spain films commercially released spain medium must submitted icaa instituto de cinematograf artes audiovisuales cinematography audiovisual arts institute classifications advisory except x rated films restricted specially licensed venues supplementary classification especialmente recomendada para la infancia especially recommended children sometimes appended lowest two classifications another supplementary classification especialmente recomendada para el fomento de la igualdad de g nero especially recommended promotion gender equality sometimes appended classifications except last one '''a '''


general admission ''' ''' recommended audiences ''' ''' recommended audiences ''' ''' recommended audiences ''' ''' recommended audiences '''x''' prohibited audiences may shown premises adult films screened sweden swedish media council statens medier government agency aims reduce risk harmful media influences among minors empower minors conscious media users classification bestowed film viewed recommendations suitability

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Classification
Film classification


children age accompanied adult admitted films passed children age '''not approved ''' children age accompanied adult admitted films year limit switzerland switzerland adopted germany 's freiwillige selbstkontrolle der filmwirtschaft voluntary self regulation film industry fsk swiss law however children two years younger age recommendations admitted accompanied person invested parental authority taiwan government information


office gio classified films four categories general audience protected parental guidance restricted pursuant issued regulations governing classification motion pictures republic china traditional chinese parental guidance rating previously prohibited viewing children age required adolescents aged accompanied adult parental guidance rating divided two categories one prohibits children age one prohibits adolescents age ''' ''' ''' ''' general audience viewing permitted audiences ages ''' '''


''' ''' protected viewing permitted children children shall accompanied given guidance parents teachers seniors adult relatives friends ''' ''' ''' ''' parental guidance viewing permitted children ''' ''' ''' ''' parental guidance viewing permitted ''' ''' ''' ''' restricted viewing permitted thailand motion picture rating system proposed film video act passed december thai military appointed national legislative


assembly replacing laws place since draft law met resistance film industry independent filmmakers activists hoped less restrictive approach however films still subject censorship banned release altogether film deemed undermine disrupt social order moral decency might impact national security pride nation ref name rithdee ref ratings put effect august follows '''p''' educational '''g''' general audience ''' ''' suitable viewers aged years


''' ''' suitable viewers aged years ''' ''' suitable viewers aged years ''' ''' content unsuitable viewers aged '''banned''' films allowed screen publicly thailand turkey turkey movies shown cinemas rated evaluation classification board ministry culture tourism films made commercially available must classified except case educational films labeled educational purposes instead board also power refuse


classification extreme cases producers distributors submit edited version movie board edited versions may also rejected still deemed inappropriate case movie banned exception special artistic activities like fairs festivals feasts carnivals '''genel zleyici kitlesi''' general audience ''' a''' viewers age may watch accompanying family members ''' ''' suitable viewers aged ''' a''' viewers age may watch accompanying family members ''' ''' suitable viewers aged


''' a''' viewers age may watch accompanying family members ''' ''' suitable viewers aged ''' ''' suitable viewers aged ''' ''' suitable viewers aged addition age ratings content also assessed violence horror sexuality negative examples ie drugs vulgar slang language ukraine '''ukrainian state film agency''' central executive body cinematography ukraine ratings issued derzhkino '''yes''' '' '' film aimed children contain violence


obscenity '''for''' '' '' suitable ''' ''' suitable children aged older may admitted accompanied adult parents may find upsetting ''' ''' allowed viewing persons years age ''' ''' allowed viewing persons years age additionally rated features may screened theatres may broadcast television '''denied''' refused classification derzhkino content may shown advertised distributed anywhere


ukraine films rejected promote war violence cruelty fascism aimed eliminating ukraine 's independence united arab emirates nmc film video rating system took effect february film video rating system introduced november established commercially february national media council '''g''' public viewing suitable age groups '''pg''' public viewing adult supervision '''pg ''' persons allowed adult supervisions '''pg ''' persons allowed adult supervisions ''' ''' ages


''' ''' ages ''' ''' uncensored films ages united kingdom british board film classification bbfc classifies films publicly exhibited united kingdom although statutory powers remain local councils overrule bbfc 's decisions since bbfc also classifies films made commercially available home video format bbfc refuses classification effectively amounts ban although local councils retain legal right overturn case cinema exhibition bbfc 's regulatory


powers extend internet film banned physical media still made available via streaming media video demand videos designed inform educate instruct concerned sport religion music exempt classification exempt films may marked e official label current bbfc system '''u universal suitable ''' u rated film suitable audiences aged four years '''pg parental guidance ''' general viewing scenes may unsuitable young children


pg rated film unsettle child aged around eight older ''' a''' ''' suitable years ''' films classified video works classified contain material generally suitable children aged one younger may see rated film cinema unless accompanied adult one younger may rent buy rated video work ''' suitable years older ''' one allowed see rated film cinema buy rent


rated video ''' suitable adults ''' one allowed see rated film cinema buy rent rated video '''r shown specially licensed cinemas supplied licensed sex shops adults ''' r category special legally restricted classification primarily explicit works consenting sex strong fetish material involving adults films may shown adults specially licensed cinemas video works may supplied adults licensed sex shops r rated video works may


supplied mail order older video works still circulation may still carry deprecated '''uc''' label classifying work especially suitable pre school children united states united states film classification voluntary process ratings issued motion picture association mpa via classification rating administration cara system established version listed recent revision effect since ref name articleslatimescom ref unrated film often informally denoted nr newspapers forth '''g''' general audiences ages admitted '''pg'''


parental guidance suggested material may suitable children '''pg ''' parents strongly cautioned material may inappropriate children '''r''' restricted requires accompanying parent adult guardian '''nc ''' adults one admitted venezuela age ratings divided several categories age corresponds category level enforcement defined municipality ordinances san crist bal municipality following ratings apply '''aa''' aimed children years age '''a''' suitable ages '''b''' suitable


audiences aged years older '''c''' suitable audiences aged years older '''d''' suitable audiences aged years older baruta municipality following ratings apply '''a''' suitable ages '''b''' suitable audiences aged years older '''c''' suitable audiences aged years older '''d''' suitable adults maracaibo municipality children age two admitted performances ratings enforced '''a''' suitable ages '''b''' suitable audiences aged years


older '''c''' suitable audiences aged years older vietnam theatrical releases screened cinema department ministry culture sport travel vietnam ensure suitability public viewing regardless rating scenes may altered removed comply regulations classification revised january replacing previous rating system ref name new rating vietnam ref '''p''' meaning universal suitable ages '''c ''' persons age admitted '''c ''' persons age admitted '''c ''' persons age


admitted unlike previous rating system current rating system parental guidance ratings '''p''' considered restricted see also television content rating system video game content rating system references external links http imdbcom updates guide certificates imdb 's information rating systems world http wwwfilmclassificationscom filmclassificationscom information regarding film classifications australia canada ireland new zealand singapore south africa united kingdom united states http wwwclassificationgovau australia australian classification board https webarchiveorg web http wwwmedieraadetdk denmark medier det b rn og unge media council children young people https webarchiveorg web http wwwmekufi indexphplang en finland finnish centre media education


medier https webarchiveorg web http wwwfpbgovza south african film publications board http wwwacademiadecinecom spanish film academy ace http wwwbbfccouk united kingdom british board film classification bbfc https wwwmotionpicturesorg usa motion picture association mpa


'''historicity bible''' question bible 's relationship history covering bible 's acceptability history also ability understand literary forms biblical narrative one extend biblical historicity evaluation whether christian new testament accurate record historical jesus apostolic age tends vary depending upon opinion scholar studying books bible scholars examine historical context passages importance ascribed events authors contrast

Humanities
History
Ancient history
Biblical history


descriptions events historical evidence according theologian thomas l thompson representative copenhagen school archaeological record lends sparse indirect evidence old testament 's narratives history others like archeologist william g dever feel biblical archaeology confirmed challenged old testament stories ref name dever william g dever william g march april western cultural tradition risk ''biblical archaeology review'' archaeology practiced today must able challenge well confirm bible stories things described


multiple manuscripts none autograph multiple biblical canons completely agree books sufficient authority included order see books bible early discussions exclusion integration various apocrypha involve early idea historicity core ionian enlightenment influenced early patrons like justin martyr tertullian saw biblical texts different historicity myths religions augustine aware difference science scripture defended historicity biblical


texts eg claims faustus mileve historians hold bible treated differently historical literary sources ancient world one may compare doubts historicity example herodotus consequence discussions historians shall stop using ancient sources historical reconstruction need aware problems involved texts survive directly antiquity copied many times determine accuracy copied manuscript textual critics examine way transcripts passed


history extant forms higher consistency earliest texts greater textual reliability less chance content changed years multiple copies may also grouped text types types judged closer hypothetical original others writing reading history wf albright doyen biblical archaeology meaning term history dependent social historical context paula mcnutt instance notes old testament narratives ref even earliest times students religious texts


theology relationship god believers political history usually account great men narrative history chronology events intellectual history treating ideas development context evolution socio cultural history institutions including social underpinnings family clan tribe social class state cultural history overall cultural evolution demography socio economic political structure ethnicity technological history techniques humans adapt exploit make use resources environment natural history humans discover adapt ecological facts natural environment material


historians familiar phenomenon going historical revisionism allow new findings ideas interpretations happened scholars versed study texts however sacred see narrators potentially unreliable accounts especially edited accounts potentially historically incomplete biased times circumstances hebrew bible old testament authorship central pillar bible 's historical authority tradition composed principal actors eyewitnesses events described pentateuch work moses book joshua joshua however protestant


original writers several books holy scripture made evident sufficient testimony history proof matter fact title page simon 's ''critical history'' jewish philosopher pantheist baruch spinoza echoed hobbes 's doubts provenance historical books ''tractatus theologico politicus'' published elaborated suggestion final redaction texts post exilic auspices ezra chapter ix earlier effectively excommunicated rabbinical council amsterdam perceived


heresies french priest richard simon brought critical perspectives catholic tradition observing part holy scriptures come us abridgments summaries ancient acts kept registries hebrews probably first work biblical textual criticism modern sense response jean astruc applying pentateuch source criticism methods common analysis classical secular texts believed could detect four different manuscript traditions claimed moses redacted p nbsp ref name isbn


book initiated school known higher criticism culminated julius wellhausen formalising documentary hypothesis identifies narratives jahwist elohist deuteronomist priestly source versions documentary hypothesis vary order composed circumstances composition date redaction shared terminology continues provide framework modern theories composite nature origins torah end th century scholarly consensus pentateuch work many authors writing


bce time david bce time ezra redacted c consequence whatever history contained often polemical strictly factual conclusion reinforced fresh scientific refutations time widely classed biblical mythologies torah pentateuch genesis creation narrative garden eden lucas cranach der ltere christian tradition criticism creation narratives genesis dating back least st augustine hippo jewish tradition also maintained critical thread


approach biblical primeval history influential medieval philosopher maimonides maintained skeptical ambiguity toward creation ''ex nihilo'' considered stories adam philosophical anthropology rather historical stories whose protagonist 'first man' ref name isbn ref greek philosophers aristotle critolaus proclus held world eternal interpretations inconsistent protestant reformation commonly perceived evangelicalism traditional views genesis publication james hutton 's ''theory earth'' important development scientific revolution would dethrone genesis


ultimate authority primeval earth prehistory first casualty creation story early th century responsible scientist contended literal credibility mosaic account creation ref name isbn ref battle uniformitarianism catastrophism kept flood alive emerging discipline adam sedgwick president geological society publicly recanted previous support presidential address blockquote ought indeed paused first adopted diluvian theory referred old superficial gravel action mosaic flood man


literary work representing theology symbolic mythology rather actual history science ref name isbn ref patriarchs following decades hermann gunkel drew attention mythic aspects pentateuch albrecht alt martin noth tradition history school argued although core traditions genuinely ancient roots narratives fictional framing devices intended history modern sense though doubts cast historiographic reconstructions school particularly notion oral traditions primary ancient source much critique biblical historicity found wide acceptance gunkel 's position


though evidentiary underpinnings thesis new thesis quite similar views held alt noth thompson van seters others shown earlier scholarly consensus second millennium date traditions depended upon coincidences harmonization evidence could sustained thompson provided one representative statements change study israel 's past n ot 'archaeology' proven single event patriarchal traditions historical shown traditions likely


basis know palestinian history second millennium bc understand formation literary traditions genesis must concluded historicity commonly spoken scholarly popular works patriarchs genesis hardly possible totally improbable united states biblical archaeology movement influence albright counterattacked arguing broad outline within framing narratives also true scholars could realistically expect prove disprove individual episodes life


lack compelling evidence patriarchs lived nd millennium bce noted certain biblical texts reflected first millennium conditions concerns van seters examined patriarchal stories argued names social milieu messages strongly suggested iron age creations van seter thompson 's works paradigm shift biblical scholarship archaeology gradually led scholars longer consider patriarchal narratives historical conservative scholars attempted defend patriarchal narratives following years position found acceptance among scholars today


minority scholars continue work within framework mainly reasons religious conviction ref name isbn ref william dever stated ref author title source exodus mainstream scholarship longer accepts biblical exodus account history number reasons scholars agree exodus stories reached current form centuries apparent setting stories book exodus attempts ground event firmly history dating exodus th year creation exodus construction tabernacle year exodus


pentateuch modern attempt identify historical egyptian prototype moses found wide acceptance period egyptian history matches biblical accounts exodus elements story miraculous defy rational explanation plagues egypt crossing red sea bible also fails mention names pharaohs involved exodus narrative ancient egyptian texts new kingdom mention asiatics living egypt slaves workers people cannot securely connected israelites


contemporary egyptian text mentions large scale exodus slaves like described bible earliest surviving historical mention israelites egyptian merneptah stele c bce appears place around canaan gives indication exodus despite absence archaeological evidence majority scholars agree exodus probably historical basis kenton sparks referring mythologized history scholars posit small group people egyptian origin may joined early israelites contributed egyptian exodus story


israel william g dever cautiously identifies group tribe joseph richard elliott friedman identifies tribe levi scholars accept historical core exodus date possible exodus group thirteenth century bce time ramses ii instead dating twelfth century bce time ramses iii evidence favor historical traditions forming background exodus myth include documented movements small groups ancient semitic speaking peoples egypt


originally announced found fallen walls dating time biblical battle jericho later revised destruction much earlier period ref name oeane kathleen kenyon dated destruction walled city middle th century bce early match usual dating exodus pharaoh ramses basis excavations early conclusion based analysis excavation findings reached piotr bienkowski become clear archaeological record


fact support account conquest given joshua cities bible records destroyed israelites either uninhabited time destroyed destroyed widely different times one brief period ref name finkelsteinsilberman ref consensus conquest narrative eventually abandoned late th century ref name finkelsteinsilberman view book joshua conflates several independent battles disparate groups centuries artificially attributes single leader joshua ref name peakes ''peake 's commentary bible'' ref however cases


biblical record contradicted archaeological record example stratum tel hazor found destruction layer around nbsp bce shows signs catastrophic fire cuneiform tablets found site refer monarchs named ''ibni addi'' ''ibni'' may etymological origin ''yavin'' ''jabin'' canaanite leader referred hebrew bible ref name finkelstein ref city also shows signs magnificent canaanite city prior destruction great temples opulent palaces ref name finkelstein split upper acropolis lower city town evidently major


canaanite city finkelstein theorized destruction hazor result civil strife attacks sea peoples result general collapse civilization across whole eastern mediterranean late bronze age rather caused israelites ref name finkelstein amnon ben tor hebrew university jerusalem believes recently unearthed evidence violent destruction burning verifies biblical account ref name huji ref team led ben tor sharon zuckerman discovered scorched palace th century bc whose storerooms found year old ewers holding burned crops however sharon zuckerman


destruction canaanites supported archaeological record widely believed israelites originated sub group canaanites ref name tubb ref ref name mcnutt mcnutt p ref books samuel exhibit many anachronisms compiled th century bce ref name isbn example mention later armor samuel use camels samuel cavalry distinct chariotry samuel samuel iron picks axes though common samuel sophisticated siege techniques samuel


example written evidence united monarchy evidence capital jerusalem coherent unified political force dominated western palestine let alone empire size legends describe evidence existence kings named saul david solomon evidence temple jerusalem early period know israel judah tenth century allow us interpret lack evidence gap knowledge information


past result merely accidental nature archeology neither room context artifact archive points historical realities palestine 's tenth century one cannot speak historically state without population one speak capital without town stories enough iron age iia corresponding monarchal period judah seems limited small mostly rural unfortified settlements judean hills ref name mazar contrasts upper samaria becoming urbanized archaeological evidence well textual criticism


led many modern historians treat israel samaria judah arising separately distinct albeit related entities centered shechem jerusalem respectively united kingdom capital jerusalem excavations khirbet qeiyafa iron age site located judah support biblical account united monarchy israel antiquities authority stated excavations khirbat qeiyafa clearly reveal urban society existed judah already late eleventh century bce longer argued kingdom judah developed late eighth century bce


later date status jerusalem th century bce major subject debate ref name mazar ref oldest part jerusalem original urban core city david show evidence significant judean residential activity th century however unique administrative structures stepped stone structure large stone structure originally formed one structure contain material culture dated iron ref name mazar account apparent lack settlement activity th century bce israel finkelstein argues jerusalem century


small country village judean hills national capital ussishkin argues city entirely uninhabited amihai mazar contends iron iron iia dating administrative structures city david correct believes jerusalem rather small town mighty citadel could center substantial regional polity ref name mazar since jerusalem destroyed subsequently rebuilt approximately times since time david solomon argue much evidence th century habitation could easily


eliminated however israel finkelstein notes significant architecture later iron age iron iib found since discovery tel dan stele dated th th century bce containing ''bytdwd'' accepted reference house david monarchic dynasty judah another possible reference occurs mesha stele majority scholars accept existence polity ruled david solomon albeit modest scale described bible scholars believe david solomon reigned large sections cisjordan


probably parts transjordan william g dever argues david reigned current territories israel west bank defeat invading philistines conquests fictitious new testament historicity jesus majority modern scholars antiquity agree jesus existed historically baptized john baptist crucified order roman prefect pontius pilate ref richard burridge states argue jesus figment church 's imagination never jesus


say know respectable critical scholar says robert price believe jesus existed agrees perspective runs views majority scholars james g dunn calls theories jesus' non existence thoroughly dead thesis michael grant classicist wrote recent years 'no serious scholar ventured postulate non historicity jesus' rate succeeded disposing much stronger indeed abundant evidence contrary ref name grant ref


robert e van voorst states biblical scholars classical historians regard theories non existence jesus effectively refuted writing ''the daily beast'' candida moss joel baden state nigh universal consensus among biblical scholars authentic ones least jesus fact real guy name exist quest historical jesus began early th century continued day notable recent scholarship came work j crossan james g dunn john p meier


ref discovery dead sea scrolls shed light context st century judea noting diversity jewish belief well shared expectations teachings example expectation coming messiah beatitudes sermon mount much else early christian movement found existed within apocalyptic judaism period effect centering early christianity much within jewish roots previously case recognised rabbinic judaism early christianity two


many strands survived jewish revolt ce historical critics agree historical figure named jesus taught throughout galilean countryside c ce believed followers performed supernatural acts sentenced death romans possibly insurrection ref name marginal jew meier john p ''a marginal jew'' vol ii doubleday ref historicity gospels modern scholars hold canonical gospel accounts written ref name r mack burton wrote new testament making christian myth


distance narrated events however opinion varies scholars craig blomberg accept traditional view use expressions may described awkward rustic cause gospel mark appear somewhat unlettered even crude ref name hc https booksgooglecom booksid zsr cqxqdtuc pg pa text critical methodology pre caesarean text codex w gospel larry w hurtado p ref may attributed influence saint peter fisherman suggested writing mark commonly thought writers gospel matthew gospel luke used mark


source changes improvement peculiarities crudities mark ref name hc historicity acts archaeological inscriptions independent sources show acts contains accurate details st century society regard titles officials administrative divisions town assemblies rules jewish temple jerusalem however historicity depiction paul apostle acts contested acts describes paul differently paul describes factually theologically ref name brit ref acts differs paul 's letters important issues law paul 's apostleship relation jerusalem


church ref name brit scholars generally prefer paul 's account acts ref name harris ref ref name hornik ref schools archaeological historical thought overview academic views origins bible still cloaked mystery written wrote reliable historical record educated reading biblical text requires knowledge written purpose example many academics would agree pentateuch existence time shortly th century bce disagree written proposed dates vary


reject example egyptologist kenneth kitchen ref name isbn ref old testament scholar walter kaiser jr well r n whybray umberto cassuto allis gleason archer john sailhamer bruce waltke maximalist minimalist dichotomy great scholarly controversy historicity events recounted biblical narratives prior babylonian captivity th century bce split scholars reject biblical account ancient israel fundamentally ahistorical accept largely reliable source history termed biblical minimalists biblical maximalists respectively major split


extremes need rejected archaeology offers confirmation parts biblical record also poses challenges interpretations made careful examination evidence demonstrates historical accuracy first part old testament greatest reign josiah feel accuracy diminishes backwards one proceeds date claim would confirm major redaction texts seems occurred date biblical minimalism viewpoint sometimes called biblical minimalism generally holds


bible principally theological apologetic work stories within aetiological character early stories held historical basis reconstructed centuries later stories possess tiny fragments genuine historical memory definition points supported archaeological discoveries view stories biblical patriarchs fictional patriarchs mere legendary eponyms describe later historical realities biblical minimalists hold twelve tribes israel later construction


stories king david king saul modeled upon later irano hellenistic examples archaeological evidence united kingdom israel bible says david solomon ruled empire euphrates eilath ever existed archaeological evidence suggesting otherwise mesha stele often rejected allegorical hard pinpoint movement started seems reasonable date year two prize winning essays written copenhagen one niels peter lemche heike friis advocated complete rethinking


way approach bible attempt draw historical conclusions published books one early advocates current school thought known biblical minimalism giovanni garbini ''storia e ideologia nell'israele antico'' translated english ''history ideology ancient israel'' footsteps followed thomas l thompson lengthy ''early history israelite people written archaeological sources'' building explicitly thompson 's book p r davies' shorter work ''in search 'ancient israel''' latter davies finds historical israel


archaeological remains biblical israel scripture recent reconstructions ancient israel unacceptable amalgam two thompson davies see entire hebrew bible old testament imaginative creation small community jews jerusalem period bible assigns return babylonian exile bce onward niels peter lemche thompson 's fellow faculty member university copenhagen also followed several titles show thompson 's influence including ''the israelites history tradition'' presence thompson lemche


israel finkelstein neil asher silberman published ''the bible unearthed archaeology 's new vision ancient israel origin sacred texts'' advocated view midway toward biblical minimalism caused uproar among many conservatives th anniversary issue ''biblical archaeology review'' march april edition editor hershel shanks quoted several biblical scholars insisted minimalism dying although leading minimalists deny claim made minimalists allusion keynesians title source kenneth kitchen scholar adopts maximalist point


view authored book ''on reliability old testament'' kitchen advocated reliability many although parts torah uncertain terms criticizes work finkelstein silberman finkelstein since responded jennifer wallace describes archaeologist israel finkelstein 's view article shifting ground holy land appearing ''smithsonian magazine'' may however despite problems archaeological record maximalists place joshua mid second millennium time egyptian empire came rule canaan th century finkelstein


kitchen claim view destruction layers period corroboration biblical account destruction hazor mid th century seen corroboration biblical account later destruction carried deborah barak recorded book judges location finkelstein refers ai generally dismissed location biblical ai since destroyed buried rd millennium prominent site known name since least hellenistic times minimalists hold dating


events contemporary etiological explanations written centuries events claim report finkelstein silberman accept david solomon really existing persons kings bandit leaders hill country chieftains judah th century bce assume thing united monarchy capital jerusalem ref others david ussishkin argue follow biblical depiction united monarchy basis limited evidence hoping uncover real archaeological proof


future gunnar lehmann suggests still possibility david solomon able become local chieftains importance claims jerusalem time best small town sparsely populated area alliances tribal kinship groups formed basis society goes claim best small regional centre one three four territory judah neither david solomon manpower requisite social political administrative structure rule kind empire described


school biblical criticism biblical inerrancy rudolf bultmann census quirinius chronology jesus composition book daniel crucifixion darkness development new testament canon flood geology historical jesus historicity abraham historicity esther historicity joshua historicity king david historicity moses historicity exodus historicity massacre innocents historicity united monarchy sanhedrin trial jesus theudas notes references citations sources translation original italian publication relevant section toward balanced view


minimalism summary published critiques official version record available http wwwtandfonlinecom doi abs journalcode wrti ujvaini pgc strengthening biblical historicity vis vis minimalism beyond part literature perspective critique methodology first half author 's accepted draft freely available https docslibpurdueedu lib fsdocs strengthening biblical historicity vis vis minimalism beyond part literature perspective critique methodology first half reading also chronicler 's history sheffield critique copenhagen school thought responses journal davies thompson see


article presents debate biblical minimalist biblical maximalist response article iain w provan external links http jmmaaanetau articles htm 'minimalism' copenhagen school thought biblical studies https wwwbiblicalarchaeologyorg biblical archaeology society examines discoveries controversies historical veracity bible https wwwliviusorg th theory theory maximalistshtml liviusorg maximalism minimalism ancient jewish history biblical criticism


'''fan studies''' academic discipline analyses fans fandoms fan cultures fan activities including fanworks interdisciplinary field located intersection humanities social sciences emerged early separate discipline draws particularly audience studies cultural studies definition scope fan studies analyses fans fandoms fan cultures fan activities ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio provides theoretical framework investigating audience responses fan created works ref name busse hellekson intro interdisciplinary field located intersection humanities social sciences draws particularly

Journalism, media studies and communication


audience studies cultural studies also informed diverse fields including literary theory communication studies anthropology ethnography psychology media studies including feminist media studies film studies television studies internet studies queer theory well study legal issues around copyright fair use ref name busse hellekson intro ref name scott broadest definition fan studies encompasses study fan culture community associated fan activities across range fandom types including media fandoms music celebrity fandoms sports games fandoms covers western sources ''star trek'' ''doctor who''


''star wars'' non western sources anime j pop k pop ref name busse hellekson intro definitions focus media fandom ref name jenkins biblio much study limited western anglophone sources especially television film ref name gilbert fan activities interest cover wide range including joining fan clubs attending fan conventions visiting locations exchanging spoilers collecting cosplay well creation fanworks fan fiction fanzines fan art podcasts fan vids ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio fan studies also addresses common tropes fanworks slash hurt comfort mary sues ref name busse hellekson intro ref name fathallah


name coppa fan historian francesca coppa draws attention book ''star trek lives '' non academic authors jacqueline lichtenberg sondra marshak joan winston ref name coppa field generally considered founded cluster publications ''textual poachers television fans participatory culture'' henry jenkins considered particularly formative ''enterprising women television fandom creation popular myth'' camille bacon smith pioneers ethnographic approach also commonly cited works year included scholars include feminism psychoanalysis study popular


culture constance penley ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio ref name coppa collection ''the adoring audience'' edited lisa lewis ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio ref name scott particular paper fiske cultural economy fandom ref name evans stasi jonathan gray cornel sandvoss c lee harrington identified three waves fan studies ethnographic research views fans collectively cultural studies considering replication social cultural hierarchies within fan subculture reflection manifestation social cultural economic capital paul booth terms everyday fandom fandom


study outside media fandom examples include work hills sandvoss steven bailey ref name busse hellekson intro focus later work broadened encompass non anglophone cultures especially japanese anime manga threads include fan labour gift economy web ref name jenkins biblio changes relationships fans commercial producers association fandom increasingly representing mainstream ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio ref name roundtable well educational use fan fiction building jenkins' ''convergence culture'' ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio ref name fathallah fan studies network founded facilitate global connectivity


field ref name bennett fan studies described still early stages ref name busse hellekson intro revised idea musicking modern fan studies '''definition christopher small idea musicking ''' new zealand born musician educator lecturer author number influential books articles fields musicology sociomusicology ethnomusicology christopher small introduced idea musicking referring music action verb rather noun ''more specifically '' music take part capacity musical performance whether performing listening


rehearsing practicing providing material performance called composing dancing might times even extend meaning person takes tickets door hefty men shift piano drums roadies set instruments carry sound checks cleaners clean everyone else gone contributing nature event musical performance keeping mind concept musicking crucial


link academic discipline fan studies highlighting role fans engage idols elements go musical performance analyzing fan musicking nowiki '' nowiki allows deeper understanding fan activities contribute positively negatively overall music industry '''expansion original definition musicking ''' taking closer look music distributed enjoyed today crucial expand christopher small original definition musicking focuses physical location concerts forms musical performance often mediated


online concert live streams risen popularity impact global pandemic covid hitting early removing ability physically convening musical performances advanced technology within music industry particular within k pop allowed online concerts reach millions fans ariel shapiro notes forbes article concert streaming lifeline music industry pandemic example bts able reach million paying viewers countries online concert muster sowoozoo earning million ticket sales


merchandise june breaking previous world record paying viewers countries map soul e online concert october paying online audience bang bang con live june despite limitations unable physically gather fans able continue participating engaging musical performance musicking despite fans unable convene person pandemic engaged similar forms musicking purchasing tickets merchandise also considered types affective labor


support favorite music artists '''technological impact seen east asian popular music literature ''' important turn literature well see fan idol production company relationships impacted technology specifically k pop live fans idols multimedia performance kim suk young discusses digital media plays role impacting liveness k pop industry particular kim suk young notes k pop genre specifically cultured digital media direct impact k pop idols training process testified neil hannigan attended


mediatization especially increasing usage portable electronic devices primary form producing consumption k pop example fans attend exciting live concerts nowadays even disrupt performance naked eyes recording looking phone camera sitting far away stage really seeing idols faces projected screens stadium therefore liveness concert mediatized showing difficult separate live mediatized therefore studying way fans interact feeling liveness


experienced musical performances inseparable media technology looking japanese popular music culture authenticity power stevens discusses carolyn steven discusses technology also used help create connections fans idols particular stevens discusses challenges creating sense intimacy authentic connection artists commonly perform larger arena style stages however stevens explains experience attending alfee concerts events performance imperfection made visible technology large screens helps humanize highly trained


idols although imperfection factor directly result technology usage screens magnify slip ups musical performance help fans experience humanizing moments idols creating sense intimacy foster relationship fans idols kim suk young steven discussion liveness mediatization intimacy heavily intertwined technology help academics paint analyzing fan studies overall st century '''examples fan musicking ''' street teams form fan musicking describes group people hit streets market


influence teenagers tastemakers street teamers help introduce newer artists coming trending spreading broader awareness artists music tastemakers motivated either already fan stepping stone enter music industry establish relationship record company form fan musicking particularly complex dynamic production company fans one hand production companies could taking advantage fans promote artists however also argued street


teamer fans able gain foothold music industry well relationship therefore pros cons dynamic production company fans stems form musicking helps shed light fan studies involve multiple complex stakeholders fansubbing one significant form fan musicking across years fansubbing act fans translating lyrics words original music videos interviews etc languages rather officially licensed translation company music videos reality


shows across globe included subtitles subtitle translations various languages fansubbers divided tasks tackle large project making music content accessible fans therefore able directly engage musical works favorite musicians putting energy care translating words meaning form musicking strengthen bond fans artists invested time process feel sense intimacy contributed sense musical process fansubbing also allows


audiences around world gain access develop appreciation bond artists around world despite differences background music historically unifying force regardless race religion factors fansubbing crucial allowing people around world discover common ground music addition coming together translate artists works fans form valuable connections create communities shared passion artist therefore fansubbing contribute overall circulation accessibility music around world shows power community


togetherness central fan studies fansubbing form muscking therefore considered part study music fans overall '''fan comments music videos mvs ''' addition fan musicking fansubbing another important way understand fans observing comments music videos mvs tracking observing positive negative comments fans important feedback understanding fandoms overall example mv currently number comments youtube bts dynamite million


comments comments observe key components first comments variety languages showing broad reach bts army globally bringing various cultures languages mix studying fandom another key component fans responding visuals band particular new hair colors overall attractiveness boys novelty seen particularly east asian popular music bands changing hair color cultures may seen


feminine unattractive men pink hair comments music video show component something fans drawn contributes novelty group keeping observation fans responding mind bts bands may continue surprising fans new hair colors foster aspect fan engagement another popular comment comments video lyrics help bring smile fans faces act stress reliever difficult times posted covid pandemic times observing


overall sentiment fans bts may used understanding inform album released covid pandemic members sing depth struggles quarantine isolation stress struggles well provide songs uplighting melodies tempos create similar effect dynamite liveliness therefore fan musicking comments mvs allow us gain better understanding attracts potentially detracts fans appreciation idols dynamic constantly changing idols fans respond


fans aspects popular artists effective reaching broader audiences addition fan musicking gives artists production companies better understanding better connect fans observe common themes resonate fans lyrics themes self love mental health addition circulation videos also allows audiences learn current fans appreciate popular artists potentially hook new audiences fandom therefore studying nature fan created videos form musicking


circulation allows academics fan studies better understand relationship fans idols production companies certain features bond together broader implications fan musicking ultimately discussing concept musicking core component academic discipline fan studies allows us better understand three main takeaways fan agency power community impact circulation music musicking fans engagement various mediums mentioned earlier gives agency fans rather viewed consumers music musicking allows


us challenge notion show fans able contribute value find voice within industry furthermore fans often able establish new communities acts musicking seen street teamers fansubbers discussed earlier power community seen fans come together make contributions well beyond perceived possible example june bts army came together community fundraise million match bts donation black lives matter power fan communities case pushes


issues ''intensities journal cult media'' appeared ref name jenkins biblio ''transformative works cultures'' open access publication organization transformative works founded described thriving ref name jenkins biblio ref name coppa ref name twc intro recently founded publication ''journal fandom studies'' ref name booth ref name evans stasi bibliography chronological selection notable works include ''star trek lives '' jacqueline lichtenberg sondra marshak joan winston ref name coppa romantic myth transcendence star trek zines patricia frazer lamb diane veith ref name busse hellekson intro ref name scott


ref name fathallah ref name coppa pornography women women love joanna russ ref name busse hellekson intro ref name scott ref name fathallah ref name coppa ''textual poachers television fans participatory culture'' henry jenkins ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio ref name fathallah ref name coppa ref name evans stasi ''enterprising women television fandom creation popular myth'' camille bacon smith ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio ref name fathallah ref name coppa ref name evans stasi feminism psychoanalysis study popular culture constance penley ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio ref name coppa ''the adoring audience'' edited lisa lewis ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio ref


name scott cultural economy fandom john fiske ref name evans stasi ''star trek fans costume art'' heather r joseph witham cosplay ref name jenkins biblio legal fictions copyright fan fiction new common law rebecca tushnet ref name coppa ''theorizing fandom fans subculture identity'' edited cheryl harris alison alexander ref name evans stasi ''audiences sociological theory performance imagination'' nicholas abercrombie brian longhurst introduces spectacle performance paradigm ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio ''tune log soaps fandom online community'' nancy k baym ref name jenkins biblio


self construction fan experience'' steven bailey ref name busse hellekson intro ''fan fiction fan communities age internet'' edited busse karen hellekson ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio ref name coppa archontic literature definition history several theories fan fiction abigail derecho ref name jenkins biblio ref name fathallah ''fans bloggers gamers exploring participatory culture'' jenkins ref name evans stasi ''convergence culture old new media collide'' jenkins ref name scott ref name fathallah ref name evans stasi ''fandom identities communities mediated world'' edited jonathan gray sandvoss c lee


spreadable media audiences create value meaning networked economy joshua green jenkins ref name jenkins biblio fuck yeah fandom beautiful coppa response gray sandvoss harrington ref name scott references ref ref name booth paul booth waves fandom fan studies classroom ''fandom classroom practice'' katherine anderson howell ed university iowa press project muse https musejhuedu book ref ref name busse hellekson intro karen hellekson kristina busse introduction fan fiction studies reader ''the fan fiction studies reader'' karen hellekson kristina busse eds pp university iowa press


project muse http musejhuedu book ref ref name coppa francesca coppa '' https booksgooglecouk booksid xcdgaaqbaj fanfiction reader folk tales digital age '' pp university michigan press ref ref name evans stasi adrienne evans mafalda stasi https curvecoventryacuk open file aa ab af de c fan studiespdf desperately seeking methods new directions fan studies research ''participations'' ''' ''' ref ref name fathallah judith may fathallah foucault fanfic ''fanfiction author'' pp amsterdam university press project muse https musejhuedu book ref ref name fathallah intro judith may fathallah introduction p amsterdam university press project muse https musejhuedu book ref ref name gilbert anne gilbert review ''understanding fandom introduction study


media fan culture'' mark duffett ''cinema journal'' ''' ''' ref ref name jenkins biblio henry jenkins august fan studies ''oxford bibliographies'' oxford university press ref ref name roundtable paul booth kristina busse melissa click sam ford henry jenkins xiaochang li sharon ross online roundtable ''spreadable media'' henry jenkins sam ford joshua green moderated lousia stein ''cinema journal'' ''' ''' ref ref name scott suzanne scott fangirl 's place resistance feminism fan studies ''fake geek girls fandom gender convergence culture industry'' pp nyu press project muse https musejhuedu book ref ref


name twc intro twc editor https journaltransformativeworksorg indexphp twc article view transforming academic fan cultures ''transformative works cultures'' ''' ''' ref media studies fandom


'''clinical social work''' specialty within broader profession social work american board clinical social work abcsw defines clinical social work healthcare profession based theories methods prevention treatment providing mental health healthcare services special focus behavioral bio psychosocial problems disorders national association social workers defines clinical social work specialty practice area social work focuses assessment diagnosis treatment prevention mental illness emotional behavioral disturbances individual group family therapy common treatment modalities clinical social work applies

Social science
Social work
Clinical social work


social work theory knowledge drawn human biology social sciences behavioral sciences history many suggest roots clinical social work began social casework methods used charity organization societies around first us social work class offered columbia university new york charity organization society simmons college collaboration harvard university established boston school social workers also columbia university offered first graduate program social work although named new york


clinical social work journal began shortly founding national federation societies clinical social work national association social workers' task force clinical social work practice drafted first working definition clinical social work national association social workers established diplomate clinical social work dcsw american board examiners clinical social work founded later became american board clinical social work established board certified diplomate clinical social work bcd credential today clinical


social work licensed united states district columbia us virgin islands canadian provinces guam us commonwealth northern mariana islands well licensed certified jurisdictions around world practice methods core methods clinical social work require application social work theory knowledge methods ethics professional use self restore enhance social psychosocial biopsychosocial functioning individuals couples families groups organizations communities practice clinical social work requires application specialized


clinical knowledge advanced clinical skills areas assessment diagnosis treatment mental emotional behavioral disorders conditions addictions treatment methods include provision individual marital couple family group counseling psychotherapy clinical social workers qualified diagnose using diagnostic statistical manual mental disorders dsm international classification diseases icd diagnostic classification systems assessment diagnosis psychotherapy activities practice clinical social work may include private practice provision clinical supervision assessment methods typically refers biopsychosocial assessment clinical interview direct


council social work education may offered advanced standing shorting msw degree program one years full time study doctor social work dsw advanced practice professional degree social work dsw may specialized area multiple areas social work practice one may clinical social work universities doctor philosophy phd social work typically considered research degree however schools may offer phd degree social work clinical social work practice specialization licensure


united states licensure required practice social work united states many jurisdictions clinical social work licensure typically requires hours post master 's clinical work experience clinical supervision board approved clinical supervisor passing score association social work boards approved clinical level examination number post master 's clinical hours may vary jurisdiction clinical licensure titles also may vary jurisdiction association social work boards recommends use licensed clinical social worker lcsw preferred title however


jurisdictions used titles including limited licensed independent social worker lisw licensed independent clinical social worker licsw licensed specialist clinical social worker lscsw licensed certified social worker clinical lcsw c certification certification voluntary process typically authorize practice may suggest specialization subfield practice several certifications clinical social work united states american board clinical social work abcsw offers board certified diplomate clinical social work bcd several clinical social work specialization credentials including practice children


families clinical supervision psychoanalysis abcsw states bcd profession 's premier advanced clinical social work certification highest standards clinical education training experience abcsw offers three specialty certifications including practice children families clinical supervision psychoanalysis specialty certifications require applicant hold advanced clinical certification bcd clinical social work acceptable peer evaluations accumulated specified number clinical practice hours specified number clock hours clinical continuing education related specialty


specified number supervision consultation hours national association social workers also offers several clinical social work credentials including qualified clinical social worker qcsw diplomate clinical social work dcsw clinical social worker gerontology csw g certified clinical alcohol tobacco drugs social worker c catodsw qualified clinical social worker qcsw beginning level generalist clinical social work credential offered nasw nasw membership required obtain qcsw diplomate clinical social work dcsw advanced level generalist clinical social work credential offered nasw


nasw membership required obtain dcsw clinical social worker gerontology csw g specialty credential offered nasw clinical social workers specialize working area gerontology nasw membership required obtain csw g certified clinical alcohol tobacco drugs social worker c catodsw specialty credential clinical social workers work area alcohol tobacco drugs nasw membership required obtain csw g national association forensic counselors offers clinically certified forensic social worker ccfsw credential nafc


suggests ccfsw clinical level certification clinical social workers hold msw dsw degree obtained clinical licensure state earned specified amount related continuing education obtained passing exam score work adult juvenile criminal offenders see also behaviour therapy child psychotherapy cognitive therapy cognitive behavioral therapy counseling couples therapy crisis intervention differential diagnosis family therapy forensic social work grief counseling group psychotherapy interpersonal psychotherapy mental health professional psychanalysis psychiatric rehabilitation psychodynamic psychotherapy psychoeducation psychotherapy school social worker caseworker social work solution focused brief therapy qualifications


professional social work references social work


'''conservation restoration movable cultural property''' term used denote conservation movable cultural property items libraries archives museums private collections conservation encompasses actions taken toward long term preservation cultural heritage activities include examination documentation treatment preventive care supported research education object conservation specifically actions taken preserve restore cultural objects objects span wide range materials variety cultures time periods functions object conservation applied art objects artifacts conservation practice aims

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Object conservation


prevent damage occurring called preventive conservation purpose preventive conservation maintain possible enhance condition object well managing deterioration risks handling environmental conditions historically object conservation focused category fine arts many different types objects conserved type object material typically denoted organic inorganic specific medium requires specialized professional conservator often requires collaborative work museum staff scientists conservators object conservation involves conservation restoration preservation physical object


type conservator differentiated specialists treat broad range objects material types classification material includes archaeological ethnographic historical sculpture decorative arts contemporary art history object conservation around ever since people amassing assembling collections others enjoy conservation early history conducted skilled craftsman tradesman could repair return objects back useful working exhibition condition time object conservation profession developed point specialization objects


materials made become standard modern conservation conservation skills taught institutions master 's degree program art conservation winterthur university delaware located newark delaware intensive three year program facilities including conservation studios laboratories examination rooms workshops available students faculty housed louise e du pont crowninshield research building winterthur causes deterioration ''water'' causes damage results natural occurrences technological hazards mechanical failures many cases


water damage traced accidents neglect great many materials museum objects made highly susceptible contact water severely damaged even brief contact others may exposed water longer periods without harm situation complicated combination range materials may comprise object addition vulnerability individual objects water affected ie increased significantly state degradation materials water damage causes variety preservation concerns including


limited discoloration cracking softening matting distortion mold growth delamination swelling ''fire'' risk objects collections humans inanimate objects museums libraries archives private collections vulnerable fire number internal external sources museum fires begin result human neglect carelessness intentionally set damage objects irreparable mitigated due storage choices like glass case object 's material organic materials prone damage safety precautions museum invested


cause object degradation one temperature high excess heat cause chemical physical biological phenomena important phenomena museums archives chemical normal room temperatures much high long term preservation unstable human made materials especially carrying images sound text another problem arise temperature low overall low temperature beneficial collections polymeric materials paints become brittle fragile objects contain materials deform weaken even melt certain temperature ''inaproppriate relative humidity''


objects object parts damage physical force ranges imperceptible hairline fissures minute losses large scale effects crushing objects collapsing floors extreme cases destroying buildings five important force related effects impact shock vibration pressure abrasion ''dissociation'' immaterial form damage rather something physically done object damage occur rare catastrophic single events resulting extensive loss data objects object values sporadic severe events occurring every years decades resulting loss data objects object values continual events


objects considered prior treatment conservators proceed treatment care complete understanding material according code ethics organic objects involve modern plastics leather feathers bone horn ivory hair wood plant animal materials including natural history specimens inorganic materials consists metals glass ceramic materials well outdoor sculpture stone composite objects mix mediums involve inorganic organic materials organic ''leather'' type organic object prone deterioration


exposed microorganisms atmospheric gases strong light extremes fluctuations humidity vulnerability types objects require persistent attention special treatment needed objects leather restoration original state desired example leather exposed mold object treated vacuum alcohol tested discoloration transferring color ''wood'' another type material identified organic wood absorbing material based environment thus depending amount


water exposed air wood expand contract easily changing physical condition object reason wood material needs kept high controlled consistent temperature humidity levels high relative humidity cause wood swell low relative humidity cause wood become brittle extreme fluctuations speed deterioration process wooden object high relative humidity wood also prone pests example treatment would freeze objects kill


pests may existing within inorganic ''ceramics'' type inorganic object treatment objects vary depending purpose use stability ceramics broken need restoration either needed displayed exhibition stability object used examination study type techniques include may limited gap fills inpainting restructuring polishing used treatments types ''metals'' include gold silver copper iron lead tin nickel zinc


aluminum chromium titanium alloys metal sculptures prone corrosion air pollution moisture air interventive treatments metals irreversible procedure need consideration prior work types treatment include cleaning involving chemicals tools nd yag laser effectively remove layers built calcareous siliceous encrustation composite composite items made individual materials referred constituent materials two main categories constituent materials ''matrix'' binder ' 'reinforcement'' least one portion type required combined composite


objects may take properties characteristics differ properties original materials testing material composite objects vital tool help reduce prevent deterioration inherent vice innate tendency object material decay objects treated purpose object intention artist consideration history object artist 's intentions heavily weighed prior treatment testing materials example materials produce chemical reactions causing physical changes object


silver wood wood known emit acetic acid ethanoic acid becomes pollutant silver causing tarnish faster rate corrosion metals considered testing oddy test accelerated corrosion test effects metals certain cases necklace somalia british museum run tests yellow beads silver alloy link components necklace test fact able conclude yellow beads exposing nitric acid silver


allowing corrosion metal time thus necklace removed different components stored detached order reduce rapid decaying object preventive conservation order preserve objects future museums libraries collecting institutions utilize preventive conservation practices prof ziad al saad professor cultural heritage conservation management faculty archaeology anthropology yarmouk university jordan defines ''preventive conservation'' mitigation deterioration damage cultural property formulation implementation policies procedures following


appropriate environmental conditions handling maintenance procedures storage exhibition packing transport use integrated pest management emergency preparedness response reformatting duplication preventive conservation ongoing process continues throughout life cultural property end interventive treatment practice preventive conservation intends provide greatest amount conservation largest number objects collection jeffrey levin communications editor information communications getty conservation institute states long term preventive conservation efficient form conservation


museums particularly libraries collections ethnographic natural history geologic materials comprehensive preventive conservation need individual treatments time reduced manageable levels putting personnel financial resources effective use preventive conservation allows institutions collections better manage available resources comes caring collections restoration ''restoration'' restoring antique work art cultural artefact like new condition preserving antique work art deterioration conservation antiques restoration national museum warsaw antique painting


frame restoration photo oliver brothers fine art restoration restoration simple light cleaning remove disfiguring dirt grime surface painting may include near complete rebuilding replacement might case old automobiles furniture often done preparation sale collector upon acquiring new piece main goal restoration restore original appearance functionality piece considerable difference restoring repairing functionality may achieved repair


someone else 's bad repair worst possible situation often antique restoration also issues well example collectors value patina also want item still reflect aesthetic shows age respect restored item actually take away value nothing done item therefore restoration valuable objects always left professionals sensitive issues ensuring piece retains increases value restoration original artwork sustain


sorts damage lifetime conservators obligation artwork recommend best techniques preserving future generations restorers often trained craftspersons furniture makers mechanics metalsmiths years experience fields whereas others self taught volunteers many antique aircraft around united states restored trained aircraft engineers assisted volunteers men flew aircraft years ago given single piece furniture may include wood glass inlay leather fabric antique restoration encompasses several skills caldararo


estimates percent usa restorers self taught cobbled skills together idiosyncratic backgrounds french polishing industry standard europe th th centuries pushed aside efficient advantage modern methods industrial revolution lacquers spray systems replaced original french polish finish impractical mass furniture production due labor intensive process application desire antiques idle neither need appropriately restored thus trade kept alive thread terminology conservation detail oriented


process designed preserve much original finish materials possible bringing piece back close original condition possible finish restoration finish restoration process bringing existing finish back life involves emulsifying original finish either shellac varnish using original solvents liquefy solids ability adhere penetrate piece returns process also removes dirt grime accumulated years use finish thin additional layers finish may applied bolster


restored finish ensure longevity finish restoration results original finish rating example original finish remains original finish remains antique value remains preservation process stopping slowing deterioration usually involve actual restoration attempts return piece original condition damage finish deterioration left intact prevented going process usually done museum works recommend conservation restoration process home use antiques cases chemical process prevents


oxidation wood metals addition adds moisture existing finish refinishing removing finish applying new finish place process destroys significant portions antique value furniture avoided unless absolutely necessary repair physical structural replacement reinforcement parts original piece may involve addition new materials altered appear aged application antique materials improve appearance repair preserve much value possible restoration bringing piece back close original condition including structural finish repairs


stripping stripping involves dipping piece chemical bath remove finish patina cases glue holding piece together salvage extreme though bad old pieces thrown away long ago pieces original design workmanship damage worth restoring made usable materials hard wood amber pewter ivory number people increases number trees natural products world decreases wood materials become


scarce fact material worth good job item made mean material discarded along object ethics museums libraries archives private entities duty responsibility take care preserve collections future order carry duty organizations strive maintain highest standards professionalism ethical practice caring collections order direct guide actions organizations follow ethical codes


takes account points views object undergoes conservation intervention treatment v 's ethics protocol implemented use novel checklist method victoria albert museum conservation department ethics checklist introduced brief extract checklist demonstrates question driven approach place directive approach regardless ethics protocol followed ethics plays important role object conservation see also automotive restoration returning vehicle like new state idealization fantasy new state display ''concours d'elegance''


https webarchiveorg web http wwwtudor rose antiquescouk silver glass ceramics antique antique silver photo frames antique silver photograph frames http zjantiquescom antique conservation antique conservation see also franklin furnace archive conservation contemporary art including artists books reading http mediavamacuk media documents legacy documents file upload filepdf page ethics conservation practice https wwwtandfonlinecom doi abs sic supplement contemporary theory conservation https wwwtaylorfranciscom books risk assessment object conservation https wwwculturalheritageorg membership groups networks objects specialty group aic objects specialty group https booksgooglecom booksid nwevwtltaouc lpg pp pg pr v onepage q f false care handling art objects https wwwyoutubecom watchv l cepnkd object conservation science helps preserve history unc tv science https wwwmetmuseumorg met conservation scientific research conservation scientific research metropolitan museum art conservation restoration cultural heritage


handwritten subject card national library medicine 's old card catalog recalls pre computer days information created classified sorted hand hmd prints photos pp library information science '''cataloging''' us '''cataloguing''' uk process creating metadata representing information resources books sound recordings moving images etc cataloging provides information creator names titles subject terms describe resources typically creation bibliographic records records serve surrogates stored information resources since metadata machine readable

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Cataloging


form indexed information retrieval tools bibliographic databases search engines typically cataloging process results production library catalogs also produces types discovery tools documents collections '''bibliographic control''' provides philosophical basis cataloging defining rules sufficiently describing information resources enable users find select appropriate resource '''cataloger''' individual responsible processes description subject analysis classification authority control library materials catalogers serve foundation library service ones


depending level granularity required multiple works may contained single package one work may span multiple packages example single photo considered information resource collection photos considered information resource systematically pulling together information resources collections libraries archives museums internet communication files depositories ref name taylorpg essentially acquiring items collections use user producing lists information resources prepared according standard rules citation ref name taylorpg taylor joudrey p


ref examples retrieval aids include library catalogs indexes archival finding aids etc providing name title subject useful access information resources ref name taylorpg ideally many ways find item multiple access points must enough metadata surrogate record users successfully find information resource looking access points consistent achieved authority control providing means locating information resource copy libraries online public access catalog opac


chronological order alphabetical author index konrad gesner followed footsteps next century published author bibliography subject index added bibliography alphabetical list authors inverted names new practice also included references variant spellings author 's names precursor authority control andrew maunsell revolutionized bibliographic control suggesting book findable based author 's last name subject book translator th century sir thomas bodley interested catalog arranged


alphabetically author 's last name well subject entries sir robert cotton 's library catalogued books busts famous romans busts organized name ie n nero came shelf assigned letter roman numeral title 's number example cataloging ''the lindisfarne gospels'' reads nero iv cotton 's cataloging method still use collection british library frederic rostgaard called subject arrangement subdivided chronology size whereas past titles


arranged size well index subjects authors last name word order titles preserved based title page french revolution france 's government first put national code containing instructions cataloging library collections british museum library anthony panizzi created ninety one cataloging rules essentially served basis cataloging rules th th centuries charles c jewett applied panizzi 's rules smithsonian institution types cataloging descriptive cataloging descriptive cataloging


well established concept tradition library cataloging distinction made descriptive cataloging subject cataloging applying set standards different qualifications often also different kinds professionals tradition documentation information science eg commercial bibliographical databases concept document representation also verb document representing mostly used cover descriptive subject representation descriptive cataloging defined part cataloging concerned describing physical details book form choice entries title page transcription


tablets marked cuneiform script nippur ancient sumerian city present day iraq wherein two lists works sumerian literature various myths hymns laments listed one tablet titles titles common new titles latter thought comprise catalog collection different periods time ref name casson ref library ashurbanipal ancient nineveh first library known classification system clay tablets cuneiform marks side tablet ref name casson


library alexandria reported least partial catalog consisting listing callimachus greek literature called pinakes ref name tuftsedu originally fragments callimachus' pinakes survived ref name battles ref chinese imperial library han dynasty rd century ad catalog listing nearly items item similar extent content western scroll ref name lerner ref first catalogs islamic world around th century lists books donated libraries persons community


lists ordered donor bibliographic information provided record library 's inventory ref name lerner many early medieval libraries europe associated religious institutions orders including papal library rome first vatican library catalog late th century catalogs generally used topical arrangement reflected topical arrangement books vatican library published 'rules catalog printed books' rules translated english published united states ref name lerner meanwhile sorbonne


systematic organization libraries ref name lerner development principles rules would guide librarian creation catalogs followed history cataloging begins point ancient times orient title used identify work since renaissance author main source identification cataloging standards cataloging rules defined allow consistent cataloging various library materials across several persons cataloging team across time anglo american cataloging standards english speaking libraries shared cataloging standards since early first


standard attributed anthony panizzi keeper printed books british museum library rules published formed basis cataloging standards years ref name chan ref subsequent work th century done charles coffin jewett head smithsonian library time positioned become national library united states jewett used stereotype plates produce library 's catalog book form proposed sharing cataloging among libraries rules published ref name chan disagreement head smithsonian


secretary caused jewett dismissed position soon accepted position boston public library tasked purchasing books well arranging jewett earned role director boston public library time ''index catalogue portion public library city boston arranged lower hall'' published article included new cataloging information alongside many smithsonian cataloging rules jewett created systems became model libraries pushed


alphabetical card catalogs jewett followed charles ammi cutter american librarian whose ''rules dictionary catalog'' published cutter championed concept ease use library patrons ref name chan th century library cataloging forced address new formats materials including sound recordings movies photographs seymour lubetzky employee library congress later professor ucla wrote critique ala rules entry ''cataloging rules principles critique ala rules entry proposed design


revision'' lubetzky 's writings revealed weaknesses existing rules spoke need preparing set standards complete succinct code changes culture time would necessitate ever increasing changing list rules lubetzky helped remedy situation advocating concept cataloging according 'basic principles' place rule case might arise tasked extensive studies current cataloging rules time period analyses shaped subsequent cataloging rules ref name chan published american anglo american cataloging


prussian government set standard rules called pi prussian instructions libraries rules based earlier university library breslau karl franz otto dziatzko ref name stevenson wedgeworth prussian instructions standardized system cataloging rules titles literature arranged grammatically mechanically literature entered title ref name chan adopted throughout germany prussia austria adoption paris principles pp germany developed rak ref name wiegand ref name bibframe goal paris principles serve


basis international standardization cataloging cataloging codes developed worldwide since time followed paris principles cataloging codes cataloging codes prescribe information bibliographic item included entry information presented user may also aid sort entries printing parts catalog currently cataloging codes similar even based international standard bibliographic description isbd set rules produced international federation library associations institutions ifla describe wide


range library materials rules organize bibliographic description item following eight areas title statement responsibility author editor edition material specific details example scale map publication distribution physical description example number pages series notes standard number isbn initiative called bibliographic framework bibframe initiative evolve bibliographic description standards linked data model order make bibliographic information useful within outside library community ref name bibframe commonly used cataloging code


english speaking world ''anglo american cataloguing rules nd edition'' aacr aacr provides rules ' 'descriptive cataloging'' touch upon ' 'subject cataloging'' aacr translated many languages use around world german speaking world uses ''regeln f r die alphabetische katalogisierung'' rak also based isbd library congress implemented transition rda aacr march subject databases chemical abstracts medline psycinfo common communication format ccf meant serve baseline standard different standards prevail archives museums cidoc crm resource description


first available vendors try afterwards hybrid form system marc bibframe data fully translated library digital collections often use simpler digital formats store metadata xml based schemata particularly dublin core mods typical bibliographic data collections transliteration library items written foreign script cases transliterated script catalog united states countries catalogers typically use ala lc romanization tables work


social responsibility cataloging fair equitable access relevant appropriate accurate uncensored information timely manner free bias ref name bair order act ethically socially responsible manner catalogers aware judgments benefit harm findability careful misuse misrepresent information inaccurate minimal level cataloging purposely inadvertently censor information ref name bair bair states professional obligation catalogers supply thorough accurate high quality surrogate records databases catalogers also ethical


obligation contribute fair equitable access information ref name bair bair recommends catalogers actively participate development reform fair application cataloging rules standards classifications well information storage retrieval systems ref name bair stated knowlton access points particular type library patron would likely search regardless notion universal bibliographic control ref name knowlton formal code ethics catalogers exist thus catalogers often follow library departmental policy resolve conflicts cataloging american library


association created code ethics ferris notes criticized general encompass special skills set catalogers apart library information professionals ref name ferris stated tavani code ethics catalogers inspire guide educate discipline cited bair p nbsp bair suggests effective code ethics catalogers aspirational also discuss specific conduct actions order serve guide actual situations bair also laid beginnings formal code cataloging ethics


material interest ref name knowlton berman well known care packages mailings containing clippings materials support changes subject headings racism sexism homophobia governmental secrecy among areas concern three decades since ''prejudices antipathies'' study changes library congress subject headings knowlton examines ways library congress subject headings lcsh changed compiling table changes described ''p a'' followed current status headings question knowlton states intent table


show many berman 's proposed changes implemented areas bias still prevalent lcsh discussion knowlton 's findings revealed headings suggested change berman changed exactly closely suggestions p nbsp another headings changed partially resolve berman 's objections may leave objectionable wording intact introduce different shade bias headings changed according berman 's suggestions ref name knowlton ref queer theory cataloging building


controlled vocabulary gender rda abolished allowing catalogers libraries describe person 's gender whatever terms best represent person ref name locslides ref cataloging terms generally refers first author named item additional authors added added entries cases clear author named title work considered main entry process using single specific term person place title maintain consistency access points within catalog effective authority control prevents user search multiple


variations title author term refers approach libraries collaborate creation bibliographic authority records establishing cataloging practices utilizing systems facilitate use shared records see also anglo american cataloguing rules aacr archival processing bibliographer cataloging publication collaborative cataloging shared cataloging findability information architecture information retrieval iso knowledge organization shared cataloging program scp subject access point references ref ref name chan ref ref name wiegand ref ref name bibframe ref reading library cataloging classification


amazonas perpetual animosity neighboring tribes j varo fundamental difference wars enacted within tribe neighboring tribes wars different tribes principle wars extermination yanomami amazonas traditionally practiced system escalation violence several discrete stages chest pounding duel side slapping duel club fight spear throwing fight escalation results raiding parties purpose killing least one member hostile faction finally highest stage escalation ''nomohoni'' massacres brought

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Endemic warfare


treachery similar customs known dugum dani chimbu new guinea nuer sudan north american plains indians among chimbu dugum dani pig theft common cause conflict even frequent abduction women among yanomam frequent initial cause warfare accusations sorcery warfare serves function easing intra group tensions aspects game overenthusiastic football especially dugum dani battles conspicuous element play one documented instance battle interrupted


sides distracted throwing stones passing cuckoo dove see also captives american indian wars communal violence flower war irregular warfare mock combat napoleon chagnon prehistoric warfare religion violence sudanese nomadic conflicts ethnic violence south sudan oromo somali clashes tinku war dance references reading zimmerman l ''the crow creek site massacre preliminary report'' us army corps engineers omaha district chagnon n ''the yanomamo'' holt rinehart winston keeley lawrence ''war civilization'' oxford university press pauketat timothy r ''north american archaeology'' blackwell publishing wade nicholas ''before