipse of the Sun

10.1.2

Matahari

Sunlight travels in a straight
line and cannot pass
through opaque objects like
the Moon.

Sun

168
The Moon blocks sunlight
from reaching the Earth. The
Moon’s shadow is formed on
the surface of the Earth.

totally dark
area

partially dark
area

Earth

HOTSHOTS
Why is the duration of the
eclipse of the Moon longer
than the eclipse of the Sun?

Eclipse of the Sun can be seen in
the areas of the Moon’s shadow
during daytime only. Eclipse of
the Sun can only occur when the
Moon is in the new Moon phase.

Surf the Internet to find out an interactive simulation of an eclipse.

#TEACHER

Earth’s orbit

Moon’s orbit

Moon

The Moon is between the Sun and
the Earth during an eclipse of the
Sun. The Sun, the Moon, and the
Earth are in a straight line.

169

ECLIPSEECLIPSESECLIPSES
The diagram below shows the stages of a solar eclipse observed from the
Earth. During the stages, there are two types of eclipse of the Sun. They are
total eclipse of the Sun and partial eclipse of the Sun.

A partial eclipse of
the Sun can be seen
from the area of the
Moon’s shadow that
is partially dark.

Never look directly at
the Sun without using a
special filter as this can
damage your eyes.

#SAFETY

corona

parti
al e

clip
se of th

e Sun
partial eclipse of the Sun

total eclipse of
the Sun

CLICK

When a total solar eclipse of the Sun occurs, the
surroundings will be as dark as night. The Sun
appears as a dark circle surrounded by a bright ring
called a corona.

A total eclipse of the
Sun can be seen
from the area of the
Moon’s shadow that is
completely dark.

170
#SAFETY

Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Solar Eclipse Camera

Steps

Cut the aluminium foil into a
circle larger than the mouth of
the tube.

Cover the mouth of the tube
and attach the aluminium foil
with the adhesive tape.

Punch a hole in the middle
of the aluminium foil using
a needle.

Cut and stick a piece of white
paper on the lid of the tube.
This white paper will act as a
screen for the image of
the Sun.

Cover the opening on the
other end of the tube with
this lid cover.

Cut out a square opening
measuring 3 cm on the side of
the tube at a distance of 7 cm
from the end of the tube.

Observe the image of
the Sun through the
opening on the side of
the tube.

Avoid looking directly
at the eclipse of
the Sun.

10.1.2

1. What modifications can be made on the solar eclipse camera so that the image
observed is larger?

2. What are other safe ways to observe the eclipse of the Sun?

The shuttlecock tube can be replaced with a long box or a few
boxes that are joined together.

#TEACHER

To observe an eclipse of the Sun in a safe way.

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim

Scissors, knife, empty shuttlecock tube and lid, aluminium foil,
white paper, adhesive tape, glue, needle, and pencil

1 2 3

4 5 6

7

7
cm

3 cm

171

ECLIPSEECLIPSESECLIPSES
Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Sketching an Eclipse

Steps

1. Carry out this activity individually.
2. Sketch a lateral view of the positions of the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon

with the correct light rays for the eclipse of the Moon phenomenon.
3. Label your sketch.
4. Mark the positions of the Moon on your sketch to show its positions during

total and partial eclipses of the Moon.
5. Mark on your sketch:
•	the	directions	for	the	rotation	of	the	Earth	around	the	Sun
•	rotation	of	the	Moon	around	the	Earth,	and
•	the	rotation	of	the	Earth	on	its	own	axis.

6. Repeat steps 2 to 5 for the eclipse of the Sun phenomenon.
7. Add information on your sketch about the effects of the eclipse

phenomenon to life on Earth.
8. The information can be obtained on the Internet using search engines

such as Google and Yahoo.
9. Present the results of your sketches to the class.

Another object that can be used to draw a circle is a coin.

#TEACHER

10.1.1
10.1.2
10.1.3

1. Based on your sketches, name the stages of the eclipse that occurred in the
correct sequence.

2. Why the eclipse of the Moon phenomenon does not occur during the day?
3. What are the distinguishing features of the eclipse of the Moon and the eclipse

of the Sun?

Q

Apparatus and

Materials

Pencil, ruler, compasses, rubber, and
drawing paper

Which of the following is a total eclipse of
the Sun?

P Q R S

Aim To describe the phenomenon of an eclipse through drawing.

172
Partial Eclipse of the Sun
•	 The Sun is partly blocked

by the Moon. The Sun can
only be seen from the area
of the Moon’s shadow that
is partially dark.

ECLIPSE PHENOMENA

Total Eclipse of the Moon
•	 The whole Moon is in

the area of the Earth’s
shadow that is
totally dark.

Sunlight travels in
a straight line and
cannot pass through
opaque objects

Let`s
Remember
Let`s
Remember ECLIPSES

Positions of the Moon, the Earth, and the Sun

Eclipse of the Sun

Partial Eclipse of the Moon
•	 Part of the Moon is in

the area of the Earth’s
shadow that is partially
dark.

Earth

Earth

Moon
Moon

Sun
Sun

Eclipse of the Moon

To describe the phenomenon of an eclipse through drawing.

Total Eclipse of the Sun
•	 The entire Sun is

blocked by the Moon
and can only be seen
from the area of the
Moon’s shadow that is
totally dark.

173

ECLIPSEECLIPSESECLIPSES
The eclipse phenomenon shown in the diagram above is  ____________.

At position R,   will happen, while

will happen at positions Q and S.

Mind
Challenge
Mind
Challenge

Answer all of the following questions in your Science exercise book.

I. The Moon blocks the sunlight.
II. The Earth is between the Sun and the Moon.
III. The Moon is between the Sun and the Earth.
IV. The Moon eclipse occurs longer than the Sun eclipse.

I. Full moon phase.
II. Light travels in a straight line.
III. The Earth lies between the Sun and the Moon.
IV.  The Sun, the Moon, and the Earth are in a straight line.

Q

Bulan

Bumi

R

S

P Q R S

A. I and II  B. I and III  C. II and IV  D. III and IV

A. I and II    B. II and III  C. II and IV  D. I and IV

1. The diagram below shows the stages of an eclipse of the Moon.

Which arrangement of the eclipse of the Moon is correct?

A. R, S, P, Q B. S, R, Q, P  C. R, Q, S, P   D. S, P, R, Q

2. Which of the following statements are true about the eclipse
of the Moon?

3. Which of the following causes the eclipse of the Sun phenomenon?

4. The diagram below shows the phenomenon of an eclipse.

Q

174
a)  What is the eclipse shown?
b)  Name the phenomenon that can be observed from the area on the

Earth labelled:

c)  What will happen to the surroundings on the Earth during a total eclipse?
d)  Make an inference based on your answer in (c).
e)  Predict the occurrence of an eclipse if the Moon is at position Z.

5. During total eclipse of the Sun, the surroundings will be as dark as night.
Why?

6. Will the eclipse of the Moon happen if the Moon did not orbit around the
Earth? Why?

7. A group of pupils are conducting an investigation on the eclipse of the Moon.
The diagrams below show the time for the different stages of the eclipse.

8. The diagram below shows the phenomenon of an eclipse.

a)  State the change in the brightness of the Moon during the eclipse
of the Moon.

b)  What is the conclusion that can be made from this investigation?
c)  Predict the time the eclipse of the Moon will end. How did you make this

prediction?
d)  The Moon cannot be seen at 11.59 p.m. Give a reason based on this

information.

8.00 p.m. 8.50 p.m. 9.50 p.m. 10.50 p.m. 11.30 p.m.

Z

X

Y

i. X          ii. Y

175

ECLIPSEECLIPSESECLIPSES
1. Choose one of the two eclipse phenomena that you have learnt.
2. Search and gather information about the eclipse phenomenon you have

chosen using various media including search engines such as Google and
Yahoo.

3. Prepare your presentation using MS PowerPoint.
4. Send the presentation of your project to your teacher using the VLE Frog email.

Steps

Let`s

Try
Let`s

Try Eclipse Project

1. What type of eclipse can you find besides total eclipse and
partial eclipse?

2. Based on the information gathered, when will the next eclipse of the
Moon and eclipse of the Sun happen?

Q
What are the safety steps when observing the eclipse of the Sun?

Apparatus and Materials

Aim To search for information regarding the eclipse phenomenon.

Computer, Internet, and VLE Frog programme

•	 Using binoculars
•	 Using naked eyes
•	 Using the eclipse of the Sun projectors
•	 Using thicker negative film

176
CONSTELLATIONS

177

Stars appear to twinkle in the night sky. How can the position of stars in
the sky be identified at night? What is the pattern of the group of stars you
observe in this picture?

CONSTELLATIONSCONSTELLATIONS1111

177
Try observing the sky at night. Stars are
clearly visible on a clear, dark night and
when the Moon is not visible. There are
millions of stars in the universe, but we can
only see a part of them.

Try to look for patterns
of stars in the picture of
the sky above.

There are many constellations in the sky but the International
Astronomical Union (IAU) has officially identified 88
constellations in the sky at night.

Wow! The patterns of
these stars are beautiful.

What are Constellations?

11.1.1

When a certain group of stars are connected
using a line, a pattern such as shown below
will be formed.

CLICK

178
CONSTELLATIONS

CLICK

A constellation is a group of stars that appear to form
a certain pattern in the sky at night.

Hey! That pattern
looks like a ladle.

Teacher, I can see
two patterns formed
by the stars in the sky.

Look at the sky. Are there
any other patterns?

Why do stars seem to change
their positions just like the Sun
and the Moon?

A number of star map applications such as
Start Chart, Sky Map, and Stellarium can be
downloaded and installed in the computer or
smartphone to observe and identify constellations
that will appear in the sky on certain nights.

StellariumSky MapStart Chart

179
Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test

Plasticine can be replaced with other objects such as beads,
pushpins or star-shaped coloured stickers.

#TEACHER

HOTSHOTS
The stars do not twinkle if we see them from outer
space. However, the stars will twinkle when we see
them from the Earth. Why?

My Constellation

Steps

1. Conduct this activity individually.
2. Observe the stars in the sky at night.
3. Mark the position of the stars on the black

cardboard using coloured pencils.
4. Shape the plasticine to form a few

small stars.
5. Place these small stars on the position of

the stars marked earlier on the
black cardboard.

6. Cut and stick the satay sticks to connect the
stars to form a constellation.

7. Name your constellation.

Can you see the constellation in the day? Why?

11.1.1
11.1.4

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim To create my own constellation.

Coloured pencils, scissors, black cardboard, plasticine (yellow),
satay sticks, and adhesive tape

180
CONSTELLATIONS

There are so many
constellations in
the sky. Which
constellation can be
seen easily, teacher?

Among the constellations in the
sky, four constellations can be
seen easily.

How do the patterns
of the constellations
look like?

Constellations in the Night Sky

CLICK

The Langkawi National Observatory (LNO) is a research
centre under the Malaysian National Space Agency
(ANGKASA) that is equipped with astronomy equipment
such as the robotic telescope system.

11.1.2

Constellations look like stars that form interesting
patterns in the sky at night. These patterns are only
formed when we see them from the Earth.
These patterns do not exist naturally in outer space.
Observe the sky at night. Which constellation pattern is
easy to see?

181
Surf the Internet to find out an interactive simulation about
the constellations.

#TEACHER

The Orion Constellation is one of the most obvious
constellation in the night sky.  Orion forms a shape like a
hunter wearing a belt with a sword hanging.  The Orion
Constellation appears in the night sky between the Northern
and Southern hemisphere.

The Scorpion Constellation
is a group of stars that forms
the shape of a scorpion.
The Scorpion constellation
appears in the sky at night in
the Southern hemisphere.

Malaysia is located near the Equator. We can therefore see
constellations in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
Do you know the patterns of the constellations?

Knowing Constellations

CLICK

Big Dipper is part of a bigger
constellation, namely the Ursa Major
that is shaped like a big bear.

The Southern Cross Constellation is
the smallest constellation and is easily
recognisable at night in the Southern
hemisphere. It consists of a group of four
stars arranged in the shape of a kite.

north south

The Big Dipper Constellation is a group
of seven stars. This constellation forms the
shape of a water dipper or ladle with a
handle. The Big Dipper appears at night in
the Northern hemisphere.

182 11.1.2
CONSTELLATIONS

The cardboard tube can be replaced with paper or
polystyrene cups.

#TEACHER

Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test

Place the constellation circle on
one end of the cardboard tube
and fold it around the tube.
Secure it with a rubber band.

Insert the torch into the
cardboard tube. Do this in a
dark room.

Point the constellation
projector onto a screen
and switch on the torch.

Cut out the circle of the
constellation slightly
larger than the size of
the cardboard tube.

Using a needle, poke holes
on the drawing of the
constellation pattern.

Draw a circle of the same
size as the cardboard
tube. Draw a constellation
pattern.

Constellation Projector

Steps

1 Conduct this activity in groups.

Present your constellation patterns in front of
the class and ask your friends to identify the
image of the constellation seen.

11.1.2
11.1.4

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim To construct a constellation projector to identify constellation
patterns in the night sky.

Torch, ruler, pen, pencil, scissors, needles, screen, cardboard

tube, coloured paper, and rubber band

What are the constellations shown in
the diagram?

south

2 3 4

5

8

6 7

183
Surf the Internet to find out about constellations.

#TEACHER

For Muslims who wish
to pray in the South East
Asia region, the Orion
constellation can be used
to indicate the direction of
the Qibla.

CLICK

Before the invention of the compass and calendar, humans depend
on constellations in the sky for directions.

Captain, what
are you looking
at?

In ancient times, farmers in areas that experienced four distinct seasons
depended on the constellations as a season indicator to predict and plan a
suitable time for planting and harvesting.

Look! The
Big Dipper
constellation
has appeared.

Use of Constellations

11.1.3

Travelling

Farming

Sailing

The Scorpion constellation
will appear in the sky when
the harvesting season is
here.

We can start planting in about two
months when it is spring time.

Which direction
should we go?

Look at the Big
Dipper constellation.
The north direction
is on the other side.

north

south

January, 9.00 p.m. in the
Northern Hemisphere.

The Southern Cross
constellation. I’m looking
for the south direction.

TASKTASK

Find information on other
constellations from various media.
Build a model of the constellation
using recycled materials. Explain the
existence and use of the constellations
using the additional information on
the constellations.

Qibla
direction

184
CONSTELLATIONS

Let`s
Remember
Let`s
Remember

Use of constellation
Guide for direction

Guide for planting and
harvesting seasons

Constellation
Group of stars that is

seen to form a specific
pattern in the sky

Big Dipper

Southern
Cross

Scorpion

Orion

south

north

Guide for
planting season
in the Northern
Hemisphere.

Indicator for
harvesting
season in
the Northern
Hemisphere.

185
Mind
Challenge
Mind
Challenge

Answer all of the following questions in the Science exercise book.

* Consists of seven stars
  * Can be observed in the northern sky
  * Shaped like a water dipper

1.

3.

The information above refers to the
A.   Southern Cross constellation C.   Scorpion constellation
B.   Big Dipper constellation D.   Orion constellation

X Y Z

A. Scorpion Orion Big Dipper

B. Big Dipper Scorpion Orion

C. Scorpion Big Dipper Orion

D. Orion Big Dipper Scorpion

X           Y                            Z

2. The diagrams show three different constellations. Which of the following
represents constellation X, Y and Z correctly?

A traveller was lost in the middle of a desert at night. Which of the following
constellations cannot help the traveller find the north direction?

A.  Southern Cross constellation
B.  Scorpion constellation
C.  Big Dipper constellation
D.  Orion constellation

186
CONSTELLATIONS

X                  Y

A. Southern Cross
constellation

B. Scorpion
constellation

C. Big Dipper
constellation

D. Orion
constellation

5. Which of the following constellations can be
  observed in both the Northern and
 Southern hemispheres?

4. Complete the following sentences.

HOTSHOTS
Why are the constellations
observed at 9.00 p.m. different
from the constellations observed
at 3.00 a.m.?

a) Constellation X is ___________________

and can be used to show the

__________ direction.

b) Constellation Y is  ___________________

and looks like a ____________________.

c) How do constellations help farmers in

ancient times?

d) What is the use of constellations for

astronomers today?

6. The diagrams show two different constellations.

7. The Big Dipper and Southern Cross constellations are used to determine
  north and south directions. How can the east and west directions
 be determined?

a) Which constellation can assist the sailor to
the correct direction?

b) Make an inference based on your
answer in (a).

Port Klang

Constellation is a  __________ of stars that form

certain patterns in the night sky. The constellation

on the left consists of a group of four stars

arranged in a pattern like a  __________. This is

the  __________ constellation.

8. The map on the right shows part of South
  East Asia. A sailor travels from Port Klang
  to Dumai.

187
Let`s

Try
Let`s

Try Constellation Story Project

1. Conduct this activity individually.
2. Find and gather interesting stories on

constellations through various media
including search engines such as Google
or Yahoo.

3. Create a blog about your constellation
stories using the website www.blogspot.com.

1. What are the characteristics of the constellation that can be identified in
your story project? Explain.

2. Do you know how many constellations are also known as a zodiac?
3. What is the difference between constellation and zodiac?

Steps

Do you know that every constellation has its own story? By surfing the
Internet, find stories on constellations other than the ones you
have learnt.

Search the information
using Google or Yahoo
search engines.

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim To gather information about constellations.

Computer and Internet

188
MESIN

189

Amir, Lim, Dina, and Rani are conducting an investigation. Identify the
tools used in the picture above. What are the uses of the machines in
these tools?

This pair of
scissors is very
sharp!

Look! The trolley can
travel up the inclined
plane easily when pulled
by a load.

Let me sharpen this
pencil.

1212 MACHINESMACHINES

It’s easy to draw circles
of different sizes using this
pair of compasses.

189
Screws are used to put
together and tighten a piece of
signage to a wooden pole.

A plank is tilted to form an
inclined plane to make the task
of moving loads to different levels
and height with ease.

A pulley mounted on a
lookout tower is used to lift
a load easily to the top of
the tower.

Simple Machines

A simple machine is a tool that allows us to do work
more easily and quickly. There are various types of
simple machines around us. Each machine has its own
specific use. Observe and identify the simple machines
in the situations below.

12.1.1

The wheel and axle on a
bicycle pedal moves the
gears that rotate the bicycle’s
wheels.

Gears mounted on a bicycle
are useful for moving the
bicycle’s wheels at different
speed.

KEEP THIS
AREA CLEAN

190
Explain with examples the types and
uses of simple machines found in
your surroundings.

A pulley mounted on a
lookout tower is used to lift
a load easily to the top of
the tower.

The pulley on a flagpole is
used to raise and lower
a flag.

A spoon used as a lever
to open the lid of a
food can.

Let’s look at how these
simple machines function.

The wedge of an axe
makes the task of
separating or splitting
logs easier.

MESIN

191

MACHINESMACHINES
An inclined plane is a slanted flat surface with
both ends placed at different heights. How
does an inclined plane function?

An inclined plane makes it
easier for us to move and
also to move a load to a
higher level.

A screw is a type of simple machine with a spiral
inclined plane called thread. Screws are used to attach
and tighten two pieces of objects that are joined together.

An inclined plane makes movement
easier for disabled people.

stairs meandering road

Describe the use of the
inclined planes in your
daily life and provide a
different example.

screw

threadthreadthread

screw on a bottlescrew on a bulb

How are screws used in your daily life?
Provide a different example and explain
how it is used.

screw on a retort stand

Inclined plane

Screw

thread

12.1.1192
A lever consists of a piece of rod that moves
at a fixed point called the fulcrum. Levers help
us to lift and move objects easily. Observe
the diagram on the right. Levers consist of
three parts, namely, load, force (effort), and
fulcrum.

load
load

load

The examples of levers shown above make
our daily work easier. How are they used
in the situations above?

force

force
forcefulcrum

fulcrum

fulcrum

The lid of the can acts as a load, the tip of the spoon
that touches the lid is the fulcrum, while Rani’s hand that
pushes the spoon handle downwards acts as the force.

load

force
(effort)

fulcrum

Lever
It’s so hard to
open the lid of this
can. Help!

Well, that’s easy. Use a
spoon. The spoon acts as a
lever to open the lid of the
can easily.

HOTSHOTS
Our arm is a simple
machine. How does our
arm function as a
simple machine?

12.1.1

Describe a different
example on the
use of levers in our
daily lives.

MESIN

193

MACHINESMACHINES
z

A pulley consists of a grooved wheel that can move freely.
Pulleys can be used for lifting, lowering or pulling a load
when a rope or a chain is passed around it through the
groove. How are pulleys in the pictures below used?

wheel

wheel

wheel

wheel

axle

axle

axle

Wheel and axle is used to move or rotate an object.
This simple machine consists of a wheel that is
mounted on a rod called an axle.

What are other examples on the usage of
pulleys? Give one example and explain
its use.

Look at the pictures above. How are wheels and
axles used? Explain the use of wheel and axle in
your daily life and give one different example.

pipespanner

screwdriver

pulley used on a
sailing boat

pulley on a flagpole

pulley to lift a load

Pulley

Wheel and axle

12.1.1

grooved
wheel

axle

194
z

door stopperhoe nail

A wedge is a simple machine that has one or two inclined
planes with a sharp edge. A wedge is used to split, cut or
move, hold, and stop objects. Describe the uses of a wedge
as shown in the pictures below.

How does a tooth act
as a wedge?

How useful are wedges in your
daily life? Give one example and
explain its use.

A gear is a simple machine that consists of a wheel or
cylinder with teeth. Gears function to change the direction
and speed of the movement of other components in
a more complex machine. Explain the use of gears as
shown in the pictures below.

gear
gear

gear

cog cylinder

egg beater

wristwatch

What are other examples on the usage
of gears in your daily life? Name one
example and explain its use.

correction
tape

Wedge

Gear

12.1.1

MESIN

195

MACHINESMACHINES
7.1.1
7.1.5

HOTSHOTS
If a wheel and axle
machine is mounted
on the wooden block in
Diagram B, predict the
reading on the spring
balance. Why?

Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Work Made Easy

Steps

1. Carry out this activity in groups.
2. Set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram A.
3. Lift the wooden block and take the reading of the

spring balance.
4. Set up the apparatus as in Diagram B.
5. Pull the wooden block and take the reading of the

spring balance.

1. Between the two methods in this activity, which reading of the spring
balance is higher? Why?

2. What is the conclusion for this investigation?

Method of pulling load  Reading of spring balance

Inclined plane

Without inclined plane

lift

spring
balance

Diagram A

wooden
block

•	 The elongation of a stretched spring can be used to measure the force
required in this activity if a spring balance is not available.

•	 The wooden block is pulled upwards on the inclined plane continuously
at a constant speed.

#TEACHER

12.1.1
12.1.2

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim To investigate ways simple machines can make work easy.

Spring balance, wooden block, plank, books, pencil, thread,

and paper

6. Record the readings of the spring balance in the
table as shown below.

7. Report the findings of your investigation.

inclined
plane

Diagram B

pull upwards

spring
balance

books

wooden
block

196
Complex Machines

A pair of scissors is a
combination of three
simple machines. There
is a wedge, a screw, and
a lever. This combination
facilitates cutting.

The two scissor blades are two wedges that are attached
using a screw. The screw becomes the fulcrum for the two
wedges. Hence, it is much easier to use the scissors through
the lever system.

How does this
pair of scissors
function?

Some tools are much easier to use to do work when a number of
simple machines are combined. Observe the situations below.

The combination of simple machines such as the
wedge, screw, and lever makes the scissors a
complex machine. What will happen if the screw on
the scissors is removed? Why?

pencil sharpener compasses toy car

Why is this object
a complex machine?

12.2.1

Look at the pictures below. Identify the
simple machines found in these tools.

MESIN

197

MACHINESMACHINES
Work becomes easier
and faster using
complex machines.

Observe Lim’s family working together on a
weekend. What are the complex machines that
you can see in this picture? Explain the types
of simple machines that you can identify in the
complex machines.

A lawnmower is a
complex machine.
Identify the simple
machines found in a
lawnmower.

A bicycle comprises a number of
simple machines. Describe the
parts of a bicycle which are
simple machines.

A wheelbarrow
is a complex
machine. Why?

Knowing Complex Machines

12.1.2

A wristwatch requires a
gear to move the needle.
What other simple
machines can be found in
a watch?

198
What are the simple
machines found in
a ladder?

Most of the tools found around us are complex machines.
Complex machines are tools that consist of a combination of
more than one simple machine.

Is a hoe a simple machine or
a complex machine? Why?

HOTSHOTS
How do the wheels
of the fencing gate
function as a pulley?

A car is a complex machine.
What are the simple
machines used in a car?

A hedge shear is the same as a
regular scissors consisting of a
combination of simple machines.
What are the simple machines?

MESIN

199

MACHINESMACHINES
Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test Machine in a Machine

Steps

1. Carry out this activity in groups.
2. Identify a number of complex machines found around you.
3. Sketch the complex machines you found.
4. Label and state the types of simple machines found in those

complex machines.
5. Report the results of your investigation.

What is the difference between simple machines and complex machines?

12.2.1
12.2.2
12.2.4

Q

1. What are the simple machines
   found in this hole punch?

•	Wedge	•	Inclined	plane

•	Gear					•	Lever

Apparatus and

Materials

Aim To investigate simple machines found in complex machines.

Papers and stationery

2. A hand drill consists of a
combination of a number of
simple machines. State the
simple machines found in a
hand drill.

200
MESIN

Invention of a Sustainable Machine
Machines are invented to assist us in completing daily work.
Sustainable machines will be invented from time to time to provide
more benefits to humans. What is a sustainable machine? The word
sustainable means unchanged, eternal, and fixed. Sustainable
machines are machines that are durable, not easily damaged,
cost-effective, do not have adverse effects on the environment, easy,
and safe to use.

Why is the invention of sustainable machines important
to humans? Let’s look at the situations below.

ploughing land

mixing cement at construction sites

harvesting paddy

lifting loads in a warehouse

The pictures above show two methods used by farmers for ploughing land
and harvesting paddy. What is the importance of inventing a land ploughing
machine and a paddy harvesting machine?

How do the machines shown in the above situations help the workers to
complete their work more efficiently? Explain the importance of inventing other
sustainable machines in industries.

Agriculture

Industrialisation

12.2.3

now now

motorised machine motorised machine

then then

manual manual

MACHINESMACHINES

201
Choose one type of sustainable machine that you can identify around
you. Find and collect information about the importance of inventing the
sustainable machine. Write on the importance of that sustainable machine
and make a creative scrapbook.

TASKTASK

Both types of pencil sharpeners
shown in the pictures have the same
function. Which machine is more
sustainable? Why?

A food grinder helps your mother
to grind food. Which grinder is more
sustainable? Why?

The invention of a washing machine
is important in our daily life. What will
happen if the machine is not invented?
Why?

Both vehicles help humans to
travel to distant places. The use of
which vehicle is more sustainable?
Why?

Daily life
complex machinesimple machine

manual

manual

manual

motorised
machine

motorised
machine

motorised
machine

202
6cm

Let’s
Test
Let’s
Test

MESIN

1    Preparation of the body of the boat.

Making and assembling the propellers.

Fix the rubber band to
the propellers.

Cut out four pieces of plastic
cardboard. Make a slit in
the middle.

2

3

Insert two pieces of the
cardboard to form a propeller. Insert the satay stick through the

straw. Attach the propellers to
both ends of the satay stick.

6 cm
3 cm

3 cm2 cm

10 cm
4 cm

5 cm
12 cm

6 cm

1.5 cm
3 cm

Sailing Boat

Apparatus

and

Materials

Aim
To create a model sailing boat based on several
types of simple machines and science concepts.

Knife, ruler, pencil, hole punch, plastic bottle (500 ml),
plastic cardboard, straw, rubber band, thread, satay stick,
plastic bag, bulb, AA battery, bulb holder, battery holder, wire,
and adhesive tape

Steps

#SAFETY

Be careful when using
sharp tools such as
the knife.

Cut the plastic cardboard. Attach the straw and bottle onto the cardboard.

adhesive tape

bottle

satay
stick

straw

propeller

Stick the rubber
band to the bottle.Tie the rubber band

to the satay stick.

slit

#TIPS
The rubber band on
the propellers can
be made longer by
joining two rubber
bands together.

MACHINESMACHINES

20312.3.1
12.3.2
To move your sailing boat, turn the propellers of the sailing
boat and release it on the surface of the water.
Present your sailing boat to the class and explain how the
sailing boat model functions.

1. Identify the simple machines found on your sailing boat.
Explain the simple machines found on the sailing boat.

2. Explain the science concepts applied in your sailing boat.

16 cm

14 cm

Based on the model constructed above, design another model that combines
science concepts such as electricity, speed, light, and magnet. Present the
model you invented and state the sustainability found in the model.

TASKTASK

•	 Guide the pupils on the science concepts applied and
sustainability of the above model.

#TEACHER

HOTSHOTS
Predict what will
happen if the
propellers of the
sailing boat are
turned in the
opposite direction.
Why?

4 Assembling the sail and boat bulb.

tie satay
sticks with
thread

making the sail
pole

cut the plastic
bag to make
the sail

insert the sail pole
into the holecut

make a small hole

tie with the thread

stick the rubber band

insert the rubber
band

connect the complete circuit stick the bulb on
the bottle

put in the
complete
circuit

stick the sail to
the sail pole

6

5

204
MESIN

Let`s
Remember
Let`s
Remember

MACHINES

Complex Machine

Combination of more than
one simple machine

pulley

screw

gear

wedge

lever

inclined
plane

From the aspects of:
•		materials	used
•		life	span
•		maintenance
•		save	cost
•		environmentally	friendly
•		safety

The Importance
of Sustainable

Machines Invention

Simple Machine

+
2 blades wedge

screw

a pair of
scissors

wheel
and axle

Examples

pencil
sharpener

a pair of
compasses

toy car

load

force

fulcrum

MACHINESMACHINES

205
Mind
Challenge
Mind
Challenge

Answer all of the following questions in the Science exercise book.

•	 A tool used to move a load.
•	 A tool used to lift a heavy load.
•	 A tool used to carry out work easily.
•	 A tool that allows us to use less force and makes work easier and faster.

1. What is the meaning of a simple machine? Choose the correct answers.

4. The picture below shows a complex machine.

Which of the following tools use the same
simple machine principles as shown in the
picture?

I  Knife   II    Screwdriver
III Broom    IV   Bottle opener

A. I and II   B.  II and III
C. I and III   D.  II and IV

2. Simple machines are inclined plane,  __________ , wedge, __________ ,

screw, ___________ ,  and _______________.

The tools above are machines. The tools  _____ and _____ are simple

machines, while tools _____ and_____ are complex machines.

P    Q          R           S

3.

206
MESIN

6. Name the simple machines that can be found in the complex
machines below.

5. A worker wants to lift the big boxes to
the highest shelf. Which simple machine
is suitable to be used to make this work
easier? Why?

7. The picture shows a carpenter using a hammer to
remove a nail from a plank of wood.

a) State the type of simple machine shown.
b) Sketch a diagram of the simple machine based

on your answer in (a).

Method X Method Y

8. A farmer wants to plough his land. Between the two following methods,
which one can help him complete the work in a shorter time? Why?

a) b)

hand
drill

ladder

MACHINESMACHINES

207
Let`s

Try
Let`s

Try Catapult

Steps

The catapult model is a type of lever. Identify the force, fulcrum, and load in your
catapult model.

Cut an opening in the
tissue box as shown in
the picture above.

Punch a hole 3 cm from the
edge of the box and 1 cm
from the opening. Repeat
on the other side.

Cut a small opening at the
opposite end of the box
near the base. Insert a
paper clip into it.

Tie a pencil and a ruler in
the shape of a cross with a
rubber band.

Insert the pencil into the
holes made earlier.

Stick a bottle cap on the
other end of the ruler.

Pull and fix the rubber band
to the paper clip.

Tie and stick the rubber
band on the other end of
the ruler.

Put a light object in the bottle
cap. Pull backwards and
release it.

1 2 3

4

7

5

8

6

9

To explain a lever using a catapult model.

Apparatus
and Materials

Aim

Scissors, knife, plastic ruler, hole punch, tissue box, pencil,
bottle cap, paper clip, rubber band, and adhesive tape

Catapult is a device used to hurl objects such as stones and others in
the direction of a target.

#TEACHER
208