short lived revolutionary communes baja california mag nista revolt ref name sandiegohistoryorg date best known examples anarcho communist society ie established around ideas exist today achieving worldwide attention knowledge historical canon anarchist territories spanish revolution free territory russian revolution efforts influence spanish anarchists spanish revolution within spanish civil war starting anarcho communism existed aragon parts levante andalusia well stronghold anarchist


catalonia crushed combined forces regime war hitler mussolini spanish communist party repression backed soviet union well economic armaments blockades capitalist countries spanish republic post classical theoretical economic systems participatory economics michael albert contemporary anarchist economist proponent parecon system participatory economics often abbreviated parecon economic system proposed activist political theorist michael albert radical economist robin hahnel albert participatory economics participatory society provide worthy viable even necessary potentially

Social science
Economics
Anarchist economics


sufficient anarchist revolutionary vision uses participatory decision making economic mechanism guide production consumption allocation resources given society proposed alternative contemporary capitalist market economies also alternative centrally planned socialism described anarchistic economic vision could considered form socialism parecon means production owned workers underlying values parecon seeks implement equity solidarity diversity workers' self management efficiency efficiency means accomplishing goals without wasting valued assets proposes


attain ends mainly following principles institutions workers' consumers' councils utilizing self managerial methods decision making balanced job complexes remuneration according effort sacrifice participatory planning albert hahnel stress parecon meant address alternative economic theory must accompanied equally important alternative visions fields politics culture kinship authors also discussed elements anarchism field politics polyculturalism field culture feminism field family gender relations possible foundations future alternative visions


socialist growth economy also different various types collectivist capitalism workers' control milder versions suggested post keynesian social democrats demos therefore becomes authentic unit economic life main characteristic proposed model also differentiates socialist planning models like parecon explicitly presupposes stateless moneyless marketless economy precludes private accumulation wealth institutionalisation privileges sections society without relying mythical post scarcity state abundance sacrificing freedom choice proposed system aims satisfying


double aim meeting basic needs citizens requires basic macro economic decisions made democratically b securing freedom choice requires individual make important decisions affecting life work consume therefore system consists two basic elements democratic planning involves feedback process workplace assemblies demotic assemblies confederal assembly artificial market using personal vouchers ensures freedom choice avoids adverse effects real markets although called


system form money based labour theory value money model since vouchers cannot used general medium exchange store wealth another distinguishing feature id distinction basic non basic needs remuneration according need basic needs according effort non basic needs id based principle meeting basic needs fundamental human right guaranteed physical condition offer minimal amount work contrast parecon guarantees


basic needs satisfied extent characterized public goods covered compassion guaranteed basic income unemployed cannot work free market anarchism free market anarchism based economic theories mutualism individualist anarchism revival free market anarchist theories encompasses diverse economic theories like proposed individualist anarchists libertarian socialists europeans mile armand thomas hodgskin miguel gim nez igualada pierre joseph proudhon americans stephen pearl andrews william batchelder greene lysander spooner benjamin tucker josiah warren


among others various anti capitalists left libertarians left wing market anarchists kevin carson gary chartier samuel edward konkin iii chris matthew sciabarra anarcho capitalism advocates elimination public sector favor ''laissez faire'' economic system ref name stringham edward stringham ''anarchy law political economy choice'' https booksgooglecom booksid nft e nicsc pg pa dq anarcho capitalism libertarian v onepage q anarcho capitalism libertarian p ref associated individuals david friedman murray rothbard anarcho capitalist society law enforcement courts security services would funded marketplace rather confiscatory taxation money would privately competitively provided


fact anarchism historically anti capitalist movement see incompatible capitalism ref name meltzer meltzer albert https archiveorg details anarchism albe ''anarchism arguments against'' ak press p philosophy anarcho capitalism dreamed libertarian new right nothing anarchism known anarchist movement proper ref inspired individualist anarchists lysander spooner benjamin tucker espoused mutualism criticised wage labour rothbard argued individualist anarchism different anarcho capitalism capitalism individualist anarchists retained labor theory value socialist doctrines really really free


market movement horizontally organized collective individuals form temporary market based alternative gift economy movement aims counteract capitalism proactive way creating positive example challenge myths scarcity competition name play words reinterpretation envisioning free market term generally refers economy consumerism governed supply demand issues proposals anarchist criticism capitalism emma goldman famously denounced wage slavery saying difference


hired slaves instead block slaves ref name booksgooglecouk ref authors ''an anarchist faq'' state anarchists long recognised capitalism nature hierarchical ref name infoshoporg ref worker subjected authority boss working hours sometimes outside work state hierarchical control wage labour effect alienating workers work workers longer govern work hours longer free ref name infoshoporg capitalism treating labour analogous commodities denies


key distinction labour resources say inseparability bearer labour unlike property endowed agency thus one speaks selling labour necessary subjugation hierarchy creative self managed work source pride joy part means fully human wrenching control work hands worker profoundly harms mental physical health also establish following influential german individualist anarchist philosopher max stirner private property spook lives


little none one 's labour capital subject labourers ref name lorenzo kom'boa ervin french anarchist pierre joseph proudhon opposed government privilege protects capitalist banking land interests well accumulation acquisition property form coercion led believed hampers competition keeps wealth hands spanish individualist anarchist miguel gim nez igualada sees capitalism effect government disappearance government means capitalism falls pedestal vertiginouslythat call capitalism something else


product state within thing pushed forward profit good badly acquired fight capitalism pointless task since state capitalism enterprise capitalism long government exists exploiting capital exist fight consciousness state ref name igualada el capitalismo es lo el efecto del gobierno desaparecido el gobierno el capitalismo cae de su pedestal vertiginosamentelo que llamamos capitalismo es otra cosa que el producto del estado dentro del cual lo nico que se cultiva es la ganancia bien


mal habida luchar pues contra el capitalismo es tarea til porque sea capitalismo de estado capitalismo de empresa mientras el gobierno exista existir el capital que explota la lucha pero de conciencias es contra el estado http wwwkclibertariacomyrcom lpdf l pdf ''anarquismo'' miguel gim nez igualada ref within anarchism emerged critique wage slavery refers situation perceived quasi voluntary slavery ref name ellerman ref person 's livelihood depends wages especially dependence total immediate ref name merriam webstercom ref negatively connoted term used draw analogy slavery wage labor focusing similarities


owning renting person term wage slavery used criticize economic exploitation social stratification former seen primarily unequal bargaining power labor capital particularly workers paid comparatively low wages eg sweatshops latter lack workers' self management fulfilling job choices leisure economy ref name globetrotterberkeleyedu ref ref name hb ref ref name spunkorg ref libertarian socialists believe freedom valued society must work towards system individuals power decide economic issues along political issues libertarian socialists seek replace unjustified authority


incompatible human liberty demand property recognizes wrote ''anarchism essays'' gluttonous appetite greater wealth wealth means power power subdue crush exploit power enslave outrage degrade ref name goldman emma anarchism essays rd ed new york dover publications inc p ref also argued capitalism dehumanized workers turning producer mere particle machine less decision master steel iron ref name noam chomsky contends little moral


see economic liberalism right libertarianism according carson term derived phrase vulgar political economy karl marx described economic order deliberately becomes increasingly apologetic makes strenuous attempts talk existence ideas contain contradictions existing economic life economics anarchist strategy economic secession variously defined sources narrowest sense abstention state 's economic system instance replacing use government money barter local exchange trading systems commodity money gold anarchists


often found advocating mass refusal withdrawal participation sometimes form general strikes sometimes case illegalists forms direct expropriations support participation social movements sometimes forms occupations taking space still times advocating creating alternatives capitalist relations anarchists believe radical political activity transform society radical economic activity make true change regard


boycotts consumer advocacy class action lawsuits merely liberal actions address core problem capitalism italian anarcho communist errico malatesta argued victory however small gained workers exploiters decrease profit every bit wealth taken individual owners put disposal shall progress forward step towards anarchism participatory economics addresses division labor question advocating balanced job complexes wherein workers production facility share aspects labor ie everyone takes part


labor management maintenance related work ensure equality skills shared amongst workers anarchists changing personal consumption habits minimize eliminate entirely involvement prevailing capitalist economy essential practicing anarchism lives withdrawing system living scavenged stolen scammed resources often touted individuals groups influenced situationists crimethinc viable means survival non participation system anarchist value theory pierre joseph proudhon 's mutualism american individualist anarchists josiah warren lysander spooner


benjamin tucker adopted liberal labor theory value classical economics used criticize capitalism instead favoring non capitalist market system egoist anarchist max stirner adhere anything close labor theory value affirmed real base possession might ref name stirner whoever knows take defend thing belongs property power long assert holder proprietor thing says step shyly back


property look upon always property respect nothing pray like call property max stirner ego p ref collectivist anarchism defended mikhail bakunin defended form labour theory value advocated system necessaries production owned common labour groups free communesbased distribution goods according labour contributed anarcho communism defended peter kropotkin errico malatesta rejected labor theory value exchange value


advocated gift economy base distribution need ethics pricing sample labor labor note cincinnati time store scanned ''equitable commerce'' josiah warren josiah warren termed phrase cost limit price cost referring monetary price paid labor one exerted produce item ref name referencec understanding cost congruent classical economist adam smith said real price every thing every thing really costs man wants acquire


toil trouble acquiring however warren reached different conclusions believed goods services trade according much labor exerted produce bring market instead according individuals believed subjectively worth therefore h e proposed system pay people certificates indicating many hours work could exchange notes local time stores goods took amount time produce ref name slate charge labor something entailed less labor cannibalism according


moreover believed trading according cost limit price would promote increasing efficiency economy explains ''equitable commerce'' put theories test establishing experimental labor labor store called cincinnati time store corner th elm streets downtown cincinnati trade facilitated notes backed promise perform labor goods offered sale warren 's store offered price merchant paid plus small surcharge


neighborhood percent cover store overhead ref name mises riggenbach jeff https misesorg daily josiah warren first american anarchist josiah warren first american anarchist ''mises institute'' ref store proved successful operated three years closed warren could pursue establishing colonies based mutualism included utopia modern times warren said stephen pearl andrews' ''the science society'' published lucid complete exposition warren 's theories ref name charles madison p energy credits theory values evaluated terms joules


vein labor theory value attempt make normative basis value accounting embodied energy accounting system would vastly complex current theoretical currency systems energy output workers energy expenditure goods services must tracked something thought impossible useless many anarchists one group advocated system using energy technocracy movement system based energy accounting energy used buy product service without exchanged


effect products services distributed user without gain provider amount energy account regardless allegedly making profit impossible workers issues anarcho syndicalism anarcho syndicalism branch anarchism focuses labour movement ''syndicalisme'' french word ultimately derived greek meaning trade unionism hence syndicalism qualification syndicalism alternative co operative economic system adherents view potential force revolutionary social change replacing capitalism state new society democratically self managed workers


may day demonstration spanish anarcho syndicalist trade union cnt bilbao basque country basic principles anarcho syndicalism workers' solidarity direct action workers' self management anarcho syndicalists believe direct action action concentrated directly attaining goal opposed indirect action electing representative government position allow workers liberate moreover anarcho syndicalists believe workers' organizations organizations struggle wage system anarcho syndicalist theory eventually form basis new society self managing bosses business agents rather workers


able make decisions affect rudolf rocker one popular voices anarcho syndicalist movement outlined view origins movement sought important future labor pamphlet ''anarcho syndicalism'' international workers' association international anarcho syndicalist federation various labor unions different countries spanish confederaci n nacional del trabajo cnt played still plays major role spanish labor movement also important force spanish civil war anarcho syndicalists


seek abolish wage system regarding wage slavery state private ownership means production believe lead class divisions seek abolish money per se ralph chaplin states ultimate aim general strike regards wages give producer full product labor demand better wages becomes revolutionary coupled demand exploitation labor must cease additionally anarcho syndicalists regard state profoundly anti worker institution view primary purpose


state defence private property therefore economic social political privilege even defence denies citizens ability enjoy material independence social autonomy springs contrast bodies thought marxism leninism prime example anarcho syndicalists deny kind workers' state state acts interests workers opposed rich powerful reflecting anarchist philosophy draws primary inspiration anarcho syndicalism holds idea power corrupts although


anarcho syndicalism originated close beginning twentieth century remains popular active school anarchism today many supporters well many currently active organizations anarcho syndicalist trade unionists social anarchists vary points view anarchist economic arrangements collectivist anarchism type economic system anarcho communist economic system concept wage slavery wage slavery refers situation perceived quasi voluntary slavery ref name ellerman person 's livelihood depends wages especially dependence total immediate ref name merriam webstercom negatively connoted term used


draw analogy slavery wage labor focusing similarities owning renting person term wage slavery used criticize economic exploitation social stratification former seen primarily unequal bargaining power labor capital particularly workers paid comparatively low wages eg sweatshops latter lack workers' self management fulfilling job choices leisure economy ref name globetrotterberkeleyedu ref name hb ref name spunkorg criticism social stratification covers wider range employment choices bound pressures hierarchical society perform otherwise


unfulfilling work deprives humans species character threat starvation poverty also social stigma status diminution ref name fitzhugh ref ref name schalkenbach ref exchange money debt work traces back disintegration playful work hunter gatherer gift economies establishment prostitution fundamental feature human civilization similarities wage labor slavery noted ancient rome cicero pervasive practice voluntary slavery medieval russia indicates previous historical coexistence slavery voluntary choice american civil war southern


defenders african american slavery invoked concept wage slavery favorably compare condition slaves workers north advent industrial revolution thinkers proudhon marx elaborated comparison wage labor slavery context critique societal property intended active personal use ref name proudhon ref name marx c luddites emphasized dehumanization brought machines emma goldman famously denounced wage slavery saying difference hired slaves instead block slaves ref name booksgooglecouk introduction wage


labor th century britain met resistance giving rise principles syndicalism ref name english working class p ref ref name english working class p ref ref name geoffrey ostergaard p ref ref name shop floor p ref historically labor organizations individual social activists espoused workers' self management worker cooperatives possible alternatives wage labor ref name hb ref name geoffrey ostergaard p collectivizations workers control socialization textiles industry spanish revolution workers' control term meaning participation management factories commercial enterprises people work


variously advocated anarchists socialists communists social democrats christian democrats combined various socialist mixed economy systems workers' councils form workers' control proudhon mutualism involved creating industrial democracy system workplaces would handed democratically organised workers' associations want associations models agriculture industry trade pioneering core vast federation companies societies woven common cloth democratic social republic urged workers form democratic societies equal conditions members


economy via state nationalisation central planning see state socialism private control means production found capitalism worker cooperative cooperative owned democratically managed worker owners control may exercised number ways cooperative enterprise may mean firm every worker owner participates decision making democratic fashion may refer one managers administration elected every worker owner finally refer situation managers considered treated workers


majority shares owned workforce ref name ica http wwwcooperatives ukcoop live images cme resources public governance worker co op governance icapdf ica world declaration worker cooperatives approved ica general assembly cartagena colombia september ref nevertheless anarcho communism critical workers ownership large means production following reasons whereas syndicalist alternative privatizes economy self managed collectives opens way degeneration traditional forms private property whether collectively owned libertarian municipalism politicizes economy dissolves civic domain neither factory land appear separate interests within communal


collective workers farmers technicians engineers professionals like perpetuate vocational identities separate interests exist apart citizen body face face assemblies property integrated commune material constituent libertarian institutional framework indeed part larger whole controlled citizen body assembly citizens vocationally oriented interest groups ref name bookchin forms exchange anarchist economist kevin carson manifests l ocal currencies barter networks mutual credit clearing systems solution basic problem world


lot work done simply money around bring people work together alternate currency alternative currency currency used alternative dominant national multinational currency systems usually referred national fiat money alternative currencies created individual corporation organization created national state local governments arise naturally people begin use certain commodity currency mutual credit form alternative currency


thus form lending go banking system considered form alternative currency used combination designed work combination national multinational fiat currencies referred complementary currency complementary currencies also local currencies limited certain region barters another type alternative currency actually exchange systems trade items thus without use currency whatsoever finally local exchange trading system special form barter trades points


trade facilitated notes backed promise perform labor store proved successful operated three years closed warren could pursue establishing colonies based mutualism included utopia modern times local exchange trading system also local employment trading system local energy transfer system abbreviated lets letsystem locally initiated democratically organised profit community enterprise provides community information service record transactions members exchanging goods services using currency locally created lets credits ref name trainingpack letsystems training pack


wa government ref lets networks use interest free local credit direct swaps need made instance member may earn credit childcare one person spend later carpentry another person network lets unlike local currencies scrip issued rather transactions recorded central location open members credit issued network members benefit members lets considered mutual credit systems credit banking william batchelder greene american individualist anarchist activist


benefit bankers individualist anarchists noted detailed views mutualist banking include pierre joseph proudhon william batchelder greene lysander spooner modern forms mutual credit lets ripple monetary system project session french legislature proudhon proposed government imposed income tax fund mutual banking scheme tax brackets reaching high percent percent turned legislature income tax proudhon proposed fund bank levied rents interest debts salaries specifically proudhon 's proposed law


would required capitalists stockholders disburse one sixth income tenants debtors another sixth national treasury fund bank ref name martin henri p martin henri alger abby langdon popular history france first revolution present time estes ce lauria p ref scheme vehemently objected others legislature including fr ric bastiat ref name martin henri p reason given income tax 's rejection would result economic ruin violated right


existing circulating medium'' similar attempts new england labor reform league met similar results greene 's mutualist banking ideas resembled proudhon well land banks colonial period important influence benjamin tucker editor anarchist journal ''liberty'' episode known spanish revolution contemporary anarchist theorist peter gelderloos reports following gift economy watercolor james g swan depicting klallam people chief chetzemoka port townsend one chetzemoka 's wives distributing potlatch anthropology


david edge ''science context readings sociology science'' mit press cambridge massachusetts ref contrary popular conception evidence societies relied primarily barter using money trade instead non monetary societies operated largely along principles gift economics complex economies debt barter fact occur usually either complete strangers would enemies expansion internet witnessed resurgence gift economy especially technology sector engineers scientists software developers create open source software projects linux kernel


gnu operating system prototypical examples gift economy 's prominence technology sector active role instating use permissive free software copyleft licenses allow free reuse software knowledge examples include file sharing commons open access anarcho communists advocate gift economy ideal neither money markets central planning view traces back least peter kropotkin saw hunter gatherer tribes visited paradigm mutual aid anarchist anthropologist david graeber book ''debt first years''


mercenary armies looted cities human beings cut social context work slaves greece rome elsewhere eurasian continent extreme violence period marked rise great empires china india mediterranean way connected advent large scale slavery use coins pay soldiers together obligation enforced state subjects pay taxes currency also time great religions spread general questions philosophical


enquiry emerged world history many directly related plato 's ''republic'' nature debt relation ethics free shops inside utrecht giveaway shop banner reads earth enough everyone 's need everyone 's greed give away shops freeshops free stores stores goods free similar charity shops mostly second hand items everything available cost whether book piece furniture garment household item freely given away although operate


one one type policy swap shops free store form constructive direct action provides shopping alternative monetary framework allowing people exchange goods services outside money based economy anarchist countercultural group diggers opened free stores simply gave away stock provided free food distributed free drugs gave away money organized free music concerts performed works political art ref name lytle ref diggers took name original english diggers led gerrard winstanley ref name digger archives ref sought create mini society free money


system applications openoffice clearly approximate informational anarchist communism moreover anarchists precisely logic expropriation electronic piracy enables radical political extension cultural ideals free manipulation circulation use information associated hacker ethic himanen space illegality created p p peer peer file sharing opens possibility open circulation freely given information software internet today also conscious copyright violation internet enables communist relations around information also


militant contamination erosion non communist regimes knowledge technological weapon equalise access information eating away intellectual property rights rendering unenforceable p p specific form relational dynamic based assumed equipotency participants organized free cooperation equals view performance common task creation common good forms decision making autonomy widely distributed throughout network three fundamental aspects social p p processes peer production collaborative production use value open


participation use widest possible number defined yochai benkler essay coase 's penguin peer governance production project governed community producers market allocation corporate hierarchy peer property use value property freely accessible universal basis peer services products distributed new modes property exclusive though recognize individual authorship ie gnu general public license creative commons licenses peer production produce commodities exchange value use price mechanism


narrowly possible many anarcho communists opposed trade post left post scarcity anarcho communists ones syndicalist sympathies opposed trade support non monetary form trade form post monetary trade unions commons others tiziana terranova easily see anarcho communism compatible non hierarchical open access free association post monetary form trade p p coexistence economic systems economic pluralism french anarchist without adjectives max nettlau addressed issue coexistence different economic systems follows french individualist anarchist mile armand argued


pluralistic economic logic said everything happening everyone receiving need one getting whatever needed according capacity gift barter one product another exchange product representative value producer owner product product put possession collectivity ref name referencea http wwwrevoltlibcom id mile armand ''anarchist individualism amorous comradeship'' ref time spanish revolution led anarcho syndicalist trade union cnt fai issue coexistence different


supply needs congress anticipated delegates meetings confederation communes would able negotiate special economic agreements agricultural industrial communes eve vast bloody social transformation cnt think foolish try meet infinitely varied aspirations individual human beings blockquote commune federalism economic democracy anarcho communism critical simple call worker 's ownership workplaces administration cooperatives murray bookchin put way syndicalist ideal


collectivized self managed enterprises coordinated like occupations national level coordinated geographically collectives local levelhere traditional socialist criticism syndicalist form economic management without point corporate private capitalist worker controlled ironically technique repertoire industrial management coming much vogue today workplace democracy employee ownership constitutes threat whatever private property capitalismin case economic democracy simply meant workplace democracy employee ownership many workers fact would like


factory rationalized labor planned production usually exploitative production complicity workers ref name bookchin http libcomorg library municipalization murray bookchin municipalization community ownership economy murray bookchin ref common call within anarchism confederal form relationships mutual aid free association communes alternative centralism nation state peter kropotkin thus suggested representative government accomplished historical mission given mortal blow court rule debates awakened public interest public questions see government future socialist society


commit gross error economic phase life implies political phase impossible touch basis present economic life private property without corresponding change basis political organization life already shows direction change made increasing powers state resorting free organization free federation branches considered attributes state community hope achieve economic autarchy try


unless wishes become self enclosed parochial self sufficient hence confederation communes commune communes reworked economically well politically shared universe publicly managed resources management economy precisely public activity degenerate privatized interactions enterprises rather develops confederalized interactions municipalities say elements societal interaction expanded real potential privatized components institutionally real public components confederation becomes public project definition shared needs


resources way avoid emergence city state speak self serving bourgeois cooperatives municipalization political life complete politics embraces call public sphere material means life well ref name bookchin economic democracy proposed takis fotopoulos bookchin socioeconomic philosophy proposes shift decision making power corporate shareholders larger group public stakeholders includes workers customers suppliers neighbors broader public single definition approach encompasses economic democracy


proponents claim modern property relations externalize costs subordinate general well private profit deny polity democratic voice economic policy decisions ref name smith ref addition moral concerns economic democracy makes practical claims compensate capitalism 's claimedly inherent effective demand gap proponents economic democracy generally argue modern capitalism tends hinder prevent society earning enough income purchase output production corporate monopoly common resources typically creates artificial scarcity resulting socio economic imbalances restrict workers access economic opportunity


diminish consumer purchasing power economic democracy proposed component larger socioeconomic ideologies stand alone theory variety reform agendas example means securing full economic rights opens path full political rights defined including former ref name smith reform agenda supporting theories real world examples range decentralization democratic cooperatives fair trade regionalization food production currency examples anarchist economies utopia sometimes known trialville individualist anarchist colony begun josiah warren


associates united states tract land approximately miles cincinnati another example individual anarchists attempting put economic theories action cincinnati time store labor notes redeemable goods anarchist collectives formed spanish civil war famous example anarchist economy operating large scale collectives formed influence anarcho syndicalist union cnt rural urban areas successfully practised workers' self management collectivist anarchism number years extremely difficult economic political


circumstances examples self management include factory committee movement russian revolution workplace occupations argentina crisis turn st century attempts forming co operatives also appeared paris commune italian factory occupations see also autonomism community based economics decentrally planned economy distributism gandhian economics political economy prosumer socialist economics references research anarchist economics bibliography albert michael ''parecon life capitalism'' w w norton company april albert michael '' http wwwzcommunicationsorg zparecon tfintrohtm thinking forward learning conceptualize


economic vision '' albert michael '' http wwwzcommunicationsorg zparecon movingforwardhtm moving forward program participatory economy '' albert michael ''realizing hope life beyond capitalism'' alexander berkman '' http dwardmacpitzeredu anarchist archives bright berkman comanarchism whatis tochtml communist anarchism '' ''prison memoirs anarchist'' others murray bookchin ''post scarcity anarchism'' carson kevin ''studies mutualist political economy'' booksurge publishing kevin carson '' http wwwmutualistorg id html iron fist behind invisible hand corporate capitalism state guaranteed system privilege '' nanaimo bc red lion revised kevin carson '' https c ssorg content contract feudalism critique employer power employees '' london libertarian alliance gary chartier '' https webarchiveorg web http wwwlibertarianismoorg livros conscience spring th printing pdf conscience


anarchist '' apple valley california cobden press dolgoff sam editor '' https theanarchistlibraryorg library sam dolgoff editor anarchist collectives anarchist collectives workers' self management spanish revolution '' montreal black rose books dolgoff sam '' https theanarchistlibraryorg library sam dolgoff relevance anarchism modern society relevance anarchism modern society '' chicago charles h kerr ellerman david ''property contract economics case economic democracy'' cambridge blackwell fotopoulos takis ''towards inclusive democracy'' http wwwinclusivedemocracyorg fotopoulos english brbooks brtid idbookpdf online mb cassell continuum london new york fotopoulos takis http wwwinclusivedemocracyorg journal pdf files multidimensional crisis bookpdf multidimensional crisis inclusive democracy athens graeber david ''debt first years'' melville house graeber david guillen abraham https webarchiveorg web http wwwdam iwaorguk docs pamphlets anarchist economicshtm ''anarchist economics


alternative world crisis economics spanish libertarian collectives '' dam la presa hahnel robin ''the abc 's political economy'' pluto hahnel robin ''economic justice democracy'' routledge kropotkin peter ''fields factories workshops collected works peter kropotkin v '' black rose books january kropotkin peter '' http dwardmacpitzeredu anarchist archives kropotkin revpamphlets anarchistcommunismhtml anarchist communism basis ideals '' kropotkin peter ''the conquest bread'' new york new york university press leval gast n '' https libcomorg library collectives spanish revolution gaston leval collectives spanish revolution '' london freedom press g p maximoff '' http wwwditextcom maximoff programhtml program anarcho syndicalism '' extract ''constructive anarchism''


published english section included edition work print sydney monty miller press proudhon pierre http wwwmarxistsorg reference subject economics proudhon philosophy indexhtm ''the system economic contradictions philosophy poverty'' proudhon pierre ''what property'' b tucker translator cambridge university press solidarity federation iwa http wwwsolfedorguk docs booklets economics freedompdf ''the economics freedom anarcho syndicalist alternative capitalism '' solfed booklets various authors '' http wwwakpressorg accumulationoffreedomhtml accumulation freedom writings anarchist economics '' ak press articles http newsinfoshoporg articlephpstory anarchist economics anarcho http anarchismpageabodecom anarcho economics anarchy economics anarchy anarcho https terryphillipsorguk anarchisteconomicshtm anarchism economics


pdf invisible molotov extensive sections ''an anarchist faq'' economics http anarchismpageabodecom afaq secbconhtml section b anarchists oppose current system http anarchismpageabodecom afaq seccconhtml section c myths capitalist economics http anarchismpageabodecom afaq secdconhtml anarchist faq section statism capitalism affect society http anarchismpageabodecom afaq seci html could anarchist economy function http anarchismpageabodecom afaq seci html could economic structure anarchy look like films ''vivir la utop a'' ''living utopia'' http enanarchopediaorg vivir la utop juan gamero anarchism spain collectives spanish revolution https wwwyoutubecom watchv hcoezzo lxe anarchist economics workshop


presented mobilizing organizing conference baltimore maryland june anarchist theory issues anarchism


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major minor judaic studies department offers two concentrations jewish history culture hebrew language literature wide variety courses offered internship credits available also home new center israel studies brandeis university lown school near eastern judaic studies comprehensive center judaic studies houses department near eastern judaic studies one oldest largest programs type outside state israel largest faculty jewish studies


secular american university ref name brandeisedu ref department 's founding chairman simon rawidowicz graduate program grants phd degrees bible ancient near east jewish studies arab islamic civilizations ref name brandeisedu building also houses maurice marilyn cohen center modern jewish studies steinhardt social research institute tauber institute study european jewry jacob libby goodman institute study zionism bernard g rhoda g sarnat center study anti jewishness benjamin hornstein program jewish communal service national center


jewish film american jewish historical society associated lown school brown university brown university providence rhode island offers interdisciplinary judaic studies program includes undergraduate concentration graduate phd degrees faculty areas focus include hebrew language jewish thought modern hebrew jewish literature ancient judaism modern jewish history biblical studies rabbinics early judaism latin american jewish literature columbia university institute israel jewish studies columbia university new york city supported access rare books hebrew yiddish titles


columbia 's library columbia offers joint undergraduate degree jewish theological seminary columbia offers graduate programs jewish history yiddish studies talmud judaism cornell university program jewish studies cornell university ithaca new york interdisciplinary program scope jewish studies curriculum covers jewish civilization ancient near eastern origins contemporary history culture israel diaspora communities around world instruction offered semitic languages hebrew bible medieval modern hebrew literature ancient medieval modern jewish history holocaust studies emory university


tam institute jewish studies tijs emory university atlanta georgia established bring together students scholars interdisciplinary exploration jewish civilization culture largest jewish studies program southern united states institute core endowment generously provided arthur blank family foundation blank family named institute honor beloved spiritual leader rabbi donald tam founding rabbi atlanta temple beth tikvah community leader known wisdom compassion public service click https wwwbethtikvahcom rabbi donald tamhtml full bio


graduate students wide range grants travel research study abroad intensive language study addition robust academic program tijs engages broader community public events notably tenenbaum family lecture series jewish studies rabbi jacob rothschild memorial lecture bring distinguished visiting scholars campus fairfield university carl dorothy bennett center judaic studies fairfield university connecticut founded initial endowment million carl dorothy bennett bennett center 's goal provide fairfield


university students exposure contact jewish ideas culture thinking lectures events fairfield university also offers minor judaic studies within religion department courses cover jewish faith history culture seeks integrate judaic studies curriculum fairfield college arts sciences george washington university columbian college arts sciences judaic studies program george washington university washington dc offers students ability study proximity influential jewish jewish related institutions united


states location foggy bottom campus downtown washington dc internships organizations american jewish committee american israel public affairs committee aipac embassy israel washington sixth historic synagogue united states holocaust memorial museum easily accessible also common gelman library also hosts edward kiev collection one largest jewish academic archives east coast harvard university center jewish studies harvard university focal point study teaching judaica


publications fellowships lectures symposia topics interest scholars general public center sponsors visiting scholars post doctoral research fellows coordinates undergraduate graduate studies interdisciplinary basis center offer degrees degrees focusing judaic studies available various departments see harry austryn wolfson history hebrew union college jewish institute religion huc jir 's http hucedu academics become scholar pines school graduate studies features unique community graduate students diverse faiths international backgrounds rabbinical seminary environment leading scholars guide individualized doctoral programs hebrew bible history


modern state rabbis ordained huc another accredited jewish seminary enroll doctor hebrew letters program opportunities non residency independent study coursework huc 's new york campus offers http hucedu academics develop skills pastoral care interfaith doctor ministry program pastoral counseling designed ordained clergy faiths huc 's graduate programs include http hucedu academics become rabbi rabbinical school 's master 's hebrew letters literature ordination http hucedu academics become cantor debbie friedman school sacred music 's master 's sacred music ordination http hucedu academics become leader jewish education school education 's master educational leadership concurrent option master arts jewish learning


undergraduates university southern california louchheim school offers minor judaic studies minor jewish american studies concentration jewish studies within religious studies major indiana university borns jewish studies program offers undergraduate major jewish sacred music curriculum conjunction jacobs school music indiana university certificate courses minor hebrew undergraduate graduate minor yiddish studies via department germanic studies master 's degree phd minor jewish theological seminary america jewish theological seminary


america graduate school describes offering extensive academic program advanced judaic studies north america school grants dhl phd degrees areas ancient judaism bible ancient semitic languages interdepartmental studies jewish art visual culture jewish history jewish literature jewish philosophy jewish studies public administration jewish studies social work jewish women 's studies jewish liturgy medieval jewish studies midrash modern jewish studies talmud rabbinics addition graduate school jts also runs albert list college jewish studies


affiliated columbia university offers joint double bachelor 's degree programs columbia barnard college william davidson graduate school jewish education h l miller cantorial school college jewish music rabbinical school school 's library contains volumes making largest extensive collection hebraic judaic material western hemisphere miami university ohio jewish studies program miami university offers students minor requires credit hours thematic sequence minor requires balance pre modern modern courses miami thematic


sequence typically consists three related courses designed intellectual pedagogical progression undergraduates must take thematic sequence outside department major according global miami plan liberal education miami 's program began support thomas idinopulos karl mattox proposal miami 's jewish studies program developed partly allan winkler miami university received grants posen foundation study secular judaism http germanucdavisedu people profile professor sven erik rose michigan jewish institute michigan jewish institute provides academic baccalaureate degree granting


programs combine arts sciences foundation concentrations education leadership general judaic studies career development applied judaic disciplines institute part chabad lubavitch movement new york university skirball department hebrew judaic studies offers one comprehensive jewish studies programs north america encompassing hebrew language literature well facets jewish history culture ancient medieval modern courses taught faculty whose specialties include ancient judaism medieval jewish history modern jewish history biblical studies middle eastern studies


postbiblical talmudic literature jewish mysticism jewish philosophy related fields school grant eight elective credits students score jerusalem exam students may also receive credits approved classes taken nyu tel aviv northwestern university northwestern university home crown family center jewish studies offers minor major jewish studies center consists faculty across various departments offers courses hebrew yiddish jewish history rabbinics jewish literature political science notable faculty include yohanan petrovsky shtern irwin weil jacob lassner beverly mortensen


elie rekhess portland state university harold schnitzer family program judaic studies portland state university psu located portland oregon harold schnitzer family program judaic studies offers bachelor arts major minor judaic studies majors may choose one five areas concentration jews antiquity israel studies judaism literature culture arts modern jewish history hebrew language instruction also available princeton university program judaic studies princeton university offers certificate program includes mandatory course called ''great books jewish tradition''


four classes rutgers university rutgers university largest department jewish studies among public research universities us department serves academic home seven full time faculty members supported dozen associated faculty members academic departments hebrew yiddish language instructors visiting fellows sponsored allen joan bildner center study jewish life students pursuing ba degree may major minor jewish studies addition department offers two specialized minors one modern hebrew language one language


culture ancient israel degree jewish studies designed seeking advance knowledge graduate level prepare doctoral level work jewish studies careers department also offers certificate jewish studies graduate students rutgers pursuing master 's level doctoral level work program offers six free non credit online courses jewish studies topics include zionism rabbinic literature bible history jews islam san diego state university jewish studies program san diego state university sdsu located san diego california


interdisciplinary program serving students sdsu well greater san diego community sdsu offers major ''modern jewish studies'' minor ''jewish studies'' teaching broad range topics related jewish history religion culture biblical modern period ref name jewishstudiessdsuedu ref sdsu also offers minor hebrew language within sdsu 's department linguistics asian middle eastern languages program addition sdsu hosts archives ''jewish historical society san diego'' well ''the lipinsky institute judaic studies'' sdsu ranked


country public universities jewish students sdsu largest jewish student population san diego fourth th largest california ref name jewishstudiessdsuedu spertus institute jewish learning leadership previously chicago 's college jewish studies predecessor spertus institute founded first year offered three courses jewish history religion language department graduate studies offering bachelors masters doctoral degrees initiated today spertus institute offers accredited master 's degree programs jewish studies jewish professional studies doctoral degree programs jewish studies distance learning options


serve students us states nine foreign countries state university new york albany judaic studies jst department ref name albany ref ualbany offers undergraduate courses elementary advanced levels jewish history culture well hebrew major minor judaic studies offered well minor hebrew ref name albany courses range basic introductory courses particular topics judaic studies advanced seminars students explore questions ideas depth many courses upper lower level courses cross listed


departments providing students exposure different disciplinary methods also opportunities students earn independent study credit work idea question particular interests also gaining valuable research writing experience practicum credit may also earned assisting professor course internship credit available community service qualified students also option enrolling honors program considered ba judaic studies honors upon successful completion honors thesis hebrew language classes also


syracuse university offers undergraduate major modern jewish studies minor jewish studies additionally school education offers minor jewish education better prepare su undergraduates teach jewish congregational schools camps community centers youth organizations syracuse university also offers classes hebrew language touro college touro college new york city takes name judah touro isaac touro jewish community leaders colonial america represent ideals upon college bases mission college supports faith jewish students addition offering


variety degrees university california berkeley university california berkeley offers joint doctoral program jewish studies jdp collaboration graduate theological union graduate students interdisciplinary program pick one major one minor period well discipline jdp includes classes hebrew yiddish literature rabbinics cultural studies critical theory professors graduate students scholarly interest jewish studies found across humanities university california san diego judaic studies program uc san diego offers undergraduate major judaic studies minor judaic studies


accessed online partner site university michigan jean samuel frankel center judaic studies university michigan formed independent program leadership jehuda reinharz expanded current model strong faculty variety expertise allowed interdisciplinary program grow significantly recent years areas special interest include numerous faculty strengths rabbinics yiddish literature modern jewish history current director dr deborah dash moore author ''gi jews'' chronicling role


center judaic israel studies began schusterman program judaic israel studies establishment chairmanship schusterman family foundation memorial sam schusterman harold josey program expanded include major classes include hebrew jewish literature jewish mysticism israel shoah jewish history students find jewish learning opportunities ou hillel university pennsylvania herbert katz center advanced judaic studies university pennsylvania institution world devoted exclusively post doctoral


research jewish civilization historical cultural manifestations center created fall merger annenberg research institute university pennsylvania library contains vast holdings judaica several online exhibits well university pennsylvania students major minor jewish studies different departments resources available weigle judaica ancient near eastern studies janes reading room van pelt library contains non circulating resources study including chicago assyrian dictionary cad biblical multi lingual


dictionaries grammars important facsimiles transcriptions sumerian northwest semitic primary sources critical biblical editions commentaries tannaitic amoraic midrashic geonic responsa literatures sixty nine scholarly journals including thirty nine currently received periodicals freedman jewish sound archive contains yiddish hebrew sound recordings sheet music university texas austin schusterman center jewish studies university texas austin founded hub jewish studies ut austin offers undergraduate js major network graduate students pursuing jewish research interests organized center


schusterman center sponsors cosponsors visiting speakers film series performing arts events exhibits among activities hosts visiting israeli faculty strives include jewish topics areas emphasis israel covered institute israel studies within schusterman center central eastern european jewish history culture holocaust jewish life americas including latin america united states canada aegis edwin gale collaborative study jewish life americas jewish futures schusterman center houses nathan snyder


memorial library collection original artwork latin american jewish visual artists close ties latin american jewish studies association lajsa hosts lajsa website university toronto university toronto offers degrees jewish studies anne tanenbaum centre jewish studies within faculty arts science offers undergraduate specialist major minor programs well collaborative programs departments graduate phd level areas emphasis classical judaism jewish philosophy thought jewish history social sciences jewish cultures


literature jewish ancient modern history jewish literature culture holocaust studies jewish theology jewish communities cultures worldwide study abroad israel centers jewry beyond north america university washington jewish studies uw began today includes two dozen faculty members pillars program include stroum lecture series hazel cole fellowship yeshiva university yeshiva university new york city one largest departments jewish studies outside israel home rabbi isaac elchanan theological seminary leading modern orthodox rabbinical college


united states jewish studies library contains volumes also houses bernard revel graduate school jewish studies prominent jewish studies faculty members include richard c steiner barry eichler debra kaplan haym soloveitchik ephraim kanarfogel david berger mordechai z cohen shalom carmy steven fine adam zachary newton jeffrey gurock youngstown state university center judaic holocaust studies youngstown state university offers students minor requires credit hours minor focuses holocaust modern judaism center judaic studies also organizes various community educational events


hebrew jewish civilisation antiquity middle ages modern period first university england open doors women roman catholics dissenters ucl also first admit jewish students traditional link college anglo jewish community much alive today sir isaac lyon goldsmid one leading figures struggle jewish emancipation england among principal founders university college chief promoter hebrew department instigation hyman hurwitz appointed first professor


history roots religion israelites th century well opportunity develop skills language important knowledge understanding practice interpretation jewish faith learn language scratch university cambridge cambridge long centre hebrew semitic studies regius professorship hebrew founded henry viii hebrew degree faculty asian middle easter studies fames takes four years third year spent abroad along general courses middle


'''communication design''' mixed discipline design information development concerned media intervention printed crafted electronic media presentations communicate people communication design approach concerned developing message aside aesthetics media also creating new media channels ensure message reaches target audience designers use graphic design communication design interchangeably due overlapping skills communication design also refer systems based approach totality media messages within culture organization designed

Journalism, media studies and communication


single integrated process rather series discrete efforts done communication channels aim inform attract attention people one focusing one 's skills design skills must tailored fit different cultures people maintaining pleasurable visual design important pieces information add media communications kit get best results within discipline communication framework communication design emerged focuses redesigning interactivity shaping communication affordances software applications create opportunities


place constraints communication recently guth brabham examined way ideas compete within crowdsourcing platform providing model relationships among design ideas communication platform authors interviewed technology company founders democratic ideals build design e government applications technologies interest communication design framework growing among researchers overview communication design seeks attract inspire create desires motivate people respond messages view making favorable impact impact bottom line commissioning body


either build brand move sales also range changing behaviors promoting message disseminating information process communication design involves strategic business thinking using market research creativity problem solving technical skills knowledge colour theory page layout typography creating visual hierarchies communications designers translate ideas information variety media particular talents lie traditional skills hand also ability think strategically design marketing terms order establish credibility influence audiences


communication term communication design often used interchangeably visual communication alternative broader meaning includes auditory vocal touch smell examples communication design include information architecture editing typography illustration web design animation advertising ambient media visual identity design performing arts copywriting professional writing skills applied creative industries education students communication design learn create visual messages broadcast world new meaningful ways complex digital environment around us communication design become powerful means reaching target


audience students learn combine communication art technology communication design discipline involves teaching design web pages video games animation motion graphics communication design content main purpose must achieve reaction get customer see product genuine way attract sales get message across students communications design often illustrators graphic designers web designers advertising artists animators video editors motion graphic artists even printmakers conceptual artists term communications design fairly general practitioners work various mediums get


message across subdisciplines advertising art direction brand management content strategy copywriting creative direction graphic design illustration industrial design information architecture information graphics instructional design marketing communications performing arts presentation technical writing visual arts visual communication design '''visual communication design''' design working media support visual communication considered correct terminology cover types design applied communication uses visual channel transmission messages precisely term relates concept visual language media limited support


particular form content terms graphic design graphics interface design electronic media see also design elements principles communication studies footnotes external links http wwwgoethede kue des dos dos kom enindexhtm dossier communication design germany goethe institut design advertising campaigns writing packaging communication studies de kommunikationsdesign


'''citation analysis''' examination frequency patterns graphs citations documents uses directed graph citations mdash links one document another document mdash reveal properties documents typical aim would identify important documents collection classic example citations academic articles books another example judges law support judgements referring back judgements made earlier cases see citation analysis legal context additional example provided patents

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Cataloging
Citation analysis


contain prior art citation earlier patents relevant current claim documents associated many features addition citations authors publishers journals well actual texts general analysis collections documents known bibliometrics citation analysis key part field example bibliographic coupling co citation association measures based citation analysis shared citations shared references citations collection documents also represented forms citation graph pointed derek j de


solla price article networks scientific papers ref name price ref means citation analysis draws aspects social network analysis network science early example automated citation indexing citeseer used citations academic papers web science example modern system includes academic books articles reflecting wider range information sources today automated citation indexing changed nature citation analysis research allowing millions citations analyzed large scale patterns knowledge discovery citation analysis tools


used compute various impact measures scholars based data citation indices various applications identification expert referees review papers grant proposals providing transparent data support academic merit review tenure promotion decisions competition limited resources may lead ethically questionable behavior increase citations great deal criticism made practice naively using citation analyses compare impact different scholarly articles without taking account factors may affect citation patterns among criticisms recurrent one


focuses field dependent factors refers fact citation practices vary one area science another even fields research within discipline overview citation indexes originally designed information retrieval increasingly used bibliometrics studies involving research evaluation citation data also basis popular journal impact factor large body literature citation analysis sometimes called scientometrics term invented vasily nalimov specifically bibliometrics field blossomed advent science citation index covers


source literature leading journals field ''scientometrics'' ''informetrics'' ''journal association information science technology'' asist also hosts electronic mailing list called sigmetrics asist method undergoing resurgence based wide dissemination web science scopus subscription databases many universities universally available free citation tools citebase citeseerx google scholar former windows live academic available extra features microsoft academic methods citation analysis research include qualitative quantitative computational approaches


main foci scientometric studies included productivity comparisons institutional research rankings journal rankings establishing faculty productivity tenure standards assessing influence top scholarly articles tracing development trajectory science technology field developing profiles top authors institutions terms research performance legal citation analysis citation analysis technique analyzing legal documents facilitate understanding inter related regulatory compliance documents exploration citations connect provisions provisions within document different documents legal citation analysis uses citation


graph extracted regulatory document could supplement e discovery process leverages technological innovations big data analytics ref name bd hb r cat casey alejandra perez ref ref name bd hb r ref history paper derek j de solla price described inherent linking characteristic sci networks scientific papers ref name price links citing cited papers became dynamic sci began published online social sciences citation index became one first databases mounted dialog system advent cd rom edition linking


became even easier enabled use bibliographic coupling finding related records henry small published classic work co citation analysis became self organizing classification system led document clustering experiments eventually atlas science later called research reviews inherent topological graphical nature worldwide citation network inherent property scientific literature described ralph garner drexel university use citation counts rank journals technique used early part nineteenth century systematic ongoing


measurement counts scientific journals initiated eugene garfield institute scientific information also pioneered use counts rank authors papers landmark paper irving sher showed correlation citation frequency eminence demonstrating nobel prize winners published five times average number papers work cited times average long series essays nobel prizes garfield reported phenomenon usual summary measure known


impact factor number citations journal previous two years divided number articles published years widely used appropriate inappropriate purposes particular use measure alone ranking authors papers therefore quite controversial early study use citation analysis writing history dna garfield sher demonstrated potential generating historiographs topological maps important steps history scientific topics work later automated e garfield


pudovkin institute marine biology russian academy sciences v istomin center teaching learning technology washington state university led creation histcite software around automatic citation indexing introduced lee giles steve lawrence kurt bollacker enabled automatic algorithmic extraction grouping citations digital academic scientific document previous citation extraction manual process citation measures could scale computed scholarly scientific field document venue selected organizations


milton keynes walton hall credited extensive academic output ref name pmid ref sci claims create automatic citation indexing purely programmatic methods even older records similar magnitude error citation analysis legal documents citation analysis legal documents approach facilitate understanding analysis inter related regulatory compliance documents exploration citations connect provisions provisions within document different documents citation analysis uses citation graph extracted regulatory document could supplement e discovery process leverages technological innovations


big data analytics ref name bd hb r ref name bd hb r controversies '''e publishing''' due unprecedented growth electronic resource e resource availability one questions currently explored often e resources cited field instance claims line access computer science literature leads higher citation rates however humanities articles may suffer print '''self citations''' criticized authors game system accumulating citations citing excessively ref name ref instance found men tend cite often women '''citation pollution''' due various


factors including publication race concerning rise unscrupulous business practices related called predatory deceptive publishers research quality general facing different types threats 'citation pollution' phenomenon infiltration retracted research fake research cited legitimate research negatively impacting validity research ref name fid ref see also google economy journalology main path analysis san francisco declaration research assessment notes references analysis citation metrics


'''fourth generation warfare''' ''' gw''' conflict characterized blurring lines war politics combatants civilians term first used team united states analysts including paleoconservative william lind describe warfare 's return decentralized form terms generational modern warfare fourth generation signifies nation states' loss near monopoly combat forces returning modes conflict common pre modern times simplest definition includes war one major participants state rather violent non state actor classical

Applied science
Military sciences
Military history
Fourth-generation warfare


examples type conflict slave uprising spartacus predate modern concept warfare elements guerrillas maguindanao fourth generation warfare defined conflicts involve following elements complex long term terrorism tactic non national transnational base highly decentralized direct attack enemy 's culture including genocidal acts civilians available pressures used political economic social military occurs low intensity conflict involving actors networks non combatants tactical dilemmas lack hierarchy small size spread network communication financial support use


insurgency tactics subversion terrorism guerrilla tactics decentralised forces history concept first described authors william lind colonel keith nightengale us army captain john f schmitt usmc colonel joseph w sutton us army lieutenant colonel gary wilson usmcr ''marine corps gazette'' article titled changing face war fourth generation concept expanded upon usmc colonel thomas x hammes ret book ''the sling stone'' generations warfare described authors first generation tactics line


column developed age smoothbore musket lind describes first generation warfare beginning peace westphalia ending thirty years' war establishing state 's need organize conduct war gw consisted tightly ordered soldiers top discipline troops would fight close order advance slowly began change battlefield changed old line column tactics considered suicidal bow arrow sword morphed rifle machine gun second generation tactics linear fire movement reliance indirect


fire type warfare seen early stages world war still strict adherence drill discipline formation uniform however remained dependence artillery firepower break stalemate move towards pitched battle third generation tactics infiltration bypass collapse enemy 's combat forces rather seeking close destroy defence depth gw military seeks bypass enemy attack rear forward tactics used german stormtroopers world war


british french order break trench warfare stalemate lind aspects gw bleed gw also warfare speed initiative however targets military forces home populations use fourth generation warfare traced cold war period superpowers major powers attempted retain grip colonies captured territories unable withstand direct combat bombers tanks machine guns non state entities used tactics education propaganda movement building secrecy terror confusion overcome technological gap fourth generation warfare often involved


insurgent group violent non state actor trying implement government reestablish old government current ruling power however non state entity tends successful attempt least short term impose rule tries simply disorganize delegitimize state warfare takes place aim force state adversary expend manpower money attempt establish order ideally highhanded way merely increases disorder state surrenders withdraws


manner gw opponents adapt traditional concepts present day conditions conditions shaped technology globalization religious fundamentalism shift moral ethical norms brings legitimacy certain issues previously considered restrictions conduct war amalgamation metamorphosis produces novel ways war entity offensive defensive characteristics fourth generation warfare normally characterized violent non state actor vnsa fighting state fighting physically done modern examples hezbollah liberation tigers tamil eelam ltte


realm vnsa uses three levels fourth generation warfare physical actual combat considered least important mental fight belief victory etc moral important includes cultural norms etc levels gw enemy following characteristics lack hierarchical authority lack formal structure patience flexibility ability keep low profile needed small size ref name thorntonrod thornton rod ''asymmetric warfare'' malden polity press ref gw adversary might use tactics insurgent terrorist guerrilla order wage


war nation 's infrastructure fourth generation warfare takes place fronts economical political media military civilian conventional military forces often adapt tactics fight gw enemy resistance also physical level violence via non violent means mahatma gandhi 's opposition british empire marches led martin luther king jr desired factions deescalate conflict state escalates objective target opponent moral mental levels rather physical level state


grounds nothing repackaging traditional clash non state insurgent soldiers nation state strategic studies institute writer united states army war college professor antulio j echevarria ii article ''fourth generation war myths'' argues called ''fourth generation warfare'' simply insurgencies also claims gw reinvented lind create appearance predicted future echevarria writes generational model ineffective way depict changes warfare simple displacement rarely takes place significant developments typically occur


fourth generation warfare explanation new way warfare allows blending different generations warfare exception fourth generation also encompasses new technology fourth generation warfare theorists lind hammes wish make point military 's structure equipment ill suited gw problem psyche ref name thorntonrod examples troubles peninsular war particularly use autonomous guerrilla groups note first use word 'guerrilla' meaning 'little war' libyan civil war syrian civil war namely used


non state actors government forces taliban insurgency iraqi insurgency rwandan war used rwandan forces community based mai mai militia groups egyptian crisis annexation crimea russian federation russian military intervention ukraine present russian military intervention syria present russian interference united states elections russian interference brexit referendum foreign interference united states elections see also references military doctrines military operations type psychological warfare warfare type warfare post


'''phytochemistry''' study phytochemicals chemicals derived plants phytochemists strive describe structures large number secondary metabolites found plants functions compounds human plant biology biosynthesis compounds plants synthesize phytochemicals many reasons including protect insect attacks plant diseases compounds found plants many kinds grouped four major biosynthetic classes alkaloids phenylpropanoids polyketides terpenoids phytochemistry considered subfield botany chemistry activities led

Natural science
Chemistry
Phytochemistry


botanical gardens wild aid ethnobotany phytochemical studies directed toward human ie drug discovery use may fall discipline pharmacognosy whereas phytochemical studies focused ecological functions evolution phytochemicals likely fall discipline chemical ecology phytochemistry also relevance field plant physiology techniques techniques commonly used field phytochemistry extraction isolation structural elucidation ms nmr natural products well various chromatography techniques mplc hplc lc ms phytochemicals many plants produce chemical compounds


defence herbivores major classes pharmacologically active phytochemicals described examples medicinal plants contain ref name angio ref human settlements often surrounded weeds containing phytochemicals nettle dandelion chickweed ref name meskin p ref many phytochemicals including curcumin epigallocatechin gallate genistein resveratrol pan assay interference compounds useful drug discovery alkaloids alkaloids bitter tasting chemicals widespread nature often toxic several classes different modes action drugs recreational pharmaceutical medicines different classes include atropine scopolamine hyoscyamine nightshade ref name emea ref traditional


medicine berberine plants ''berberis'' ''mahonia'' caffeine ''coffea'' cocaine ''coca'' ephedrine ''ephedra'' morphine opium poppy nicotine tobacco reserpine ''rauvolfia serpentina'' quinidine quinine ''cinchona'' vincamine ''vinca minor'' vincristine ''catharanthus roseus'' ref name gremigni ref gallery widths px mode nolines file opium poppyjpg opium poppy ''papaver somniferum'' source alkaloids morphine codeine file nicotinesvg alkaloid nicotine tobacco binds directly body 's nicotinic acetylcholine receptors accounting pharmacological effects file koeh jpg deadly nightshade ''atropa belladonna'' yields tropane alkaloids including atropine scopolamine hyoscyamine ref name emea gallery glycosides anthraquinone glycosides found senna ref name hietala ref rhubarb ''aloe'' cardiac glycosides


mode nolines file angelica sylvestris jpg angelica containing phytoestrogens file phytoestrogens png polyphenols include phytoestrogens top middle gallery terpenes terpenes terpenoids many kinds found resinous plants conifers aromatic serve repel herbivores scent makes useful essential oils whether perfumes rose lavender aromatherapy ref name tchen ref ref name singsaas ref medicinal uses thymol antiseptic used vermifuge anti worm medicine ref name pubchemthymol ref name ref gallery widths px mode nolines file thymianjpg essential oil common thyme ''thymus vulgaris'' contains monoterpene thymol antiseptic antifungal ref name pubchemthymol ref file thymol svg thymol


one many terpenes found plants ref name pubchemthymol gallery genetics contrary bacteria fungi plant metabolic pathways grouped biosynthetic gene clusters instead scattered individual genes exceptions discovered however steroidal glycoalkaloids ''solanum'' itkin et al polyketides pooideae hen avivi et al benzoxazinoids ''zea mays'' dutartre et al triterpenes ''avena sativa'' mugford et al cucurbitaceae zhou et al ''arabidopsis'' field osbourn momilactone diterpenes ''oryza sativa'' shimura et al ref name lacchini goossens ref


people rank surname list people name arts entertainment media music ''rank'' album live album smiths rank song artwork ''a bugged mix'' arts entertainment media rank chess row chessboard ''rank'' film short film directed david yates rank set pipes pipe organ brands enterprises rank group limited investment company owned graeme hart rank group plc european gaming leisure business rank organisation british entertainment company formed part rank

Applied science
Military sciences
Organization
Ranks


group computing technology rank computer programming rank j programming language memory rank ranking computer memory set dram chips connected chip select able accessed simultaneously mathematics rank differential topology rank graph theory rank linear algebra dimension vector space generated spanned matrix 's columns rank set theory rank type theory rank abelian group cardinality maximal linearly independent subset rank free module rank greedoid maximal size feasible set rank group


smallest cardinality generating set group rank lie group see cartan subgroup rank matroid maximal size independent set rank partition least two definitions number theory rank tensor rank vector bundle rank statistics science rank receptor activator nuclear factor b type membrane protein taxonomic rank biology species genus family etc uses rank formation line soldiers standing abreast rank grade coal see also


washington metro subway map '''infographics''' clipped compound information graphics graphic visual representations information data knowledge intended present information quickly clearly ref name dn doug newsom jim haynes ''public relations writing form style'' p ref ref name ref ref improve cognition utilizing graphics enhance human visual system 's ability see patterns trends ref name visualizationzoo ref name ref card information visualization sears j jacko eds human computer interaction design issues solutions applications pp boca raton fl crc press ref similar pursuits information visualization data visualization

Applied science
Transportation
Infographics


statistical graphics information design information architecture ref name ref infographics evolved recent years mass communication thus designed fewer assumptions readers' knowledge base types visualizations isotypes early example infographics conveying information quickly easily masses overview infographics around many years recently increase number easy use free tools made creation infographics available large segment population social media sites facebook twitter also allowed


individual infographics spread among many people around world infographics widely used age short attention span newspapers infographics commonly used show weather well maps site plans graphs summaries data books almost entirely made information graphics david macaulay 's ''the way things work'' snapshots ''usa today'' also example simple infographics used convey news current events modern maps especially route maps transit systems use infographic techniques integrate variety information


conceptual layout transit network transfer points local landmarks public transportation maps washington metro london underground map well known infographics public places transit terminals usually sort integrated signage system standardized icons stylized maps landmark book ''the visual display quantitative information'' edward tufte defines graphical displays following passage ref contemporary infographics often deal qualitative soft subjects generally speaking tufte 's definition still speaks broad sense infographics


condense large amounts information form easily absorbed reader history early history christoph scheiner published ''rosa ursina sive sol'' book revealed research rotation sun infographics appeared form illustrations demonstrating sun 's rotation patterns william playfair engineer political economist published first data graphs book ''the commercial political atlas'' represent economy th century england playfair used statistical graphs bar charts


line graphs area charts histograms work ''statistical breviary'' credited introducing first pie chart around modern geography established carl ritter maps included shared frames agreed map legends scales repeatability fidelity map considered supersign combines sign systems defined charles sanders peirce consisting symbols icons indexes representations examples seen works geographers ritter alexander von humboldt polar area diagram florence nightingale illustrating causes mortality crimean war english


nurse florence nightingale used information graphics persuade queen victoria improve conditions military hospitals principal one used coxcomb chart combination stacked bar pie charts depicting number causes deaths month crimean war charles minard 's information graphic napoleon 's invasion russia saw release influential information graphic subject napoleon 's disastrous march moscow graphic 's creator charles joseph minard captured four different changing variables contributed napoleon 's downfall single two dimensional image army 's direction


traveled location troops passed size army troops died hunger wounds freezing temperatures experienced james joseph sylvester introduced term graph scientific magazine ''nature'' published set diagrams showing relationship chemical bonds mathematical properties also first mathematical graphs th century african american historian sociologist writer black rights activist web du bois presented data visualizations exposition universelle paris france addition curating photographs


lives black americans du bois atlanta university team students scholars created handmade data visualizations ref name battle baptiste ref document ways black americans denied access education housing employment household wealth cologne progressives developed aesthetic approach art focused communicating information ref name roth ref gerd arntz peter alma augustin tschinkel participants movement recruited otto neurath gesellschafts und wirtschaftsmuseum developed vienna method simple images used represent data structured way following


victory austrofascism austrian civil war team moved netherlands continued work rebranding isotypes international system typographic picture education method also applied izostat soviet union isidore isou published lettrist manifesto document covering art culture poetry film political theory included works also called metagraphics hypergraphics synthesis writing visual art stephen toulmin proposed graphical argument model called toulmin model argumentation diagram contained six interrelated components used analyzing arguments


considered toulmin 's influential work particularly field rhetoric communication computer science toulmin model argumentation became influential argumentation theory applications respectively pioneer pioneer spacecraft included vessels pioneer plaques pair gold anodized aluminum plaques featuring pictorial message pictorial messages included nude male female figures well symbols intended provide information origin spacecraft images designed carl sagan frank drake unique


graphical meanings understandable extraterrestrial beings would conception human language pioneer data visualization edward tufte wrote series books ''visual explanations'' ''the visual display quantitative information'' ''envisioning information'' subject information graphics referred new york times da vinci data tufte began give day long lectures workshops subject infographics starting tufte still gives lectures tufte good data visualizations represent every data point accurately enable viewer


see trends patterns data tufte 's contribution field data visualization infographics considered immense design principles seen many websites magazines newspapers today infographics created peter sullivan sunday times key factors encouraging newspapers use infographics sullivan also one authors written information graphics newspapers likewise staff artists usa today united states newspaper debuted established goal using graphics


make information easier comprehend however paper received criticism oversimplifying news stories creating infographics find emphasizes entertainment content data tufte coined term chartjunk refer graphics visually appealing point losing information contained within vector graphics raster graphics becoming ubiquitous computing st century data visualizations applied commonly used computer systems including desktop publishing geographic information systems gis closely related field information graphics information design creation


advertising tactic videos attention received conveyed fields potential value using information graphics describe complex information efficiently rise alternatives adobe flash html css infographics created variety media number software tools field journalism also incorporated applied information graphics news stories stories intend include text images graphics system called maestro concept allows entire newsrooms collaborate organize story successfully


incorporate components across many newsrooms teamwork integrated system applied improve time management maestro system designed improve presentation stories busy readers media many news based websites also used interactive information graphics user extract information subject explore graphic many businesses use infographics medium communicating attracting potential customers information graphics form content marketing ref name venture harbour ref become tool internet marketers companies create content others link thus possibly


boosting company 's reputation online presence ref name distilled ref religious denominations also started using infographics example church jesus christ latter day saints made numerous infographics help people learn faith missionaries temples lay ministry family history efforts infographics finding home classroom well courses teach students create infographics using variety tools may encourage engagement classroom may lead better understanding concepts mapping onto graphics popularity social media infographics become popular


often static images simple web interfaces covering number topics infographics often shared users social networks facebook twitter pinterest google reddit hashtag infographic tweeted times march peak times span hours analysis chart attempting depict business expectations emerging technologies july three parts infographics visual content knowledge ref name ref ref visual consists colors graphics two different types


graphics theme reference graphics included infographics represent underlying visual representation data reference graphics generally icons used point certain data although always found infographics statistics facts usually serve content infographics obtained number sources including census data news reports one important aspects infographics contain sort insight data presenting knowledge ref


name ref infographics effective visual element humans receive input five senses sight touch hearing smell taste receive significantly information vision four fifty percent human brain dedicated visual functions images processed faster text brain processes pictures processes text linear fashion meaning takes much longer obtain information text ref name ref entire business processes industry sectors made relevant new audience


way represent relationships different types data however studies shown spatial position effective way represent numerical data leads fastest easiest understanding viewers ref name visualizationzoo therefore designers often spatially represent important relationship depicted infographic also three basic provisions communication need assessed designing infographic appeal comprehension retention ref name ref jason lankow josh ritchie ross crooks infographics power visual storytelling ref appeal idea communication needs