decisions motivating behavioral responses one 's others' moral behavior ref name pizarro b ref ref name haidt j p ref ref name tangney ref moral reasoning focus study morality dating way back plato aristotle emotive side morality historically looked upon disdain early moral psychology research ref name pizarro b however last years rise new front research moral emotions basis moral behavior ref name tangney development began focus empathy guilt since moved


encompass new scholarship emotions anger shame disgust awe elevation moralization moral conviction moralization term introduced moral psychology paul rozin refers process preferences converted values ref name rozin ref ref name rozin ref ref name rhee ref relatedly linda skitka colleagues introduced concept moral conviction refers strong absolute belief something right wrong moral immoral ref name skitka ref according skitka 's integrated theory moral conviction itmc attitudes held moral conviction known moral mandates differ strong non moral attitudes number

Social science
Psychology
Moral psychology


important ways namely moral mandates derive motivational force perceived universality perceived objectivity strong ties emotion perceived universality refers notion individuals experience moral mandates transcending persons cultures additionally regarded matters fact regarding association emotion itmc consistent jonathan haidt 's social intuitionist model stating moral judgments accompanied discrete moral emotions ie disgust shame guilt importantly skitka maintains moral mandates thing moral values whether issue associated moral conviction varies across persons one


main lines imtc research addresses behavioral implications moral mandates individuals prefer greater social physical distance attitudinally dissimilar others moral conviction high effect moral conviction could explained traditional measures attitude strength extremity centrality skitka bauman sargis placed participants either attitudinally heterogeneous homogenous groups discuss procedures regarding two morally mandated issues abortion capital punishment attitudinally heterogeneous groups demonstrated least amount goodwill towards group members least amount cooperation tension defensiveness furthermore individuals discussing


theory presented evolutionary debunking argument suggesting normative force moral intuitions undermined biological residue evolutionary history john doris discusses way social psychological experiments stanford prison experiments involving idea situationism call question key component virtue ethics idea individuals single environment independent moral character example shaun nichols examines empirical data psychopathology suggests moral rationalism false additionally research moral psychology used inform debates applied ethics around moral


ethics attachment make moral judgments london routledge external links http wwwmoralpsychologynet group moral psychology research group knobe nichols doris others ''stanford encyclopedia philosophy'' http platostanfordedu entries empathy empathy http platostanfordedu entries moral character moral character http platostanfordedu entries moral motivation moral motivation http platostanfordedu entries moral psych emp moral psychology empirical approaches http platostanfordedu entries moral responsibility moral responsibility ''internet encyclopedia philosophy'' http wwwieputmedu e ethicshtm sh b psychological issues metaethics http wwwieputmedu moral chhtm moral character http wwwieputmedu moraldevhtm moral development http wwwieputmedu r responsihtm responsibility ethics philosophy mind


name stoner clawson stoner rj jm clawson ''a high performance gravity insensitive enclosed aeroponic system food production space'' principal investigator nasa sbir nas ref sometimes considered type hydroponics since water used aeroponics transmit nutrients methods basic principle aeroponic growing grow plants suspended closed semi closed environment spraying plant 's dangling roots lower stem atomized sprayed nutrient rich water solution ref name stoner clawson leaves crown often called canopy extend roots plant separated


plant support structure often closed cell foam compressed around lower stem inserted opening aeroponic chamber decreases labor expense larger plants trellising used suspend weight vegetation fruit ideally environment kept free pests disease plants may grow healthier quickly plants grown medium however since aeroponic environments perfectly closed outside pests disease may still cause threat controlled environments advance plant development health growth flowering fruiting


given plant species cultivars due sensitivity root systems aeroponics often combined conventional hydroponics used emergency crop saver backup nutrition water supply aeroponic apparatus fails high pressure aeroponics defined delivering nutrients roots via micrometre mist heads using high pressure diaphragm pump benefits drawbacks many types plants grown aeroponically increased air exposure close first patented aeroponic plant support structure unrestricted support plant allows normal growth air moisture environment


still use today air cultures optimize access air successful plant growth materials devices hold support aeroponic grown plants must devoid disease pathogens distinction true aeroponic culture apparatus provides plant support features minimal minimal contact plant support structure allows maximal amount air reach plant long term aeroponic cultivation requires root systems free constraints surrounding stem root systems physical contact minimized hinder natural


growth root expansion access pure water air exchange disease free conditions ref name stoner clawson benefits oxygen root zone oxygen sub sub rhizosphere root zone necessary healthy plant growth aeroponics conducted air combined micro droplets water almost plant grow maturity air plentiful supply oxygen water nutrients growers favor aeroponic systems methods hydroponics increased aeration nutrient solution delivers oxygen plant roots stimulating growth helping prevent pathogen formation ref name stoner clawson clean


air supplies oxygen excellent purifier plants aeroponic environment natural growth occur plant must unrestricted access air plants must allowed grow natural manner successful physiological development natural growth plant restricted support structure risk damage plant thereby disease increases ref name stoner clawson researchers used aeroponics study effects root zone gas composition plant performance soffer burger soffer et al studied effects dissolved oxygen concentrations


formation adventitious roots termed aero hydroponics utilized tier hydro aero system three separate zones formed within root area ends roots submerged nutrient reservoir middle root section received nutrient mist upper portion mist results showed dissolved sub sub essential root formation went show three sub sub concentrations tested number roots root length always greater central misted section either submersed


section un misted section even lowest concentration misted section rooted successfully ref name stoner clawson benefits air co sub sub aeroponics may also involve managing levels air within system turn effects rate photosynthesis within plants growing artificial lights allows increased growth rates reliability comparison solar lighting used combination aeroponics ref name stoner clawson disease free cultivation aeroponics limit disease transmission since plant plant contact reduced spray pulse sterile case soil aggregate media


size crucial sustaining aeroponic growth large water droplet means less oxygen available root system fine water droplet generated ultrasonic mister produce excessive root hair without developing lateral root system sustained growth aeroponic system ref name stoner clawson mineralization ultrasonic transducers requires maintenance potential component failure also shortcoming metal spray jets misters restricted access water causes plant lose turgidity wilt advanced materials nasa funded research development new advanced


materials improve aeroponic reliability maintenance reduction also determined high pressure hydro atomized mist micrometres micro droplets necessary long term aeroponic growing long term growing mist system must significant pressure force mist dense root system repeatability key aeroponics includes hydro atomized droplet size degradation spray due mineralization mist heads inhibits delivery water nutrient solution leading environmental imbalance air culture environment special low mass polymer materials developed used eliminate mineralization next


analytical method barak et al went generate additional data specific cranberry diurnal variation nutrient uptake correlation ammonium uptake proton efflux relationship ion concentration uptake work shows promise aeroponics research tool nutrient uptake also opens possibilities monitoring plant health optimization crops grown closed environments atomization increases bioavailability nutrients consequently nutrient strength must significantly reduced leaf root burn develop note large


water droplets photo right caused feed cycle long pause cycle short either discourages lateral root growth root hair development plant growth fruiting times significantly shortened feed cycles short possible ideally roots never slightly damp overly dry typical feed pause cycle seconds followed minute pause however accumulator system incorporated cycle times reduced second minute pause


research tool soon development aeroponics took hold valuable research tool aeroponics offered researchers noninvasive way examine roots development new technology also allowed researchers larger number wider range experimental parameters use work ref name stoner vs stoner rj ''aeroponics versus bed hydroponic propagation'' florists' review vol ref ability precisely control root zone moisture levels amount water delivered makes aeroponics ideally suited study water stress k hubick evaluated aeroponics means produce consistent minimally


water stressed plants use drought flood physiology experiments aeroponics ideal tool study root morphology absence aggregates offers researchers easy access entire intact root structure without damage caused removal roots soils aggregates noted aeroponics produces normal root systems hydroponics terminology ''aeroponic growing'' refers plants grown air culture develop grow normal natural manner ref name stoner clawson ''aeroponic growth'' refers growth achieved air culture ''aeroponic system'' refers


hardware system components assembled sustain plants air culture ''aeroponic greenhouse'' refers climate controlled glass plastic structure equipment grow plants air mist environment ''aeroponic conditions'' refers air culture environmental parameters sustaining plant growth plant species ''aeroponic roots'' refers root system grown air culture types aeroponics low pressure units low pressure aeroponic gardens plant roots suspended reservoir nutrient solution inside channel connected reservoir low pressure pump delivers nutrient solution via jets ultrasonic


transducers drips drains back reservoir plants grow maturity units tend suffer dry sections root systems prevent adequate nutrient uptake units cost lack features purify nutrient solution adequately remove incontinuities debris unwanted pathogens units usually suitable bench top growing demonstrating principles aeroponics high pressure devices roots inside high pressure aeroponics system high pressure aeroponic techniques mist generated high pressure pump typically used cultivation high value crops


plant specimens offset high setup costs associated method horticulture high pressure aeroponics systems include technologies air water purification nutrient sterilization low mass polymers pressurized nutrient delivery systems commercial systems commercial aeroponic systems comprise high pressure device hardware biological systems biological systems matrix includes enhancements extended plant life crop maturation biological subsystems hardware components include effluent controls systems disease prevention pathogen resistance features precision timing nutrient solution pressurization heating cooling sensors thermal control solutions efficient photon flux light arrays spectrum filtration spanning fail safe sensors protection reduced


designed first aeroponics practice showed suitability plant cultivation w carter first researched air culture growing described method growing plants water vapor facilitate examination roots aeroponics used agriculture around globe ref name nasa spinoff nasa spinoff ''progressive plant growing business blooming'' environmental agricultural resources nasa spinoff pp ref lj klotz first discover vapor misted citrus plants facilitated research studies diseases citrus avocado roots


gf trowel grew apple trees spray culture ref name stoner vs f w went first coined air growing process aeroponics growing coffee plants tomatoes air suspended roots applying nutrient mist root section ref name stoner vs genesis machine gti genesis rooting system first commercially available aeroponic apparatus manufactured marketed gti known ''genesis machine'' taken movie star trek ii wrath khan ''genesis machine'' marketed genesis rooting system ref name stoner


rj stoner rj ''rooting air'' greenhouse grower vol ref gti 's device incorporated open loop water driven apparatus controlled microchip delivered high pressure hydro atomized nutrient spray inside aeroponic chamber ''genesis machine'' connected water faucet electrical outlet ref name stoner rj aeroponic propagation cloning gti 's apparatus cut away vegetative cutting propagated aeroponically achieved aeroponic culturing revolutionized cloning vegetative propagation cuttings plants numerous plants previously considered difficult impossible became easier propagate via stem cuttings aeroponics delicate hardwoods cacti


sensitive bacterial infection cuttings overall success propagation use aeroponics system creates highly aerated environment around root causes good root hair development soffer burger also root growth development due nutrients supplied plants aeroponics system santos fisher since roots grown rooting media minimizes risk plants getting infected root disease mehandru et al ref name mehandru p mehandru p n shekhawat k rai


v kataria h gehlot evaluation aeroponics clonal propagation caralluma edulis leptadenia reticulata tylophora indica three threatened medicinal asclepiads physiology molecular biology plants ref use aeroponic important helping propagate plants low rate success vegetative propagation plants important medicinal uses plants high demand create new cultivars certain plant species leptadenia reticulata important plant used medicines also low reproduction rate seed cuttings mehandru et al ref name mehandru p


advanced tissue culture technology cloned plants less time reduced numerous labor steps associated tissue culture techniques aeroponics could eliminate stage stage ii plantings soil bane tissue culture growers tissue culture plants must planted sterile media stage expanded eventual transfer sterile soil stage ii strong enough transplanted directly field soil besides labor intensive entire process tissue culture prone disease infection failure use aeroponics growers cloned transplanted air rooted plants


directly field soil aeroponic roots susceptible wilting leaf loss loss due transplant shock something hydroponics never overcome healthiness air rooted plants less likely infected pathogens ref name stoner vs rh root chamber gets degrees f fungus gnats algae anaerobic bacteria likely develop efforts gti ushered new era artificial life support plants capable growing naturally without use soil hydroponics gti received patent plastic aeroponic method


systems still operation today commercialization aeroponics eventually left laboratories entered commercial cultivation arena commercial aeroponic pioneer b briggs succeeded inducing roots hardwood cuttings air rooting briggs discovered air rooted cuttings tougher hardened formed soil concluded basic principle air rooting sound discovered air rooted trees could transplanted soil without suffering transplant shock setback normal growth transplant shock normally observed hydroponic transplants israel l nir developed patent aeroponic apparatus


using compressed low pressure air deliver nutrient solution suspended plants held styrofoam inside large metal containers summer british researcher john prewer carried series aeroponic experiments near newport isle wight uk lettuces variety tom thumb grown seed maturity days polyethylene film tubes made rigid pressurized air supplied ventilating fans equipment used convert water nutrient fog droplets supplied mee industries california association john prewer commercial grower isle wight


hardware interfaces biocontrols components commercial aeroponic crop production ref name stoner vs first commercial aeroponic greenhouse aeroponic food production stoner 's company gti first company manufacture market apply large scale closed loop aeroponic systems greenhouses commercial crop production ref name stoner clawson stoner rj jm clawson ''low mass inflatable aeroponic system high performance food production'' principal investigator nasa sbir nas ref ghe general hydroponics europe thought try introduce aeroponics hobby hydroponics market finally produced aerogarden system however could classed


'true' aeroponics aerogarden produced tiny droplets solution rather fine mist solution fine mist meant reproduce true amazon rain case product introduced market grower could broadly claim growing hydroponic produce aeroponically demand aeroponic growing hobby market established moreover thought ultimate hydroponic growing technique difference true aeroponic mist growing aeroponic droplet growing become blurred eyes many people end


nineties uk firm nutriculture encouraged enough industry talk trial true aeroponic growing although trials showed positive results compared traditional growing techniques nutrient film technique nft ebb flood drawbacks namely cost maintenance accomplish true mist aeroponics special pump used also presented scalability problems droplet aeroponics easier manufacture produced comparable results mist aeroponics nutriculture began development scalable easy use droplet aeroponic system trials found aeroponics ideal plant propagation plants


could propagated without medium could even grown end nutriculture acknowledged better results could achieved plant propagated branded x stream aeroponic propagator moved specially designed droplet aeroponic growing system amazon aeroponically grown food stoner became first person market fresh aeroponically grown food national grocery chain interviewed npr discussed importance water conservation features aeroponics modern agriculture space ref name nasa spinoff aeroponics space space plants nasa life support gap technology


untreated beans left tube biocontrol treated beans right tube returned mir space station aboard space shuttle september plants first taken earth 's orbit two separate missions sputnik discoverer review first years plant growth space see halstead scott former mission wheat pea maize spring onion nigella damascena seeds carried space latter mission chlorella pyrenoidosa cells brought orbit ref name nasa spinoff plant experiments later performed variety


bangladesh china joint soviet american missions including biosatellite ii biosatellite program skylab apollo soyuz sputnik vostok zond earliest research results showed effect low gravity orientation roots shoots halstead scott ref name nasa spinoff subsequent research went investigate effect low gravity plants organismic cellular subcellular levels organismic level example variety species including pine oat mung bean lettuce cress ''arabidopsis thaliana'' showed decreased seedling root shoot growth low gravity whereas lettuce grown


cosmos showed opposite effect growth space halstead scott mineral uptake seems also affected plants grown space example peas grown space exhibited increased levels phosphorus potassium decreased levels divalent cations calcium magnesium manganese zinc iron halstead scott biocontrols space nasa funded richard stoner research develop natural liquid biocontrol known organic disease control odc prevent plant diseases increase yields without nbsp use pesticides closed loop hydroponic systems stoner biocontrol


experiments conducted nasa bioserve space technologies gap technology miniature growth chambers delivered odc solution unto bean seeds triplicate odc experiments conducted gap flown mir space shuttle kennedy space center colorado state university j linden gaps housed total darkness eliminate light experiment variable nasa experiment study benefits biocontrol nasa 's enclosed environment bean experiments aboard mir space station shuttle confirmed odc elicited increased germination rate better sprouting increased growth natural plant disease


nasa investigates environmental biocontrols integrated system design example nasa advanced plant habitat apa operation iss since nbsp apa equipped sensors allows optimization plant growth health monitoring space decreasing reliance upon chemical additive biocontrols environmental controls sensors include lighting intensity spectrum photoperiod temperature co sub sub relative humidity irrigation well plant derived ethylene volatile organic compound voc scrubbing additionally apa equipped leaf temperature sensors root zone temperature root zone moisture sensors well oxygen concentration


meters environmental controls typically inhibit plant diseases two methods first method maintain environmental conditions directly impact inhibit diseases fungus pests example monitoring controlling environmental conditions temperature humidity risk botrytis infection leaves reduced nbsp environment conducive disease proliferation second method provide environmental conditions promote plant natural disease prevention mechanisms whereby indirectly inhibiting effects plant diseases method explored light experiments peppers example peppers grown blue light conditions


showed resilience powdery mildew aeroponics earth space nasa aeroponic lettuce seed germination day stoner received nasa funding develop high performance aeroponic system use earth space stoner demonstrated significantly increased growth rates dry biomass lettuce plants grown aeroponic systems compared cultivation techniques nasa subsequently utilized numerous aeroponic advancements developed stoner research conducted identify develop technologies rapid plant growth variety gravitational environments low gravity environments pose problems like effectively delivering water nutrients plants


recovering effluents food production space faces challenges including water handling minimization water use minimization systems weight food production planetary bodies like moon mars also require dealing reduced gravity environments different fluid dynamics present differing levels gravity major focus developing plant growth systems optimizing nutrient delivery systems number nutrient delivery methods currently utilized earth low gravity substrate dependent methods include traditional soil cultivation zeoponics agar nutrient loaded ion


operate low gravity aeroponics elimination substrates need large nutrient stockpiles reduce amount waste material needs processed life support systems removal need substrate also simplifies planting harvesting making automation easier decreases weight volume expendable materials eliminates potential pathogen transmission pathway advantages demonstrate potential aeroponic production microgravity efficient production food outer space ref name stoner clawson nasa inflatable aeroponics nasa funded development inflatable low mass aeroponic system ais


space earth high performance food production ais self contained self supporting inflatable aeroponic crop production system capable controlling nutrient mist delivery plant roots inflatable structure ais lightweight deflated take less volume transportation storage current iteration ais improved upon previous design used rigid structures expensive manufacture transport ref name stoner clawson earth expensive materials transportation may hinder economic feasibility aeroponic systems commercial growers however obstacles become magnified considering payload mass space transportation


due mass volume restraints nasa developed specialized materials inflatable habitats structures withstand space environment aramid like materials currently used develop bigelow aerospace expandible habitats one bigelow expandable activity modules successfully tested space benefits aeroponics earth space nasa aeroponic lettuce seed germination day aeroponics possesses many characteristics make effective efficient means growing plants less nutrient solution throughout nasa aeroponic lettuce seed germination day plants grown using aeroponics spend time air


throughput corresponds reduced buffer volume significantly lighten weight needed maintain plant growth addition volume effluent plants also reduced aeroponics reducing amount water needs treated reuse relatively low solution volumes used aeroponics coupled minimal amount time roots exposed hydro atomized mist minimizes root root contact spread pathogens plants greater control plant environment nasa aeroponic lettuce seed germination close root zone environment day aeroponics allows control


environment around root zone unlike plant growth systems plant roots constantly surrounded medium example hydroponics roots constantly immersed water improved nutrient feeding variety different nutrient solutions administered root zone using aeroponics without needing flush solution matrix roots previously immersed elevated level control would useful researching effect varied regimen nutrient application roots plant species interest


similar manner aeroponics allows greater range growth conditions nutrient delivery systems interval duration nutrient spray example finely attuned needs specific plant species aerial tissue subjected completely different environment roots user friendly design aeroponic system allows ease working plants results separation plants fact plants suspended air roots entrapped


kind matrix consequently harvesting individual plants quite simple straightforward likewise removal plant may infected type pathogen easily accomplished without risk uprooting contaminating nearby plants cost effective close aeroponically grown corn roots inside aeroponic air culture apparatus aeroponic systems cost effective systems reduced volume solution throughput discussed less water fewer nutrients needed system given time compared nutrient delivery systems need


substrates also eliminated need many moving parts use seed stocks aeroponics deleterious effects seed stocks infected pathogens minimized discussed due separation plants lack shared growth matrix addition due enclosed controlled environment aeroponics ideal growth system grow seed stocks pathogen free enclosing growth chamber addition isolation plants discussed helps


patented aeroponic technology operating largest indoor vertical farm world based annual growing capacity newark new jersey using aeroponic technology farm able produce sell two million pounds pesticide free leafy greens per year aeroponic bio pharming aeroponically grown biopharma corn aeroponic bio pharming used grow pharmaceutical medicine inside plants technology allows completed containment allow effluents products biopharma crops remain inside closed loop facility recently gmo research south dakota state university dr neil reese applied


institute biotechnology vietnam national university agriculture joint efforts stoner established postgraduate doctoral program aeroponics university 's agrobiotech research center direction professor nguyen quang thach using aeroponic laboratories advance vietnam 's minituber potato production certified seed potato production aeroponic potato explants day insertion aeroponic system hanoi historical significance aeroponics first time nation specifically called aeroponics agricultural sector stimulate farm economic goals meet increased demands improve food quality


increase production shown aeroponics form agricultural technology significantly improve vietnam 's potato production little tillable land aeroponics makes complete economic sense us attested thach aeroponic greenhouse potato minituber product hanoi vietnam joined world trade organization wto january aeroponic integration vietnamese agriculture begins producing low cost certified disease free organic minitubers turn supplies local farmers field plantings seed potatoes commercial potatoes potato farmers benefit aeroponics seed potatoes disease free


grown without pesticides importantly vietnamese farmer lower cost operation increase yields says thach ref name nasa spinoff see also aerial root plant nutrition references external links http wwwnasagov vision earth technologies aeroponic plantshtml nasa web site aeroponic plants http sbirgsfcnasagov sbir successes ss texthtml nasa web site aeroponic high performance food production http sbirgsfcnasagov sbir abstracts sbir phase sbir html nasa web site low mass aeroponics https webarchiveorg web http wwwsaeorg technical papers examining aeroponics spaceflight plant growth https webarchiveorg web http blogsnasagov cm blog letters posts post html astronaut pettit grows zucchini iss expedition http wwwbusinessweekcom articles aerofarms plans aeroponic farm newark grow leafy greens aerofarms paywall https wwwaerogardencom aerogarden home aeroponic plant growing system agricultural soil science horticultural techniques hydroculture nasa spin technologies


'''supramolecular chemistry''' refers area chemistry concerning chemical systems composed discrete number molecules strength forces responsible spatial organization system range weak intermolecular forces electrostatic charge hydrogen bonding strong covalent bonding provided electronic coupling strength remains small relative energy parameters component whereas traditional chemistry concentrates covalent bond supramolecular chemistry examines weaker reversible non covalent interactions molecules forces include hydrogen bonding metal coordination hydrophobic forces van der waals forces pi pi interactions electrostatic effects important concepts advanced

Natural science
Chemistry
Supramolecular chemistry


supramolecular chemistry include molecular self assembly molecular folding molecular recognition host guest chemistry mechanically interlocked molecular architectures dynamic covalent chemistry study non covalent interactions crucial understanding many biological processes rely forces structure function biological systems often inspiration supramolecular research gallery gallery file supramolecular assembly lehnjpg self assembly circular double helicate cucurbituril gyroscope angewcheminted v p hirespng host guest complex within another host cucurbituril rotaxane crystal structure eurjorgchem page year png mechanically interlocked molecules rotaxane host guest complex porphyrin sanders angewchemintedengl jpg example host guest chemistry cucurbit uril actacrystallb stru jpg host guest complex


micelles microemulsions eventually chemists able take concepts apply synthetic systems breakthrough came synthesis crown ethers charles j pedersen following work researchers donald j cram jean marie lehn fritz v gtle became active synthesizing shape ion selective receptors throughout research area gathered rapid pace concepts mechanically interlocked molecular architectures emerging importance supramolecular chemistry established nobel prize chemistry awarded donald j cram


jean marie lehn charles j pedersen recognition work area development selective host guest complexes particular host molecule recognizes selectively binds certain guest cited important contribution supramolecular chemistry became even sophisticated researchers james fraser stoddart developing molecular machinery highly complex self assembled structures itamar willner developing sensors methods electronic biological interfacing period electrochemical photochemical motifs became integrated supramolecular systems order increase functionality research synthetic self replicating system began


low bond energy results shift towards breaking supramolecular complexes higher temperatures however low temperatures also problematic supramolecular processes supramolecular chemistry require molecules distort thermodynamically disfavored conformations eg slipping synthesis rotaxanes may include covalent chemistry goes along supramolecular addition dynamic nature supramolecular chemistry utilized many systems eg molecular mechanics cooling system would slow processes thus thermodynamics important tool design control study supramolecular chemistry perhaps striking example


warm blooded biological systems entirely cease operate outside narrow temperature range environment molecular environment around supramolecular system also prime importance operation stability many solvents strong hydrogen bonding electrostatic charge transfer capabilities therefore able become involved complex equilibria system even breaking complexes completely reason choice solvent critical concepts ribosome biological machine utilizes protein dynamics nanoscales molecular self assembly molecular self assembly construction systems without guidance management outside source


guest arbitrary molecules able identify using non covalent interactions key applications field construction molecular sensors catalysis template directed synthesis molecular recognition self assembly may used reactive species order pre organize system chemical reaction form one covalent bonds may considered special case supramolecular catalysis non covalent bonds reactants template hold reactive sites reactants close together facilitating desired chemistry technique particularly useful situations desired reaction conformation


thermodynamically kinetically unlikely preparation large macrocycles pre organization also serves purposes minimizing side reactions lowering activation energy reaction producing desired stereochemistry reaction taken place template may remain place forcibly removed may automatically decomplexed account different recognition properties reaction product template may simple single metal ion may extremely complex mechanically interlocked molecular architectures mechanically interlocked molecular architectures consist molecules linked consequence


functional building blocks able use build larger functional architectures many exist whole families similar units analog exact desired properties chosen synthetic recognition motifs pi pi charge transfer interactions bipyridinium dioxyarenes diaminoarenes used extensively construction mechanically interlocked systems crystal engineering use crown ether binding metal ammonium cations ubiquitous supramolecular chemistry formation carboxylic acid dimers simple hydrogen bonding interactions complexation bipyridines terpyridines


ruthenium silver metal ions great utility construction complex architectures many individual molecules complexation porphyrins phthalocyanines around metal ions gives access catalytic photochemical electrochemical properties addition complexation units used great deal nature macrocycles macrocycles useful supramolecular chemistry provide whole cavities completely surround guest molecules may chemically modified fine tune properties cyclodextrins calixarenes cucurbiturils crown ethers readily synthesized large quantities therefore convenient use


supramolecular systems complex cyclophanes cryptands synthesised provide tailored recognition properties supramolecular metallocycles macrocyclic aggregates metal ions ring often formed angular linear modules common metallocycle shapes types applications include triangles squares pentagons bearing functional groups connect pieces via self assembly ref name lin ref metallacrowns metallomacrocycles generated via similar self assembly approach fused chelate rings structural units many supramolecular systems require components suitable spacing conformations relative therefore easily employed structural units required commonly used spacers


connecting groups include polyether chains biphenyls triphenyls simple alkyl chains chemistry creating connecting units well understood nanoparticles nanorods fullerenes dendrimers offer nanometer sized structure encapsulation units surfaces used scaffolds construction complex systems also interfacing electrochemical systems electrodes regular surfaces used construction self assembled monolayers multilayers understanding intermolecular interactions solids undergone major renaissance via inputs different experimental computational methods last decade includes high pressure studies solids


situ crystallization compounds liquids room temperature along utilization electron density analysis crystal structure prediction dft calculations solid state enable quantitative understanding nature energetics topological properties associated interactions crystals ref name dchopra title understanding intermolecular interactions solid state approaches techniques edited dr dchopra rsc year ref photo chemically electro chemically active units porphyrins phthalocyanines highly tunable photochemical electrochemical activity well potential form complexes photochromic photoisomerizable groups


change shapes properties including binding properties upon exposure light tetrathiafulvalene ttf quinones multiple stable oxidation states therefore used redox reactions electrochemistry units benzidine derivatives viologens fullerenes useful supramolecular electrochemical devices biologically derived units extremely strong complexation avidin biotin instrumental blood clotting used recognition motif construct synthetic systems binding enzymes cofactors used route produce modified enzymes electrically contacted enzymes even photoswitchable enzymes dna


used structural functional unit synthetic supramolecular systems applications materials technology supramolecular chemistry found many applications particular molecular self assembly processes applied development new materials large structures readily accessed using bottom synthesis composed small molecules requiring fewer steps synthesize thus bottom approaches nanotechnology based supramolecular chemistry many smart materials based molecular recognition catalysis major application supramolecular chemistry design understanding catalysts catalysis non covalent interactions extremely important


catalysis binding reactants conformations suitable reaction lowering transition state energy reaction template directed synthesis special case supramolecular catalysis encapsulation systems micelles dendrimers cavitands also used catalysis create microenvironments suitable reactions steps reactions progress possible use macroscopic scale medicine design based supramolecular chemistry led numerous applications creation functional biomaterials therapeutics supramolecular biomaterials afford number modular generalizable platforms tunable mechanical chemical biological properties include systems


based supramolecular assembly peptides host guest macrocycles high affinity hydrogen bonding metal ligand interactions supramolecular approach used extensively create artificial ion channels transport sodium potassium ions cells supramolecular chemistry also important development new pharmaceutical therapies understanding interactions drug binding site area drug delivery also made critical advances result supramolecular chemistry providing encapsulation targeted release mechanisms addition supramolecular systems designed disrupt protein protein interactions important cellular function data


storage processing supramolecular chemistry used demonstrate computation functions molecular scale many cases photonic chemical signals used components electrical interfacing units also shown supramolecular signal transduction devices data storage accomplished use molecular switches photochromic photoisomerizable units electrochromic redox switchable units even molecular motion synthetic molecular logic gates demonstrated conceptual level even full scale computations achieved semi synthetic dna computers see also organic chemistry nanotechnology references external links


audiological exam '''audiology''' latin hear greek '' logia'' branch science studies hearing balance related disorders audiologists treat hearing loss proactively prevent related damage employing various testing strategies eg behavioral hearing tests otoacoustic emission measurements electrophysiologic tests audiologists aim determine whether someone normal sensitivity sounds hearing loss identified audiologists determine portions hearing high middle low frequencies affected degree severity loss lesion causing hearing loss found outer ear middle ear

Applied science
Medicine and health
Audiology


inner ear auditory nerve central nervous system audiologist determines hearing loss vestibular abnormality present provide recommendations interventions rehabilitation eg hearing aids cochlear implants appropriate medical referrals addition diagnosing audiologic vestibular pathologies audiologists also specialize rehabilitation tinnitus hyperacusis misophonia auditory processing disorders cochlear implant use hearing aid use audiologists provide hearing health care birth end life audiologist audiologist health care professional specializing identifying diagnosing treating monitoring disorders auditory vestibular systems audiologists trained


diagnose manage treat hearing tinnitus balance problems dispense manage rehabilitate hearing aids assess candidacy map cochlear implants counsel families new diagnosis hearing loss infants help teach coping compensation skills late deafened adults also help design implement personal industrial hearing safety programs newborn hearing screening programs school hearing screening programs provide special custom fitted ear plugs hearing protection devices help prevent hearing loss audiologists trained evaluate peripheral vestibular disorders originating pathologies vestibular portion


inner ear also provide treatment certain vestibular balance disorders benign paroxysmal positional vertigo bppv addition many audiologists work auditory acoustic scientists research capacity audiologists trained anatomy physiology hearing aids cochlear implants electrophysiology acoustics psychophysics psychoacoustics neurology vestibular function assessment balance disorders counseling communication options sign language audiologists may also run neonatal hearing screening program made compulsory many hospitals us uk india audiologist usually graduates one following qualifications bsc


training sounded like method teaching people wiggle ears first us university course audiologists offered carhart northwestern university audiology born interdisciplinary collaboration substantial prevalence hearing loss observed veteran population world war ii inspired creation field known today international society audiology isa founded facilitate knowledge protection rehabilitation human hearing serve advocate profession hearing impaired throughout world


promotes interactions among national societies associations organizations similar missions organization biannual world congresses publication scientific peer reviewed international journal audiology offering support world health organization 's efforts towards addressing needs hearing impaired deaf community requirements australia australia audiologists must hold master audiology master clinical audiology master audiology studies alternatively bachelor 's degree overseas certified vetassess although audiologists australia required member professional body audiology graduates


undergo clinical training program internship leading accreditation audiology australia auda australian college audiology acaud involves supervised practice professional development typically lasts one year provide rehabilitative services eligible pensioners war veterans children young adults age part hearing services program audiologist must hold qualified practitioner qp number sought first obtaining accreditation brazil brazil audiology training part speech pathology audiology undergraduate four year courses university paulo


first university offer bachelor 's degree started operations federal level recognition educational programs profession speech pathologist audiologist took place december signed president jo figueiredo law terms ''audiology'' ''audiologist'' tracked brazilian publications since work audiologists brazil described canada canada masters science msc minimum requirement practice audiology country profession regulated new brunswick quebec ontario manitoba saskatchewan


alberta british columbia illegal practice without registered full member appropriate provincial regulatory body bangladesh bsc hons audiology speech language pathology required india practice audiology professionals need either bachelor 's master 's degree audiology registered rehabilitation council india rci malaysia three malaysian educational institutions offer degrees audiology united kingdom currently five routes becoming registered audiologist fdsc hearing aid audiology bsc audiology msc audiology fast track conversion diploma


bsc another relevant science subject available southampton manchester ucl london edinburgh bsc hons clinical physiology audiology available glasgow caledonian university applicants must nhs employees united states united states audiologists regulated state licensure registration states district columbia starting doctor audiology aud became entry level degree clinical practice states states expected follow requirement soon longer professional programs audiology offer master 's degree minimum requirements


aud degree include minimum semester hours post baccalaureate study meeting prescribed competencies passing national exam offered praxis series educational testing service practicum experience equivalent minimum months full time supervised experience states continuing education renewal requirements must met stay licensed audiologists also earn certificate american speech language hearing association seek board certification american board audiology aba currently aud programs united states past audiologists typically held


master 's degree appropriate healthcare license however profession began transition doctoral level minimum requirement united states starting audiologists required receive doctoral degree aud phd audiology accredited university graduate professional program practicing states require licensing audiologists may also carry national board certification american board audiology certificate clinical competence audiology ccc american speech language hearing association pakistan pakistan master 's doctoral degree audiology required


practice profession medical degree must come recognised institute government otherwise person n't get license practice audiology pakistan medical dental council pmdc issues practicing license medical students besides person provides medical instruments doctors also certificate accreditation issued pakistan national accreditation council pnac portugal exercise audiologist profession portugal necessarily imply qualifications degree audiology legally equivalent defined decree law august article south


africa south africa currently five institutions offering training audiology institutions offer different qualifications make one eligible practicing audiology south africa qualifications follows b audiology ii bsc audiology iii b communication pathology audiology iv b speech language pathology audiology bslp practicing audiologists required registered health professional council south africa hpcsa see also audiology hearing health professionals developed developing countries auditory brainstem response abr auditory agnosia auditory processing disorder auditory verbal agnosia audiometrist audiometry balance disorder bone anchored


association community organizations reform protest richir '''community organizing''' process people live proximity share common problem come together organization acts shared self interest unlike promote consensual community building community organizers generally assume social change necessarily involves conflict social struggle order generate collective power powerless community organizing core goal generation ' 'durable'' power organization representing community allowing influence key decision makers range issues time

Social science
Social work
Community practice
Community organizing


organizations quickly seek inform others outside organization issues addressed expose pressure decision makers variety means including picketing boycotting sit ins petitioning electoral politics organizing groups often seek issues know generate controversy conflict allows draw educate participants build commitment establish reputation advancing local justice community organizers generally seek build groups democratic governance open accessible community members concerned general health specific interest group rather community


whole addition community organizing seeks broadly empower community membersthrough mobilizing efforts ref name ref end goal distributing power resources ref name ref equally community members external political social figures power ref name ref adapting goal community empowerment organizers recognize uneven distribution material social ref name resources ref name within society root cause community 's issues ref name process creating empowerment starts admitting power gaps resource inequalities exist society affects individual 's personal life ref name though community


organizers share goal community empowerment community organizing defined understood variety ways ref name ref different approaches community organizing include feminist organizing ref name ref however feminist organizing sometimes lean away conflictual vision organizing point may belong category faith based community organizing fbco brings together religious institutions industrial areas foundation iaf edward chambers deeply informed work ernesto cortes developed document originally drafted dick harmon classic early


community council ref name ref chicago many organizations developed shel trapp national people 's action including cleveland ref name ref good examples house meetings series house meetings held community leading community congress form organization approach developed fred ross community service organization cso good example similar approach used cesar chavez organizer cso united farm workers organic approach problems located across


particular community people organized around problems locally leaders brought together larger organization northwest community organization chicago developed tom gaudette early extent current iowa citizens community improvement examples approach coalition building national peoples action good example called people 's action focus local issues relationships members individual groups generally prioritize relatively local community interests focusing local issues ref name ref name however coalition efforts like people 's


action recently umbrella groups like faith action gamaliel foundation well centralized national organizations like acorn tried pull multiple local groups together around regional national issues different approaches mixed matched also damage core logic approach example one point group organizers started doorknock people house meetings got people meetings eliminated key goal fred ross developed approach discovering house meeting hosts going


good reliable leaders attempt build general community organizing practice model ties different types community organizing together despite differences ref name scholars shane r brady mary katherine connor construct starting point general practice model ref name model defines community organizing field practice ref name however model depends existing practice models adapted different types community organizing ref name example fbcos many grassroots organizing models use social action approach ref name ref name ref built


work saul alinsky contrast feminist organizing follows community building approach ''' ref name '''which emphasizes raising consciousness support community empowerment ref name grassroots action protest fracking balcombe uk grassroots organizing distinctive bottom approach organizing ref name grassroots organizers build community groups scratch developing new leadership none existed organizing unorganized type organizing uses process people collectively act interest communities common good ref name according scholar brian christens grassroots organizing


focuses building maintaining interpersonal relationships community members ref name ref building social relationships allow community members build collaborative skills deliberative skills handle conflict strengthen civil engagement ref name networks community organizations employ method support local organizing groups include national people 's action acorn although efforts grassroots organizing significant marginalized communities specifically popular among marginalized communities color ref name ref name door knocking grassroots organizations like acorn organize poor working class members recruiting members one one community go door door


able reach beyond established organizations churched bring together wide range less privileged people fbcos tended organize middle class people institutional membership generally drawn mainline denominations acorn tended stress importance constant action order maintain commitment less rooted group participants acorn neighborhood based groups like organization better austin reputation forceful faith based fbco groups part needed continually act keep non institutionalized members engaged


participate directly election activities contributions tax exempt limitations grassroots organizing grassroots organizing vulnerable dependent support powerful people goals easily thwarted grassroots organizing focuses building relationships within community scholars note grassroots community organizing passive depoliticizing ref name approach building community empowerment aim specific political social goal ref name words building relationships always directly confront institutions though might challenge individual 's views one one conversations


individuals community ref name feminist community organizing feminist organizing also known women community organizing community organizing feminist motivation ref name goals feminist organizing include increasing women 's employment opportunities improving women 's physical mental well ref name raising consciousness ref name organizers prioritize raising consciousness women understand personal struggles interconnected societal inequalities ref name ref name women participated grassroots organizing ref name ref name characteristics feminism distinguish feminist organizing forms grassroots organizing ref name ref


name community building feminist organizing feminists want break racial gendered boundaries ref name ref name promote unity among women ref name feminist organizing focuses building relationships within community ref name ref name seeing relationships prerequisite raising consciousness ref name type organizing called community building approach ref name opposite social action alinsky approach focus challenging social political inequalities impact community ref name ref name community building approach depends participation collaboration


community organizers community members ref name ref name eliminates power difference organizer participants ref name therefore community building approach supports belief power rests community community empowerment process building power ref name scholars catherine p bradshaw et al states feminist organizers believe power quantifiable power created rather distributed ref name hierarchical relationship organizer participant broken also facilitating decision making among community members rather community leaders ref name build


relationships among community members feminist organizers encourage sharing personal experiences ref name feminist organizers believe forms sense interconnectedness trust among community members important community organizing process ref name ref name shift community building also caused external forces rather feminist organizer motivations rising neoliberal agenda caused many community organizers shift community building approach ref name limitations feminist organizing feminists argue feminist community organizing disregard racial capability diversity among women ref name ref name ref ref name


process pushing unity among women feminist organizers inclined disregard benefits diversity ref name economist marilyn power uses term homogenous category highlight problem masking racial diversity sociologist akwugo emejulu uses concept essentialism reducing women gender stereotypes highlight capabilities limitation ref name though feminist organizers' intentions recognize women 's diversity unity ref name concerned vision unity eclipses diverse reality ref name ref studies speculate limitations caused feminism emergence


eurocentric perspective ref name ref name historically european american feminists delegitimize racial difference women ref name ref name ref name addition european american feminists delegitimize women follow traditional gender norms influenced white domestic middle class womanhood ref name ref name currently feminist organizing focuses addressing gender inequalities means problems women follow impacted gender norms addressed ref name feminist organizing becomes counterproductive follow gender norms ref name psychologist lorraine gutierrez claims feminist organizing disregards problems


larger scope gender norms ref name negatively impacts women empowerment diversity motivates women mobilize ref name faith based cecil williams hotel protest january faith based community organizing fbco also known congregation based community organizing methodology developing power relationships throughout community institutions today mostly congregations also include unions neighborhood associations groups progressive centrist fbco organizations join together around basic values derived common aspects faith instead around strict dogmas


least fbcos us well south africa england germany nations local fbco organizations often linked organizing networks industrial areas foundation gamaliel foundation pico national network direct action research training center dart united states starting bush administration launched department promote community organizing included faith based organizing well community groups fbcos tend mostly middle class participants congregations involved generally mainline protestant catholic although middle class mean different things white communities communities


color lead class tensions within organizations holiness pentecostal related denominations often storefront churches mostly poor working class members tend join fbcos focus faith works among issues fbcos increasingly expanded outside impoverished areas churches middle class professionals predominate effort expand power contest inequality organization organizations approach fbcos organize large numbers members relatively small number organizers generally better paid professionalized door knocking groups like


acorn fbcos focus long term development culture common language organizing development relational ties members stable fallow periods grassroots groups continuing existence member churches fbcos c organizations contributions tax exempt result conduct campaigns issues cannot promote election specific individuals broad based broad based organizations intentionally recruit member institutions secular religious congregations synagogues temples mosques joined public schools non profits labor professional


associations organizations industrial areas foundation explicitly broad based dues based dues based membership allows iaf organizations maintain independence organizations politically non partisan pursue accept government funding broad based organizations aim teach institutional leaders build relationships trust across racial faith economic geographic lines individual face face meetings goals include internally strengthening member institutions developing skills capacities leaders creating vehicle ordinary families participate political process industrial areas foundation sees university public


life teaching citizens democratic process fullest sense power versus protest community organizing groups often engage protest actions designed force powerful groups respond demands protest one aspect activity organizing groups extent groups' actions generate sense larger community power often able engage influence powerful groups dialogue backed history successful protest based campaigns similar way unions gain recognition representatives workers particular business


however term community organizing generally refers progressive organizations evidenced example reaction community organizing us presidential election republicans conservatives online offline fundraising organizing groups often struggle find resources rarely receive funding government since activities often seek contest government policies foundations others usually fund service activities generally n't understand organizing groups shy away contentious approaches constituency progressive centrist organizing groups largely low


middle income generally unable support dues search resources organizing groups accepted funding direct service activities past noted frequently led groups drop conflictual organizing activities part threatened funding service arms recent studies shown however funding community organizing produce large returns investment community benefits needmor funding according needmor fund study new mexico north carolina


long term plan particular campaign mobilized groups dissolve durable power built '''advocacy ''' advocates generally speak others deemed often incorrectly unable represent interests due disability inherent complexity venue courts hospitals factors community organizing emphasizes virtue affected speak '''social movement building ''' broad social movement often encompasses diverse collections individual activists local national organizations advocacy groups multiple often conflicting spokespersons held together relatively common aims


common organizational structure community organizing group might ''part'' movement movements generally dissolve motivating issue addressed although organizations created movements continue shift focuses '''legal action ''' lawyers often quite important engaged social action problem comes social action strategy designed primarily around lawsuit lawyers take center stage push grassroots struggle background short circuiting development collective power capacity examples community organizing groups legal strategies


worked together well however including williams v california lawsuit inequality k education '''direct service ''' americans today often equate civic engagement direct service organizing groups usually avoid actually providing services today however history indicates organizing collective power often left behind powerful groups often threaten service wings organizing groups effort prevent collective action nonprofit sector many organizations used community organizing lost focus shift service '''community development ''' consensual community development efforts


improve communities range strategies usually directed educated professionals working government policy non profit business organizations community organizing community development projects increasingly include community participation component often seek empower residents impoverished areas skills collaboration job training among others however community development generally assumes groups individuals work together collaboratively without significant conflict struggles power solve community challenges one currently popular form asset based community development seeks existing community strengths relationship community organizing community


development however one nuance total difference much community development literature practice similar community organizing see example international community development journal certainly since community development practitioners influenced structural analyses inequity power distribution '''nonpartisan dialogues community problems ''' range efforts create opportunities people meet together engage dialogue community problems like community organizing effort contexts like generally open diverse range opinions


consensus may reached study circle example however beyond dialogue also happens inside organizing groups focus generating collective singular voice order gain power resources organization 's members well constituents broader community power gained exerted community organizing also coercion applied legal illegal physical economic means applied banks syndicates corporations governments institutions rather organizing makes use voluntary efforts community 's members acting jointly achieve


economic benefit opposed commercial ventures gains result community organizing automatically accrue persons similar circumstances necessarily members eg residents geographic area similar socioeconomic status persons conditions circumstances common benefit gains organizing effort may include workers benefit campaign affecting industry example persons disabilities benefit gains made legal economic eligibility status history united states robert fisher peter


together large numbers men women fight rights insure decent way life'' ''a people 's organization dedicated eternal war war poverty misery delinquency disease injustice hopelessness despair unhappiness basically issues nations gone war almost every generation war intellectual debate war social evils rules fair play'' ''a people 's organization lives world hard reality lives midst smashing forces


dashing struggles sweeping cross currents ripping passions conflict confusion seeming chaos hot cold squalor drama people prosaically refer life students describe society '' support roman catholic bishop bernard james sheil chicago sun times publisher marshall field alinsky founded industrial areas foundation iaf mandate national community organizing network partner religious congregations civic organizations build broad based organizations could train local leadership promote trust across community divides alinsky died edward chambers became


iaf 's executive director hundreds professional community labor organizers thousands community labor leaders trained workshops ref name dickmeister fred ross worked alinsky principal mentor cesar chavez dolores huerta organizations following tradition congregation based community organizing pioneered iaf include pico national network gamaliel foundation brooklyn ecumenical cooperatives founded former iaf trainer richard harmon direct action research training center dart ref name dickmeister ref present march washington jobs freedom new left beginning students


democratic society tried hand community organizing critical conceived alinsky 's dead end local activism dispiriting reality however much might talk transforming system building alternative institutions revolutionary potential credibility doorstep rested ability secure concessions therefore develop relations local power structures community organizing appeared trap radical activists politics adjustment beginning new left groups vacated store front offices nonetheless civil rights


movement anti war protest ethnic mobilizations women 's liberation struggle gay rights influenced influenced ideas neighborhood organizing experience federal anti poverty programs upheavals cities produced thoughtful response among activists theorists early informed activities organizations strategies movements end century less dramatically civic association neighborhood block clubs formed across country foster community spirit civic duty well provide social outlet loss urban communities decades emergence ongoing


organizing groups rooted one remaining broad based community institutions shift also led increased focus relationships among religion faith social struggle emergence national organizing support organizations collection training support organizations national coalitions mostly locally governed mostly fbco community organizing groups founded alinsky tradition industrial areas foundation first created alinsky key organizations include acorn pico national network direct action research training center gamaliel foundation


role organizer organizations professionalized extent resources sought organizer could long term career relatively brief mostly unfunded interlude training provided national umbrella organizations helps local volunteer leaders learn common language organizing seeking expand skills organizers examples community organizers many notable leaders community organizing today emerged national welfare rights organization john calkins dart wade rathke acorn john dodds philadelphia unemployment project


mark splain afl cio among others many notable community organizers decades mark andersen ella baker heather booth c sar ch vez lois gibbs mother jones martin luther king jr ralph nader huey p newton barack obama paul wellstone youth organizing recently come emergence youth organizing groups around country groups use neo alinsky strategies also usually providing social sometimes material support less privileged youth groups created directed youth former youth organizers presidential election prior entry


politics president barack obama worked organizer gamaliel foundation fbco organization chicago marshall ganz former lieutenant c sar ch vez adapted techniques community organizing obama 's presidential election republican national convention former new york city mayor rudolph giuliani questioned obama 's role community organizer asking crowd community organizer actually answered resounding applause seconded vice presidential nominee alaska governor sarah palin stated experience mayor wasilla alaska sort like


community organizer except actual responsibilities response progressives congressman steve cohen tn liberal pundit donna brazile started saying jesus community organizer pontius pilate governor phrase produced bumper stickers elsewhere pontius pilate roman prefect ordered execution jesus obama 's election campaign organization obama america became organizing america placed auspices democratic national committee dnc organizing america sought advance president 's legislative agenda played important role


building grassroots support affordable health care act election ofa went another transition called organizing action c organization focuses training people community organizers working local national progressive issues climate change immigration reform marriage equality history united kingdom tcc trefnu cymunedol cymru together creating communities https wwwtcc walesorguk tcc trefnu cymunedol cymru together creating communities oldest community organising group uk founded tcc institutional membership organisation members include community groups faith


groups schools across north east wales wrexham flintshire denbighshire broad based alliance tcc brings communities together action local regional national issues tcc remarkable community organising area operation includes diverse geographical region including many rural areas notably based city tcc success number campaigns last years includes getting several employers including welsh assembly pay living wage improving muslim women 's access leisure facilities making wales world 's first fairtrade


actively engage democracy decision making holding regular accountability meetings ahead elections building ongoing relationships power holders community organisers co programme conservative liberal democrat coalition government pledged part commitment big society train new generation community organisers co programme policy aim sat alongside number policy objectives including localism act designed give new powers communities take great control neighbourhoods services assets cabinet office commissioned ipsos mori


nef consulting conduct evaluation co programme evaluation work began october main report published december summarises final assessment programme community organisers expansion programme coep march http wwwcorganisersorguk community organisers secured major contract office civil society part department culture media sport dcms expand movement community organisers programme embeds community organising part fabric neighbourhoods across england equips local people


body community organisers england delivering accredited training community organisers also established national academy community organising provide training support people community organising uk national academy community organising national academy community organising naco provides quality assured training qualification courses community organising network affiliated local hubs community organising known social action hubs organisations deliver courses currently social action hubs across england locally rooted organisations committed community organising train


support people develop understanding practice community organising get involved social action social action hub unique works way ignite social change community organising however social acton hubs quality assured community organisers offer training courses london citizens london citizens began life east london telco east london communities organisation subsequently expanding south london west london north london london citizens dues paying institutional membership schools churches mosques


working home office department lunar house impact lives refugees migrants resulted building visitor centre citizens uk citizens uk promoting community organising uk since established profession community organiser guild community organisers teaching disciplines strategy politics neil jameson executive director citizens uk founded organisation training industrial areas foundation usa citizens uk formerly citizens organising foundation established citizens groups liverpool north wales


black country sheffield bristol milton keynes london london citizens' forerunner telco formed milton keynes citizens began others brief glorious start lasting roughly years cof unable finance longer manchester changemakers formed independent citizens uk citizens uk campaigns citizens uk general election assembly may citizens uk held general election assembly methodist central hall westminster people member institutions world media present event three days election


wage city baltimore passed first living wage law usa changed working living conditions baltimore 's low wage service workers established example cities usa london campaign launched london citizens largest civil alliance citizens uk network living wage campaign calls every worker country earn enough provide family essentials life launched london citizens campaign persuaded employers pay


companies intelligence accreditation also moderates hourly rate applicable living wage outside london people 's olympic legacy london announced would bid host city olympic games london citizens used power gain lasting legacy londoners billions spent following hundreds one one meetings listening campaign across member institutions london citizens signed historic agreement london bid team set stone precisely people east london could expect


return support hosting olympic games people 's promises known demanded permanently affordable homes local people community land trust mutual home ownership money olympic development set aside improve local schools health service university east london main higher education beneficiary sports legacy consider becoming sports centre excellence least set aside immediately construction academy train local people least jobs set aside local people


lower lea valley designated 'living wage zone' jobs guaranteed living wage olympic delivery authority london organising committee olympic games olympic legacy company work london citizens ensure promises delivered independent asylum commission citizens uk set independent asylum commission order investigate widespread concern way refugees asylum seekers treated uk border agency uk visas immigration report made series recommendations change still negotiated


acorns traditional door knocking approach organise transient private sector tenants group also combined local direct action member defence actions including eviction resistances picketing rogue landlords letting agents larger regional national campaigns housing rights example winning regional local authority support including standards ethical lettings charter regional west england rental standard persuading santander bank drop buy let mortgage clause requiring landlords raise rents also worked alongside generation rent register mobilise renters vote general election living rent


state market determine values democratic society genuine public discourse concerning justice common good problems global banking system large part arose light touch regulation meant underlying moral system market left devices disastrous consequences global economy intermediate institutions community organising works organises people money institutions potential engage public discourse common good


institutions mediate family state faith organisations cooperatives schools trades unions universities voluntary agencies community organising builds institutions permanent citizens membership alliances work together identify issues agree ways introducing solutions community organising teaches art non partisan democratic politics community organising brings together diverse institutions normally work together sometimes referred broad based community organising community organising starts recognition change come communities come together compel public authorities businesses


respond needs ordinary people identifies trains leaders diverse communities bringing together voice needs organises campaigns ensure needs met answer organise people places regular contact neighbours faith institutions workplaces educational establishments experience practising broad based community organising across uk confirmed us threads connected individual family family community community wider society fraying


danger breaking altogether believe strands connections alliances vital healthy democracy building blocks vibrant civil society believe building power fundamentally reciprocal parties influenced mutual respect develops power influence seek tempered religious teachings moral values exercised fluid ever changing relationship fellow leaders allies adversaries value seek operate public sphere believe uk public life


occupied celebrities politicians also people seeking part action institute community organising citizens uk set institute community organising ico part centre civil society established response growing demands training ico first operating division centre established offer series training opportunities wish make community organising full part time career also community leaders wish learn broad


philosophy skills community organising position put practice institutions neighbourhoods institute provides training consultancy commercial basis agencies wish employ skills techniques community organising institutions ico academic advisory board international professional advisory body drawn global network community organising institutes uk citizens uk usa industrial areas foundation germany dico labour party labour party set community organising unit focus


organising communities groups employees helping campaign local workplace issues history australia chogm protest gnangarra since active discussion community organizing begun sydney community organizing school held currawong involving unions community organizations religious organizations amanda tattersall union community organizer approached unions nsw sponsor initial stages new community organizing coalition called sydney alliance coalition launched september organisations supporting establishment community organizing coalitions across


country international development bartlett ranking bgd one alinsky 's associates presbyterian minister herbert white became missionary south korea philippines brought alinsky 's ideas books materials helped start community organization manila slum tondo concepts community organizing spread many local ngo activists groups philippines filipino community organizers melded alinsky 's ideas concepts liberation theology pro poor theological movement developing world philosophy brazilian educationalist paulo freire found community organizing


well suited method work among poor martial law era dictator ferdinand marcos unlike communist guerrillas community organizers quietly worked encourage critical thinking status quo facilitate organization support solving concrete collective problems community organizing thus able lay groundwork people power revolution nonviolently pushed marcos power concepts community organizing filtered many international organizations way promoting participation communities social economic political change developing countries


schutz mike miller eds ''people power saul alinsky tradition community organizing'' nashville vanderbilt university press aaron schutz marie g sandy ''collective action social change introduction community organizing'' new york palgrave macmillan edward chambers ''roots radicals'' new york continuum dennis shirley ''community organizing urban school reform'' austin university texas press shel trapp ''dynamics organizing building power developing human spirit'' self published available national training information center review https webarchiveorg web http wwwnhiorg online issues trappreviewhtml peter szynka ''theoretische und empirischen grundlagen des community organizing bei


coordinating committee grassroots organizing inside http comm orgwiscedu comm org line conference community organizing development includes archives original research links organizations resources ongoing listserv https webarchiveorg web http wwwidealistorg resource guides guide organizing introhtml idealistorg organizing guide description community organizing community organizers good links information http wwwtenantnet organize lenox lh titlehtml maria mottola tenant organizing manual david walls http wwwsonomaedu users w wallsd community organizingshtml power people thirty five years community organizing shel trapp http wwwtenantnet organize orgbashtml basics organizing marshall ganz https webarchiveorg web http isitesharvardedu icb icbdokeyword k pageid icbpage online organizing course ganz developed organizing strategy obama 's presidential campaign http wwwhartford hwpcom archives html history community organizing philippines


https wwwgovuk government uploads system uploads attachment data file building big society pdf building big society https wwwgovuk government uploads system uploads attachment data file pdf plain english guide localism act published november https wwwgovuk government uploads system uploads attachment data file community organisers programme evaluationpdf evaluation community organisers programme england ipsos mori december organizing


member international society krishna consciousness proselytising streets moscow russia '''new religious movement''' '''nrm''' also known '''new religion''' '''alternative spirituality''' religious spiritual group modern origins peripheral society 's dominant religious culture nrms novel origin part wider religion case distinct pre existing denominations nrms deal challenges modernizing world poses embracing individualism nrms deal embracing tightly

Humanities
Theology
New Religious Movements


knit collective means scholars estimated nrms number tens thousands worldwide members living asia africa nrms members thousands members million members ref name barker eileen barker new religious movements incidence significance ''new religious movements challenge response'' bryan wilson jamie cresswell editors routledge ref single agreed upon criterion defining new religious movement debate term new


interpreted context one perspective designate religion recent origins large well established religions like christianity judaism islam hinduism buddhism alternate perspective new mean religion recent formation scholars view end second world war defining time others look far back middle th century founding latter day saint movement ref name siegler tenrikyo new


religions often faced hostile reception established religious organisations various secular institutions western nations secular anti cult movement christian countercult movement emerged oppose emergent groups distinct field new religions studies developed within academic study religion several scholarly organisations peer reviewed journals devoted subject religious studies scholars contextualize rise nrms modernity relating product answer modern processes secularization globalization detraditionalization fragmentation reflexivity individualization history parliament


world 's religions latter day saint movement founded joseph smith one largest new religious movements terms membership japan marks beginning tenrikyo b bism established iran bah faith founded bah 'u 'll h donghak later cheondoism founded choi jae woo korea later ignited donghak peasant revolution ref name yao ref ahmadiyya islamic branch founded mirza ghulam ahmad unity church first new thought


denomination founded united states ref name siegler elijah siegler ''new religious movements'' prentice hall ref ref name ebonline ref first parliament world 's religions held chicago ref name mcrae ref conference included nrms time spiritualism bah faith christian science latter represented founder mary baker eddy henry harris jessup addressed meeting first mention bah faith united states also attending soyen shaku first american ancestor zen ref name ford ref therav da buddhist preacher anagarika dharmapala jain preacher virchand


nrms called ufo religions combine belief extraterrestrial life traditional religious principles ref name james r lewis ed james r lewis ed ''the gods landed new religions worlds'' albany state university new york press p ref paul twitchell founded eckankar nrm derived partially sant mat international society krishna consciousness founded united states ac bhaktivedanta swami prabhupada anton lavey founded church satan beatles' visit maharishi mahesh yogi india brought public attention


transcendental meditation movement ref name van den berg ref ref name corder ref practitioners falun gong perform spiritual exercises guangzhou china late decline communism revolutions opened new opportunities nrms falun gong first taught publicly northeast china li hongzhi first accepted chinese government million practitioners china july government started view movement threat began attempts eradicate st century many nrms using


internet give information recruit members sometimes hold online meetings rituals ref name siegler sometimes referred cybersectarianism sabina magliocco professor anthropology folklore california state university northridge discussed growing popularity new religious movements internet j gordon melton executive director institute study american religions university california santa barbara told ''the new york times'' new religious movements emerge year united states religious scholar elijah siegler said


though nrm become dominant faith country many concepts first introduced often referred new age ideas become part worldwide mainstream culture ref name siegler beliefs practices rasta man wearing symbols religious identity barbados noted barker nrms cannot lumped together differ one another many issues virtually generalisation made nrms applies every single group barrett noting generalizations tend helpful studying nrms melton expressed view


single characteristic set characteristics new religions share even newness bryan wilson wrote chief among miss directed assertions tendency speak new religious movements differed little one another tendency lump altogether indiscriminately attribute characteristics fact valid one two nrms often claim exist crucial place time space scriptures nrms unique scriptures others


nrms particularly forms occultism prescribed system courses grades members progress celibacy nrms promote celibacy state voluntarily unmarried sexually abstinent including shakers recent nrms inspired hindu traditions see lifelong commitment others including unification church stage spiritual development buddhist nrms celibacy practiced mostly older women become nuns people join nrms practice celibacy rite passage order move beyond previous


worldwide congregation ac bhaktivedanta swami prabhupada founder international society krishna consciousness appointed western gurus act initiating gurus continue direct organisation ref name isbn ref ref name isbn ref ref name isbn ref however according british scholar religion gavin flood many problems followed appointment movement since veered away investing absolute authority fallible human teachers ref name flood ref membership demographics nrms typically consist largely first generation believers thus often younger average membership mainstream religious congregations nrms formed groups split


pre existing religious group members grow older many children brought within nrm third world nrms often appeal poor oppressed sectors society within western countries likely appeal members middle upper middle classes barrett stating new religions uk us largely attract white middle class late teens twenties exceptions rastafari movement nation islam primarily attracted disadvantaged black youth western countries popular


'alternative' religions ''los angeles times'' ref joining convert nrm typically believe gaining benefit life come many forms increasing sense freedom release drug dependency feeling self respect direction many left nrms report gained experience various reasons individual would join remain part nrm including push pull factors according marc galanter professor psychiatry


nyu typical reasons people join nrms include search community spiritual quest sociologists stark bainbridge discussing process people join new religious groups questioned utility concept ''conversion'' suggesting ''affiliation'' useful concept popular explanation people join new religious movements brainwashed subject mind control nrm explanation provides rationale deprogramming process members nrms illegally kidnapped individuals attempt convince reject


beliefs professional deprogrammers therefore financial interest promoting brainwashing explanation academic research however demonstrated brainwashing techniques simply exist leaving many members nrms leave groups free retain friends within movement leave religious community unhappy time spent part leaving nrm pose number difficulties may result abandon daily framework previously adhered


academics studying phenomena study new religions unified topic interest rather methodology therefore interdisciplinary nature sizeable body scholarly literature new religions published produced social scientists among disciplines nrs utilises anthropology history psychology religious studies sociology approaches sociology played particularly prominent role development field resulting initially confined largely narrow array sociological questions came change later scholarship began


apply theories methods initially developed examining mainstream religions study new ones research directed toward new religions attract public controversy less controversial nrms tend subject less scholarly research also noted scholars new religions often avoid researching certain movements scholars backgrounds study feminist spirituality movement usually examined scholars women 's studies african american new religions scholars africana studies native american new religions scholars native american studies definitions terminology rainbow


gathering bosnia j gordon melton argued new religious movements defined way dominant religious secular forces within given society treat according nrms constituted religious groups found perspective dominant religious community west almost always form christianity different unacceptably different barker cautioned melton 's approach arguing negating newness new religious movements raises problems fact nrms new explains many


key characteristics display george chryssides favors simple definition nrm organization founded within past years cannot easily classified within one world main religious traditions scholars religion olav hammer mikael rothstein argued new religions young religions result inherently different mainstream established religious movements differences two greatly exaggerated media popular perceptions melton stated nrms offshoots older religious groups tended resemble


parent groups far resembled one question faces scholars religion new religious movement ceases new noted barker first century christianity new seventh century islam new eighteenth century methodism new nineteenth century seventh day adventists christadelphians jehovah 's witnesses new twenty first century unification church iskcon scientology beginning look old nrms strongly counter cultural 'alternative' society appear others far


similar society 's established traditional religions generally christian denominations seen new religious movements nevertheless church jesus christ latter day saints jehovah 's witnesses christian science shakers studied nrms situation jewish religious movements reform judaism newer divisions named among nrm also problems use religion within term new religious movements various groups particularly active within new age milieu many traits common different nrms emphasise personal development humanistic psychology


clearly religious nature since least early sociologists religion used term new religious movement order avoid pejorative undertones terms like cult sect words used different ways different groups instance nineteenth century onward number sociologists used terms cult sect specific ways sociologist ernst troeltsch instance differentiated churches sect claiming former term apply groups stretch across social strata sects typically


contain converts socially disadvantaged sectors society term cult used reference devotion dedication particular person place instance within roman catholic church devotion mary mother jesus usually termed cult mary also used non religious contexts refer fandoms devoted television shows like ''the prisoner'' ''the x files'' ''buffy vampire slayer'' united states people began use cult pejorative manner refer spiritualism christian science commonly used instance sensationalist


tabloid articles term cult continues pejorative associations term new religions calque japanese term developed describe proliferation japanese new religions years following second world war japan term translated used several american authors including jacob needleman describe range groups appeared san francisco bay area term amongst others adopted western scholars alternative cult ref name gallagher eugene v gallagher eugene v compared 'cults' 'new religious movements'


history religions ref however new religious movements failed gain widespread public usage manner cult terms employed many nrms alternative religion alternative spirituality something used convey difference groups established mainstream religious movements time evading problem posed groups particularly new era called cult wars led cult watching groups efforts anti cult movement condensed moral panic around concept cults public fears around


satanism particular came known distinct phenomenon satanic panic consequently scholars eileen barker james richardson timothy miller catherine wessinger argued term cult become laden negative connotations advocated dropping use academia number alternatives term new religious movement used scholars include alternative religious movements miller emergent religions ellwood marginal religious movements harper le beau ref name referencea paul j olson ''the public perception cults new religious movements '' journal scientific study religion mar vol


ananda marga group violence also administered state iran followers bah faith faced persecution ahmadiyya faced similar violence pakistan since persecution falun gong china severe ref name orgharv david kilgour david matas july revised january http organharvestinvestigationnet independent investigation allegations organ harvesting falun gong practitioners china languages organharvestinvestigationnet ref ref name amnesty ref ethan gutmann interviewed witnesses estimated falun gong practitioners killed organs ref


name jay jay nordlinger august http wwwnationalreviewcom sites default files nordlinger gutmann html face slaughter slaughter mass killings organ harvesting china secret solution dissident problem ethan gutmann ''national review'' ref ref name viv viv young august http wwwnyjournalofbookscom book review slaughter mass killings organ harvesting slaughter mass killings organ harvesting china secret solution dissident problem ''new york journal books'' ref ref name slaughter ethan gutmann august https wwwamazoncom slaughter killings harvesting dissident dp x slaughter mass killings organ harvesting china secret solution dissident problem average number falun gong laogai system given time low estimate high estimate p best estimate falun gong harvested


nrms presently christian countercult movement opposes nrms theological differences closely associated evangelical christianity uk based reachout trust initially established oppose jehovah 's witnesses regarded counterfeit christian groups came wider attention late role promoting claims satanic ritual abuse anti cult movement nrms well non religious groups came opposition newly organized anti cult movement mainly charged psychological abuse members ref


name siegler actively seeks discourage people joining new religions refers cults also encourages members groups leave times seeking restrict freedom movement family members often distressed relative joins new religion although children break away parents manner reasons cases nrms involved often latter blamed break anti cultist groups emphasise idea cults always use deceit trickery recruit members anti cult movement


adopted term ''brainwashing'' developed journalist edward hunter used robert j lifton apply methods employed chinese convert captured us soldiers cause korean war lifton doubts applicability 'brainwashing' hypothesis techniques used nrms convert recruits number ex members various new religions made false allegations experiences groups instance late man dublin ireland given three year suspended sentence falsely claiming