detail complexity strange attractors occur continuous dynamical systems lorenz system discrete systems h non map discrete dynamical systems repelling structure called julia set forms boundary basins attraction fixed points julia sets thought strange repellers strange attractors julia sets typically fractal structure fractal dimension calculated minimum complexity chaotic system bifurcation diagram logistic map span style white space nowrap ''x'' ''r'' ''x''


gradual increase math g math interval math infty math changes dynamics regular chaotic one ref name okulov yu ref qualitatively bifurcation diagram logistic map contrast continuous dynamical systems poincar bendixson theorem shows strange attractor arise three dimensions finite dimensional linear systems never chaotic dynamical system display chaotic behavior must either nonlinear infinite dimensional poincar bendixson theorem states two dimensional differential equation regular behavior lorenz attractor discussed generated system three differential

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equations math begin align frac mathrm x mathrm sigma sigma x frac mathrm mathrm rho x x z frac mathrm z mathrm x beta z end align math math x math math math math z math make system state math math time math sigma math math rho math math beta math system parameters five terms right hand side linear two quadratic total seven terms another well known chaotic attractor generated r ssler equations one nonlinear term seven sprott found three dimensional system


five terms one nonlinear term exhibits chaos certain parameter values zhang heidel showed least dissipative conservative quadratic systems three dimensional quadratic systems three four terms right hand side cannot exhibit chaotic behavior reason simply put solutions systems asymptotic two dimensional surface therefore solutions well behaved poincar bendixson theorem shows continuous dynamical system euclidean plane cannot chaotic two dimensional continuous systems non euclidean geometry exhibit chaotic behavior ref name rosario ref perhaps surprisingly


chaos may occur also linear systems provided infinite dimensional theory linear chaos developed branch mathematical analysis known functional analysis infinite dimensional maps straightforward generalization coupled discrete maps ref name moloney j v ref based upon convolution integral mediates interaction spatially distributed maps math psi n vec rt int k vec r vec r f psi n vec r vec r math kernel math k vec r vec r math propagator derived green function relevant physical system ref name okulov yu ref math f psi n vec rt


math might logistic map alike math psi rightarrow g psi tanh psi math complex map examples complex maps julia set math f psi psi math ikeda map math psi n b psi n e psi n c math may serve wave propagation problems distance math l ct math wavelength math lambda pi k math considered kernel math k math may form green function schr dinger equation ref name okulov yu ref ref name okulov yu ref math k vec r vec r l frac ik exp ikl pi l exp frac ik vec r vec r l math jerk


true random number generators ease construction circuit made ubiquitous real world example chaotic system spontaneous order right conditions chaos spontaneously evolves lockstep pattern kuramoto model four conditions suffice produce synchronization chaotic system examples include coupled oscillation christiaan huygens' pendulums fireflies neurons london millennium bridge resonance large arrays josephson junctions history barnsley fern created using chaos game natural forms ferns clouds mountains etc may recreated iterated function system ifs early proponent chaos theory


nonlinear differential equations carried george david birkhoff andrey nikolaevich kolmogorov mary lucy cartwright john edensor littlewood stephen smale except smale studies directly inspired physics three body problem case birkhoff turbulence astronomical problems case kolmogorov radio engineering case cartwright littlewood although chaotic planetary motion observed experimentalists encountered turbulence fluid motion nonperiodic oscillation radio circuits without benefit theory explain seeing despite initial insights first


half twentieth century chaos theory became formalized mid century first became evident scientists linear theory prevailing system theory time simply could explain observed behavior certain experiments like logistic map attributed measure imprecision simple noise considered chaos theorists full component studied systems main catalyst development chaos theory electronic computer much mathematics chaos theory involves repeated iteration simple mathematical formulas


would impractical hand electronic computers made repeated calculations practical figures images made possible visualize systems graduate student chihiro hayashi 's laboratory kyoto university yoshisuke ueda experimenting analog computers noticed november called randomly transitional phenomena yet advisor agree conclusions time allow report findings turbulence tip vortex airplane wing studies critical point beyond system creates turbulence


simulation middle course entering printout data corresponded conditions middle original simulation surprise weather machine began predict completely different previous calculation lorenz tracked computer printout computer worked digit precision printout rounded variables digit number value like printed difference tiny consensus time would practical effect however lorenz


discovered small changes initial conditions produced large changes long term outcome lorenz 's discovery gave name lorenz attractors showed even detailed atmospheric modelling cannot general make precise long term weather predictions benoit mandelbrot found recurring patterns every scale data cotton prices beforehand studied information theory concluded noise patterned like cantor set scale proportion noise containing periods error free periods constant thus errors inevitable must planned incorporating redundancy mandelbrot described noah effect


sudden discontinuous changes occur joseph effect persistence value occur yet suddenly change afterwards challenged idea changes price normally distributed published long coast britain statistical self similarity fractional dimension showing coastline 's length varies scale measuring instrument resembles scales infinite length infinitesimally small measuring device arguing ball twine appears point viewed far away dimensional ball


application chaos theory many different phenomena albert j libchaber symposium organized aspen pierre hohenberg presented experimental observation bifurcation cascade leads chaos turbulence rayleigh b nard convection systems awarded wolf prize physics along mitchell j feigenbaum inspiring achievements new york academy sciences co organized national institute mental health office naval research first important conference chaos biology medicine bernardo huberman presented mathematical model


always welcomed least initially specialists subjects examined soc nevertheless become established strong candidate explaining number natural phenomena including earthquakes long soc discovered known source scale invariant behavior gutenberg richter law describing statistical distribution earthquake sizes omori law describing frequency aftershocks solar flares fluctuations economic systems financial markets references soc common econophysics landscape formation forest fires landslides epidemics biological evolution soc invoked example dynamical


mechanism behind theory punctuated equilibria put forward niles eldredge stephen jay gould given implications scale free distribution event sizes researchers suggested another phenomenon considered example soc occurrence wars investigations soc included attempts modelling either developing new models adapting existing ones specifics given natural system extensive data analysis determine existence characteristics natural scaling laws year james gleick published ''chaos making new science'' became


best seller introduced general principles chaos theory well history broad public initially domain isolated individuals chaos theory progressively emerged transdisciplinary institutional discipline mainly name nonlinear systems analysis alluding thomas kuhn 's concept paradigm shift exposed ''the structure scientific revolutions'' many chaologists described claimed new theory example shift thesis upheld gleick availability cheaper powerful computers broadens applicability chaos theory currently chaos


efficient robotics robotics another area recently benefited chaos theory instead robots acting trial error type refinement interact environment chaos theory used build predictive model chaotic dynamics exhibited passive walking biped robots biology hundred years biologists keeping track populations different species population models models continuous recently scientists able implement chaotic models certain populations example study models canadian lynx showed chaotic behavior


recurrence quantification analysis fact orlando et al means called recurrence quantification correlation index able detect hidden changes time series technique employed detect transitions laminar regular turbulent chaotic phases well differences macroeconomic variables highlight hidden features economic dynamics finally chaos could help modeling economy operate well embedding shocks due external events covid updated account tools results obtained empirically calibrating testing deterministic chaotic models eg kaldor kalecki goodwin


harrod see orlando et al areas chemistry predicting gas solubility essential manufacturing polymers models using particle swarm optimization pso tend converge wrong points improved version pso created introducing chaos keeps simulations getting stuck celestial mechanics especially observing asteroids applying chaos theory leads better predictions objects approach earth planets four five moons pluto rotate chaotically quantum physics electrical engineering study large arrays josephson junctions benefitted greatly chaos


theory closer home coal mines always dangerous places frequent natural gas leaks cause many deaths recently reliable way predict would occur gas leaks chaotic tendencies properly modeled predicted fairly accurately chaos theory applied outside natural sciences historically nearly studies suffered lack reproducibility poor external validity inattention cross validation resulting poor predictive accuracy sample prediction even attempted glass mandell selz found eeg


study yet indicated presence strange attractors signs chaotic behavior researchers continued apply chaos theory psychology example modeling group behavior heterogeneous members may behave sharing different degrees wilfred bion 's theory basic assumption researchers found group dynamic result individual dynamics members individual reproduces group dynamics different scale chaotic behavior group reflected member ref name dal fornomerlone ref redington reidbord attempted demonstrate


human heart could display chaotic traits monitored changes heartbeat intervals single psychotherapy patient moved periods varying emotional intensity therapy session results admittedly inconclusive ambiguities various plots authors produced purportedly show evidence chaotic dynamics spectral analysis phase trajectory autocorrelation plots also attempted compute lyapunov exponent definitive confirmation chaotic behavior authors found could reliably paper metcalf allen maintained uncovered


animal behavior pattern period doubling leading chaos authors examined well known response called schedule induced polydipsia animal deprived food certain lengths time drink unusual amounts water food last presented control parameter r operating length interval feedings resumed authors careful test large number animals include many replications designed experiment rule likelihood changes response patterns caused


allen saw periods two six spectral plots room alternative interpretations ambiguity necessitate serpentine post hoc explanation show results fit chaotic model adapting model career counseling include chaotic interpretation relationship employees job market amundson bright found better suggestions made people struggling career decisions modern organizations increasingly seen open complex adaptive systems fundamental natural nonlinear structures subject internal external forces may contribute chaos instance team


environmental water cycle data also hydrological data rainfall streamflow studies yielded controversial results methods detecting chaotic signature often relatively subjective early studies tended succeed finding chaos whereas subsequent studies meta analyses called studies question provided explanations datasets likely low dimension chaotic dynamics see also '''examples chaotic systems''' advected contours arnold 's cat map bifurcation theory bouncing ball dynamics chua 's circuit cliodynamics coupled map lattice double pendulum duffing equation dynamical billiards economic bubble gaspard rice system h non map horseshoe


map list chaotic maps r ssler attractor standard map swinging atwood 's machine tilt whirl '''other related topics''' amplitude death anosov diffeomorphism catastrophe theory causality chaos machine chaotic mixing chaotic scattering control chaos determinism edge chaos emergence mandelbrot set kolmogorov arnold moser theorem ill conditioning ill posedness nonlinear system patterns nature predictability quantum chaos santa fe institute synchronization chaos unintended consequence '''people''' ralph abraham michael berry leon chua ivar ekeland doyne farmer martin gutzwiller brosl hasslacher michel h non aleksandr lyapunov norman packard otto r ssler david ruelle oleksandr mikolaiovich sharkovsky robert shaw floris takens james yorke george zaslavsky


references reading articles https webarchiveorg web http cseucdavisedu chaos courses ncaso readings chaos sciam chaos sciam html online version note volume page citation cited online text differ cited citation photocopy consistent citations found online n't provide article views online content identical hardcopy text citation variations related country publication textbooks springerlink series dynamic modeling econometrics economics finance year volume url https linkspringercom book editorsandaffiliations language en gb doi isbn cid semitechnical popular works christophe letellier ''chaos nature'' world scientific publishing company john briggs david peat ''turbulent mirror illustrated guide chaos theory


science wholeness'' harper perennial pp john briggs david peat ''seven life lessons chaos spiritual wisdom science change'' harper perennial pp predrag cvitanovi ''universality chaos'' adam hilger pp leon glass michael c mackey ''from clocks chaos rhythms life'' princeton university press pp james gleick ''chaos making new science'' new york penguin pp l douglas kiel euel w elliott ed ''chaos theory social sciences foundations applications'' university michigan press pp arvind kumar ''chaos


fractals self organisation new perspectives complexity nature '' national book trust hans lauwerier ''fractals'' princeton university press edward lorenz ''the essence chaos'' university washington press david peak michael frame ''chaos control art science complexity'' freeman heinz otto peitgen dietmar saupe eds ''the science fractal images'' springer pp clifford pickover ''computers pattern chaos beauty graphics unseen world '' st martins pr clifford pickover ''chaos wonderland visual adventures fractal world'' st martins pr ilya prigogine


neurodynamics approach'' lambert external links https webarchiveorg web http lagrangephysicsdrexeledu nonlinear dynamics research group animations flash http wwwchaosumdedu chaos group university maryland http hypertextbookcom chaos chaos hypertextbook introductory primer chaos fractals http chaosbookorg chaosbookorg advanced graduate textbook chaos fractals http wwwsocietyforchaostheoryorg society chaos theory psychology life sciences https webarchiveorg web http wwwcsdcunifiit mdswitchhtmlnewlang eng nonlinear dynamics research group csdc florence italy https webarchiveorg web http physicsmerceredu pendulum interactive live chaotic pendulum experiment allows users interact sample data real working damped driven chaotic pendulum http wwwcreatingtechnologyorg papers chaoshtm nonlinear dynamics science comprehends chaos talk presented sunny auyang http wwwegwaldca nonlineardynamics indexphp nonlinear


dynamics models bifurcation chaos elmer g wiens http wwwaroundcom chaoshtml gleick 's ''chaos'' excerpt https webarchiveorg web http wwwengoxacuk samp systems analysis modelling prediction group university oxford https webarchiveorg web http wwwmgixcom snippets mackeyglass page mackey glass equation https wwwyoutubecom user thedebtgenerationfeature mhum high anxieties mathematics chaos bbc documentary directed david malone https wwwnewscientistcom article mg chaos theory evolutionhtml chaos theory evolution article published newscientist featuring similarities evolution non linear systems including fractal nature life chaos jos leys tienne ghys et aur lien alvarez http wwwchaos mathorg en ''chaos mathematical adventure'' nine films dynamical systems butterfly effect chaos theory intended


wide audience http wwwbbccouk programmes p f chaos theory bbc radio discussion susan greenfield david papineau neil johnson ''in time'' may https wwwyoutubecom watchv fdek cyijxi chaos science butterfly effect explanation presented derek muller complex systems theory computational fields study


'''charge''' '''charged''' may refer arts entertainment media films ''charge zero emissions maximum speed'' documentary music ''charge'' david ford album ''charge'' machel montano album ''charge '' album aquabats ''charged'' nebula album ''charged'' toshinori kondo eraldo bernocchi bill laswell album television ''charge'' tv series charge tv network charged ''reaper'' episode season one ''reaper'' companies charge automotive limited electric vehicle manufacturer charged productions animation studio charged records record label finance equitable charge confers right secured party look particular asset event

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debtor 's default floating charge security interest assets company law criminal charge formal accusation made court prosecuting authority legal charge information indictment formal legal process mathematics science technology charge physics susceptibility state affected body one fundamental forces color charge property quarks gluons related strong interactions electric charge property determines electromagnetic interaction subatomic particles magnetic charge property theoretical magnetic monopoles charge air fuel mixture fed


internal combustion engine charge syndrome specific set birth defects children explosive charge measured quantity explosive material signed measure mathematics military charge bugle call charge warfare military manoeuvre charges military ranks used german speaking armies sports charge basketball illegal contact pushing moving another player 's torso charge ice hockey illegal contact taking three strides jumping hitting opponent charge fanfare played sporting events guangzhou charge chinese esports team overwatch league uses charge heraldry object depicted shield charge student


associations executive german student fraternities charge youth underage person placed care medieval nobleman charge type pen spinning trick two classes diplomatic agents pastoral charge group congregants protestant churches see also charger disambiguation supercharge disambiguation


legislator inferior supreme legislator actual subject material canons doctrinal moral nature encompassing human condition therefore extending beyond taken revealed truth catholic church also includes main five rites groups churches full union holy see latin church alexandrian rite churches include coptic catholic church eritrean catholic church ethiopian catholic church west syriac rite includes maronite church syriac catholic church syro malankara catholic church armenian rite


church includes armenian catholic church byzantine rite churches include albanian greek catholic church belarusian greek catholic church bulgarian greek catholic church greek catholic church croatia serbia greek byzantine catholic church hungarian greek catholic church italo albanian catholic church macedonian greek catholic church melkite greek catholic church romanian greek catholic church russian greek catholic church ruthenian greek catholic church slovak greek catholic church ukrainian greek catholic church east syriac rite churches includes chaldean catholic church syro malabar church church groups full communion supreme pontiff


subject ''code canons eastern churches'' history sources law codifications image pages ''decretum'' burchard worms th century book canon law catholic church claimed oldest continuously functioning internal legal system western europe ref name white ref much later roman law predating evolution modern european civil law traditions might describe canons adopted apostles council jerusalem first century would later developed highly complex legal system encapsulating


norms new testament elements hebrew old testament roman visigothic saxon celtic legal traditions history latin canon law divided four periods ''jus antiquum'' ''jus novum'' ''jus novissimum'' ''code canon law'' ref name manual ramstein pg ref relation code history divided ''jus vetus'' law code ''jus novum'' law code ''jus codicis'' ref name manual canon law eastern catholic churches developed different disciplines practices underwent


process codification resulting code canons eastern churches promulgated pope john paul ii catholic canon law legal system roman canon law fully developed legal system necessary elements courts lawyers judges fully articulated legal code principles legal interpretation coercive penalties though lacks civilly binding force secular jurisdictions one example conflict secular canon law occurred english legal system well systems us derived criminals could apply


benefit clergy holy orders fraudulently claiming meant criminals could opt tried ecclesiastical rather secular courts ecclesiastical courts generally lenient tudors scope clerical benefit steadily reduced henry vii henry viii elizabeth papacy disputed secular authority priests' criminal offenses benefit clergy systematically removed english legal systems next years although still occurred south carolina english law use mechanism point


legal fiction used first offenders abolished criminal law act academic degrees canon law jcb ''juris canonici baccalaureatus'' bachelor canon law normally taken graduate degree jcl ''juris canonici licentiatus'' licentiate canon law jcd ''juris canonici doctor'' doctor canon law specialized nature advanced degrees civil law theology normal prerequisites study canon law much canon law 's legislative style adapted roman law code justinian result roman ecclesiastical courts tend follow


roman law style continental europe variation featuring collegiate panels judges investigative form proceeding called inquisitorial latin inquirere enquire contrast adversarial form proceeding found common law system english us law features things juries single judges institutions practices canon law paralleled legal development much europe consequently modern civil law common law bear influences canon law edson luiz sampel brazilian expert canon law says


canon law contained genesis various institutes civil law law continental europe latin american countries indirectly canon law significant influence contemporary society canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows principles aristotelian thomistic legal philosophy ref name white term law never explicitly defined catholic code canon law ''catechism catholic church'' cites aquinas defining law ordinance reason common good promulgated one charge community reformulates rule conduct enacted


competent authority sake common good code eastern churches law eastern rite churches full communion roman papacy much state latin western church much diversity legislation existed various eastern catholic churches special law custom still played important part one major difference eastern europe however specifically eastern orthodox christian churches regards divorce divorce started slowly allowed specific instances


adultery committed abuse abandonment impotence barrenness primary justifications divorce eventually church began allow remarriage occur spouses post divorce ref name pius xi informed eastern churches intention work code whole eastern church publication codes eastern churches regarding law persons made finalized nearly years later ref name metz first code canon law exclusively latin church application eastern churches


cases pertain nature second vatican council vatican produced ''code canons eastern churches'' became first code eastern catholic canon law eastern orthodox church eastern orthodox church principally work th century athonite monastic scholar nicodemus hagiorite compiled canons commentaries upon work known 'rudder' named meant steer church discipline dogmatic determinations councils applied rigorously since considered


essential church 's unity faithful preservation gospel ref name pastavos ref anglican communion church england ecclesiastical courts formerly decided many matters disputes relating marriage divorce wills defamation still jurisdiction certain church related matters eg discipline clergy alteration church property issues related churchyards separate status dates back th century normans split mixed secular religious county local courts used saxons contrast courts england law used ecclesiastical matters


least partially civil law system common law although heavily governed parliamentary statutes since reformation ecclesiastical courts england royal courts teaching canon law universities oxford cambridge abrogated henry viii thereafter practitioners ecclesiastical courts trained civil law receiving doctor civil law dcl degree oxford doctor laws lld degree cambridge lawyers called doctors civilians centered doctors commons streets south st paul 's cathedral london monopolized probate


matrimonial admiralty cases jurisdiction removed common law courts mid th century churches anglican communion around world eg episcopal church united states anglican church canada still function private systems canon law legal advisors consultation meeting canterbury concluded blockquote principles canon law common churches within anglican communion existence factually established province church contributes legal system principles canon law common


within communion principles strong persuasive authority fundamental self understanding member churches principles living force contain within possibility development existence principles demonstrates promotes unity communion blockquote presbyterian reformed churches presbyterian reformed churches canon law known practice procedure church order includes church 's laws respecting government discipline legal practice worship roman canon law criticized presbyterians early


religion references reading baker jh ''an introduction english legal history'' th edn london butterworths beal john p james coriden thomas j green ''new commentary code canon law'' new york paulist press brundage james ''the medieval origins legal profession canonists civilians courts'' chicago university chicago press c brundage james ''medieval canon law'' london new york longman coriden james ''an introduction canon law'' revised edn new york paulist press coriden james thomas j green donald e heintschel eds ''the code canon


law text commentary'' new york paulist press coughlin john j ofm ''canon law comparative study anglo american legal theory'' oxford oxford university press della rocca fernando ''manual canon law'' trans rev anselm thatcher osb milwaukee bruce publishing company episcopal church '' https webarchiveorg web https wwwchurchpublishingorg general convention pdf const constitutionpdf constitution canons together rules order government protestant episcopal church united states america otherwise known episcopal church'' new york church publishing inc hartmann wilfried kenneth pennington eds ''the history medieval canon law


classical period gratian decretals pope gregory ix'' washington dc catholic university america press hartmann wilfried kenneth penningon eds ''the history byzantine eastern canon law '' washington dc catholic university america press r c mortimer ''western canon law'' london c black robinson td fergus wm gordon ''european legal history'' rd edn london butterworths ulanov badmaev v n holland e c buddhism kalmyk secular law seventeenth nineteenth centuries ''inner asia'' p wagschal


david ''law legality greek east byzantine canonical tradition '' oxford oxford university press witte john jr frank alexander eds ''christianity law introduction'' cambridge cambridge university press armenian oriental canon law external links '''catholic''' outdated useful http wwwintratextcom x lat htm codex iuris canonici original text latin official text https webarchiveorg web https wwwvaticanva archive eng indexhtm code canon law modification canons english translation http wwwclsaorg canon law society america vatican website http wwwintratextcom ixt eng indexhtm code canon law english translation


type part length width area height builder material built abandoned epochs cultures dependency occupants event excavations archaeologists condition ownership management public access website notes designation whs designation date small rd session small designation type cultural designation criteria ii iii vi designation number https whcunescoorg en list designation free name state party designation free value designation free name region designation free value north africa '''carthage''' capital city ancient carthaginian civilization

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eastern side lake tunis tunisia carthage one important trading hubs ancient mediterranean one affluent cities classical world city developed phoenician colony capital punic empire dominated large parts southwest mediterranean first millennium bc legendary queen alyssa dido regarded founder city though historicity questioned according accounts timaeus tauromenium purchased local tribe amount


land could covered oxhide ancient city destroyed roman republic third punic war bc developed roman carthage became major city roman empire province africa city sacked destroyed umayyad forces battle carthage prevent reconquered byzantine empire ref name edmund remained occupied muslim period ref name ediguplia used fort muslims hafsid period taken


crusaders inhabitants massacred eighth crusade hafsids decided destroy defenses could used base hostile power ref name mustansir also continued function episcopal see regional power shifted kairouan medina tunis medieval period early th century began develop coastal suburb tunis incorporated carthage municipality archaeological site first surveyed danish consul christian tuxen falbe excavations performed second half


name ''carthage'' early modern anglicisation middle french ''carthage'' latin '''' '''' cf greek ''karkh n'' etruscan ''car aza'' punic '''' new city implying new tyre latin adjective ''p nicus'' meaning phoenician reflected english borrowings latin notably punic wars punic language modern standard arabic form '''' adoption french ''carthage'' replacing older local toponym reported ''cartagenna'' directly continued latin name topography layout society modern reconstruction punic carthage circular harbor


harbors city massive walls long longer walls comparable cities walls shore could less impressive carthaginian control sea made attack direction difficult wall isthmus west truly massive never penetrated carthage one largest cities hellenistic period among largest cities preindustrial history whereas ad rome least inhabitants following century may reached nbsp million


rise nearly thick according ancient authors west three parallel walls built walls altogether ran encircle city heights byrsa additionally fortified area last succumb romans bc originally romans landed army strip land extending southward city outside city walls carthage ''chora'' farm lands carthage ''chora'' encompassed limited area north coastal ''tell'' lower bagradas river valley inland


utica cape bon adjacent ' 'sahel'' east coast punic culture achieved introduction agricultural sciences first developed lands eastern mediterranean adaptation local african conditions ''urban landscape'' carthage known part ancient authors augmented modern digs surveys conducted archeologists first urban nucleus dating seventh century area apparently located low lying lands along coast north later harbors confirmed archaeological excavations carthage creation ''ex nihilo'' built 'virgin' land situated


end peninsula among mud brick walls beaten clay floors recently uncovered also found extensive cemeteries yielded evocative grave goods like clay masks thanks burial archaeology know archaic carthage contemporary city western mediterranean already eighth century fabric dyeing operations established evident crushed shells murex 'phoenician purple' derived nonetheless meager picture cultural life earliest pioneers city conjectured much


housing monuments defenses roman poet virgil bc imagined early carthage legendary character aeneas arrived blockquote aeneas found lately huts br marvelous buildings gateways cobbled ways br din wagons tyrians br hard work laying courses walls br rolling stones build citadel br others picked building sites plowed br boundary furrow laws enacted br magistrates sacred senate chosen br men dredging harbors laid br deep foundations


theatre br quarried massive pillars br blockquote archaeological sites modern carthage two inner harbours named ''cothon'' punic located southeast one commercial war definite functions entirely known probably construction outfitting repair ships perhaps also loading unloading cargo larger anchorages existed north south city north west ''cothon'' located several industrial areas eg metalworking pottery eg amphora could serve inner harbours ships anchored south


city byrsa citadel area north considering importance knowledge patchy prominent heights scene fierce combat fiery destruction city bc byrsa reported site temple eshmun healing god top stairway sixty steps temple tanit city 's queen goddess likely situated slope 'lesser byrsa' immediately east runs toward sea also situated byrsa luxury homes south


citadel near ''cothon'' ''tophet'' special old cemetery begun lay outside city 's boundaries ''salammb '' located ''sanctuary tanit'' temple enclosure placing stone stelae mostly short upright carved funeral purposes presence infant skeletons may indicate occurrence child sacrifice claimed bible although considerable doubt among archeologists interpretation many consider simply cemetery devoted infants probably ''tophet'' burial fields dedicated


early date perhaps first settlers recent studies hand indicate child sacrifice practiced carthaginians ref name sacrifice xella paolo et al cemetery sacrifice infant burials carthage tophet phoenician bones contention antiquity ref ref name sacrifice smith patricia et al cemetery sacrifice infant burials carthage tophet age estimations attest infant sacrifice carthage tophet antiquity ref sea filled ''cothon'' shipping byrsa heights lay ''agora'' greek market city state 's central marketplace business commerce ''agora'' also area


sites north west harbours location three metal workshops implied iron slag vestiges activity found adjacent naval commercial harbours another two hill toward byrsa citadel sites pottery kilns identified ''agora'' harbours north earthenware often used greek models fuller 's shop preparing woolen cloth shrink thicken evidently situated west south edge city carthage also produced objects rare refinement


archaeological site carthage due roman 's leveling city original punic urban landscape carthage largely lost since french archaeologist serge lancel excavated residential area punic carthage top byrsa hill near forum roman carthage neighborhood dated back early second century bc houses shops private spaces significant reveals daily life punic carthage remains preserved embankments substructures later roman forum whose foundation piles dot district


housing blocks separated grid straight streets wide roadway consisting clay ''in situ'' stairs compensate slope hill construction type presupposes organization political inspired name neighborhood hannibal district referring legendary punic general sufet consul beginning second century bc habitat typical even stereotypical street often used storefront shopfront cisterns installed basements collect water domestic use long corridor right side


residence led courtyard containing sump around various elements may found places ground covered mosaics called punica pavement sometimes using characteristic red mortar society local economy archaeological site carthage view two columns carthage punic culture agricultural sciences arriving carthage eastern mediterranean gradually adapted local conditions merchant harbor carthage developed settlement nearby punic town utica eventually surrounding african countryside brought orbit punic urban centers


first commercially politically direct management cultivation neighbouring lands punic owners followed volume work agriculture written punic mago retired army general c translated latin later greek original translations lost however mago 's text survived latin works olive trees eg grafting fruit trees pomegranate almond fig date palm viniculture bees cattle sheep poultry implements farm management among ancient topics mago discussed well mago addresses wine maker 's art type sherry punic


farming society according mago small estate owners chief producers two modern historians write absent landlords rather likely reader mago master relatively modest estate great personal exertion extracted maximum yield mago counselled rural landowner sake 'utilitarian' interests treat carefully well managers farm workers overseers slaves yet elsewhere writers suggest rural land ownership provided also new power base among city 's nobility resident country


villas many farming viewed alternative endeavour urban business another modern historian opines often urban merchant carthage owned rural farming land profit also retire heat summer may seem mago anticipated opinion instead issued contrary advice quoted roman writer columella blockquote man acquires estate must sell house lest prefer live town rather country anyone prefers live town


need estate country one bought land sell town house desire worship household gods city rather country man takes greater delight city residence need country estate blockquote issues involved rural land management also reveal underlying features punic society structure stratification hired workers might considered 'rural proletariat' drawn local berbers whether remained berber landowners next punic run farms unclear


berbers became sharecroppers slaves acquired farm work often prisoners war lands outside punic political control independent berbers cultivated grain raised horses lands yet within punic domain surrounded city state carthage ethnic divisions addition usual quasi feudal distinctions lord peasant master serf inherent instability countryside drew unwanted attention potential invaders yet long periods carthage able manage social difficulties many amphorae punic markings subsequently found ancient mediterranean coastal settlements testify


carthaginian trade locally made olive oil wine carthage 's agricultural production held high regard ancients rivaled rome competitors eg olive harvests roman rule however grain production wheat barley export increased dramatically 'africa' yet later fell rise roman egypt 's grain exports thereafter olive groves vineyards established around carthage visitors several growing regions surrounded city wrote admiringly lush green gardens orchards fields irrigation channels hedgerows boundaries well many prosperous farming


towns located across rural landscape accordingly greek author compiler diodorus siculus fl st century bc enjoyed access ancient writings later lost based writings described agricultural land near city carthage circa bc blockquote divided market gardens orchards sorts fruit trees many streams water flowing channels irrigating every part country homes everywhere lavishly built covered stucco part land planted vines part olives productive trees beyond


cattle sheep pastured plains meadows grazing horses blockquote ancient history greek cities contested carthage western mediterranean culminating sicilian wars pyrrhic war sicily romans fought three wars carthage known punic wars punic meaning phoenician latin carthage phoenician colony grown kingdom punic republic bc carthaginian republic one longest lived largest states ancient mediterranean reports relay several wars syracuse finally rome eventually resulted defeat


end carthaginian power complete destruction city scipio aemilianus romans pulled phoenician warships harbor burned city went house house capturing enslaving people carthaginians sold slavery city set ablaze razed ground leaving ruins rubble fall carthage rome annexed majority carthaginian colonies including north african locations volubilis lixus chellah today carthaginian peace refer brutal peace treaty demanding


total subjugation defeated side salting legend since least claimed carthage sown salt razed evidence ref name carthage pp ref roman carthage roman carthage city center layout roman carthage carthage fell nearby rival utica roman ally made capital region replaced carthage leading center punic trade leadership advantageous position situated outlet medjerda river tunisia 's river flowed year long however grain cultivation


tunisian mountains caused large amounts silt erode river silt accumulated harbor became useless rome forced rebuild carthage bc gaius gracchus founded short lived colony called ''colonia iunonia'' latin name punic goddess tanit ''iuno caelestis'' purpose obtain arable lands impoverished farmers senate abolished colony time later undermine gracchus' power ill fated attempt new city carthage built land julius caesar period


bc first century grown second largest city western half roman empire peak population center province africa major breadbasket empire among major monuments amphitheater carthage also became center early christianity see carthage episcopal see first string rather poorly reported councils carthage years later fewer bishops attended tertullian later broke mainstream increasingly represented


west primacy bishop rome serious rift among christians donatist controversy augustine hippo spent much time parchment arguing council carthage biblical canon western church confirmed christians carthage conducted persecutions pagans pagan temples notably famous temple juno caelesti destroyed vandal kingdom centered carthage political fallout deep disaffection african christians supposedly crucial factor ease carthage


centers captured fifth century gaiseric king vandals defeated roman general bonifacius made city capital vandal kingdom gaiseric considered heretic arian though arians commonly despised catholic christians mere promise toleration might caused city 's population accept vandals conquest said destroyed parts carthage victor vitensis ''historia persecutionis africanae provincia'' including various buildings churches failed attempt recapture city fifth century eastern


roman empire finally subdued vandals vandalic war thereafter city became seat praetorian prefecture africa made exarchate emperor maurice 's reign ravenna italian peninsula two exarchates western bulwarks byzantine empire remained power west early seventh century heraclius elder exarch carthage overthrew byzantine emperor phocas whereupon son heraclius succeeded imperial throne islamic period roman exarchate africa able withstand


seventh century muslim conquest maghreb umayyad caliphate abd al malik ibn marwan sent force led zuhayr ibn qays battle romans berbers led king kusaila kingdom altava plain kairouan could follow hassan ibn al nu'man captured carthage advanced atlas mountains imperial fleet arrived retook carthage hasan ibn al nu'man returned defeated emperor tiberios iii battle carthage roman imperial forces withdrew


africa except ceuta fearing byzantine empire might reconquer decided destroy roman carthage scorched earth policy establish headquarters somewhere else walls torn water supply aqueducts cut agricultural land ravaged harbors made unusable ref name edmund ref destruction exarchate africa marked permanent end byzantine empire 's influence region visible archaeological evidence town carthage continued occupied neighborhood bjordi djedid continued occupied baths antoninus continued


function arab period historian al bakri stated still good condition also production centers nearby difficult determine whether continued habitation buildings belonged late byzantine early arab period bir ftouha church might continued remain use though clear became uninhabited ref name ediguplia ref constantine african born carthage medina tunis originally berber settlement established new regional center umayyad caliphate early th century aghlabids


people tunis revolted numerous times city profited economic improvements quickly became second important kingdom briefly national capital end reign ibrahim ii shi'ite berbers took ifriqiya founded fatimid caliphate carthage remained residential see high medieval period mentioned two letters pope leo ix dated written reply consultations regarding conflict bishops carthage gummi two letters pope leo declares


et deux fragments couverts en sur le sol de l'ancienne carthage'' st louis carthage sidi bou said le kram carthage east northeast tunis settlements nearest carthage town sidi bou said north village le kram south sidi bou said village grown around tomb eponymous sufi saint developed town ottoman rule th century le kram developed late th century french administration


settlement close port la goulette tunisia became french protectorate year charles lavigerie archbishop algiers became apostolic administrator vicariate tunis following year lavigerie became cardinal saw reviver ancient christian church africa church cyprian carthage november successful great ambition metropolitan see carthage restored first archbishop line declaration pope leo ix pope


leo xiii acknowledged revived archdiocese carthage primatial see africa lavigerie primate acropolium carthage saint louis cathedral carthage erected byrsa hill archaeological site danish consul christian tuxen falbe conducted first survey topography archaeological site published antiquarian interest intensified following publication flaubert 's ''salammb '' charles ernest beul performed preliminary excavations roman remains byrsa hill systematic survey punic roman era remains due alfred louis delattre


harbour ''la malga'' linked remote parts upper city roman times french led excavations carthage began reported finds large quantity urns containing mixture animal children 's bones ren dussaud identified th century bc stela found carthage depicting child sacrifice temple amman bc excavated reported upon jb hennessy shows possibility bestial human sacrifice fire evidence child sacrifice canaan object academic disagreement


scholars arguing merely children 's cemeteries unearthed carthage mixture children 's animal bones well associated epigraphic evidence involving mention ''mlk'' led believe least carthage child sacrifice indeed common practice however though animals surely sacrificed entirely indicate infants fact bones indicate opposite rather animal sacrifice likely done way honour deceased ancient carthaginian individual excavated punic tomb byrsa hill


found belong rare u b c maternal haplogroup young man byrsa specimen dates late th century bce lineage believed represent early gene flow iberia maghreb commune first seaplane base built lake tunis seaplanes compagnie ronavale ref name bonnichong ny ref tunis airfield opened serving around passengers annually paris tunis route ref name staff ref world war ii airport used united states army air force twelfth air force headquarters command control base


italian campaign construction tunis carthage airport fully funded france began airport become main hub tunisair lyc e fran ais de carthage established serve french families carthage given tunisian government part independence tunisia nearby coll ge maurice cailloux la marsa previously annex lyc e fran ais de carthage renamed lyc e fran ais de la marsa began serving ''lyc e'' level currently lyc e


gustave flaubert ref name quisommenous http wwwerlmtn lgf sommes qui sommes nous https webarchiveorg web http wwwerlmtn lgf sommes archive lyc e gustave flaubert la marsa retrieved february ref tunisian independence tunis conurbation gradually extended around airport carthage '' qar j'' suburb tunis covering area sidi bou said le kram ref name ringsalkin ref population january estimated mostly attracting wealthy residents carthage capital tends political pole place emblematic power according sophie bessis ref name bessis http wwwunescoorg courier fr signes introhtm sophie bessis fendre


part heirs mediterranean trade developed phoenicia also heirs rivalry greek merchants business activity accordingly stimulated challenged cyprus early site commercial contests phoenicians ventured western mediterranean founding trading posts including utica carthage greeks followed entering western seas commercial rivalry continued eventually would lead especially sicily several centuries intermittent war although greek made merchandise generally considered superior design carthage also produced trade goods abundance carthage came function


manufacturing colossus shown third punic war rome carthage previously disarmed made face fatal roman siege city suddenly organised manufacture arms great skill effectiveness according strabo bc ad ''geographica'' blockquote carthage day produced one hundred forty finished shields three hundred swords five hundred spears one thousand missiles catapults furthermore carthage although surrounded romans built one hundred twenty decked ships two months old timber stored away


readiness large number skilled workmen maintained public expense blockquote textiles industry carthage probably started private homes existence professional weavers indicates sort factory system later developed products included embroidery carpets use purple murex dye carthaginian isle djerba famous metalworkers developed specialized skills ie making various weapons armed forces well domestic articles knives forks scissors mirrors razors articles found tombs artwork metals included vases lamps bronze also bowls plates


products came crafts potters glassmakers goldsmiths inscriptions votive stele indicate many slaves 'free citizens' trade routes phoenicia byblos sidon tyre carthage phoenician punic merchant ventures often run family enterprise putting work members subordinate clients family run businesses might perform variety tasks maintain ships providing captain crew negotiations overseas either barter buying selling manufactured commodities trade goods native products


metals foodstuffs etc carry trade elsewhere send agents stay distant outposts order make lasting local contacts later establish warehouse shipped goods exchange eventually perhaps settlement generations activity might result creation wide ranging network trading operations ancillary would growth reciprocity different family firms foreign domestic state protection extended sea traders phoenician city tyre later likewise daughter city state carthage st phane gsell well regarded french historian


well known antiquity secrecy general especially pertaining commercial contacts trade routes cultures excelled commercial dealings strabo bc ad greek geographer wrote fall bc carthage enjoyed population directed alliance cities greek historian polybius c referred carthage wealthiest city world constitution state idealized depiction carthage ''nuremberg chronicle'' suffet possibly two elected citizens held office military power one year term carthaginian generals


marshalled mercenary armies separately elected magonid family monopolized top military position later barcid family acted similarly eventually came war commanding general testify justifying actions court judges aristotle discusses carthage work ''politica'' begins carthaginians also considered excellent form government briefly describes city mixed constitution political arrangement cohabiting elements monarchy aristocracy democracy ie king gk basileus council


elders gk gerusia people gk demos later polybius megalopolis c greek ''histories'' would describe roman republic detail mixed constitution consuls monarchy senate aristocracy assemblies democracy evidently carthage also institution elders advised suffets similar greek ''gerusia'' roman senate punic name body times members would travel army general campaign members also formed permanent committees institution


several hundred members drawn wealthiest class held office life vacancies probably filled recruitment among elite ie co option among members selected judges mentioned later would come evaluate army generals office holders well aristotle regarded important compared ephorate sparta regard control security hannibal 's time judge held office life stage also came independent self perpetuating boards five


filled vacancies supervised non military government administration popular assemblies also existed carthage deadlocked suffets quasi senatorial institution elders might request assembly vote also assembly votes requested crucial matters order achieve political consensus popular coherence assembly members ''legal'' wealth birth qualification members selected unknown eg whether festival group urban ward another method greeks favourably impressed constitution carthage aristotle separate study made unfortunately lost


''politica'' states government carthage oligarchical successfully escape evils oligarchy enriching one portion people another sending colonies heir policy send poorer citizens dependent towns grow rich yet aristotle continues f misfortune occurred bulk subjects revolted would way restoring peace legal means aristotle remarked also blockquote many carthaginian institutions excellent superiority constitution proved fact common people remain loyal


constitution carthaginians never rebellion worth speaking never rule tyrant blockquote one may remember city state carthage citizens mainly ''libyphoenicians'' phoenician ancestry born africa dominated exploited agricultural countryside composed mainly native berber sharecroppers farmworkers whose affiliations carthage open divergent possibilities beyond settled berbers punic farming towns rural manors lived independent berber tribes mostly pastoralists brief uneven review government carthage found


''politica'' aristotle mentions several faults thus person hold many offices favorite practice among carthaginians aristotle disapproves mentioning flute player shoemaker also magistrates chosen merit wealth aristotle 's opinion focus pursuit wealth lead oligarchy evils blockquote urely bad thing greatest offices bought law allows abuse makes wealth account virtue whole state becomes avaricious whenever chiefs state


deem anything honorable citizens sure follow example virtue first place aristocracy cannot firmly established blockquote carthage people seemed politically satisfied submissive according historian warmington assemblies rarely exercised opportunities given assent state decisions popular influence government appears issue carthage commercial republic fielding mercenary army people conscripted military service experience foster feel popular political action perhaps


misunderstands society perhaps people whose values based small group loyalty felt sufficiently connected city 's leadership integrity person person linkage within social fabric carthage stable openings tyrants defeat rome devastated punic imperial ambitions people carthage seem question governance show interest political reform following second punic war hannibal still greatly admired barcid military leader elected suffet reforms blocked financial official


become judge life hannibal rallied populace judges proposed one year term part major civic overhaul additionally reform included restructuring city 's revenues fostering trade agriculture changes rather quickly resulted noticeable increase prosperity yet incorrigible political opponents cravenly went rome charge hannibal conspiracy namely plotting war rome league antiochus hellenic ruler syria although roman scipio africanus resisted manoeuvre eventually intervention rome forced hannibal leave


carthage thus corrupt city officials efficiently blocked hannibal efforts reform government carthage mago th century king carthage head state war leader religious figurehead family considered possess sacred quality mago 's office somewhat similar pharaoh although kept family hereditary limited legal consent picard accordingly believes council elders popular assembly late institutions carthage founded king tyre royal monopoly


trading venture thus royal authority stemming traditional source power king carthage possessed later phoenician ship companies entered trading region associated city state king carthage keep order among rich variety powerful merchants negotiations among risky commerce across mediterranean circumstance office king began transformed yet aristocrats carthage became wealthy owners agricultural lands africa council elders institutionalized


carthage contemporary sources ancient literature concerning carthage comes greek roman sources carthage 's documents destroyed romans apart inscriptions hardly punic literature survived none language script brief catalogue would include three short treaties rome latin translations several pages hanno navigator 's log book concerning fifth century maritime exploration atlantic coast west africa greek translation fragments quoted mago 's fourth third century volume treatise agriculture latin translations roman playwright plautus c ''poenulus'' incorporates


fictional speeches delivered punic whose written lines transcribed latin letters phonetically thousands inscriptions made ''punic script'' thousands many extremely short eg dedication deity personal name devotee f rom greek author plutarch c c learn 'sacred books' punic safeguarded city 's temples punic texts survive however city archives annals scribal lists ' 'suffets'' existed evidently destroyed horrific fires roman capture city bc


yet punic books latin ''libri punici'' libraries carthage reportedly survive fires works apparently given roman authorities newly augmented berber rulers century fall carthage roman politician turned author gaius sallustius crispus sallust reported seen volumes written punic books said possessed berber king hiempsal ii r way berber informants punic translators sallust used surviving books write brief sketch berber affairs juba ii reigned bc


ad probably hiempsal ii 's ''libri punici'' escaped fires consumed carthage bc wound later large royal library grandson juba ii r bc ad juba ii berber king husband cleopatra 's daughter also scholar author greek less nine works wrote mediterranean wide audience enjoying classical literature ''libri punici'' inherited grandfather surely became useful composing ''libyka'' work north africa written greek unfortunately fragments


''libyka'' survive mostly quotations made ancient authors may juba ii 'discovered' five centuries old 'log book' hanno navigator called ''periplus'' among library documents saved fallen carthage end however punic writings survived destruction carthage escape immense wreckage many antiquity 's literary works perished accordingly long continuous interactions punic citizens carthage berber communities surrounded city local historian political arrangements periodic crises economic work life


cultural ties social relations established nourished infrequently kin known us directly ancient punic authors written accounts neither side left us stories life punic era carthage regarding ''phoenician'' writings remain seldom refer carthage ancient informative cuneiform tablets ca ancient ugarit located north phoenicia syrian coast canaanite city politically affiliated hittites clay tablets tell myths epics rituals medical administrative matters also correspondence highly valued works


sanchuniathon ancient priest beirut reportedly wrote phoenician religion origins civilization completely lost little content endures twice removed sanchuniathon said lived th century considered doubtful much later ''phoenician history'' philo byblos reportedly existed written greek fragments work survive explanation proffered phoenician works endured early th century archives records began kept papyrus long survive moist coastal climate also


au temps d'hannibal '' ''daily life carthage time hannibal'' '' location paris publisher hachette date title carthage uncovering mysteries splendors ancient tunisia location new york publisher simon schuster date auguste audollent '' http wwwmediterranee antiquefr auteurs fichiers abc audollent carthage cart htm carthage romaine avant j sus christ apr j sus christ '' paris ernest babelon '' http wwwmediterranee antiquefr auteurs fichiers abc babelon carthage carthage htm carthage '' paris external links ancient cities destroyed cities former populated places tunisia populated places established th century bc populated places disestablished th century phoenician colonies tunisia tourist attractions tunisia child sacrifice


'''computer vision''' interdisciplinary scientific field deals computers gain high level understanding digital images videos perspective engineering seeks understand automate tasks human visual system ref name ballard brown ref name huang ref name sonka hlavac boyle computer vision tasks include methods acquiring processing analyzing understanding digital images extraction high dimensional data real world order produce numerical symbolic information eg forms decisions ref name klette ref name shapiro stockman ref name morris ref name jahne haussecker understanding context means transformation visual

Formal science
Computer science
Artificial intelligence
Computer vision


images input retina descriptions world make sense thought processes elicit appropriate action image understanding seen disentangling symbolic information image data using models constructed aid geometry physics statistics learning theory ref name forsyth ponce scientific discipline computer vision concerned theory behind artificial systems extract information images image data take many forms video sequences views multiple cameras multi dimensional data scanner medical scanning device technological discipline


computer vision seeks apply theories models construction computer vision systems sub domains computer vision include scene reconstruction object detection event detection video tracking object recognition pose estimation learning indexing motion estimation visual servoing scene modeling image restoration ref name morris definition computer vision interdisciplinary field deals computers made gain high level understanding digital images videos perspective engineering seeks automate tasks human visual system ref name ballard brown ref name huang ref name sonka hlavac boyle computer vision concerned


automatic extraction analysis understanding useful information single image sequence images involves development theoretical algorithmic basis achieve automatic visual understanding ref name bmva http wwwbmvaorg visionoverview british machine vision association society pattern recognition retrieved february ref scientific discipline computer vision concerned theory behind artificial systems extract information images image data take many forms video sequences views multiple cameras multi dimensional data medical scanner technological discipline computer vision seeks


apply theories models construction computer vision systems history late computer vision began universities pioneering artificial intelligence meant mimic human visual system stepping stone endowing robots intelligent behavior ref name szeliski believed could achieved summer project attaching camera computer describe saw ref name seymour ref name boden distinguished computer vision prevalent field digital image processing time desire


extract three dimensional structure images goal achieving full scene understanding studies formed early foundations many computer vision algorithms exist today including extraction edges images labeling lines non polyhedral polyhedral modeling representation objects interconnections smaller structures optical flow motion estimation ref name szeliski next decade saw studies based rigorous mathematical analysis quantitative aspects computer vision include concept scale space inference shape various cues shading texture focus contour models known


snakes researchers also realized many mathematical concepts could treated within optimization framework regularization markov random fields ref name kanade ref previous research topics became active others research projective reconstructions led better understanding camera calibration advent optimization methods camera calibration realized lot ideas already explored bundle adjustment theory field photogrammetry led methods sparse reconstructions scenes multiple images progress made


dense stereo correspondence problem multi view stereo techniques time variations graph cut used solve image segmentation decade also marked first time statistical learning techniques used practice recognize faces images see eigenface toward end significant change came increased interaction fields computer graphics computer vision included image based rendering image morphing view interpolation panoramic image stitching early light field rendering ref name szeliski recent work seen resurgence feature based methods used conjunction machine learning


techniques complex optimization frameworks ref name sebe ref ref name freeman ref advancement deep learning techniques brought life field computer vision accuracy deep learning algorithms several benchmark computer vision data sets tasks ranging classification segmentation optical flow surpassed prior methods related fields object detection photograph solid state physics solid state physics another field closely related computer vision computer vision systems rely image sensors detect electromagnetic radiation typically form either visible infrared light sensors designed using quantum


various animals led coarse yet complicated description real vision systems operate order solve certain vision related tasks results led sub field within computer vision artificial systems designed mimic processing behavior biological systems different levels complexity also learning based methods developed within computer vision ''eg'' neural net deep learning based image feature analysis classification background biology strands computer vision research closely related study biological vision indeed


many strands ai research closely tied research human consciousness use stored knowledge interpret integrate utilize visual information field biological vision studies models physiological processes behind visual perception humans animals computer vision hand studies describes processes implemented software hardware behind artificial vision systems interdisciplinary exchange biological computer vision proven fruitful fields ref name textbookp signal processing yet another field related computer vision signal processing many methods processing one variable signals


typically temporal signals extended natural way processing two variable signals multi variable signals computer vision however specific nature images many methods developed within computer vision counterpart processing one variable signals together multi dimensionality signal defines subfield signal processing part computer vision robotic navigation robot navigation sometimes deals autonomous path planning deliberation robotic systems navigate environment detailed understanding environments required navigate information


modified order gain processing speed without losing much performance computer vision also used fashion ecommerce inventory management patent search furniture beauty industry distinctions fields closely related computer vision image processing image analysis machine vision significant overlap range techniques applications cover implies basic techniques used developed fields similar something interpreted one field different names hand appears necessary


image content computer vision includes analysis images analyzes scene projected onto one several images ''eg'' reconstruct structure information scene one several images computer vision often relies less complex assumptions scene depicted image machine vision process applying range technologies methods provide imaging based automatic inspection process control robot guidance ref name nasaarticle industrial applications ref name textbookp machine vision tends focus applications mainly manufacturing ''eg'' vision based robots systems


deals processing analysis images example medical imaging includes substantial work analysis image data medical applications finally pattern recognition field uses various methods extract information signals general mainly based statistical approaches artificial neural networks significant part field devoted applying methods image data photogrammetry also overlaps computer vision eg stereophotogrammetry vs computer stereo vision applications applications range tasks industrial machine vision systems say inspect bottles speeding production line research


artificial intelligence computers robots comprehend world around computer vision machine vision fields significant overlap computer vision covers core technology automated image analysis used many fields machine vision usually refers process combining automated image analysis methods technologies provide automated inspection robot guidance industrial applications many computer vision applications computers pre programmed solve particular task methods based learning becoming increasingly common examples applications computer vision include systems learning


shapes challenging task computer vision recent advances deep learning enabled researchers build models able generate reconstruct shapes single multi view depth maps silhouettes seamlessly efficiently ref name dvae automatic inspection ''eg'' manufacturing applications assisting humans identification tasks eg species identification system controlling processes ''eg'' industrial robot detecting events ''eg'' visual surveillance people counting eg restaurant industry interaction ''eg'' input device computer human interaction modeling objects environments ''eg'' medical image analysis topographical


modeling navigation ''eg'' autonomous vehicle mobile robot organizing information ''eg'' indexing databases images image sequences tracking surfaces planes coordinates allowing augmented reality experiences medicine darpa 's visual media reasoning concept video one prominent application fields medical computer vision medical image processing characterized extraction information image data diagnose patient example detection tumours arteriosclerosis malign changes measurements organ dimensions blood flow etc another example also supports medical research


providing new information ''eg'' structure brain quality medical treatments applications computer vision medical area also includes enhancement images interpreted humans ultrasonic images x ray images example reduce influence noise machine vision second application area computer vision industry sometimes called machine vision information extracted purpose supporting production process one example quality control details final products automatically inspected order find defects another example measurement position


orientation details picked robot arm machine vision also heavily used agricultural process remove undesirable food stuff bulk material process called optical sorting ref name davies military military applications probably one largest areas computer vision obvious examples detection enemy soldiers vehicles missile guidance advanced systems missile guidance send missile area rather specific target target selection made missile reaches area based locally acquired image data modern military concepts


vehicles uav level autonomy ranges fully autonomous unmanned vehicles vehicles computer vision based systems support driver pilot various situations fully autonomous vehicles typically use computer vision navigation ''eg'' knowing producing map environment slam detecting obstacles also used detecting certain task specific events ''eg'' uav looking forest fires examples supporting systems obstacle warning systems cars systems autonomous landing aircraft several car manufacturers demonstrated systems autonomous driving cars


point markers shift computer take data determine exactly mold pressed surface used calibrate robotic hands order make sure grasp objects effectively materials rubber silicon used create sensors allow applications detecting micro undulations calibrating robotic hands rubber used order create mold placed finger inside mold would multiple strain gauges finger mold sensors could


placed top small sheet rubber containing array rubber pins user wear finger mold trace surface computer read data strain gauges measure one pins pushed upward pin pushed upward computer recognize imperfection surface sort technology useful order receive accurate data imperfections large surface ref name ref another variation finger mold sensor sensors


contain camera suspended silicon silicon forms dome around outside camera embedded silicon point markers equally spaced cameras placed devices robotic hands order allow computer receive highly accurate tactile data ref name ref application areas include support visual effects creation cinema broadcast ''eg'' camera tracking matchmoving surveillance driver drowsiness detection tracking counting organisms biological sciences ref name bruijningvisser ref typical tasks application areas described employ range computer vision


tasks less well defined measurement problems processing problems solved using variety methods examples typical computer vision tasks presented computer vision tasks include methods acquiring processing analyzing understanding digital images extraction high dimensional data real world order produce numerical symbolic information ''eg'' forms decisions ref name klette ref name shapiro stockman ref name morris ref name jahne haussecker understanding context means transformation visual images input retina descriptions world interface thought processes


elicit appropriate action image understanding seen disentangling symbolic information image data using models constructed aid geometry physics statistics learning theory ref name forsyth ponce recognition classical problem computer vision image processing machine vision determining whether image data contains specific object feature activity different varieties recognition problem described literature ref name forsyth ref '''object recognition''' also called '''object classification''' one several pre specified learned objects object classes recognized usually together positions


analyzed computationally demanding techniques produce correct interpretation currently best algorithms tasks based convolutional neural networks illustration capabilities given imagenet large scale visual recognition challenge benchmark object classification detection millions images object classes used competition ref name ref performance convolutional neural networks imagenet tests close humans ref name best algorithms still struggle objects small thin small ant


stem flower person holding quill hand also trouble images distorted filters increasingly common phenomenon modern digital cameras contrast kinds images rarely trouble humans humans however tend trouble issues example good classifying objects fine grained classes particular breed dog species bird whereas convolutional neural networks handle ease several specialized tasks based recognition exist '''content based image retrieval'''finding images larger


sequence processed produce estimate velocity either points image scene even camera produces images examples tasks '''egomotion'' 'determining rigid motion rotation translation camera image sequence produced camera '''tracking'''following movements usually smaller set interest points objects ''eg'' vehicles objects humans organisms ref name bruijningvisser image sequence vast industry applications high running machineries monitored way '''optical flow'''to determine


requiring motion scanning related processing algorithms enabling rapid advances field grid based sensing used acquire images multiple angles algorithms available stitch multiple images together point clouds models ref name ' dvae' image restoration aim image restoration removal noise sensor noise motion blur etc images simplest possible approach noise removal various types filters low pass filters median filters sophisticated methods assume model local image structures look distinguish


noise first analysing image data terms local image structures lines edges controlling filtering based local information analysis step better level noise removal usually obtained compared simpler approaches example field inpainting system methods organization computer vision system highly application dependent systems stand alone applications solve specific measurement detection problem others constitute sub system larger design example also contains sub systems control mechanical actuators planning


volume image sequence pixel values typically correspond light intensity one several spectral bands gray images colour images also related various physical measures depth absorption reflectance sonic electromagnetic waves nuclear magnetic resonance ref name davies '''pre processing''' computer vision method applied image data order extract specific piece information usually necessary process data order assure satisfies certain assumptions implied method examples sampling assure


points regions image relevant processing ref name davies examples selection specific set interest points segmentation one multiple image regions contain specific object interest segmentation image nested scene architecture comprising foreground object groups single objects salient object parts also referred spatial taxon scene hierarchy visual salience often implemented spatial temporal attention segmentation co segmentation one multiple videos series per frame foreground masks maintaining temporal semantic continuity ref name liu wang hua zhang pp ref ref


name wang duan zhang niu p ref '''high level processing''' step input typically small set data example set points image region assumed contain specific object ref name davies remaining processing deals example verification data satisfy model based application specific assumptions estimation application specific parameters object pose object size image recognition classifying detected object different categories image registration comparing combining two different views object '''decision making''' making final decision required application ref name davies


example pass fail automatic inspection applications match match recognition applications flag human review medical military security recognition applications image understanding systems image understanding systems ius include three levels abstraction follows low level includes image primitives edges texture elements regions intermediate level includes boundaries surfaces volumes high level includes objects scenes events many requirements entirely topics research representational requirements designing ius levels representation prototypical concepts concept organization spatial knowledge temporal knowledge scaling description comparison


differentiation inference refers process deriving new explicitly represented facts currently known facts control refers process selects many inference search matching techniques applied particular stage processing inference control requirements ius search hypothesis activation matching hypothesis testing generation use expectations change focus attention certainty strength belief inference goal satisfaction hardware new ipad includes lidar sensor many kinds computer vision systems however contain basic elements


power source least one image acquisition device camera ccd etc processor control communication cables kind wireless interconnection mechanism addition practical vision system contains software well display order monitor system vision systems inner spaces industrial ones contain illumination system may placed controlled environment furthermore completed system includes many accessories camera supports cables connectors computer vision systems use visible light cameras passively viewing scene frame rates frames per second


usually far slower computer vision systems use image acquisition hardware active illumination something visible light structured light scanners thermographic cameras hyperspectral imagers radar imaging lidar scanners magnetic resonance images side scan sonar synthetic aperture sonar etc hardware captures images processed often using computer vision algorithms used process visible light images traditional broadcast consumer video systems operate rate frames per second advances digital signal processing consumer graphics hardware made high speed image acquisition processing display possible real time


imaging computational photography computer audition egocentric vision machine vision glossary space mapping teknomo fernandez algorithm vision science visual agnosia visual perception visual system lists list computer vision topics list emerging technologies outline artificial intelligence outline computer vision references ref ref name shapiro stockman ref ref name jahne haussecker ref ref name morris ref ref name sonka hlavac boyle ref ref name forsyth ponce ref ref name davies ref ref name nasaarticle pages ref ref name textbookp ref ref name ballard brown ref ref name huang ref ref name boden ref ref name seymour ref ref name szeliski ref reading external links http irisuscedu information iris conferenceshtml usc iris computer vision conference list http wwwcvpaperscom indexhtml computer vision papers web complete list papers


relevant computer vision conferences http wwwcomputervisiononlinecom computer vision online news source code datasets job offers related computer vision http irisuscedu vision notes bibliography contentshtml keith price 's annotated computer vision bibliography http homepagesinfedacuk rbf cvonline cvonline bob fisher 's compendium computer vision http wwwbmvaorg british machine vision association supporting computer vision research within uk via bmvc miua conferences ''annals bmva'' open source journal bmva summer school one day meetings https githubcom joehoeller nvidia gpu tensor core accelerator pytorch opencv computer vision container joe hoeller github widely adopted open source container gpu accelerated computer vision applications used researchers universities private companies well us gov't artificial intelligence image processing packaging


machinery articles containing video clips


french th hussars battle friedland representative cavalry squadron polish army historically '''cavalry''' french word ''cavalerie'' derived cheval meaning horse soldiers warriors fight mounted horseback cavalry mobile combat arms operating light cavalry roles reconnaissance screening skirmishing many armies heavy cavalry decisive shock attacks armies individual soldier cavalry known number designations depending era tactics '''cavalryman''' horseman trooper cataphract knight hussar

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Cavalry


opponent foot another element horse mounted warfare psychological impact mounted soldier inflict opponent speed mobility shock value cavalry greatly appreciated exploited armed forces ancient middle ages forces mostly cavalry particularly nomadic societies asia notably huns attila later mongol armies europe cavalry became increasingly armoured heavy eventually evolving mounted knights medieval period th century cavalry europe discarded armor ineffective muskets


cannons coming common use mid th century armor mainly fallen obsolescence although regiments retained small thickened cuirass offered protection lances sabres bayonets including protection shot distance interwar period cavalry still served world war ii notably red army mongolian people 's army royal italian army romanian army polish land forces light reconnaissance units within waffen ss many cavalry units converted motorized infantry mechanized infantry units reformed tank


heavy forces includes scouting deterring enemy scouts foraging raiding skirmishing pursuit retreating enemy forces screening retreating friendly forces linking separated friendly forces countering enemy light forces roles light heavy cavalry roles continued early modern warfare armor reduced light cavalry mostly unarmored yet many cavalry units still retained cuirasses helmets protective value sword bayonet strikes morale boost provide wearers despite giving little protection firearms time main difference light heavy cavalry


training former regarded best suited harassment reconnaissance latter considered best close order charges start th century total battlefield firepower increased cavalry tended become dragoons practice riding mounted battles dismounting act infantry battle even many retained unit names reflected older cavalry roles development armored warfare heavy cavalry role decisive shock troops taken armored units employing medium heavy tanks later main battle


tanks despite horse born cavalry becoming obsolete term ''cavalry'' still used referring modern times units continuing fulfill traditional light cavalry roles employing fast armored cars light tanks infantry fighting vehicles instead horses air cavalry employs helicopters early history origins assyrian cavalry iron age role cavalry battlefield largely performed light chariots chariot originated sintashta petrovka culture central asia spread nomadic semi nomadic indo iranians chariot quickly adopted settled peoples military technology object


ceremonial status especially pharaohs new kingdom egypt bc well assyrian army babylonian royalty power mobility given mounted units recognized early offset difficulty raising large forces inability horses mostly small carry heavy armor nonetheless indications th century bc onwards horseback riding practiced amongst military elites great states ancient near east notably egypt assyria hittite empire mycenaean greece cavalry


techniques rise true cavalry innovation equestrian nomads central asian iranian steppe pastoralist tribes iranic parthians sarmatians parthian horseman display palazzo madama turin photograph left shows assyrian cavalry reliefs bc time men spurs saddles saddle cloths stirrups fighting back horse much difficult mere riding cavalry acted pairs reins mounted archer controlled neighbour 's hand even early


time cavalry used swords shields spears bows sculpture implies two types cavalry might simplification artist later images assyrian cavalry show saddle cloths primitive saddles allowing archer control horse early bc breed large horses bred nisaean plain media carry men increasing amounts armour herodotus large horses still exceptional time fourth century bc chinese warring states period ndash bc began use


cavalry rival states ref name ebrey ebrey others ''pre modern east asia'' pp ndash ref bc alexander great defeated persians use chariots battle obsolete nations despite ineffective attempts revive scythed chariots last recorded use chariots shock force continental europe battle telamon bc however chariots remained use ceremonial purposes carrying victorious general roman triumph racing outside mainland europe southern britons met julius caesar chariots


bc time roman conquest britain century later chariots obsolete even britannia last mention chariot use britain caledonians mons graupius ad ancient greece city states thebes thessaly macedonia athenian amphora dated bc classical greek period cavalry usually limited citizens could afford expensive war horses three types cavalry became common light cavalry whose riders armed javelins could harass skirmish heavy cavalry whose troopers using lances ability close


opponents finally whose equipment allowed fight either horseback foot role horsemen however remain secondary hoplites heavy infantry comprised main strength citizen levies various city states cavalry played relatively minor role ancient greek city states conflicts decided massed armored infantry however thebes produced pelopidas first great cavalry commander whose tactics skills absorbed phillip ii macedon phillip guest hostage thebes thessaly widely known producing competent cavalrymen


later experiences wars persians taught greeks value cavalry skirmishing pursuit athenian author soldier xenophon particular advocated creation small well trained cavalry force end wrote several manuals horsemanship cavalry operations macedonian kingdom north hand developed strong cavalry force culminated ''hetairoi'' companion cavalry philip ii macedon alexander great addition heavy cavalry macedonian army also employed lighter horsemen called prodromoi scouting


screening well macedonian pike phalanx various kinds light infantry also ''ippiko'' horserider greek heavy cavalry armed kontos cavalry lance sword wore leather armour mail plus helmet medium rather heavy cavalry meaning better suited scouts skirmishers pursuers rather front line fighters effectiveness combination cavalry infantry helped break enemy lines dramatically demonstrated alexander 's conquests persia bactria northwestern india roman republic early empire tombstone


roman auxiliary trooper cologne germany second half first century ad cavalry early roman republic remained preserve wealthy landed class known ''equites'' men could afford expense maintaining horse addition arms armor heavier common legions horses provided republic could withdrawn neglected misused together status cavalryman class grew social elite instead functional property based military grouping romans began


employ italian socii filling ranks cavalry weakness roman cavalry demonstrated hannibal barca second punic war used superior mounted forces win several battles notable battle cannae inflicted catastrophic defeat romans time romans began recruit foreign auxiliary cavalry among gauls iberians numidians last highly valued mounted skirmishers scouts see numidian cavalry julius caesar high opinion escort germanic mixed cavalry


giving rise ''cohortes equitatae'' early emperors maintained ala batavian cavalry personal bodyguards unit dismissed galba batavian rebellion part roman cavalry early republic functioned adjunct legionary infantry formed one fifth standing force comprising consular army except times major mobilisation horsemen maintained three hundred attached legion relatively low ratio horsemen infantry mean utility cavalry underestimated strategic role


scouting skirmishing outpost duties crucial romans' capability conduct operations long distances hostile unfamiliar territory occasions roman cavalry also proved ability strike decisive tactical blow weakened unprepared enemy final charge battle aquilonia defeats battle carrhae romans learned importance large cavalry formations parthians time heavy spears shields modelled favoured horsemen greek city states adopted replace lighter weaponry


lengthy straight weapons influenced persian eastern patterns widespread employment heavy cavalry time found forces iranian empires parthians persian sasanian successors especially former famed cataphract fully armored cavalry armed lances even though majority forces consisted lighter horse archers west first encountered eastern heavy cavalry hellenistic period intensive contacts eight centuries roman persian wars first parthians' mobility greatly confounded romans whose armoured


close order infantry proved unable match speed parthians however later romans would successfully adapt heavy armor cavalry tactics creating units cataphracts ''clibanarii'' decline roman infrastructure made difficult field large infantry forces th th centuries cavalry began take dominant role european battlefield also part made possible appearance new larger breeds horses replacement roman saddle variants scythian model pommel cantle also


significant factor adoption stirrups concomitant increase stability rider 's seat armored cataphracts began deployed eastern europe near east following precedents established persian forces main striking force armies contrast earlier roles cavalry scouts raiders outflankers late roman cavalry tradition organized units standing army differed fundamentally nobility germanic invaders individual warriors could afford provide horses equipment direct linkage predecessors


early medieval knight also developed member social martial elite able meet considerable expenses required role grants land incomes asia chinese caltrop jar central asia xiongnu tujue avars kipchaks khitans mongols cossacks various turkic peoples also examples horse mounted groups managed gain substantial successes military conflicts settled agrarian urban societies due strategic tactical mobility european states began assume character bureaucratic nation states supporting professional standing armies recruitment mounted warriors


ad khanates central asia gallery widths class center file mongol warrior genghis khanjpg mongol mounted archer genghis khan late th century file ryszkiewicz tatars vanguardjpg tatar vanguard eastern europe th th centuries gallery east asia china east military history china specifically northern china held long tradition intense military exchange han chinese infantry forces settled dynastic empires mounted nomads barbarians north naval history china centered south mountains rivers large lakes necessitated employment large well kept navy


bc ref name ebrey ebrey ref time large chinese infantry based armies troops buttressed several hundred thousand mounted cavalry support effective striking force ref name ebrey ebrey ref handheld pistol trigger crossbow invented china fourth century bc ref name ebrey cambridge ebrey ''the cambridge illustrated history china'' ref written song dynasty scholars zeng gongliang ding du yang weide book ''wujing zongyao'' ad massed missile fire crossbowmen effective defense enemy cavalry charges ref name peers peers


disadvantage lacking number horses northern nomadic peoples mustered armies emperor wu han r bc went war dayuan reason since dayuan hoarding massive amount tall strong central asian bred horses hellenized greek region fergana established slightly earlier alexander great although experiencing defeats early campaign emperor wu 's war bc bc succeeded gathering prized tribute horses fergana cavalry tactics china enhanced invention


century jurchen tribes began violate goryeo jurchen borders eventually invaded goryeo korea experiencing invasion jurchen korean general yun gwan realized goryeo lacked efficient cavalry units reorganized goryeo military professional army would contain decent well trained cavalry units jurchen ultimately defeated surrendered yun gwan mark victory general yun built nine fortresses northeast goryeo jurchen borders mounted samurai bow arrows wearing horned helmet circa japan battle ichi tani japanese


cavalry moving mountain side ancient japanese kofun period also adopted cavalry equine culture th century ad emergence samurai aristocracy led development armoured horse archers develop charging lancer cavalry gunpowder weapons rendered bows obsolete japanese cavalry largely made landowners would upon horse better survey troops called upon bring engagement rather traditional mounted warfare seen cultures massed cavalry units example yabusame type


mounted archery traditional japanese archery archer running horse shoots three special turnip headed arrows successively three wooden targets style archery origins beginning kamakura period minamoto yoritomo became alarmed lack archery skills samurai organized yabusame form practice currently best places see yabusame performed tsurugaoka hachiman g kamakura shimogamo shrine kyoto aoi matsuri early may also performed samukawa beach zushi well


locations kasagake kasakake lit hat shooting type japanese mounted archery contrast yabusame types targets various archer shoots without stopping horse yabusame played part formal ceremonies kasagake developed game practice martial arts focusing technical elements horse archery south asia indian subcontinent indian subcontinent cavalry played major role gupta dynasty period onwards india also oldest evidence introduction toe stirrups indian literature contains numerous references


mounted warriors central asian horse nomads notably sakas kambojas yavanas pahlavas paradas numerous puranic texts refer conflict ancient india th century bc horsemen five nations called five hordes ''pa caganan'' k atriya hordes ''k atriya ganah'' attacked captured state ayudhya dethroning vedic king bahu manuscript illustration battle kurukshetra mahabharata ramayana numerous puranas foreign sources attest kamboja cavalry frequently played role ancient wars v r ramachandra dikshitar writes puranas epics agree


tusharas participated kurukshetra war supreme command kamboja ruler sudakshin kamboj mahabharata vishnudharmottara purana pay especial attention kambojas yavansa gandharas etc ''ashvayuddhakushalah'' expert cavalrymen mahabharata war kamboja cavalry along sakas yavanas reported enlisted kuru king duryodhana hastinapura herodotus c c bc attests gandarian mercenaries ie ''gandharans kambojans'' gandari strapy achaemenids th strapy achaemenids recruited army emperor xerxes bc


led hellas similarly ''men mountain land '' north kabul river equivalent medieval kohistan pakistan figure army darius iii alexander arbela providing cavalry force elephants obviously refers kamboja cavalry south hindukush kambojas famous horses well cavalrymen ''asva yuddha kushalah'' account supreme position horse ashva culture also popularly known ashvakas ie horsemen land known home horses assakenoi aspasioi classical


writings ashvakayanas ashvayanas p ini 's ashtadhyayi assakenoi faced alexander infantry cavalry war elephants scholars identified assakenoi aspasioi clans kunar swat valleys section kambojas hardy tribes offered stubborn resistance alexander c bc latter 's campaign kabul kunar swat valleys even extracted praise alexander 's historians highlanders designated '' parvatiya ayudhajivinah '' p ini 's astadhyayi rebellious fiercely independent freedom loving cavalrymen never easily yielded overlord sanskrit drama