space within users interact time time user interacts interface example includes content changes time sound video animation behavior behavior defines users respond interface users may different reactions interface interaction design association interaction design association created serve community organization members local groups ixda hosts interaction annual interaction design conference interaction awards related disciplines industrial design ref name interactiondesigncomau disciplines domaines ref


core principles industrial design overlap interaction design industrial designers use knowledge physical form color aesthetics human perception desire usability create fit object person using human factors ergonomics certain basic principles ergonomics provide grounding interaction design include anthropometry biomechanics kinesiology physiology psychology relate human behavior built environment cognitive psychology ref name interactiondesigncomau disciplines domaines certain basic principles cognitive psychology provide grounding interaction design include mental models mapping interface metaphors affordances

Applied science
Architecture and design
User experience design
Interaction design


disciplines domaines interaction designers increasingly deal ubiquitous computing urban informatics urban computing architects' ability make place create context becomes point contact disciplines user interface design like user interface design experience design interaction design often associated design system interfaces variety media concentrates aspects interface define present behavior time focus developing system respond user 's experience way around see also chief experience


officer cxo data presentation architecture hardware interface design human interface guidelines user friendly computer application designs information architecture instructional design interaction design foundation interaction design pattern interactive systems engineering interactivity interface design kinetic user interface mobile interaction service design sonic interaction design transgenerational design usability user experience design user centered design web literacy creating interactive experiences web media psychology design prototyping references reading jones matt gary marsden ''mobile interaction design'' john wiley sons human computer interaction design technical communication usability multimodal interaction


ayurvedic traditional medicine professional parts asia depending nature health condition patients may referred secondary tertiary care background world health organization attributes provision essential primary care integral component inclusive primary healthcare strategy primary care involves widest scope healthcare including ages patients patients socioeconomic geographic origins patients seeking maintain optimal health patients manner acute chronic physical mental social health issues including multiple chronic diseases consequently primary

Applied science
Medicine and health
Primary care


care practitioner must possess wide breadth knowledge many areas continuity key characteristic primary care patients usually prefer consult practitioner routine check ups preventive care health education every time require initial consultation new health problem collaboration among providers desirable characteristic primary care international classification primary care icpc standardized tool understanding analyzing information interventions primary care reason patient visit common chronic illnesses usually treated primary care may include example


taxation national insurance systems private insurance direct payment patients used sometimes combination payment system primary care physicians also varies paid fee service capitation list registered patients primary care region canada canada access primary healthcare services guaranteed citizens canada health act hong kong hong kong special administrative region government 's policy address recommended strengthening development primary care establishing electronic database primary care guide facilitate public consultation department


health developed reference profiles preventive care chronic diseases policy address recommended establishment primary health care development steering committee comprehensively review planning primary health care services provide community medical services regional medical social cooperation policy address proposed establishment first district health centre promoted establishment district centre districts hong kong food health bureau established primary healthcare office march monitor supervise development primary health care services


process developing district health centers regional health stations set various districts transitional units offering public primary care services nigeria nigeria healthcare concurrent responsibility three tiers government local governments focus delivery primary care eg system dispensaries state governments manage various general hospitals secondary care federal government 's role mostly limited coordinating affairs federal medical centres university teaching hospitals tertiary care general medical poland basic primary care basic common element


health care system poland basic health care unit formerly health care facility medical entity provides comprehensive care people declared willingness use services family doctor another doctor right create active list patients means treatment prevention diseases rehabilitation well adjudication state health health care center become primary care provider must also provide care health visitor midwife since general practitioners doctors undergoing specialization


family medicine doctors previously acquired right create active list due seniority poz doctors creating active primary care lists currently pending proposals ministry health granting right create active list internists pediatricians without experience working primary care met severe criticism family medicine organizations organizational terms poz act non public healthcare facility nzoz private company independent public health care institution spzoz state unit subordinate local government individual medical practice


private medical nursing practice group medical practice group private medical nursing practices group individual practice community family nurses group individual practice community midwives act october basic health care journal laws item force since poz clinics independent companies except spzoz however services provide free insured persons poz contract national health fund russia primary health care russian federation free ref name p ref ref name p ref part territorial


compulsory health insurance programs primary health care includes measures prevention diagnosis treatment diseases conditions medical rehabilitation monitoring course pregnancy formation healthy lifestyle including reducing level risk factors diseases sanitary hygienic education primary health care provided citizens outpatient basis inpatient setting planned emergency forms types primary health care primary pre medical health care primary medical care primary specialized health care primary pre medical health care provided paramedics obstetricians medical workers secondary medical education primary


medical health care provided general practitioners district general practitioners pediatricians district general pediatricians general practitioners family doctors ref name p primary specialized health care provided specialist doctors including medical specialists medical organizations provide specialized including high tech medical care united kingdom united kingdom patients access primary care services local general practice community pharmacy optometrist dental surgery community hearing care providers services generally provided free point contact national health service uk unlike many countries patients normally direct access hospital consultants


gp controls access secondary care practice referred gatekeeping future role questioned researchers conclude ''gatekeeping policies revisited accommodate government aim modernise nhs terms giving patients choice facilitate collaborative work gps specialists time relaxation gatekeeping carefully evaluated ensure clinical non clinical benefits outweigh costs'' united states six primary care professional societies united states including american college


physicians american academy family physicians society general internal medicine american academy pediatrics american osteopathic association american geriatrics society report new england healthcare institute determined increased demand primary care older sicker patients decreased supply primary care practitioners led crisis primary care delivery research identified set innovations could enhance quality efficiency effectiveness primary care united states ref name simmons march president obama signed patient protection affordable care


implementation aca physicians short according aamc 's november physician work force report nationally rate physicians providing primary care physicians per residents ref name aamcorg primary healthcare results better health outcomes reduced health disparities lower spending including avoidable emergency department visits hospital care said primary care physicians important component ensuring healthcare system whole sustainable however despite importance healthcare system primary care position suffered terms


prestige part due differences salary compared doctors decide specialize national study physician wages conducted uc davis health system found specialists paid much percent primary care physicians even though primary care physicians see far patients ref name universityofcaliforniaedu ref primary care physicians earn per hour specialists average earn ref name universityofcaliforniaedu follow study conducted uc davis health system found earnings course careers primary care physicians averaged much million


less earnings specialist colleagues discrepancy pay potentially made primary care less attractive choice medical school graduates almost doctors graduated american medical schools percent graduates chose career primary care average age primary care physician united states years old one quarter primary care physicians nearing retirement fifty years ago roughly half physicians america practiced primary care today fewer one third projections show


year population individuals older increase creating demand primary care physicians greater supply medical home model intended help coordinate care primary care provider center patient 's healthcare strategies address primary care shortage patient protection affordable care act contains number provisions increase primary care capacity provisions directed towards medical school graduates include payment reform student loan forgiveness programs increased primary care residency positions ppaca also provides funding mandates


increase role mid level practitioners like physician assistants nurse practitioners enhance primary care workforce ppca projected increase patient demand primary care services adoption new patient care delivery models include physicians working tandem physician assistants nurse practitioners demand future primary care services could met consumer surveys found american public open greater role physician extenders primary care setting policies laws primarily state level would need redefine reallocate roles


responsibilities non physician licensed providers optimize new models care shared decision making involving older patients currently limited evidence form robust conclusion involving older patients multiple health conditions decision making primary care consultations benefits examples patient involvement decision making health care include patient workshops coaching individual patient coaching research developing area needed see also anatomical therapeutic chemical classification system atc classification drugs classification pharmaco therapeutic referrals cpr direct primary care united states international classification diseases


icd medical classification nursing shortage physician shortage primary care ethics primary care service area primary health organisation new zealand references external links http booksnapedu books html html defining primary care institute medicine iom primary care america 's health new era http wwwaafporg x xml primary care definitions american academy family physicians aafp http wwwama assnorg apps pf new pf onlinef n browse doc policyfiles hne h htm definition primary care american medical association ama https webarchiveorg web http wwwcregovuk gdpract health care cop defhtml defining primary health care department health united kingdom uk https webarchiveorg web http amsantcomau site indexphpoption com content task view id itemid primary health care aboriginal medical services alliance northern territory amsant australia


conceptual data model developed based data requirements application developed perhaps context activity model data model normally consist entity types attributes relationships integrity rules definitions objects used start point interface database design ref name mw '''data modeling''' software engineering process creating data model information system applying certain formal techniques overview data modeling process used define analyze data requirements needed support

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Data modeling


data used discuss initial requirements business stakeholders conceptual model translated logical data model documents structures data implemented databases implementation one conceptual data model may require multiple logical data models last step data modeling transforming logical data model physical data model organizes data tables accounts access performance storage details data modeling defines data elements also structures relationships data modeling techniques


methodologies used model data standard consistent predictable manner order manage resource use data modeling standards strongly recommended projects requiring standard means defining analyzing data within organization eg using data modeling assist business analysts programmers testers manual writers package selectors engineers managers related organizations clients understand use agreed upon semi formal model encompasses concepts organization relate one another manage data resource integrate information systems design


databases data warehouses aka data repositories data modeling may performed various types projects multiple phases projects data models progressive thing final data model business application instead data model considered living document change response changing business data models ideally stored repository retrieved expanded edited time whitten et al determined two types data modeling ref name wbd strategic data modeling part creation


information systems strategy defines overall vision architecture information systems information technology engineering methodology embraces approach data modeling systems analysis systems analysis logical data models created part development new databases data modeling also used technique detailing business requirements specific databases sometimes called ' 'database modeling'' data model eventually implemented database ref name wbd whitten jeffrey l lonnie bentley kevin c dittman ''systems analysis design methods'' th edition ref topics data


models data models deliver benefit ref name mw data models provide framework data used within information systems providing specific definition format data model used consistently across systems compatibility data achieved data structures used store access data different applications share data seamlessly results indicated diagram however systems interfaces often expensive build operate maintain may also constrain business rather support may occur quality


data models implemented systems interfaces poor ref name mw matthew west julian fowler https sitesgooglecom site drmatthewwest publications princ pdf developing high quality data models european process industries step technical liaison executive epistle ref common problems found data models business rules specific things done particular place often fixed structure data model means small changes way business conducted lead large changes computer systems interfaces business rules need implemented flexible way result complicated dependencies rather


share data interfaces account cost current systems required interfaces considered inherently designing data model data model would usable without interfaces within different systems data cannot shared electronically customers suppliers structure meaning data standardised obtain optimal value implemented data model important define standards ensure data models meet business needs consistent ref name mw conceptual logical physical schemas


ansi sparc three level architecture shows data model external model view conceptual model physical model way look data models useful way particularly comparing models ref name mw ansi described three kinds data model ''instance'' conceptual schema describes semantics domain scope model example may model interest area organization industry consists entity classes representing kinds things significance


domain relationships assertions associations pairs entity classes conceptual schema specifies kinds facts propositions expressed using model sense defines allowed expressions artificial language scope limited scope model simply described conceptual schema first step organizing data requirements logical schema describes structure domain information consists descriptions example tables columns object oriented classes xml tags logical schema conceptual schema sometimes


implemented one ref name rs physical schema describes physical means used store data concerned partitions cpus tablespaces like according ansi approach allows three perspectives relatively independent storage technology change without affecting either logical conceptual schema table column structure change without necessarily affecting conceptual schema case course structures must remain consistent across schemas data model data modeling process business process integration ref name ss paul r smith richard


sarfaty http wwwostigov energycitations purlcoverjsp jsessionid edbfbab dced c f apurl yhirry creating strategic plan configuration management using computer aided software engineering case tools paper national doe contractors facilities cad cae user 's group ref context business process integration see figure data modeling complements business process modeling ultimately results database generation ref name ss process designing database involves producing previously described three types schemas conceptual logical physical database design documented schemas converted data definition language used generate database fully attributed data model contains detailed


attributes descriptions every entity within term database design describe many different parts design overall database system principally correctly thought logical design base data structures used store data relational model tables views object database entities relationships map directly object classes named relationships however term database design could also used apply overall process designing base data structures also forms


specific purpose therefore efficiently designed basic data model minimize rework minimal modifications purposes different systems within organization ref name mw modeling methodologies data models represent information areas interest many ways create data models according len silverston ref name sig len silverston whinmon kent graziano ''the data model resource book'' wiley reviewed http wwwtdancom view book reviews van scott tdancom accessed november ref two modeling methodologies stand top bottom bottom models view integration models often result reengineering effort usually


two methods considering data needs structure application consistently referencing subject area model unfortunately many environments distinction logical data model physical data model blurred addition case tools n't make distinction logical physical data models ref name sig entity relationship diagrams example idef x entity relationship diagrams used model idef x name view mm domain hierarchy constraints also given constraints expressed sentences formal theory meta model ref name fips http wwwitlnistgov fipspubs idef xdoc fips publication


top fashion models used first stage information system design requirements analysis describe information needs type information stored database data modeling technique used describe ontology ie overview classifications used terms relationships certain universe discourse ie area interest several techniques developed design data models methodologies guide data modelers work two different people using methodology often come


different results notable bachman diagrams barker 's notation chen 's notation data vault modeling extended backus naur form idef x object relational mapping object role modeling fully communication oriented information modeling relational model relational model tasmania generic data modeling example generic data model generic data models generalizations conventional data models define standardized general relation types together kinds things may related relation type definition generic data model similar definition natural language example generic data model may define relation


types 'classification relation' binary relation individual thing kind thing class 'part whole relation' binary relation two things one role part role whole regardless kind things related given extensible list classes allows classification individual thing specify part whole relations individual object standardization extensible list relation types generic data model enables expression unlimited number kinds facts


approach capabilities natural languages conventional data models hand fixed limited domain scope instantiation usage model allows expressions kinds facts predefined model semantic data modeling logical data structure dbms whether hierarchical network relational cannot totally satisfy requirements conceptual definition data limited scope biased toward implementation strategy employed dbms unless semantic data model implemented database


purpose choice may slightly impact performance generally vastly improves productivity semantic data models ref name fips therefore need define data conceptual view led development semantic data modeling techniques techniques define meaning data within context interrelationships data illustrated figure real world terms resources ideas events etc symbolically defined within physical data stores semantic data model abstraction defines stored symbols relate real world thus model must


true representation real world ref name fips semantic data model used serve many purposes ref name fips planning data resources building shareable databases evaluation vendor software integration existing databases overall goal semantic data models capture meaning data integrating relational concepts powerful abstraction concepts known artificial intelligence field idea provide high level modeling primitives integral part data model order facilitate representation real world situations see also architectural pattern computer


science comparison data modeling tools data computing data dictionary document modeling enterprise data modeling entity data model information management informative modeling metadata modeling three schema approach zachman framework references reading jh ter bekke ''semantic data modeling relational environments'' john vincent carlis joseph maguire ''mastering data modeling user driven approach'' alan chmura j mark heumann ''logical data modeling it'' martin e modell ''data analysis data modeling classification'' papazoglou stefano spaccapietra zahir tari ''advances object oriented data modeling'' g lawrence


sanders ''data modeling'' graeme c simsion graham c witt ''data modeling essentials''' matthew west ''developing high quality data models'' external links http wwwagiledataorg essays agiledatamodelinghtml agile evolutionary data modeling http wwwsoftdevarticlescom modules weblinks viewcatphpcid data modeling articles http wwwmethodsandtoolscom archive archivephpid database modelling uml http wwwagiledataorg essays datamodeling html data modeling http wwwjhterbekkenet semanticdatamodelinghtml semantic data modeling http wwwcemsuweacuk tdrewry modelinghtm system development methodologies modeling notes tony drewry http wwwomgorg cgi bin docab request proposal information management metamodel imm object management group https webarchiveorg web http wwwiplcom papers data modelling dbms part pdf data modeling dbms 's part chris bradley https webarchiveorg web http wwwiplcom papers data modelling dbms part pdf data modeling dbms 's part chris bradley


'''neurochemistry''' study chemicals including neurotransmitters molecules psychopharmaceuticals neuropeptides control influence physiology nervous system particular field within neuroscience examines neurochemicals influence operation neurons synapses neural networks '''neurochemists''' analyze biochemistry molecular biology organic compounds nervous system roles neural processes including cortical plasticity neurogenesis neural differentiation history neurochemistry recognized science relatively new idea behind neurochemistry around since th century originally brain thought

Natural science
Chemistry
Neurochemistry


separate entity apart peripheral nervous system beginning string research refuted idea chemical makeup brain nearly identical makeup peripheral nervous system ref name ref first large leap forward study neurochemistry came johann ludwig wilhelm thudichum one pioneers field brain chemistry one first hypothesize many neurological illnesses could attributed imbalance chemicals brain also one first scientists


ideas concrete one first major successes using chemicals alter brain function l dopa experiment walter burkmayer injected l dopa patient parkinson 's disease shortly injection patient drastic reduction tremors able control muscles ways n't able long time effect peaked within hours lasted approximately hours ref name neurochemistry ptsd one major areas research within neurochemistry looking post traumatic stress disorder alters brain


neurotransmitter level fluctuations dictate whether ptsd episode occurs long episode lasts dopamine less effect norepinephrine different neurochemicals affect different parts brain allows drugs used ptsd undesired effect brain processes effective medication help alleviate nightmares associated ptsd prazosin see also list neurochemists molecular neuroscience neuroendocrinology neurogenesis neuroimmunology neuromodulation neuropharmacology neuroplasticity synaptic plasticity signal transduction references references external links https wwwncbinlmnihgov books bvfcgicall bvviewshowtoc rid bnchmtoc basic neurochemistry online searchable textbook http wwwasneurochemorg american society neurochemistry


reflections nuffield election histories david butler still adventures britannia personalities politics culture britain william roger louis ed harry ranson humanities research centre university texas ref social choice theory different field study studies voting mathematical perspective 'psephology' term common britain english speaking communities rely heavily britain standard language united states term 'political analysis' often used etymology term draws greek word pebble ancient greeks used pebbles

Social science
Political science
Psephology


vote similarly word ballot derived medieval french word ballotte meaning small ball applications psephology division political science deals examination well statistical analysis elections polls people practice psephology called psephologists major tools used psephologist historical precinct voting data campaign finance information related data public opinion polls also play important role psephology psephology also various applications specifically analysing results election returns current indicators opposed


predictive purposes instance gallagher index measures amount proportional representation election degrees psephology offered instead psephologist might degree political science statistics knowledge demographics statistical analysis politics especially electoral systems voting behaviour prerequisites becoming psephologist notable psephologists notable psephologists include antony green malcolm mackerras devised mackerras pendulum michael barone co authored ''the almanac american politics'' biennially since david andrews since led canadian network ctv 's analysis calling dozens federal


elections referenda nate silver whose website fivethirtyeight tracks us voting trends canada 's ric grenier threehundredeightcom david butler robert mckenzie co developed swingometer john curtice strong track record forecasting uk elections charlie cook publisher ''the cook political report'' thomas ferguson investment theory party competition indian academic vc sekhar william bowe australian poll bludger curtis gans author ''voter turnout united states '' michael gallagher devised gallagher index see also british polling council electoral calculus electoral geography opinion poll political analyst political data


scientists political forecasting swing politics types democracy references reading william safire ''new political dictionary'' random house new york external links http psephosadam carrnet 'psephos' dr adam carr 's elections archive http wwwideaint international idea international organisation providing amongst things statistical analysis elections electoral systems http wwwaceprojectorg ace project information resource electoral design administration includes comparative data elections electoral systems


series images represent research left practice right field academic kinesiology '''kinesiology''' scientific study human body movement kinesiology addresses physiological anatomical biomechanical neuropsychological principles mechanisms movement applications kinesiology human health include biomechanics orthopedics strength conditioning sport psychology motor control skill acquisition motor learning methods rehabilitation physical occupational therapy sport exercise physiology studies human animal motion include measures motion tracking systems electrophysiology muscle brain activity various methods monitoring physiological function

Human physical performance and recreation


behavioral cognitive research techniques word comes greek 'movement' 'to move' 'study' basics kinesiology studies science human movement performance function applying fundamental sciences cell biology molecular biology chemistry biochemistry biophysics biomechanics biomathematics biostatistics physiology exercise physiology anatomy neuroscience nutritional science bachelor 's degree kinesiology provide strong preparation graduate study biomedical research well professional programs medicine dentistry physical therapy occupational therapy whereas term kinesiologist neither licensed


professional designation united states countries exception canada individuals training area teach physical education work personal trainers sport coaches provide consulting services conduct research develop policies related rehabilitation human motor performance ergonomics occupational health safety north america kinesiologists may study earn bachelor science master science doctorate philosophy degree kinesiology bachelor kinesiology degree australia new zealand often conferred applied science human movement degree higher many doctoral


level faculty north american kinesiology programs received doctoral training related disciplines neuroscience mechanical engineering psychology physiology university massachusetts amherst created united states' first department exercise science called kinesiology leadership visionary researchers academicians field exercise science university waterloo launched canada 's first kinesiology department principles adaptation exercise summary long term adaptations regular aerobic anaerobic exercise aerobic exercise cause several central cardiovascular adaptations including increase stroke volume sv ref name exercise sv ref


health wellness clinical populations exercise simple established intervention many movement disorders musculoskeletal conditions due neuroplasticity brain ref name exerciseneuroplasiticity ref adaptability musculoskeletal system ref name exercise neuraldrive ref name anaerobicstrength ref name exercise muscularstrength therapeutic exercise shown improve neuromotor control motor capabilities normal ref name exercisemotorcontrol ref pathological populations ref name aerobicmotorcapability ref ref name exerciseneuroplasticity ref many different types exercise interventions applied kinesiology athletic normal clinical populations aerobic exercise interventions help improve cardiovascular endurance ref name cardiovascularexercise ref anaerobic strength training programs increase muscular strength ref name anaerobicstrength ref power ref


name anaerobicpower ref lean body mass ref name campbell ref decreased risk falls increased neuromuscular control attributed balance intervention programs ref name exercisebalance ref flexibility programs increase functional range motion reduce risk injury ref name exerciseflexibility ref whole exercise programs reduce symptoms depression ref name exercisesleephabits ref risk cardiovascular ref name exercisecardiorisk ref metabolic diseases ref name exercisemetabolicdiseases ref additionally help improve quality life ref name exerciseqol ref sleeping habits ref name exercisesleephabits immune system function ref name exerciseimmune ref body composition ref name zorba ref study physiological responses physical exercise therapeutic applications known exercise physiology important


area research within kinesiology neuroplasticity citeseerx ref neuroplasticity also key scientific principle used kinesiology describe movement changes brain related human brain adapts acquires new motor skills based principle brain exposed new stimuli experiences therefore learn create new neural pathways hence leading brain adaptation new adaptations skills include adaptive maladaptive brain changes '''adaptive plasticity''' recent empirical evidence indicates significant impact physical activity brain function example greater amounts


physical activity associated enhanced cognitive function older adults ref name sussessfulaging ref effects physical activity distributed throughout whole brain higher gray matter density white matter integrity exercise training ref name structure ref specific brain areas greater activation prefrontal cortex hippocampus ref name specific ref neuroplasticity also underlying mechanism skill acquisition example long term training pianists showed greater gray matter density sensorimotor cortex white matter integrity internal capsule compared non musicians ref name dti ref '''maladaptive plasticity''' maladaptive plasticity defined neuroplasticity negative effects


detrimental consequences behavior movement abnormalities may occur among individuals without brain injuries due abnormal remodeling central nervous system ref name nudo monkey ref name dystonia pianists ref learned non use example commonly seen among patients brain damage stroke patients stroke learned suppress paretic limb movement unsuccessful experience paretic hand use may cause decreased neuronal activation adjacent areas infarcted motor cortex ref name taub learned nonuse ref ref name jones learned nonuse ref many types therapies designed overcome maladaptive plasticity clinic research


constraint induced movement therapy cimt body weight support treadmill training bwstt virtual reality therapy interventions shown enhance motor function paretic limbs stimulate cortical reorganization patients brain damage motor redundancy animation illustrating concept motor redundancy motor action bringing finger contact point space achieved using wide variety limb configurations motor redundancy widely used concept kinesiology motor control states task human body perform effectively unlimited number


motor redundancy explored numerous studies ref name todorov ref usually goal describing relative contribution set motor elements eg muscles various human movements contributions predicted comprehensive theory two distinct incompatible theories emerged nervous system coordinates redundant elements '' 'simplification''' '''optimization''' simplification theory complex movements muscle actions constructed simpler ones often known primitives synergies resulting simpler system brain control optimization theory motor actions arise minimization


conditions provide rehabilitation persons injured work vehicular accidents kinesiologists also work functional assessment specialists exercise therapists ergonomists return work specialists case managers medical legal evaluators found hospital long term care clinic work community settings additionally kinesiology applied areas health fitness levels athletes often found training elite athletes licensing regulation canada canada kinesiology designated regulated health profession ontario ref name hoffman ref kinesiology granted right regulate


province ontario summer similar proposals made provinces college kinesiologists ontario achieved proclamation april time professional title kinesiologist became protected law ontario members college may call registered kinesiologist individuals earned degrees kinesiology work research fitness industry clinical settings industrial environments also work cardiac rehabilitation health safety hospital long term care facilities community health centers name health service


analysis recorded human movement pioneered eadweard muybridge figures prominently kinesiology health promotion kinesiologists working health promotion industry work individuals enhance health fitness well individual kinesiologists found working fitness facilities personal training corporate wellness facilities industry clinical rehabilitation kinesiologists work individuals disabling conditions assist regaining optimal physical function work individuals home fitness facilities rehabilitation clinics worksite also work alongside physiotherapists occupational therapists ergonomics kinesiologists work industry assess


suitability design workstations provide suggestions modifications assistive devices health safety kinesiologists involved consulting industry identify hazards provide recommendations solutions optimize health safety workers disability management case coordination kinesiologists recommend provide plan action return injured individual optimal function aspects life management research administration kinesiologists frequently fulfill roles areas perform research manage businesses health education kinesiologists working health education teach people behaviors promote wellness develop implement


sport many coaches also involved scouting scouts look new players evaluate skills likelihood success college amateur professional level physical education teacher kinesiologists working physical education teachers responsible teaching fitness sports health help students stay mentally physically fit teaching make healthy choices physical therapy kinesiologists working physical therapy diagnose physical abnormalities restore mobility client promote proper function joints history kinesiology swedish baron nils posse introduced term kinesiology


us wrote book special kinesiology educational gymnastics nils posse graduate royal gymnastic central institute stockholm sweden founder posse gymnasium boston royal central institute gymnastics sv gci founded stockholm sweden pehr henrik ling first physiotherapy school world training hundreds medical gymnasts spread swedish physical therapy around entire world sweden first country world give national state licence physiotherapists physical therapists ref name auto ref swedish medical


gymnast kinesiologist carl august georgii sv professor royal gymnastic central institute gci stockholm one created coined new international word '''kinesiology''' ref name auto br term ''kinesiology'' literal translation greek english original swedish word ''r relsel ra'' meaning movement science foundation medical gymnastics original physiotherapy physical therapy developed years sweden starting ref name auto new medical therapy created sweden originally called r relsel ra sv later translated new invented international word kinesiology


kinesiology consisted nearly physical movements different types massage therapy techniques used affect various dysfunctions even illnesses movement apparatus also internal physiology man thus original classical traditional kinesiology system rehabilitation body biomechanics like modern academic kinesiology also new therapy relieving curing diseases affecting autonomic nervous system organs glands body ref name auto swedish medical gymnast nils posse introduced term kinesiology


us nils posse graduate royal gymnastic central institute stockholm sweden founder posse gymnasium boston teaching boston normal school gymnastics bnsg ''the special kinesiology educational gymnastics'' first book ever written world word kinesiology title book written nils posse published boston technology kinesiology motion capture technology application measuring human movement thus kinesiology historically motion capture labs recorded high fidelity data accurate


force field used minimize bond stretching energy ethane molecule '''molecular mechanics''' uses classical mechanics model molecular systems born oppenheimer approximation assumed valid potential energy systems calculated function nuclear coordinates using force fields molecular mechanics used study molecule systems ranging size complexity small large biological systems material assemblies many thousands millions atoms atomistic molecular mechanics methods following properties atom simulated one particle particle assigned radius

Natural science
Chemistry
Molecular mechanics


typically van der waals radius polarizability constant net charge generally derived quantum calculations experiment bonded interactions treated ' 'springs'' equilibrium distance equal experimental calculated bond length variants theme possible example many simulations historically used ''united atom'' representation terminal methyl group intermediate methylene unit considered one particle large protein systems commonly simulated using ''bead'' model assigns two four particles per amino acid functional form molecular mechanics potential energy function continuum solvent following functional


abstraction termed interatomic potential function force field chemistry calculates molecular system 's potential energy e given conformation sum individual energy terms math e e text covalent e text noncovalent math components covalent noncovalent contributions given following summations math e text covalent e text bond e text angle e text dihedral math math e text noncovalent e text electrostatic e text van der waals math exact functional form potential function force field depends particular simulation program used generally bond angle terms modeled harmonic potentials


centered around equilibrium bond length values derived experiment theoretical calculations electronic structure performed software ''ab initio'' type calculations gaussian accurate reproduction vibrational spectra morse potential used instead computational cost dihedral torsional terms typically multiple minima thus cannot modeled harmonic oscillators though specific functional form varies implementation class terms may include ''improper'' dihedral terms function correction factors plane deviations example used keep benzene rings planar correct geometry chirality


address problem simplest cutoff radius similar used van der waals terms however introduces sharp discontinuity atoms inside atoms outside radius switching scaling functions modulate apparent electrostatic energy somewhat accurate methods multiply calculated energy smoothly varying scaling factor outer inner cutoff radii sophisticated computationally intensive methods particle mesh ewald pme multipole algorithm addition functional form energy term useful energy function


must assigned parameters force constants van der waals multipliers constant terms terms together equilibrium bond angle dihedral values partial charge values atomic masses radii energy function definitions collectively termed force field parameterization typically done agreement experimental values theoretical calculations results norman l allinger 's force field last mm version calculate hydrocarbons heats formation rms error kcal mol vibrational spectra rms error nbsp cm sup sup rotational barriers rms error c c bond lengths within


c c c angles within later mm versions cover also compounds heteroatoms aliphatic amines force field parameterized internally consistent parameters generally transferable one force field another areas application main use molecular mechanics field molecular dynamics uses force field calculate forces acting particle suitable integrator model dynamics particles predict trajectories given enough sampling subject ergodic hypothesis molecular dynamics trajectories used estimate


thermodynamic parameters system probe kinetic properties reaction rates mechanisms another application molecular mechanics energy minimization whereby force field used optimization criterion method uses appropriate algorithm eg steepest descent find molecular structure local energy minimum minima correspond stable conformers molecule chosen force field molecular motion modelled vibrations around interconversions stable conformers thus common find local energy minimization methods combined global energy optimization find global


used calculate binding constants ref name kuhn ref ref name huo ref ref name mobley ref ref name wang ref ref name kollman ref protein folding kinetics ref name snow ref protonation equilibria ref name barth ref active site coordinates ref name mobley ref name chakrabarti ref design binding sites ref name boas ref environment solvation molecular mechanics several ways exist define environment surrounding molecule molecules interest system simulated vacuum termed gas phase simulation surrounding environment usually undesirable introduces artifacts molecular geometry especially charged molecules surface charges would ordinarily interact solvent molecules instead interact producing molecular conformations unlikely


computationally intensive compromise method found implicit solvation replaces explicitly represented water molecules mathematical expression reproduces average behavior water molecules solvents lipids method useful prevent artifacts arise vacuum simulations reproduces bulk solvent properties well cannot reproduce situations individual water molecules specific interactions solute well captured solvent model water molecules part hydrogen bond network within protein software packages limited list


'''experimental economics''' application experimental methods study economic questions data collected experiments used estimate effect size test validity economic theories illuminate market mechanisms economic experiments usually use cash motivate subjects order mimic real world incentives experiments used help understand markets exchange systems function experimental economics also expanded understand institutions law experimental law economics fundamental aspect subject design experiments experiments may conducted field

Social science
Economics
Experimental economics


laboratory settings whether individual group behavior variants subject outside formal confines include natural quasi natural experiments experimental topics one loosely classify economic experiments using following topics markets games evolutionary game theory decision making bargaining contracts auctions coordination social preferences learning matching field experiments within economics education one application involves experiments used teaching economics alternative approach experimental dimensions agent based computational modeling important consider potential constraints games understanding rational behavior solving human conflict coordination games coordination games games


multiple pure strategy nash equilibria two general sets questions experimental economists typically ask examining games laboratory subjects coordinate learn coordinate one multiple equilibria general principles help predict equilibrium likely chosen laboratory subjects coordinate learn coordinate pareto best equilibrium conditions mechanisms would help subjects coordinate pareto best equilibrium deductive selection principles allow predictions based properties


game alone inductive selection principles allow predictions based characterizations dynamics conditions least groups experimental subjects coordinate even complex non obvious asymmetric pareto best equilibria even though subjects decide simultaneously independently without communication way happens yet fully understood learning experiments economic theories often assume economic incentives shape behavior even individual agents limited understanding environment relationship economic incentives outcomes may indirect economic incentives determine agents experience experiences may drive


future actions learning experiments classified individual choice tasks games games typically refer strategic interactions two players oftentimes general patterns learning behavior best illustrated individual choice tasks ref name handbookofexperimentaleconomics ref games two players subjects often form beliefs actions subjects taking beliefs updated time known belief learning subjects also tend make decisions rewarded high payoffs past known reinforcement learning


simple adaptive models cournot competition fictitious play generally used mid alvin e roth ido erev demonstrated reinforcement learning make useful predictions experimental games colin camerer teck hua ho introduced experience weighted attraction ewa general model incorporated reinforcement belief learning shows fictitious play mathematically equivalent generalized reinforcement provided weights placed past history criticisms ewa include overfitting due many parameters lack generality games possibility interpretation ewa parameters may difficult overfitting


addressed estimating parameters experimental periods experimental subjects forecasting behavior remaining sample models overfitting sample validation forecasts much less accurate sample fits generally generality games addressed replacing fixed parameters self tuning functions experience allowing pseudo parameters change course game also vary systematically across games modern experimental economists done much notable work recently roberto weber raised issues learning without feedback david cooper john kagel investigated types


learning similar strategies ido erev greg barron looked learning cognitive strategies dale stahl characterized learning decision making rules charles holt studied logit learning different kinds games including games multiple equilibria wilfred amaldoss looked interesting applications ewa marketing amnon rapoport jim parco ryan murphy investigated reinforcement based adaptive learning models one celebrated paradoxes game theory known centipede game market games edward chamberlin thought conducted first market experiment also first


inform policies smith awarded jointly daniel kahneman bank sweden prize economic sciences established laboratory experiments tool empirical economic analysis especially study alternative market mechanisms finance experimental finance studies financial markets goals establishing different market settings environments observe experimentally analyze agents' behavior resulting characteristics trading flows information diffusion aggregation price setting mechanism returns processes presently researchers use simulation software conduct research instance experiments manipulated information asymmetry holding value


bond share pricing n't enough information order study stock market bubbles social preferences term social preferences refers concern lack thereof people 's well encompasses altruism spitefulness tastes equality tastes reciprocity experiments social preferences generally study economic games including dictator game ultimatum game trust game gift exchange game public goods game modifications canonical settings one example results ultimatum game experiments shown people generally


willing sacrifice monetary rewards offered low allocations thus behaving inconsistently simple models self interest economic experiments measured deviation varies across cultures contracts contract theory concerned providing incentives situations variables cannot observed parties hence contract theory difficult test field researcher could verify relevant variables contractual parties could contract variables hence interesting contract theoretic problem would disappear yet laboratory experiments possible directly test contract theoretic models instance researchers experimentally studied moral


hazard theory adverse selection theory exclusive contracting deferred compensation hold problem flexible versus rigid contracts models endogenous information structures agent based computational modeling agent based computational modeling relatively recent method economics experimental dimensions ref name page scott e page agent based models ''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' nd edition http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde edition current q agent based computational modeling topicid result number abstract ref focus economic processes including whole economies dynamic systems interacting agents application complex adaptive systems paradigm agent refers computational objects modeled interacting according rules real people ref name


page agents represent social physical entities starting initial conditions determined modeler ace model develops forward time driven solely agent interactions issues include common experimental economics general comparison well development common framework empirical validation resolving open questions agent based modeling methodology guidelines experimental economists generally adhere following methodological guidelines incentivize subjects real monetary payoffs publish full experimental instructions use deception avoid introducing specific concrete context critiques guidelines developed large part


address two central critiques specifically economics experiments often challenged concerns internal validity external validity example applicable models many types economic behavior experiments simply n't good enough produce useful answers however none critiques towards methodology specific immediately applicable either theoretical empirical approaches software tools famous software conducting experimental economics research '''z tree''' developed urs fischbacher ref name ztree ref citation results


counted google scholar february transcripts ''zurich toolbox readymade economic experiments'' one reasons joachim herz research prize best research work awarded fischbacher dezember z tree software runs network computers research lab one computers used experimenters computers used subjects experiment setup experiment variable defined imperative language '''z tree programming language''' language allows experimenter set variety


experimental methods economics ''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' v pp nbsp reprinted ''palgrave 's dictionary political economy'' battalio raymond c ''et al'' test consumer demand theory using observations individual consumer purchases ''economic inquiry'' pp http onlinelibrarywileycom doi j tb x abstract bayer r c renou l http wwwleacuk ec research repec lec leecon dp pdf cognitive abilities behavior strategic form games discussion papers economics department economics university leicester camerer colin george loewenstein drazen prelec neuroeconomics neuroscience inform economics ''journal economic literature'' pp http wwwstanfordedu group neuroeconomics pdfs cc jelpdf chamberlin edward h


experimental imperfect market ''journal political economy'' pp https wwwjstororg pss davis douglas charles holt ''experimental economics'' princeton http pressprincetonedu titles html description https booksgooglecom booksid mse rppicc c printsec find pg pr onepage q f false v onepage q f false preview http pressprincetonedu chapters pdf ch complete friedman daniel shyam sunder ''experimental methods primer economists'' cambridge university press description contents http wwwcambridgeorg gb knowledge isbn item site locale en gb links scrollable https booksgooglecom bookshl en lr id lxmcqlg kkc oi fnd pg pa ots bq onwscx sig qs dfglmkvzmnaaokaxb aq mq v onepage q f false preview falk armin simon g chter experimental labour economics ''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' nd edition http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde e edition topicid result number abstract http wwwnottinghamacuk lezsg papers experimentallaboureconomicspdf galley proof grether david charles r plott economic theory choice preference reversal phenomenon ''american economic review''


behavior using laboratory animals ''economic inquiry'' pp nbsp http enscientificcommonsorg abstract kagel john h alvin e roth ed ''the handbook experimental economics'' princeton university press http pressprincetonedu titles html description toc https webarchiveorg web http kuznetsfasharvardedu aroth handbookhtml detailed contents kahneman daniel jack l knetsch richard thaler fairness constraint profit seeking entitlements market ''american economic review'' pp https webarchiveorg web http facultysomyaleedu keithchen negot papers kahnknetthal fairprofitseek pdf plott charles r industrial organization theory experimental economics ''journal economic literature'' pp https wwwjstororg pss reprinted plott ''market institutions price discovery'' pp https booksgooglecom bookshl en lr id jkte hihphsc oi fnd pg pa ots c uop rlb sig vm uk gekwqd lvj xr pna v onepage q f false elgar https webarchiveorg web http wwwe elgarcouk bookentry mainuslassoid description susan


k laury risk aversion incentive effects ''american economic review'' pp https webarchiveorg web http wwwexcengsuedu jccox reading holt laury pdf plott charles r vernon l smith ''handbook experimental economics results'' v elsevier https webarchiveorg web http wwwelseviercom wps find bookdescriptioncws home description description description chapter link http wwwsciencedirectcom science ob publicationurl hubeid x cid pubtype hs auth acct c version urlversion userid md f b e eac ed fad fe previews roth alvin e michael w malouf game theoretic models role information bargaining ''psychological review'' pp https webarchiveorg web http kuznetsfasharvardedu aroth papers pr gametheoreticpdf smith vernon l experimental study competitive market behavior ''journal political economy'' pp https wwwjstororg pss microeconomic systems experimental science ''american economic review'' pp http wwwcsprincetonedu courses archive spring cos papers smith pdf


''papers experimental economics'' cambridge https booksgooglecom booksid zijzn uz g c source gbs similarbooks description chapter preview https booksgooglecom booksid zijzn uz g c printsec find pg pr onepage q f false v onepage q f false links experimental methods economics ''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' nd edition http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde e q experimental economics topicid result number abstract mathematical quantitative methods economics social science experiments


'''sports journalism''' form writing reports matters pertaining sporting topics competitions sports journalism started early targeted social elite transitioned integral part news business newspapers dedicated sports sections ref name increased popularity sports amongst middle lower class led coverage sports content publications appetite sports resulted sports media ''sports illustrated'' espn many different forms sports journalism ranging play play game


recaps analysis investigative journalism important developments sport technology internet age massively changed sports journalism space struggling problems broader category print journalism struggling mainly able cover costs due falling subscriptions new forms internet blogging tweeting current millennium pushed boundaries sports journalism early history modern sports journalism finds roots content started appear newspapers early ref name ref start sports sporadically covered


horse racing boxing focus coverage would less event greater social context horse races north south boxing bouts us england garnered much interest social elite early nineteenth century popular british sportswriter pierce egan coined term sweet science epithet prizefighting fully sweet science bruising description england 's bare knuckle fight scene primary demographic target newspapers social elite newspaper


expensive common man ref name approaching th century several important changes occurred lead increased saturation sports journalism mainstream first advent penny press allowed cheaper tabloid style newspaper production newspapers also began using advertising pay production costs instead relying circulation th century called golden age american sports ref name summergoldenage ref baseball became national pastime college football became popular radio newspaper coverage increased ref name summergoldenage ''new york herald''


first newspapers publishing consistent sports coverage ref name ''new york world'' first newspaper full times sports department following period saw massive increase sports coverage publications study showed percent space newspaper dedicated sports proportion risen percent ref name ref time newspapers focused mainly play play coverage game recaps sport events local publications started hiring beat reporters tasked


following developments pertaining team included traveling team interviewing players teams also started constructing dedicated sections called press box stadiums press sit record notes game technology introduced new developments like radio television internet focus sports coverage shifted play play statistical analysis game background pieces players also coupled massive increase sports amongst general public increased popularity football basketball hockey meant content


publish interested readers publish ref name led creation journals like ''sports illustrated'' first published one first publications solely focus sports ''sports illustrated'' brainchild henry lucre felt established publishers time taking advantage public 's massive appetite sports ref name ref weekly issues ''sports illustrated'' able produce classic journalistic pieces writers time research conduct longer interview sit downs players coaches ref name digital


rise internet digital sports journalism digital sports journalism serves complement competitor newspaper sports journalism digital sports journalism began mid espn creating first website first digital sports journalism covered broad topics scope time went internet became widespread bloggers location team specific websites started taking market ref name majority smaller websites charge subscription fee funded advertising lower cost consumer well


increased access variety specific content led shift away print towards digital however growth seen digital space increased advertising revenue balanced losses print journalism importance click count gone sites funded online advertisers led many shorter journalistic pieces offering controversial opinions order generate clicks ref name sportswriters regularly face deadline pressure reporters sporting events tend occur late day closer


baseball example modern controversies regarding hyper compensation top athletes use anabolic steroids banned performance enhancing drugs cost local national governments build sports venues related infrastructure especially olympic games also demonstrates sports intrude news pages recently issue colin kaepernick 's protest injustice shown people color police kneeling performance national anthem football games created diverse varied coverage actions taken discussion sports


field national scope major political pundits even presidents commenting ethics actions ref name ref kaepernick cites position quarterback national football league gives unique opportunity carry message ref name kaepernick 's actions inspired wave athletes using position take social issues ranging abortion college athletes getting monetary compensation sports journalism plays significant role views conveyed public author creates story raw quotes provided athlete


published thousands viewers inherent publication biases author passed reader cite sports moves political discussion space sports journalist increasingly power public sentiment hottest issues moment ref name ref name future sports journalism major shift within sports last decade sports teams switching using analytics large reason shift due many articles


published increased benefit using analytics make strategic decisions game ref name ref ref name data collected every instance every sport sports data analysis increased sports publications hiring people extensive background statistics mathematics order publish articles detailing analysis teams conducting new metrics created study quality player performance metrics also used compile rankings players teams blog sites like fivethirtyeight began sprout full time sport analytic sites took available


music critic cardus later knighted services journalism one successors john arlott became worldwide favorite radio commentaries bbc also known poetry first london olympic games attracted widespread public interest many newspapers assigned best known writers event ''daily mail'' even sir arthur conan doyle white city stadium cover finish marathon drama race dorando pietri collapsed within sight finishing line


leading conan doyle led public subscription campaign see gallant italian denied gold medal disqualification awarded special silver cup presented queen alexandra public imagination well caught event annual races boston massachusetts london future olympics henceforward staged exactly mile yard distance used olympic marathon official length event worldwide day london race called polytechnic marathon originally staged olympic route


outside royal residence windsor castle white city first sponsored ''sporting life'' edwardian times daily newspaper sought cover sporting events rather betting paper horse racing greyhounds became years second world war rise radio made sports journalism focused live coverage sporting events first sports reporter great britain one first sports reporters world english writer edgar wallace made


report derby june british broadcasting company france ''l'auto'' predecessor ''l'equipe'' already played equally influential part sporting fabric society announced would stage annual bicycle race around country tour de france born sports journalism 's role foundation still reflected today leading rider wearing yellow jersey color paper ''l'auto'' published italy giro d'italia established similar tradition leading rider wearing


jersey pink color sponsoring newspaper ''la gazzetta'' sports stars press box second world war sports sections british national daily sunday newspapers continued expand point many papers separate standalone sports sections sunday tabloids even sections additional sports pages devoted solely previous day 's football reports respects replaced earlier practice many regional newspapers overtaken pace modern electronic media would produce special results editions rushed


saturday evenings newspapers ''the sunday times'' olympic meters champion harold abrahams london ''evening news'' using former england cricket captain sir leonard hutton began adopt policy hiring former sports stars pen columns often ghost written ghosted columns however little reputation sports journalism increasingly becoming subject academic scrutiny standards many ghosted columns often run independent sports agencies based fleet street provinces signed sports star


contract syndicated material among various titles agencies included pardons cricket reporting agency routinely provided editors wisden cricket almanac hayters sportswriting britain attracted finest journalistic talents ''daily mirror'' 's peter wilson hugh mcilvanney first ''the observer'' lately ''sunday times'' ian wooldridge ''daily mail'' soccer writer brian glanville best known ''sunday times'' columnist patrick collins ''mail sunday'' five times winner sports writer year award many became


household names late th century trenchant reporting events spurring popularity massacre munich olympics muhammad ali 's fight career including title bout george foreman heysel stadium disaster career highs lows likes tiger woods george best david beckham lester piggott high profile stars mcilvanney wooldridge died march aged enjoyed careers saw frequently work television career wooldridge became famous like sports stars reported upon hired services


img agency founded american businessman mark mccormack manage affairs glanville wrote several books including novels well scripting memorable official film world cup staged england investigative journalism sport since growing importance sport impact global business huge amounts money involved staging events olympic games football world cups also attracted attention investigative journalists sensitive nature relationships sports journalists subjects


reporting well declining budgets experienced fleet street newspapers meant long term projects often emanated television documentary makers tom bower sports book year ''broken dreams'' analyzed british football followed tradition established decade earlier andrew jennings vyv simson controversial investigation corruption within international olympic committee jennings simson 's ''the lords rings'' many ways predicted scandals emerge around staging winter olympics salt lake city jennings would follow


two books olympics one fifa world football body likewise award winning writers duncan mackay ''the guardian'' steven downes unravelled many scandals involving doping fixed races bribery international athletics book ''running scared'' offered account threats senior track official led suicide sports journalist colleague cliff temple writing exposes referred spitting soup paul kimmage former tour de france professional cyclist award winning writer ''sunday times''


often requires view outsider compromised need day day dealings sportsmen officials required beat correspondents stakes high upsetting sport 's powers england 's fa opted switch multimillion pound contract uk coverage rights fa cup england international matches bbc rival broadcasters itv one reasons cited bbc critical performances https wwwtelegraphcouk sport rugbyunion international england exclusive england players revolthtml england football team sports books increasingly sports journalists turned long form writing producing popular books


range sporting topics including biographies history investigations dan topolski first recipient william hill sports book year award continued reward authors excellence sports literature organizations countries national association sports journalists many sports also clubs associations specified journalists organizations attempt maintain standard press provision sports venues oversee fair accreditation procedures celebrate high standards sports journalism international sports press association aips founded


olympic games paris headquarters sporting club de france frantz reichel press chief paris games belgian victor boin aips operates system continental sub associations national associations liaises closely world 's biggest sports federations including international olympic committee football 's world governing body fifa iaaf international track field body first statutes aips mentioned objectives enhance cooperation member associations defending sport professional interest members strengthen


british sports journalism awards industry 's oscars sponsored uk sport presented march founded sports writers' association following merger professional sports photographers' association organization changed title inclusive sja president veteran broadcaster columnist sir michael parkinson sja represents british sports media british olympic association 's press advisory committee acts consultant organizers major events need guidance media requirements well seeking represent members' interests range activities


march martin samuel chief football correspondent ''the times'' named british sportswriter year first time journalist award three years succession awards jeff stelling sky sports named sports broadcaster year third time prize determined ballot sja members stelling vote following year ''sunday times'' 's paul kimmage interviewer year prize fifth time united states indianapolis based national sports journalism center monitors trends


strategy within sports media industry center also home associated press sports editors recent years sports journalism turned attention online news press release media provided services associated press major news syndication services fanzines blogs rise citizen journalism europe witnessed rapid growth popularity soccer fanzines cheaply printed magazines written fans fans bypassed often stilted official club match programs traditional media many continue today thrive


authors jim munro adopted clubs editor west ham united fanzine ''fortune 's always dreaming'' munro hired club write matchday magazine sports editor ''the sun'' online titles irreverent monthly soccer magazine ''when saturday comes'' effectively gone mainstream advent internet seen much fan generated energy directed sports blogs ranging team centric blogs cover sports media bleacher report deadspincom profootballtalkcom baseballessentialcom tireball sports aol fanhouse http wwwmassholesportscom masshole sports


blogs yardbarker network others garnered massive followings platforms act 'blog hosts' allow amateur professional sports writers host content without need custom website include medium muckrack free platforms use turn pay contributors lead lack quality editorial element however reach large also editorially managed sites pay contributors similar fashion traditional publishers ie price per


word per article examples http athlonsportscom athlon sports https thesportingblog sporting blog sports blogs http fansidedcom fansided sb nation suggest combination traffic results based incentives regards recompense contributions recently investment vehicles like https wwwrocketsportsnetworkcom rocket sports internet emerged provide capital sports journalists news creators run businesses leverage increasing number ways creators easily generate revenue streams outside conventional organisational structures early successes include https wwwbenchwarmersie benchwarmers https wwwempireofthekopcom empire kop https wwwcaughtoffsidecom caughtoffside


smartphones facebook key social media app smartphones contributes rise sports journalism media rise smartphones recently taken altered way sports media presented smartphones big influence public perceives sports entertainment content sports media often accessible various applications smartphone apps include espn bleacher report global sports media house highlights youtube rise mobile streaming led approximately sports followers streaming sports mobile device smartphones also allow


platforms sports breaking news first emerge overall smartphones provide readily available sports news accessed course sports fan 's everyday life female reporting women always sports reporting field women jane chastain leslie visser considered pioneers women 's sportscasting chastain first woman work large network cbs first woman play play ' leslie visser sportswriter ''the boston globe'' joined cbs part time reporter sportscaster


mary garber lesley visser marjorie herrera lewis sally jenkins see also baseball writers' association america us broadcasting sports events cricket writers' club football writers association america us college football writers' association england ice hockey journalists uk journalism list american journalism awards sports journalism list sports journalism awards list sports writers national collegiate baseball writers association us national sports journalism center us national sportscasters sportswriters association us pro basketball writers association us pro football writers association us professional hockey writers' association us scottish football writers' association sports commentator united states basketball writers association us


college references reading steen r ''sports journalism multimedia primer'' routledge wilstein steve ''ap sports writing handbook'' mcgraw hill external links http wwwopenschoolofjournalismcom distance education program courses sports journalism jd course module overview sports journalism open school journalism list sports magazines news


fields strategic offensive role navy projection force areas beyond country 's shores example protect sea lanes deter confront piracy ferry troops attack navies ports shore installations strategic defensive purpose navy frustrate seaborne projection force enemies strategic task navy also may incorporate nuclear deterrence use submarine launched ballistic missiles naval operations broadly divided riverine littoral applications brown water navy open ocean applications blue water navy something green water navy although distinctions strategic

Applied science
Military sciences
Strategy
Naval


scope tactical operational division etymology meanings first attested english early th century word navy came via old french ''navie'' fleet ships latin ''navigium'' vessel ship bark boat ''navis'' ship word naval came latin ''navalis'' pertaining ship cf greek ''naus'' ship ''nautes'' seaman sailor earliest attested form word mycenaean greek compound word '''''na u''' mo'' shipbuilders written linear b syllabic script ref cf word formerly denoted fleets commercial military nature


modern usage navy used alone always denotes military fleet although term merchant navy commercial fleet still incorporates non military word sense overlap word senses commercial military fleets grew inherently dual use nature fleets centuries ago nationality trait unified fleet across civilian military uses although nationality commercial vessels little importance peacetime trade tax avoidance greater meaning wartime supply chains become matters patriotic attack defense cases private


battle chola dynasty medieval tamil nadu known one greatest naval powers time bc ad chola navy chola kadarpadai comprised naval forces chola empire along several naval arms country chola navy played vital role expansion chola tamil kingdom including conquest sri lanka islands kadaaram present day burma sri vijaya present day southeast asia spread hinduism tamil architecture tamil culture southeast asia curbing piracy southeast asia


ce ancient china large naval battles known since qin dynasty ''also see'' battle red cliffs employing war junk han dynasty however china 's first official standing navy established southern song dynasty th century time gunpowder revolutionary new application warfare nusantaran thalassocracies made extensive use naval power technologies enabled seafaring malay people attack far coast tanzania mozambique boats attempted take citadel qanbaloh nbsp km


west ad ad majapahit launched largest military expedition invasion pasai large jong innumerable smaller vessels second largest military expedition invasion singapura majapahit deployed jong less men two javanese jongs one masted ship viewed aft masted ship mass deck space required carry large number cannon made oar based propulsion impossible ships came rely primarily sails warships designed carry increasing numbers cannon naval tactics


victories second third anglo dutch wars confirmed dutch mastery seas dutch golden age financed expansion dutch empire french navy important victories near end th century focus upon land forces led french navy 's relative neglect allowed royal navy emerge ever growing advantage size quality especially tactics experience response growing naval influence navies portuguese warrior king marathas shivaji laid foundation


maratha navy throughout th century royal navy gradually gained ascendancy french navy victories war spanish succession inconclusive battles war austrian succession victories seven years' war partial reversal american war independence consolidation uncontested supremacy th century battle trafalgar conflicts saw development refinement tactics came called line battle next stage evolution naval warfare introduction


metal plating along hull sides increased mass required steam powered engines resulting arms race armor weapon thickness firepower first armored vessels french british made wooden vessels obsolete another significant improvement came invention rotating turrets allowed guns aimed independently ship movement battle american civil war often cited beginning age maritime conflict russian navy considered third strongest world eve


russo japanese war turned catastrophe russian military general russian navy particular although neither party lacked courage russians defeated japanese battle port arthur first time warfare mines used offensive purposes warships baltic fleet sent far east lost battle tsushima step change naval firepower occurred united kingdom launched naval tactics still emphasized line battledreadnoughts high seas


fleet world war first practical military submarines developed late th century end world war proven powerful arm naval warfare world war ii nazi germany 's submarine fleet u boats almost starved united kingdom submission inflicted tremendous losses us coastal shipping sister ship almost put action miniature submarines known x craft x craft severely damaged kept port months major paradigm shift naval warfare occurred


introduction aircraft carrier first taranto pearl harbor carrier demonstrated ability strike decisively enemy ships sight range surface vessels battle leyte gulf arguably largest naval battle history also last battle battleships played significant role end world war ii carrier become dominant force naval warfarenimitz world war ii also saw united states become far largest naval power world


late th early st centuries united states navy possessed world 's total numbers total tonnage naval vessels nbsp tons greater ref name defense analysis dec vol issue p u weighing us navy u defense security analysis volume issue december pp ref throughout rest th century united states navy would maintain tonnage greater next largest navies combined cold war soviet navy became significant armed force large numbers large heavily armed ballistic missile submarines


patrols station keeping nations historically strong naval forces found advantageous obtain basing rights countries areas strategic interest navy ships operate independently group may small squadron comparable ships larger naval fleet various specialized ships commander fleet travels flagship usually powerful vessel group radio invented commands flagship communicated means flags night signal lamps could used similar purpose later


replaced radio transmitter flashing light radio silence needed blue water navy designed operate far coastal waters home nation ships capable maintaining station long periods time deep ocean long logistical tail support many also nuclear powered save refuel contrast brown water navy operates coastal periphery along inland waterways larger ocean going naval vessels readily enter regional powers may maintain green water navy


passage time warning devices heavy fog alarms ceremonies ship 's captain senior officers piped aboard ship using boatswain 's call united states first navy jack flag words n't tread flag english tradition ships referred however long considered bad luck permit women sail board naval vessels would invite terrible storm would wreck ship women welcomed


board figureheads mounted prow ship firing cannon salute partially disarms ship firing cannon combat reason showed respect trust tradition evolved number cannon fired became indication rank official saluted naval organization ships submarines ever built stealth frigate indian navy historically navy ships primarily intended warfare designed withstand damage inflict carried munitions supplies voyage rather merchant cargo often


ships built specifically warfare galleon armed merchant ships world war ii carry armaments recent times navy ships become specialized included supply ships troop transports repair ships oil tankers logistics support ships well combat ships modern navy combat ships generally divided seven main categories aircraft carriers cruisers destroyers frigates corvettes submarines amphibious assault ships also support auxiliary ships including oiler minesweeper patrol boat hydrographic oceanographic survey ship tender age


sail ship categories divided ship line frigate sloop war naval ship names typically prefixed abbreviation indicating national navy serve list prefixes used ship names hms uss l etc see ship prefix today ships significantly faster years past thanks much improved propulsion systems also efficiency engines improved terms fuel many sailors takes operate world war ii ships needed refuel often however today ships


go long journeys without refueling also world war ii engine room needed dozen sailors work many engines however today needed depending class ship today naval strike groups longer missions always followed range support replenishment ships supplying anything fuel munitions medical treatment postal services allows strike groups combat ships remain sea several months time boats royal canadian navy 's term boat refers


small craft limited use size usually capable making lengthy independent voyages sea old navy adage differentiate ships boats boats capable carried ships submarines rule ships rather boats customarily referred boats reflecting previous smaller size navies use many types boat ranging dinghies landing craft powered either diesel engines board gasoline engines waterjets boats built aluminum fiberglass steel rigid hulled inflatable boats also


used patrol boats used patrols coastal areas lakes large rivers soviet pt light amphibious tank moves ramp hovercraft landing craft designed carry troops vehicles cargo ship shore combat conditions unload withdraw beach return ship rugged powerful engines usually armed many types today 's navies including hovercraft typically power operated bow ramp cargo well structures house engine rooms pilot houses stowage compartments boats


sometimes carried larger ships special operations craft high speed craft used insertion extraction special forces personnel may transportable deployed air boats used non combat roles include lifeboats mail boats line handling boats buoy boats aircraft rescue boats torpedo retrievers explosive ordnance disposal craft utility boats dive boats targets work boats boats also used survey work tending divers minesweeping operations boats carrying cargo personnel sometimes known launches gigs barges shore party boats units naval forces typically arranged units


based number ships included single ship smallest operational unit ships may combined squadrons flotillas may formed fleets largest unit size may whole navy admiralty task force assembled using ships different fleets operational task ships multinational fleet combined task force personnel indonesian navy officers despite acceptance many areas naval service female sailors permitted serve board us submarines us navy lifted ban april


sets ranks one enlisted personnel one officers typical ranks commissioned officers include following ascending order commonwealth ranks listed first line usa ranks listed second instances differ commonwealth ranks midshipman ensign corvette lieutenant sub lieutenant lieutenant junior grade frigate lieutenant lieutenant commonwealth usa ship line lieutenant captain lieutenant lieutenant commander commonwealth usa corvette captain commander commonwealth usa frigate captain captain commonwealth usa ship line captain commodore flotilla admiral usa rear admiral lower half rear admiral


usa rear admiral upper half vice admiral commonwealth usa admiral commonwealth usa admiral fleet commonwealth fleet admiral usa grand admiral flag officers include rank includes word admiral commodore services us navy generally command battle group strike group similar flotilla ships rather single ship aspect ship however commodores also temporary honorary positions example world war ii navy captain assigned duty convoy commodore meant


support vessel alcyon spanish navy marines naval infantry commonly known marines category infantry form part state 's naval forces perform roles land sea including amphibious operations well naval roles also perform tasks including land warfare separate naval operations era roman empire naval forces included marine legionaries maritime boarding actions troops primarily trained land warfare need skilled handling ship much later age sail component


marines served similar role ship borne soldiers used either boarding actions sharp shooters raids along shorelines spanish ''infanter de marina'' formed making oldest current marine force world british royal marines combine ship based force also specially trained commando style operations tactics operating cases separately rest royal navy royal marines also special forces unit majority countries marine force integral part navy


variations french troupes de marine actually part french army united states marine corps separate armed service within united states department navy leadership structure naval aviation sea harrier flight deck indian navy aircraft carrier naval aviation application military air power navies whether warships embark aircraft land bases world war several navies used floatplanes flying boats mainly scouting world war ii aircraft carriers


could carry bomber aircraft capable attacking naval land targets well fighter aircraft defence since world war ii helicopters embarked smaller ships roles anti submarine warfare transport navies also operated land based aircraft roles maritime patrol training naval aviation forces primarily perform naval roles sea however also used variety roles reading '''non fiction ''' ''combat fleets world ships aircraft systems'' naval institute press published annually comprehensive braudel fernand ''the mediterranean


ancient world'' corbett sir julian ''some principles maritime strategy'' hughes jr wayne p ''fleet tactics coastal combat'' naval institute press kennedy paul ''the rise fall british naval mastery'' new york scribner mahan alfred thayer ''the influence sea power upon history '' little brown boston marder arthur ''the anatomy british seapower'' new york octagon books marder arthur influence history sea power royal navy lessons pacific historical review november richmond herbert ''national policy national strength essays'' london longman green


co sprout harold margaret sprout ''toward new order sea power american naval policy '' princeton princeton university press starr chester g ''the influence sea power ancient history'' oxford university press tangredi sam globalization maritime power national defense university trafalgar lens wombacher joerg joerg felfe http afssagepubcom content abstract united strong investigation sense community among navy crews armed forces society vol woolley peter j role strategy great power decline ''naval war college review'' vol


xlix '''fiction ''' alan lewrie series dewey lambdin aubrey maturin series patrick o'brian horatio hornblower series c forester richard bolitho series alexander kent pseudonym douglas reeman tom clancy ''the hunt red october'' ''red storm rising'' see also blue water navy list naval battles list navies number warships service worldwide list submarine classes service list naval ship classes service list auxiliary ship classes service modern naval tactics naval fleet naval warfare navies landlocked countries marines notes references external links


http wwwnaval technologycom naval technology news projects images white papers naval industry http wwwnosiorg nosi naval open source intelligence library world naval operational news https webarchiveorg web http wwwsmhc ukorg navyhtml navy scottish military heritage centre


particular characteristics dating back earliest years spain conquest americas see latin american literature overview roman conquest occupation iberian peninsula beginning rd century bc brought latin culture spanish territories arrival muslim invaders ce brought cultures middle far east medieval spanish literature earliest recorded examples vernacular romance based literature mix muslim jewish christian culture one notable works epic poem cantar de mio cid composed time spanish prose gained

Humanities
Languages and literature
Spanish Literature


popularity mid thirteenth century lyric poetry middle ages includes popular poems courtly poetry nobles th century pre renaissance occurred literary production increased greatly renaissance important topics poetry religious literature prose th century first spanish novels appeared ''lazarillo de tormes'' ''guzm n de alfarache'' baroque era th century important works prose francisco de quevedo baltasar graci n notable author miguel de cervantes saavedra famous masterpiece ''don quixote de la mancha'' novel


cervantes consolidated form literature picaresque novel established spain fictional narrative became template many novelists throughout history spanish literature enlightenment era th century notable works include prose feijoo jovellanos cadalso lyric juan mel ndez vald tom de iriarte f lix mar samaniego theater leandro fern ndez de morat n ram n de la cruz vicente garc de la huerta romanticism beginning th century important topics poetry jos de espronceda poets prose


theater ngel de saavedra duke rivas jos zorrilla authors realism end th century mixed naturalism important topics novel juan valera jos mar de pereda benito p rez gald emilia pardo baz n leopoldo alas clar n armando palacio vald vicente blasco ib ez poetry ram n de campoamor gaspar n ez de arce poets theater jos echegaray manuel tamayo baus dramatists literary critics emphasizing men ndez pelayo modernism several currents appear parnasianism symbolism futurism creationism destruction spain 's fleet


cuba us provoked crisis spain group younger writers among miguel de unamuno p baroja jos mart nez ruiz azor n made changes literature 's form content year year outbreak first world war publication first major work generation 's leading voice jos ortega gasset number slightly younger writers established place within spanish cultural field leading voices include poet juan ram n jim nez academics essayists ram n men ndez pidal gregorio mara manuel


aza eugeni d'ors ortega gasset novelists gabriel mir ram n p rez de ayala ram n g mez de la serna around younger group writers mostly poets began publishing works beginnings revealed extent younger artists absorbing literary experimentation writers poets closely tied formal academia novelists benjam n jarn rosa chacel francisco ayala ram n j sender equally experimental academic spanish civil war devastating impact spanish writing among handful civil war poets writers


miguel hern ndez stands early dictatorship literature followed dictator francisco franco 's reactionary vision second catholic spanish golden age mid novel new generation experienced spanish civil war childhood coming age early spanish authors moved towards restless literary experimentation franco died important work establishing democracy immediate impact spanish letters next several years wealth young new writers among juan jos mill rosa montero javier mar luis mateo


ez jos mar merino f lix de az cristina fern ndez cubas enrique vila matas carme riera later antonio mu oz molina almudena grandes would begin carving prominent place within spanish cultural field pre medieval literature roman conquest occupation peninsula spanning rd century bc year ad brought fully developed latin culture spanish territories roman philosopher seneca bce ad born spain poets martial ad quintilian ad lucan ad invasion germanic tribes fifth


first written manifestations spanish literature proper arise medieval spanish literature andalusi literature period islamic rule iberia brought many new literary traditions spain literature time produced standard arabic though poetry forms literature jewish golden age found expression judeo arabic hebrew maimonides example wrote magnum opus ''the guide perplexed'' arabic hebrew script major literary figures time include ibn arabi al mu'tamid ibn abbad ibn al khatib ibn zayd n hafsa bint al hajj


al rukuniyya important literary styles include muwashah maqama nawba important works include ''hadith bayad wa riyad'' ''the incoherence incoherence'' kharjas earliest recorded examples vernacular romance based literature date time location rich mix muslim jewish christian cultures muslim spain maimonides averroes others worked jarchas dating th th centuries ce short poems spoken local colloquial hispano romance dialects known mozarabic written arabic script jarchas appeared end longer poetry written


arabic hebrew known muwashshah lengthy glosses ideas expressed jarchas typically spoken voice woman jarchas express anxieties love particularly loss combination hispano romance expression arabic script discovered locates rise spanish literary tradition cultural heterogeneity characterized medieval spanish society politics however mozarabic language jarchas appears separate romance language whose evolution vulgar latin paralleled castilian spanish rather deriving fusing latter


hence relatively recent discovery jarchas challenges pride chronological place belonged long ''poema del cid'' el cantar de cid ce history spanish literature cannot seen precursor spain 's great epic poem discovery jarchas makes clear instead origins literature spain arisen born witness rich heterogeneous mix cultures languages ref name lipski lipski john review ''el mozarabe de valencia'' leopoldo penarroja torrejon ''international journal


middle east studies''vol aug pp https wwwjstororg stable ref cantar de mio cid cantar de mio cid oldest preserved spanish ''cantar de gesta'' epic poem cantar de mio cid written real man battles conquests daily life poet name unknown wrote epic cid supposedly died forty years epic represents realism nothing exaggerated details real even geography correctly portrays areas cid traveled lived unlike european epics poem


idealized presence supernatural beings assonance instead rhyme lines vary length common length fourteen syllables type verse known ''mester de juglaria'' verse form minstrels epic divided three parts also known cantos mester de juglar medieval spanish poets recognized mester de juglar literary form written minstrels juglares composed varying line length use assonance instead rhyme poems sung uneducated audiences nobles peasants alike mester