mechanical propulsion able seaman expected able hand reef steer especially sailing ships training formal merchant navy naval forces still covers basics ''traditional'' seamanship smaller vessel types may traditional methods seamanships unique vessel types example turtling dinghies small sailing boats boatwork traditional seamanship skill ref name techniques ref commercial ships usually limited rescue boats lifeboats however yachts vessels passenger ships may tenders small boats transporting people


sea reduces change injury eg due slips trips falls ref name stcenturyj progression seamanship able bodied seaman climbs kingpost perform maintenance aboard general cargo ship freighter officers masters must pass formal examinations demonstrate knowledge various levels accordance national laws stcw convention examinations progression based size complexity ship including sailing area well rank globally seafarers required possess basic seamanship certificate us progression begins

Applied science
Transportation
Marine transportation
Seafaring


basic duties gain experience expertise advance within area crew gained proficiency become able seamen petty officers rated mates depending ship type organisation smaller commercial craft little specialisation deck crew perform boat handling functions officers ship responsible navigation communication watch supervision references sources ''admiralty manual seamanship'' ''bowditch 's american practical navigator'' ''knight 's modern seamanship'' wiley p ix x ''naval shiphandler 's guide'' james alden barber naval institute press ''royal navy book


''la cachucha'' friedrich albert zorn using zorn notation alt '''dance notation''' symbolic representation human dance movement form using methods graphic symbols figures path mapping numerical systems letter word notations several dance notation systems invented many designed document specific types dance others developed capturing broader spectrum human movement potential ' 'dance score'' recorded dance notation describes particular dance usage primary uses dance notation historical dance preservation documentation analysis eg

Humanities
Performing arts
Dance
Dance notation


ethnochoreology reconstruction choreography dance forms technical exercises dance notation systems also allow dance works documented therefore potentially copyrighted two popular dance notation systems used western culture labanotation also known kinetography laban benesh movement notation others include eshkol wachman movement notation dancewriting many dance notation systems designed specific types dance examples systems include shorthand dance notation dances israel morris dance notation morris dance beauchamp feuillet notation baroque dance result systems usually cannot effectively describe types


dance history valerie sutton dance pose corresponding sutton dancewriting notation pierre beauchamp invented dance notation system baroque dance system known beauchamp feuillet notation published raoul auger feuillet used record dances throughout eighteenth century well known collection dance scores sergeyev collection recorded using vladimir ivanovich stepanov 's notation method collection documents imperial ballet 's today kirov mariinsky ballet repertoire turn th century including marius petipa 's original choreographic designs ''the sleeping beauty'' ''giselle'' ''le corsaire'' ''swan


lake'' well ''copp lia'' original version ''the nutcracker'' collection many works first staged outside russia composer joseph schillinger created highly accurate notation system based bone rotation translation moving dancer unfortunately motion capture technology half century future way effectively measure record information time hanya holm became first broadway choreographer dance scores copyrighted work ''kiss kate''


stanley kahn published kahnotation dance notation system specific tap dance rudolf joan benesh first published benesh movement notation written system recording human movement widely used recording restaging dance works romanian choreographer theodor vasilescu published dance notation system romanian folk dances north korean choreographer u chang sop developed system dance notation korean dance called chamo system dance notation uses pictorially based symbols ann hutchinson guest reconstructed choreographer arthur saint l 's ''pas de six''


ballet ''la vivandi re'' along original music composer cesare pugni joffrey ballet piece reconstructed saint l 's work documented using method dance notation known ''la st nochor graphie'' first computerized notation system ''dom'' dance notation system created eddie dombrower apple ii personal computer system displayed animated figure screen performed dance moves specified choreographer felipe hsieh created tango notation dance notation system specific argentine tango see also action stroke dance notation motif


description subset labanotation references reading cage j knowles ''notations'' reprint services corp drewes henner ''transformationen bewegung notation und digitaler verarbeitung'' fellsches j ed folkwang texte bd verlag die blaue eule essen hutchinson guest ''choreographics comparison dance notation systems fifteenth century present'' routledge kahn stanley presenting kahnotation k symbols writing tap dancing neagle rj ng kc july ''machine representation visualisation dance notation'' proceedings electronic imaging visual arts london felipe hsieh


surface gold mine haul truck foreground mining engineering discipline extraction minerals underneath ground '''mining engineering''' associated many disciplines mineral processing exploration excavation geology metallurgy geotechnical engineering surveying mining engineer may manage phase mining operations exploration discovery mineral resources feasibility study mine design development plans production operations mine closure process mineral extraction amount waste uneconomic material generated primary source

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Civil Engineering
Mining engineering


present mining played significant role existence human race since beginning civilization people used stone ceramics later metals found close earth 's surface used manufacture early tools weapons example high quality flint found northern france southern england used set fire break rock flint mines found chalk areas seams stone followed underground shafts galleries oldest known mine archaeological record lion cave swaziland


site radiocarbon dating indicates years old paleolithic humans mined mineral hematite contained iron ground produce red pigment ochre ancient romans innovators mining engineering developed large scale mining methods use large volumes water brought minehead numerous aqueducts hydraulic mining exposed rock attacked fire setting fires used heat rock would quenched stream water thermal shock cracked rock enabling removed mines


school mines many ways become mining engineer include university college degree primarily training includes bachelor engineering beng bachelor science bsc bs bachelor technology btech bachelor applied science basc mining engineering depending country jurisdiction licensed mining engineer master 's degree master engineering meng master science msc ms master applied science masc maybe required also mining engineers come disciplines eg engineering fields like mechanical


engineering civil engineering electrical engineering geomatics engineering environmental engineering science fields like geology geophysics physics geomatics earth science mathematics however path requires taking graduate degree meng ms msc masc mining engineering graduating different quantitative undergraduate program order qualified mining engineer fundamental subjects mining engineering study usually include mathematics calculus algebra differential equations numerical analysis geoscience geochemistry geophysics mineralogy geomatics mechanics rock mechanics soil mechanics geomechanics thermodynamics heat transfer work thermodynamics mass transfer hydrogeology fluid mechanics fluid statics fluid dynamics geostatistics spatial analysis


statistics control engineering control theory instrumentation surface mining open pit mining underground mining soft rock underground mining hard rock computing datamine matlab maptek vulcan golden software surfer microstation carlson drilling blasting solid mechanics fracture mechanics united states universities offer bs degree mining mineral engineering top rated universities include colorado school mines pennsylvania state university virginia tech university kentucky university arizona south dakota school mines technology etc complete list accessed smenetorg universities offer ms phd degrees


canada undergraduate degree programs mining engineering equivalent mcgill university faculty engineering offers undergraduate bscbeng graduate msc phd degrees mining engineering ref name mcgill ref university british columbia vancouver offers bachelor applied science basc mining engineering ref name ubc ref also graduate degrees masc meng phd mining engineering ref name bc ref europe programs integrated bs plus ms one bologna process take years complete portugal university porto offers meng mining geo environmental engineering ref name feup ref


methods mine design university witwatersrand offering year bachelor science engineering bsc eng mining engineering ref name wits ref well graduate programs msc eng phd mining engineering ref name uwits ref mining engineers go pursue doctorate degree programs doctor philosophy phd dphil doctor engineering deng engd programs involve significant original research component usually seen entry points academia salary statistics mining salaries usually determined level skill required position kind organization engineer


working comparing salaries one region another cost living factors need taken consideration mining engineers india earn relatively high salaries comparison many professions average salary however comparison mining engineer salaries regions canada united states australia united kingdom indian salaries low united states estimated employed mining engineers mean yearly salary us pre mining ''the prospector'' n c wyeth mineral exploration


process finding ores commercially viable concentrations minerals mine mineral exploration much intensive organized involved professional process mineral prospecting though frequently use services prospecting first stage mining consists processes finding exploring mineral deposit following first stage mineral exploration geologists surveyors play prominent role necessary pre feasibility study possible mining operation mineral exploration estimation reserve various prospecting methods carried determine method type mining required


addition profitability conditions mineral discovery mineral discovery made determined sufficient economic quality mine mining engineers work developing plan mine effectively efficiently discovery made research mineral maps academic geological reports local state national geological reports sources information include property essays local word mouth mineral research usually includes sampling analysis sediments soil drill core soil sampling analysis one popular mineral exploration


tools common tools include satellite airborne photographs airborne geophysics including magnetometric gamma spectrometric maps unless mineral exploration done public property owners property may play significant role exploration process might original discoverer mineral deposit mineral determination prospective mineral located mining geologist mining engineer determines ore properties may involve chemical analysis ore determine composition sample mineral properties identified next step determining quantity ore


involves determining extent deposit well purity ore geologist drills additional core samples find limits deposit seam calculates quantity valuable material present deposit feasibility study mineral identification reserve amount reasonably determined next step determine feasibility recovering mineral deposit preliminary study shortly discovery deposit examines market conditions supply demand mineral amount ore needed moved recover


certain quantity mineral well analysis cost associated operation pre feasibility study determines whether mining project likely profitable depth analysis deposit undertaken full extent ore body known examined engineers feasibility study examines cost initial capital investment methods extraction cost operation estimated length time payback gross revenue net profit margin possible resale price land total life


method extraction generally mining either done surface underground mining also occur surface underground operations taking place reserve mining activity varies method employed remove mineral surface mining surface mining comprises world 's mineral tonnage output also called open pit mining surface mining removing minerals formations near surface ore retrieval done material removal land natural state surface mining often alters land characteristics shape topography geological make


surface mining involves quarrying excavating minerals means machinery cutting cleaving breaking explosives usually used facilitate breakage hard rocks limestone sand gravel slate generally quarried series benches strip mining done softer minerals clays phosphate removed use mechanical shovels track dozers front end loaders softer coal seams also extracted way placer mining minerals also removed bottoms lakes rivers streams even ocean dredge mining addition


situ mining done surface using dissolving agents ore body retrieving ore via pumping pumped material set leach processing hydraulic mining utilized forms water jets wash away either overburden ore mining process blasting explosives used break rock formation aid collection ore process called blasting blasting generally heat immense pressure detonated explosives shatter fracture rock mass type explosives used


mining high explosives vary composition performance properties mining engineer responsible selection proper placement explosives order maximize efficiency safety blasting occurs many phases mining process development infrastructure well production ore alternative high explosive cardox blasting cartridges invented extensively used coal mines cartridge contains 'energiser' heats liquid carbon dioxide ruptures bursting disk physical explosion


supercritical fluid leaching leaching loss extraction certain materials carrier liquid usually always solvent mostly used rare earth metals extraction flotation flotation also spelled floatation involves phenomena related relative buoyancy minerals widely used metal separating method electrostatic separation separating minerals electro characteristic differences gravity separation gravity separation industrial method separating two components either suspension dry granular mixture separating components gravity sufficiently practical magnetic


separation magnetic separation process magnetically susceptible material extracted mixture using magnetic force hydraulic separation hydraulic separation process uses density difference separate minerals hydraulic separation minerals crushed uniform size minerals uniform size different density different settling velocities water used separate target minerals mining health safety legal attention mining health safety began late th century subsequent th century progressed comprehensive stringent


codification enforcement mandatory health safety regulation mining engineer whatever role occupy must follow federal state local mine safety laws united states united states congress passage federal mine safety health act known miner 's act created mine safety health administration msha us department labor comprehensive act provides miners rights retaliation reporting violations consolidated regulation coal mines metallic nonmetallic mines created independent federal mine safety health review commission review


msha 's reported violations act codified code federal regulations cfr covers miners active mine mining engineer works active mine subject rights violations mandatory health safety regulations mandatory training worker mine mining engineer legally identified miner act establishes rights miners miner may report time hazardous condition request inspection miners may elect miners' representative participate


inspection pre inspection meeting post inspection conference miners miners' representative shall paid time inspections investigations mining environment united states land reclamation regulated surface underground mines according surface mining control reclamation act law creates part department interior bureau surface mining osm osm states website osm charged balancing nation need continued domestic coal production protection environment law requires states set reclamation departments


legislate laws related reclamation coal mining operations states may impose additional regulations regulate minerals addition coal land reclamation see also school mines underground construction mining automated mining footnotes reading eric c nystrom ''seeing underground maps models mining engineering america'' reno nv university reno press franklin white miner heart gold biography mineral science engineering educator friesen press victoria isbn hardcover paperback ebook external links http wwwsmenetorg sme society mining metallurgy exploration publishes monthly magazine ''mining


'''area studies''' also '' 'regional studies''' interdisciplinary fields research scholarship pertaining particular geographical national federal cultural regions term exists primarily general description practice scholarship many heterogeneous fields research encompassing social sciences humanities typical area study programs involve international relations strategic studies history political science political economy cultural studies languages geography literature related disciplines contrast cultural studies area studies often include diaspora emigration area history interdisciplinary area studies became increasingly common united states


america western scholarship world war ii war american universities faculty taught conducted research non western world foreign area studies virtually nonexistent war liberals conservatives alike concerned us ability respond effectively perceived external threats soviet union china context emerging cold war well fall decolonization africa asia ref universidade aberta context ford foundation rockefeller foundation carnegie corporation


new york convened series meetings producing broad consensus address knowledge deficit us must invest international studies therefore foundations field strongly rooted america participants argued large brain trust internationally oriented political scientists economists urgent national priority central tension however felt strongly instead applying western models social scientists develop culturally historically contextualized knowledge various parts world working closely humanists thought social scientists seek


develop overarching macrohistorial theories could draw connections patterns change development across different geographies former became area studies advocates latter proponents modernization theory ford foundation would eventually become dominant player shaping area studies program united states foundation established prestigious foreign area fellowship program fafp first large scale national competition support area studies training united states contributed million universities area language studies also period poured millions dollars


committees run jointly social science research council american council learned societies field development workshops conferences publication programs eventually ssrc acls joint committees would take administration fafp large important programs followed ford 's notably national defense education act renamed higher education act allocated funding university based area studies units known national resource center programs us universities well foreign language area studies scholarships undergraduate students fellowships graduate students meanwhile area studies also developed


soviet union controversy within field since inception area studies subject criticism including area specialists many alleged area studies connected cold war agendas cia fbi intelligence military agencies participating programs tantamount serving agent state ref name cumings ref argue notion us concerns research priorities define intellectual terrain area studies others insisted however established university campuses area studies began


scientific bureaucracies moved attenuate support area studies emphasizing instead interregional themes like development democracy social science research council american council learned societies long served national nexus raising administering funds area studies underwent first major restructuring thirty years closing area committees scholars interpreted massive signal changing research environment ref name cumings fields fields defined differently university university department department common area studies fields include african studies north african studies berberology


berber studies egyptology also classical studies north latin american studies interamerican studies american studies united states traditionally referred primarily north america especially us american studies britain appalachian studies southern studies canadian studies qu bec studies see also latin american studies caribbean studies see also latin american studies latin american studies see also iberian studies romance studies caribbean studies qu bec studies asian studies central asian studies see also turkology mongolian studies also east asian studies tibetology tibetan studies also south asian east asian studies middle eastern studies near


eastern studies assyriology also classical studies caucasology caucasiology also european studies chechen studies dagestan studies ossetian studies abkhaz studies armenology armenian studies georgian studies kartvelian studies kartvelology iranian studies iranology iranistics persian studies kurdology kurdish studies islamic studies judaic studies jewish studies turkology turcology ottoman studies seljuq studies seljuk studies turkish studies east asian studies sinology chinese studies hakka studies teochew studies hong kong studies macau studies taiwan studies japanology japanese studies ainu studies ryukyuan studies koreanology korean studies manchurology mongolian studies also central asian studies tibetology tibetan studies also central asian south


asian studies uyghur studies yi studies zhuang studies zhuangology miao studies south asian studies indology indian studies dravidology dravidian studies bengali studies pakistanology pakistan studies pakistani studies sindhology tibetology tibetan studies also central asian east asian studies southeast asian studies burma studies indonesian studies javanology khmer studies lao studies philippine studies filipinology philippineology thai studies vietnamese studies european studies baltic studies baltic sea region studies byzantine studies byzantinology byzantology caucasology caucasiology also near eastern studies chechen studies dagestan studies ossetian studies abkhaz studies armenology armenian studies georgian studies kartvelian studies kartvelology celtic studies


celtology breton studies cornish studies also united kingdom studies irish studies manx studies also united kingdom studies scottish studies also united kingdom studies welsh studies also united kingdom studies classical studies classics assyriology also middle eastern studies egyptology also african studies dutch studies nl neerlandistiek finnish studies german studies germanistics germanics austrian studies romance studies see also latin american studies french studies iberian studies see also latin american studies basque studies part iberian studies romance studies catalan studies hispanism hispanic studies spanish studies portuguese studies italian studies occitan studies scandinavian


fields women 's studies gender studies disability studies lgbt studies ethnic studies including african american studies asian american studies latino studies chicano studies native american studies part '''area studies''' sometimes included discussion along area studies sometimes known regional studies https wwwregionalstudiesorg regional studies association international association focusing interdisciplinary fields institutions entire institutions higher education tertiary education devoted solely area studies school oriental african studies part university london tokyo university


foreign studies japan university oxford school interdisciplinary area studies sias http wwwarea studiesoxacuk http wwwarea studiesoxacuk school interdiscplinary area studies oxford st antony 's college specialise area studies hosts number post graduate teaching programmes research centres covering various regions world jawaharlal nehru university new delhi institution immense contribution towards popularising area studies india institution exclusively deals area studies giga german institute global area studies germany additionally lund university sweden offers largest http wwwaceluse asian studies masters program


northern europe dedicated promoting studies related south asia http wwwsasnetluse sasnet see also cultural studies ethnic studies iatis interdisciplinarity international studies library congress country studies regional geography references reading kuijper hans https webarchiveorg web http wwwasvj dslpipexcom hans kuijper area studies vs disciplines hans kuijperpdf area studies versus disciplines towards interdisciplinary systemic country approach ''the international journal interdisciplinary social sciences'' vol issue pp nbsp sch fer wolf reconfiguring area studies global age https webarchiveorg web http globalityccstonybrookedu p globality studies journal december external links https wwwaceluse center interdisciplinary east south east area studies lund http wwwarea studiesoxacuk school interdisciplinary area


studies oxford https ooirorg indexphpcategory area observatory international research ooir latest papers trends area studies ethnography cultural anthropology humanities


'''communication studies''' '''communication science''' academic discipline deals processes human communication behavior patterns communication interpersonal relationships social interactions communication different cultures ref name ref communication commonly defined giving receiving exchanging ideas information signals messages appropriate media enabling individuals groups persuade seek information give information express emotions effectively communication studies social science uses various methods empirical investigation critical analysis develop body knowledge encompasses range topics face face conversation

Journalism, media studies and communication


level individual agency interaction social cultural communication systems macro level ref name ref scholarly communication theorists focus primarily refining theoretical understanding communication examining statistics order help substantiate claims range social scientific methods study communication expanding communication researchers draw upon variety qualitative quantitative techniques linguistic cultural turns mid th century led increasingly interpretative hermeneutic philosophic approaches towards analysis communication conversely end beginning seen rise


new analytically mathematically computationally rigorous techniques field study communication applied journalism business mass media public relations marketing news television broadcasting interpersonal intercultural communication education public administration beyond ref name ref spheres human activity conveyance affected interplay social communication structure individual agency ref name communication studies gradually expanded focus domains health medicine economy military penal institutions internet social capital role communicative activity development scientific knowledge history origins communication


natural human behavior became topic study th century ref name ref communication technologies developed serious study communication world war ended interest studying communication intensified social science study fully recognized legitimate discipline world war ii prior established discipline communication studies formed three major studies psychology sociology political science ref name ref name ref name ref communication studies focus communication central human experience involves understanding people behave creating exchanging interpreting


messages foundations academic discipline institutionalization communication studies us higher education research often traced columbia university university chicago university illinois urbana champaign early pioneers field worked second world war ref name ref name william f eadie communication academic field usa canada international encyclopedia communication ed wolfgang donsbach boston wiley blackwell ref ref name obit wilbur schramm considered founder field communication studies united states ref name obit ref schramm hugely influential establishing communications


field study forming departments communication studies across universities united states first individual identify communication scholar created first academic degree granting programs communication name trained first generation communication scholars ref name ref schramm background english literature developed communication studies partly merging existing programs speech communication rhetoric journalism also edited textbook ''the process effects mass communication'' helped define field partly claiming paul lazarsfeld harold lasswell carl hovland


kurt lewin founding fore fathers ref name obit schramm established three important communication institutes institute communications research university illinois urbana champaign institute communication research stanford university east west communication institute honolulu patterns scholarly work communication studies set motion institutes continue day ref name free press ref many schramm 's students everett rogers david berlo went make important contributions ref name first college communication founded michigan state university led scholars


schramm 's original icr dedicated studying communication scientifically using quantitative approach ref name msu soon followed important departments communication purdue university university texas austin stanford university university iowa university illinois university pennsylvania university southern california northwestern university ref name simonson peter peters john durham communication media studies history ''the international encyclopedia communication'' john wiley sons ltd retrieved ref associations related communication studies founded expanded national society study communication nssc founded


concerned rhetoric persuasion traditional graduate programs communication studies trace history rhetoricians ancient greece humanities approaches communication often overlap history philosophy english cultural studies communication research informs politicians policy makers educators strategists legislators business magnates managers social workers non governmental organizations non profit organizations people interested resolving communication issues general often great deal crossover social research cultural research market research statistical fields united states undergraduate curricula aim prepare students interrogate nature communication society


development communication specific field national communication association nca recognizes nine distinct often overlapping sub disciplines within broader communication discipline technology critical cultural health intercultural interpersonal small group mass communication organizational political rhetorical environmental communication students take courses subject areas programs courses often integrated communication programs include journalism rhetoric film criticism theatre public relations political science eg political campaign strategies public speaking effects media elections well radio television computer mediated communication film production new media canada early influence federal institutional inquiries notably


''massey commission'' investigated overall state culture canada study communication canada frequently focused development cohesive national culture infrastructural empires social material circulation although influenced american communication tradition british cultural studies communication studies canada directly oriented toward state policy apparatus example canadian radio television telecommunications commission influential thinkers canadian communication tradition include harold innis marshall mcluhan florian sauvageau gertrude robinson marc raboy dallas smythe james r taylor fran ois cooren gail


guthrie valaskakis george grant business business cannot happen without communication understanding correlation important field business business communication new field study undergoing constant changes grasping direct definition would difficult ref name ref instead focus put demands employers universally understood revision american assembly collegiate schools business standards emphasize written oral communication important characteristic curriculum business communication studies therefore revolve around ever changing written


eataw european communication research education association ieee professional communication society international association media communications research international association business communicators iabc international communication association ica international academic association communication studies concerned aspects human mediated communication national association black journalists nabj national association media literacy education namle national communication association nca professional organization concerned various aspects communication studies united states public relations society america prsa https rhetoricsocietyorg aws rsa pt sp home page rhetoric society america rsa society cinema media studies organization communication research pertaining film studies


society technical communication stc university film video association organization study motion picture production see also references bibliography carey james ''communication culture'' cohen herman ''the history speech communication emergence discipline '' annandale va speech communication association gehrke pat j ''the ethics politics speech communication rhetoric twentieth century'' carbondale il southern illinois university press gehrke pat j william keith eds ''a century communication studies unfinished conversation'' new york routledge packer j robertson c eds


''thinking james carey essays communications transportation history'' peters john durham peter simonson eds ''mass communication american social thought key texts '' wahl jorgensen karin 'how found field new evidence origins mass communication research' ''journal communication'' september academic disciplines


'''clinical psychology''' integration science theory clinical knowledge purpose understanding preventing relieving psychologically based distress dysfunction promote subjective well personal development ref name apa ref ref name plante plante thomas ''contemporary clinical psychology'' new york wiley ref central practice psychological assessment clinical formulation psychotherapy although clinical psychologists also engage research teaching consultation forensic testimony program development administration ref name brain brain christine ''advanced psychology applications issues perspectives'' cheltenham nelson thornes ref many countries clinical psychology regulated mental health profession field generally considered

Social science
Psychology
Clinical psychology


begun opening first psychological clinic university pennsylvania lightner witmer first half th century clinical psychology focused psychological assessment little attention given treatment changed world war ii resulted need large increase number trained clinicians since time three main educational models developed usa phd clinical science model heavily focused research ref name mcfall ref phd science practitioner model integrating scientific research practice psyd practitioner scholar model focusing


shape face physiognomy mesmer 's treatment mental conditions using magnets mesmerism spiritualism phineas quimby 's mental healing also popular ref name benjamin ref scientific community eventually came reject methods treating mental illness academic psychologists also concerned serious forms mental illness study mental illness already done developing fields psychiatry neurology within asylum movement ref name benjamin end th century around time sigmund freud first developing talking cure vienna


first scientific application clinical psychology began early clinical psychology cover ''the psychological clinic'' first journal clinical psychology published lightner witmer university pennsylvania first offer formal education clinical psychology second half scientific study psychology becoming well established university laboratories although scattered voices calling applied psychology general field looked upon idea insisted pure science respectable practice ref name benjamin changed lightner witmer past


student wundt head psychology department university pennsylvania agreed treat young boy trouble spelling successful treatment soon lead witmer 's opening first psychological clinic penn dedicated helping children learning disabilities ref name heiden alessandri heiden l dunbar welter history overview heiden lynda hersen michel eds ''introduction clinical psychology'' new york plenum press ref ten years later witmer found first journal new field ''the psychological clinic'' coined


experts became solidified world war development two intelligence tests ''army alpha'' ''army beta'' testing verbal nonverbal skills respectively could used large groups recruits ref name benjamin ref name heiden due large part success tests assessment become core discipline clinical psychology next quarter century another war would propel field treatment early professional organizations field began organize name clinical psychology founding american association clinical psychology lasted


english speaking countries developed similar divisions including britain canada australia new zealand world war ii integration treatment world war ii broke military called upon clinical psychologists soldiers began return combat psychologists started notice symptoms psychological trauma labeled shell shock eventually termed posttraumatic stress disorder best treated soon possible ref name heiden physicians including psychiatrists extended treating bodily injuries psychologists called help treat condition ref name reisman ref time female psychologists excluded war


effort formed national council women psychologists purpose helping communities deal stresses war giving young mothers advice child rearing ref name compass war veterans administration us made enormous investment set programs train doctoral level clinical psychologists help treat thousands veterans needing care consequence us went formal university programs clinical psychology half phds psychology awarded clinical psychology ref name compass wwii helped bring dramatic changes clinical


psychology america internationally well graduate education psychology began adding psychotherapy science research focus based scientist practitioner model known today ''boulder model'' phd programs clinical psychology clinical psychology britain developed much like us wwii specifically within context national health service ref name whatis ref qualifications standards salaries managed british psychological society development doctor psychology degree psychotherapy become embedded within clinical psychology many phd educational model offer


necessary training interested practice rather research growing argument said field psychology us developed degree warranting explicit training clinical practice concept practice oriented degree debated narrowly gained approval pilot program university illinois starting ref name murray ref several similar programs instituted soon vail conference professional training psychology practitioner scholar model clinical psychology ''vail model'' resulting doctor psychology psyd degree recognized ref


name norcrosspsyd ref although training would continue include research skills scientific understanding psychology intent would produce highly trained professionals similar programs medicine dentistry law first program explicitly based psyd model instituted rutgers university ref name murray today half american graduate students clinical psychology enrolled psyd programs ref name norcrosspsyd changing profession since clinical psychology continued growing robust profession academic field study although exact number practicing clinical psychologists unknown estimated


number us grew clinical psychologists continue experts assessment psychotherapy expanding focus address issues gerontology sports criminal justice system name one important field health psychology fastest growing employment setting clinical psychologists past decade ref name benjamin major changes include impact managed care mental health care increasing realization importance knowledge relating multicultural diverse populations emerging privileges prescribe psychotropic medication professional practice clinical psychologists engage


combines clinical placement us half clinical psychology graduate students trained phd programs model emphasizes research half psyd programs focus practice similar professional degrees medicine law ref name norcrosspsyd models accredited american psychological association many english speaking psychological societies smaller number schools offer accredited programs clinical psychology resulting master 's degree usually takes two three years post bachelors uk clinical psychologists undertake doctor clinical psychology dclinpsych practitioner


doctorate clinical research components three year full time salaried program sponsored national health service nhs based universities nhs entry programs highly competitive requires least three year undergraduate degree psychology plus form experience usually either nhs assistant psychologist academia research assistant unusual applicants apply several times accepted onto training course one fifth applicants accepted year clinical psychology doctoral degrees accredited


british psychological society health professions council hpc hpc statutory regulator practitioner psychologists uk successfully complete clinical psychology doctoral degrees eligible apply registration hpc clinical psychologist practice clinical psychology requires license united states canada united kingdom many countries although us states somewhat different terms requirements licenses three common elements ref name asppb ref graduation accredited school appropriate degree completion supervised clinical experience


attending approved workshops clinical psychologists require psychologist license practice although licenses obtained masters level degree marriage family therapist mft licensed professional counselor lpc licensed psychological associate lpa uk registration clinical psychologist health professions council hpc necessary hpc statutory regulator practitioner psychologists uk uk following titles restricted law registered psychologist practitioner psychologist addition specialist title clinical psychologist also restricted law assessment important area expertise many clinical


psychologists psychological assessment indications many psychologists engage core clinical practice ref name groth groth marnat g ''handbook psychological assessment'' th ed hoboken nj john wiley sons ref evaluation usually done service gaining insight forming hypothesis psychological behavioral problems results assessments usually used create generalized impressions rather diagnosis service informing treatment planning methods include formal testing measures interviews reviewing past records clinical observation physical examination ref name plante measurement domains exist hundreds


various assessment tools although shown high validity ie test actually measures claims measure reliability ie consistency many psychological assessment measures restricted use advanced training mental health instance pearson one many companies rights protection psychological assessment tools separates administer interpret report certain tests anybody able access qualification level tests intend use assessment tools qualification level b must hold master 's degree psychology education speech language


pathology occupational therapy social work counseling field closely related intended use assessment formal training ethical administration scoring interpretation clinical assessments access qualification c highest level assessment measures must hold doctorate degree psychology education closely related field formal training ethical administration scoring interpretation clinical assessments related intended use assessment psychological measures generally fall within one several categories including following '''intelligence achievement tests''' tests designed measure certain


based restricted answers yes true false rating scale allow computation scores compared normative group projective tests rorschach inkblot test allow open ended answers often based ambiguous stimuli commonly used personality assessment measures include pai neo '''neuropsychological tests''' neuropsychological tests consist specifically designed tasks used measure psychological functions known linked particular brain structure pathway typically used assess impairment injury illness known affect neurocognitive functioning used


research contrast neuropsychological abilities across experimental groups '''diagnostic measurement tools''' clinical psychologists able diagnose psychological disorders related disorders found dsm icd many assessment tests developed complement clinicians clinical observation assessment activities include scid iv mini well specific certain psychological disorders caps trauma aseba k sads affective schizophrenia children '''clinical observation''' clinical psychologists also trained gather data observing behavior clinical interview vital


part assessment even using formalized tools employ either structured unstructured format assessment looks certain areas general appearance behavior mood affects perception comprehension orientation insight memory content communication one psychiatric example formal interview mental status examination often used psychiatry screening tool treatment testing ref name groth diagnostic impressions assessment clinical psychologists may provide diagnostic impression many countries use ''international statistical classification diseases related health problems'' icd us


often uses ''diagnostic statistical manual mental disorders'' nosological systems largely assume categorical disorders diagnosed application sets criteria including symptoms signs ref name jablensky ref several new models discussed including dimensional model based empirically validated models human differences five factor model personality ref name jablensky ref name widiger ref psychosocial model would take changing intersubjective states greater account proponents models claim would offer greater diagnostic flexibility clinical utility without depending medical concept illness ref name corsini rd ref


however also admit models yet robust enough gain widespread use continue developed ref name corsini rd clinical psychologists tend diagnose rather use ''formulation'' individualized map difficulties patient client faces encompassing predisposing precipitating perpetuating maintaining factors clinical v mechanical prediction clinical assessment characterized prediction problem purpose assessment make inferences predictions past present future behavior ref name grovemeehl example many therapy decisions made basis clinician


expects help patient make therapeutic gains observations collected eg psychological testing results diagnostic impressions clinical history x ray etc two mutually exclusive ways combine sources information arrive decision diagnosis prediction one way combine data algorithmic mechanical fashion mechanical prediction methods simply mode combination data arrive decision prediction behavior eg treatment response mechanical prediction preclude type data combined incorporate clinical judgments properly coded algorithm ref


formal relationship professional client usually individual couple family small group employs set procedures intended form therapeutic alliance explore nature psychological problems encourage new ways thinking feeling behaving ref name plante ref name gabbard clinicians wide range individual interventions draw often guided training example cognitive behavioral therapy cbt clinician might use worksheets record distressing cognitions psychoanalyst might encourage free association psychologist trained gestalt techniques might focus immediate interactions client therapist clinical psychologists generally seek base


work research evidence outcome studies well trained clinical judgment although literally dozens recognized therapeutic orientations differences often categorized two dimensions insight vs action session vs session ref name compass insight emphasis gaining greater understanding motivations underlying one 's thoughts feelings eg psychodynamic therapy action focus making changes one thinks acts eg solution focused therapy cognitive behavioral therapy session interventions center interaction client therapist eg humanistic therapy gestalt therapy session


large portion therapeutic work intended happen outside session eg bibliotherapy rational emotive behavior therapy methods used also different regards population served well context nature problem therapy look different say traumatized child depressed high functioning adult group people recovering substance dependence ward state suffering terrifying delusions elements play critical role process psychotherapy include environment culture age cognitive functioning motivation duration ie brief


essentially four major schools practice psychodynamic humanism behavioral cognitive behavioral systems family therapy ref name plante psychodynamic psychodynamic perspective developed psychoanalysis sigmund freud core object psychoanalysis make unconscious conscious make client aware primal drives namely relating sex aggression various defenses used keep check ref name gabbard gabbard glen ''psychodynamic psychiatry clinical practice'' th ed washington dc american psychiatric press ref essential tools psychoanalytic process use free association examination


reaction behaviorism psychoanalysis largely due person centered therapy carl rogers often referred rogerian therapy existential psychology developed viktor frankl rollo may ref name plante rogers believed client needed three things clinician experience therapeutic improvement congruence unconditional positive regard empathetic understanding using phenomenology intersubjectivity first person categories humanistic approach seeks get glimpse whole person fragmented parts personality aspect holism links another common aim humanistic practice clinical psychology


seek integration whole person also called ' 'self actualization'' hans werner gessmann integrated ideas humanistic psychology group psychotherapy ''humanistic psychodrama'' according humanistic thinking ref name schneider ref individual person already inbuilt potentials resources might help build stronger personality self concept mission humanistic psychologist help individual employ resources via therapeutic relationship emotion focused therapy emotionally focused therapy eft confused emotional freedom techniques initially informed humanistic phenomenological gestalt theories therapy ref name apaorg https wwwapaorg pubs books emotion focused therapy ch samplepdf ref emotion focused therapy


defined practice therapy informed understanding role emotion psychotherapeutic change eft founded close careful analysis meanings contributions emotion human experience change psychotherapy focus leads therapist client toward strategies promotes awareness acceptance expression utilization regulation transformation emotion well corrective emotional experience therapist goals eft strengthening self regulating affect creating new meaning ref name apaorg similarly psychodynamic therapy approaches eft pulls heavily attachment theory pioneers


think cognition feel emotion act behavior related interact together complex ways perspective certain dysfunctional ways interpreting appraising world often ' 'schemas'' ''beliefs'' contribute emotional distress result behavioral problems object many cognitive behavioral therapies discover identify biased dysfunctional ways relating reacting different methodologies help clients transcend ways lead increased well many techniques used systematic desensitization socratic questioning keeping cognition observation log


modified approaches fall category cbt also developed including dialectic behavior therapy mindfulness based cognitive therapy behavior therapy rich tradition well researched strong evidence base roots behaviorism behavior therapy environmental events predict way think feel behavior sets conditions environment feedback back sometimes feedback leads behavior increase reinforcement sometimes behavior decreases punishment oftentimes behavior therapists called applied behavior analysts behavioral health counselors studied many areas developmental disabilities


depression anxiety disorders area mental health addictions recent article looked apa 's list well established promising practices found considerable number based principles operant respondent conditioning multiple assessment techniques come approach including functional analysis psychology found strong focus school system addition multiple intervention programs come tradition including community reinforcement approach treating addictions acceptance commitment therapy functional analytic psychotherapy including dialectic behavior therapy behavioral activation addition specific techniques


contingency management exposure therapy come tradition systems family therapy systems family therapy works couples families emphasizes family relationships important factor psychological health central focus tends interpersonal dynamics especially terms change one person affect entire system therapy therefore conducted many significant members system possible goals include improving communication establishing healthy roles creating alternative narratives addressing problematic behaviors therapeutic perspectives exist dozens recognized schools orientations psychotherapy


list represents influential orientations given although typical set techniques practitioners employ generally better known providing framework theory philosophy guides therapist working client '''existential''' existential psychotherapy postulates people largely free choose interpret interact world intends help client find deeper meaning life accept responsibility living addresses fundamental issues life death aloneness


freedom therapist emphasizes client 's ability self aware freely make choices present establish personal identity social relationships create meaning cope natural anxiety living '''gestalt''' gestalt therapy primarily founded fritz perls therapy perhaps best known using techniques designed increase self awareness best known perhaps empty chair technique techniques intended explore resistance authentic contact resolve internal conflicts help client complete unfinished business ref name woldt woldt ansel toman sarah ''gestalt therapy history theory practice'' thousand oaks


help client explore spirituality transcendent states consciousness transpersonal psychology concerned helping clients achieve highest potential '''multiculturalism''' although theoretical foundations psychology rooted european culture growing recognition exist profound differences various ethnic social groups systems psychotherapy need take differences greater consideration ref name laroche generations following immigrant migration combination two cultures aspects coming parents surrounding society process acculturation play strong role


therapy might presenting problem culture influences ideas change help seeking locus control authority importance individual versus group potentially clash certain givens mainstream psychotherapeutic theory practice growing movement integrate knowledge various cultural groups order inform therapeutic practice culturally sensitive effective way ref name price ref '''feminism''' feminist therapy orientation arising disparity origin psychological theories male authors majority people seeking counseling


female focuses societal cultural political causes solutions issues faced counseling process openly encourages client participate world social political way '''positive psychology''' positive psychology scientific study human happiness well started gain momentum due call martin seligman president apa history psychology shows field primarily dedicated addressing mental illness rather mental wellness applied positive psychology 's main focus therefore increase one 's positive


experience life ability flourish promoting things optimism future sense flow present personal traits like courage perseverance altruism preliminary empirical evidence show promoting seligman 's three components happiness positive emotion pleasant life engagement engaged life meaning meaningful life positive therapy decrease clinical depression community psychology approaches often used psychological prevention harm clinical intervention integration last couple decades growing movement integrate various therapeutic approaches especially


name apa detailed elements address resolve ethical issues competence human relations privacy confidentiality advertising record keeping fees training research publication assessment therapy uk british psychological society published code conduct ethics clinical psychologists four key areas respect competence responsibility integrity european professional organisations similar codes conduct ethics comparison mental health professions psychiatry fluoxetine hydrochloride branded lilly prozac antidepressant drug prescribed physicians psychiatrists nurses although clinical psychologists psychiatrists said share


fundamental aim alleviation mental distress training outlook methodologies often quite different perhaps significant difference psychiatrists licensed physicians psychiatrists often use medical model assess psychological problems ie treat seen patients illness use psychotropic medications method addressing illness although many also employ psychotherapy well psychiatrists able conduct physical examinations order interpret laboratory tests eegs may order brain imaging studies ct cat mri pet scanning clinical psychologists generally


sadness resulting major life changes events ref name brain ref name compass however distinction faded time counseling psychologists go academia involve treatment diagnosis majority counseling psychologists treat mental illness alongside clinical psychologists many counseling psychologists also receive specialized training career assessment group therapy relationship counseling counseling psychology field values multiculturalism social advocacy often stimulating research multicultural issues fewer counseling psychology graduate programs clinical psychology often housed departments


licensure health service psychologists many work private practice unlike clinical psychologists receive much training education child development behavior psychology learning common degrees include educational specialist degree eds doctor philosophy phd doctor education edd traditional job roles school psychologists employed school settings focused mainly assessment students determine eligibility special education services schools consultation teachers school professionals design carry interventions behalf students major roles also include offering


individual group therapy children families designing prevention programs eg reducing dropout evaluating school programs working teachers administrators help maximize teaching efficacy classroom systemically clinical social work social workers provide variety services generally concerned social problems causes solutions specific training clinical social workers may also provide psychological counseling us canada addition traditional social work occupational therapy occupational therapy often abbreviated ot use productive creative activity treatment rehabilitation physically cognitively


emotionally disabled people commonly occupational therapists work people disabilities enable maximize skills abilities occupational therapy practitioners skilled professionals whose education includes study human growth development specific emphasis physical emotional psychological sociocultural cognitive environmental components illness injury commonly work alongside clinical psychologists settings inpatient outpatient mental health pain management clinics eating disorder clinics child development services ot 's use support groups individual counseling sessions activity based approaches address psychiatric symptoms maximize functioning life activities


criticisms controversies clinical psychology diverse field recurring tensions degree clinical practice limited treatments supported empirical research ref name observing ref despite evidence showing major therapeutic orientations equal effectiveness remains much debate efficacy various forms treatment use clinical psychology reported clinical psychology rarely allied client groups tends individualize problems neglect wider economic political social inequality issues may responsibility


client ref name observing argued therapeutic practices inevitably bound power inequalities used good bad critical psychology movement argued clinical psychology professions making psy complex often fail consider address inequalities power differences play part social moral control disadvantage deviance unrest october editorial journal ''nature'' suggests large number clinical psychology practitioners united states consider scientific evidence less important personal


subjective clinical experience see also anti psychiatry applied psychology clinical associate psychology clinical neuropsychology clinical trial list clinical psychologists list credentials psychology list psychotherapies outline psychology psychiatric mental health nursing psychoneuroimmunology references external links https wwwaacpsyorg american academy clinical psychology https wwwaamftorg american association marriage family therapy https wwwabpporg american board professional psychology https arjournalsannualreviewsorg loi clinpsy annual review clinical psychology https wwwdiv org apa society clinical psychology division https wwwasppborg association state provincial psychology boards asppb https wwwnamiorg nami national alliance mental illness https wwwnimhnihgov national institute mental health clinical psychology


goal '''fisheries management''' produce sustainable biological social economic benefits renewable aquatic resources fisheries classified renewable organisms interest eg fish shellfish reptiles amphibians marine mammals usually produce annual biological surplus judicious management harvested without reducing future productivity fisheries management employs activities protect fishery resources sustainable exploitation possible drawing fisheries science possibly including precautionary principle modern fisheries management often referred governmental system appropriate management rules based defined objectives

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Environmental management
Fisheries management


mix management means implement rules put place system monitoring control surveillance popular approach ecosystem approach fisheries management according food agriculture organization united nations fao clear generally accepted definitions fisheries management ref name faofm fao http wwwfaoorg docrep w e w e htm fisheries management section technical guidelines responsible fisheries fao rome ref however working definition used fao much cited elsewhere blockquote integrated process information gathering analysis planning consultation decision making allocation resources formulation


implementation enforcement necessary regulations rules govern fisheries activities order ensure continued productivity resources accomplishment fisheries objectives ref name faofm blockquote objectives political according fao fisheries management based explicitly political objectives ideally transparent priorities ref name faoguidebook date june publisher john wiley sons isbn pages ref political goals also weak part fisheries management since objectives conflict ref name duzgunes ref typical political objectives exploiting commercially important fish resource ref name duzgunes maximize sustainable biomass yield maximize sustainable economic yield


secure increase employment secure protein production food supplies increase export income recent several decades political goals fisheries management commercially important species rapidly evolving primarily driven recognition response fish target animals changing climate new technologies fishing particularly high seas development competing policy priorities aquatic environments leading ecosystem based approach fisheries management new scientific insights processes affecting fish population size recruitment political objectives operative recreational fisheries


management often substantially different prevalent commercial fisheries management example catch release regulations common types recreational fisheries thus biological yield less important international objectives fisheries objectives need expressed concrete management rules countries fisheries management rules based internationally agreed though non binding code conduct responsible fisheries agreed meeting un 's food agriculture organization fao session precautionary approach prescribes typically implemented concrete management rules minimum spawning biomass maximum fishing mortality


rates etc ubc fisheries centre university british columbia comprehensively reviewed performance world 's major fishing nations code management mechanisms many countries set ministries government departments named ministry fisheries similar controlling aspects fisheries within exclusive economic zones four categories management means devised regulating either input investment output operating either directly indirectly class wikitable inputs outputs indirect vessel licensing catching techniques direct limited entry catch quota technical regulation technical means may include prohibiting devices bows


arrows spears firearms prohibiting nets setting minimum mesh sizes limiting average potential catch vessel fleet vessel crew size gear electronic gear physical inputs prohibiting bait snagging limits fish traps limiting number poles lines per fisherman restricting number simultaneous fishing vessels limiting vessel 's average operational intensity per unit time sea limiting average time sea catch quotas systems use ''individual transferable quotas'' itq also called individual fishing quota limit total catch allocate shares quota among fishers


work fishery fishers buy sell trade shares choose large scale study provided strong evidence itq 's help prevent fishery collapse even restore fisheries appear decline ref name costello ref studies shown negative socio economic consequences itqs especially small sclale fisheries consequences include concentration quota hands fishers increased number inactive fishers leasing quotas others phenomenon known armchair fishermen detrimental effects coastal communities elderly maternal fish old fat female rockfish best producers traditional management practices aim


reduce number old slow growing fish leaving room resources younger faster growing fish marine fish produce huge numbers eggs assumption younger spawners would produce plenty viable larvae ref name asss aaas http wwwcompassonlineorg pdf files pr apdf ''new science sheds light rebuilding fisheries'' ref however research rockfish shows large elderly females far important younger fish maintaining productive fisheries larvae produced older maternal fish grow faster survive starvation better much likely survive offspring younger fish failure account


role older fish may help explain recent collapses major us west coast fisheries recovery stocks expected take decades one way prevent collapses establish marine reserves fishing allowed fish populations age naturally ref name asss precautionary principle ''a fishery manager 's guidebook'' issued fao advises set working principles applied highlight underlying key issues fisheries management ref name faoguidebook ref name fao fao http wwwfaoorg docrep e e htm bm fishery manager 's guidebook management measures application rome ref


principles considered whole order best manage fishery first principle focuses finite nature fish stocks potential yields must estimated based biological constraints population paper published shertzer prager suggested significant benefits stock biomass fishery yield management stricter prompt supported recent work management north sea fisheries accordance ranges acceptable fishing fishing top acceptable ranges


many times risky fishing near bottom delivers yield human factors managing fisheries managing people businesses managing fish fish populations managed regulating actions people fisheries management successful associated human factors reactions fishermen key importance need understood management regulations must also consider implications stakeholders commercial fishermen rely catches provide families farmers rely crops commercial fishing traditional trade passed


local communities handle fishery management based cultural traditions established practices ref name svein additionally others argued co management empowers wealthy powerful turn solidifies validates already existing inequalities fisheries management ref name svein empowerment working function co management carried correctly enable authorize individuals communities make meaningful contributions fisheries management mechanism works loop individual gains empowerment encouragement part group collective action


successful empowered individuals ref name order effectively successfully use empowerment co management imperative study programs guidelines reading materials manuals checklists developed incorporated fisheries management corruption fisheries mismanagement due part corruption corruption bribery influence number fishing licenses distributed well negotiation fishing acccess agreements evidence industrial fisheries corruption among small island developing states pacific ocean well fisheries coast west africa


small scale fisheries inspectors charged regulating catch bribed give advance notice surprise inspections relax enforcement standards standards enforced due bribery infractions may result smaller fines mandated fishing gear seized investigation also returned exchange bribe corruption small scale fisheries documented south africa lake victoria data quality according fisheries scientist milo adkison primary limitation fisheries management decisions absence quality data fisheries management decisions often based population


models models need quality data effective asserts scientists fishery managers would better served simpler models improved data reliable source summary statistics fao fisheries department fisheries law fisheries law emerging specialized area law includes study analysis different fisheries management approaches including seafood safety regulations aquaculture regulations despite importance area rarely taught law schools around world leaves vacuum advocacy research fisheries legislation national level differs greatly


countries ref name faoguidebook ref name fao fisheries may also managed international level one first laws enacted united nations convention law sea december los convention entered force ref name faoguidebook ref name fao law set foundation international agreements related oceans followed effects climate change past changing climate affected inland offshore fisheries changes likely continue fisheries perspective specific driving factors climate change include rising water temperature


alterations hydrologic cycle changes nutrient fluxes relocation spawning nursery habitat changes factors would affect resources levels biological organization including genetic organism population ecosystem levels understanding factors affect fisheries nuanced level stand challenges fisheries scientists across multiple fields still need face population dynamics population dynamics describes growth decline given fishery stock time controlled birth death migration basis understanding changing fishery patterns issues habitat


destruction predation optimal harvesting rates population dynamics fisheries traditionally used fisheries scientists determine sustainable yields basic accounting relation population dynamics bide model ''n'' sub sub ''n'' sub sub ''b'' ''d'' ''i'' ''e'' ''n'' sub sub number individuals time ''n'' sub sub number individuals time ''b'' number individuals born ''d'' number died ''i'' number immigrated ''e'' number emigrated time time immigration emigration present


wild fisheries usually measured care needed applying population dynamics real world fisheries past simplistic modelling ignoring size age reproductive status fish focusing solely single species ignoring bycatch physical damage ecosystem accelerated collapse key stocks ref name epitaph ref ref name lessons ref environmental impact fishing environmental impact fishing includes issues availability fish overfishing fisheries fisheries management well impact industrial fishing elements environment bycatch


issues part marine conservation addressed fisheries science programs fisheries also evolutionary impact species especialy related implementation minimum landing sizes ecosystem based fisheries pages pitcher pauly p hart ''reinventing fisheries management'' chapman hall ref according marine ecologist chris frid fishing industry points pollution global warming causes unprecedentedly low fish stocks recent years writing everybody would like see rebuilding fish stocks achieved understand


influences human natural fish dynamics overfishing also effect frid adds fish communities altered number ways example decrease particular sized individuals species targeted affects predator prey dynamics fishing however sole perpetrator changes marine life pollution another example one factor operates isolation components ecosystem respond differently individual factor contrast traditional approach focusing single species ecosystem based approach organized terms


ecosystem services ecosystem based fishery concepts implemented regions group scientists offered following ten commandments report congress http sponmfsnoaagov tm tm webpdf state science support ecosystem approach regional fishery management national marine fisheries service noaa technical memorandum nmfs f spo ecosystem modelling software ecopath ecosim ewe ecosystem modelling software suite initially noaa initiative led jeffrey polovina later primarily developed ubc fisheries centre university british columbia named one ten biggest scientific breakthroughs


noaa 's year history citation states ecopath revolutionized scientists ability worldwide understand complex marine ecosystems behind lies two decades development work villy christensen carl walters daniel pauly fisheries scientists registered users countries ecopath widely used fisheries management tool modelling visualising complex relationships exist real world marine ecosystems performance biomass certain global fish stocks allowed run biomass many species diminished point


longer possible sustainably catch amount fish could caught according un report titled ''the sunken billions economic justification fisheries reform'' world 's fishing fleets incur us billion annual economic loss depleted stocks poor fisheries management report produced jointly world bank un food agriculture organization fao asserts half world 's fishing fleet could scrapped change catch blockquote improving governance marine fisheries society could capture substantial part billion annual economic loss


comprehensive reform fisheries sector could become basis economic growth creation alternative livelihoods many countries time nation natural capital form fish stocks could greatly increased negative impacts fisheries marine environment reduced blockquote prominent failure fisheries management recent times perhaps events lead collapse atlantic northwest cod fishery recently international consortium investigative journalists produced series journalistic investigations called ''looting seas'' detail investigations


black market bluefin tuna subsidies propping spanish fishing industry overfishing chilean jack mackerel history fisheries explicitly managed places hundreds years percent world 's commercial exploitation fish shellfish harvested natural occurring populations oceans freshwater areas example ori people new zealand residents years prohibitions taking could eaten giving back first fish caught offering sea god tangaroa starting


accommodation drying fish blockquote europe governmental resource protection based fisheries management relatively new idea first developed north european fisheries first overfishing conference held london british fisheries researchers ray beverton sidney holt published seminal work north sea commercial fisheries dynamics ref name beverton holt ref work became theoretical platform north european management schemes north america commercial recreational fisheries actively managed years us states canadian provinces fisheries agencies


employees implement state provincial federal laws using broad suite tools procedures freshwater marine fisheries years away field fisheries management beverton criticized earlier work paper given first world fisheries congress athens dynamics exploited fish populations expressed concerns including way sidney holt 's work misinterpreted misused fishery biologists managers previous years nevertheless institutional foundation modern fishery management laid marine stewardship


council founded set standards sustainable fishing aquaculture stewardship council created aquaculture report prince charles' international sustainability unit new york based environmental defense fund published july estimated global fisheries adding billion year global gdp full implementation sustainable fishing figure could rise extra amount much billion ref name globalfisheries ref see also age class structure ''all fish sea maximum sustainable yield failure fisheries management'' beverton holt model


community supported fishery fisheries law centre fisheries marine ecosystem model intercomparison project illegal unreported unregulated fishing international inspection pennant list harvested aquatic animals weight marine conservation marine protected area maximum sustainable yield north pacific fishery management council regional fisheries management organisation sustainable fisheries sunken billions end line documentary us regional fishery management councils western pacific regional fishery management council references book sources caddy jf mahon r http wwwfaoorg docrep v e v e htm toc reference points fisheries management fao fisheries technical paper rome duffy j emmett http wwweoearthorg article marine biodiversity food security marine biodiversity food security ''encyclopedia


fishing communities key fisheries management food security'' fao fisheries technical paper morgan gary staples derek funge smith simon http wwwfaoorg docrep ah e ah e htm ''fishing capacity management illegal unreported unregulated fishing asia'' fao rap publication pitcher pauly p hart ''reinventing fisheries management'' kluwer academic publishers townsend r shotton ross uchida h http wwwfaoorg docrep e e htm ''case studies fisheries self governance'' fao fisheries technical paper voigtlander c w ed ''the state world 's fisheries resources proceedings world fisheries congress athens plenary sessions'' oxford


ibh publishing co pvt ltd janpath ndelhi india p year publisher princeton university press isbn unep '' http wwwunepscsorg scs documents download south china sea project knowledge documents south china sea project knowledge document fisheries refugiahtml procedure establishing regional system fisheries refugia south china sea gulf thailand context unep gef project entitled reversing environmental degradation trends south china sea gulf thailand '' south china sea knowledge document unep gef scs inf http wwwnapedu openbookphprecord id page evolution views fishery management ''sustaining marine fisheries'' commission geosciences environment resources ocean studies board http wwwfaoorg docrep v e v e htm fao code conduct responsible fisheries fao https webarchiveorg web http wwwfaoorg icatalog search resultaspsubcat id index


watchstander station combat information center uss ''carl vinson'' year '''command control''' set organizational technical attributes processes employs human physical information resources solve problems accomplish missions achieve goals organization enterprise according definition military scientists marius vassiliou david alberts jonathan r agre term often refers military system versions united states army ''field manual '' circulated circa define c military organization

Applied science
Military sciences
Organization
Command and control


agreed terminology definitions fundamental c system development joint doctrine procedures definitions following paragraphs agreement internationally although every potential ally use terms exactly meaning ref name addp overview us perspective us ''department defense dictionary military associated terms'' defines command control exercise authority direction properly designated commander assigned attached forces accomplishment mission also called c source jp edition ''dictionary'' amended april


elaborates command control functions performed arrangement personnel equipment communications facilities procedures employed commander planning directing coordinating controlling forces operations accomplishment mission ref name jp ref however sentence missing command control entry edition amended august ref name jp ref commanding officers assisted executing tasks specialized staff officers enlisted personnel ''military staff'' group officers enlisted personnel provides bi directional flow information commanding officer subordinate military units


purpose military staff mainly providing accurate timely information category represents information command decisions based key application decisions effectively manage unit resources information flow toward commander priority information useful contingent nature communicated lower staffs units computer security industry term also common use within computer security industry context cyberwarfare term refers influence attacker compromised computer system control


example valid usage term say attackers use command control infrastructure issue command control instructions victims advanced analysis command control methodologies used identify attackers associate attacks disrupt ongoing malicious activity derivative terms plethora derivative terms emphasise different aspects uses sub domains c terms come plethora associated abbreviations example addition c command control also often abbreviated c sup sup sometimes c c embraer r multi intel example


aircraft c capabilities command control coupled communication communications military intelligence information information systems computers computing surveillance target acquisition reconnaissance interoperability collaboration electronic warfare others common variations include c command control intelligence c command control information less common usage r c rapid advanced manufacturing command control intelligence developed sicdrone c command control information systems c isr c plus surveillance reconnaissance c istar c plus istar intelligence surveillance target acquisition reconnaissance c command control communication human


activity focus c command control communications technology focus c consultation command control nato c possibilities common command control communications intelligence c istar c plus istar c isrew c isr plus communications plus electronic warfare technology focus c ms cyber command control mission system c sa c plus situational awareness c c c isr c istar c isrew c istarew plus computers technology focus computing human activity focus c sup sup sup sup command control communications computers intelligence interoperability c command control communications computers collaboration intelligence c isr command control communications computers cyber defense


combat systems intelligence surveillance reconnaissance mdc multi domain command control nc nuclear command control nc nuclear command control communications others command exercise authority based upon certain knowledge attain objective control process verifying correcting activity objective goal command accomplished communication ability exercise necessary liaison exercise effective command tactical strategic units command computers computer systems compatibility computer systems also includes data processing intelligence includes collection well analysis


government municipal agency various branches us military us coast guard navy command control centers also common many large correctional facilities command control center used military unit deployed location usually called command post warship combat information center tactical control ship 's resources commanding fleet joint operation requires additional space commanders staff plus c facilities provided flagship eg aircraft carriers sometimes command ship upgraded


logistics ship uss ''coronado'' command control warfare command control warfare encompasses military tactics use communications technology abbreviated c sup sup w older name tactics signals warfare derived name given communications military newer names include information operations information warfare following techniques combined operations security opsec military deception psychological operations psyop electronic warfare ew psychological warfare cyber operations physical destruction enemy communications facilities objective deny information enemy disrupt command control


capabilities time precautions taken protect friendly command control capabilities retaliation addition targeting enemy 's command control information warfare directed enemy 's politicians civilian communications see also battlespace battle command civilian control military command control warfare command center command ship communications protection defence information infrastructure electronic warfare fingerspitzengef hl fog war intent military international command control research technology symposium military communications mission command mission type tactics network centric warfare reconnaissance surveillance target acquisition rsta signal corps disambiguation signals intelligence sigint surveillance


target acquisition sta '''us nato specific ''' th command control wing command control research program ccrp deployable joint command control future combat systems command control vehicle global command control system joint force air component headquarters joint interoperability tactical command control systems national command authority united states nato communications information systems agency nato consultation command control agency norad worldwide military command control system command systems united states army '''other''' military institute telecommunications information technologies references citations sources external links http wwwappcollegepoliceuk app content operations command control definitions procedures


command control definitions procedures uk college policing wwwappcollegepoliceuk http wwwdodccrporg command control research program ccrp http wwwdodccrporg files alberts uc pdf understanding command control alberts r e hayes military terminology military science military organization


'''socioeconomics''' also known '' 'social economics''' social science studies economic activity affects shaped social processes general analyzes modern societies progress stagnate regress local regional economy global economy societies divided three groups social cultural economic also refers ways social economic factors influence economy overview socioeconomics sometimes used umbrella term various areas inquiry term social economics may refer broadly use economics study


society ref name google narrowly contemporary practice considers behavioral interactions individuals groups social capital social markets excluding example sorting marriage formation social norms ref name uoregon relation economics social values ref name elsevier distinct supplemental usage describes social economics discipline studying reciprocal relationship economic science one hand social philosophy ethics human dignity toward social reconstruction improvement ref name google also emphasizing multidisciplinary methods fields sociology history political science ref name e elgar criticizing mainstream economics


alleged faulty philosophical premises example pursuit self interest neglect dysfunctional economic relationships advocates tend classify social economics heterodox ref name google socioeconomic factors environmental change socioeconomic system regional level refers way social economic factors influence one another local communities households systems significant impact environment deforestation pollution natural disasters energy production use telecoupled systems interactions lead global impact local economies food insecurity environmental hazards negative effects direct


atmosphere deforestation also happening due population growth expansion farmland creates feedback loops forests cut begin agriculture practices soil degradation often takes place leads issues like declining crop yields contribute food insecurity contraction economy due deforestation animals often lose habitats vegetation significantly decreased habitat loss common deforestation happens trees cut land trees previously inhabited suffers extreme soil erosion due lack protection tree coverage


animals' struggle survive hindered due high temperatures places tree coverage lost local community economies affected depend resources drive local markets feed families modern medicine also affected deforestation several medicines derived plants found areas loss resources means loss income local communities depend natural resources profit global effect creating shortages medicines worldwide pollution ocean pollution massively affected small


fishing communities around world ocean water gets polluted range effects ocean life fish absorb mercury coal mining fossil fuel burning makes toxic eat food insecurity socioeconomic impact toxic marine life small https wwwepagov cre climate change coastal communities coastal communities depend fishing drive local markets big companies produce pollution spillover system affects fish affects surrounding communities natural disasters natural disasters becoming severe environment shifting western hemisphere landslides


due landslide would considered private cost urbanization deforestation primarily responsible increasing number landslides small communities households another socioeconomic factor change household family nuclear family traditionally two parents children living roof past households frequently inhibited extended family members grandparents shift number people one roof increase direct energy consumption fewer people per household means households people shifting towards single person households


part social actions ch description contents http wwwelseviercom wps find bookdescriptioncws home description description links chapter preview http wwwsciencedirectcom science ob publicationurl hubeid c cid pubtype hs auth acct c version urlversion userid md ce c cfb df ce b b e links br nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp vol b part peer neighborhood effects ch description contents http wwwelseviercom wps find bookdescriptioncws home description description links chapter preview http wwwsciencedirectcom science ob publicationurl hubeid c cid pubtype hs auth acct c version urlversion userid md ce c cfb df ce b b e links ref ref name google john eatwell murray milgate peter newman ''social economics new palgrave'' p xii https wwwpalgravecom gp book description https booksgooglecom booksid ptmxshbmtuac pg pr lpg pp ots wvv b auqo dq scrollable preview ref ref name google mark lutz social economics jan peil irene van staveren ed ''handbook economics ethics'' p https booksgooglecom booksid yahcdbq nqqc pg pa lpg pa dq handbook economics ethics social economics source bl ots ub xqwqjnc sig e gkbm h iuefxemrbfdkcrhy hl en ei lns idyo galypfd sa x oi book result ct result resnum ved cagq aewaa v onepage q f false pp edward elgar publishing br nbsp nbsp ''economics common good two centuries social


economic thought humanist tradition'' routledge https booksgooglecom booksid kgnxwachgqc printsec frontcover dq false preview ref ref name google edward o'boyle ed ''social economics premises findings policies'' pp https booksgooglecom booksid slzu qxvuc pg pr lpg pr false v onepage q f false ii https booksgooglecom booksid slzu qxvuc pg pr lpg pr false v onepage q f false ix br nbsp nbsp tony lawson nature heterodox economics ''cambridge journal economics'' pp http casumkcedu econ economics faculty wray papers lawson heterdoxypdf alternate access copy press ''' ''' br nbsp nbsp frederic lee heterodox economics ''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' nd ed v pp nbsp http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde h q heterodox economics topicid result number abstract ref ref name uoregon https webarchiveorg web http wwwuoregonedu cjellis becker pdf pdf br nbsp nbsp kevin murphy ''social economics market behavior social environment'' http wwwhupharvardedu catalog becsochtml description table http wwwhupharvardedu catalogphprecid content toc contents harvard university press br nbsp nbsp mariano


tommasi kathryn ierulli ed ''the new economics human behavior'' cambridge http wwwcambridgeorg catalogue catalogueaspisbn description https booksgooglecom booksid buau ybxaiec printsec frontcover source gbs v summary r cad v onepage q f false preview br nbsp nbsp steven n durlauf h peyton young new social economics ''social dynamics'' ch pp https booksgooglecom bookshl en lr id dbiyi ubih c oi fnd pg pa dq new social economics ots nkmytbuehn sig lpheipgu psj lk v f asj v onepage q new social economics f false preview mit press br nbsp nbsp steven n durlauf lawrence e blume ''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' nd edition social interactions empirics yannis ioannides http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde e q social interactions topicid result number abstract social interactions theory jos scheinkman http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde q social interactions topicid result number abstract ref references gustav cassel ''the theory social economy'' reprinted augustus kelley mises institute select among https misesorg books theorysocialeconomy casselpdf


sections press ''' ''' hellmich simon n '' https dxdoiorg socioeconomics overview theories methods themes field ''forum social economics'' pokrovskii vladimir n https wwwspringercom physics complexity book ''econodynamics theory social production'' springer berlin max weber ''economy society'' v http wwwucpressedu bookphpisbn description scroll chapter preview https booksgooglecom bookshl en lr id miloksrhgryc oi fnd pg pr dq false links friedrich von wieser ''social economics'' foreword wesley c mitchell reprint routledge scroll chapter preview links https booksgooglecom booksid bdjnmikyx ec printsec frontcover dq false links external links http wwwsocialeconomicsorg association social economics http wwwsaseorg society advancement socio economics http wwwtandfcouk journals titles asp ''economy society'' http wwwelseviercom wps find journaldescriptioncws home description ''journal


meshid ops othercodes hcpcslevel '''counseling psychology''' psychological specialty encompasses research applied work several broad domains counseling process outcome supervision training career development counseling prevention health unifying themes among counseling psychologists include focus assets strengths person environment interactions educational career development brief interactions focus intact personalities history term counselling american origin coined carl rogers

Social science
Psychology
Counseling psychology


lacking medical qualification prevented calling work psychotherapy us counselling psychology like many modern psychology specialties started result world war ii war us military strong need vocational placement training veterans administration created specialty called counseling psychology division known society counseling psychology apa formed society counseling psychology unites psychologists students professionals dedicated promote education training practice scientific investigation diversity public interest


field professional psychology fostered interest counselor training creation first counseling psychology phd programs first counseling psychology phd programs university minnesota ohio state university university maryland college park university missouri teachers college columbia university university texas austin recent decades counseling psychology profession expanded represented numerous countries around world books describing present international state field include ''handbook counseling psychotherapy international context'' ref name moodleygielenwu moodley gielen wu


''handbook counseling psychotherapy international context'' new york routledge ref ''international handbook cross cultural counseling'' ''counseling around world international handbook'' taken together volumes trace global history field explore divergent philosophical assumptions counseling theories processes trends different countries review variety global counselor education programs moreover traditional indigenous treatment healing methods may predate modern counseling methods hundreds years remain significance many non western western countries ref name moodleygielenwu employment salary counseling psychologists employed variety settings depending