offered military services nations well numerous references kambojas requisitioned cavalry troopers ancient wars outside nations mughal empire akbar leads mughal army campaign mughal armies ''lashkar'' primarily cavalry force elite corps ''ahadi'' provided direct service emperor acted guard cavalry supplementary cavalry ' 'dakhilis'' recruited equipped paid central state contrast ''tabinan'' horsemen followers individual noblemen training equipment varied widely


made backbone mughal cavalry finally tribal irregulars led loyal tributary chiefs included hindus afghans turks summoned military service autonomous leaders called imperial government european middle ages horse mounted normans charging bayeux tapestry th century quality availability heavy infantry declined europe fall roman empire heavy cavalry became effective infantry lack cohesion discipline tight formations susceptible broken scattered shock combat main role

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Cavalry


heavy cavalry rose become dominant force european battlefield heavy cavalry increased importance became main focus military development arms armour heavy cavalry increased high backed saddle developed stirrups spurs added increasing advantage heavy cavalry even shift military importance reflected society well knights took centre stage battlefield considered ultimate heavy cavalry well equipped best weapons state art armour head foot leading lance battle


full gallop close formation knightly charge might prove irresistible winning battle almost soon begun th century depiction riding horse note resemblance modern paso fino hussite war wagon enabled peasants defeat knights knights remained minority total available combat forces expense arms armour horses affordable select mounted men arms focused narrow combat role shock combat medieval armies relied large variety foot troops fulfill rest skirmishing flank guards scouting holding ground etc


principal arm aggressive new doctrine gave swiss victory range adversaries enemies found reliable way defeat use even comprehensive combined arms doctrine evidenced battle marignano introduction missile weapons required less skill longbow crossbow hand cannon also helped remove focus somewhat cavalry elites masses cheap infantry equipped easy learn weapons missile weapons successfully used hussite wars combination wagenburg tactics


gradual rise dominance infantry led adoption dismounted tactics earliest times knights mounted men arms frequently dismounted handle enemies could overcome horseback battle dyle battle bremule trend became marked dismounted men arms fighting super heavy infantry two handed swords poleaxes case warfare middle ages tended dominated raids sieges rather pitched battles mounted men arms rarely choice


dismounting faced prospect assaulting fortified position greater middle east arabs camelry islamic prophet muhammad made use cavalry many military campaigns including expedition dhu qarad expedition zaid ibn haritha al took place september ad fifth month ah islamic calendar ref name hawarey ref early organized arab mounted forces rashidun caliphate comprised light cavalry armed lance sword main role attack enemy flanks rear relatively lightly armored horsemen formed


effective element muslim armies later stages islamic conquest levant best use lightly armed fast moving cavalry revealed '''battle yarmouk''' ad khalid ibn walid knowing skills horsemen used turn tables every critical instance battle ability engage disengage turn back attack flank rear strong cavalry regiment formed khalid ibn walid included veterans campaign iraq syria early muslim


historians given name ''mutaharrik tulai'a'' mobile guard used advance guard strong striking force route opposing armies greater mobility give upper hand maneuvering byzantine army mobile striking force conquest syria made easy battle talas ad conflict arab abbasid caliphate chinese tang dynasty control central asia chinese infantry routed arab cavalry near bank river talas


later mamluks trained cavalry soldiers mamluks follow dictates al furusiyya code conduct included values like courage generosity also doctrine cavalry tactics horsemanship archery treatment wounds maghreb moroccan arabian horse along barbary coast islamic berber states north africa employed elite horse mounted cavalry armed spears following model original arab occupiers region horse harness weapons manufactured locally six monthly stipends horsemen double infantry counterparts th century islamic conquest


iberia large numbers horses riders shipped north africa specialise raiding provision support massed berber footmen main armies maghrebi traditions mounted warfare eventually influenced number sub saharan african polities medieval era esos ikoyi military aristocrats yoruba peoples notable manifestation phenomenon kanem bu warriors armed spears retinue mounted war chief ''the earth inhabitants'' al andalus iran qizilbash class safavid militant warriors iran th


th centuries often fought elite cavalry ref name columbia ref ref name greenwood publishing group ref gallery class center file qezelbashjpg manikin safavid qizilbash showing characteristic red cap sa 'dabad palace tehran file canonnier persan auguste wahlen moeurs usages et costumes de tous les peuples du monde jpg persian zamburak gallery ottoman empire gallery class center heights file sipahijpg ottoman sipahi file mamlukejpg ottoman mamluk cavalryman armed pistol file sueleymanname akinci beyspng akinci balkans file battle nicopolis hunername jpg ottoman ghazi cavalrymen battle nicopolis gallery renaissance europe knighted cavalry noblemen painting jan van eyck c ironically rise infantry early th century coincided


golden age heavy cavalry french spanish army beginning century could half numbers made various kinds light heavy cavalry whereas earlier medieval later th century armies proportion cavalry seldom quarter knighthood largely lost military functions became closely tied social economic prestige increasingly capitalistic western society rise drilled trained infantry mounted men arms sometimes called ''gendarmes'' often part standing army adopted


role hellenistic age delivering decisive blow battle already engaged either charging enemy flank attacking commander chief husarz'' polish hussar j zef brandt onwards use gunpowder weapons solidified infantry 's dominance battlefield began allow true mass armies develop closely related increase size armies throughout early modern period heavily armored cavalrymen expensive raise maintain took years train skilled horseman horse


arquebusiers later musketeers could trained kept field much lower cost much easier recruit spanish tercio later formations relegated cavalry supporting role pistol specifically developed try bring cavalry back conflict together manoeuvres caracole caracole particularly successful however charge whether lance sword pistol remained primary mode employment many types european cavalry although time delivered much deeper formations greater discipline


demi lancers heavily armored sword pistol reiters among types cavalry whose heyday th th centuries polish winged hussars heavy cavalry force achieved great success swedes russians turks th century europe napoleonic wars eylau painted jean antoine sim fort cavalry retained important role age regularization standardization across european armies remained primary choice confronting enemy cavalry attacking unbroken infantry force head usually resulted failure extended linear infantry formations vulnerable flank rear attacks cavalry


useless plugging touchholes iron spikes heavier cavalry cuirassiers dragoons carabiniers usually charged towards infantry formations opposing cavalry order rout light heavy cavalry pursued retreating enemies point battle casualties occurred ref name mattwhite ref british infantry formed anti cavalry squares battle quatre bras greatest cavalry charge modern history battle eylau entire strong french cavalry reserve led joachim murat launched huge charge russian infantry lines cavalry 's dominating menacing presence


improved rates fire cavalry diminished role well even light cavalry remained indispensable tool scouting screening army 's movements harassing enemy 's supply lines military aircraft supplanted role early stages world war th century charge venezuelan first division 's cavalry battle carabobo europe beginning th century european cavalry fell four main categories cuirassiers heavy cavalry dragoons originally mounted infantry later regarded medium cavalry hussars light cavalry lancers uhlans light cavalry


primarily armed lances thin red line battle balaclava rd regiment held russian cavalry cavalry variations individual nations well france ''chasseurs cheval'' prussia ''j ger zu pferde'' bavaria saxony austria ''chevaulegers'' russia cossacks britain mid th century light dragoons light cavalry dragoons dragoon guards household cavalry heavy cavalry end napoleonic wars household cavalry equipped cuirasses regiments converted lancers united


states army prior cavalry almost always dragoons imperial japanese army cavalry uniformed hussars fought dragoons crimean war charge light brigade thin red line battle balaclava showed vulnerability cavalry deployed without effective support franco prussian war ''monument spanish regiment light cavalry alc ntara'' franco prussian war battle mars la tour prussian cavalry brigade decisively smashed centre french battle line skilfully concealing approach event became


known '''von bredow 's death ride''' brigade commander adalbert von bredow would used following decades argue massed cavalry charges still place modern battlefield imperial expansion cavalry found new role colonial campaigns irregular warfare modern weapons lacking slow moving infantry artillery train fixed fortifications often ineffective indigenous insurgents unless latter offered fight equal footing tel el kebir omdurman etc cavalry flying columns proved effective least cost effective many campaigns although astute native commander like samori


western africa shamil caucasus better boer commanders could turn tables use greater mobility cavalry offset relative lack firepower compared european forces british indian army maintained forty regiments cavalry numbering indian sowars cavalrymen british indian officers among famous regiments lineages modern indian pakistani armies omdurman th lancers near mametz battle somme july governor general 's bodyguard president 's bodyguard skinner 's horse india 's st horse


skinner 's horse gardner 's lancers india 's nd lancers gardner 's horse hodson 's horse india 's rd horse hodson 's bengal lancers fame th bengal cavalry later amalgamated th hariana lancers form th king edward 's cavalry th cavalry indian army probyn 's horse th horse pakistan royal deccan horse india 's deccan horse poona horse india 's poona horse scinde horse india 's scinde horse queen 's guides cavalry pakistan th prince albert victor 's cavalry frontier force th cavalry frontier force pakistan several formations still active


though armoured formations example guides cavalry pakistan algerian spahis french army french army maintained substantial cavalry forces algeria morocco end second world war much mediterranean coastal terrain suitable mounted action long established culture horsemanship amongst arab berber inhabitants french forces included spahis chasseurs d' afrique foreign legion cavalry mounted goumiers spain italy raised cavalry regiments amongst indigenous horsemen north african territories see regulares


italian spahis savari respectively imperial germany employed mounted formations south west africa part schutztruppen colonial army garrisoning territory united states union cavalry capture confederate guns culpepper early american civil war regular united states army mounted rifle dragoon two existing cavalry regiments reorganized renamed cavalry regiments six hundred federal state cavalry regiments organized infantry played much larger role many battles due larger numbers lower cost per rifle fielded much easier recruitment however


cavalry saw role part screening forces foraging scouting later phases war saw federal army developing truly effective cavalry force fighting scouts raiders repeating rifles mounted infantry distinguished st virginia cavalry ranks one effectual successful cavalry units confederate side noted cavalry commanders included confederate general jeb stuart nathan bedford forrest john singleton mosby aka grey ghost union side philip sheridan george armstrong custer post civil war volunteer armies disbanded


africa asia american west regiments rarely took field complete organizations served throughout american indian wars close frontier volunteer cavalry regiments like rough riders consisted horsemen cowboys ranchers outdoorsmen served cavalry united states military first world war pre war developments italian cavalry officers practice horsemanship outside rome beginning th century armies still maintained substantial cavalry forces although contention whether role revert


mounted infantry historic dragoon function following experience south african war mounted boer citizen commandos fighting foot cover proved effective regular cavalry british army withdrew lances ceremonial purposes placed new emphasis training dismounted action army order dated however instructed six british lancer regiments existence resume use impressive obsolete weapon active service imperial russian army converted line hussar lancer regiments dragoons emphasis


mounted infantry training regiments reverted historic roles designations uniforms official regulations dictating role imperial german cavalry revised indicate increasing realization realities modern warfare massive cavalry charge three waves previously marked end annual maneuvers discontinued new emphasis placed training scouting raiding pursuit rather main battle involvement perceived importance cavalry however still evident thirteen new regiments mounted rifles ''jager zu pferde'' raised shortly


outbreak war spite significant experience mounted warfare morocco french cavalry remained highly conservative institution traditional tactical distinctions heavy medium light cavalry branches retained french cuirassiers wore breastplates plumed helmets unchanged napoleonic period early months world war dragoons similarly equipped though wear cuirasses carry lances light cavalry described blaze colour french cavalry branches well mounted trained change position charge


full gallop one weakness training french cavalrymen seldom dismounted march horses suffered heavily raw backs august opening stages austro hungarian cavalry german cavalryman september german south west africa dead german cavalry horses battle halen belgian cavalry fighting dismounted decimated still mounted german counterparts europe august combatant armies still retained substantial numbers cavalry mobile nature opening battles eastern western fronts provided number instances traditional cavalry actions though


smaller scattered scale previous wars regiments imperial german cavalry colourful traditional peacetime appearance adopted practice falling back infantry support substantial opposition encountered cautious tactics aroused derision amongst conservative french russian opponents proved appropriate new nature warfare single attempt german army august use six regiments massed cavalry cut belgian field army antwerp foundered driven back


disorder rifle fire two german cavalry brigades involved lost men horses repeated charges dismounted belgian lancers infantry one last recorded charges french cavalry took place night september squadron th dragoons overran german airfield soissons suffering heavy losses front lines stabilised western front start trench warfare combination barbed wire uneven muddy terrain machine guns rapid fire rifles proved deadly horse mounted troops early


cavalry units longer seeing front line action eastern front fluid form warfare arose flat open terrain favorable mounted warfare outbreak war bulk russian cavalry deployed full strength frontier garrisons period main armies mobilizing scouting raiding east prussia austrian galicia undertaken mounted troops trained fight sabre lance traditional style august th austro hungarian ''kavalleriedivison'' fought major mounted engagement jaroslavic


russian th cavalry division arguably final historic battle involve thousands horsemen sides last massed cavalry encounter eastern front absence good roads limited use mechanized transport even technologically advanced imperial german army continued deploy twenty four horse mounted divisions east late europe british cavalry trooper marching order remainder war western front cavalry virtually role play british french armies


dismounted many cavalry regiments used infantry roles life guards example spent last months war machine gun corps australian light horse served light infantry gallipoli campaign september cavalry comprised total manpower british expeditionary force france july proportion fallen early first winter war french cavalry regiments dismounted squadron service trenches french cavalry numbered may


reduced october german army dismounted nearly cavalry west maintaining one mounted division front january german uhlans capture warsaw august italy entered war thirty regiments line cavalry lancers light horse employed effectively austro hungarian counterparts initial offensives across isonzo river italian mounted forces ceased significant role front shifted mountainous terrain cavalry machine gun sections two complete cavalry divisions


dismounted seconded infantry cavalry retained mounted troops behind lines anticipation penetration opposing trenches seemed would never come tanks introduced western front british september battle somme capacity achieve breakthroughs reliable range exploit first major use battle cambrai plan cavalry division follow behind tanks however able cross canal


tank broken bridge longer main frontline troops cavalry still used throughout war large amounts rare occasions offensives battle caporetto battle moreuil wood german army forced retreat hundred days offensive cavalry able operate intended role successful charge british th dragoon guards last day war wider spaces eastern front


fluid form warfare continued still use mounted troops wide ranging actions fought mostly early months war ref name willmott ''first world war'' willmott h p dorling kindersley ref however even value cavalry overrated maintenance large mounted formations front russian army put major strain railway system little strategic advantage february russian regular cavalry exclusive cossacks reduced nearly third peak number two squadrons


ottoman line mediterranean coast british empire infantry xxi corps followed cavalry attacks th cavalry division th cavalry division australian mounted divisions almost encircled two ottoman armies judean hills forcing retreat meanwhile chaytor 's force infantry mounted infantry anzac mounted division held jordan valley covering right flank later advance eastwards capture es salt amman half third ottoman army subsequent pursuit th cavalry division australian mounted division followed th cavalry division


damascus armoured cars th cavalry division lancers continuing pursuit ottoman units north aleppo armistice mudros signed ottoman empire post world war combination military conservatism almost armies post war financial constraints prevented lessons acted immediately general reduction number cavalry regiments british french italian western armies still argued conviction example edition ''encyclop dia britannica'' mounted troops major role play


future warfare saw interim period cavalry remained proud conspicuous element major armies though much less prior cavalry extensively used russian civil war soviet polish war last major cavalry battle battle komar w poland russian bolsheviks colonial warfare morocco syria middle east north west frontier india provided opportunities mounted action enemies lacking advanced weaponry lithuanian lancers training post war german army reichsheer


permitted large proportion cavalry regiments total manpower conditions treaty versailles british army mechanised cavalry regiments redefining role horse armoured vehicles form royal armoured corps together royal tank regiment us cavalry abandoned sabres commenced conversion horsed regiments mechanized cavalry starting first regiment cavalry january french army experimented integrating mounted mechanised cavalry units larger formations dragoon regiments


converted motorised infantry trucks motor cycles cuirassiers armoured units light cavalry chasseurs a' cheval hussars spahis remained mounted sabre squadrons theory mixed forces comprising diverse units could utilise strengths according circumstances practice mounted troops proved unable keep fast moving mechanised units distance thirty nine cavalry regiments british indian army reduced twenty one result series amalgamations immediately following world war new establishment remained unchanged three regiments


parade rawalpindi october unit still exists pakistan army armored regiment world war ii armies still maintained cavalry units outbreak world war ii significant mounted action largely restricted polish balkan soviet campaigns rather charge mounts battle cavalry units either used mounted infantry using horses move position dismounting combat reconnaissance units especially areas suited tracked wheeled vehicles polish polish uhlan wz anti tank rifle military


instruction published warsaw popular myth polish cavalry armed lances charged german tanks september campaign arose misreporting single clash september near krojanty two squadrons polish th lancers armed sabres scattered german infantry caught open german armoured cars two examples illustrate myth developed first motorised vehicles short supply poles used horses pull anti tank weapons position second incidents polish cavalry trapped german tanks


attempted fight free however mean polish army chose attack tanks horse cavalry ref name davies davies ''god 's playground volume ii'' pp ref later eastern front red army deploy cavalry units effectively germans ref name davies davies ''god 's playground volume ii'' p ref german cavalry patrol may battle france correct term would mounted infantry instead cavalry horses primarily used means transportation suitable view poor road conditions pre war


bofors mm also light scout tanks etc last cavalry vs cavalry mutual charge europe took place poland battle krasnobr polish german cavalry units clashed last classical cavalry charge war took place march battle schoenfeld st warsaw independent cavalry brigade infantry tanks employed little effect german position floundered open wetlands dominated infantry antitank fire german fortifications


cavalry development modern military operational doctrine importance defeating nazi germany eclipsed higher profile tanks airplanes ref name john harrel ref despite view portrayed german propaganda soviet cavalry contributed significantly defeat axis armies ref name contributions included mobile troops early stages trucks equipment low quality well providing cover retreating forces considering relatively limited numbers soviet cavalry played significant role giving germany first real defeats


early stages war continuing potential mounted troops demonstrated battle moscow guderian powerful central german th army cavalry amongst first soviet units complete encirclement battle stalingrad thus sealing fate german th army mounted soviet forces also played role encirclement berlin cossack cavalry units reaching reichstag april throughout war performed important tasks capture bridgeheads considered one hardest jobs battle often


inferior numbers instance th guards cavalry regiment nd guards cavalry division often fought outnumbered best german units final stages war soviet union still fielding mounted units substantial numbers combined mechanized horse units advantage approach exploitation mounted infantry could keep pace advancing tanks factors favoring retention mounted forces included high quality russian cossacks made half cavalry relative lack roads suitable wheeled vehicles


novara lancers made dismounted attack action ended retreat russians heavy losses sides final italian cavalry action occurred october poloj croatia squadron alexandria cavalry regiment large group yugoslav partisans axis romanian hungarian italian cavalry dispersed disbanded following retreat axis forces russia germany still maintained mounted mixed bicycles ss cossack units last days war finnish finland used mounted troops russian


forces effectively forested terrain continuation war last finnish cavalry unit disbanded united states us army 's last horse cavalry actions fought world war ii th cavalry regiment small mounted regiment philippine scouts fought japanese retreat bataan peninsula effectively destroyed january b captured german horses mounted reconnaissance section us th mountain division spearhead pursuit german army across po valley italy april


last horsed us cavalry second cavalry division dismounted march british empire british army cavalry regiments mechanised since march queen 's yorkshire dragoons yeomanry converted motorised role following mounted service vichy french syria previous year final cavalry charge british empire forces occurred march strong patrol burma frontier force encountered japanese infantry near toungoo airfield central myanmar sikh sowars frontier force cavalry led captain arthur sandeman central


india horse st king george v 's horse charged old style sabres killed mongolia mongolian cavalry khalkhin gol early stages world war ii mounted units mongolian people 's army involved battle khalkhin gol invading japanese forces soviet forces command georgy zhukov together mongolian forces defeated japanese sixth army effectively ended soviet japanese border wars soviet japanese neutrality pact mongolia remained neutral throughout war geographical situation meant


northern alliance afghanistan frequently used horses military transport modern cavalry units historic connection formerly mounted troops always case modern irish defence forces df includes cavalry corps equipped armoured cars scorpion tracked combat reconnaissance vehicles df never included horse cavalry since establishment small mounted escort blue hussars drawn artillery corps required ceremonial occasions however mystique cavalry name introduced always


mechanised force engagements late th early st century guerrilla wars involved mounted troops particularly partisan guerrilla fighters areas poor transport infrastructure units used cavalry rather mounted infantry examples occurred afghanistan portuguese africa rhodesia french army used existing mounted squadrons spahis limited extent patrol work algerian war swiss army maintained mounted dragoon regiment combat purposes portuguese army used horse mounted cavalry success wars independence angola


mozambique rhodesian bush war rhodesian army created elite mounted infantry unit called grey 's scouts fight unconventional actions rebel forces robert mugabe joshua nkomo horse mounted infantry scouts effective reportedly feared opponents rebel african forces present afghan civil war period several instances horse mounted combat central south american armies maintained mounted cavalry longer asia europe north america mexican army included


number horse mounted cavalry regiments late mid chilean army five regiments mounted mountain troops soviet army retained horse cavalry divisions dissolution soviet union still independent horse mounted cavalry squadron kyrgyzstan operational horse cavalry today indian army 's st cavalry reported largest existing horse mounted cavalry unit still operational potential raised amalgamated state cavalry squadrons gwalior jodhpur mysore primarily utilised ceremonial purposes


regiment deployed internal security police roles required st cavalry president 's body guard parade full dress uniform new delhi year probably largest assembly traditional cavalry still seen world indian pakistani armies maintain armoured regiments titles lancers horse dating back th century chinese people 's liberation army employed two battalions horse mounted border guards xinjiang border patrol purposes pla mounted units last saw action border clashes


vietnam cavalry units disbanded part major military downsizing ref name ''global times'' november xinhua news agency august ref wake sichuan earthquake calls rebuild army horse inventory disaster relief difficult terrain subsequent chinese media reports ref name confirm pla maintains operational horse cavalry squadron strength xinjiang inner mongolia scouting logistical border security purposes chilean army still maintains mixed armoured cavalry regiment elements


acting mounted mountain exploration troops based city angol part iii mountain division another independent exploration cavalry detachment town chait n rugged mountain terrain calls use special horses suited use ceremonial horse cavalry armored cavalry retaining traditional titles italian army regiment lancieri di montebello th public duties rome cavalry mounted gendarmerie units continue maintained purely primarily ceremonial purposes algerian argentine bolivian brazilian british bulgarian canadian chilean colombian danish dutch finnish french hungarian indian


italian jordanian malaysian moroccan nepalese nigerian north korean omani pakistani panamanian paraguayan peruvian polish portuguese russian senegalese spanish swedish thai tunisian turkmenistan united states venezuelan armed forces number armoured regiments british army retain historic designations hussars dragoons light dragoons dragoon guards lancers yeomanry household cavalry consisting life guards' mounted squadron blues royals' mounted squadron state trumpeters household cavalry household cavalry mounted band maintained mounted dismounted ceremonial duties london french army still regiments historic


armoured regiments historic titles lancers cavalry horse six date back th century although president 's body guard remains horse mounted army russian federation reintroduced ceremonial mounted squadron wearing historic uniforms australian new zealand armies follow british practice maintaining traditional titles light horse mounted rifles modern mechanised units however neither country retains horse mounted unit several armored units modern united states army retain designation armored cavalry united states also air cavalry units


part corps cadets texas university valley forge military academy college also mounted company known troop individual us states maintain cavalry units part respective state defense forces maryland defense force includes cavalry unit cavalry troop serves primarily ceremonial unit unit training includes saber qualification course based upon us army course ref name special ref cavalry troop also assists maryland agencies rural search rescue asset ref name special massachusetts national lancers trace lineage


various european armies included service less fashionable though often highly professional frontier colonial units included british indian cavalry russian cossacks french chasseurs d' afrique th early th centuries monarchies maintained mounted cavalry element royal imperial guards ranged small units providing ceremonial escorts palace guards large formations intended active service mounted escort spanish royal household provided example former twelve cavalry regiments prussian imperial guard example latter


either case officers units likely drawn aristocracies respective societies film sense noise power cavalry charge gained film ''waterloo'' featured cavalrymen cossacks included detailed displays horsemanship required manage animal weapons large numbers gallop unlike real battle waterloo deep mud significantly slowed horses gary cooper movie ''they came cordura'' contains scene cavalry regiment deploying march


world war ''hubal'' last months september april poland 's first world war ii guerrilla major henryk dobrza ski hubal ''the patriot'' includes light cavalry usage ''and quiet flows don'' depicts cossacks world war ''kingdom heaven'' includes cavalry charge siege kerak examples horse mounted color guard marine corps logistics base barstow cavalryman hakkapeliitta finnish cavalry thirty years' war featured finnish stamp types cataphracts companion cavalry cossacks cuirassier dragoons hobelars medieval light horse hussars kalmyks lancers mamluks numidian cavalry polish


cavalry polish winged hussars uhlans units nd armored cavalry regiment united states th armored cavalry regiment united states australian light horse bayreuth dragoons blues royals british army life guards form household cavalry british columbia dragoons canadian army st cavalry division united states st queen 's dragoon guards british army cavalry corps irish army chasseurs d'afrique french army chinacos mexican irregular cavalry th century grey 's scouts rhodesian army garde r publicaine french gendarmerie governor general 's horse guards canada guarda nacional republicana portuguese national guard hakkapeliitta finnish cavalry thirty years' war king 's royal hussars


way battle august file carga del rio iganjpg spanish light cavalry ''cazadores'' rif war file w sok jpg polish pzl w sok air cavalry squadron th aeromobile cavalry brigade file pbg photo jpg mounted president 's bodyguard indian army file republican guard cavalry regiment bastille day jpg french republican guard bastille day military parade file pakistan cavalry honor guardjpeg president 's body guard pakistan army file horseguards blues royals rel whitehall londresjpg troopers blues royals mounted duty whitehall london file independence day parade flickr kerri jo


regiment dragoons remained armored reconnaissance modern role militaries 'cavalry' titled units notes references lynn john albert ''giant grand si cle french army '' cambridge university press pargiter frederick eden dr chronology based ancient indian historical tradition oxford university press h milford reprint external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwcavalryscoutsorg cavalryscoutsorg http napoleonistykaatspacecom french cavalryhtml napoleonic cavalry https webarchiveorg web http wwwusregularscom lippitt html cavalry tactics francis j lippitt 's ''a treatise tactical use three arms infantry artillery cavalry'' http wwwlonesentrycom articles cavalry indexhtml cavalry mass us report russian cavalry organization


operations world war ii https webarchiveorg web http wwwmilitaryhorseorg society military horse http kavallerie ungat gesellschaft der freunde der kavallerie german http wwwhistoricaleyecom horseandmulehtml horse mule british army ww historic films showing cavalry world war http wwweuropeanfilmgatewayeu node cavalry efg multilingual showonly video europeanfilmgatewayeu obsolete occupations warfare middle ages indo european warfare combat occupations civil war military equipment united states warfare early modern period


control systems play critical role space flight '''control engineering''' '''control systems engineering''' engineering discipline deals control systems applying control theory design equipment systems desired behaviors control environments ref name case western reserve university electrical engineering computer science url https engineeringcaseedu eecs node website engineeringcaseedu publisher case western reserve university access date june language en date november ref discipline controls overlaps usually taught along electrical engineering mechanical engineering many institutions around world ref name case western reserve university practice uses sensors detectors measure output performance process controlled measurements

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Control theory
Control engineering


essential role wide range control systems simple household washing machines high performance f fighter aircraft seeks understand physical systems using mathematical modelling terms inputs outputs various components different behaviors use control system design tools develop controllers systems implement controllers physical systems employing available technology system mechanical electrical fluid chemical financial biological mathematical modelling analysis controller design uses control theory one many time frequency complex domains depending nature


design problem history control fractionating columns one challenging applicationsautomatic control systems first developed two thousand years ago first feedback control device record thought ancient ktesibios 's water clock alexandria egypt around third century bce kept time regulating water level vessel therefore water flow vessel certainly successful device water clocks similar design still made baghdad mongols captured city ad variety


automatic devices used centuries accomplish useful tasks simply entertain latter includes automata popular europe th th centuries featuring dancing figures would repeat task automata examples open loop control milestones among feedback closed loop automatic control devices include temperature regulator furnace attributed drebbel circa centrifugal flyball governor used regulating speed steam engines james watt paper governors james clerk maxwell able


explain instabilities exhibited flyball governor using differential equations describe control system demonstrated importance usefulness mathematical models methods understanding complex phenomena signaled beginning mathematical control systems theory elements control theory appeared earlier dramatically convincingly maxwell 's analysis control theory made significant strides next century new mathematical techniques well advancements electronic computer technologies made possible control significantly complex dynamical systems original flyball governor could stabilize new mathematical techniques


current output represented voltage control input however adequate technology implement electrical control systems designers left option less efficient slow responding mechanical systems effective mechanical controller still widely used hydro plants governor later previous modern power electronics process control systems industrial applications devised mechanical engineers using pneumatic hydraulic control devices many still use today control theory two major divisions control theory namely classical modern


direct implications control engineering applications classical siso system design scope classical control theory limited single input single output siso system design except analyzing disturbance rejection using second input system analysis carried time domain using differential equations complex domain laplace transform frequency domain transforming complex domain many systems may assumed second order single variable system response time domain controller designed using classical theory often requires site tuning due


incorrect design approximations yet due easier physical implementation classical controller designs compared systems designed using modern control theory controllers preferred industrial applications common controllers designed using classical control theory pid controllers less common implementation may include either lead lag filter ultimate end goal meet requirements typically provided time domain called step response times frequency domain called open loop response step response characteristics applied specification typically percent overshoot settling time


set decoupled first order differential equations defined using state variables nonlinear multivariable adaptive robust control theories come division matrix methods significantly limited mimo systems linear independence cannot assured relationship inputs outputs fairly new modern control theory many areas yet explored scholars like rudolf e k lm n aleksandr lyapunov well known among people shaped modern control theory control systems control engineering engineering discipline focuses modeling diverse range dynamic


systems eg mechanical systems design controllers cause systems behave desired manner although controllers need electrical many hence control engineering often viewed subfield electrical engineering electrical circuits digital signal processors microcontrollers used implement control systems control engineering wide range applications flight propulsion systems commercial airliners cruise control present many modern automobiles cases control engineers utilize feedback designing control systems often accomplished using


pid controller system example automobile cruise control vehicle 's speed continuously monitored fed back system adjusts motor 's torque accordingly regular feedback control theory used determine system responds feedback practically systems stability important control theory help ensure stability achieved although feedback important aspect control engineering control engineers may also work control systems without feedback known open loop control classic example open loop


control washing machine runs pre determined cycle without use sensors control engineering education universities around world control engineering courses taught primarily electrical engineering mechanical engineering courses instructed mechatronics engineering aerospace engineering others control engineering connected computer science control techniques today implemented computers often embedded systems automotive field field control within chemical engineering often known process control deals primarily control variables


chemical process plant taught part undergraduate curriculum chemical engineering program employs many principles control engineering engineering disciplines also overlap control engineering applied system suitable model derived however specialised control engineering departments exist example department automatic control systems engineering university sheffield department robotics control engineering united states naval academy control engineering diversified applications include science finance


management even human behavior students control engineering may start linear control system course dealing time complex domain requires thorough background elementary mathematics laplace transform called classical control theory linear control student frequency time domain analysis digital control nonlinear control courses require z transformation algebra respectively could said complete basic control education control engineering careers control engineer 's career starts bachelor 's degree continue college process control engineer degrees


well paired electrical mechanical engineering degree control engineers usually get jobs technical managing typically lead interdisciplinary projects many job opportunities aerospace companies manufacturing companies automobile companies power companies government agencies places hire control engineers include companies rockwell automation nasa ford goodrich control engineers possibly earn k annually lockheed martin corp also earn k annually general motors corporation according ''control engineering'' survey people answered control engineers various forms


career many careers classified control engineer specific careers small semblance overarching career control engineering majority control engineers took survey system product designers even control instrument engineers jobs involve process engineering production even maintenance variation control engineering recent advancement originally control engineering continuous systems development computer control tools posed requirement discrete control system engineering


communications computer based digital controller physical system governed computer clock equivalent laplace transform discrete domain z transform today many control systems computer controlled consist digital analog components therefore design stage either digital components mapped continuous domain design carried continuous domain analog components mapped discrete domain design carried first two methods commonly encountered practice many industrial


attempt address multiple types unexpected disturbance particular adapting transforming behaviors control system response malicious actors abnormal failure modes undesirable human action etc see also electrical engineering communications engineering satellite navigation outline control engineering advanced process control building automation computer automated design cautod cautocsd control reconfiguration feedback h infinity lead lag compensator list control engineering topics quantitative feedback theory robotic unicycle state space sliding mode control systems engineering testing controller vissim control engineering magazine eicaslab time series process control system robotic control mechatronics references reading external links https webarchiveorg web http www controlengcamacuk extras virtual library control vlhtml


control labs worldwide https webarchiveorg web http controlsenginumichedu wiki michigan chemical engineering process dynamics controls open textbook http wwwcontrolsysorg control system integrators association https wwwcsiaexchangecom list control systems integrators http wwwimecheorg get involved special interest groups mechatronics informatics control group institution mechanical engineers mechatronics informatics control group micg https wwwtandfonlinecom tssc systems science control engineering open access journal electrical engineering systems engineering engineering disciplines


'''control theory''' deals control dynamical systems engineered processes machines objective develop model algorithm governing application system inputs drive system desired state minimizing ' 'delay'' ''overshoot'' ' 'steady state error'' ensuring level control stability often aim achieve degree optimality '''controller''' requisite corrective behavior required controller monitors controlled process variable pv compares reference set point sp difference actual desired value

Applied science
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Systems science
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process variable called ''error'' signal sp pv error applied feedback generate control action bring controlled process variable value set point aspects also studied controllability observability basis advanced type automation revolutionized manufacturing aircraft communications industries ''feedback control'' involves taking measurements using sensor making calculated adjustments keep measured variable within set range means final control element control valve extensive


use usually made diagrammatic style known block diagram transfer function also known system function network function mathematical model relation input output based differential equations describing system control theory dates th century theoretical basis operation governors first described james clerk maxwell control theory advanced edward routh charles sturm adolf hurwitz contributed establishment control stability criteria


onwards development pid control theory nicolas minorsky although major application mathematical control theory control systems engineering deals design process control systems industry applications range far beyond general theory feedback systems control theory useful wherever feedback occurs thus control theory also applications life sciences computer engineering sociology operation research history centrifugal governor boulton watt engine although control systems various types date back antiquity formal analysis field began


dynamics analysis centrifugal governor conducted physicist james clerk maxwell entitled ''on governors'' ref name maxwell ref centrifugal governor already used regulate velocity windmills maxwell described analyzed phenomenon self oscillation lags system may lead overcompensation unstable behavior generated flurry interest topic maxwell 's classmate edward john routh abstracted maxwell 's results general class linear systems ref name routh ref independently adolf hurwitz analyzed system stability using differential equations resulting known


routh hurwitz theorem ref name routh ref ref name hurwitz ref notable application dynamic control area crewed flight wright brothers made first successful test flights december distinguished ability control flights substantial periods ability produce lift airfoil known continuous reliable control airplane necessary flights lasting longer seconds world war ii control theory becoming important area research irmgard fl gge lotz developed theory discontinuous automatic control systems applied bang bang


principle development automatic flight control equipment aircraft areas application discontinuous controls included fire control systems guidance systems electronics sometimes mechanical methods used improve stability systems example ship stabilizers fins mounted beneath waterline emerging laterally contemporary vessels may gyroscopically controlled active fins capacity change angle attack counteract roll caused wind waves acting ship space race also depended accurate spacecraft control control theory also seen increasing use


performing corrective actions resolve problem caused phone call help line last two examples take narrow historical interpretation control theory set differential equations modeling regulating kinetic motion broaden vast generalization regulator interacting plant open loop closed loop feedback control block diagram negative feedback control system using feedback loop control process variable comparing desired value applying difference error signal generate control output reduce


eliminate error example single industrial control loop showing continuously modulated control process flow fundamentally two types control loops open loop control closed loop feedback control open loop control control action controller independent process output controlled process variable pv good example central heating boiler controlled timer heat applied constant time regardless temperature building control action timed switching boiler process variable


building temperature neither linked closed loop control control action controller dependent feedback process form value process variable pv case boiler analogy closed loop would include thermostat compare building temperature pv temperature set thermostat set point sp generates controller output maintain building desired temperature switching boiler closed loop controller therefore feedback loop ensures


controller exerts control action manipulate process variable reference input set point reason closed loop controllers also called feedback controllers definition closed loop control system according british standard institution control system possessing monitoring feedback deviation signal formed result feedback used control action final control element way tend reduce deviation zero likewise ''feedback control system'' system tends maintain


prescribed relationship one system variable another comparing functions variables using difference means control examples example control system car 's cruise control device designed maintain vehicle speed constant ' 'desired'' ' 'reference'' speed provided driver ''controller'' cruise control ''plant'' car ' 'system'' car cruise control system output car 's speed control engine 's throttle position determines much power


engine delivers primitive way implement cruise control simply lock throttle position driver engages cruise control however cruise control engaged stretch non flat road car travel slower going uphill faster going downhill type controller called ''open loop controller'' feedback measurement system output car 's speed used alter control throttle position result controller cannot compensate changes acting car like change slope


road ''closed loop control system'' data sensor monitoring car 's speed system output enters controller continuously compares quantity representing speed reference quantity representing desired speed difference called error determines throttle position control result match car 's speed reference speed maintain desired system output car goes uphill difference input sensed speed reference continuously determines throttle position sensed speed drops reference difference increases


throttle opens engine power increases speeding vehicle way controller dynamically counteracts changes car 's speed central idea control systems ''feedback loop'' controller affects system output turn measured fed back controller classical control theory overcome limitations open loop controller control theory introduces feedback closed loop controller uses feedback control states outputs dynamical system name comes information path system process inputs eg voltage applied electric motor


closed loop open loop control used simultaneously systems open loop control termed feedforward serves improve reference tracking performance common closed loop controller architecture pid controller closed loop transfer function output system ''y'' ''t'' fed back sensor measurement ''f'' comparison reference value ''r'' ''t'' controller ''c'' takes error ''e'' difference reference output change inputs ''u'' system control ''p'' shown figure kind controller closed loop controller feedback


controller called single input single output ''siso'' control system ''mimo'' ie multi input multi output systems one input output common cases variables represented vectors instead simple scalar values distributed parameter systems vectors may infinite dimensional typically functions simple feedback control loop assume controller ''c'' plant ''p'' sensor ''f'' linear time invariant ie elements transfer function ''c'' ' 's'' ''p'' ' 's'' ''f'' ' 's'' depend time systems analysed using laplace transform variables gives following relations


math p u math math u c e math math e r f math solving ''y'' ' 's'' terms ''r'' ' 's'' gives math left frac p c p c f right r h r math expression math h frac p c f p c math referred ''closed loop transfer function'' system numerator forward open loop gain ''r'' ''y'' denominator one plus gain going around feedback loop called loop gain math p c gg math ie large norm value ' 's'' math f


initialism ''proportional integral derivative'' referring three terms operating error signal produce control signal theoretical understanding application dates implemented nearly analogue control systems originally mechanical controllers using discrete electronics later industrial process computers pid controller probably used feedback control design control signal sent system measured output desired output tracking error pid controller general form math u


k p e k int e tau text tau k frac text e text math desired closed loop dynamics obtained adjusting three parameters often iteratively tuning without specific knowledge plant model stability often ensured using proportional term integral term permits rejection step disturbance often striking specification process control derivative term used provide damping shaping response pid controllers well established class control systems however cannot used several complicated cases especially


mimo systems considered applying laplace transformation results transformed pid controller equation math u k p e k frac e k e math math u left k p k frac k right e math pid controller transfer function math c left k p k frac k right math example tuning pid controller closed loop system consider st order plant given math p frac st p math constants plant output fed back math f frac st f math


also constant set math k p k left frac right math math k frac k math express pid controller transfer function series form math c k left frac st right st math plugging closed loop transfer function find setting math k frac f p math tuning example system output follows reference input exactly however practice pure differentiator neither physically realizable desirable due amplification noise resonant modes system therefore


phase lead compensator type approach differentiator low pass roll used instead linear nonlinear control theory field control theory divided two branches ''linear control theory'' applies systems made devices obey superposition principle means roughly output proportional input governed linear differential equations major subclass systems addition parameters change time called ''linear time invariant'' lti systems systems amenable powerful frequency domain mathematical techniques


great generality laplace transform fourier transform z transform bode plot root locus nyquist stability criterion lead description system using terms like bandwidth frequency response eigenvalues gain resonant frequencies zeros poles give solutions system response design techniques systems interest ''nonlinear control theory'' covers wider class systems obey superposition principle applies real world systems real control systems nonlinear systems often governed nonlinear differential equations


mathematical techniques analyzing designing control systems fall two different categories ''frequency domain'' type values state variables mathematical variables representing system 's input output feedback represented functions frequency input signal system 's transfer function converted time functions functions frequency transform fourier transform laplace transform z transform advantage technique results simplification mathematics ' 'differential equations'' represent system replaced ''algebraic equations''


frequency domain much simpler solve however frequency domain techniques used linear systems mentioned ''time domain state space representation'' type values state variables represented functions time model system analyzed represented one differential equations since frequency domain techniques limited linear systems time domain widely used analyze real world nonlinear systems although difficult solve modern computer simulation techniques simulation languages made


analysis routine contrast frequency domain analysis classical control theory modern control theory utilizes time domain state space representation mathematical model physical system set input output state variables related first order differential equations abstract number inputs outputs states variables expressed vectors differential algebraic equations written matrix form latter possible dynamical system linear state space representation also known time domain approach provides convenient compact way


model analyze systems multiple inputs outputs inputs outputs would otherwise write laplace transforms encode information system unlike frequency domain approach use state space representation limited systems linear components zero initial conditions state space refers space whose axes state variables state system represented point within space system interfacing siso mimo control systems divided different categories depending number inputs


outputs single input single output siso simplest common type one output controlled one control signal examples cruise control example audio system control input input audio signal output sound waves speaker multiple input multiple output mimo found complicated systems example modern large telescopes keck mmt mirrors composed many separate segments controlled actuator shape entire mirror constantly adjusted


stay bounded bounded input stability nonlinear systems take input input state stability iss combines lyapunov stability notion similar bibo stability simplicity following descriptions focus continuous time discrete time '''linear systems''' mathematically means causal linear system stable poles transfer function must negative real values ie real part pole must less zero practically speaking stability requires transfer function complex poles reside open left half complex plane continuous


time laplace transform used obtain transfer function inside unit circle discrete time z transform used difference two cases simply due traditional method plotting continuous time versus discrete time transfer functions continuous laplace transform cartesian coordinates math x math axis real axis discrete z transform circular coordinates math rho math axis real axis appropriate conditions satisfied system said asymptotically stable variables asymptotically stable control


system always decrease initial value show permanent oscillations permanent oscillations occur pole real part exactly equal zero continuous time case modulus equal one discrete time case simply stable system response neither decays grows time oscillations marginally stable case system transfer function non repeated poles complex plane origin ie real complex component zero continuous time case oscillations present poles real part equal


zero imaginary part equal zero system question impulse response math x n n u n math z transform see example given math x z frac z math pole math z math zero imaginary part system bibo asymptotically stable since pole ''inside'' unit circle however impulse response math x n n u n math z transform math x z frac z math pole math z math bibo stable since


pole modulus strictly greater one numerous tools exist analysis poles system include graphical systems like root locus bode plots nyquist plots mechanical changes make equipment control systems stable sailors add ballast improve stability ships cruise ships use antiroll fins extend transversely side ship perhaps feet continuously rotated axes develop forces oppose roll controllability observability controllability observability main issues analysis


system deciding best control strategy applied whether even possible control stabilize system controllability related possibility forcing system particular state using appropriate control signal state controllable signal ever able control state state controllable dynamics stable state termed ' 'stabilizable'' observability instead related possibility ''observing'' output measurements state system state


observable controller never able determine behavior unobservable state hence cannot use stabilize system however similar stabilizability condition state cannot observed might still detectable geometrical point view looking states variable system controlled every bad state variables must controllable observable ensure good behavior closed loop system one eigenvalues system controllable observable part


dynamics remain untouched closed loop system eigenvalue stable dynamics eigenvalue present closed loop system therefore unstable unobservable poles present transfer function realization state space representation sometimes latter preferred dynamical systems analysis solutions problems uncontrollable unobservable system include adding actuators sensors control specification several different control strategies devised past years vary extremely general ones pid controller others devoted particular


classes systems especially robotics aircraft cruise control control problem several specifications stability course always present controller must ensure closed loop system stable regardless open loop stability poor choice controller even worsen stability open loop system must normally avoided sometimes would desired obtain particular dynamics closed loop ie poles math lambda overline lambda math math overline lambda math fixed value strictly greater zero instead simply asking math lambda math another typical specification rejection


step disturbance including integrator open loop chain ie directly system control easily achieves classes disturbances need different types sub systems included classical control theory specifications regard time response closed loop system include rise time time needed control system reach desired value perturbation peak overshoot highest value reached response reaching desired value others settling time quarter decay frequency domain specifications usually related robustness see modern performance assessments use variation


integrated tracking error iae isa cqi model identification robustness control system must always robustness property robust controller properties change much applied system slightly different mathematical one used synthesis requirement important real physical system truly behaves like series differential equations used represent mathematically typically simpler mathematical model chosen order simplify calculations otherwise true system dynamics complicated complete model impossible system identification process


determining equations govern model 's dynamics called system identification done line example executing series measures calculate approximated mathematical model typically transfer function matrix identification output however cannot take account unobservable dynamics sometimes model built directly starting known physical equations example case mass spring damper system know math ddot k x beta dot x math even assuming complete model used designing controller parameters included


control mimo systems pole placement performed mathematically using state space representation open loop system calculating feedback matrix assigning poles desired positions complicated systems require computer assisted calculation capabilities cannot always ensure robustness furthermore system states general measured observers must included incorporated pole placement design nonlinear systems control processes industries like robotics aerospace industry typically strong nonlinear dynamics control theory sometimes possible linearize classes systems apply linear techniques


directly placing poles nonlinear control systems use specific theories normally based aleksandr lyapunov 's theory ensure stability without regard inner dynamics system possibility fulfill different specifications varies model considered control strategy chosen list main control techniques adaptive control uses line identification process parameters modification controller gains thereby obtaining strong robustness properties adaptive controls applied first time aerospace industry found particular success field hierarchical control system type


control system set devices governing software arranged hierarchical tree links tree implemented computer network hierarchical control system also form networked control system intelligent control uses various ai computing approaches like artificial neural networks bayesian probability fuzzy logic machine learning evolutionary computation genetic algorithms combination methods neuro fuzzy algorithms control dynamic system optimal control particular control technique control signal optimizes certain cost index example


case satellite jet thrusts needed bring desired trajectory consume least amount fuel two optimal control design methods widely used industrial applications shown guarantee closed loop stability model predictive control mpc linear quadratic gaussian control lqg first explicitly take account constraints signals system important feature many industrial processes however optimal control structure mpc means achieve result optimize


duncan mcfarlane keith glover sliding mode control smc developed vadim utkin safe protocols designed control large heterogeneous populations electric loads smart power grid applications ref name 'tcl ' ref robust methods aim achieve robust performance stability presence small modeling errors stochastic control deals control design uncertainty model typical stochastic control problems assumed exist random noise disturbances model controller control design must take account random deviations self organized criticality control may defined attempts


interfere processes self organized system dissipates energy people systems control many active historical figures made significant contribution control theory including pierre simon laplace invented z transform work probability theory used solve discrete time control theory problems z transform discrete time equivalent laplace transform named irmgard flugge lotz developed theory discontinuous automatic control applied automatic aircraft control systems alexander lyapunov marks beginning stability theory harold black invented concept negative feedback


solutions stochastic control optimal control methods rudolf e k lm n pioneered state space approach systems control introduced notions controllability observability developed kalman filter linear estimation ali h nayfeh one main contributors nonlinear control theory published many books perturbation methods jan c willems introduced concept dissipativity generalization lyapunov function input state output systems construction storage function analogue lyapunov function called led study linear matrix inequality lmi control


theory pioneered behavioral approach mathematical systems theory see also examples control systems automation deadbeat controller distributed parameter systems fractional order control h infinity loop shaping hierarchical control system model predictive control optimal control process control robust control servomechanism state space controls vector control topics control theory coefficient diagram method control reconfiguration feedback h infinity hankel singular value krener 's theorem lead lag compensator minor loop feedback multi loop feedback positive systems radial basis function root locus signal flow graphs stable polynomial state space representation steady state transient response transient state underactuation youla kucera parametrization markov chain approximation method related topics adaptive


system automation remote control bond graph control engineering control feedback abort loop controller control theory cybernetics intelligent control mathematical system theory negative feedback amplifier people systems control perceptual control theory systems theory time scale calculus references reading chemical engineering external links https ctmsenginumichedu ctms indexphpaux home control tutorials matlab set worked control examples solved several different methods https controlgurucom control tuning best practices https wwwpidlabcom advanced control structures free line simulators explaining control theory https cbassopagesperso orangefr downloads ppts chris basso apec seminar pdf dark side loop control theory professional seminar taught apec orlando fl


control engineering computer engineering cybernetics


international distinctive sign civil defense defined rules international humanitarian law used protective sign '''civil defense''' '''civil protection''' effort protect citizens state generally non combatants natural disasters uses principles emergency operations prevention mitigation preparation response emergency evacuation recovery programs sort initially discussed least early implemented countries threat war aerial bombardment grew became widespread threat

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nuclear weapons realized since end cold war focus civil defense largely shifted military attack emergencies disasters general new concept described number terms specific shade meaning ''crisis management'' ''emergency management'' ''emergency preparedness'' ''contingency planning'' ''civil contingency'' ''civil aid'' ''civil protection'' countries civil defense seen key part defense general example swedish language word ''totalf rsvar'' total defense refers commitment wide range national resources


defense including protection aspects civilian life countries organized civil defense along paramilitary lines incorporated within armed forces soviet civil defense forces history origins united kingdom british first world war poster bringing attention threat posed aerial bombardment german zeppelins advent civil defense stimulated experience bombing civilian areas first world war bombing united kingdom began january german


zeppelins dropped bombs great yarmouth area killing six people german bombing operations first world war surprisingly effective especially gotha bombers surpassed zeppelins devastating raids inflicted casualties ton bombs dropped figure used basis predictions war attention turned toward civil defense event war air raid precautions committee arp established investigate ways ensuring protection civilians danger air raids committee produced figures estimating london


would casualties first two days continuing rate casualties week rates thought conservative believed would total chaos panic hysterical neurosis people london would try flee city control population harsh measures proposed bringing london almost military control physically cordoning city troops force people back work different government department proposed setting camps refugees days sending back london


local civil defense service divided several sections wardens responsible local reconnaissance reporting leadership organization guidance control general public wardens would also advise survivors locations rest food centers welfare facilities rescue parties required assess access bombed buildings retrieve injured dead people addition would turn gas electricity water supplies repair pull unsteady buildings medical services including first aid parties provided spot medical assistance expected stream information would generated


attack handled 'report control' teams local headquarters would arp controller would direct rescue first aid decontamination teams scenes reported bombing local services deemed insufficient deal incident controller could request assistance surrounding boroughs fire guards responsible designated area building required monitor fall incendiary bombs pass news fires broken nfs could deal individual magnesium electron incendiary bomb dousing buckets


sand water smothering additionally 'gas decontamination teams' kitted gas tight waterproof protective clothing deal gas attacks trained decontaminate buildings roads rail material contaminated liquid jelly gases anderson shelters widely distributed united kingdom civil defense authorities preparation aerial bombardment little progress made issue air raid shelters apparently irreconcilable conflict need send public underground shelter need keep ground protection


gas attacks february home secretary appointed technical committee structural precautions air attack munich crisis local authorities dug trenches provide shelter crisis british government decided make permanent feature standard design precast concrete trench lining also decided issue anderson shelter free poorer households provide steel props create shelters suitable basements second world war arp responsible issuing gas masks pre fabricated air raid shelters anderson shelters well morrison


shelters upkeep local public shelters maintenance blackout arp also helped rescue people air raids attacks women became arp ambulance attendants whose job help administer first aid casualties search survivors many grim instances help recover bodies sometimes colleagues jewish civil defense group jerusalem group served arp fire wardens equipped water hoses buckets wearing fw fire watcher brodie helmets men uniform women wear plain clothes composer josef tal stands


next woman black sweater war progressed military effectiveness germany 's aerial bombardment limited thanks luftwaffe 's shifting aims strength british air defenses use early warning radar life saving actions local civil defense units aerial blitz battle britain failed break morale british people destroy royal air force significantly hinder british industrial production despite significant investment civil military defense british civilian losses blitz higher strategic bombing campaigns


throughout war example uk civilian fatalities battle britain relatively high number considering luftwaffe dropped estimated tons ordinance battle granted resulting civilian fatalities per ton bombs dropped lower earlier casualties per ton prediction however comparison allied strategic bombing germany war proved slightly less lethal observed uk estimated german civilian fatalities approximately million tons bombs dropped germany estimated resulting rate therefore


civilian fatalities per ton bombs dropped united states united states office civil defense established may coordinate civilian defense efforts coordinated department army established similar groups british arp one groups still exists today civil air patrol originally created civilian auxiliary army cap created december main civil defense mission search rescue cap also sank two axis submarines provided aerial


reconnaissance allied neutral merchant ships civil air patrol barred combat public law cap received current mission search rescue downed aircraft air force created civil air patrol became auxiliary air force coast guard auxiliary performs similar role support us coast guard like civil air patrol coast guard auxiliary established run world war ii auxiliarists sometimes armed war extensively participated port security


operations war auxiliary shifted focus promoting boating safety assisting coast guard performing search rescue marine safety environmental protection united states federal civil defense program existed public law st congress ref name presidentregister ref amended statutory scheme made called hazards public law largely repealed public law ref name nuclear regulatory commission ref parts appear title vi robert stafford disaster relief emergency assistance act public law amended ref


name congress ref term emergency preparedness largely codified repeal amendment see usc sections following ref name congress civil defense literature ''fallout protection'' common cold war era states north atlantic treaty organization united states united kingdom west germany well soviet bloc especially neutral countries switzerland sweden many civil defense practices took place prepare aftermath nuclear war seemed quite likely


county boroughs england wales large burghs scotland division divided several sections including headquarters intelligence operations scientific reconnaissance warden rescue ambulance first aid welfare coventry city council caused international controversy announced plans disband civil defence committee councillors decided hydrogen bombs meant could recovery nuclear attack british government opposed move held provocative civil defence exercise streets coventry labour council members protested


government also decided implement committee city 's cost council reinstituted committee '''united states''' sheer power nuclear weapons perceived likelihood attack precipitated greater response yet required civil defense civil defense previously considered important commonsense step became divisive controversial charged atmosphere cold war national security resources board created page document outlining model civil defense structure us called blue book civil defense


professionals reference solid blue cover template legislation organization next years civil defense literature survival atomic attack common cold war era perhaps memorable aspect cold war civil defense effort educational effort made promoted government ''duck cover'' bert turtle advocated children duck cover see flash booklets ''survival atomic attack'' ''fallout protection'' ''nuclear war survival skills'' also commonplace transcribed radio program


united states shelters would protect blast heat effects nuclear weapons would provide protection radiation effects would last weeks even affect areas distant nuclear explosion order preparations effective degree warning conelrad control electromagnetic radiation established system primary stations would alerted emergency would broadcast alert broadcast stations throughout country would constantly listening upstream station


repeat message thus passing station station classified us war game analysis looking varying levels war escalation warning pre emptive attacks late early estimated approximately million us citizens would saved civil defense education ref name nsarchivegwuedu http nsarchivegwuedu nukevault ebb docs doc pdf net evaluation subcommittee page ref time however cost full scale civil defense program regarded less effective cost benefit analysis ballistic missile defense nike zeus system soviet adversary increasing nuclear stockpile efficacy


would follow diminishing returns trend ref name nsarchivegwuedu contrary largely noncommittal approach taken nato stops starts civil defense depending whims newly elected government military strategy comparatively ideologically consistent '''ussr''' held amongst things winnable nuclear war possible ref name pipes ref ref name gwuedu ref effect soviets planned minimize far possible effects nuclear weapon strikes territory therefore spent considerably thought civil defense preparations us defense plans assessed


far effective us soviet civil defense troops played main role massive disaster relief operation following chernobyl nuclear accident defense troop reservists officially mobilized case war throughout ussr join chernobyl task force formed basis kyiv civil defense brigade task force performed high risk tasks including failure robotic machinery manual removal highly radioactive debris many personnel later decorated medals work containing release


radiation environment number deaths accident civil defense troops decline concrete door fallout shelter civil protection switzerland shelters private public buildings total million places level coverage corresponding swiss population ref name swi daniele mariani http wwwswissinfoch fre chacun son bunker chacun son bunker swissinfo october page visited august ref western countries strong civil defense policies never properly implemented fundamentally odds


doctrine mutual assured destruction mad making provisions survivors also considered full fledged total defense would worth large expense whatever reason public saw efforts civil defense fundamentally ineffective powerful destructive forces nuclear weapons therefore waste time money although detailed scientific research programs underlie much mocked government civil defense pamphlets civil defence corps stood great britain due financial crisis mid neighbors


homeland security today many countries still maintain national civil defence corps usually wide brief assisting large scale civil emergencies flood earthquake invasion civil disorder september attacks united states concept civil defense revisited umbrella term homeland security hazards emergency management europe triangle cd logo continues widely used old us civil defense logo used fema logo hinted united states civil air


patrol logo created charles coiner n w ayer advertising agency used throughout world war ii cold war era national emergency management association us organization made state emergency managers officially retired civil defense triangle logo replacing stylised em standing emergency management name logo however continue used hawaii state civil defense guam homeland security office civil defense term civil protection currently widely used within european union refer government approved systems resources tasked


protecting non combat population primarily event natural technological disasters example eu 's humanitarian aid policy director ebola crisis florika fink hooijer said civil protection requires resources first foremost better governance resources available including better synergies humanitarian aid civil protection recent years emphasis preparedness technological disasters resulting terrorist attack within eu countries term crisis management emphasizes political security dimension rather measures satisfy immediate needs population australia civil defense


responsibility volunteer based state emergency service former soviet countries civil defense responsibility governmental ministries russia 's ministry emergency situations importance relatively small investments preparation speed recovery months years thereby prevent millions deaths hunger cold disease according human capital theory economics country 's population valuable land factories assets possesses people rebuild country destruction therefore important economic security country


protect people according psychology important people feel though control destiny preparing uncertainty via civil defense may help achieve united states federal civil defense program authorized statute ran originally authorized public law st congress repealed public law small portions statutory scheme incorporated robert stafford disaster relief emergency assistance act public law partly superseded


part partly amended partly supplemented disaster relief act public law portions civil defense statute incorporated stafford act primary modification use term emergency preparedness wherever term civil defence previously appeared statutory language important concept initiated president jimmy carter called crisis relocation program administered part federal civil defense program effort largely lapsed president ronald reagan discontinued carter initiative opposition areas potentially hosting relocated population threat assessment


threats civilians civilian life include nbc nuclear biological chemical warfare others like modern term cbrn chemical biological radiological nuclear threat assessment involves studying threat preventative measures built civilian life conventional refers conventional explosives blast shelter designed protect radiation fallout would much vulnerable conventional explosives see also fallout shelter nuclear shelter intended protect nuclear blast effects would include thick concrete sturdy elements resistant conventional explosives biggest threats nuclear


depending quantity radioactive material dangers may mainly psychological toxic effects managed standard hazmat techniques biological threat primarily disease causing microorganisms bacteria viruses chemical various chemical agents threat nerve gas vx sarin stages mitigation siren control box kansas us thunderbolt siren mitigation process actively prevents war released nuclear weapons includes policy analysis diplomacy political measures nuclear disarmament military responses national


missile defense air defense artillery case counter terrorism mitigation would include diplomacy intelligence gathering direct action terrorist groups mitigation may also reflected long term planning design interstate highway system placement military bases away populated areas preparation preparation consists building blast shelters pre positioning information supplies emergency infrastructure example larger cities us underground emergency operations centers perform civil defense coordination fema also many underground facilities purpose located near major


human thyroid gland uptake dangerous radioactive iodine another measure cover nose mouth eyes piece cloth sunglasses protect alpha particles internal hazard support supplement efforts national regional local level regard disaster prevention preparedness responsible civil protection intervention event disaster establish framework effective rapid cooperation different civil protection services mutual assistance needed police fire service healthcare service public utility provider voluntary agencies


lightly trained hours less civilians organised teams perform emergency activities trained liaised supported local government plan populace rescues situations provides information central office prioritize professional emergency services concept revived los angeles fire department cope civil emergencies earthquakes program widely adopted providing standard terms organization us official federal policy implemented community emergency response teams department


homeland security certifies training programs local governments registers certified disaster service workers complete training israel home front command mobile application screen alerting tel aviv citizens minute hamas missile attack may afternoon recovery recovery consists rebuilding damaged infrastructure buildings production recovery phase longest ultimately expensive phase immediate crisis passed cooperation fades away recovery efforts often politicized seen economic opportunities preparation recovery helpful mitigating resources dispersed


attack cascades social failures prevented one hedge bridge damage riverine cities subsidize tourist ferry performs scenic cruises river bridge ferry takes load civil defense organizations old united states civil defense logo triangle emphasized step civil defense philosophy used foundation fema comprehensive emergency management civil defense also name number organizations around world dedicated protecting civilians military attacks well providing rescue services natural


united states civil defense others changed focuses providing rescue services natural disasters state emergency service australia however ideals civil defense brought back united states fema 's citizen corps community emergency response team cert united kingdom civil defence work carried emergency responders civil contingencies act assistance voluntary groups raynet search rescue teams x response ireland civil defence still much active organization occasionally called


upon auxiliary fire service ambulance rescue services emergencies flash flooding occur require additional manpower organization units trained firemen medical responders based key areas around country country albanian civil protection albania state emergency service australia belgian civil protection belgium bosnia herzegovina federation bosnia herzegovina federal administration civil protection federation bosnia herzegovina republic srpska republican administration civil protection republic srpska defesa civil brazil cyprus civil defence cyprus population protection


czech republic beredskabsstyrelsen emergency management agency denmark protecci n civil el salvador civil defense finland curit civile france general secretariat civil protection greece civil aid service hong kong directorate general fire services civil defence home guards india badan nasional penanggulangan bencana indonesian national board disaster management indonesia civil defence harir kurdistan iraq civil defence ireland ireland isle man civil defence corps civil defense israel protezione civile italy malaysia civil defence force malaysia protecci n civil mexico corps des sapeurs pompiers


monaco civil defence new zealand nigeria security civil defence corps nigeria norwegian civil defence directorate general civil defence pakistan panama civil defense seismic network autoridade nacional de prote civil portugal civil police san marino singapore civil defence force directorate general civil protection emergencies spain '''uk ''' civil defence corps x response uk 's national attack warning system royal observer corps '''us ''' civil air patrol united states civil defense united states civil defense association comprehensive emergency management federal emergency management agency conelrad duck cover '''germany ''' technisches hilfswerk katastrophenschutz drk asb dlrg feuerwehr johanniter malteser


bergwacht verkehrswacht seenotretter see also american civil defense association french civil protection blast shelter civil defense geiger counters civil defense siren civilian based defense collective protection continuity government effects nuclear explosions human health emergency management fallout shelter transarmament '''general ''' nuclear warfare nuclear holocaust nuclear terrorism survivalism weapon mass destruction notes references external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwcivilprotectiongr greece https webarchiveorg web http cp bgorg snimki gallery thumbnailsphpalbum large gallery bulgaria 's civil defense mechanization small archived link small http wwwthetimechambercouk sites civil civilphp uk civil defence project history photos http ncdcnagpurnicin national civil defence college nagpur india http wwwqrzcom db cd special event amateur ham radio station operated


bangalore india https webarchiveorg web http wwwprotezionecivileit protezione civile italian civil defense https webarchiveorg web http wwwdublincivildefencecom dublin civil defence ireland https webarchiveorg web http wwwsebevcouk sebev search rescue originally civil defence team uk http wwwproteccioncivilorg civil protection ministry interior spain https webarchiveorg web http proteccioncivilvillenaes civil protection villena spain https wwwnytimescom washington civilhtml civil defense logo dies mourn passing ''the new york times'' december david dunlap https webarchiveorg web http wwwcivildefensemuseumcom cold war era civil defense museum features much historical information civil defense history equipment methods many historical photographs posters https webarchiveorg web http alsoswluedu qsearchaspxbrowse issues fcivil defense annotated bibliography civil defense alsos digital library nuclear


issues https webarchiveorg web http wwwtacdaorg american civil defense association https webarchiveorg web http wwwbackcountrysecretscom point civil defense caves idahoaspx civil defense caves cold war community getaway case nuclear war located idaho http wwwjumpjetinfo emergency preparedness indexhtm comprehensive emergency management reference material repository http wwwreadygov readygov official preparedness site us department homeland security https webarchiveorg web http homepagentlworldcom jimbonet cd historyhtml civil defence site details uk 's civil defence preparations including implemented cold war ''burlington'' central government war hq corsham wiltshire http wwwlincolnshiregovuk sectionaspcatid emergency planning lincolnshire http wwwcivildefenceie official civil defence site republic ireland http wwwdefesacivilspgovbr official civil defense site


paulo state brazil http wwwoismorg ddp doctors disaster preparedness http wwwphysiciansforcivildefenseorg physicians civil defense https webarchiveorg web http denkvooruitcrisisnl english dutch civil defense instructions english https webarchiveorg web http wwwemergencymanagementorguk emergency management portal online resources emergency planners managers https webarchiveorg web http wwwsivilforsvaretno norwegian civil defence http wwwthwde en homepage homepage nodehtml german federal agency technical relief thw technisches hilfswerk emergency management organizations established establishments united kingdom


liquid nitrogen diagram infrared space telescope needs cold mirror instruments one instrument needs even colder cryocooler instrument region cryocooler region warmer region spacecraft see miri mid infrared instrument james webb space telescope medium sized dewar filled liquid nitrogen larger cryogenic storage tank physics '''cryogenics''' production behaviour materials low temperatures th iir international congress refrigeration held washington dc


endorsed universal definition cryogenics cryogenic accepting threshold k c distinguish terms conventional refrigeration us national institute standards technology considers field cryogenics involving temperatures discovery superconducting materials critical temperatures significantly boiling point liquid nitrogen provided new interest reliable low cost methods producing high temperature cryogenic refrigeration term high temperature cryogenic describes temperatures ranging boiling point liquid nitrogen cryogenicists use


kelvin rankine temperature scale measure absolute zero rather usual scales celsius measures freezing point water sea level ref name eoc rittner ronald bailey https booksgooglecom booksid mnunfg gc pg pa ''encyclopedia chemistry'' facts file manhattan new york city p ref fahrenheit measures freezing point particular brine solution sea level ref name http wwwbritannicacom science fahrenheit temperature scale fahrenheit temperature scale encyclop dia britannica online september ref definitions distinctions cryogenics branches engineering involve study low temperatures produce


materials behave temperatures cryobiology branch biology involving study effects low temperatures organisms often purpose achieving cryopreservation cryoconservation animal genetic resources conservation genetic material intention conserving breed cryosurgery branch surgery applying cryogenic temperatures destroy kill tissue eg cancer cells cryoelectronics study electronic phenomena cryogenic temperatures examples include superconductivity variable range hopping cryonics cryopreserving humans animals intention future revival cryogenics sometimes erroneously


applications cryogenic valve liquefied gases liquid nitrogen liquid helium used many cryogenic applications liquid nitrogen commonly used element cryogenics legally purchasable around world liquid helium also commonly used allows lowest attainable temperatures reached liquids may stored dewar flasks double walled containers high vacuum walls reduce heat transfer liquid typical laboratory dewar flasks spherical made glass protected metal outer container dewar flasks extremely


cold liquids liquid helium another double walled container filled liquid nitrogen dewar flasks named inventor james dewar man first liquefied hydrogen thermos bottles smaller vacuum flasks fitted protective casing cryogenic barcode labels used mark dewar flasks containing liquids frost degrees celsius cryogenic transfer pumps pumps used lng piers transfer liquefied natural gas lng carriers lng storage tanks cryogenic valves cryogenic processing field cryogenics advanced


world war ii scientists found metals frozen low temperatures showed resistance wear based theory cryogenic hardening commercial cryogenic processing industry founded ed busch background heat treating industry busch founded company detroit called cryotech merged http www belowcom become world 's largest oldest commercial cryogenic processing company busch originally experimented possibility increasing life metal tools anywhere original life expectancy using


cryogenic tempering instead heat treating evolved late treatment parts cryogens liquid nitrogen used specialty chilling freezing applications chemical reactions like used produce active ingredients popular statin drugs must occur low temperatures approximately special cryogenic chemical reactors used remove reaction heat provide low temperature environment freezing foods biotechnology products like vaccines requires nitrogen blast freezing immersion freezing systems certain soft elastic materials become hard


brittle low temperatures makes cryogenic milling cryomilling option materials cannot easily milled higher temperatures cryogenic processing substitute heat treatment rather extension heating quenching tempering cycle normally item quenched final temperature ambient reason heat treaters cooling equipment nothing metallurgically significant ambient temperature cryogenic process continues action ambient temperature instances cryogenic cycle followed heat tempering procedure


alloys chemical constituents tempering procedure varies according material 's chemical composition thermal history tool 's particular service application entire process takes days fuels another use cryogenics cryogenic fuels rockets liquid hydrogen widely used example liquid oxygen lox even widely used oxidizer fuel nasa 's workhorse space shuttle used cryogenic hydrogen oxygen propellant primary means getting orbit lox also widely used rp kerosene non cryogenic hydrocarbon