field see also cultural tourism ecotourism geotourism heritage tourism hospitality management studies leisure studies list tourism journals sociology leisure tourism region references references external links http wwwchinaorgcn english environment htm pioneering china based geotourism china daily march https wwwtgjournalcom ''tourism geographies international journal tourism space place environment'' routledge human geography types tourism


'''philosophy economics''' also '''philosophy economics''' studies topics rational choice appraisal economic outcomes institutions processes status highly idealized economic models ontology economic phenomena possibilities acquiring knowledge useful divide philosophy economics way three subject matters regarded respectively branches action theory ethics normative social political philosophy philosophy science economic theories rationality welfare social choice defend substantive philosophical theses often informed relevant philosophical literature evident interest

Humanities
Philosophy
Applied philosophy
Philosophy of economics


interested action theory philosophical psychology social political philosophy economics special interest interested epistemology philosophy science detailed peculiarities many overt features natural sciences object consists social phenomena scope definition ontology economics question usually addressed subfield philosophy philosophy ''x'' ''x'' philosophical approach question economics less likely produce answer produce survey


definitional territorial difficulties controversies similar considerations apply prologue discussion methodology subject definitions economics varied time modern origins subject reflecting programmatic concerns distinctions expositors ontological questions continue questions addressed fundamental economic phenomena economic value market possible respond questions real verbal definitions philosophical value posing questions actually aims shifting entire perspectives nature foundations


economics rare cases attempts ontological shifts gain wide acceptance ripple effects spread throughout entire field economics methodology epistemology economics epistemology deals ''know'' things philosophy economics means asking questions kind truth claim made economic theories example claiming theories relate reality perceptions prove economic theories example must every economic theory empirically verifiable exact economic theories


uncertainty economic agents game theory shared number disciplines especially mathematics economics philosophy game theory still extensively discussed within field philosophy economics game theory closely related builds decision theory likewise strongly interdisciplinary ethics justice ethics economic systems deals issues right fair keep distribute economic goods economic systems product collective activity allow examination ethical consequences participants ''ethics economics'' relates ethical


studies welfare economics argued closer relation welfare economics modern ethical studies may enrich areas even including predictive descriptive economics rationality behavior given social interdependence ethics justice overlap disciplines different ways approaches regarded philosophical study fundamentals example john rawls' ''a theory justice'' robert nozick 's ''anarchy state utopia'' 'justice' economics subcategory welfare economics models frequently representing ethical social requirements given theory practical matters include subjects


depend ethics justice form morality instead focusing inherent contradictions capitalism lens process today called dialectical materialism non mainstream economic thinking philosophy economics defines including questioning foundations assumptions economics foundations assumption economics questioned perspective noteworthy typically represented groups areas therefore included within philosophy economics praxeology deductive theory human action based premises presumed philosophically true following analytic synthetic distinction immanuel


kant developed ludwig von mises within austrian school self conscious opposition mathematical modeling hypothesis testing validate neoclassical economics cross cultural perspectives economics economic anthropology example buddhist inspired bhutanese gross national happiness concept suggested better development measure gni gdp amartya sen renowned advocate integration cross cultural phenomena economic thinking feminist perspectives economics feminist economics scholars cited literature aristotle kenneth arrow roger e backhouse ken binmore kevin carson milton friedman frank hahn friedrich hayek martin hollis daniel hausman


terence wilmot hutchison david hume john neville keynes john maynard keynes tony lawson john locke uskali ki thomas robert malthus karl marx john stuart mill ludwig von mises pierre joseph proudhon john e roemer murray rothbard john rawls lionel robbins joan robinson alexander rosenberg paul samuelson e f schumacher amartya sen brian skyrms adam smith max weber carl menger bernard williams related disciplines ''ethics economic systems'' area overlap business ethics philosophy economics people write ethics economic systems likely call ''political philosophers'' ''business ethicists''


''economic philosophers'' significant overlap theoretical issues economics philosophy economics economics generally accepted origins philosophy history economics overlaps philosophy economics degrees universities offer joint degrees combine philosophy politics economics degrees cover many problems discussed philosophy economics broadly construed small number universities notably london school economics erasmus university rotterdam copenhagen business school university vienna university bayreuth offer master 's degree programs


hands wade ed ''the philosophy methodology economics'' edward elgar v description table contents http wwwe elgarcouk bookentry mainlassoid links davis john b alain marciano jochen runde eds ''the elgar companion economics philosophy'' description table contents http wwwe elgarcouk bookentry mainuslassoid links introduction ch http wwwe elgarcouk g emaglassoebook isbn title previews via sidebar scrolling articles hausman daniel ''essays philosophy economic methodology'' http wwwcambridgeorg catalogue catalogueaspisbn description ch http assetscambridgeorg excerpt excerptpdf link chapter preview https booksgooglecom booksid pm dj ydcc printsec find pg pp v onepage q f false links ed ''the philosophy economics anthology'' rd ed cambridge description table contents http wwwcambridgeorg catalogue catalogueaspisbn


links http wwwcambridgeorg servlet file store item version item excerptpdf introduction john stuart mill heilbroner robert l ''the worldly philosophers lives times ideas great economic thinkers'' th ed scroll chapter preview https booksgooglecom booksid vixtw cw dqc dq printsec frontcover source bn hl en ei gnztkoiist lgekxk hdg sa x oi book result ct result resnum ved cdaq aewba v onepage q f false links hodgson bernard ''economics moral science'' https booksgooglecom booksid xsptpmaywmic dq gbs summary cad description chapter preview links pp https booksgooglecom booksid xsptpmaywmic printsec toc dq source gbs summary cad xi https booksgooglecom booksid xsptpmaywmic pg pr lpg pr dq xiv peil jan irene van staveren eds ''handbook economics ethics'' edward elgar http wwwe elgarcom bookentry mainlassoid description https booksgooglecom booksid yahcdbq nqqc pg pr dq false preview putnam hilary collapse fact value dichotomy martha nussbaum amartya sen ed ''the quality life'' pp nbsp oxford reprinted putnam part


pp nbsp https booksgooglecom booksid jvaufgb lkac printsec find pg pa gbs atb v onepage q f false ''the collapse fact value dichotomy essays'' http wwwhupharvardedu catalog putcolhtml description chapter preview https booksgooglecom booksid jvaufgb lkac printsec find pg pr gbs atb v onepage q f false links robinson joan ''economic philosophy'' http wwwtransactionpubcom title economic philosophy html description scroll chapter https booksgooglecom booksid f fzqagrno c printsec toc dq philosophy economics lr source gbs summary cad previews rubinstein ariel dilemmas economic theorist ''econometrica'' pp http econucsdedu jandreon econ papers rubinstein ea pdf close page tab szenberg michael ed ''eminent economists life philosophies'' cambridge http wwwcambridgeorg catalogue catalogueaspisbn description https booksgooglecom booksid fbyokmqwbksc printsec frontcover source gbs atb v onepage q f false preview walsh vivian ''scarcity evil original exploration moral issues frontier guilt tragedy'' prentice hall philosophy economics ''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' v


example textual analysis program used study novel jane austen 's ''pride prejudice'' voyant tools '''digital humanities''' '''dh''' area scholarly activity intersection computing digital technologies disciplines humanities includes systematic use digital resources humanities well analysis application ref name ref dh defined new ways scholarship involve collaborative transdisciplinary computationally engaged research teaching publishing ref name ref brings digital tools methods study humanities

Formal science
Computer science
Social sciences
Digital humanities


recognition printed word longer main medium knowledge production distribution ref name producing using new applications techniques dh makes new kinds teaching possible time studying critiquing impact cultural heritage digital culture ref name dh also applied research thus distinctive feature dh cultivation two way relationship humanities digital field employs technology pursuit humanities research subjects technology humanistic questioning interrogation often simultaneously definition


definition digital humanities continually formulated scholars practitioners since field constantly growing changing specific definitions quickly become outdated unnecessarily limit future potential second volume ''debates digital humanities'' acknowledges difficulty defining field along digital archives quantitative analyses tool building projects characterized field dh encompasses wide range methods practices visualizations large image sets modeling historical artifacts 'born digital' dissertations hashtag activism analysis thereof alternate reality games mobile makerspaces


called 'big tent' dh times difficult determine specificity precisely digital humanities work entails ref name ref historically digital humanities developed humanities computing become associated fields humanistic computing social computing media studies concrete terms digital humanities embraces variety topics curating online collections primary sources primarily textual data mining large cultural data sets topic modeling digital humanities incorporates digitized remediated born digital materials combines methodologies traditional humanities disciplines


rhetoric history philosophy linguistics literature art archaeology music cultural studies social sciences ref name digital humanities network ref tools provided computing hypertext hypermedia data visualisation information retrieval data mining statistics text mining digital mapping digital publishing related subfields digital humanities emerged like software studies platform studies critical code studies fields parallel digital humanities include new media studies information science well media theory composition game studies particularly areas related digital humanities project design production cultural analytics disciplinary field country


unique history digital humanities digital humanities stack berry fagerjord ''digital humanities knowledge critique digital age'' berry fagerjord suggested way reconceptualise digital humanities could digital humanities stack argue type diagram common computation computer science show technologies 'stacked' top increasing levels abstraction use method illustrative creative sense showing range activities practices skills technologies structures could said


make digital humanities aim providing high level map indeed diagram read bottom levels indicating fundamental elements digital humanities stack computational thinking knowledge representation elements later build practical terms major distinction within digital humanities focus data processed processing textual data digital humanities builds long extensive history digital edition computational linguistics natural language processing developed independent highly specialized technology stack largely


cumulating specifications text encoding initiative part field sometimes thus set apart digital humanities general 'digital philology' 'computational philology' creation analysis digital editions objects artifacts digital philologists access digital practices methods technologies optical character recognition providing opportunities adapt field digital age history digital humanities descends field humanities computing whose origins reach back pioneering work jesuit scholar roberto busa began


english professor josephine miles beginning early ref name svensson ref ref name hockney ref collaboration ibm busa team created computer generated concordance thomas aquinas' writings known ''index thomisticus'' ref name scholars began using mainframe computers automate tasks like word searching sorting counting much faster processing information texts handwritten typed index cards ref name decades followed archaeologists classicists historians literary scholars broad array humanities researchers disciplines applied emerging computational methods transform humanities scholarship ref name berryandfagerjord ref tara mcpherson


pointed digital humanities also inherit practices perspectives developed many artistic theoretical engagements electronic screen culture beginning late range research developed organizations siggraph creations artists charles ray eames members eat experiments art technology eames eat explored nascent computer culture intermediality creative works dovetailed technological innovation art first specialized journal digital humanities ''computers humanities'' debuted computer applications quantitative methods


digital editing researchers also began experimenting databases hypertextual editing structured around links nodes opposed standard linear convention print ref name nineties major digital text image archives emerged centers humanities computing us eg ''women writers project'' ''rossetti archive'' ''the william blake archive'' demonstrated sophistication robustness text encoding literature advent personal computing world wide web meant digital humanities work could become less centered text design multimedia nature


internet allowed digital humanities work incorporate audio video components addition text ref name terminological change humanities computing digital humanities attributed john unsworth susan schreibman ray siemens editors anthology ''a companion digital humanities'' tried prevent field viewed mere digitization ref name fitzpatrick ref consequently hybrid term created overlap fields like rhetoric composition use methods contemporary humanities studying digital objects ref name fitzpatrick digital humanities uses digital technology studying traditional


humanities objects ref name fitzpatrick use computational systems study computational media within humanities arts social sciences generally termed 'computational turn' ref name berry ref national endowment humanities neh launched digital humanities initiative renamed office digital humanities made widespread adoption term digital humanities united states ref name kirschenbaum dept digital humanities emerged former niche status became big news ref name kirschenbaum dept ref mla convention philadelphia digital humanists made liveliest visible contributions


field hailed first 'next big thing' long time ref name pannapacker mla ref values methods although digital humanities projects initiatives diverse often reflect common values methods ref name northwestern university library ref help understanding hard define field '''values''' ref name northwestern university library critical theoretical iterative experimental collaborative distributed multimodal performative open accessible '''methods''' ref name northwestern university library enhanced critical curation augmented editions fluid textuality scale law large numbers distant close macro micro surface depth cultural analytics aggregation data mining visualization data design locative investigation thick mapping


computational methods either answer existing research questions challenge existing theoretical paradigms generating new questions pioneering new approaches one goal systematically integrate computer technology activities humanities scholars ref name neh odh grant opportunities ref done contemporary empirical social sciences yet despite significant trend digital humanities towards networked multimodal forms knowledge substantial amount digital humanities focuses documents text ways differentiate field 's work digital research media studies information studies communication studies sociology another goal digital humanities create scholarship transcends


textual sources includes integration multimedia metadata dynamic environments see valley shadow project university virginia vectors journal culture technology dynamic vernacular university southern california digital pioneers projects harvard growing number researchers digital humanities using computational methods analysis large cultural data sets google books corpus ref name roth roth fashionable functions google n gram view trends functional differentiation ''international journal technology human interaction'' band nr


context field sometimes known computational humanitiesnarrative network us elections ref name referencea automated analysis us presidential elections using big data network analysis sudhahar ga veltri n cristianini big data society ref tools digital humanities scholars use variety digital tools research may take place environment small mobile device large virtual reality lab environments creating publishing working digital scholarship include everything personal equipment institutes software cyberspace scholars use


advanced programming languages databases others use less complex tools depending needs dirt digital research tools directory offers registry digital research tools scholars tapor text analysis portal research gateway text analysis retrieval tools accessible free example online textual analysis program voyant tools requires user copy paste either body text url click 'reveal' button run program also online list online downloadable digital humanities tools largely


free aimed toward helping students others lack access funding institutional servers free open source web publishing platforms like wordpress omeka also popular tools projects digital humanities projects likely traditional humanities work involve team lab may composed faculty staff graduate undergraduate students information technology specialists partners galleries libraries archives museums credit authorship often given multiple people reflect collaborative nature different sole authorship model traditional humanities like


natural sciences ref name thousands digital humanities projects ranging small scale ones limited funding large scale ones multi year financial support continually updated others may due loss support interest though may still remain online either beta version finished form following examples variety projects field digital archives women writers project begun long term research project make pre victorian women writers accessible electronic collection rare


texts walt whitman archive begun sought create hypertext scholarly edition whitman 's works includes photographs sounds comprehensive current bibliography whitman criticism emily dickinson archive begun collection high resolution images dickinson 's poetry manuscripts well searchable lexicon words appear poems network analysis archival tool league nations slave societies digital archive formerly ecclesiastical secular sources slave societies directed jane landers hosted vanderbilt university preserves


digital curation critical preservation promotion access digital collections well application scholarly orientation digital humanities projects specific example involves case initiatives archivists help scholars academics build projects experience evaluating implementing customizing metadata schemas library collections initiatives national autonomous university mexico another example digital humanities project include digitization th century manuscripts electronic corpus mexican history th th century visualization pre hispanic archaeological sites


cultural analytics cultural analytics refers use computational method exploration analysis large visual collections also contemporary digital media concept developed lev manovich established cultural analytics lab qualcomm institute california institute telecommunication information calit lab using methods field computer science called computer vision many types historical contemporary visual media example covers ''time'' magazine published historical art photographs collection museum modern


art moma new york one million pages manga books million images shared instagram global cities cultural analytics also includes using methods media design data visualization create interactive visual interfaces exploration large visual collections eg selfiecity broadway cultural analytics research also addressing number theoretical questions observe giant cultural universes user generated professional media content created today without reducing averages outliers pre existing categories work large cultural data help us question stereotypes assumptions


cultures new theoretical cultural concepts models required studying global digital culture new mega scale speed connectivity term cultural analytics culture analytics used many researchers exemplified two academic symposiums four month long research program ucla brought together leading researchers university industry labs academic peer review ''journal cultural analytics ca'' established academic job listings textual mining analysis visualization wordhoard begun free application enables scholarly non technical users read analyze


new ways deeply tagged texts including canon early greek epic chaucer shakespeare spenser republic letters begun seeks visualize social network enlightenment writers interactive map visualization tools network analysis data visualization also used reflections field researchers may produce network maps social media interactions infographics data digital humanities scholars projects doi access free ref document context time dict analysis style online http wwwokayamasilkjp documentage demo tool allow interactive way let users know whether


digitized books'' co authored harvard researchers jean baptiste michel erez lieberman aiden ref name jean ref study ref name lansdall welfare published proceedings national academy sciences united states america compared trajectory n grams time digitised books science article ref name jean found large corpus regional newspapers united kingdom course years study went use advanced natural language processing techniques discover macroscopic trends history culture including gender bias geographical focus technology


politics along accurate dates specific events online publishing stanford encyclopedia philosophy begun dynamic reference work terms concepts people philosophy maintained scholars field mla commons offers open peer review site anyone comment ongoing curated collection teaching artifacts ''digital pedagogy humanities concepts models experiments'' ''debates digital humanities'' platform contains volumes open access book title editions allows readers interact material marking sentences interesting


adding terms crowdsourced index wikimedia projects research institutions work wikimedia foundation volunteers community example make freely licensed media files available via wikimedia commons link load data sets wikidata text analysis performed contribution history articles wikipedia sister projects criticism matthew k gold identified range perceived criticisms field digital humanities 'a lack attention issues race class gender sexuality preference research driven projects pedagogical ones


software knowledge transformed mediated code software critical approaches big data visualization digital methods etc computation create new disciplinary boundaries gate keeping functions new hegemonic representations digital 'geons' 'pixels' 'waves' visualization visual rhetorics etc media changes create epistemic changes look behind 'screen essentialism' computational interfaces might also reflect way practice making visible also entails making invisible computation involves making choices captured ref name auto blockquote


negative publicity lauren f klein gold note many appearances digital humanities public media often critical fashion armand leroi writing ''the new york times'' discusses contrast algorithmic analysis themes literary texts work harold bloom qualitatively phenomenologically analyzes themes literature time leroi questions whether digital humanities provide truly robust analysis literature social phenomena offer novel alternative perspective literary theorist stanley fish claims digital humanities pursue


revolutionary agenda thereby undermine conventional standards pre eminence authority disciplinary power ref name fish mortality ref however digital humanities scholars note digital humanities extension traditional knowledge skills methods replacement distinctive contributions obliterate insights past add supplement humanities' long standing commitment scholarly interpretation informed research structured argument dialogue within communities practice ref name hailed digital humanities solution apparent problems within humanities namely decline funding repeat debates fading set


theoretical claims methodological arguments adam kirsch writing ''new republic'' calls false promise digital humanities rest humanities many social science departments seeing decline funding prestige digital humanities seeing increasing funding prestige burdened problems novelty digital humanities discussed either revolutionary alternative humanities usually conceived simply new wine old bottles kirsch believes digital humanities practitioners suffer problems marketers rather scholars


attest grand capacity research actually performing new analysis performing trivial parlor tricks research form criticism repeated others carl staumshein writing ''inside higher education'' calls digital humanities bubble later publication straumshein alleges digital humanities 'corporatist restructuring' humanities see alliance digital humanities business positive turn causes business world pay attention thus bringing needed funding attention


humanities burdened title digital humanities could escape allegations elitist unfairly funded black box also critique use digital humanities tools scholars fully understand happens data input place much trust black box software cannot sufficiently examined errors johanna drucker professor ucla department information studies criticized epistemological fallacies prevalent popular visualization tools technologies google 's n gram graph used


digital humanities scholars general public calling network diagramming topic modeling tools crude humanistic work ref name vimeocom ref lack transparency programs obscures subjective nature data processing argues programs generate standard diagrams based conventional algorithms screen display nbsp mak ing difficult semantics data processing made evident ref name vimeocom diversity also recent controversy among practitioners digital humanities around role race identity politics plays tara mcpherson attributes


lack racial diversity digital humanities modality unix computers open thread dhpocoorg recently garnered well comments issue race digital humanities scholars arguing amount racial biases affect tools texts available digital humanities research mcpherson posits needs understanding theorizing implications digital technology race even subject analysis appears race amy e earhart criticizes become new digital humanities canon


shift websites using simple html usage tei visuals textual recovery projects ref name referenceb ref works previously lost excluded afforded new home internet much marginalizing practices found traditional humanities also took place digitally according earhart need examine canon digital humanists constructing canon skews toward traditional texts excludes crucial work women people color lgbtq community ref name referenceb issues access practitioners digital humanities also


failing meet needs users disabilities george h williams argues universal design imperative practitioners increase usability many otherwise valuable digital resources useless people example deaf hard hearing well people blind low vision difficulty distinguishing particular colors ref name referencec ref order provide accessibility successfully productive universal design important understand users disabilities using digital resources remembering users approach informational needs differently ref name referencec cultural


adequate digital humanities projects often involve website components databases non print objects evaluation quality impact thus require combination old new methods peer review ref name one response creation ''dhcommons journal'' accepts non traditional submissions especially mid stage digital projects provides innovative model peer review suited multimedia transdisciplinary milestone driven nature digital humanities projects professional humanities organizations american historical association modern language association developed guidelines evaluating academic digital scholarship lack


focus pedagogy edition ''debates digital humanities'' recognized fact pedagogy neglected 'stepchild' dh included entire section teaching digital humanities ref name part reason grants humanities geared toward research quantifiable results rather teaching innovations harder measure ref name recognition need scholarship area teaching edited volume ''digital humanities pedagogy'' published offered case studies strategies address teach digital humanities methods


various disciplines see also cyborg anthropology digital anthropology references external links https dhdebatesgccunyedu debates digital humanities book series http digitalhumanitiesorg dhq digital humanities quarterly https asandersgarciahumspaceuclaedu courses dh f intro digital humanities ucla center digital humanities https wikicommonsgccunyedu cuny digital humanities resource guide cuny digital humanities resource guide cuny digital humanities initiative http dhresourcesforprojectbuildingpbworkscom w page guides dh toychest guides introductions curated dh scholar alan liu http miriamposnercom blog make make dh scholar miriam posner


'''dogmatic theology''' part theology dealing theoretical truths faith concerning god god 's works especially official theology recognized organized church body roman catholic church dutch reformed church etc times apologetics fundamental theology called general dogmatic theology dogmatic theology proper distinguished special dogmatic theology present day use however apologetics longer treated part dogmatic theology attained rank independent science generally regarded introduction foundation dogmatic theology term ' 'dogmatic


considered essential christianity denied would constitute heresy definition dogmatic theology may defined scientific exposition entire theoretical doctrine concerning god god 's external activity based dogmas church dogmatic theology emphasizes importance propositional truth experiential sensory perceptions roman catholic congregation doctrine faith charged ensuring fidelity catholic teaching regarding theology doctrine among members church especially disputes unsolved issues involving theology faith dealing individuals especially clergy religious


catechists orthodoxy special concern also laypeople whose teachings statements judged erroneous local level congregation 's international theological commission prepared document doctrinal theology called interpretation dogma happened pope benedict xvi prefect congregation thus president commission etymology term dogmatic theology thought first appeared title book l reinhard fairbairn holds fame petau gave currency new coinage dogmatic theology


though related phrases used repeatedly writers less influence since reinhard andreas essenius f buddeus ''institutiones theol dogmat'' ''compendium'' held given expression supremacy noel alexandre gallican theologian possibly introduced roman catholic church ''theologia dogmatica et moralis'' roman catholic protestant authorities agree expression connected new habit distinguishing dogmatics christian ethics moral theology though albert schweizer denies reinhard another direction dogmas dogmatic theology also contrasted truths


reason natural theology ref name eb ref see also systematic theology christian apologetics christian theology history catholic dogmatic theology constructive theology dogmatix feminist theology liberal christianity liberation theology process theology queer theology references http wwwnewadventorg cathen ahtm dogmatic theology catholic encyclopedia external links http wwwnewadventorg cathen ahtm dogmatic theology catholic encyclopedia http wwwnewadventorg cathen ahtm history dogmatic theology catholic encyclopedia http wwwtyndaleca seminary mtsmodular reading rooms theology christian theology reading room tyndale seminary http wwwoodegrcom english dogmatiki periehhtm lessons eastern christian dogmatics rev john zizioulas current metropolitan pergamus chairman athens academy reading ''moody handbook theology'' paul p enns ''dogmatic theology'' william greenough thayer shedd


''christian theology'' nd ed millard j erickson systematic theology christian theological movements dogma


field commonly referred biocybernetics scientific papers bioinformatics may also properly referred bio informatics early proponents early proponents biocybernetics include ross ashby hans drischel norbert wiener among others popular papers published scientist listed ross ashby introduction cybernetics br hans drischel einf hrung die biokybernetik br norbert wiener cybernetics control communication animal machine similar fields papers research delve topics involving biocybernetics may found multitude similar names including

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Cybernetics
Biocybernetics


molecular cybernetics neurocybernetics cellular cybernetics fields involve disciplines specify certain aspects study living organism example neurocybernetics focuses study neurological models organisms categories biocybernetics study entire living organism neurocybernetics cybernetics dealing neurological models ''psycho cybernetics'' title self help book scientific discipline molecular cybernetics cybernetics dealing molecular systems eg molecular biology cybernetics cellular cybernetics cybernetics dealing cellular systems eg information technology cell phones biological cells evolutionary cybernetics study evolution


'''ethnoecology''' scientific study different groups people living different locations understand ecosystems around relationships surrounding environments seeks valid reliable understanding humans interacted environment intricate relationships sustained time ethno see ethnology prefix ethnoecology indicates localized study people conjunction ecology signifies people 's understanding experience environments around ecology study interactions living organisms environment enthnoecology applies human focused approach

Natural science
Biology
Ecology
Ethnoecology


subject development field lies applying indigenous knowledge botany placing global context history image depicts set books binomial classification important western scientific taxonomic method important part ethnoecology comparing contrasting local naming systems folk taxonomies scientific taxonomies gain deeper understanding local cultures ethnoecology began early works dr hugh popenoe agronomist tropical soil scientist worked university florida national science foundation national research council


popenoe also worked dr harold conklin cognitive anthropologist extensive linguistic ethnoecological research southeast asia dissertation relation hanunoo culture plant world harold conklin coined term ethnoecology described approach ethnoecological earning phd began teaching columbia university continuing research among hanunoo conklin published one first ethnoecological studies hanunoo color categories study helped scholars understand relationship classification systems conceptualization world within cultures experiment conklin discovered


people various cultures recognize colors differently due unique classification system within results found hanunoo uses two levels colors first level consists four basic terms colors darkness lightness redness greenness second level abstract consisted hundreds color classifications texture shininess moisture objects also used classify objects anthropologists hard time understanding color classification system often applied idea color criteria hanunoo conklin 's studies


breakthrough ethnoecology also helped develop idea cultures conceptualize world terms helped reduce ethnocentric views western cultures scholars berlin breedlove raven endeavored learn systems environment classifications compare western scientific taxonomies principles ethnoscience emphasizes importance societies make sense reality order understand cultures perceive world around like classification organization environment ethnoecology borrows methods linguistics cultural anthropology


ethnoecology major part anthropologist toolkit helps researchers understand society conceptualizes surrounding environment determine society considers worth attending ecological system information ultimately useful approaches used environmental anthropology ethnoecology field environmental anthropology derived much characteristics classic well modern theorists franz boas one first anthropologists question unilineal evolution belief societies follow unavoidable path towards western civilization boas strongly urged


anthropologists gather detailed ethnographic data emic standpoint order understand different cultures julian steward another anthropologist whose ideas theories influenced use ethnoecology steward coined term cultural ecology study human adaptations social physical environments focused evolutionary paths similar societies result different trajectories instead classic global trends evolution ref name ref new perspective cultural evolution later named multilineal evolution boas steward believed researcher must use emic standpoint cultural adaptation environment


society furthermore steward 's cultural ecology provides important theoretical antecedent ethnoecology ref name another contributor framework ethnoecology anthropologist leslie white white emphasized interpretation cultures systems laid foundations interpreting intersection cultural systems ecosystems well integration coherent whole altogether anthropologists established foundations ethnoecology see today traditional ecological knowledge traditional ecological knowledge tek also known indigenous knowledge refers evolving knowledge acquired indigenous local peoples hundreds thousands


years direct contact environment ref name ref involves accumulated knowledge beliefs practices widely held specific community relationship environment context tek consists community shared ideas considering subjects acceptable uses plants animals best approach maximizing potential uses land social institutions members society expected navigate holistically worldview ref name ref study tek frequently includes critiques theoretical division cultural systems ecosystems interpreting humans integral part


whole ref name humans example represent keystone species given ecosystem play critical roles creating maintaining sustaining contribute processes pedogenesis seed dispersal fluctuations biodiversity also modify condition animal behavior either wild domesticated species ref name traditional ecological knowledge traditionally focused western science learn communities closely cultural knowledge mirrors scientific structures ref name argued previous understanding ecological adaptation could major influences


ecological actions future local knowledge western society within discipline ethnoecology clear emphasis societies deemed indigenous traditional savage common trend anthropological pursuits th century ref name haenn calakmul ref however societies exist within wide range biomes needs know understand clear present dangers beyond harmful plants get best crop ref name haenn calakmul cruikshank contends may many see traditional ecological knowledge static timeless hermetically sealed notion ref name cruikshank glaciers ref


related area around instilled recognizing dangers early age threats come set beliefs held members society live country city neighborhood broadening discipline bordering human ecology important identifies environment plants animals also humans technologies group people access similarly social scientists begun use ethnoecological surveys ethnographic studies attempts understand address


topics relevant western society well prevalent around world ref name mathios poverty includes researching ways people view choices abilities manipulating world around especially ability subsist traditional medicine traditional societies often treat medical issues utilization local environment example chinese herbal medicine people consider utilize native plants healing almost world population utilizes ethnobotanical methods main source treatment illnesses according face modern climate change many traditional


medicinal practices promoted environmental sustainability ayurveda india epistemological concerns according dove carpenter environmental anthropology sits astride dichotomy nature culture conceptual separation categories nature like wilderness parks culture like farms cities ref name dove carpenter ref inherent ideology humans polluting factor violating previously pristine locale ref name dove carpenter especially relevant due role scientists long understood humans worked environmental surroundings whole ref name berkes unit ref


way idea corresponding adversarial relationship society culture baffling defiant generally accepted modes understanding earlier half twentieth century ref name berkes unit time went understood dichotomy nature culture continued challenged ethnographers darrell posey john eddins peter macbeth debbie myers ref name posey amazonian ref also present recognition indigenous knowledge intersection western science way incorporated dove


carpenter contend anthropologists sought reconcile two translation bringing ethnological understandings framing modern dialogue ref name dove carpenter opposition paradigm attribution linguistic ideological distinctiveness found nomenclature epistemologies ref name gragson ethnoecology ref alone created subfield mostly recognition philosophies ethnotaxonomy ref name gragson ethnoecology define ethnotaxonomy new different though inaccurate simply placing different understanding long held tradition ethnology discovering terms different peoples use describe


world worldviews ref name gragson ethnoecology worth noting seek use understand knowledge actively worked enfranchise disenfranchise societies information held ref name haenn conservatism ref haenn noted several instances working conservationists developers concerted effort change ideas environment ecology held native groups land plundering texts information resources found therefore enabling resettlement land redistribution knowledge favoring outsiders ref


name haenn conservatism see also agroecology darrell posey environmental racism ethnobiology human ecology political ecology references references external links https webarchiveorg web http iseartsubcca fellowships international society ethnobiology 's ethnoecology fellowship including definition ethnoecology small accessed august small https webarchiveorg web http facultywiuedu dg casagrande ethnoecolhtml research ethnoecology http webuvicca enweb ethnoecologyhtml school environmental studies ethnobiology environmental humanities


child protection development center '''child protection''' safeguarding children violence exploitation abuse neglect article un convention rights child provides protection children home one ways ensure giving quality education fourth united nations sustainable development goals addition child protection systems '''child protection systems''' set usually government run services designed protect children young people underage encourage family stability unicef defines

Applied science
Social work 2
Child welfare


child protection system encountered problems child labour due economic reasons especially poor countries children forced work order survive child labour often happens difficult conditions dangerous impair education future citizens increase vulnerability adults hard know exactly age number children work least million children years age worked figure underestimated domestic labour counted endangerment infanticide countries children imprisoned common crimes


countries like iran china criminals even sentenced capital punishment crimes committed children united states abandoned practice contexts military use children made also risk prisoners war children forced prostitution exploited adults illegal traffic children endangered poverty hunger infanticide today continues much higher rate areas extremely high poverty overpopulation parts china india female infants even particularly vulnerable factor


sex selective infanticide child abuse children come attention child welfare system following situations often collectively termed child abuse abuse typically involves abuse power exercising power unintended purpose includes willful neglect knowingly exercising power purpose intended child abuse defined taking advantage position trust invested powers physical abuse physical assault battery child whilst assault adverse consequence


victim agree difference surgery stabbing victim agrees consequences battery agreement fraudulent way eg unnecessary surgery false pretences physical abuse also harassment physical presence intended provoke fear child sexual abuse sexual assault battery child vast majority physical assaults reaction situation involving specific victim sexual assault predominantly perpetrator gratification suitable target sexual abuse covers range direct indirect assaults eg imagery means facilitation


psychological abuse meeting child 's needs taking necessary steps protect provide child child 's wishes feelings must considered deciding delivery provision best serves child 's needs willfully failing provide accordance child 's wishes feelings whilst best interests emotional abuse intentional infliction emotional distress negligently emotional neglect negligent infliction emotional distress parental responsibility council europe body supervises european convention human rights make http wwwcoeint dghl standardsetting family rec epdf


recommendation r parental responsibilities defined parental responsibility 'function' duties met powers exercised meet duties child abuse neglect failure person parental protective responsibility exercise powers intended purpose benefit child actions typically include services aimed supporting risk families remain intact safeguard promote welfare child investigation alleged child abuse necessary assuming parental responsibility foster care adoption services child maltreatment


services provided corporate bodies legal personalities parental responsibility gives parents businesses make provision children families equivalent legal entities includes public bodies public bodies regulate private bodies described partnership state family position held body corporate places person position trust child maltreatment neglectful abusive exercise power position trust either business delivery products best serve child 's needs parents provide child


parents providing child products european commission survey child protection systems listed following categories children needing help child victims sexual abuse exploitation child victims neglect abuse child victims trafficking children disabilities children situation migration unaccompanied children situation migration children without parental care alternative care children police custody detention street children children parents prison custody children judicial proceedings children risk poverty missing children eg runaways abducted children unaccompanied children


november united nations general assembly adopted declaration rights child convention rights child united nations children 's fund unicef united nations programme headquartered new york city provides long term humanitarian developmental assistance children mothers developing countries agreement reached among uno countries military use children effectiveness programs contested seems limited history provincial state governments' https wwwsavethechildrenin child protection child protection legislation empowers government department agency provide


services area intervene families child abuse problems suspected agency manages services various names different provinces states eg department children 's services children 's aid department child family services consistency nature laws though application laws varies across country united nations addressed child abuse human rights issue adding section specifically children universal declaration human rights child protection countries introduced laws protect prevent


child victim criminilising harm children exploitation trafficking modern slavery prohibiting unfair employment practices placing restrictions child labour putting place measures checks ensuring individuals convicted crimes children able work roles children would placed risk teachers police officers social workers mandating compulsory education children also safeguards services place protect children harm contexts including within home directly family carers peers children


century children young persons act consolidated laws single law children act defined child neglect abuse currently understood context welfare well welfare health safety happiness fare nourishment makes person well healthy act also made several key changes relation children time limited minimum age execution raised years age criminal responsibility raised years introduction minimum working


age years minimum age smoke buy tobacco products set years minimum age prostitution enter brothel set years minimum age give alcohol child private premises set years one commentator notes 'the period saw majority work vulnerable children undertaken moral family welfare workers mostly voluntary workers based within groups church england moral welfare associations remit also included supporting friendless girls unmarried


mothers babies intervening prevent prostitution helping treat prevent spread venereal disease boys widely perceived sexually vulnerable barely featured discussions child assault prostitution' whilst children young people act established foundations later consolidated children act following volume legislation internationally principles embodied un convention rights child current legislations class wikitable protection legislation regulation alcohol licensing act br children young persons act


illegal sell serve offer alcoholic drinks anyone age illegal sell offer liqueur confectionery anyone age illegal serve beer wine cider licensed premises anyone age year olds may served adult orders meal needed scotland illegal give alcohol children age years private premises tobacco children young persons sale tobacco


etc order br children young persons act br tobacco primary medical services scotland act br tobacco retailers act northern ireland illegal sell tobacco products anyone age previously illegal permit anyone age smoke scotland northern ireland illegal permit anyone age smoke england wales gambling gambling act br national lottery regulations illegal permit anyone


age enter casino licensed gambling premises permit gamble illegal sell scratch cards lottery tickets anyone age child employment children young persons act england br management health safety work regulations start part time work one must least years age children work maximum hours per week reached minimum school leaving age work full time one must least years


age hazardous high risk work requires person working police officer firefighter example cases working driving instructor large hgv driver example fireworks pyrotechnic articles safety regulations br fireworks regulations illegal sell possess adult fireworks category age illegal sell possess fireworks category age illegal sell possess christmas


crackers age video games films video recordings acts illegal sell rent permit see movie anyone approved age restriction films age ratings currently include '''u''' universal recommended ages '''pg''' parental guidance recommended ages although content may unsuitable younger children typically age ''' a''' suitable persons aged although person may view cinema accompanied


unrestricted video games age ratings currently include '''pegi ''' suitable persons aged '''pegi ''' suitable persons aged '''pegi ''' suitable persons aged '''pegi ''' suitable persons aged '''pegi ''' suitable persons aged illegal sell rent video games anyone approved age restriction '''pegi ''' '''pegi ''' unrestricted aerosol spray paint anti social behaviour act illegal sell


position trust person position trust includes person teacher doctor etc illegal possess indecent pornographic still moving images person previously sexual offences act raised age child welfare laws negligence contract seen provisions follow principles children young peoples act child protection concerned child 's exposure consumption potentially hazardous products


ultimate consumer parent procures child potentially vulnerable consumer section children young peoples act makes criminal offence child cruelty person responsible child expose '''''manner''' likely cause unnecessary suffering injury health'' emphasis supplied approach different employment health safety consumer rather employee ''''' manner ''' ''of acting important activity carried safely appropriate risk assessment meet


duty care law negligence established donoghue person responsible child know child 's food allergies check product content potential food intolerances allowing child consume product safeguarding welfare child child safeguarding follows directly principles safeguarding means taking necessary protective measures child 's safe consumption product stair gates seatbelts protective footwear glasses basic hygiene etc list endless part obvious common sense failure responsible person offence child


cruelty grounds failing protect child circumstances consistent provision safe effective care parent person parental responsibility child express liability whoever responsible child time act employment health safety powers parenthood delegated duties parents make arrangements suitable properly informed others responsibility children see also http wwwlegislationgovuk ukpga section '''children act ''' proper consent agreement product safely consumed


reliable use product see https wwwgovuk government uploads system uploads attachment data file dh pdf reference guide consent examination treatment doh welfare risk assessment calculus negligence life likely benefits procured product come possible non beneficial qualities procurement careful activity attempting achieve best value money benefits product must satisfactorily delivered specified http wwwbritannicacom topic performance contract law performance law contract food intolerances consent examination treatment procurer must made aware potential hazards


circumstances product performs reliably welfare defines process proper consent agreement given procuring products beneficial safe procurer 's particular circumstances child ultimate consumer procured product child 's welfare health safety happiness paramount consideration coming decision see http wwwlegislationgovuk ukpga section children act balance must struck obligations producer obligations procurer child 's safe consumption product calculus negligence


legal approach spirit procurement efficiency attempts strike balance economic grounds easily understood terms insurance liability car driver duty care towards unlit cyclists night cyclist duty care properly illuminate bicycle night costs bicycle illumination considerably less cost driving duty care unlit cyclists promoting welfare child caf assessment parent must also procure obtain necessary products environments accommodation goods


services provided child 's safe consumption failure offence child cruelty act grounds physical neglect failing prevent harm impairment health development working together safeguard children see part b sentencing guidance https wwwsentencingcouncilorguk wp content uploads web overarching principles assaults children cruelty childpdf overarching principles overarching principles assaults children assaults children cruelty child introduction https wwwgovuk government publications working together safeguard children working together safeguard children hmg governmental child protection guidance procurement process integrated provision called children family assessment


caf assessment integrated provision outcome caf action plan safeguard promote child 's welfare specified outcomes services best serve child 's needs delivered terms proper consent see working together family justice system caf assessment conducted children family court advisory supervisory service cafcass ' 'safeguard promote welfare children involved family court proceedings'' youth justice system special education needs caf assessment conducted local council parental responsibility units


following schedule http wwwlegislationgovuk uksi schedule made special educational needs regulations consolidated best interests child decision making decisions made necessary products environments accommodation goods services procured provided child 's safe consumption must best interests child child person object concern simply lacks capacity give consent behalf gillick competent must still involved decision making processes products best serve needs accordance


best interests determination http wwwlegislationgovuk ukpga section mental capacity act failure responsible person offence grounds emotional neglect see part b sentencing guidance https wwwsentencingcouncilorguk wp content uploads web overarching principles assaults children cruelty childpdf overarching principles overarching principles assaults children assaults children cruelty child introduction https wwwgovuk government publications working together safeguard children working together safeguard children hmg governmental child protection guidance welfare checklist working together safeguard children extends mental capacity parental capacity person parental responsibility best interests consideration f called welfare checklist family law http wwwlegislationgovuk ukpga section children


act uk implementation article un convention rights child ''best interests child'' ' 's wishes feelings child light age experience '' child 's involvement decision making process see also children act ' 's b child 's physical emotional educational needs'' physical emotional neglect prevented receive proper education children act accordance aptitudes abilities special needs may education act ' 's c


likely effect change circumstances'' likely outcomes child products environment accommodation goods services procured provided ' 's age sex background relevant characteristics child'' specifies child 's current condition provision required address ' 's e harm child suffered risk suffering '' specifies harm ill treatment impairment health development child suffered hazards circumstances risk suffering harm


employment health safety risks present care environment ' 's f capability parents anybody else considered relevant meeting child 's needs '' ability responsibility parents procuring necessary products environments accommodation goods services promote child 's welfare safely provided safeguarding welfare decision making legal disability business social imperative give opportunity safely satisfactorily consuming offerings producers may capacity capable giving


normal day day activity say shopping without corrective measure mobility scooter see equality act guidance matters taken account assessing disability mental capacity ability make decisions best interests determination particular issue mentally capable giving proper consent agreement determining mental capacity requires information decision made safeguard person 's welfare lack mental capacity process information make decisions legal disability leaving person


potentially dangerous items eg speeding motor car emotional health firstly intellectual health capacity reason based understandings physical moral health making decisions harm neighbour neighbourhood secondly competencies engage social relationships personal business terms proper consent agreement following reasoning decision making thirdly likely capability applying competencies take opportunities cause growth well perform reliably child development parental responsibility department


health introduction children act described new notion parental responsibility '' authorities conferred parental responsibility exist raising child physical emotional moral health '' lord mckay clasfern lord chancellor introducing act parliament said '' overwhelming task parenthood rights brings raising child properly developed adult physically morally '' child 's physical moral health developed physical development behavioural moral development physical moral capacities child 's emotional health developed


distinguished animal welfare animal welfare act consideration child 's wishes feelings making decisions best interests following http wwwlegislationgovuk ukpga section mental capacity act extended parental capacity working together safeguard children f children act animal possession whilst child person distinction central intention children act lord mckay also said introducing act '' days child regarded possession family indeed sue loss


today buried forever'' child socially emotionally developed whilst lacks capacity full involvement decision making process best interests becomes competent gillick competent disability parental disability social inclusion department work pensions disability assessment measure physical mental capacities clinical controlled conditions occupational health respect https wwwgovuk dismiss staff dismissals capability conduct grounds employment performance test disability capability '' mental physical impairment adverse effect day day activities '' social performance assessment capacity used


home based disability assessment nhs community care act parent parental disability mental physical impairment adverse effect day day activity giving child care would reasonable expect parent give similar child children act whatever mental physical impairments parents given necessary disability support care children maintain reasonable standard health development children act parental responsibility mental capacity make decisions best


interests extended parental capacity make decisions best interests child working together safeguard children disability assessment extended part iii part schedule children act part iii children act includes local authority duty safeguard promote welfare children provision services families children need services include advocacy services advice assistance decision making exercising authorities parental responsibility another clear intention act described


department health introduction '' belief children best brought family parents playing full part local authority duty provide support children families '' marac process risk assessment disability assessment support mental health care community conducted view possible deprivation liberty lack capability care community schedule mental capacity act decision made '''m'''ulti '''a'''gency '''r'''isk '''a'' 'ssessment '''c'''onference known


marac case parent capable meeting child 's needs local authority intervene court order children act must meet public law thresholds child suffering likely suffer significant harm attributable care would reasonable expect parent give criteria parental disability support state intervention assumed parent given necessary support parental disability terms proper consent welfare


child safeguarded risk child parental negligence test parental negligence following donoghue later called bolam test test professional negligence care order made local authority acquires parental responsibility act called corporate parent thresholds highly controversial poorly understood number esoteric legal principles involved easily understood terms employment performance health safety parent like ceo corporate body must


seen fit responsible person called question court firstly examine facts employment health safety facts accidents accident record book harm suffered facts employment environment harm likely suffered say trip hazard facts found civil standard proof balance probabilities 'did facts alleged trip hazard occur called 'the trier fact' found facts amount trip hazard called question


grounds see sentencing guidance overarching principles overarching principles assaults children assaults children cruelty child employment health safety approach helpful understanding complexity summarise far matter fact found balance probabilities child suffered harm exposed unsafe environment person responsible child least negligent state mind failing protect child safeguarding promote welfare based present final finding


fit proper person hold responsibility future track record irresponsible behaviour preventing child neglect abuse offence child cruelty prosecuted concurrently assault child child assaulted sexually physically assailant person responsible keeping child safe assault culpable harm suffered physical abuse sexual abuse completes definitions child neglect abuse annex working together see also https webarchiveorg web http wwwwhoint violence injury prevention publications violence child maltreatment en preventing child maltreatment guide


taking action generating evidence offence child cruelty uk implementation article un convention rights child ''protection children violence'' article requires social programmes preventing violence children found part schedule children act include services children families part iii enactment meeting local authority duty safeguard promote welfare children child protection assessment key part child protection work


assessment particular challenge arises child protection professionals assessing families neglect occurring professionals conducting assessments families neglect taking place said sometimes make following errors failure ask right types question including whether neglect occurring neglect occurring situation like child whether improvement family likely sustained needs done ensure long term safety child see also prominent child protection organizations odisha state child protection society free children friends international mannerheim league


child welfare save children war child world vision unicef topics aboriginal child protection adoption safe families act child abuse child protection obscenity enforcement act child protective services child sexual abuse complex post traumatic stress disorder children politics independent safeguarding authority ''landeros v flood'' reactive attachment disorder school social work hungary transnational child protection references external links http usersresistca kirstena machallinstitutionhistoryhtml resistca history child protection america kirsten anderberg graduate history student https archiveorg details subwayride life foster care like subway ride cbc radio documentary takes minute virtual


subway ride foster care canadian foster care survivor john dunn http wwwjohnsinformationcom http wwwchildwelfaregov childwelfareorg http wwwuniceforg protection files progress children en pdf ''a report card child protection'' pdf file nbsp kb united nations children fund ''progress children'' number september http wwwchinaorgcn china content htm 'left behind' children street children '' english '' http wwwchinaorgcn china content htm sexual abuse casts shadow left behind children https b awarewordpresscom biir article awareness campaign http wwwafricanchildforumorg en indexphp en african child policy forum reading fieldston sara ''raising world child welfare american century'' harvard university press pp mccutcheon james historical analysis contemporary assessment foster care


texas perceptions social workers private non profit foster care agency applied research projects texas state university paper http ecommonstxstateedu arp txstateedu http wwwipuorg pdf publications childprotection enpdf handbook child protection unicef ipu eileen munro effective child protection publisher sage jeff fowler practitioner 's tool child protection assessment parents publisher jessica kingsley publishers eileen munro child protection sage course companions series publisher sage harries et al reforming child protection publisher taylor francis janet polnay child protection primary care publisher radcliffe publishing chris beckett child protection


introduction publisher sage gerald cradock risk morality child protection risk calculation guides practice science technology human values vol special issue reconstructing order rhetorics risk summer pp nbsp leigh faulconer best interests children family relations vol jul pp nbsp eileen munro https dxdoiorg common errors reasoning child protection work protection social programs social work children 's rights


'''politics singapore''' takes form parliamentary representative democratic republic whereby president singapore head state prime minister singapore head government multi party system executive power exercised cabinet parliament lesser extent president cabinet general direction control government accountable parliament three separate branches government legislature executive judiciary abiding westminster system legislative power vested government parliament

Social science
Political science
Singapore politics


people 's action party pap since general election lee kuan yew became singapore 's first prime minister singapore self governing state within british empire pap ruling party form government since singapore joined federation malaysia gained independence expelled singapore consistently rated least corrupt country asia amongst top ten cleanest world transparency international world bank 's governance indicators also rated singapore highly rule law control corruption


government effectiveness however widely perceived aspects political process civil liberties political human rights lacking freedom house deemed press free ref name freedomhouse ref political climate domination ruling party workers' party wp leading opposition party wp took parliamentary seats election pap another new opposition party progress singapore party psp obtained two ncmp seats election one commonly cited reason lack opposition singapore use


defamation lawsuits pap bankrupt political opponents disqualify running office accusations made ruling party ref name diplomat ref ref name seapa ref cases include former leader wp j b jeyaretnam leader sdp chee soon juan bankrupted respectively another reason given pursuit legal action journalists bloggers critical pap policies ref name freedomhouse ref name quartz ref reporters without borders cites lawsuits along attempts making critical journalists unemployable among concerns ranking country st world


press freedom ref name rsf reporters without borders url https rsforg en singapore access date november website rsf language fr fr ref pap past threatened voters saying constituencies voting opposition mps would put bottom list public housing programs ref name kongyeoh ref pap secretary general goh chok tong said linking priority upgrading electoral support focus minds voters link upgrading people whose policies make possible desired result recently lee hsien loong expressed


distinction opposition wards ones voted pap terms housing upgrades boundaries electoral constituencies singapore decided elections department control prime minister 's office ref name chong ref electoral boundaries redrawn days general election ref name chong ref name mauzymilne ref accusations gerrymandering via dissolving constituencies relatively stronger opposition support cheng san group representation constituency grc ref name singh ref human rights condition although singapore 's laws inherited british british indian laws including many elements


english common law pap also consistently rejected liberal democratic values typifies western states 'one size fits all' solution democracy laws restricting freedom speech exist prohibit speech may breed ill cause disharmony within singapore 's multiracial multi religious society example september three bloggers convicted sedition posting racist remarks targeting minorities offences lead heavy fines caning laws allow capital punishment singapore murder drug trafficking executive must


member political party date nomination election must period less three years held office minister chief justice speaker attorney general chairman public service commission auditor general accountant general permanent secretary chief executive officer ceo key statutory board government company central provident fund board housing development board jurong town corporation monetary authority singapore temasek holdings gic private limited formerly known government singapore investment corporation ceo


president exercises powers following appointment public officers government budgets examine government 's exercise powers internal security act examine government 's exercise powers religious harmony laws investigate cases corruption however president must consult council presidential advisers takes decision matters council comprises two members appointed personal discretion president two members appointed president advice prime minister one member appointed president advice chief justice one member


receiving salary raise result prime minister lee hsien loong 's pay jumped million five times us earned us president barack obama although public outcry regarding high salary comparison size country governed government 's firm stance raise required ensure continued efficiency corruption free status singapore 's world class government may following general election prime minister announced committee would appointed review politicians' remuneration revised salaries would


take effect date legislative parliament parliament house unicameral singaporean parliament legislature singapore president head independence known legislative assembly currently consists members parliament maximum term one parliament five years general election must held within three months dissolution parliament elected members parliament mps elected plurality voting basis represent either single member constituencies smcs group representation constituencies grcs grcs political parties field


team three six candidates least one candidate team must belong minority race ref name thelegislature ref formerly grcs constituencies singapore represented one member amendments parliamentary elections act led creation grcs thus creating plurality voting system process development led complaints opposition parties often unable field one let alone three candidates members parliament female general election


incumbent people 's action party pap configuration seats final results general election saw swing pap elections constitution also provides appointment members parliament voted election six non constituency members parliament opposition political parties appointed ref name thelegislature currently two non constituency member parliament constitutional provision appointment nine nominated members parliament nmps made ref name thelegislature


nmps appointed president term two half years recommendation select committee chaired speaker parliament connected political parties youngest nmp sworn parliament years old yip pin xiu nine nmps sworn five female non constituency nominated members parliament cannot vote following issues amendment constitution public funds vote confidence government removing president office legislative process law


passed first introduced parliament draft known bill bills usually introduced minister behalf cabinet known government bill however member parliament introduce bill known private member 's bill bills must go three readings parliament receive president 's assent become act parliament bill goes several stages becomes law first stage mere formality known first reading introduced without debate followed


passed bills passed parliament scrutinised presidential council minority rights makes report speaker parliament stating whether clauses bill affects racial religious community approved council bill presented president 's assent last stage involves granting assent president bill officially becomes law constitution constitution singapore supreme law singapore ref name republic ref codified constitution constitution cannot amended without support


two thirds members parliament second third readings ref name republic president may seek opinion constitutional issues tribunal consisting less three judges supreme court singaporean courts like courts australia cannot offer advisory opinion constitutionality laws part iv constitution guarantees following liberty person prohibition slavery forced labour protection retrospective criminal laws repeated trials equal protection prohibition banishment freedom movement freedom speech assembly association freedom religion right education sections


liberty person freedoms speech assembly movement association religion qualified allowing parliament restrict freedoms reasons including national security public health public order morality practice courts given complete discretion government imposing restrictions part xii constitution allows parliament singapore enact legislation designed stop prevent subversion legislation valid even inconsistent part iv constitution internal security act isa legislation provision chia thye


poh detained isa imprisoned years without trial afterwards placed conditions house arrest another nine years judiciary elections political parties voting compulsory singapore since universal suffrage legal voting age elections department singapore responsible planning preparation conduct presidential parliamentary elections national referendum singapore department prime minister 's office paper ballots still used singapore however concern voting secrecy


might compromised ballot papers serial numbers stated elections department website ballot papers examined strict conditions safeguards make extremely difficult find particular voter voted count ballot papers counterfoils sealed supreme court vault six months ballot papers election documents destroyed six months documents retrieved court order court issue order


power nomination day opposition parties fielding candidates half constituencies overall pap saw share vote fall opposition parties two opposition parties th parliament singapore workers' party progress singapore party major opposition parties singapore people 's party reform party singapore democratic party sdp hold seat parliament jb jeyaretnam workers' party became first opposition party member parliament years


election despite acquiring increasing percentage popular vote overall opposition parties gained small numbers seats general elections seats seat seats seats seats opposition parties attribute disproportionate results nature grc system july worker 's party holds elected seats progress singapore party holds remaining non constituency mp ncmp seats women 's participation politics women traditionally played


second woman opposition party win seat parliament votes lost following general election slim margin sylvia lim swee lian currently chairperson opposition workers' party wp member parliament mp representing aljunied grc whose team votes including overseas votes first time opposition party grc since system 's introduction june september halimah yacob inaugurated singapore 's first woman president shirt colours candidates supporters


various political parties tend wear following shirt colours making rounds various wards campaigning class wikitable sortable style width scope col party scope col shirt colour white light blue rowspan red white red orange yellow bright green white orange light purple purple black navy blue see also illiberal democracy tentative soft despotism house arrest singapore dominant


party system singapore constitutional government laws singapore human rights singapore censorship singapore corruption singapore references singapore bn


'''goal''' objective person system plans intends achieve '''goal''' may also refer sport goal sport method scoring many sports physical structure area scoring occurs goals goal frame association football scoring association football goal scored ball passes completely goal line goal ice hockey scored puck completely crosses goal line scoring gaelic games games hurling camogie gaelic football drop goal scoring method used rugby field goal scoring

Applied science
Military sciences
Strategy
Goal


method used american canadian football field goal basketball basket scored shot free throw arts entertainment media films ''goal'' film argentine sports film directed luis moglia barth ''goal '' film series trilogy football films ''goal '' film british film ''goal ii living dream'' sequel ''goal iii taking world'' straight dvd release ''goal'' hindi film bollywood hindi language film based football asian community england titled ''dhan dhana dhan goal'' india ''goal'' malayalam film malayalam


poster united nations headquarters showing millennium development goals '''goal''' idea future desired result person group people envision plan commit achieve ref name locke latham ref people endeavour reach goals within finite time setting deadlines goal roughly similar purpose aim anticipated result guides reaction end object either physical object abstract object intrinsic value goal setting goal setting theory formulated based empirical research called


name locke latham goals direct attention effort toward goal relevant activities difficult goals lead greater effort goals increase persistence difficult goals prolonging effort goals indirectly lead arousal discovery use task relevant knowledge strategies positive relationship goals performance depends several factors first goal must considered important individual must committed participative goal setting help increase performance participation directly improve performance ref name locke latham self efficacy also enhances goal commitment goals effective people


need feedback details progress relation goal ref name locke latham feedback needs positive immediate graphic specific providing feedback leads set references points comparisons standard inform behavioral responses stajkovic ad sergent k cognitive automation organizational psychology coaches recommend establishing specific measurable achievable relevant time bounded smart objectives researchers agree smart criteria necessary smart framework include goal difficulty criterion goal setting theory locke latham recommended choose goals within


th percentile difficulty based average prior performance performed task ref name locke latham goals long term intermediate short term primary difference time required achieve short term goals expect finished relatively short period time long term goals long period time intermediate medium period time mindset theory action phases individual set achieve goal must first decide desired end state peter gollwitzer 's mindset


theory action phases proposes two phases individual must go wish achieve goal first phase individual mentally select goal specifying criteria deciding goal set based commitment seeing second phase planning phase individual decide set behaviors disposal allow best reach desired end state goal ref name deckers ref goal characteristics certain characteristics goal help define


goal determine individual 's motivation achieve goal characteristics goal make possible determine motivates people achieve goal along personal characteristics may predict goal achievement ''importance'' determined goal 's attractiveness intensity relevance priority sign ref name deckers importance range high low ''difficulty'' determined general estimates probability achieving goal ref name deckers ''specificity'' determined goal qualitative ranges vague precisely stated ref name deckers typically higher level goal vaguer lower level subgoal


example wanting successful career vaguer wanting obtain master 's degree ''temporal range'' determined duration goal range proximal immediate distal delayed ref name deckers ''level consciousness'' refers person 's cognitive awareness goal awareness typically greater proximal goals distal goals ref name deckers ''complexity'' goal determined many subgoals necessary achieve goal one goal connects another ref name deckers example graduating college could considered complex goal many subgoals


making good grades connected goals gaining meaningful employment personal goals individuals set personal goals student may set goal high mark exam athlete might run five miles day traveler might try reach destination city within three hours individual might try reach financial goals saving retirement saving purchase managing goals give returns areas personal life knowing precisely one wants achieve makes clear concentrate improve


often help one subconsciously prioritize goal however successful goal adjustment goal disengagement goal engagement capacities also part leading healthy life goal setting planning goal work promotes long term vision intermediate mission short term motivation focuses intention desire acquisition knowledge helps organize resources efficient goal work includes recognizing resolving guilt inner conflict limiting belief might cause one sabotage one 's efforts setting clearly defined goals one subsequently measure take pride accomplishment goals one see progress might


seemed long perhaps difficult grind achieving personal goals achieving complex difficult goals requires focus long term diligence effort see goal pursuit success field requires forgoing excuses justifications poor performance lack adequate planning short success requires emotional maturity measure belief people ability achieve personal goal also affects achievement long term achievements rely short term achievements emotional control small moments single day make big difference long term personal goal achievement happiness


lot research conducted looking link achieving desired goals changes self efficacy integrity ultimately changes subjective well goal efficacy refers likely individual succeed achieving goal goal integrity refers consistent one 's goals core aspects self research shown focus goal efficacy associated happiness factor well goal integrity associated meaning psychology another factor well multiple studies shown link achieving long term goals changes subjective well research shows


achieving goal factors connect goal achievement changes subjective well self concordant goals goals pursued fulfill intrinsic values support individual 's self concept called self concordant goals self concordant goals fulfill basic needs align psychoanalyst donald winnicott called individual 's true self goals personal meaning individual reflect individual 's self identity self concordant goals likely receive sustained effort time contrast goals reflect individual 's internal drive pursued due external factors eg social pressures emerge


non integrated region person therefore likely abandoned obstacles occur blockquote attain self concordant goals reap greater well benefits attainment attainment well effects mediated need satisfaction ie daily activity based experiences autonomy competence relatedness accumulate period striving model shown provide satisfactory fit longitudinal data sets independent effects self efficacy implementation intentions avoidance framing life skills blockquote furthermore self determination theory research surrounding theory shows individual effectively achieves goal


goal self endorsed self concordant well levels change despite goal attainment goal setting management organizations organizations goal management consists process recognizing inferring goals individual team members abandoning goals longer relevant identifying resolving conflicts among goals prioritizing goals consistently optimal team collaboration effective operations successful commercial system means deriving profits making best quality goods best quality services available end users customers best possible cost goal management includes assessment dissolution non rational blocks


success time management frequent reconsideration consistency checks feasibility checks adjusting milestones main goal targets jens rasmussen morten lind distinguish three fundamental categories goals related technological system management production goals safety goals economy goals organizational goal management aims individual employee goals objectives align vision strategic goals entire organization goal management provides organizations mechanism effectively communicate corporate goals strategic objectives person across entire organization key consists emanate pivotal source providing person


clear consistent organizational goal message every employee understands efforts contribute enterprise 's success example goal types business management consumer goals refers supplying product service market consumer wants product goals refers supplying outstanding value proposition compared products perhaps due factors quality design reliability novelty operational goals refers running organization way make best use management skills technology resources secondary goals refers goals organization


regard priorities goal displacement goal displacement occurs original goals entity organization replaced time different goals instances creates problems new goals may exceed capacity mechanisms put place meet original goals new goals adopted organization may also increasingly become focused internal concerns establishing enforcing structures reducing common employee disputes ref name kirst ashman karen kirst ashman ''human behavior communities organizations groups macro social environment'' p ref cases original goals


nasa photo showing earth 's atmosphere sunset earth silhouetted blue light scattered wavelengths gases atmosphere surrounding earth visibly blue layer seen space board iss altitude composition earth 's atmosphere molecular count excluding water vapor lower pie represents trace gases together compose atmosphere august concentrations ref name co ref name methane numbers mainly methane represent single source ref name handbook '''atmosphere earth''' commonly known

Applied science
Military sciences
Battlespace
Air


without affecting total removed n added includes constituents ref ''crc handbook chemistry physics'' ref name handbook isbn cites ''allen 's astrophysical quantities'' includes ten largest constituents ref cites ''allen 's astrophysical quantities'' used references article exceed co values increased nbsp ppmv without changing constituents compensate made worse april value nbsp ppmv ref name co ref although minor january value nbsp ppbv parts


per billion ref name methane ref two older reliable sources dry atmospheric compositions including trace molecules total less ''us standard atmosphere '' ref name standard ref ''astrophysical quantities'' ref name allen ref air also contains variable amount water vapor average around sea level entire atmosphere air composition temperature atmospheric pressure vary altitude within atmosphere air suitable use photosynthesis terrestrial plants breathing terrestrial animals found earth 's troposphere earth 's early atmosphere consisted gases solar nebula primarily hydrogen atmosphere changed


altitude around several layers distinguished atmosphere based characteristics temperature composition study earth 's atmosphere processes called atmospheric science aerology includes multiple subfields climatology atmospheric physics early pioneers field include l teisserenc de bort richard assmann study historic atmosphere called paleoclimatology composition mean atmospheric water vapor three major constituents earth 's atmosphere nitrogen oxygen argon water vapor accounts roughly atmosphere mass concentration water vapor greenhouse


gas varies significantly around ppm mole fraction coldest portions atmosphere much mole fraction hot humid air masses concentrations atmospheric gases typically quoted terms dry air without water vapor ref name wallacehobbs wallace john peter v hobbs http cupaoswiscedu readings atmospheric science wallace hobbspdf ''atmospheric science introductory survey'' elsevier second edition chapter ref remaining gases often referred trace gases among greenhouse gases principally carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone besides argon already mentioned noble gases neon


helium krypton xenon also present filtered air includes trace amounts many chemical compounds many substances natural origin may present locally seasonally variable small amounts aerosols unfiltered air sample including dust mineral organic composition pollen spores sea spray volcanic ash various industrial pollutants also may present gases aerosols chlorine elemental compounds fluorine compounds elemental mercury vapor sulfur compounds hydrogen sulfide sulfur dioxide sub sub may derived natural sources industrial air pollution


class wikitable style text align center '''major constituents dry air mole fraction''' ref name total colspan gas colspan style font weight normal '''mole fraction''' sup sup style width px name style width px formula style width px font weight normal '''in ppm''' sup b sup style width px align left nitrogen n sub sub align left oxygen sub sub align left argon ar align left carbon nbsp dioxide br august sup c sup align left neon


ne align left helium align left methane ch sub sub align left krypton kr colspan included dry atmosphere align left water vapor sup sup h sub sub sup sup sup e sup colspan style font size em padding px px px px text align left font weight normal '''notes ''' br sup sup mole fraction sometimes referred volume fraction identical ideal gas br sup b sup ppm parts


per million molecular count br sup c sup concentration increasing recent decades br sup sup water vapor ''by mass'' full atmosphere br sup e sup water vapor varies significantly locally ref name wallacehobbs average molecular weight dry air used calculate densities convert mole fraction mass fraction ref name ller detlev ller ''luft chemie physik biologie reinhaltung recht'' walter de gruyter https booksgooglecom booksid itjxwdija c pg pa view google books ref nbsp g mol decreased air humid relative concentration


gases remains constant mole fraction main constituents earth 's atmosphere function height according msis e atmospheric model stratification '''earth 's atmosphere''' lower layers atmosphere dimensions seen diagonally exobase layers drawn scale objects within layers scale aurorae shown bottom thermosphere actually form altitude atmospheric layer general air pressure density decrease altitude atmosphere however temperature complicated


profile altitude may remain relatively constant even increase altitude regions see temperature section general pattern temperature altitude profile lapse rate constant measurable means instrumented balloon soundings temperature behavior provides useful metric distinguish atmospheric layers way earth 's atmosphere divided called atmospheric stratification five main layers troposphere stratosphere mesosphere thermosphere exosphere altitudes five layers follows exosphere nbsp km miles thermosphere nbsp km miles ref name thermosphere ref


atoms molecules far apart travel hundreds kilometers without colliding one another thus exosphere longer behaves like gas particles constantly escape space free moving particles follow ballistic trajectories may migrate magnetosphere solar wind exosphere far earth meteorological phenomena possible however earth 's auroras aurora borealis northern lights aurora australis southern lights sometimes occur lower part exosphere overlap thermosphere exosphere contains many


rise high though gas molecules far apart temperature usual sense meaningful air rarefied individual molecule oxygen example travels average collisions molecules although thermosphere high proportion molecules high energy would feel hot human direct contact density low conduct significant amount energy skin layer completely cloudless free water vapor however non hydrometeorological


coldest place earth average temperature around mesopause air cold even scarce water vapor altitude sublimate polar mesospheric noctilucent clouds highest clouds atmosphere may visible naked eye sunlight reflects hour two sunset similarly sunrise readily visible sun around degrees horizon lightning induced discharges known transient luminous events tles occasionally form mesosphere


tropospheric thunderclouds mesosphere also layer meteors burn upon atmospheric entrance high earth accessible jet powered aircraft balloons low permit orbital spacecraft mesosphere mainly accessed sounding rockets rocket powered aircraft stratosphere stratosphere second lowest layer earth 's atmosphere lies troposphere separated tropopause layer extends top troposphere roughly earth 's surface stratopause altitude atmospheric pressure


top stratosphere roughly pressure sea level contains ozone layer part earth 's atmosphere contains relatively high concentrations gas stratosphere defines layer temperatures rise increasing altitude rise temperature caused absorption ultraviolet radiation uv radiation sun ozone layer restricts turbulence mixing although temperature may tropopause top stratosphere much warmer may near nbsp c ref name stratopause ref stratospheric temperature profile creates stable


atmospheric conditions stratosphere lacks weather producing air turbulence prevalent troposphere consequently stratosphere almost completely free clouds forms weather however polar stratospheric nacreous clouds occasionally seen lower part layer atmosphere air coldest stratosphere highest layer accessed jet powered aircraft troposphere troposphere lowest layer earth 's atmosphere extends earth 's surface average height although altitude varies geographic