jews galicia included joseph perl writer educator published ''revealer secrets'' first hebrew novel nachman krochmal philosopher theologian historian solomon judah loeb rapoport rabbi poet biographer isaac erter satirical poet whose collection essays ha tzofeh le bet yisrael one purest works modern hebrew literature attacking hasidic superstitions prejudices vigorous classical style meir halevy letteris lyric poet also known adaption goethe 's ''faust'' hebrew amsterdam circle hebrew language literary artists emerged


nineteenth century including poet samuel molder prague became active center haskalah nineteenth century best known among haskalah writers jehudah loeb jeiteles author witty epigrams bene ha ne'urim works directed hasidism superstition hungary hebrew language authors included solomon lewison moor author melitzat yeshurun gabriel dfeld poet father max nordau poet simon bacher ref name jewishencyclopedia ref notable jewish author romania nineteenth century physician writer julius barasch italian jews

Humanities
Languages and literature
Hebrew Literature


nineteenth century wrote hebrew included reggio joseph almanzi hayyim salomon samuel vita lolli another figure note rachel morpurgo one female writers haskalah movement whose poems described characterized religious piety mystic faith israel 's future ref name jewishencyclopedia best known italian writer samuel david luzzatto first modern writer introduce religious romanticism hebrew attack northern rationalism name religious national feeling ref name jewishencyclopedia prominent hebrew writers


russian empire nineteenth century included poet mathematician jacob eichenbaum haskalah leader isaac baer levinsohn kalman schulman introduced romantic form hebrew romantic poet micah joseph lebensohn lithuanian author mordecai aaron ginzburg known father prose lithuanian poet abraham baer lebensohn known father poetry whose poems shire sefat kodesh extraordinarily successful abraham mapu creator hebrew novel whose historical romance ahabat tziyyon exercised important influence development hebrew poet judah leib gordon also known


leon gordon well known satirical poet characterized implacable enemy rabbis ref name jewishencyclopedia th century zionist settlement palestine intensified start twentieth century hebrew became shared language various jewish immigrant communities along native palestinian jews old yishuv continued literary traditions earlier sephardic arab jewish writers maimonedes moshe ibn maimoun al harizi eliezer ben yehuda particular worked adapt hebrew needs modern world turning hebrew sources periods locales


develop language went beyond sacred poetic capable articulating modern experience rise zionist movement amongst jews europe ashkenazi jews embraced hebrew literature began dominate first time foundations modern israeli writing laid group literary pioneers second aliyah including shmuel yosef agnon moshe smilansky yosef haim brenner david shimoni jacob fichman hayim nahman bialik one pioneers modern hebrew poets came recognized israel 's national poet bialik contributed


significantly revival hebrew language days existed primarily ancient scholarly poetic tongue bialik like great literary figures early part th century ahad ha tchernichovsky spent last years tel aviv exerted great influence younger hebrew writers impact work evident throughout modern hebrew literature parallel number palestinian levantine jewish writers influenced resurgence hebrew literature adopted hebrew writings contrast experiences pioneers


bialik ashkenazi immigrants europe levantine jewish writers educated arabic literary traditions thus incorporated many arabic sephardic vernacular palestinian themes linguistic elements writing novelist yehuda burla born jerusalem served ottoman army later taught hebrew arabic damascus awarded israel prize literature novelist yitzhaq shami palestinian jewish native hebron work written perspective arabic speaking jews muslim palestinians incorporated diverse arabic sephardic middle eastern themes shami


holds relatively unique place hebrew literature since writing also recognized palestinian literature shami recognized palestinian academic society one important palestinian writers agnon nobel prize literature novels short stories employ unique blend biblical talmudic modern hebrew literary translators modern hebrew notably leah goldberg among others also contributed great deal israeli hebrew literature bringing international literature literary figures hebrew circles translation goldberg also noted prolific writer


pioneer israeli children 's literature well contemporary era new generation hebrew writers emerged establishment state israel new generation included novelists aharon megged nathan shaham moshe shamir poets yehudah amichai amir gilboa haim gouri novels ''my michael'' ''black box'' amos oz ''the lover'' ''mr mani'' b yehoshua describe life new state works also explore topics conflict parents children rejection sacred ideals


etgar keret savyon liebrecht sami michael yaakov shabtai meir shalev zeruya shalev contemporary israeli authors whose works translated languages attained international recognition ephraim kishon yaakov shabtai b yehoshua amos oz irit linur etgar keret yehoshua sobol hebrew poets include david avidan maya bejerano erez biton dan pagis dalia ravikovitch ronny someck meir wieseltier yona wallach thousands new books published hebrew year translations languages original works israeli authors references bibliography literature language hebrew language


eight german nuclear power reactors biblis b brunsbuettel isar kruemmel neckarwestheim philippsburg unterweser permanently shutdown august following fukushima daiichi nuclear disaster japan '''nuclear energy policy''' national international policy concerning aspects nuclear energy nuclear fuel cycle uranium mining ore concentration conversion enrichment nuclear fuel generating electricity nuclear power storing reprocessing spent nuclear fuel disposal radioactive waste nuclear energy policies often include regulation energy use standards relating nuclear

Applied science
Public administration
Energy policy
Nuclear energy policy


fukushima nuclear accidents china germany switzerland israel malaysia thailand united kingdom philippines reviewing nuclear power programs indonesia vietnam still plan build nuclear power plants ref name jo chandler ref ref name aubrey belford ref ref name piersmorganblogscnncom http piersmorganblogscnncom israel prime minister netanyahu japan situation caused reconsider nuclear power israel prime minister netanyahu japan situation caused reconsider nuclear power piers morgan cnn published accessed ref ref name newsxinhuanetcom http newsxinhuanetcom english world c htm israeli pm cancels plan build nuclear plant xinhuanetcom published accessed ref thirty one countries operate nuclear power stations considerable number new reactors built china south korea india russia ref name ditt michael dittmar https wwwsmhcomau business taking stock nuclear renaissance never kyhtml taking stock


nuclear renaissance never ''sydney morning herald'' august ref june countries australia austria denmark greece ireland latvia lichtenstein luxembourg malta portugal israel malaysia norway nuclear power stations remain opposed nuclear power ref name gl ref since nuclear energy nuclear weapons technologies closely related military aspirations act factor energy policy decisions fear nuclear proliferation influences international nuclear energy policies global picture number nuclear power plant constructions started year note increase new constructions


decline following fukushima daiichi nuclear disaster 's chernobyl disaster public fear nuclear power led virtual halt reactor construction several countries decided phase nuclear power altogether ref name res https archivetoday http wwwreuterscom article pressrelease idus may bw research markets international perspectives energy policy role nuclear power ''reuters'' may ref however increasing energy demand believed require new sources electric power rising fossil fuel prices coupled concerns greenhouse gas emissions see climate change mitigation sparked heightened interest nuclear power predictions


nuclear renaissance largest producer nuclear energy united states worldwide capacity followed france japan ref name wec ref countries operated nuclear power plants september iaea projected nuclear power remain share world 's electricity production ref name iaea ref almost two years fukushima according iaea operating nuclear generating units throughout world less fukushima exactly chernobyl year asia expected


name wnn ref ref name bbc ref proponents long made inflated projections expected growth nuclear power major accidents high costs kept growth much lower international atomic energy agency predicted worldwide installed nuclear capacity gigawatts iaea 's projection gigawatts installed capacity year even chernobyl disaster nuclear energy agency forecasted installed nuclear capacity gigawatts year actual capacity


gigawatts moreover construction costs often much higher times much longer projected failing meet optimistic projections unlimited cheap clean safe electricity ref name mycles ref since term nuclear renaissance used refer possible nuclear power industry revival driven rising fossil fuel prices new concerns meeting greenhouse gas emission limits ref name intro however nuclear electricity generation lowest level since ref name wna new reactors construction finland france meant lead nuclear renaissance ref name greeninc


delayed running budget ref name greeninc james kanter http greenincblogsnytimescom nuclear renaissance fizzling nuclear renaissance fizzling ''green'' may ref ref name jk james kanter https wwwnytimescom business energy environment nukehtmlref global home finland nuclear renaissance runs trouble ''new york times'' may ref ref name rb rob broomby http newsbbccouk hi europe stm nuclear dawn delayed finland ''bbc news'' july ref china new reactors construction ref name nuclear power china http wwwworld nuclearorg info inf html nuclear power china ref also considerable number new reactors built south korea india russia time least older smaller reactors probably closed next years ref


name ditt expanding nuclear programs asia balanced retirements aging plants nuclear reactor phase outs march nuclear emergencies japan 's fukushima nuclear power plant shutdowns nuclear facilities raised questions among commentators future renaissance ref name c platts reported crisis japan 's fukushima nuclear plants prompted leading energy consuming countries review safety existing reactors cast doubt speed scale planned expansions around world siemens exited nuclear power sector following fukushima disaster


subsequent changes german energy policy supported german government 's planned energy transition renewable energy technologies china germany switzerland israel malaysia thailand united kingdom italy philippines reviewed nuclear power programs indonesia vietnam still plan build nuclear power plants ref name jo chandler ref name aubrey belford ref name piersmorganblogscnncom ref name newsxinhuanetcom countries australia austria denmark greece ireland latvia liechtenstein luxembourg portugal israel malaysia new zealand norway remain opposed nuclear power following fukushima nuclear accidents international energy agency halved estimate additional nuclear generating capacity built ref name economist ref


japan reliance nuclear power taiwan president mexico sidelined construction reactors favor developing natural gas fired plants belgium considering phasing nuclear plants perhaps early ref name nweek china nuclear power largest prospective market suspended approvals new reactor construction conducting lengthy nuclear safety review ref name c http wwwchannel com news chinas nuclear nerves fuel boom green energy china 's nuclear nerves fuel boom green energy channel published accessed ref neighboring india another potential nuclear boom market encountered effective local opposition growing national wariness foreign nuclear reactors nuclear liability controversy threatens prevent new reactor


imports mass protests french backed mw jaitapur nuclear power project maharashtra mw koodankulam nuclear power plant tamil nadu state government west bengal state also refused permission proposed mw facility near town haripur intended host six russian reactors little support across world building new nuclear reactors poll bbc indicates global research agency globescan commissioned bbc news polled people countries july september several months


fukushima nuclear disaster countries existing nuclear programmes people significantly opposed uk us bucking trend believe boosting energy efficiency renewable energy meet needs ref name rb ref blockquote agreed nuclear power relatively safe important source electricity build nuclear power plants contrast thought country could almost entirely replace coal nuclear energy within years becoming highly energy efficient focusing generating energy sun wind globally want


continue using existing reactors without building new ones would like shut everything ref name rb blockquote historic net effect carbon emissions competition renewable energy eliminating fossil fuels essential solving climate change crisis still multiple energy options available reach goal nuclear power comparably low life cycle greenhouse gas emissions renewable energies wind solar power ref name ipcc annex iii ref historically nuclear power prevented gigatonnes co equivalent greenhouse gas emissions significant amount renewable energy installed


st century speculated tensions nuclear renewable national energy development strategies might reduce effectiveness terms climate change mitigation however newer studies refuted idea nuclear renewable energy shown equally effective prevention greenhouse gas emissions effective climate change mitigation strategy may include nuclear renewable energy sources moreover nuclear energy low carbon footprint could power carbon dioxide capture transformation resulting carbon negative process specifically various organizations working across globe create designs small modular reactors


type nuclear fission reactor smaller conventional reactors companies include arc nuclear canada cnea denmark areva ta france toshiba jaeri japan okb gidropress russia open x energy united states policies territory following march fukushima nuclear accidents china germany switzerland israel malaysia thailand united kingdom philippines reviewing nuclear power programs indonesia vietnam still plan build nuclear power plants ref name jo chandler ref name aubrey belford ref name piersmorganblogscnncom ref name newsxinhuanetcom countries australia austria denmark greece ireland luxembourg portugal new zealand


norway remain opposed nuclear power see also valign top width align left anti nuclear movement energy policy energy development energy economics energy security fossil fuels phase list anti nuclear groups list countries nuclear weapons list energy topics width align left nuclear accidents nuclear energy policy united states nuclear free zone nuclear power country nuclear power france nuclear power phase pro nuclear movement renewable energy commercialization vulnerability nuclear plants attack world nuclear industry status report references reading cooke stephanie ''in mortal hands


cautionary history nuclear age'' black inc diesendorf mark ''greenhouse solutions sustainable energy'' university new south wales press elliott david ''nuclear nuclear power place sustainable energy future'' palgrave falk jim ''global fission battle nuclear power'' oxford university press ferguson charles https booksgooglecom booksid esvvytz ic printsec frontcover nuclear energy balancing benefits risks council foreign relations lovins amory b ''soft energy paths towards durable peace'' friends earth international lovins amory b john h price ''non nuclear futures case


ethical energy strategy'' ballinger publishing company lowe ian ''reaction time climate change nuclear option'' quarterly essay pernick ron clint wilder ''the clean tech revolution next big growth investment opportunity'' collins schneider mycle steve thomas antony froggatt doug koplow august ''the world nuclear industry status report'' german federal ministry environment nature conservation reactor safety sovacool benjamin k ''contesting future nuclear power critical global assessment atomic energy'' world scientific walker j samuel ''three mile island nuclear crisis historical perspective'' university


california press external links http wwwneiorg publicpolicy nei public policy information robert j duffy ''nuclear politics america history theory government regulation studies government public policy '' paperback carlton stoiber alec baer norbert pelzer wolfram tonhauser http www pubiaeaorg mtcd publications pdf pub webpdf ''handbook nuclear law'' iaea international atomic energy agency http alsoswluedu qsearchaspxbrowse issues nuclear power annotated bibliography nuclear power alsos digital library nuclear issues http wwwfairewindsorg fairewinds energy education schneider mycle steve thomas antony froggatt doug koplow ''the world nuclear industry status report world nuclear industry status january '' policy energy policy nuclear history


private international law '''public policy doctrine''' '''''' french public order concerns body principles underpin operation legal systems state addresses social moral economic values tie society together values vary different cultures change time law regulates behaviour either reinforce existing social expectations encourage constructive change laws likely effective consistent generally accepted societal norms reflect collective morality society performing function cappalli

Applied science
Public administration
Public policy doctrine


always consider underlying policies determine whether rule applied specific factual dispute laws applied strictly mechanically law cannot keep pace social innovation similarly entirely new situation return policies forming basic assumptions underpinning potentially relevant rules law identifies best guidelines resolving immediate dispute time policies evolve becoming clearly defined deeply embedded legal system fundamental principles ignorance law excuse fundamental


policy operation legal system ''ignorantia juris non excusat'' ''ignorance law excuse'' would completely undermine enforcement law person potentially fault able raise successful defence aware particular law reason main legislatures publish laws freely whether hard copy internet others offer sale public affordable prices everyone entitled access laws affect personal


lives adults assumed responsible enough research law act fail hardly complain acts prove unlawful matter transient may within jurisdiction exception rule excuses reduced capacity whether infants mental illness example see principle ' 'doli incapax'' raises irrebuttable presumption criminal law infant incapable committing crime sanctity life underpinning social moral religious systems policy ' 'sanctity


life'' also culture life english criminal law example duress allowed defence murder threat supposed overcome person 's moral aversion taking life another lord jauncy ''r v gotts'' ac stated refusal treatment euthanasia commission omission doctors hospital authorities resulting death patients become increasing significance societies debate whether duty preserve life outweighs right autonomous patient choose death contentious situations


patient unable make choice personally eg persistent vegetative state ''en ventre sa mere'' ie child womb doctrine evasion similarly many branches law doctrine evasion prevents persons natural artificial evading application obligations liabilities already attaching represents practical application policy outcome social contract persons owing allegiance state entitled assume everyone receive fair equal treatment law ie


favouritism preferential treatment person virtue rank status within society exception policy law contract usually allows parties autonomy enter whatever agreement want might otherwise taken permit parties exclude normal operation law see policy freedom contract children policies specific main branches law hence one policies family law ''parens patriae'' ie


state default parent children within jurisdiction necessary protect interests child state usurp rights natural parents assert rights every child 's legal guardian within eu right child heard proceedings fundamental right provided article charter fundamental rights european union views child shall considered matters concern accordance age maturity also


provides child 's best interest shall primary consideration actions relating children whether taken public authorities private institutions marriage policy overlaps family law contract law ''favor matrimonii'' requires marriage entered genuine commitment held valid unless good reason contrary matching contract law preference always give effect genuine expectation parties discussion policies adopted states come several reasons


level necessary states consider extent international principles law allowed influence operation law within territories independently work international community produce harmonised principles courts one state may sometimes faced lawsuits either seek evade operation foreign laws forum shopping seek enforcement foreign laws becoming increasingly common people move reasonable freedom states international trade routinely services markets different states lawsuits


troublesome foreign law forum law serious difficulties arise application foreign law would produce different result issues resolved systems law known conflict laws conflict cases court apply foreign law result application would contrary public policy problematic excluding application foreign laws would defeat purpose conflict laws giving automatic preference forum court 's domestic law thus part courts


slower invoke public policy cases involving foreign element domestic legal issue involved said countries adopted treaty obligations involving human rights eg states submit jurisdiction european court human rights broader concepts public policy may apply thus courts may consider justice implicit law allows husband divorce wife ''vice versa'' aspect sexual discrimination similarly would possible question propriety polygamous marriages ''talaq'' system


state less controversial exclusion foreign laws penal territorial seek collect taxes due another state eg english law foreign exchange control legislation used instrument oppression may denied extraterritorial enforcement ''re helbert wagg co ltd'' ch similarly otherwise valid contracts may denied enforcement would assist enemy forum state would damage political relationship friendly state considering questions status english courts held incapacities imposed account


slavery ''somersett 's case'' st tr religion ''re metcalfe 's trusts'' de g j alien nationality ''re helbert wagg co ltd'' ch pp nbsp race ''oppenheimer v cattermole'' c pp nbsp divorce ''scott v attorney general'' pd physical incompetence ''re langley 's settlement trusts'' ch pp nbsp prodigality ''worms v de valdor'' l j ch ''re selot 's trusts'' ch disregarded policy also key component process enforcement


oxford http wwwordrepublicde englishphp ordre public reach defence fraud public policy ordre public regard recognition enforcement judgments conflict laws philosophy law public policy legal doctrines principles


max weber whose studies attempted show differences cultures explained different social orderings emerged see example ''the protestant ethic spirit capitalism'' sociology religion ref name debate within sociology regarding whether label 'comparative' suitable emile durkheim argued ''the rules sociological method'' sociological research fact comparative since social phenomenon always held typical representative unique imply sort comparison sense sociological analysis comparative

Social science
Sociology
Comparative sociology


suggested normally referred comparative research may appropriately called cross national research ref name see also reinhard bendix comparative historical research historical institutionalism historical sociology structuration theory references sociological theories comparisons


''cathy come home'' ''twin peaks'' attracted interests researchers cinematic qualities however television studies also incorporate study television viewing audiences make meaning texts commonly known audience theory reception theory history charlotte brunsdon argues television studies aspirationally disciplinary name given academic study television since relatively new discipline brunsdon notes many key television scholars employed departments sociology politics communication arts speech theatre media film studies argues television

Humanities
Performing arts
Television
Television studies


studies developed three major bodies commentary television journalism literary dramatic criticism social sciences critical methods television extrapolated traditional literary dramatic criticism ref name television studies http wwwmuseumtv archives etv htmlt televisionst televisionsthtm television studies ref horace newcomb argues television studies scholars often need justify academic focus mere suggestion television needs analysis requires supportive argument result television studies marked great deal disciplinary hybridity perhaps television scholars approaching subject many different disciplinary theoretical perspectives many debates


influenced medium 's longstanding issue invoking distrust fear contempt purported cause social ills well television scholars prove television different mass media often pointing television differed radio cinema television studies developed three strands commentary journalistic approach reviews recent television programs literary dramatic criticism approach examines television screenwriter way literary dramatic criticism examines novels plays social science approach examines production distribution


function television society social science stream examined social function effects television analyzed role television plays social order public sphere television scholars applied marxist frameworks critical sociology frankfurt school since feminist television scholars focused programmes women key female protagonists julie d'acci 's study police drama ''cagney lacey'' substantial literature soap opera television studies includes work definition interpretation


television text new media ethnographies viewing histories production studies television shows developed financed produced ref name television studies predicted end television least broadcast tv scholars claim television never healthy triumphant nowadays television scholars scholars principally work television studies include robert c allen ien ang jeremy g butler john ellis jane feuer john fiske kevin glynn john hartley henry jenkins lynne joyrich milly buonanno amanda lotz toby miller jason mittell horace newcomb neil postman


lynn spigel raymond williams see also b television ''four arguments elimination television'' media psychology quality television social aspects television telephilia television production av club museums paley center media new york city los angeles journals following journals either devoted television studies least frequently include tv studies essays ''cinema journal'' published society cinema media studies ''critical studies television scholarly studies small screen fictions'' print journal online research resource published manchester university press ''flow'' online journal


television media studies published biweekly department radio tv film university texas austin ''historical journal film radio television'' journal international association media history ''journal film video'' published university film video association ''jump cut'' review contemporary media ''media industries journal'' peer reviewed open access ''new review film television studies'' edited warren buckland oxford brookes university uk ''screen'' film tv journal particularly influential ''the velvet light trap'' long running


film media journal references reading allen robert c annette hill eds ''the television studies reader'' new york routledge bignell jonathan ''an introduction television studies'' new york routledge boddy william ''fifties television industry critics'' urbana university illinois press brandt george british television drama cambridge cambridge university press casey bernadette neil casey ben calvert liam french justin lewis ''television studies key concepts'' new york routledge corner john ''critical ideas television studies'' oxford clarendon press ellis john ''visible fictions'' london routledge


ellis john ''seeing things'' london ibtauris feuer jane paul kerr tise vahimagi ''mtm quality television '' london british film institute fiske john ''television culture'' london methuen fiske john john hartley ''reading television'' london methuen geraghty christine david lusted eds ''the television studies book'' new york arnold goldie grace wyndham'' facing nation television politics '' london bodley head hall stuart ''early writings television'' london routledge halloran james ''the effects television'' london panther kaplan e ann ''regarding television'' los angeles american film institute lembo ron


''thinking television'' new york cambridge university press lotz amanda ''the television revolutionized'' new york ny new york university press miller toby ed ''television studies'' london bfi morley david ''television audiences cultural power'' london routledge newcomb horace ''tv popular art'' new york doubleday newcomb horace paul hirsch television cultural forum implications research newcomb horace editor ''television critical view'' new york oxford sheehan helena ''irish television drama society stories'' dublin rte sheehan helena ''the continuing story irish television


drama tracking tiger dublin '' four courts press silverstone roger ''television everyday life'' london routledge sartori giovanni ''homo videns televisione e post pensiero'' laterza williams raymond ''television technology cultural form'' london fontana starman ray sitcom class wars th century troy ny troy bookmakers press history television


law enforcement agencies established similar units britain elsewhere counter terrorism forces expanded perceived growing threat terrorism late th century specifically september attacks western governments made counter terrorism efforts priority including foreign cooperation shifting tactics involving red teams preventive measures although sensational attacks developed world receive great deal media attention terrorism occurs less developed countries government responses terrorism cases generate substantial unintended consequences planning intelligence surveillance reconnaissance counter terrorism strategies involve increase standard police

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Counter-terrorism


domestic intelligence central activities traditional interception communications tracing persons new technology however expanded range military law enforcement operations shayetet israeli naval special forces domestic intelligence often directed specific groups defined based origin religion source political controversy mass surveillance entire population raises objections civil liberties grounds homegrown terrorists especially lone wolves often harder detect citizenship legal status ability stay radar select effective action terrorism


appears isolated event appropriate government organizations need understand source motivation methods preparation tactics terrorist groups good intelligence heart preparation well political social understanding grievances might solved ideally one gets information inside group difficult challenge humint operational terrorist cells often small members known one another perhaps even related ref name feiler ref counterintelligence great challenge security cell based systems since ideal nearly impossible


goal obtain clandestine source within cell financial tracking play role communications intercept however approaches need balanced legitimate expectations privacy legal contexts response growing legislation united kingdom anti terrorism legislation place thirty years prevention violence act brought response irish republican army ira campaign violence plan act allowed expire repealed replaced


terrorism legislation whose often influential reports submitted parliament published full us legal issues surrounding issue include rulings domestic employment deadly force law enforcement organizations search seizure governed fourth amendment united states constitution us passed usa patriot act september attacks well range legislation executive orders relating national security department homeland security established consolidate domestic security agencies coordinate anti terrorism national response major natural disasters accidents


posse comitatus act limits domestic employment united states army united states air force requiring presidential approval deploying army air force pentagon policy also applies limitation united states marine corps united states navy posse comitatus act cover naval services even though federal military forces department defense employed domestically presidential order done los angeles riots hurricane katrina beltway sniper incidents external international use lethal force would require


presidential finding february sources claimed trump administration intends rename revamp us government program countering violent extremism cve focus solely islamist extremism australia passed several anti terrorism acts bill comprising three acts anti terrorism act passed attorney general philip ruddock introduced ''anti terrorism bill '' march described '' bill strengthen australia 's counter terrorism laws number respects nbsp task made urgent following recent tragic terrorist bombings spain '' said australia 's counter terrorism


designated terrorist organizations laws forbidding membership organizations funding helping december israeli supreme court ruled targeted killings permitted form self defense israeli knesset passed comprehensive law terrorism forbidding kind terrorism support terrorism setting severe punishments terrorists law also regulates legal efforts terrorism ref name israel ani terror law ref human rights john walker lindh captured enemy combatant united states' invasion afghanistan one primary difficulties implementing effective counter terrorist measures


waning civil liberties individual privacy measures often entail citizens detained states attempting combat terror times measures designed tighten security seen abuses power even violations human rights examples problems include prolonged incommunicado detention without judicial review long periods 'preventive detention' risk subjecting torture transfer return extradition people within countries adoption security measures restrain rights freedoms citizens breach principles


non discrimination ref name human rights news examples include november malaysia passed new counter terrorism laws widely criticized local human rights groups vague overbroad critics claim laws put fundamental rights free expression association assembly risk malaysia persisted holding around alleged militants without trial including five malaysian students detained alleged terrorist activity studying karachi pakistan ref name human rights news november canadian syrian national maher arar publicly alleged tortured syrian prison handed syrian


authorities us ref name human rights news december colombia 's congress approved legislation would give military power arrest tap telephones carry searches without warrants previous judicial order ref name human rights news images unpopular treatment detainees us custody iraq locations encouraged international scrutiny us operations war terror ref name amnesty international hundreds foreign nationals remain prolonged indefinite detention without charge trial guant namo bay despite international us constitutional standards groups believe outlaw


practices ref name amnesty international hundreds people suspected connections taliban al qa'eda remain long term detention pakistan us controlled centers afghanistan ref name amnesty international china used war terror justify policies predominantly muslim xinjiang uighur autonomous region stifle uighur identity ref name amnesty international morocco saudi arabia tunisia yemen countries scores people arrested arbitrarily detained connection suspected terrorist acts links opposition armed groups ref name amnesty international eleven men remained


high security detention uk anti terrorism crime security act ref name amnesty international united nations experts condemned misuse counter terrorism powers egyptian authorities following arrest detention designation human rights defenders ramy shaath zyad el elaimy terrorist entities list two defenders arrested june first ever renewal remand detention shaath came st time months january experts claimed alarming demanded urgent implementation working group opinion removal two names


terrorism entities list many would argue violations could exacerbate rather counter terrorist threat ref name human rights news human rights advocates argue crucial role human rights protection intrinsic part fight terrorism ref name amnesty international suggests proponents human security long argued respecting human rights may indeed help us incur security amnesty international included section confronting terrorism recommendations madrid agenda arising madrid summit democracy terrorism madrid march international efforts


combat terrorism focused need enhance cooperation states proponents human rights well human security suggested effort needs given effective inclusion human rights protection crucial element cooperation argue international human rights obligations stop borders failure respect human rights one state may undermine effectiveness global effort cooperate combat terrorism ref name human rights news human rights news human rights counter terrorism briefing th session


un commission human rights http hrworg english docs global htm online ref preemptive neutralization countries see preemptive attacks legitimate strategy includes capturing killing disabling suspected terrorists mount attack israel united kingdom united states russia taken approach western european states generally another major method preemptive neutralization interrogation known suspected terrorists obtain information specific plots targets identity terrorists whether interrogation subjects guilty terrorist involvement sometimes extreme methods used


increase suggestibility sleep deprivation drugs methods may lead captives offer false information attempt stop treatment due confusion caused methods tolerated european powers european court human rights ruled ireland v united kingdom case methods amounted practice inhuman degrading treatment practices breach european convention human rights article art non military human security paradigm outlines non military approach aims


address enduring underlying inequalities fuel terrorist activity causal factors need delineated measures implemented allow equal access resources sustainability people activities empower citizens providing 'freedom fear' 'freedom want' take many forms including provision clean drinking water education vaccination programs provision food shelter protection violence military otherwise successful human security campaigns characterized participation diverse group actors including governments ngos citizens foreign internal defense programs provide outside expert assistance threatened


successful stopping preventing future terrorism malayan emergency mau mau uprising campaigns ira irish civil war plan border campaign ira troubles northern ireland although military action temporarily disrupt terrorist group 's operations temporarily sometimes end threat completely thus repression military particularly accompanied measures usually leads short term victories tend unsuccessful long run eg french 's doctrine described roger


trinquier 's book ''modern war'' ref name trinquier ref used indochina algeria however new methods see new ''counterinsurgency'' field manual ref name fm ref taken iraq yet seen beneficial ineffectual preparation police fire emergency medical response organizations prominent roles local firefighters emergency medical personnel often called first responders plans mitigating effects terrorist attacks however police may deal threats attacks target hardening whatever target terrorists multiple ways hardening targets prevent terrorists hitting


mark reducing damage attacks one method place hostile vehicle mitigation enforce protective standoff distance outside tall politically sensitive buildings prevent car truck bombing another way reduce impact attacks design buildings rapid evacuation aircraft cockpits kept locked flights reinforced doors pilots cabin capable opening uk railway stations removed rubbish bins response provisional ira threat convenient locations depositing bombs scottish stations removed july london bombings


precautionary measure massachusetts bay transportation authority purchased bomb resistant barriers september terrorist attacks iron dome air defense system intercepts artillery rockets fired terrorists onto israeli cities towns israel suffering constant shelling cities towns settlements artillery rockets gaza strip mainly hamas also palestinian factions lebanon mainly hezbollah israel developed several defensive measures artillery rockets missiles include building bomb shelter every building school also deploying active protection systems like arrow abm


attack wwi used tons chlorine industrial shipments chlorine widely used water purification chemical industry travel ton tank cars give one example north american electrical grid already demonstrated northeast blackout vulnerability natural disasters coupled inadequate possibly insecure scada supervisory control data acquisition networks part vulnerability due deregulation leading much interconnection grid designed occasional power selling utilities small number terrorists attacking critical power facilities one


engineers infiltrated power control centers could wreak havoc equipping likely targets containers ie bags pig lard utilized discourage attacks suicide bombers technique apparently used limited scale british authorities approach stems idea muslims perpetrating attack would want soiled lard moment dying idea suggested recently deterrent suicide bombings israel however actual effectiveness tactic probably limited sympathetic islamic scholar could issue


fatwa proclaiming suicide bomber would polluted swine products command control north america continents threatened completed terrorist attack incident command system ics apt invoked control various services may need involved response ics varied levels escalation might required multiple incidents given area eg bombings london madrid train bombings way national response plan invocation national level resources


needed example national response might required nuclear biological radiological significant chemical attack damage mitigation fire departments perhaps supplemented public works agencies utility providers eg gas water electricity heavy construction contractors apt deal physical consequences attack local security incident command model local police isolate incident area reducing confusion specialized police units conduct tactical operations terrorists often using specialized counter terrorist tactical units bringing units typically involve civil military authority


directly engage terrorists prevent terrorist attacks units perform preventive actions hostage rescue responding ongoing attacks countries sizes highly trained counter terrorist teams tactics techniques procedures manhunting constant development measures deal terrorist attacks affect area threaten far harder deal assassination even reprisals individuals due short warning time quick exfiltration assassins units specially trained tactics well equipped


cqb emphasis stealth performing mission minimal casualties units include take force assault teams snipers eod experts dog handlers intelligence officers see counter intelligence counter terrorism organizations national command intelligence incident mitigation majority counter terrorism operations tactical level conducted state federal national law enforcement agencies intelligence agencies countries military may called last resort obviously countries whose military legally permitted conduct police operations non issue counter terrorism operations conducted military


see counterintelligence command intelligence warning incident mitigation aspects counter terror examples actions counter terrorist actions th st centuries listed see list hostage crises extended list including hostage taking end violently class wikitable style font size caption representative hostage rescue operations caption valign top colspan incident main locale hostage nationality kidnappers br hijackers counter terrorist force width results valign top sabena flight tel aviv lod international airport israel mixed black september sayeret matkal passenger dead hijackers


capture pflp sayeret matkal sayeret tzanhanim sayeret golani hijackers ugandan troops hostages israeli soldier dead hostages rescued valign top lufthansa flight initially mediterranean sea south french coast subsequently mogadishu international airport somalia mixed pflp gsg special air service consultants hostage killed raid hijackers dead captured hostages rescued valign top casa circondariale di trani prison riot trani italy italian red brigades gruppo di intervento


speciale gis police officers rescued terrorists captured valign top iranian embassy siege london uk mostly iranian british democratic revolutionary movement liberation arabistan special air service hostage kidnappers dead captured hostages rescued sas operative received minor burns valign top garuda indonesia flight mueang airport bangkok thailand mostly indonesian europeans americans jihad command kopassus assault group rtaf securing perimeter hijackers killed kopassus operative killed action pilot fatally injured terrorist hostages


rescued valign top kidnapping general james l dozier padua italy american red brigades nucleo operativo centrale di sicurezza nocs hostage saved capture entire terrorist cell valign top turkish embassy attack lisbon portugal turkish armenian revolutionary army goe hijackers hostage police officer dead hostage police officer wounded valign top ''achille lauro'' hijacking ms ''achille lauro'' egyptian coast mixed palestine liberation organization us military italian special forces gruppo di intervento speciale turned


italy dead hijacking hijackers convicted italy valign top pudu prison siege pudu prison kuala lumpur malaysia two doctors prisoners special actions unit kidnappers captured hostages rescued valign top indian airlines flight hijacked delhi srinagar india passengers islamic terrorist mohammed yousuf shah national security guard hijackers killed hostages rescued air france flight marseille france mixed armed islamic group algeria gign hijackers killed hostages killed


raid hostages rescued valign top japanese embassy hostage crisis lima peru japanese guests pac amaru revolutionary movement peruvian military police mixed forces hostage rescuers kidnappers dead valign top mapenduma hostage crisis mapenduma indonesia mixed indonesians british dutch german kelly kwalik 's free papua movement opm group kopassus 's sat gultor ct group kostrad 's infantry battalion penerbad army aviation mixed forces kidnappers dead kidnappers captured hostages killed kidnappers hostages rescued army operatives killed


helicopter accident valign top sauk siege perak malaysia malaysian police officers soldier civilian al ma'unah grup gerak khas pasukan gerakan khas mixed forces hostages dead rescuers dead kidnapper dead kidnappers captured valign top pankisi gorge crisis pankisi gorge kakheti georgia georgians mixed al qaeda chechen rebels led ibn al khattab troops police officers repressing threats terrorism gorge valign top moscow theater hostage crisis moscow russia


mixed mostly russian special purpose islamic regiment spetsnaz hostages dead kidnappers dead hostages freed valign top beslan school siege beslan north ossetia alania russia russian riyad us saliheen mixed russian hostages dead hundreds wounded rescuers dead kidnappers killed captured valign top siege lal masjid islamabad pakistan pakistani students students tehrik taliban pakistan pakistan army rangers special service group militants killed militants captured students killed ssg killed ranger killed ssg wounded soldiers


wounded rangers wounded civilians killed valign top kirkuk hostage rescue kirkuk iraq turkman child islamic state iraq al qaeda puk 's kurdistan regional government 's counter terrorism group kidnappers arrested hostage rescued valign top operation jaque colombia mixed revolutionary armed forces colombia hostages released kidnappers captured valign top operations dawn gulf aden somalia mixed somalian piracy militants paskal mixed international forces negotiation finished hostages released rmn including paskal navy commandos


mixed international forces patrolling gulf aden festive period valign top mumbai attacks multiple locations mumbai city indian nationals foreign tourists ajmal qasab pakistani nationals affiliated laskar e taiba nsg commandos marine commandos army para commandos indian civilians foreigners police officers two nsg commandos killed attackers killed attacker captured injured valign top lahore attacks multiple locations lahore city pakistan lashkar e taiba police commandos army rangers battalion march sri lankan


cricket team attack members sri lankan cricket team injured pakistani police officers civilians killed march manawan police academy lahore attack gunmen police personnel civilians killed people injured gunmen captured br plaza cinema chowk attack police officers army officer unknown number civilians killed many people injured valign top operation dawn gulf aden gulf aden somalia koreans myanmar indonesian somalian piracy militants republic korea navy special warfare flotilla


maritime enforcement agency joint counter terrorism forces well philippine armed forces police officers including pgk commandos one soldier killed others wounded militants killed wounded captured hostages rescued civilians killed one wounded valign top isani flat siege isani district tbilisi georgia georgians chechen militants sus counter terror unit police special forces militants killed including akhmed chatayev one special forces officer killed skirmishes designing anti terrorism systems transparent garbage bin installed central station


sydney police check contents scope anti terrorism systems large physical terms long borders vast areas high traffic volumes busy cities etc well dimensions type degree terrorism threat political diplomatic ramifications legal issues environment development persistent anti terrorism protection system daunting task system bring together diverse state art technologies enable persistent intelligence surveillance reconnaissance missions enable potential actions designing system systems comprises major technological project particular design problem


system face many uncertainties future threat terrorism may increase decrease remain type terrorism location difficult predict technological uncertainties yet want design terrorism system conceived designed today order prevent acts terrorism decade potential solution incorporate engineering flexibility system design reason flexibility embedded exercised future uncertainty unfolds updated information arrives design valuation protection


system based single scenario array scenarios flexibility incorporated design terrorism system form options exercised future new information available using 'real options' create flexible anti terrorism system able cope new requirements may arise law enforcement police countries longstanding terrorism problems israel law enforcement agencies primarily designed prevent respond terror attacks nations counter terrorism relatively recent objective


civilian police law enforcement agencies ref name deflem deflem mathieu policing terrorism organizational global perspectives new york routledge ref civil libertarians criminal justice scholars called efforts law enforcement agencies combat terrorism futile expensive ref name helmscostanzajohnson ref threats civil liberties ref name helmscostanzajohnson scholars begun describing analyzing important dimensions policing terrorism important dimension counter terrorism especially post era argued police institutions view terrorism matter crime control ref name deflem analyses bring civilian


police role counter terrorism next military model 'war terror' american law enforcement fbi hostage rescue team agents pursuant passage homeland security act federal state local law enforcement agencies began systemically reorganize two primary federal agencies department justice doj department homeland security dhs house federal agencies prepared combat domestic international terrorist attacks include border patrol secret service coast guard fbi following suit federal changes pursuant however


state local law enforcement agencies began include commitment fighting terrorism mission statements local agencies began establish patterned lines communication federal agencies scholars doubted ability local police help war terror suggest limited manpower still best utilized engaging community targeting street crimes ref name helmscostanzajohnson counter terror measures notably heightened airport security immigrant profiling border patrol adapted last decade enhance counter terror law enforcement remarkable limitations assessing


actual utility effectiveness law enforcement practices ostensibly preventative thus sweeping changes counter terrorism rhetoric redefined american post law enforcement agencies theory hard assess well hyperbole translated practice intelligence led policing ilp efforts quantitatively amenable starting point measuring effectiveness policing strategy ie neighborhood watch gun abatement foot patrols etc usually assess total financial costs clearance rates arrest rates since terrorism rare event phenomena measuring arrests clearance rates would non generalizable ineffective way


test enforcement policy effectiveness another methodological problem assessing counter terrorism efforts law enforcement hinges finding operational measures key concepts study homeland security terrorism homeland security relatively new concepts criminologists academicians yet agree matter properly define ideas way accessible assault car french gign counter terrorism agencies sek members north rhine westphalia germany exercise military within military operational approaches counter terrorism falls category irregular warfare given nature


operational counter terrorism tasks national military organizations generally dedicated units whose sole responsibility prosecution tasks instead counter terrorism function element role allowing flexibility employment operations undertaken domestic international context cases legal framework within operate prohibits military units conducting operations domestic arena united states department defense policy based posse comitatus act forbids domestic counter terrorism operations us military units allocated operational counter terrorism task frequently special forces similar assets cases


military organisations operate domestic context form formal handover law enforcement community regularly required ensure adherence legislative framework limitations iranian embassy siege british police formally turned responsibility special air service situation went beyond police capabilities see also civilian casualty ratio counterinsurgency counter ied efforts counterjihad deradicalization explosive detection extrajudicial execution extraordinary rendition fatwa terrorism global initiative combat nuclear terrorism informant international counter terrorism operations russia irregular warfare manhunt law enforcement manhunt military preventive state security increase


sociology terrorism special activities division central intelligence agency targeted killing terrorism research center war amongst people references reading ariel merari terrorism strategy insurgency ''terrorism political violence'' vol winter pp nbsp edwin bakker tinka veldhuis http wwwicctnl news fear management approach counter terrorism ''a fear management approach counter terrorism'' international centre counter terrorism hague jm berger http icctnl wp content uploads j berger making cve work focused approach based process disruption pdf ''making cve work focused approach based process disruption'' international centre counter terrorism hague may janos besenyo https wwwceeolcom search article detailid low cost attacks unnoticeable plots overview economical character current terrorism


strategic impact romania issn eissn issue pp nbsp deflem mathieu https deflemblogspotcom responses terror policing counteringhtml responses terror policing countering terrorism modern age handbook collective violence current developments understanding eds ca ireland et al abingdon uk routledge deflem mathieu stephen chicoine https deflemblogspotcom terrorismpolicinghtml policing terrorism handbook social control edited mathieu deflem hoboken nj wiley blackwell deflem mathieu shannon mcdonough https deflemblogspotcom fearofcounterterrorismhtml fear counterterrorism surveillance civil liberties since society gagliano giuseppe ''agitazione sovversiva guerra psicologica e terrorismo'' uniservice books ishmael jones


''the human factor inside cia 's dysfunctional intelligence culture'' revised encounter books ivan arregu n toft tunnel end light critique us counter terrorist grand strategy ''cambridge review international affairs'' vol pp nbsp ivan arregu n toft lose war terror comparative analysis counterinsurgency success failure jan ngstr isabelle duyvesteyn eds ''understanding victory defeat contemporary war'' london frank cass james mitchell identifying potential terrorist targets study use convergence g whitepaper terrorism copyright g counterterrorism conference


total information awareness second edition '' switzerland springer international publishing teemu sinkkonen ''political responses terrorism'' acta universitatis tamperensis vandana asthana https webarchiveorg web http acdisillinoisedu publications publication cross border terrorism india counterterrorism strategies challengeshtml cross border terrorism india counterterrorism strategies challenges ''acdis occasional paper'' june program arms control disarmament international security acdis university illinois external links https stategov ct us bureau counterterrorism https wwwcounterterrorismpoliceuk uk counter terrorism policing https wwworderandsafetyorg public order safety international project combating crime terrorism law enforcement terrorism security national security public safety


bibliographies university library graz '''bibliography''' discipline traditionally academic study books physical cultural objects sense also known '''bibliology''' english author bibliographer john carter describes ''bibliography'' word two senses one list books study works consulted author '''enumerative bibliography''' one applicable collectors study books physical objects systematic description books objects '' 'descriptive bibliography''' etymology word


paradigm provided hj rland quantitative study bibliographies known bibliometrics today influential subfield lis used major collection decisions cancellation big deals data analysis tools like unpaywall journals branches carter barker describe bibliography twofold scholarly discipline organized listing books enumerative bibliography systematic description books physical objects descriptive bibliography two distinct concepts practices separate rationales serve differing purposes innovators originators field include w w greg fredson bowers philip


gaskell g thomas tanselle bowers refers enumerative bibliography procedure identifies books specific collections libraries specific discipline author printer period production refers descriptive bibliography systematic description book material physical artefact analytical bibliography cornerstone descriptive bibliography investigates printing physical features book yield evidence establishing book 's history transmission feather preliminary phase bibliographic description provides vocabulary principles techniques analysis descriptive


descriptive bibliography employs data analytical bibliography furnishes codifies view identifying ideal copy form book nearly represents printer 's initial conception intention printing addition viewing bibliographic study composed four interdependent approaches enumerative descriptive analytical textual bowers notes two subcategories research namely historical bibliography aesthetic bibliography historical bibliography involves investigation printing practices tools related documents aesthetic bibliography examines art designing type books often employed


analytical bibliographers f mckenzie extended previous notions bibliography set forth greg bowers gaskell tanselle describes nature bibliography discipline studies texts recorded forms processes transmission including production reception concept broadens scope bibliography include non book texts accounting material form structure well textual variations technical production processes bring sociocultural context effects play mckenzie 's perspective contextualizes textual objects artefacts sociological technical factors effect


production transmission ultimately ideal copy bibliography generally concerns material conditions books well texts designed edited printed circulated reprinted collected bibliographic works differ amount detail depending purpose generally divided two categories enumerative bibliography also called compilative reference systematic results overview publications particular category analytical critical bibliography studies production books earlier times bibliography mostly focused books categories bibliography cover works media including


audio recordings motion pictures videos graphic objects databases cd roms websites enumerative bibliography bibliographer workplace russia enumerative bibliography systematic list books works journal articles bibliographies range works cited lists end books articles complete independent publications notable example complete independent publication gow 's ''a e housman sketch together list classical papers'' separate works may bound volumes shown right computerized bibliographic databases library


catalog referred bibliography bibliographic nature bibliographical works almost always considered tertiary sources enumerative bibliographies based unifying principle creator subject date topic characteristic entry enumerative bibliography provides core elements text resource including title creator publication date place publication belanger distinguishes enumerative bibliography bibliographic forms descriptive bibliography analytical bibliography textual bibliography function record list rather describe source detail


usually contains creator article title journal title volume pages date publication bibliography may arranged author topic scheme annotated bibliographies give descriptions source useful author constructing paper argument descriptions usually sentences long provide summary source describe relevance reference management software may used keep track references generate bibliographies required bibliographies differ library catalogs including relevant items rather items present particular library however catalogs


following aspect given book material object format collation pagination statement conventional symbolic formula describes book block terms sheets folds quires signatures pages according bowers format book usually abbreviated collation formula broadsheet bs bs folio fol quarto q q octavo vo duodecimo mo sexto decimo mo tricesimo secundo mo sexagesimo quarto mo collation follows format statement order size


illustrations found book including printing process eg woodblock intaglio etc measurements locations text presswork miscellaneous details gleaned text production copies examined enumeration copies examined including copies' location ie belonging library collector analytical bibliography branch bibliographic discipline examines material features textual artefact type ink paper imposition format impressions states book essentially recreate conditions production analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence general printing practices trends format responses non responses


design etc scrutinize historical conventions influences underlying physical appearance text bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained investigation physical evidence form descriptive bibliography textual bibliography ref name new encyclop dia britannica macropaedia ref descriptive bibliography close examination cataloging text physical object recording size format binding textual bibliography textual criticism identifies variations aetiology variations text view determining establishment correct form text bowers bibliographers paul otlet working


books written particular subject present bibliography longer career generally speaking bibliographies tend written highly specific subjects specialists field term ''bibliographer'' sometimes particular subject bibliographer today used certain roles performed libraries bibliographic databases one first bibliographers conrad gessner sought list books printed latin greek hebrew ''bibliotheca universalis'' non book material systematic lists media books referred terms formed analogously ''bibliography'' discography recorded music filmography films webography


webliography websites arachniography term coined nasa research historian andrew j butrica means reference list urls particular subject equivalent bibliography book name derives ''arachne'' reference spider web ref name atlantic ref see also wikipedia notes references reading blum rudolf ''bibliographia inquiry definition designations'' dawson american library association bowers fredson ''principles bibliographical description'' oak knoll press duncan paul shaner ''how catalog rare book'' nd ed rev


american library association gaskell philip ''a new introduction bibliography'' oak knoll press mckerrow r b ''an introduction bibliography literary students'' oxford clarendon press schneider georg ''theory history bibliography'' new york scarecrow press national library canada committee bibliography information services social sciences humanities ''guidelines compilation bibliography'' national library canada ''nb'' brief guide accurately practical bibliography study concerning precise systematic bibliography robinson lewin ''systematic bibliography'' rev ed london clive bingley


external links http oxfordbibliographiesonlinecom oxford bibliographies online depth annotated bibliographies scholars selected fields http rarebookschoolorg wp content uploads syl b complete pdf introduction bibliography comprehensive syllabus g thomas tanselle http wwwbibsocamerorg bibliographical society america resource information current work field bibliography http bsuvaorg wordpress studies bibliography ''studies bibliography'' journal bibliographical society university virginia https webarchiveorg web http wwwunizares departamentos filologia inglesa garciala bibliographyhtml bibliography literary theory criticism philology university zaragoza includes thousands listings literary philological subjects book design book terminology textual scholarship


'''outdoor education''' organized learning takes place outdoors outdoor education programs sometimes involve residential journey wilderness based experiences students participate variety adventurous challenges outdoor activities hiking climbing canoeing ropes courses group games outdoor education draws upon philosophy theory practices experiential education environmental education group outward bound participants physical disabilities completing ropes course c scope outdoor education diverse goals practices always involves learning outdoors definitions outdoor education simply

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Outdoor education


defined ''experiential learning outdoors'' term 'outdoor education' however used broadly refer range organized activities take place variety ways predominantly outdoor environments common definitions outdoor education difficult achieve interpretations vary according culture philosophy local conditions ref name trunitynet outdoor recreation nd retrieved http wwwtrunitynet lifegermination topics view ref outdoor education often referred synonymous outdoor learning outdoor school forest schools wilderness education outdoor education often uses draws upon related elements informs related areas hallmark outdoor education


focus outdoor side education whereas adventure education would focus adventure side environmental education would focus environmental expeditionary education involves expeditions wilderness man visitor activities typically involve experiential education education outside classroom education outside classroom describes school curriculum learning class students sitting room teacher books encompasses biology field trips searching insects school garden well indoor activities like observing stock control local shop


visiting museum concept currently enjoying revival recognition benefits active style education skills committee house commons united kingdom reported brings history art life develops social skills clearly enhances geography science key policies place outdoor learning england scotland wales despite evidence supporting extension outdoor learning children number obstacles way one obstacles risk aversion amongst teachers parents


others raising reluctance diverse physical tasks journalist tim gill written parental institutional risk aversion affecting many activities children book fear another obstacle perceived high cost facilitating outdoor learning creating outdoor learning environment need n't cost great deal however uk early years framework stage outlines best practice early years teaching asserts outdoor learning effective adults focus children need able '' 'do''' rather children need '''have''' approach considers '''experiences'''


hundred years put little box called classroom' tallent also refers evidence number studies effective way learning participation calls educators make special effort create opportunities children participate learning aims typical aims outdoor education learn overcome adversity enhance personal social development develop deeper relationship nature raise attainment better teaching learning experiences outdoor education spans three domains self others natural world relative


emphasis three domains varies one program another outdoor education program example emphasize one aims teach outdoor survival skills improve problem solving skills reduce recidivism enhance teamwork develop leadership skills understand natural environments promote spirituality provide active first hand learning experience outdoor education often used means create deeper sense place people community sense place manifested understanding connection one area reside sense place important aspect


environmentalism well environmental justice makes importance sustaining particular ecosystem much personal individual history field trip school children outdoors listening man c us modern outdoor education owes beginnings separate initiatives organized camping evident late nineteenth century early twentieth century europe uk us australia new zealand scouting movement established uk robert baden powell employs non formal education emphasis practical outdoor activities first outward bound centre aberdyfi wales established


second world war forest schools denmark examples european programs similar aims objectives key outdoor education pioneers include kurt hahn german educator founded schools schule schloss salem germany united world colleges movement duke edinburgh award scheme emphasizes community service craftsmanship skills physical skill outdoor expeditions outward bound movement second half twentieth century saw rapid growth outdoor education sectors state voluntary commercial ever widening range client groups applications period


outward bound spread countries including us us based outdoor education programs include project adventure national outdoor leadership school nols project adventure focuses day use ropes courses nols uses outdoor setting train leaders outdoor programs settings including training every new us astronaut us naval academy association experiential education professional association experiential educators wilderness education association wea consortium college outdoor education programs standard curriculum based academic model


participants become aware part greater ecosystem bound social customs norms essence participants true able see others people regardless race class religion etc outdoor education also helps instill basic elements teamwork participants often need work together rely others many people high ropes course outdoor activity may stretch comfort zone cause challenge physically turn lead challenging oneself mentally roots


modern outdoor education found philosophical work comenius john dewey william james aldo leopold john locke john muir jean jacques rousseau henry david thoreau johann heinrich pestalozzi outward bound process model adapted walsh golins ref name walshgolins walsh v golins g l '' http wilderdomcom theory outwardboundprocessmodelhtml exploration outward bound process '' denver co colorado outward bound school ref foundational work philosophy outdoor education includes work kurt hahn willi unsoeld wide range social science specific outdoor education theories models applied effort better understand


outdoor education amongst key theoretical models concepts experiential education theories group development theories outward bound process model ref name walshgolins stress optimal arousal comfort zone psychological flow theories psychoevolutionary theory biophilia hypothesis around world outdoor education occurs one form another countries world however implemented differently depending cultural context countries example view outdoor education synonymous environmental education whilst countries treat outdoor education environmental education distinct modern forms outdoor education


prevalent uk us australia new zealand europe extent asia africa many outdoor education programs cancelled due covid pandemic '''the uk '''the english outdoor council umbrella body defines outdoor education way students teachers fully engaged lesson embracing outdoors eoc deems outdoor education providing depth curriculum makes important contribution students' physical personal social education uk learning landscapes champion use school grounds cost effective


easily accessible place learning play forest school also fashionable uk providing specialist approach personal development within wider context outdoor learning '''australia new zealand ''' throughout australia new zealand many school students undertake outdoor outdoor environmental education aust nz several outdoor education degrees vocational outdoor recreation programs teachers outdoor leaders completed studies many opportunities work schools private organisations various outdoor education centres either country outdoor education mandated part new zealand health


physical education one key areas learning te kete ipurungi https nzcurriculumtkiorgnz new zealand curriculum health physical education learning area structure australian curriculum assessment reporting authority support outdoor education australia developed curriculum documents support schools conduct outdoor education throughout country primarily learning areas science health physical education humanities acara https wwwaustraliancurriculumeduau resources curriculum connections '''canada ''' environmental education notably outdoor education canada seen outdoor camp residential programs school based programs commercial travel operations outdoor education canada based around hard technical skills often travel camping skills soft group skills


personal growth qualities blended one might say green warm skills complementary eco adventure focus adventures found whether one partaking environmental awareness team building workshops throughout canada many schools school programs ymca camps lean towards outdoor education especially summer months '''denmark ''' denmark known one environmentally conscious countries developed world one ways presents forest school system exists children taught woods using nature animals learn


basic environmental education well fundamental elementary education required '''finland ''' finnish schools term outdoor education represents teaching learning takes place outside classroom aim achieve goals national core curriculum basic education national core curriculum upper secondary schools upper secondary schools students aged theme sustainable development students encouraged pursue sustainable lifestyle take action sustainable development examine challenges sd vocational institutes offer secondary lever degree


nature environmental studies focusing mainly tourism experience industries humak university applied sciences offers bachelor 's degree adventure outdoor education english language programme focusing technical skills adventure sports pedagogy tourism entrepreneurship annually students taken programme addition humak university applied sciences offers updating education teachers persons active adventure sports open university applied sciences '''france ''' alain kerjean founded hors limites outward bound france adaptation adults active pedagogy introduces france apprentissage par


l'exp rience movement first latin country member network honnor president sas prince albert monaco founded two bodies association apprendre par l'exp rience youth sarl exp rientiel corporate alain kerjean develops outdoor education universities romania advises france training organizations wishing design programs based pedagogy books articles make available anglo saxon research publications subject french public '''spain ''' first major highly publicized outdoor learning project ruta quetzal launched assistance king juan carlos


heavily focused exploring cross atlantic hispanidad cultural links decades managed adventurer media celebrity miguel de la quadra salcedo project ongoing numerous similar though less ambitious schemes currently operational eg ''rumbo al sur'' annual tours africa managed tv reality show star telmo aldaz de la quadra salcedo research critical views much anecdotal evidence benefits outdoor education experiences teachers example often speak improvement relationships students following trip however hard evidence showing outdoor education demonstrable long term effect


behaviour educational achievement harder identify may part difficulty involved conducting studies separate effects outdoor education meaningful outcomes major meta analysis empirical studies indicated positive overall effect adventure education programs outcomes self concept leadership communication skills study also indicated appeared ongoing positive effects largest empirical study effects outdoor education programs mostly outward bound programs found small moderate short term positive impacts diverse range generic life skills


strongest outcomes longer expedition based programs motivated young adults partial long term retention gains adventure bun chris loynes suggested outdoor education increasingly entertainment park consumption experience paper entitled generative paradigm ref name loynes ref loynes also called increase creativity spontaneity vitality dialogues indicate need working outdoor education examine assumptions ensure work educational hovelynck peeters outdoor education found beneficial students find classroom learning challenging maynard waters


due non academic family background personal psychological trait attention deficit hyperactivity disorder german children forest kindergartens went primary school teachers observed significant improvement reading writing mathematics social interactions many areas ref name gorges gorges r http wwwwaldkigacom info docs wkg erstesschuljahrpdf waldkindergartenkinder im ersten schuljahr german ref yearlong study done group th th grade students learned outdoor education focus raising critical thinking skills students measure improvement critical thinking defined process purposeful self regulatory


judgment decision making problem solving capabilities included ability students interpret analyze evaluate infer explain self regulate researchers found th th graders scored higher control groups critical thinking significant amount using environment integrating context learning eic foundation substantial report found benefits learning outside classroom standardized measures academic achievement reading writing math science social studies reduced discipline problems increased enthusiasm learning pride accomplishments trends


several important trends changing circumstances outdoor education including climate change nature deficit disorder exercise trends fitness culture rationalization sociology standards based education reform see also activities abseiling adventure park backpacking camping canoeing geocaching kayaking nature study questing rafting rock climbing ropes course sail training snowboarding orienteering wayfinding slacklining associations american camp association association experiential education organizations learning landscapes uk based champions school grounds outdoor learning play duke edinburgh 's award award personal achievement including outdoor activities national outdoor leadership school boy scouts america youth leadership


county badge william hillcourt boy scout scoutmaster scouting professional authored many books articles scouting outdoor activities scout skills including first ''scout fieldbook'' three editions ''boy scout handbook'' bsa endeavored maintain outdoor orientation us boy scouting james kielsmeier outward bound instructor proponent experiential education service learning founder national youth leadership council center experiential education service learning university minnesota ernst killander soldier boy scout leader propagator orienteering richard louv journalist proponent nature awareness opponent termed


nature deficit disorder john p milton conducted life transformation journeys wilderness areas asia africa north america south america founder sacred passage way nature fellowship joshua lewis miner iii worked gordonstoun took kurt hahn 's ideas us co founder colorado outward bound school charles froelicher founder outward bound usa inspired use outdoor education peace corps ohiyesa charles alexander eastman north american indian yathi tribe dakota nation physician author worked closely ymca woodcraft indians ymca indian guides co founder boy scouts


america camp fire girls tony pammer canoeing instructor co founder ceo outdoor education group jerry pieh outward bound instructor school principal pioneered introduction outward bound methods mainstream school system father project adventure founded mary ladd smith robert lentz karl rohnke jim schoel others gave impetus adventure based counseling edgar munroe robinson ymca summer camp director set fledgling boy scouts america organization ernest thompson seton founded woodcraft indians woodcraft league inspiration major source baden powell 's ''scouting boys'' co founder


'''public history''' broad range activities undertaken people training discipline history generally working outside specialized academic settings public history practice deeply rooted areas historic preservation archival science oral history museum curatorship related fields field become increasingly professionalized united states canada since late common settings practice public history museums historic homes historic sites parks battlefields archives film television companies new medias


levels government definition incorporates wide range practices takes place many different settings public history proves resistant precisely defined several key elements often emerge discourse identify public historians focus history general public rather academics specialists use historical methods emphasis professional standards training practice emphasis usefulness historical knowledge way goes beyond purely academic antiquarian purposes aim deepen empower public 's connection knowledge


past elements expressed mission statement us based national council public history promote utility history society professional practice also present definition drafted ncph board stating public history movement methodology approach promotes collaborative study practice history practitioners embrace mission make special insights accessible useful public however draft definition prompted challenges h public listserv people field


radical element north american public history asked 'how much room progressive component public history movement' hilda kean paul ashton also discussed differences public history britain australia new zealand us arguing 'a rigid demarcation historians publics ' survey almost practitioners predominantly us showed substantial proportion almost one quarter respondents expressed reservations term whether applied work general embrace term ''public historian'' accept


boundaries field flexible juxtapositions public academic history cannot ignored causing complications defining capable altering define generally accepted history john tosh historian researched public history discusses productive discussions come oral history consisting people interviewed memory definition remains work progress subject continual evaluation practitioners' relationships different audiences goals political economic cultural settings example historian guy beiner criticized prevalent conception public history


body scholarship typified winners national council public history book award may also considered public history history public history many antecedents include history museums historical societies public private archives collections hereditary memorial associations preservation organizations historical heritage projects offices within government agencies depictions history popular culture kinds example historical fiction ludmilla jordanova also observed 'the state lies heart public history' linking public history rise nation


state english theologian william paley declared 'public history' 'register successes disappointments quarrels engage contentions power' late nineteenth early twentieth centuries distinct historical discipline formed within western universities effect gradually separating scholars practiced history professionally amateur public practitioners continued trained historians working public settings general retreat public engagement among professional historians middle decades twentieth century number


scholarship activist public oriented ways us severe shortage academic jobs historians led many consider careers outside academy time publicly funded efforts underway many western countries ranging national celebrations like united states bicentennial multiculturalist projects australia canada paralleled widespread public interest genealogy tracing folk family roots history related activities wake deindustrialization many industrial places governments also supported regeneration revitalization projects increasingly included use local history


culture attraction basis branding depressed area necessity inclination growing number people graduate training history found employment kinds non academic settings public policy decisions like passage us national historic preservation act canadian government 's addition historical researcher civil service category along rise cultural tourism increasing professionalization many museums historical societies spurred growth field us birth public


history field traced university california santa barbara robert kelley member history faculty obtained rockefeller foundation grant create graduate program train young historians public private sector careers kelley drew extensive experience consultant legal witness water litigation cases conceiving idea public history field right conferences scottsdale arizona montecito california helped catalyze new field launch professional journal


''the public historian'' founding national council public history served give public minded historians academy isolated practitioners outside sense shared set missions experiences methods public history canada followed similar trajectory many ways including experience academic jobs crisis importance government source employment public historians university waterloo created masters program public history defunct followed university


western ontario carleton university also us canadian public funding history heritage projects shrunk past two decades public historians increasingly accountable funders effectiveness work public history also exists identifiable field australia lesser extent europe places latin america public history finds highest expression brazil public history closely connected social history oral history brazilian public history network created responsible promoting publications


sponsoring events national international scope aimed foster creative cosmopolitan dialogue us canada many public projects involving historians interpretation history necessarily claim specific label public history international federation public history ifph fihp formed became international association elected steering committee january ifph also permanent internal commission international committee historical sciences ichs cish ifph seeks broaden international exchanges practice teaching public history


increasingly engaged public history matters recent years internet away specialized academic settings blogs podcasts vlogs participatory encyclopedias social medias often used reach better engage public prior publications traditional print medias books bulletins public interest family history genealogy much contributed reviving interest local regional broader continental history ancestry sharing social medias noteworthy large scale study history related tweets conducted analyzed different characteristics history related messages shared


online including mentioned entities time scope retweeting practices types included media examples national council public history 's robert kelley memorial award honors distinguished outstanding achievements individuals institutions non profit corporate entities made significant inroads making history relevant individual lives ordinary people outside academia recipients reflect broad mix scholarly governmental popular projects martin blatt northeastern university lonnie g bunch iii national museum african american history culture donald ritchie senate historical office janelle warren findley arizona state


university michael devine director harry truman library museum lindsey reed managing editor public historian richard allan baker united states senate historical office alan newell historical research associates inc dwight pitcaithley national park service government citizens tr ondek hwech first native peoples klondike university south carolina public history program debra bernhardt robert f wagner labor archives new york university otis lgraham jr university north carolina wilmington


sc phd public history arizona state university tempe arizona united states history concentration public history american university washington dc united states history concentration public history university massachusetts amherst amherst united states history concentration public history northeastern university boston united states public humanities brown university providence ri united states history concentration public history georgia southern university statesboro ga united states public history http wwwccsuedu history graduate publichistoryhtml central connecticut state university new britain connecticut united states public


history carleton university ottawa ontario canada public history university houston houston texas public history indiana university purdue university indianapolis indiana united states public history joint phd american history public history loyola university chicago chicago illinois united states public history university massachusetts amherst massachusetts united states public history department history royal holloway university london public history oral history community heritage university huddersfield united kingdom public history ruskin college oxford public history institute public understanding


past university york york united kingdom public history stephen f austin state university nacogdcohes texas public history temple university philadelphia pennsylvania united states public history texas state university san marcos texas united states phd public history university california santa barbara also joint phd program public history california state university sacramento public history university western ontario london ontario canada public history wright state university dayton ohio mphil public history cultural heritage trinity college dublin historical studies public


history track university maryland baltimore county baltimore md united states phd public history middle tennessee state university public history freie universit berlin germany phd public history university california riverside history concentration public history north dakota state university fargo north dakota united states history public history emphasis university missouri kansas city kansas city missouri united states applied public interdisciplinary history usable pasts https spbhseru en apphist higher school economics st petersburg public history university amsterdam amsterdam netherlands


public history pratiche nazionali e identit globale ''memoria e ricerca'' n may august pp nbsp together premessa per una federazione internazionale di public history pp nbsp serge noiret https public history weeklydegruytercom internationalizing public history ''internationalizing public history'' ''public history weekly'' vol sept irmgard z ndorf http docupediade zg zuendorf public history v en ''contemporary history public history'' ''docupedia zeitgeschichte'' march marko demantowsky public history ''public history school international perspectives'' de gruyter publishers boston berlin fields history museology history


'''neural engineering''' also known '''neuroengineering''' discipline within biomedical engineering uses engineering techniques understand repair replace enhance neural systems neural engineers uniquely qualified solve design problems interface living neural tissue non living constructs http iopscienceioporg article n pdf hetling overview field neural engineering draws fields computational neuroscience experimental neuroscience neurology electrical engineering signal processing living neural tissue encompasses elements robotics cybernetics computer engineering neural tissue engineering materials science nanotechnology prominent goals field include restoration augmentation human

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function via direct interactions nervous system artificial devices much current research focused understanding coding processing information sensory motor systems quantifying processing altered pathological state manipulated interactions artificial devices including brain computer interfaces neuroprosthetics research concentrates investigation experimentation including use neural implants connected external technology neurohydrodynamics division neural engineering focuses hydrodynamics neurological system history neural engineering relatively new field


information research relating comparatively limited although changing rapidly first journals specifically devoted neural engineering ''the journal neural engineering'' ''the journal neuroengineering rehabilitation'' emerged international conferences neural engineering held ieee since april may antalya turkey th conference neural engineering th international ieee embs conference neural engineering april may canc n mexico th conference san diego california november th conference held april


montpellier th conference held may shanghai fundamentals fundamentals behind neuroengineering involve relationship neurons neural networks nervous system functions quantifiable models aid development devices could interpret control signals produce purposeful responses neuroscience messages body uses influence thoughts senses movements survival directed nerve impulses transmitted across brain tissue rest body neurons basic functional unit nervous system highly specialized cells capable sending


signals operate high low level functions needed survival quality life neurons special electro chemical properties allow process information transmit information cells neuronal activity dependent upon neural membrane potential changes occur along across constant voltage known membrane potential normally maintained certain concentrations specific ions across neuronal membranes disruptions variations voltage create imbalance polarization across membrane depolarization membrane past threshold potential generates action


potential main source signal transmission known neurotransmission nervous system action potential results cascade ion flux across axonal membrane creating effective voltage spike train electrical signal transmit electrical changes cells signals generated electrical chemical magnetic optical forms stimuli influence flow charges thus voltage levels across neural membranes engineering engineers employ quantitative tools used understanding interacting complex neural systems


methods studying generating chemical electrical magnetic optical signals responsible extracellular field potentials synaptic transmission neural tissue aid researchers modulation neural system activity babb et al understand properties neural system activity engineers use signal processing techniques computational modeling eliasmith anderson process signals neural engineers must translate voltages across neural membranes corresponding code process known neural coding neural coding studies brain encodes simple commands form central pattern generators cpgs movement vectors cerebellar


internal model somatotopic maps understand movement sensory phenomena decoding signals realm neuroscience process neurons understand voltages transmitted transformations involve mechanisms signals certain form get interpreted translated another form engineers look mathematically model transformations eliasmith anderson variety methods used record voltage signals intracellular extracellular extracellular methods involve single unit recordings extracellular field potentials amperometry recently multielectrode