emergency management germany germany federal government controls german ''katastrophenschutz'' disaster relief technisches hilfswerk ''federal agency technical relief'' thw ''zivilschutz'' civil protection programs coordinated ''federal office civil protection disaster assistance'' local fire department units german armed forces bundeswehr german federal police state police forces l nderpolizei also deployed disaster relief operations several private organizations germany also deal emergency relief among german red cross johanniter unfall hilfe german equivalent st john ambulance malteser hilfsdienst


arbeiter samariter bund program study university bonn leading degree master disaster prevention risk governance support function radio amateurs provide additional emergency communication networks frequent trainings india protective wall built shore coastal town kalpakkam aftermath indian ocean earthquake national disaster management authority primary government agency responsible planning capacity building disaster relief emphasis primarily strategic risk management mitigation well developing policies planning ref name ndma functions ref

Applied science
Public administration
Emergency management


national institute disaster management policy think tank training institution developing guidelines training programs mitigating disasters managing crisis response national disaster response force government agency primarily responsible emergency management natural man made disasters specialized skills search rescue rehabilitation ref name ref ministry science technology also contains agency brings expertise earth scientists meteorologists emergency management indian armed forces also plays important role rescue recovery operations disasters aniruddha 's academy disaster management aadm non profit organization


mumbai india disaster management principal objective japan fire disaster management agency national emergency management agency attached ministry internal affairs communications japan malaysia malaysia national disaster management agency nadma malaysia focal point managing disaster established prime minister 's department october following flood took national security council ministry home affairs ministry health ministry housing urban wellbeing local government also responsible managing emergencies several agencies


involved emergency management royal malaysian police malaysian fire rescue department malaysian civil defence force ministry health malaysia malaysian maritime enforcement agency also voluntary organisations involved emergency disaster management st john ambulance malaysia malaysian red crescent society nepal nepal risk reduction consortium nrrc based hyogo 's framework nepal 's national strategy disaster risk management arrangement unites humanitarian development partners government nepal identified flagship priorities sustainable disaster risk management netherlands


netherlands ministry justice security responsible emergency preparedness emergency management national level operates national crisis centre ncc country divided safety regions safety region four components regional fire department regional department medical care ambulances psycho sociological care etc regional dispatch section risk crisis management regional dispatch operates police fire department regional medical care dispatch three services combined one dispatch best multi coordinated response


incident emergency also facilitates information management emergency communication care citizens services main structure response emergency happen specific emergency co operation another service needed instance ministry defence water board rijkswaterstaat safety region integrate services structure adding specific conferences operational administrative level regions operate according coordinated regional incident management system new zealand new zealand responsibility may handled either


local national level depending scope emergency disaster within region local governments organized civil defence emergency management groups cmgs local arrangements overwhelmed pre existing mutual support arrangements activated central government authority coordinate response national crisis management centre ncmc operated ministry civil defence emergency management mcdem structures defined regulation explained ''the guide national civil defence emergency management plan '' roughly equivalent us federal emergency management agency 's national response framework new zealand uses unique terminology


emergency management emergency management rarely used many government publications retaining use term civil defence example minister civil defence responsible mcdem civil defence emergency management term right defined statute term disaster rarely appears official publications emergency incident preferred terms term event also used example publications refer canterbury snow event rs emergency management cycle used new zealand four phases known reduction mitigation readiness preparedness response


recovery pakistan disaster management pakistan revolves around flood disasters focuses rescue relief federal flood commission established ministry water power manage issues flood management country wide basis national disaster management ordinance national disaster management act enacted kashmir earthquake pakistan floods respectively deal disaster management primary central authority mandated deal whole spectrum disasters management country national disaster management authority addition province along


fata gilgit baltistan pakistani administered kashmir provincial disaster management authority responsible implementing policies plans disaster management province district district disaster management authority planning coordinating implementing body disaster management take measures purposes disaster management districts accordance guidelines laid national authority provincial authority philippines philippines national disaster risk reduction management council responsible protection welfare people disasters emergencies


working group composed various government non government civil sector private sector organizations government republic philippines headed secretary national defense office civil defense ndrrmcs implementing organization coordinates executive branches government presidents leagues local government units throughout country armed forces philippines philippine national police bureau fire protection agency department interior local government public private medical services responding natural manmade disasters


well planning coordination training responsible units non governmental organizations philippine red cross also provide manpower material support ndrrmc russia russia ministry emergency situations emercom engaged fire fighting civil defense search rescue natural man made disasters somalia somalia federal government announced may cabinet approved draft legislation new somali disaster management agency sdma originally proposed ministry interior according prime minister 's media office sdma leads coordinate government 's


response various natural disasters part broader effort federal authorities establish national institutions federal parliament expected deliberate proposed bill endorsement amendments ref name rsp mcfp tel ref turkey disaster emergency management presidency responsible united kingdom following fuel protests severe flooding year well foot mouth crisis united kingdom passed civil contingencies act cca cca defined organisations category responders set responsibilities regarding emergency preparedness response


managed civil contingencies secretariat regional resilience forums local authorities disaster management training generally conducted local level consolidated professional courses taken emergency planning college diplomas undergraduate postgraduate qualifications gained universities throughout country institute emergency management charity established providing consulting services government media commercial sectors number professional societies emergency planners including emergency planning society institute civil protection emergency management one largest emergency


exercises uk carried may near belfast northern ireland simulated plane crash landing belfast international airport staff five hospitals three airports participated drill almost international observers assessed effectiveness united states disaster management united states utilized functional hazards approach years managers develop processes communication warning sheltering rather developing single hazard threat focused plans eg tornado plan processes mapped specific hazards threats manager looking gaps overlaps


conflicts processes given notions emergency managers must identify contemplate assess possible man made threats natural threats may affect respective locales geographical differences throughout nation variety different threats affect communities among states thus although similarities may exist two emergency plans completely identical additionally locale different resources capacities eg budgets personnel equipment etc dealing emergencies individual community must craft unique emergency plan addresses potential threats specific locality creates plan resilient


unique events common processes defined encourages planning done stakeholders closer individual processes traffic management plan written public works director type planning lead conflict non emergency management regulatory bodies require development hazard threat specific plans development specific h n flu plans terrorism specific plans united states disasters initially local local authorities usually police fire ems agency taking charge many local municipalities may also separate dedicated office


emergency management oem along personnel equipment event becomes overwhelming local government state emergency management primary government structure united states becomes controlling emergency management agency federal emergency management agency fema part department homeland security dhs lead federal agency emergency management united states territories broken ten regions fema 's emergency management purposes fema supports override state authority citizen corps organization volunteer service programs administered locally coordinated nationally dhs seek


mitigate disasters prepare population emergency response public education training outreach disaster response carried volunteer organizations us red cross chartered congress coordinate disaster response services typically lead agency handling shelter feeding evacuees religious organizations ability provide volunteers quickly usually integral response process largest salvation army primary focus chaplaincy rebuilding southern baptists focus food preparation distribution well cleaning floods


promote disaster preparedness asia pacific region national tribal emergency management council nemc non profit educational organization developed tribal organizations share information best practices well discuss issues regarding public health safety emergency management homeland security affecting first nations sovereignty ntmc organized regions based fema region system ntmc founded nwtemc consortium tribal nations villages washington idaho oregon alaska disaster emergency declared terror related incident national


health responder recovery operations fema 's emergency management institute emergency management institute 's main campus emmitsburg maryland emergency management institute emi serves national focal point development delivery emergency management training enhance capabilities state territorial local tribal government officials volunteer organizations fema 's disaster workforce federal agencies public private sectors minimize impact disasters emergencies american public emi curricula structured meet needs diverse audience emphasis separate organizations working together hazards emergencies


save lives protect property particular emphasis placed governing doctrine national response framework nrf national incident management system nims national preparedness guidelines emi fully accredited international association continuing education training iacet american council education ace approximately participants attend resident courses year individuals participate non resident programs sponsored emi conducted locally state emergency management agencies cooperative agreements fema another individuals participate emi supported exercises approximately individuals participate chemical stockpile emergency preparedness program


csepp ''independent study'' program emi consists free courses offered united states citizens comprehensive emergency management techniques course entitled emergency manager orientation position provides background information fema role emergency managers agency volunteer organization coordination emi independent study program web based distance learning program open public delivers extensive online training approximately courses trained million individuals emi web site receives million visitors day see also civil defense computer emergency


response team business continuity planning disaster medicine disaster response disaster risk reduction emergency communication system emergency sanitation fire fighting human capital flight mass fatality incident public health emergency united states rohn emergency scale search rescue '''ngos ''' catholic relief services consortium british humanitarian agencies disaster accountability project dap globalmedic international disaster emergency service ides decins sans fronti res nethope references reading disaster nursing emergency preparedness springer publishing fourth edition international journal emergency management electronic paper inderscience publishers https webarchiveorg web http wwwbepresscom jhsem journal homeland security emergency management bepress https webarchiveorg web http wwwemagovau ajem australian journal


emergency management electronic paper emergency management australia karanasios http wwwniccdorg wp content uploads karanasiosclimatechangeemergentictspdf new emergent icts climate change developing countries r heeks ospina eds manchester centre development informatics university manchester https webarchiveorg web http wwwaladdinprojectorg aladdin project consortium universities developing automated disaster management tools emergency management australia ''community developments recovering disaster'' commonwealth australia canberra plan preparation surviving zombie apocalypse paperback createspace introductory concepts planning preparing emergencies disasters kind external links https wwwcdcgov niosh programs epr resourceshtml emergency preparedness response office national institute occupational safety


health http wwwfaoorg emergencies en fao emergencies http wwwfaoorg emergencies resources documents resources detail en c resilient livelihoods disaster risk reduction food nutrition security edition published fao https wwwemergencycdcgov hazards specificasp centers disease control prevention 's information specific types emergencies https wwwcdcgov niosh emres emergency preparedness response resources national institute occupational safety health https wwwfemagov media library resources documents collections fema community emergency response team cert training materials program manager trainer participant humanitarian aid occupational safety health


'''health psychology''' study psychological behavioral processes health illness healthcare concerned understanding psychological behavioral cultural factors contribute physical health illness psychological factors affect health directly example chronically occurring environmental stressors affecting hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis cumulatively harm health behavioral factors also affect person 's health example certain behaviors time harm smoking consuming excessive amounts alcohol enhance health engaging exercise ref name ogden j ogden j ''health psychology textbook th ed '' maidenhead uk open university press ref health

Social science
Psychology
Health psychology


treating patients health psychologists work variety settings alongside medical professionals hospitals clinics public health departments working large scale behavior change health promotion programs universities medical schools teach conduct research although early beginnings traced field clinical psychology ref name rogers rogers r w preventive health psychology interface social clinical psychology ''journal social clinical psychology '' ref four different divisions within health psychology ref name marks ref one related field occupational health psychology ohp developed time


four divisions include clinical health psychology public health psychology community health psychology critical health psychology ref name marks professional organizations field health psychology include division american psychological association apa division health psychology british psychological society bps european health psychology society college health psychologists australian psychological society aps advanced credentialing us clinical health psychologist provided american board professional psychology overview recent advances psychological medical physiological research led new way thinking health


illness conceptualization labeled biopsychosocial model views health illness product combination factors including biological characteristics eg genetic predisposition behavioral factors eg lifestyle stress health beliefs social conditions eg cultural influences family relationships social support psychologists strive understand biological behavioral social factors influence health illness called health psychologists health psychologists use knowledge psychology health promote general well understand physical illness ref name bps british psychological society health psychology guide public ref specially trained


help people deal psychological emotional aspects health illness health psychologists work many different health care professionals eg physicians dentists nurses physician 's assistants dietitians social workers pharmacists physical occupational therapists chaplains conduct research provide clinical assessments treatment services many health psychologists focus prevention research interventions designed promote healthier lifestyles try find ways encourage people improve health example may help people lose weight stop smoking ref name bps health psychologists also use skills try improve healthcare


system example may advise doctors better ways communicate patients ref name bps health psychologists work many different settings including uk 's national health service nhs private practice universities communities schools organizations many health psychologists provide clinical services part duties others function non clinical roles primarily involving teaching research leading journals include ''health psychology'' ''journal health psychology'' ''british journal health psychology'' ''applied psychology health well being'' health psychologists work people one one basis groups family larger


population level ref name bps clinical health psychology clhp clhp application scientific knowledge derived field health psychology clinical questions may arise across spectrum health care clhp one specialty practice areas clinical health psychologists also major contributor prevention focused field behavioral health treatment oriented field behavioral medicine clinical practice includes education techniques behavior change psychotherapy countries clinical health psychologist additional training become medical psychologist thereby obtain prescription privileges public health


psychology php php population oriented major aim php investigate potential causal links psychosocial factors health population level public health psychologists present research results educators policy makers health care providers order promote better public health php allied public health disciplines including epidemiology nutrition genetics biostatistics php interventions targeted toward risk population groups eg undereducated single pregnant women smoke population whole eg pregnant women community health psychology cohp cohp investigates community factors contribute


health well individuals live communities cohp also develops community level interventions designed combat disease promote physical mental health community often serves level analysis frequently sought partner health related interventions critical health psychology crhp crhp concerned distribution power impact power differentials health experience behavior health care systems health policy crhp prioritizes social justice universal right health people races genders ages socioeconomic positions major concern health inequalities


critical health psychologist agent change simply analyst cataloger leading organization area international society critical health psychology health psychology like areas applied psychology theoretical applied field health psychologists employ diverse research methods methods include controlled randomized experiments quasi experiments longitudinal studies time series designs cross sectional studies case control studies qualitative research well action research health psychologists study broad range health phenomena including cardiovascular disease cardiac psychology smoking habits relation religious beliefs health alcohol use social support living


conditions emotional state social class health psychologists treat individuals sleep problems headaches alcohol problems etc health psychologists work empower community members helping community members gain control health improve quality life entire communities occupational health psychology pickren degni sanderson observed europe north america occupational health psychology ohp emerged specialty organizations authors noted ohp owes emergence health psychology well disciplines eg psychology occupational medicine sanderson underlined examples ohp


aligns health psychology including adkins research adkins documented application behavioral principles improve working conditions mitigate job stress improve worker health complex organization origins development health psychology developed different forms different societies psychological factors health studied since early th century disciplines psychosomatic medicine later behavioral medicine primarily branches medicine psychology '''united states''' william schofield prepared report apa entitled ''the role psychology delivery health services'' exceptions


found psychological research time frequently regarded mental health physical health separate devoted little attention psychology 's impact upon physical health one psychologists working area time schofield proposed new forms education training future psychologists apa responding proposal established task force consider psychologists could help people manage health related behaviors b help patients manage physical health problems c train healthcare staff work effectively patients health psychology began


emerge distinct discipline psychology united states mid th century growing understanding medicine effect behavior health example alameda county study began showed people ate regular meals eg breakfast maintained healthy weight received adequate sleep smoke drank little alcohol exercised regularly better health lived longer addition psychologists scientists discovering relationships psychological processes physiological ones ref name sterling eyer sterling p eyer j


biological basis stress related mortality ''social science medicine part e medical psychology '' ref discoveries include better understanding impact psychosocial stress cardiovascular immune systems ref name sterling eyer early finding functioning immune system could altered learning led joseph matarazzo apa added division devoted health psychology first divisional conference matarazzo delivered speech played important role defining health psychology defined new field way health psychology aggregate


specific educational scientific professional contributions discipline psychology promotion maintenance health prevention treatment illness identification diagnostic etiologic correlates health illness related dysfunction analysis improvement healthcare system health policy formation similar organizations established elsewhere bps established division health psychology european health psychology society also established similar organizations established countries including australia japan universities began develop doctoral level training programs health


psychology us post doctoral level health psychology training programs established individuals completed doctoral degree clinical psychology '''united kingdom''' psychologists working medical settings many years uk sometimes field termed medical psychology medical psychology however relatively small field primarily aimed helping patients adjust illness bps 's reconsideration role medical section prompted emergence health psychology distinct field marie johnston john weinman argued letter ''bps bulletin'' great need


health psychology section december section established bps london conference marie johnston chair ref name bps annual bps conference review current trends health psychology organized definition health psychology study psychological behavioural processes health illness healthcare proposed health psychology section became special group awarded divisional status within uk awarding divisional status meant individual training needs professional practice health psychologists recognized


members able obtain chartered status bps bps went regulate training practice health psychology regulation professional standards qualifications taken statutory registration health professions council ref name bps number relevant trends coincided emergence health psychology including epidemiological evidence linking behavior health ref name bps johnson weinman j chater healthy contribution health psychology ref addition behavioral science medical school curricula courses often taught psychologists ref name bps training


health professionals communication skills aim improving patient satisfaction adherence medical treatment ref name bps increasing numbers interventions based psychological theory eg behavior modification ref name bps increased understanding interaction psychological physiological factors leading emergence psychophysiology psychoneuroimmunology pni ref name bps health domain become target research social psychologists interested testing theoretical models linking beliefs attitudes behavior emergence aids hiv increase funding behavioral research epidemic provoked ref name bps emergence academic professional bodies promote research practice


health psychology followed publication series textbooks began lay interests discipline objectives understanding behavioral contextual factors health psychologists conduct research identify behaviors experiences promote health give rise illness influence effectiveness health care also recommend ways improve health care policy health psychologists worked developing ways reduce smoking improve daily nutrition order promote health prevent illness also studied association illness individual characteristics example health psychology found


relation personality characteristics thrill seeking impulsiveness hostility anger emotional instability depression one hand high risk driving health psychology also concerned contextual factors including economic cultural community social lifestyle factors influence health physical addiction impedes smoking cessation research suggests seductive advertising also contributes psychological dependency tobacco although research found relationship media exposure smoking youth ohp research indicates people jobs combine little decision latitude high psychological workload increased risk cardiovascular disease


research reveals relation unemployment elevations blood pressure epidemiologic research documents relation social class cardiovascular disease health psychologists also aim change health behaviors dual purpose helping people stay healthy helping patients adhere disease treatment regimens also see health action process approach health psychologists employ cognitive behavioral therapy applied behavior analysis also see behavior modification purpose preventing illness health psychologists promote health behavioral change mentioned however attempt prevent illness ways well health psychologists try help people


lead healthy life developing running programmes help people make changes lives stopping smoking reducing amount alcohol consume eating healthily exercising regularly ref name bps campaigns informed health psychology targeted tobacco use least able afford tobacco products consume tobacco provides individuals way controlling aversive emotional states accompanying daily experiences stress characterize lives deprived vulnerable individuals practitioners emphasize education effective communication part illness prevention many people recognize


minimize risk illness present lives moreover many individuals often unable apply knowledge health practices owing everyday pressures stresses common example population based attempts motivate smoking public reduce dependence cigarettes anti smoking campaigns health psychologists help promote health well preventing illness ref name bps illnesses effectively treated caught early health psychologists worked understand people seek early screenings immunizations used knowledge develop ways encourage people


early health checks illnesses cancer heart disease ref name bps health psychologists also finding ways help people avoid risky behaviors eg engaging unprotected sex encourage health enhancing behaviors eg regular tooth brushing hand washing ref name bps health psychologists also aim educating health professionals including physicians nurses communicating effectively patients ways overcome barriers understanding remembering implementing effective strategies reducing exposures risk factors making health enhancing behavior changes also evidence ohp stress reduction interventions workplace effective example kompier


colleagues shown number interventions aimed reducing stress bus drivers beneficial effects employees bus companies effects disease health psychologists investigate disease affects individuals' psychological well individual becomes seriously ill injured faces many different practical stressors stressors include problems meeting medical bills problems obtaining proper care home hospital obstacles caring dependents experience one 's sense self reliance compromised gaining new unwanted identity sick person stressors


lead depression reduced self esteem etc health psychology also concerns bettering lives individuals terminal illness little hope recovery health psychologist therapists improve quality life patient helping patient recover least psychological well health psychologists also concerned providing therapeutic services bereaved critical analysis health policy critical health psychologists explore health policy influence inequities inequalities social injustice ref name martire martire lm franks mm role social networks adult


health introduction special issue health psychology pp ref avenues research expand scope health psychology beyond level individual health examination social economic determinants health within regions nations individualism mainstream health psychology critiqued deconstructed critical health psychologists using qualitative methods zero health experience ref name marks df marks df murray evans b estacio ev http wwwuksagepubcom books book contribid ''health psychology theory research practice'' rd ed thousand oaks sage ref conducting research like psychologists main psychology


disciplines health psychologists advanced knowledge research methods health psychologists apply knowledge conduct research variety questions ref name bps example health psychologists carry research answer questions influences healthy eating stress linked heart disease emotional effects genetic testing change people 's health behavior improve health ref name bps teaching communication health psychologists also responsible training health professionals deliver interventions help promote healthy eating stopping smoking weight loss etc health psychologists also train


health professionals communication skills break bad news support behavior change purpose improving adherence treatment ref name bps applications improving doctor patient communication health psychologists aid process communication physicians patients medical consultations many problems process patients showing considerable lack understanding many medical terms particularly anatomical terms eg intestines one area research topic involves doctor centered patient centered consultations doctor centered consultations generally directive patient answering questions playing less role decision making although style


preferred elderly people others many people dislike sense hierarchy ignorance inspires prefer patient centered consultations focus patient 's needs involve doctor listening patient completely making decision involving patient process choosing treatment finding diagnosis improving adherence medical advice health psychologists engage research practice aimed getting people follow medical advice adhere treatment regimens patients often forget take pills consciously opt take prescribed medications side


effects failing take prescribed medication costly wastes millions usable medicines could otherwise help people estimated adherence rates difficult measure see however evidence adherence could improved tailoring treatment programs individuals' daily lives additionally traditional cognitive behavioural therapies adapted people suffering chronic illnesses comorbid psychological distress include modules encourage support reinforce adherence medical advice part larger treatment approach ways measuring adherence health psychologists identified number ways measuring patients' adherence medical


regimens counting number pills medicine bottle using self reports using trackcap bottles track number times bottle opened managing pain health psychology attempts find treatments reduce eliminate pain well understand pain anomalies episodic analgesia causalgia neuralgia phantom limb pain although task measuring describing pain problematic development mcgill pain questionnaire helped make progress area treatments pain involve patient administered analgesia acupuncture found effective reducing pain osteoarthritis knee biofeedback


cognitive behavior therapy health psychologist roles examples types positions held health psychologists within applied settings uk 's nhs private practice '''consultant health psychologist''' consultant health psychologist take lead health psychology within public health including managing tobacco control smoking cessation services providing professional leadership management health trainers ref name bps https wwwpsychologyboardgovau ref '''principal health psychologist''' principal health psychologist could example lead health psychology service within one uk 's leading heart lung hospitals providing clinical service patients advising


members multidisciplinary team ref name bps '''health psychologist''' example health psychologist 's role would provide health psychology input center weight management psychological assessment treatment development delivery tailored weight management program advising approaches improve adherence health advice medical treatment ref name bps '''research psychologist''' research health psychologists carry health psychology research example exploring psychological impact receiving diagnosis dementia evaluating ways providing psychological support people burn injuries research also area health promotion


example investigating determinants healthy eating physical activity understanding people misuse substances ref name bps '''health psychologist training assistant health psychologist''' assistant training health psychologist gain experience assessing patients delivering psychological interventions change health behaviors conducting research whilst supervised qualified health psychologist ref name bps training uk health psychologists registered health professions council hpc trained level eligible full membership division health psychology within bps ref name bps british psychological society ''health psychology applied settings


guide employers'' ref registered health psychologists chartered bps undertaken minimum six years training specialized health psychology minimum three years ref name bps health psychologists training must completed bps stage training registered bps stage training route bps accredited university doctoral health psychology program qualified health psychologists work range settings example nhs universities schools private healthcare research charitable organizations ref name bps health psychologist training might


working within applied settings working towards registration chartered status ref name bps health psychologist demonstrated competencies following areas professional skills including implementing ethical legal standards communication teamwork research skills including designing conducting analyzing psychological research numerous areas consultancy skills including planning evaluation teaching training skills including knowledge designing delivering evaluating large small scale training program intervention skills including delivery evaluation behavior change interventions ref name bps qualified health psychologists must also engage record continuing professional development cpd psychology


year throughout career ref name bps australia health psychologists registered psychology board australia standard pathway becoming endorsed health psychologists involves minimum six years training two year registrar program health psychologists must also undertake continuing professional development cpd year see also applied psychology behavioral medicine bodymind cardiac psychology chronic stress cognitive epidemiology european academy occupational health psychology healing environments impact health intelligence nutrition psychology occupational health psychology ''occupational health science'' occupational safety health outline psychology pediatric psychology perseverative cognition self concealment society occupational


health psychology workplace stress pain psychology reading caltabiano ml ricciardelli l eds ''applied topics health psychology'' wiley cohen lm mcchargue de collins jr fl eds ''the health psychology handbook practical issues behavioral medicine specialist'' thousand oaks ca sage publications david f marks michael murray emee vida estacio https uksagepubcom en gb eur health psychology book ''health psychology theory research practice'' th ed sage publications hbk pbk michie abraham c eds ''health psychology practice'' london bps blackwells ogden j ''health psychology textbook'' th ed berkshire england open university press quick jc


tetrick le eds ''handbook occupational health psychology'' nd ed washington dc american psychological association schonfeld chang c h ''occupational health psychology work stress health'' new york ny springer publishing company taylor se health psychology ''american psychologist'' references external links north america http health psychorg american psychological association division health psychology accessed july utc http wwwapaorg division div html division health psychology apaorg accessed july utc https archivetoday http sohppsyuconnedu society occupational health psychology accessed july utc http wwwsbmorg society behavioral medicine accessed july utc europe


http wwwehpsnet european health psychology society accessed july utc http dhpbpsorguk division health psychology british psychological society accessed july utc http wwweaohporg european academy occupational health psychology accessed july utc applied psychology behavioural sciences determinants health


'''living systems''' open self organizing life forms interact environment systems maintained flows information energy matter scientists proposed last decades general living systems theory required explain nature life general theory arising ecological biological sciences attempts map general principles living systems work instead examining phenomena attempting break things components general living systems theory explores phenomena terms dynamic patterns relationships organisms

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems theory
Living systems theory


environment theory living systems theory general theory existence living systems structure interaction behavior development work created james grier miller intended formalize concept life according miller 's original conception spelled magnum opus ''living systems'' living system must contain twenty critical subsystems defined functions visible numerous systems simple cells organisms countries societies ''living systems'' miller provides detailed look number systems order


increasing size identifies subsystems miller considers living systems subset systems level living systems defines space time matter energy information entropy levels organization physical conceptual factors living systems ecological planetary solar systems galaxies etc living systems according parent definition open self organizing systems special characteristics life interact environment takes place means information material energy exchanges living systems simple single cell


complex supranational organization european union regardless complexity depend upon essential twenty subsystems processes order survive continue propagation species types beyond single generation miller said systems exist eight nested hierarchical levels cell organ organism group organization community society supranational system level system invariably comprises twenty critical subsystems process matter energy information except first two process matter energy information reproducer boundary processors matter energy ingestor distributor


converter producer storage extruder motor supporter processors information input transducer internal transducer channel net timer added later decoder associator memory decider encoder output transducer miller 's living systems theory james grier miller wrote page volume present living systems theory constructed general theory living systems focusing concrete systems nonrandom accumulations matter energy physical space time organized interacting interrelated subsystems components slightly revising original model dozen years later distinguished eight nested hierarchical levels complex structures level nested sense


higher level contains next lower level nested fashion central thesis systems existence eight levels open systems composed twenty critical subsystems process inputs throughputs outputs various forms matter energy information two subsystems reproducer boundary process matter energy information eight process matter energy ten process information blockquote nature continuum endless complexity life organized patterns repeat theme variations level system similarities differences proper concerns science


ceaseless streaming protoplasm many vectored activities supranational systems continuous flows living systems maintain highly organized steady states blockquote sepp nen says miller applied general systems theory broad scale describe aspects living systems topics living systems theory miller 's theory posits mutual interrelationship components system extends across hierarchical levels examples cells organs living system thrive food organism obtains suprasystem member countries supranational system reap benefits accrued


mass occupies physical space mass energy equivalent one converted information refers degrees freedom exist given situation choose among signals symbols messages patterns transmitted relevant concepts system structure process type level echelon suprasystem subsystem transmissions steady state system conceptual concrete abstracted structure system arrangement subsystems components three dimensional space point time process reversible irreversible refers change


time matter energy information system type defines living systems similar characteristics level position hierarchy systems many complex living systems various levels organized two echelons suprasystem living system next higher system subsystem component totality structures system carry particular process subsystem transmissions inputs outputs concrete systems living systems open systems continually altering fluxes matter energy information many


equilibrium dynamic situations identified steady states flux equilibrium miller identifies comparable matter energy information processing critical subsystems elaborating eight hierarchical levels defines society constitutes seventh hierarchy large living concrete system community lower levels living systems subsystems components society may include small primitive tot potential communities ancient city states kingdoms well modern nation states empires supranational systems miller provides general descriptions subsystems fit eight levels supranational system miller 's view composed


two societies whose processes control decider superordinate highest echelons however contends supranational system twenty subsystems control decider exists today absence supranational decider precludes existence concrete supranational system miller says studying supranational system problematical subsystems blockquote tend consist components besides decoder systems little matter energy processing power component societies nations today almost always greater power supranational


guard police p nbsp strengths miller 's theory specialized international communication communication science scholars could pay particular attention major contributions living systems theory lst social systems approaches bailey pointed specification twenty critical subsystems living system specification eight hierarchical levels living systems emphasis cross level analysis production numerous cross level hypotheses cross subsystem research eg formulation testing hypotheses two subsystems time cross level cross subsystem research bailey says lst perhaps


integrative social systems theory made many contributions may easily overlooked providing detailed analysis types systems making distinction concrete abstracted systems discussion physical space time placing emphasis information processing providing analysis entropy recognition totipotential systems party potential systems providing innovative approach structure process issue introducing concept joint subsystem subsystem belongs two systems simultaneously dispersal lateral outward upward downward inclusion inclusion something environment part


system artifact animal made human made inclusion adjustment process combats stress system critical subsystems carry processes living systems need survive lst 's analysis twenty interacting subsystems bailey adds clearly distinguishing matter energy processing information processing well lst 's analysis eight interrelated system levels enables us understand social systems linked biological systems lst also analyzes irregularities organizational pathologies systems functioning eg system stress strain feedback irregularities information input overload explicates role entropy social research


equates negentropy information order emphasizes structure process well interrelations limitations omits analysis subjective phenomena overemphasizes concrete q analysis correlation objects virtual exclusion r analysis correlation variables asserting societies ranging totipotential communities nation states non supranational systems greater control subsystem components supranational systems dodges issue transnational power contemporary social systems miller 's supranational system bears resemblance modern world system immanuel wallerstein described although looking


living dissipative structure see also references reading kenneth bailey ''sociology new systems theory toward theoretical synthesis'' albany ny suny press kenneth bailey living systems theory social entropy theory ''systems research behavioral science '' james grier miller ''living systems'' new york mcgraw hill miller jl miller jg greater sum parts subsystems process matter energy information ''behavioral science '' humberto maturana http wwwenolagaiacom bolhtml biology language epistemology reality miller george elizabeth lenneberg eds


''psychology biology language thought essays honor eric lenneberg'' academic press jouko sepp nen systems ideology human social sciences g altmann wa koch eds ''systems new paradigms human sciences'' pp nbsp berlin walter de gruyter james r simms ''principles quantitative living systems science'' dordrecht kluwer academic external links http projectsisssorg dokuphpid living systems theory living systems theory james grier miller http wwwpanarchyorg miller livingsystemshtml james grier miller living systems basic concepts https webarchiveorg web http wwwjoannamacynet html livinghtml joanna macy phd living systems systems biology systems theory biological systems life


'''dermatopathology''' greek ' 'derma'' 'skin' ''pathos'' 'fate harm' '' logia'' 'study of' joint subspecialty dermatology pathology surgical pathology focuses study cutaneous diseases microscopic molecular level also encompasses analyses potential causes skin diseases basic level dermatopathologists work close association clinical dermatologists many possessing clinical training dermatology dermatologists able recognize skin diseases based appearances anatomic distributions behavior sometimes however criteria allow conclusive diagnosis

Natural science
Biology
Pathology
Dermatopathology


made skin biopsy taken examined microscope subject molecular tests process reveals histology disease results specific diagnostic interpretation cases additional specialized testing needs performed biopsies including immunofluorescence immunohistochemistry electron microscopy flow cytometry molecular pathologic analysis one greatest challenges dermatopathology scope different disorders skin exist including cutaneous eruptions rashes neoplasms dermatological oncology deals pre cancers actinic keratosis cancers including benign masses malignant


medical degree followed residency training years dermatology years anatomic pathology often completed part year combined residency anatomic pathology clinical pathology thereafter additional years post residency education dermatopathology undertaken trainees primary background pathology fellowship experience includes equivalent months clinical dermatology whose training primarily dermatology months fellowship devoted anatomic pathology united states dermatopathologists first certified american boards pathology


dermatology american osteopathic boards pathology dermatology united kingdom dermatopathologist certified royal college pathologist rest world international board dermatopathology trainees obtain subspecialty certification termed special competence diploma dermatopathology written examination since international board dermatopathology ibdp headquartered graz austria also certified candidates countries around world done ibdp review applicants' professional qualifications written practical examination given europe year united states dermatopathology


practiced variety settings biopsies interpreted dermatologists obtained sent pathology laboratories interpreted either general pathologists dermatopathologists others interpreted specialized dermatopathology laboratories latter exist outside united states see also list skin diseases pathology anatomical pathology surgical pathology dermatology skin disease skin lesion references external links http wwwasdporg american society dermatopathology web site http wwwicdermpathorg international board dermatopathology web site http wwwintsocdermpathorg international society dermatopathology web site https webarchiveorg web http dermatlasmedjhmiedu derm johns hopkins university dermatlas http omniacuk cgi biome search searchcgibatch size formtype simple term dermatopathology zport omni 's


dermatopathology links http atlasesmunicz atlases high resolution dermatopathology images web site http wwwdermpediaorg dermpedia web site anatomical pathology


xuanyuan temple huangling shaanxi dedicated worship yellow emperor city god wenao magong taiwan temple hebo river lord god heshen river god sacred yellow river hequ xinzhou shanxi altar five officials worshipped inside temple five lords haikou hainan '''chinese folk religion''' also known '''chinese popular religion''' general term covering range traditional religious practices han chinese including chinese diaspora vivienne wee described empty bowl variously filled contents institutionalized

Humanities
Theology
Chinese Folk Religion


religions buddhism taoism confucianism chinese syncretic religions includes veneration ' 'shen'' spirits ancestors exorcism demonic forces belief rational order nature balance universe reality influenced human beings rulers well spirits gods worship devoted gods immortals deities places natural phenomena human behaviour founders family lineages stories gods collected body chinese mythology song dynasty practices blended


buddhist doctrines taoist teachings form popular religious system lasted many ways present day present day governments mainland china taiwan like imperial dynasties tolerate popular religious organizations bolster social stability suppress persecute fear would undermine fall empire governments modernizing elites condemned feudal superstition opposed attempted eradicate traditional religion order promote modern values late th century attitudes began change taiwan


universe held balance interaction principles extension principles returning ref name teiser teiser ref ''yang'' act usually preferred ''yin'' receptiveness common religion ref name thien pp ''ling'' numen sacred medium two states inchoate order creation ref name thien pp terminology xiangshan ningbo zhejiang weifang city shandong province chinese language historically concept overarching name religion english terms popular religion folk religion long used mean local


religious life chinese academic literature common usage folk religion refers specific organised folk religious sects contemporary academic study traditional cults creation government agency gave legal status religion created proposals formalize names deal clearly folk religious sects help conceptualise research administration terms proposed include chinese native religion chinese indigenous religion chinese ethnic religion simply chinese religion viewed comparable usage term hinduism indian religion malaysia reports


scholar tan chee beng chinese definite term traditional religion surprising religion diffused various aspects chinese culture refer religion ''bai fo'' ''bai shen'' prompted allan j elliott suggest term ' 'shenism'' tan however comments way chinese refer religion case includes worship ancestors simply ' 'shen'' suggests logical simply use chinese religion shenxianism literally religion deities immortals term


partly inspired elliott 's neologism shenism late qing dynasty scholars yao wendong chen jialin used term ' 'shenjiao'' referring shinto definite religious system local ' 'shin'' beliefs japan terms folk cults spontaneous religion lived living religion local religion diffused religion folk beliefs seldom used term taken scholars colonial taiwan japanese japan 's occupation used early st century among mainland chinese scholars shendao term already


used ''yijing'' referring divine order nature around time spread buddhism han period nbsp bce nbsp nbsp ce used distinguish indigenous ancient religion imported religion ge hong used ''baopuzi'' synonym taoism term subsequently adopted japan th century ''shindo'' later ''shinto'' purpose identification japanese indigenous religion th century hongwu emperor taizu ming dynasty used term shendao clearly identifying indigenous cults


strengthened systematised chinese universism sense universalism system universal application tian chinese thought coinage jan jakob maria de groot refers metaphysical perspective lies behind chinese religious tradition de groot calls chinese universism ancient metaphysical view serves basis classical chinese thought nbsp universism three components integrated universe understood epistemologically 'heaven earth man' understood ontologically 'taiji great beginning highest ultimate yin yang' formed hu shih argued two great


religions played tremendously important roles throughout chinese history one buddhism came china probably christian era began exert nation wide influence third century ad great religion generic name propose call siniticism native ancient religion han chinese people dates back time immemorial years old includes later phases development moism confucianism state religion various stages taoist religion attributes contemporary chinese scholars


acknowledgment ancient chinese religion really core soul popular culture according chen jinguo ancient chinese religion core element chinese cultural religious self awareness proposed theoretical definition chinese indigenous religion three inseparable attributes apparently inspired tang junyi 's thought substance religiousness function folkloricity quality chineseness characteristics yandi shennong ''y nd sh nn ng di n'' suizhou hubei mazu temple chiayi taiwan diversity unity ancient chinese religious practices diverse varying


family civic life rather expressed separate organisational structure like church west deity temple associations lineage associations pilgrimage associations formalised prayers rituals expressions virtues common forms organisation chinese religion local level neither initiation rituals official membership church organisation separate one person 's native identity mandatory order involved religious activities contrary institutional religions chinese religion require conversion participation prime criterion participation ancient chinese religion


believe official doctrine dogma belong local unit ancient chinese religion association village kinship gods rituals scholar richard madsen describes ancient chinese religion adopting definition tu weiming characterised immanent transcendence grounded devotion concrete humanity focused building moral community within concrete humanity ref name madsen madsen ''secular belief religious belonging'' ref inextricably linked aforementioned question find appropriate name ancient chinese religion difficulty define clearly


outline boundaries old sinology especially western tried distinguish popular lite traditions latter confucianism taoism conceived independent systems chinese sinology later adopted another dichotomy continues contemporary studies distinguishing folk beliefs ''minjian xinyang'' folk religion ''minjian zongjiao'' latter referring doctrinal sects many studies pointed impossible draw clear distinctions since several sinologists swung idea unified ancient chinese religion would define chinese national identity similarly hindu dharma india shinto japan sinologists


espoused idea unified national religion studied chinese religion system meaning brought development c k yang 's distinction institutional religion diffused religion former functioning separate body social institutions latter intimately part secular social institutions history imperial china han dynasty ancient chinese religion mostly consisted people organising ' 'sh '' group body local community altars worshipped godly principle many cases lord ' 'she'' god


earth others deified virtuous person ''xi n'' immortal cults liu zhang king today shandong date back period rd century northern wei accompanying spread buddhism china strong influences indian subcontinent penetrated ancient chinese indigenous religion cult ganesha ''xi ngt ush n'' elephant head god attested year pollination indian religions included processions carts images gods floats borne shoulders musicians chanting th th century zitong altar


temple quanzhou fujian left statue kuixing ancient chinese religion subject persecution th th centuries many ancient temples destroyed taiping rebellion boxer rebellion late xinhai revolution temples turned uses destroyed changed schools japanese invasion china many temples used barracks soldiers destroyed warfare past popular cults regulated imperial government


policies promoting certain deities suppressing ones th century decline empire increasing urbanisation western influence issue new intellectual class longer controlling unauthorised worship unregistered gods became delegitimisation ancient chinese religion superstitious obstacle modernisation government regulation late empire approved schools built confiscation temple property various anti superstition campaigns followed kuomintang government republic china intensified suppression ancient chinese religion standards


retaining abolishing gods shrines policy attempted abolish cults gods exception ancient great human heroes sages yu great guan yu confucius policies background implemented communist china chinese civil war communist people 's republic china prc democratic republic china taiwan cultural revolution chairman mao period prc serious last systematic effort destroy ancient chinese religion


taiwan ancient chinese religion well preserved controlled republic china taiwan president chiang kai shek chinese cultural renaissance counter cultural revolution ancient chinese religion started rapidly revive china millions temples rebuilt built scratch since central government moved policy benign neglect ''wu wei'' regard rural community life local government 's new regulatory relationship local society characterized practical mutual dependence factors given much space popular religion


develop recent years cases local governments taken even positive supportive attitude towards indigenous religion name promoting cultural heritage instead signaling demise traditional ancient religion china taiwan 's economic technological industrialization development brought spiritual renewal images practices integrate codes ancient chinese culture ancient chinese religion provides han chinese people china taiwan means face challenges modernisation texts eastern han ad chinese stone carved que pillar gates dingfang zhong county


chongqing belonged temple dedicated warring states era general ba manzi ancient chinese religion draws vast heritage sacred books according general worldview treat cosmology history mythology mysticism philosophy aspects thing historically revolutionary shift toward preference textual transmission text based knowledge long standing oral traditions first becomes detectable st century ce spoken word however never lost power rather writing replacing power spoken word existed side side scriptures recited


heard order efficacious limitations written texts acknowledged particularly taoism folk religion classic books confucian canon including four books five classics classic filial piety ''mozi'' mohism ''huainanzi'' ''shizi'' ''xunzi'' interactions heaven mankind set confucianised doctrines compiled han dynasty dong zhongshu discussing politics accordance personal ''tian'' mankind viewed incarnation taoism


separate body philosophical theological ritual literature including fundamental ''daodejing'' ''daozang'' taoist canon ''liezi'' ''zhuangzi'' great number texts either included within taoist canon vernacular literature folk religious sects produced great body popular mythological theological literature ''baojuan'' recent discovery ancient books guodian texts ''huangdi sijing'' given rise new interpretations ancient chinese religion new directions post maoist renewal many


books overcome dichotomy confucian taoist traditions guodian texts include among others ''taiyi shengshui'' another book attributed yellow emperor ''huangdi yinfujing'' classical books mythology include classic mountains seas record heretofore lost works peach blossom spring investiture gods journey west among others core concepts theology cosmology fan chen summarise four spiritual cosmological moral concepts ''tian'' heaven source moral meaning ''qi'' breath


substance things made practice ''jingzu'' veneration ancestors ''bao ying'' moral reciprocity ''tian'' ''li'' ''qi'' north astral pole br tian ' 'dian'' 'top' highest unexceeded derives characters ''yi'' 'one' ' 'da'' 'big' great one ''d '' phonetical etymology ' 'di n'' first recorded xu shen john c didier ''in outside square'' ''sino platonic papers'' discusses different etymologies trace character ''tian'' astral square ellipted forms ' 'd ng''


representing north celestial pole pole star big dipper revolving around historically symbol absolute source universal reality many cultures archaic shang form ' 'd ng'' square ref name didier vol iii pp didier vol iii pp ref gao hongjin scholars trace modern word ''tian'' shang pronunciation ' 'd ng'' ''tee '' ref name didier vol iii pp also origin shang 's ''d '' deity later words meaning something high top including ' 'd ng'' ref name didier vol


hooked crosses chinese ''w n'' mesopotamian ''dingir'' px jixu zhou also ''sino platonic papers'' connects etymology ''d '' old chinese ''tees'' indo european ''deus'' god confucians taoists schools thought share basic concepts ''tian'' ''tian'' physical heavens home sun moon stars also home gods ancestors ''tian'' extension source moral meaning seen political principle mandate heaven holds ''tian'' responding human virtue grants imperial family right


rule withdraws dynasty declines virtue creativity virtue ' 'de'' humans potentiality transcend given conditions act wisely morally ref name adler p adler p ref ''tian'' therefore transcendent immanent ref name adler p ''tian'' defined many ways many names widely known ''t id '' great deity ''sh ngd '' primordial deity god ''taiyi'' great oneness identified ladle ''ti nm n'' gate heaven big dipper defined many names


attested chinese literary philosophical religious tradition ''ti nsh n'' god heaven interpreted ''shuowen jiezi'' gives birth things ''sh nhu ng'' god king attested ''taihong'' origin vital breath ''ti nd '' deity heaven emperor heaven popular chinese term ''l oti ny '' old heavenly father ''tian'' transcendent immanent manifesting three forms dominance destiny nature ''wujing yiyi'' different meanings five classics xu shen explains designation heaven quintuple


''hu ng ti n'' yellow heaven shining heaven venerated lord creation ''h ti n'' vast heaven regard vastness vital breath ''qi'' ''m n ti n'' compassionate heaven hears corresponds justice heaven ''sh ng ti n'' highest heaven first heaven primordial supervising heaven ''c ng ti n'' deep green heaven unfathomably deep concept ''shangdi'' especially rooted tradition shang dynasty gave prominence worship ancestral gods cultural heroes primordial deity primordial


emperor considered embodied human realm lineage imperial power ref name libbrecht p libbrecht p ref ''di'' term meaning deity emperor latin ''imperator'' verb ''im perare'' making within used either name primordial god title natural gods describing principle exerts fatherly dominance produces ref name lu gong p lu gong p ref zhou dynasty preferred religion focused gods nature ''tian'' became abstract impersonal idea god ref name libbrecht


p popular representation jade deity ''y '' jade emperor ''y hu ng'' jade ''huang'' emperor sovereign august ''wang'' king well others pertaining semantic field common denominator concept ''gong'' work art craft artisan bladed weapon square compass gnomon interpreter ''wu'' shaman medium archaic form px meaning ''wan'' ' 'swastika'' ten thousand things universe character ' 'd '' rendered deity emperor describes divine principle exerts fatherly


dominance produces ref name lu gong p king man entity able merge ''axis mundi'' centre universe bringing order reality ancient kings emperors chinese civilisation shamans priests say mediators divine rule western terms king emperor traditionally meant entity capable embody divine rule etymologically means gnomon generator means interpreter one makes within originally formulated taoists ref name lu gong p lu


gong p ref according classical theology manifests five primary forms ''w f ng sh ngd '' five forms highest deity ''qi'' breath substance things made including inanimate matter living beings thought gods continuum energy matter ref name adler p adler p ref stephen f teiser translates stuff psychophysical stuff neo confucian thinkers zhu xi developed idea ''li'' reason order heaven say pattern ''qi'' develops


name thien pp thien pp ref concept ' 'sh n'' cognate ' 'sh n'' extending expanding ref name adler p adler p ref translated gods spirits ' 'sh n'' nature gods people warrior guan gong household gods stove god well ancestral gods ''zu'' ''zuxian'' ref name adler p domain humanity ' 'shen'' psyche power agency within humans intimately involved life world spirits stars mountains


streams ' 'shen'' exert direct influence things making phenomena appear things grow extend early chinese dictionary ''shuowen jiezi'' xu shen explains spirits heaven draw ten thousand things forces growth gods regarded ''yang'' opposed ''yin'' class entities called ''gu '' cognate ''gu '' return contraction ref name adler p chaotic beings disciple zhu xi noted heaven earth thing consist yin yang


place yin yang found therefore place gods spirits exist dragon symbol ''yang'' principle generation ref name libbrecht p taoist confucian thought supreme god order multiplicity ' 'shen'' identified one ref name zongqi cai p zongqi cai p ref ''yizhuan'' commentary ''yijing'' written one ''yin'' one ''yang'' called tao unfathomable change ''yin'' ''yang'' called


' 'shen'' ref name zongqi cai p texts tradition going back han period gods spirits explained names ''yin'' ''yang'' forces contraction forces growth ref name zongqi cai p popular thought conscience personality neo confucian scholars tended rationalise zhu xi wrote act according ''li'' ref name adler p zhang zai wrote inherent potential ''liang neng'' two ways ''qi'' cheng yi said traces creative process ref


name adler p chen chun wrote ' 'shen'' ''gui'' expansions contractions going coming ''yin'' ''yang'' ''qi'' ref name adler p ''hun'' ''po'' ''zu'' ''xian'' ouhai wenzhou zhejiang place worship ancestors like things matter human soul characterised dialectic ''yang'' ''yin'' correspond ''hun'' ''po'' respectively ''hun'' traditionally masculine ''yang'' rational soul mind ''po'' traditionally feminine ''yin'' animal soul associated body ''hun''


name lu gong p otherwise said ''po'' earthly ' 'di'' soul goes downward ''hun'' heavenly ''tian'' soul moves upward extend life full potential human ' 'shen'' must cultivated resulting ever clearer luminous states ref name teiser transform pure intelligent breath deities ref name lu gong p human psyche 's distinction rationality intuition thinking feeling human ''xin'' mind heart ref name adler p death ''po'' returns


earth disappears ''hun'' thought pure awareness ''qi'' ' 'shen'' ancestral sacrifices dedicated ' 'shen'' men properly cultivated honoured death upheld ancestors progenitors ''zuxian'' simply ''zu'' ref name adler p adler p ref ancestries n't properly cultivated world falls disruption become ''gui'' ref name adler p ancestral worship intertwined totemism earliest ancestors ethnic lineage often represented animals associated ref name wang pp ancestors


means connection ''tian'' primordial god form ref name wang pp ancestors form shape destiny humans ref name wang pp ancestors significant impact shaping destiny large groups people creators genetic lineages spiritual traditions historical leaders invented crafts institutions wealth chinese nation culture heroes exalted among highest divine manifestations immortal beings ''xian'' fact chinese tradition distinction gods ' 'shen''


immortal beings ''xian'' transcendental principles bodily manifestations gods incarnate human form human beings reach higher spiritual states right way action say emulating order heaven humans considered one three aspects trinity ''s nc i'' three powers three foundations specifically men medium heaven engenders order forms earth receives nourishes men endowed role completing creation ''bao ying'' ''ming yun'' anping tainan taiwan chinese traditional


analysed psychological advantages belief assigning causality negative positive events ''yuan fen'' reduces conflictual potential guilt pride preserves social harmony ''ming yun'' ''yuan fen'' linked appears surface chance either positive negative part deeper rhythm shapes personal life based destiny directed recognising connection result making person responsible actions good others spiritually improves oneself contributes harmony men environmental gods


thus wealth human community three themes chinese tradition moral reciprocity personal destiny fateful coincidence completed fourth notion ''wu'' awareness ''bao ying'' awareness one 's given condition inscribed ordered world produces responsibility towards oneself others awareness ''yuan fen'' stirs respond events rather resigning awareness may arrive gift often unbidden evolves practice person intentionally follows part trinity three powers humans totally submissive spiritual force


taiwan thai style worship simianshen origins among thai chinese spread last decades among mainland chinese overseas chinese populations zhenwu wuqi taichung taiwan chinese religion concept ''ling'' equivalent holy numen ''shen'' meaning spiritual synonym ''yijing'' states spiritual means measured yin yang ''ling'' state medium bivalency ''yin'' ''yang'' thus identical inchoate order creation ref name thien pp things inspiring awe wonder


divine energy effervescence evidence holy ref name zavidovskaya p zavidovskaya pp ref term ''xian ling'' may interpreted god revealing presence particular area temple ref name zavidovskaya p zavidovskaya p ref events perceived extraordinary miraculous ref name zavidovskaya p divine power usually manifests presence wide public ref name zavidovskaya p value human deities ''xian'' judged according efficacy perceived effectiveness deity protect bless also determines much worshipped


big temple built honour position broader pantheon would attain zavidovskaya studied incentive temple restorations since northern china triggered numerous alleged instances gods becoming active returning reclaiming temples place society ref name zavidovskaya p mentions example chenghuang temple yulin shaanxi turned granary cultural revolution restored original function seeds stored within always found rotted


phenomenon locals attributed god chenghuang taken sign empty residence grain allow back ref name zavidovskaya p ''ling qi'' divine energy believed accumulate certain places temples making holy ref name zavidovskaya p temples longer history considered holier newly built ones still need filled divine energy ref name zavidovskaya p another example zavidovskaya cites cult god zhenwu congluo yu shanxi ref name zavidovskaya p zavidovskaya p ref god 's temples ruins


cult inactive mid man terminal cancer last hope prayed ''bai'' zhenwu man began miraculously recover passing day year completely healed ref name zavidovskaya p thanksgiving organised opera performance god 's honour ref name zavidovskaya p temporary altar statue zhenwu stage performance set open space foot mountain ref name zavidovskaya p course opera large white snakes appeared


passive unafraid people seemingly watching opera snakes considered locals incarnations zhenwu come watch opera held honour ref name zavidovskaya p within temples common see banners bearing phrase heart sincere god reveal power ''xin cheng shen ling'' ref name zavidovskaya p zavidovskaya p ref relationship people gods exchange favour ref name zavidovskaya p implies belief gods respond entreaties believer religious fervour


sincere ''cheng xin'' ref name zavidovskaya p person believes god 's power heart expresses piety gods confident faith reveal efficacious power ref name zavidovskaya p time faith strengthen devotee 's heart deity prove efficacy ref name zavidovskaya p exchange divine favours faithful honours deity vows ''huan yuan'' ''xu yuan'' individual worship reverence respect ''jing shen'' ref name zavidovskaya p common display


divine power cure diseases believer piously requests aid ref name zavidovskaya p another manifestation granting request children ref name zavidovskaya p deity may also manifest mediumship entering body shaman medium speaking ref name zavidovskaya p cases people curing illnesses behalf god ''ti shen zhi bing'' ref name zavidovskaya p gods may also speak people asleep ''tuomeng'' ref name zavidovskaya p sociological typology wu hsin chao distinguishes four kinds chinese traditional religious


organisation ancestry worship deity worship secret societies folk religious sects types indigenous ethnic religion worship local national deities ''p u mi o'' first great temple riverside zhangzhou fujian chinese religion communal expression involves worship gods generative power tutelary spirit ''genius loci'' locality certain aspect nature example water gods river gods fire gods mountain gods gods common ancestors village larger identity chinese nation shennong huangdi pangu social structure religion


god ' 'shen'' association ''hui'' example zhaogong association guanyin association guangong association dashen association bogong association wenchang association like ref name mao hui within category ''hui'' mao also distinguished sacrifice associations ''ji ohu '' make sacrifices honour gods ref name mao hui societies organise gatherings festivals ''miaohui'' participated members whole village larger community occasions believed birthdays gods events seek protection droughts epidemics disasters festivals invoke


power gods practical goals summon blessings drive away harm special devotional currents within framework identified specific names mazuism ''m z ji o'' wang ye worship cult silkworm mother type religion prevalent north china lineage religion absent private historically present within families southern origin patrilineal ties based seniority ref name wu villages composed people different surnames context deity societies temple societies function poles civil organism ref


name overmyer pp overmyer pp physical social structure villages vast flat expanse consist close groups houses built raised area surrounded fields multi surnamed population families cultivate land though usually much twenty ''mou'' three acres families different surnames living one small community meant lineages strong enough maintain lineage shrines cross village organizations best owned small burial plots took part intra village


activities old imperial government encouraged villages manage collect hand taxes leaders responsible settling disputes dealing local government organizing crop protection planning collective ceremonies factors tended strengthen local protective deities temples focal points village identity activity social context defines north china local religion keeps us wandering vague discussions 'popular' 'elite' relationships daoism buddhism ref often deity societies incorporate entire villages reason north china


found many villages named deities temples example ''l ish nmi o'' village village temple thunder god ''m sh nmi oc n'' village temple horse god lineage religion temple left huang ancestral shrine right wenzhou zhejiang hong'an hubei another dimension chinese folk religion based family genealogical worship deities ancestors family altars private temples ' 'simiao'' ''jiamiao'' ancestral shrines ''citang'' ''zongci'' also ''zumiao'' kinship associations churches ''z ngz xi hu '' congregating


people surname belonging kin social expression religion lineage societies build temples deified ancestors certain group example ''chens'' ''lins'' enshrined worshiped temples serve centres aggregation people belonging lineage lineage body may provide context identification mutual assistance individual persons construction large elaborate ancestral temples traditionally represents kin 's wealth influence achievement scholar k yang explored ethno political dynamism form


religion people become distinguished value virtue considered immortal receive posthumous divine titles believed protect descendants inspiring mythological lore collective memory family kin temples deities enshrined acquire popularity considered worthy virtue ''ling'' efficacy worship ancestors ''jingzu'' observed nationally large scale rituals qingming festival holidays type religion prevails south china lineage bonds stronger patrilineal hierarchy based upon seniority


access corporate resources held lineage based upon equality lines descent ref name wu quote nbsp southern china refers fujian guangdong province cases expanded include guangxi zhejiang jiangxi provinces historically speaking areas strong lineage organizations territorial cult compared rest china late imperial period areas first revive lineage territorial cult reform era also intensity scale revivals cannot matched


part china phenomena furthered referred southern model based south vs north model north model refers absence landholding cooperative lineages exist south note south vs north model comparison thrust historical anthropological research cohen 's article lineage organization north china offers best summary contrast north model south model calls north china model fixed genealogical mode agnatic kinship means patrilineal ties figured basis relative seniority


arbitrary practices south model found north china meanwhile call north model exclusive north china set characteristics north model distinctive arrangement cemeteries graves ancestral scrolls ancestral tablets corporate groups linked characteristic annual ritual cycle system reality lineage organizations display mixture south north model ref philosophical ritual modalities wuism shamanic traditions white sulde genghis khan town uxin inner mongolia mu us desert worship genghis


shared chinese mongolian folk religion extent shamanism pervaded ancient chinese society says scholar paul r goldin matter scholarly dispute doubt many communities relied upon unique talents shamans quotidian spiritual needs chinese usage distinguishes chinese ''wu'' tradition wuism called jan jakob maria de groot ''w ji o'' properly shamanic control gods ''tongji'' tradition mediumship without control godly movement non han chinese altaic shamanisms ' 's nji o''


practised northern provinces according andreea chirita confucianism emphasis hierarchy ancestral rituals derived shamanic discourse shang dynasty confucianism marginalise dysfunctional features old shamanism however shamanic traditions continued uninterrupted within folk religion found precise functional forms within taoism ref name chirita andreea chirita '' http afllsucdcro antpdf antagonistic discourses shamanic folklore modern china '' ''annals dimitrie cantemir christian university'' issue ref shang zhou dynasty shamans role political hierarchy represented institutionally ministry


rites emperor considered supreme shaman intermediating three realms heaven earth man mission shaman ''wu'' repair dis functionalities occurred nature generated sky separated earth ref name chirita since practice study shamanism undergone massive revival chinese religion means repair world harmonious whole industrialisation ref name chirita shamanism viewed many scholars foundation emergence civilisation shaman teacher spirit peoples


chinese society shamanic studies founded jilin city ref name kunshi kun shi '' http buddhabookclubweeblycom uploads survey shamanic studies china updated pdf shamanistic studies china preliminary survey last decade '' ''shaman'' vol nos ohio state university updated pp ref nuo folk religion system chinese folk religion distinct institutions cosmology present especially central southern china arose exorcistic religious movement interethnic also intimately connected tujia people confucianism taoism orders ritual masters temple fortune longevity heavenly lake tianshan


fukang changji xinjiang example taoist temple hosts various chapels dedicated popular gods ''f sh ugu n'' temple three patrons ''s nhu ngdi n'' temple three purities ''s nq ngdi n'' orthodox gods taoist theology side chapels include temple god wealth ''c ish ndi n'' temple lady ''ni ngni ngdi n'' temple eight immortals ''b xi ndi n'' temple god thriving culture ''w nch ngdi n'' fushou temple belongs taoist church built site


confucianism philosophical framework confucian theology instructing uphold moral order worship gods ancestors way connecting tian awakening harmony ''li'' rite folk temples ancestral shrines special occasions may choose confucian liturgy called ''r '' sometimes ''zh ngt ng'' meaning orthoprax ritual style led confucian sages rites ''l sh ng'' many cases elders local community confucian liturgies alternated taoist liturgies popular ritual styles many organised groups folk


religion adopt confucian liturgy identity example way gods according confucian tradition phoenix churches luanism confucian churches schools fellowships ''y n xu ng'' beijing ''m ngm ng'' shanghai ref name fan chen p fan chen p ref confucian fellowship ''r ji ot n'' northern fujian ancestral temples kong confucius lineage operating well confucian teaching churches ref name fan chen p november national holy confucian church established contribution many confucian leaders scholar taoist


priest kristofer schipper defines taoism liturgical framework development local religion ref name wu nengchang wu '' https wwwacademiaedu religion society summary french studies chinese religion religion society summary french studies chinese religion '' ''review religion chinese society'' pp ref currents taoism deeply interwoven chinese folk religion especially zhengyi school developing aspects local cults within doctrines ref name wu however taoists always highlight distinction traditions taoist priests taoism called ' 'daoshi'' literally meaning masters tao otherwise commonly translated simply taoists


religion part lineage cult ancestors progenitors communal deity religion village temples neighbourhood corporations national temples prasenjit duara termed redemptive societies ''ji sh tu nt '' modern chinese scholarship describes folk religious sects ''m nji n z ngji o'' ''m nji n ji om n'' ''m nji n ji op i'' abandoning derogatory term used imperial officials ''xi ji o'' evil religion characterised several elements including egalitarianism foundation charismatic figure direct divine revelation millenarian eschatology voluntary path salvation embodied experience numinous


healing cultivation expansive orientation good deeds evangelism philanthropy practices focused improving morality body cultivation recitation scriptures many redemptive religions th st century aspire become repository entirety chinese tradition face western modernism materialism group religions includes yiguandao sects belonging xiantiandao way former heaven jiugongdao way nine palaces various proliferations luo teaching zaili teaching recent de teaching weixinist xuanyuan


tiandi teachings latter two focused respectively worship huangdi universal god also qigong schools developments religious context folk sectarian offer different world views compete influence take one example yiguandao focuses personal salvation inner work considers valid way heaven ''ti nd o'' yiguandao offers way former heaven ''xi nti nd o'' cosmological definition state things prior creation unity god regards luanism cluster churches focus


sects began register branches state taoist association since ref name goossaert palmer p goossaert palmer p quote since nbsp number lay salvationist groups xiantiandao southern china hongyangism ''h ngy ng ji o'' hebei also successfully registered taoist association thus gaining legitimacy ref distinctive type sects folk religion possibly positive secret sects martial sects combine two aspects ''w nch ng'' cultural field doctrinal aspect characterised elaborate


cosmologies theologies initiatory ritual patterns usually kept secretive ''w ch ng'' martial field body cultivation practice usually public face sect ref name ambrosi raymond ambrosi '' https webarchiveorg web http wwwgoethede ins cn en lp kul mag dis swl html towards city towards country old martial art strengthens social cohesion chinese rural areas '' goethe institut china ref outlawed ming imperial edicts continued enforced fall qing dynasty th century ref name ambrosi example martial sect meihuaism ''m ihu ji o'' plum flowers become popular throughout northern china ref name ambrosi


taiwan virtually redemptive societies operate freely since late tiandi teachings tiandi teachings religion encompasses two branches holy church heavenly virtue ''ti nd sh ngji o'' church heavenly deity ''ti nd ji o'' emerged teachings xiao changming li yujie disseminated early th century ref name vermander benoit vermander '' http wwwthewayorguk back vermanderpdf christianity taiwanese religious landscape '' ''the way'' london society jesus pp ref latter actually outgrowth former established ref name vermander religions focus


worship ''tiandi'' heavenly deity heavenly emperor ref name vermander health proper cultivation qi ref name vermander teach style qigong named ''tianren qigong'' according scholars tiandi teachings derive taoist tradition huashan li yujie studied eight years church heavenly deity active taiwan mainland china high level links ref name vermander weixinism weixinism simply religion primarily focused orthodox lineages ''yijing'' feng shui hundred schools thought ref name worldpeace http hunyuantw disp pwpeace language eng page grand master hun yuan


leads weixinism world peace hun yuan 's website https webarchiveorg web http hunyuantw disp pwpeace language eng page archived december ref worship three great ancestors huangdi yandi chiyou movement promotes restoration authentic roots chinese civilization chinese reunification ref name worldpeace weixinist church whose headquarters taiwan also active mainland china key birthplaces chinese culture links government henan established city eight trigrams templar complex yunmeng mountain yan mountains also built temples hebei geographic


ethnic variations north south divides altar baoshengdadi whose cult mostly fujianese taiwanese recent scholarly works found basic differences north south folk religion ref name goossaertncr ref folk religion southern southeastern provinces focused lineages churches ''z ngz xi hu '' focusing ancestral gods folk religion central northern china north china plain hinges communal worship tutelary deities creation nature identity symbols villages populated families different surnames ref name overmyer pp structured communities god ' 'sh nsh ''


''hu '' association organise temple ceremonies ''miaohui'' involving processions pilgrimages led indigenous ritual masters ''fashi'' often hereditary linked secular authority ''zhuli'' p ' 'shenjia'' godly families hereditary specialists gods rites p p ''yinyang'' ''fengshui'' masters nbsp folk zhengyi daoists lingbao scriptural tradition living ordinary peasants earn living group performing public rituals individually geomancy calendrical consultations ''fengshui'' auspicious days quoting jones ''ritual


music north china shawm bands shanxi'' also describes shamans media known different names ''mapi'' ''wupo'' ' 'shen momo'' ' 'shen han'' p ''xingdao de'' practitioners incense way p village ''xiangtou'' incense heads p ''matong'' southern ''jitong'' either ''wushen'' possessed gods ' 'shenguan'' possessed immortals pp godly sages ' 'shensheng'' p p discusses example ' 'sai'' ceremonies thanksgiving gods shanxi roots song


era whose leaders often corresponded local political authorities pattern continues today former village communist party secretaries elected temple association bosses p concludes p sum since least early twentieth century majority local ritual leaders north china products nearby communities special skills organization ritual performance interaction gods none full time ritual specialists 'kept day jobs' exemplars ordinary people organizing carrying cultural traditions


persistent traditions structure functions logic deserve understood northern southern folk religions also different pantheon northern one composed ancient gods chinese mythology furthermore folk religious sects historically successful central plains northeastern provinces southern china central northern folk religion shares characteristics sects heavy importance mother goddess worship shamanism well scriptural transmission ref name goossaertncr confucian churches well historically found much resonance


among population northeast universal church way virtue alone aggregated least population state manchuria contemporary shandong analysed area rapid growth folk confucian groups along southeastern coast ritual functions folk religion reportedly dominated taoism registered unregistered forms zhengyi taoism unrecognised ''fashi'' orders since developed quickly area ref name chan p chan p quote early daoist activities become


popular especially rural areas began get control line legitimate daoist activities popular folk religious activities officially regarded feudal superstition became blurred nbsp unregulated activities range orthodox daoist liturgy shamanistic rites popularity daoist activities underscores fact chinese rural society long tradition religiosity preserved perpetuated daoism regardless official policy religious institutions growth economic prosperity rural areas especially coastal provinces daoist activities concentrated liberal policy


religion revival local cultural identity daoism officially sanctioned variety daoist activities beyond edge official daoist body seems enjoying strong comeback least time ref ref name overmyer southeast daoism overmyer p taoism southeastern china ethnographic research temple festivals communal rituals celebrated within god cults revealed widespread distribution daoist ritual traditions area including especially zhengyi celestial master daoism variants lushan daoist ritual traditions various buddhist ritual traditions pu anjiao xianghua married


monks practiced throughout region particularly requiem services quoting k dean ''local communal religion contemporary southeast china'' l overmyer ed ''religion china today'' china quarterly special issues new series cambridge cambridge university press pp ref goossaert talks distinction although recognising oversimplification taoist south village religion confucian centre north ref name goossaertncr northern context also characterised important orders folk taoist ritual masters one ''y ny ngsh ng'' sages yin yang ref name jones ref ref name goossaertncr sectarian traditions ref name goossaertncr


also low influence buddhism official taoism ref name goossaertncr folk religion northeast china unique characteristics deriving interaction han religion tungus manchu shamanisms include ''ch xi n'' riding immortals shamanism worship foxes zoomorphic deities fox gods ''h sh n'' great lord three foxes ''h n iy '' great lady three foxes ''h n i'' head pantheons ref name deng chumaxian ref otherwise religious context inner mongolia significant integration han chinese traditional folk


religion region recent years also assimilation deities tibetan folk religion especially wealth gods tibet across broader western china inner mongolia growth cult gesar explicit support chinese government cross ethnic han tibetan mongol manchu deity han identify aspect god war analogically guandi culture hero whose mythology embodied culturally important epic poem taoised indigenous religions ethnic minorities sanxing three star gods represented bai iconographic style


benzhu temple jinsuo island dali yunnan chinese religion influenced turn influenced indigenous religions ethnic groups han chinese encountered along ethnogenetic history seiwert finds evidence pre chinese religions folk religion certain southeastern provinces fujian taiwan especially local ''wu'' lineages ordained ritual masters ref name seiwert https wwwgkouni leipzigde fileadmin user upload religionswissenschaft pdf publikationen seiwert seiwert religions national minorities context china religious historypdf available online ref process sinicization appropriately taoisation also recent experience indigenous religions distinct ethnic minorities china especially southwestern


adopting taoist holy texts ref name seiwert mou writes taoism formed indissoluble bond indigenous religions southwestern ethnic minorities especially tujia yi yao seiwert mentions miao hunan ref name seiwert daogongism taoism among zhuang directed ' 'd og ng'' lords tao forms established important aspect broader zhuang folk religion hand also true recent years general revival indigenous lineages ritual masters without identification taoists support state


chinese taoist church example revival lineages ''bimo'' scripture sages priests among yi peoples bimoism tradition theological literature though clergy ordination among reasons taken high consideration chinese government bamo ayi attests since early nbsp minority policy turned away promoting assimilation han ways ref name bamo ayi bamo ayi http publishingcdliborg ucpressebooks viewdocid kt nd h chunkid ch tocid ch brand ucpress nature transmission bimo knowledge liangshan harrell stevan ed ''perspectives yi southwest china'' berkeley university california press ref features ''ku x ng di n


u'' small image px kuixing chief star god exams composed characters describing four confucian virtues ''s de'' standing head ''ao'' turtle expression coming first examinations pointing big dipper ''ti nm n'' widely used esoteric mystical literature example excerpt shangqing taoism 's texts life death separation convergence derive seven stars thus big dipper impinges someone dies moves lives seven


acting according universal oneness meanwhile acting wickedly say tian order brings disgrace disaster folk religions gods ' 'shen'' immortals ''xian'' specifically distinguished gods incarnate human form human beings reach immortality means attain higher spirituality since spiritual principles gods begotten primordial ''qi'' physical manifestation ''doctrine mean'' one confucian four books ''zhenren'' wise man achieved spiritual status developing


true sincere nature status turn enables fully develop true nature others things sage able assist transforming nourishing process heaven earth forming trinity ''s nc i'' three powers words chinese tradition humans medium heaven earth role completing initiated taoist schools particular espouse explicit spiritual pathway pushes earthly beings edge eternity since human body


microcosm enlivened universal order yin yang like whole cosmos means immortality found within oneself among worshipped immortal heroes ''xian'' exalted beings historical individuals distinguished worth bravery taught crafts others formed societies establishing order heaven ancestors progenitors ''zu'' creators spiritual tradition concept human divinity self contradictory unbridgeable gap two realms rather divine human mutually contained comparison gods