used industry aim identify relation various stages mentioned incorporate feedback examples models include waterfall model vee model also called v model interdisciplinary field system development often requires contribution diverse technical disciplines providing systems holistic view development effort systems engineering helps mold technical contributors unified team effort forming structured development process proceeds concept production operation cases termination disposal acquisition holistic


logical human organization data time system become complex due increase size well increase amount data variables number fields involved design international space station example system international space station example complex system requiring systems engineering development smarter control algorithms microprocessor design analysis environmental systems also come within purview systems engineering systems engineering encourages use tools

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems engineering


methods better comprehend manage complexity systems examples tools seen ''system architecture'' ''system model modeling simulation'' ''optimization'' ''system dynamics'' ''systems analysis'' ''statistical analysis'' ''reliability analysis'' ''decision making'' taking interdisciplinary approach engineering systems inherently complex since behavior interaction among system components always immediately well defined understood defining characterizing systems subsystems interactions among one goals systems engineering gap exists informal requirements users operators marketing organizations


encourages use modeling simulation validate assumptions theories systems interactions within use methods allow early detection possible failures safety engineering integrated design process time decisions made beginning project whose consequences clearly understood enormous implications later life system task modern systems engineer explore issues make critical decisions method guarantees today 's decisions still valid system goes service


years decades first conceived however techniques support process systems engineering examples include soft systems methodology jay wright forrester 's system dynamics method unified modeling language uml currently explored evaluated developed support engineering decision process education education systems engineering often seen extension regular engineering courses reflecting industry attitude engineering students need foundational background one traditional engineering disciplines eg aerospace engineering civil engineering electrical engineering mechanical engineering manufacturing engineering industrial engineering chemical engineering plus practical real world experience


effective systems engineers undergraduate university programs explicitly systems engineering growing number remain uncommon degrees including material often presented bs industrial engineering typically programs either combination interdisciplinary study offered beginning graduate level academic professional tracks resulting grant either ms meng phd engd degree incose collaboration systems engineering research center stevens institute technology maintains regularly updated directory worldwide academic programs suitably accredited institutions ref name edu dir lists


universities north america offering undergraduate graduate programs systems engineering widespread institutional acknowledgment field distinct subdiscipline quite recent edition publication reported number schools programs respectively education systems engineering taken ''systems centric'' ''domain centric'' ''systems centric'' programs treat systems engineering separate discipline courses taught focusing systems engineering principles practice ''domain centric'' programs offer systems engineering option exercised another major


products achieve given purpose dau systems engineering fundamentals integrated composite people products processes provide capability satisfy stated need objective ieee std set arrangement elements processes related whose behavior satisfies customer operational needs provides life cycle sustainment products incose systems engineering handbook homogeneous entity exhibits predefined behavior real world composed heterogeneous parts individually exhibit behavior integrated configuration components subsystems incose system construct


collection different elements together produce results obtainable elements alone elements parts include people hardware software facilities policies documents things required produce systems level results results include system level qualities properties characteristics functions behavior performance value added system whole beyond contributed independently parts primarily created relationship among parts interconnected iso iec combination interacting elements organized achieve one stated purposes nasa systems engineering handbook


development system divided four stages different definitions ref name lienig ref task definition informative definition conceptual stage cardinal definition design stage formative definition implementation stage manufacturing definition depending application tools used various stages systems engineering process ref name sef center using models models play important diverse roles systems engineering model defined several ways including ref name nasa nasa system analysis modeling issues '' http humanspaceedu old docs systems eng handbookpdf nasa systems engineering handbook '' june p ref abstraction reality designed answer specific questions real world


known estimable quantities typically collection separate models needed provide outcome variables heart mathematical model set meaningful quantitative relationships among inputs outputs relationships simple adding constituent quantities obtain total complex set differential equations describing trajectory spacecraft gravitational field ideally relationships express causality correlation ref name nasa furthermore key successful systems engineering activities also methods models efficiently effectively


managed used simulate systems however diverse domains often present recurring problems modeling simulation systems engineering new advancements aiming crossfertilize methods among distinct scientific engineering communities title 'modeling simulation based systems engineering' modeling formalisms graphical representations initially primary purpose systems engineer comprehend complex problem graphic representations system used communicate system 's functional data requirements common graphical representations include functional flow block diagram ffbd model based design data flow diagram dfd n chart idef diagram use case


diagram sequence diagram block diagram signal flow graph usl function maps type maps enterprise architecture frameworks graphical representation relates various subsystems parts system functions data interfaces methods used industry based requirements instance n chart may used interfaces systems important part design phase create structural behavioral models system requirements understood responsibility systems engineer refine determine along


engineers best technology job point starting trade study systems engineering encourages use weighted choices determine best option decision matrix pugh method one way qfd another make choice considering criteria important trade study turn informs design affects graphic representations system without changing requirements se process stage represents iterative step carried feasible solution found decision matrix often populated using techniques


statistical analysis reliability analysis system dynamics feedback control optimization methods tools systems modeling language sysml modeling language used systems engineering applications supports specification analysis design verification validation broad range complex systems lifecycle modeling language lml open standard modeling language designed systems engineering supports full lifecycle conceptual utilization support retirement stages related fields sub fields many related fields may considered tightly coupled systems engineering following areas contributed development systems engineering distinct entity cognitive systems engineering cognitive


systems engineering cse specific approach description analysis human machine systems sociotechnical systems three main themes cse humans cope complexity work accomplished use artifacts human machine systems socio technical systems described joint cognitive systems cse since beginning become recognized scientific discipline sometimes also referred cognitive engineering concept joint cognitive system jcs particular become widely used way understanding complex socio technical systems described varying degrees


resolution years experience cse described extensively configuration management like systems engineering configuration management practiced defense aerospace industry broad systems level practice field parallels taskings systems engineering systems engineering deals requirements development allocation development items verification configuration management deals requirements capture traceability development item audit development item ensure achieved desired functionality systems engineering test verification engineering proven objective testing control engineering control engineering


design implementation control systems used extensively nearly every industry large sub field systems engineering cruise control automobile guidance system ballistic missile two examples control systems theory active field applied mathematics involving investigation solution spaces development new methods analysis control process industrial engineering industrial engineering branch engineering concerns development improvement implementation evaluation integrated systems people money knowledge information equipment energy material process industrial engineering draws upon


principles methods engineering analysis synthesis well mathematical physical social sciences together principles methods engineering analysis design specify predict evaluate results obtained systems interface design interface design specification concerned assuring pieces system connect inter operate parts system external systems necessary interface design also includes assuring system interfaces able accept new features including mechanical electrical logical interfaces including reserved wires plug space command codes bits communication protocols


known extensibility human computer interaction hci human machine interface hmi another aspect interface design critical aspect modern systems engineering systems engineering principles applied design communication protocols local area networks wide area networks mechatronic engineering mechatronic engineering like systems engineering multidisciplinary field engineering uses dynamical systems modeling express tangible constructs regard almost indistinguishable systems engineering sets apart focus smaller details rather larger generalizations relationships fields distinguished


scope projects rather methodology practice operations research operations research supports systems engineering tools operations research used systems analysis decision making trade studies several schools teach se courses within operations research industrial engineering department highlighting role systems engineering plays complex projects operations research briefly concerned optimization process multiple constraints performance engineering performance engineering discipline ensuring system meets customer expectations performance throughout life performance usually defined speed certain


operation executed capability executing number operations unit time performance may degraded operations queued execute throttled limited system capacity example performance packet switched network characterized end end packet transit delay number packets switched hour design high performance systems uses analytical simulation modeling whereas delivery high performance implementation involves thorough performance testing performance engineering relies heavily statistics queueing theory probability theory tools processes program management project management program


management programme management many similarities systems engineering broader based origins engineering ones systems engineering project management also closely related program management systems engineering proposal engineering proposal engineering application scientific mathematical principles design construct operate cost effective proposal development system basically proposal engineering uses systems engineering process create cost effective proposal increase odds successful proposal reliability engineering reliability engineering discipline ensuring system meets customer expectations reliability throughout life ie


fail frequently expected next prediction failure much prevention failure reliability engineering applies aspects system closely associated maintainability availability dependability rams preferred logistics engineering reliability engineering always critical component safety engineering failure modes effects analysis fmea hazard fault tree analysis security engineering risk management risk management practice assessing dealing risk one interdisciplinary parts systems engineering development acquisition operational activities inclusion


risk tradeoff cost schedule performance features involves iterative complex configuration management traceability evaluation scheduling requirements management across domains system lifecycle requires interdisciplinary technical approach systems engineering systems engineering risk management define tailor implement monitor structured process risk management integrated overall effort safety engineering techniques safety engineering may applied non specialist engineers designing complex systems minimize probability safety critical failures system safety engineering function helps identify safety hazards


safety systems engineering may involve sub specialties authentication system users system targets others people objects processes software engineering beginnings software engineering helped shape modern systems engineering practice techniques used handling complexities large software intensive systems major effect shaping reshaping tools methods processes systems engineering see also arcadia engineering control engineering design review us government engineering management engineering information management enterprise systems engineering industrial engineering interdisciplinarity list production topics list requirements engineering tools list


simulation based systems engineering handbook'' crc press http wwwcrcpresscom product isbn crc goode hh robert e machol ''system engineering introduction design large scale systems'' mcgraw hill hitchins https webarchiveorg web http hitchinsnet wcsehtml ''world class systems engineering'' hitchinsnet lienig j bruemmer h https linkspringercom book f ''fundamentals electronic systems design'' springer malakooti b operations production systems multiple objectives john wiley sons mitre https wwwmitreorg publications systems engineering guide seg mitre systems engineering guide https wwwmitreorg sites default files publications se guide book interactivepdf pdf nasa '' https ntrsnasagov archive nasa casintrsnasagov pdf systems engineering handbook '' nasa sp rev december nasa '' http nodis gsfcnasagov npg img n pr b n pr b doc nasa systems engineering processes requirements '' npr b april nasa procedural requirements oliver dw


et al ''engineering complex systems models objects mcgraw hill'' ramo stclair rk ''the systems approach fresh solutions complex problems combining science practical common sense'' anaheim ca kni inc sage ap ''systems engineering'' wiley ieee sage ap olson sr ''modeling simulation systems engineering'' sebokorg http sebokwikiorg wiki guide systems engineering body knowledge sebok systems engineering body knowledge sebok shermon http wwwgowerpublishingcom isbn ''systems cost engineering'' gower publishing shishko r et al '' https openlibraryorg books ol nasa systems engineering handbook ''nasa systems engineering handbook '' nasa center aerospace information stevens r et al ''systems engineering coping complexity'' prentice hall us


air force http wwwacqnotescom attachments smc system engineering handbookpdf smc systems engineering primer handbook us dod systems management college '' https webarchiveorg web http wwwdaumil publications publicationsdocs sefguide pdf systems engineering fundamentals '' defense acquisition university press us dod http wwwacqosdmil se docs integrating se acquisition contracts guide pdf guide integrating systems engineering dod acquisition contracts us dod http everyspeccom mil std mil std mil std mil std system engineering management external links http wwwicsengcom icseng homepage http wwwincoseorg incose homepage http wwwincoseonlineorguk incose uk homepage http segoldmineppi intcom ppi se goldmine homepage http sebokwikiorg systems engineering body knowledge http wwwsystemsengineeringtoolcom systems engineering tools list systems engineering tools http acqnotescom acqnote careerfields systems engineering overview acqnotes dod systems engineering overview http wwwndiaorg divisions divisions systemsengineering pages defaultaspx ndia systems engineering division engineering disciplines


comparison phylogenetic phenetic character based concepts biological '' 'systematics''' study diversification living forms past present relationships among living things time relationships visualized evolutionary trees synonyms cladograms phylogenetic trees phylogenies phylogenies two components branching order showing group relationships branch length showing amount evolution phylogenetic trees species higher taxa used study evolution traits eg anatomical molecular characteristics distribution organisms biogeography systematics words used understand evolutionary history life


earth word systematics derived latin word `systema' means systematic arrangement organisms carl linnaeus used 'systema naturae' title book branches applications study biological systematics researchers use different branches understand relationships differing organisms branches used determine applications uses modern day systematics biological systematics classifies species using three specific branches ''numerical systematics'' ''biometry'' uses biological statistics identify classify animals ''biochemical systematics'' classifies identifies animals based analysis material makes


used interchangeably relationship one another follows blockquote systematic biology hereafter called simply systematics field provides scientific names organisms b describes c preserves collections provides classifications organisms keys identification data distributions e investigates evolutionary histories f considers environmental adaptations field long history recent years experienced notable renaissance principally respect theoretical content part theoretical material evolutionary areas topics e f


rest relates especially problem classification taxonomy part systematics concerned topics blockquote term taxonomy coined augustin pyramus de candolle term systematic coined carl linnaeus father taxonomy taxonomy systematic biology systematics biosystematics scientific classification biological classification phylogenetics various times history words overlapping related meanings however modern usage considered synonyms example webster 's th new collegiate dictionary treats classification taxonomy systematics synonyms according


description naming ie nomenclature organisms ref name fortey ref classification focuses placing organisms within hierarchical groups show relationships organisms biological disciplines deal extinct extant organisms systematics uses taxonomy primary tool understanding nothing organism 's relationships living things understood without first properly studied described sufficient detail identify classify correctly scientific classifications aids recording reporting information scientists laymen '' 'systematist''' scientist


specializes systematics must therefore able use existing classification systems least know well enough skilfully justify using phenetics attempt determine relationships organisms measure overall similarity making distinction plesiomorphies shared ancestral traits apomorphies derived traits late th century onwards superseded cladistics rejects plesiomorphies attempting resolve phylogeny earth 's various organisms time systematists generally make extensive use molecular biology computer programs study organisms taxonomic characters taxonomic characters


general biogeographic distribution patterns sympatric allopatric relationship populations see also biological classification cladistics methodology systematics evolutionary systematics school systematics global biodiversity phenetics methodology systematics infer phylogeny phylogeny historical relationships lineages organism ribosomal rna intensively studied nucleic acid useful phylogenetics phylogenetic comparative methods use evolutionary trees studies biodiversity comparative biology adaptation evolutionary mechanisms scientific classification taxonomy result research systematics references notes


reading schuh randall andrew v z brower ''biological systematics principles applications nd edn'' simpson michael g ''plant systematics'' wiley edward bruce lieberman phylogenetics theory practice phylogenetic systematics nd edn external links http wwwsasborgau society australian systematic biologists http wwwsystbioorg society systematic biologists http wwwcladisticsorg willi hennig society evolutionary biology biological classification


muslim pilgrims standing front safa mount hajj umrah start x px '''sociology religion''' study beliefs practices organizational forms religion using tools methods discipline sociology objective investigation may include use quantitative methods surveys polls demographic census analysis qualitative approaches participant observation interviewing analysis archival historical documentary materials modern sociology academic discipline began analysis religion mile durkheim 's study suicide rates among catholic

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of religion


science believe science science 's sake believed also advancing theory would useful tool effecting revolutionary upheaval capitalist system favor socialism crux arguments humans best guided reason religion marx held significant hindrance reason inherently masking truth misguiding followers marx viewed alienation heart social inequality antithesis alienation freedom thus propagate freedom means present individuals


truth give choice accept deny marx never suggested religion ought prohibited central marx 's theories oppressive economic situation dwelt rise european industrialism marx colleague friedrich engels witnessed responded growth called surplus value marx 's view capitalism saw rich capitalists getting richer workers getting poorer gap exploitation surplus value workers getting exploited process detached products


helped create simply selling work wages workers simultaneously lose connection object labor become objects workers devalued level commoditya thing objectification comes alienation common worker led believe replaceable tool alienated point extreme discontent marx 's eyes religion enters capitalism utilizes tendency towards religion tool ideological state apparatus justify alienation christianity teaches gather riches power life almost


expression suffering protest suffering mile durkheim mile durkheim placed positivist tradition meaning thought study society dispassionate scientific deeply interested problem held complex modern societies together religion argued expression social cohesion field work led famous ''elementary forms religious life'' durkheim secular frenchman looked anthropological data indigenous australians underlying interest understand basic forms religious life societies ''elementary forms'' durkheim


argues totems aborigines venerate actually expressions conceptions society true aborigines argues societies religion durkheim imaginary although deprive many believers find essential religion real expression society indeed society religion perceive individuals force greater social life give perception supernatural face express religiously groups


durkheim makes symbolic power greater religion expression collective consciousness fusion individual consciousnesses creates reality follows less complex societies australian aborigines less complex religious systems involving totems associated particular clans complex particular society complex religious system societies come contact societies tendency religious systems emphasize universalism greater greater extent however division labour makes


united states abraham lincoln martin luther king jr etc sociologists taken durkheim 's concept religion direction religion professional sports military rock music max weber max weber published four major texts religion context economic sociology rationalization thesis ''the protestant ethic spirit capitalism'' ''the religion china confucianism taoism'' ''the religion india sociology hinduism buddhism'' ''ancient judaism'' sociology weber uses german term verstehen describe


method interpretation intention context human action weber positivist believe find facts sociology causally linked although believes generalized statements social life made interested hard positivist claims instead linkages sequences historical narratives particular cases weber argues making sense religious action terms religious group individual influenced kinds things says claim acting name


religion attempt understand perspective religious grounds first weber gives religion credit shaping person 's image world image world affect view interests ultimately decide take action weber religion best understood responds human need theodicy soteriology human beings troubled says question theodicy question extraordinary power divine god may reconciled imperfection world created


rules people need know example undeserved good fortune suffering world religion offers people soteriological answers answers provide opportunities salvation relief suffering reassuring meaning pursuit salvation like pursuit wealth becomes part human motivation religion helps define motivation weber believed religion specifically calvinism actually helped give rise modern capitalism asserted famous controversial work ''the protestant ethic spirit capitalism'' ''the protestant ethic'' weber argues capitalism


arose europe part belief predestination interpreted everyday english puritans puritan theology based calvinist notion everyone would saved specific number elect would avoid damnation based sheerly god 's predetermined action could perform life official doctrine held one could ever really know whether one among elect practically weber noted difficult psychologically people understandably anxious know whether would eternally damned


thus puritan leaders began assuring members began well financially businesses would one unofficial sign god 's approval among saved used fruits labour well along rationalism implied monotheism led development rational bookkeeping calculated pursuit financial success beyond one needed simply live spirit capitalism time habits associated spirit capitalism lost religious significance rational pursuit


profit became aim right ''the protestant ethic'' thesis much critiqued refined disputed still lively source theoretical debate sociology religion weber also considerable work world religions including hinduism buddhism ''magnum opus'' ''economy society'' weber distinguished three ideal types religious attitudes world flying mysticism world rejecting asceticism inner worldly asceticism also separated magic pre religious activity theoretical perspectives symbolic anthropology phenomenology symbolic anthropology versions phenomenology argue humans require reassurance world safe


non rational accounts reality explained benefits offer society according functionalists religion serves several purposes like providing answers spiritual mysteries offering emotional comfort creating place social interaction social control one important functions religion functionalist perspective opportunities creates social interaction formation groups provides social support social networking offering place meet others hold similar values place seek help spiritual material times need rationalism rationalists object


phenomenological functionalist approaches arguing approaches fail understand believers systems non scientific knowledge think ideas right even science shown wrong ref name ref rationalists say one cannot explain forms knowledge terms beneficial psychological societal effects outside observer may see producing emphasize importance looking point view believe people believe god practice magic think witches cause misfortune think providing


psychological reassurance achieve greater social cohesion social groups nineteenth century rationalist writers reflecting evolutionist spirits times tended explain lack rationality dominance false beliefs pre modern worlds terms deficient mental equipment inhabitants people seen possessing pre logical non rational mentality twentieth century rationalist thinking generally rejected view reasoning pre modern people n't possess inferior minds lacked social cultural conditions needed promote rationalism rationalists see history modern societies rise scientific knowledge


basic premise continuum along religions fall ranging protest like orientation sects equilibrium maintaining churches continuum includes several additional types note sociologists give words precise definitions differ commonly used particular sociologists use words 'cult' 'sect' without negative connotations even though popular use words often pejorative churches religious bodies coexist relatively low state tension social surrounding mainstream safe beliefs practices relative general population type


religious bodies world affirming try peacefully coexist secular world low tension organizations sects high tension organizations n't fit well within existing social environment usually attractive society 's least privileged outcasts minorities poor downplay worldly pleasure stressing otherworldly promises church leaders become involved secular issues sects start splinter existing church may end forming sect time sect picks significant following almost inevitably transforms


church ultimately becoming part mainstream cult religious movement makes new claim supernatural therefore easily fit within sect church cycle religions began cults leaders offer new insights claiming word god often high tension movements antagonize social world antagonized ref name hampshire beckford denomination lies church sect continuum come existence churches lose religious monopoly society churches sects become denominations also


institutions state economy family ref name conley despite claims many classical theorists sociologists immediately world war ii many contemporary theorists critiqued secularization thesis arguing religion continued play vital role lives individuals worldwide united states particular church attendance remained relatively stable past years africa emergence christianity occurred high rate africa could claim roughly million christians recent estimates put number closer million rise islam


major world religion especially new found influence west another significant development peter berger american sociologist considers secularization result larger sociostructural crisis religion caused pluralism pluralism presence engaged coexistence numerous distinct groups one society ref name conley united states highly religious pluralistic standing among industrialized wealthy nations regard short presupposed secularization decline religiosity might seem myth depending definition definition scope instance


sociologists argued steady church attendance personal religious belief may coexist decline influence religious authorities social political issues additionally regular attendance affiliation necessarily translate behavior according doctrinal teachings words numbers members might still growing mean members faithfully following rules pious behaviors expected sense religion may seen declining waning ability influence behavior religious economy according rodney stark david martin first


contemporary sociologist reject secularization theory outright martin even proposed concept secularization eliminated social scientific discourse grounds served ideological purposes evidence general shift religious period human affairs secular period stark well known pioneering william sims bainbridge theory religious economy according societies restrict supply religion either imposed state religious monopoly state sponsored secularization main causes drops religiosity correspondingly religions


society likely population religious ref name stark ref contradicts older view secularization states liberal religious community tolerant wide array belief population less likely hold certain beliefs common nothing shared reified community context leading reduction religious observance ref name bruce ref religious economy model sparked lively debate among sociologists religion whether market models fit religious practices extents model religious behavior


specific united states peter berger peter berger observed researchers supporting secularization theory long maintained religion must inevitably decline modern world today much world religious ever points falsity secularization theory hand berger also notes secularization may indeed taken hold europe united states regions continued remain religious despite increased modernity dr berger suggested reason may education system europe teachers


max weber saw modern societies places rationality dominates life thought weber saw rationality concerned identifying causes working technical efficiency focus things work calculating made work effectively rather according weber rational worlds disenchanted existential questions mysteries human existence become less less significant wilson ref name wilson wilson bryan religion sociological perspective oxford oxford university press ref insists


non scientific systems religious ones particular experienced irreversible decline influence engaged long debate dispute secularization thesis argue traditional religions church centered ones become displaced abundance non traditional ones cults sects various kinds others argue religion become individual rather collective organized affair still others suggest functional alternatives traditional religion nationalism patriotism emerged promote social solidarity wilson accept presence


large variety non scientific forms meaning knowledge argues actually evidence decline religion increase number diversity systems proof removal religion central structural location occupied pre modern times ernest gellner unlike wilson weber ernest gellner acknowledges drawbacks living world whose main form knowledge confined facts nothing provide us guidelines live organize


regard worse pre modern people whose knowledge incorrect least provided prescriptions living however gellner insists disadvantages far outweighed huge technological advances modern societies experienced result application scientific knowledge gellner n't claim non scientific knowledge process dying example accepts religions various forms continue attract adherents also acknowledges forms belief meaning provided art music literature popular culture specifically modern phenomenon drug


taking political protest important many people nevertheless rejects relativist interpretation situation modernity scientific knowledge one many accounts existence equal validity gellner alternatives science profoundly insignificant since technically impotent opposed science sees modern preoccupations meaning self indulgence possible scientific knowledge enabled world advance far unlike pre modern times whose overriding priority get hold


discourses encounter times places live lives thus know true think discursively constructed foucault defined history rise fall discourses social change changes prevailing forms knowledge job historian chart changes identify reasons unlike rationalists however foucault saw element progress process foucault distinctive modernity emergence discourses concerned control regulation body


according foucault rise body centered discourses necessarily involved process secularization pre modern discourses dominated religion things defined good evil social life centered around concepts emergence modern urban societies scientific discourses took medical science crucial element new knowledge modern life became increasingly subject medical control medical gaze foucault called rise power science medicine particular coincided progressive reduction power religious forms knowledge example


normality deviance became matter health illness good evil physician took priest role defining promoting healing deviance perspectives bbc news reported study physicists mathematicians attempted use mathematical modelling nonlinear dynamics predict future religious orientations populations study suggests religion headed towards extinction various nations decline australia austria canada czech republic finland ireland netherlands new zealand switzerland model considers changing


number people certain beliefs also attempts assign utility values belief nation ref name palmer ref thomas luckmann maintains sociology religion cease preoccupations traditional institutionalized forms religion luckmann points instead religious problem problem individual existence case advent modernity religious meaning making shifted individual domain ref name dawson globalization sociology religion continues grow throughout world attempting understand relationship religion globalization two older approaches globalization include


modernization theory functionalist derivative world systems theory marxist approach one differences theories whether view capitalism positive problematic however assumed modernization capitalism would diminish hold religion contrary globalization intensified many different cultures started look different religions incorporate different beliefs society ref name davie new interpretations emerged recognize tensions example according paul james peter mandaville blockquote religion globalization intertwined since early empires attempted extend reach across


since normally passed generation generation depending type religion family involve different familial structure example practising catholics tend larger families since catholic church opposed contraception abortion go mass every sunday always send kids confirmation jewish families may emphasize nurturing kindness helping make lasting impact community since minority culture world children receive religious legacy parents


society immediately surrounding instruction intentionally unintentionally power example shaped values personality interests religious legacy may include induction organizations civic secular religions religious legacy among factors condition people throughout lives although people individuals diverse reactions legacies outsiders know people identified part religious legacy example people born raised hindu jewish american families identities hindus jews americans independently beliefs


actions people embrace religious legacy retain nonetheless characterized terms lapsed observant unpatriotic people actually separate religious legacy termed apostates traitors may subject punishment see also references reading christiano kevin j et al nd ed ''sociology religion contemporary developments'' lanham md rowman littlefield publishers clarke peter b ed https booksgooglecom booksid w lxrs ixic pg pa lpg pa dq handbook sociology religion woodhead source bl ots odh jksgtd sig rylxkp wlobjzc vtn eyjuvw hl de ei l ngs vvbi emwoi jgda sa x oi book result ct result resnum ved cceq aewaw v onepage q handbook sociology religion woodhead f false oxford handbook sociology religion oxford new york oxford university press davie grace ''the sociology religion


critical agenda'' sage derrick christopher ''trimming ark catholic attitudes cult change'' new york pj kennedy sons vi p douglas h paul '' city churches phases adaptation urban environment'' us http wwwdliernetin handle online free gellner ernest ''legitimation belief'' cambridge university press pickel gert olaf ller eds ''church religion contemporary europe results empirical comparative research'' springer verlag singleton andrew ed ''religion culture society global approach'' sage swanson guy e ''religion regime sociological account


reformation'' ann arbor mich university michigan press x p turner bryan ed ''the new blackwell companion sociology religion'' turner brian historical sociology religion politics modernity gerard delanty engin f isin eds ''handbook historical sociology'' turner bryan ''religion social theory'' warner rob ''secularization discontents'' bloomsbury weber max ''sociology religion'' weber max ''the protestant ethic spirit capitalism'' los angeles roxbury company wilson bryan ''religion sociological perspective'' oxford university press


'''sociobiology''' field biology aims examine explain social behavior terms evolution draws disciplines including psychology ethology anthropology evolution zoology archaeology population genetics within study human societies sociobiology closely allied evolutionary anthropology human behavioral ecology evolutionary psychology sociology sociobiology investigates social behaviors mating patterns territorial fights pack hunting hive society social insects argues selection pressure led animals evolving useful ways interacting natural environment also led genetic evolution


advantageous social behavior term sociobiology originated least early concept gain major recognition publication e wilson 's book ''sociobiology new synthesis'' new field quickly became subject controversy critics led richard lewontin stephen jay gould argued genes played role human behavior traits aggressiveness could explained social environment rather biology sociobiologists responded pointing complex relationship nature nurture definition e wilson defined sociobiology


product natural selection behavior therefore seen effort preserve one 's genes population inherent sociobiological reasoning idea certain genes gene combinations influence particular behavioral traits inherited generation generation example newly dominant male lions often kill cubs pride sire behavior adaptive killing cubs eliminates competition offspring causes nursing females come heat faster thus allowing genes enter population sociobiologists would view instinctual


cub killing behavior inherited genes successfully reproducing male lions whereas non killing behavior may died lions less successful reproducing history e wilson central figure history sociobiology publication book ''sociobiology new synthesis'' philosopher biology daniel dennett suggested political philosopher thomas hobbes first sociobiologist arguing book ''leviathan'' hobbes explained origins morals human society amoral sociobiological perspective geneticist animal behavior john paul scott coined


word ' 'sociobiology'' conference genetics social behaviour called conjoint development field laboratory studies animal behavior research john paul scott 's organizational efforts section animal behavior sociobiology ecological society america created became division animal behavior american society zoology e wilson came contact emerging sociobiology phd student stuart altmann close relation participants conference altmann developed


brand sociobiology study social behavior rhesus macaques using statistics hired sociobiologist yerkes regional primate research center wilson 's sociobiology different john paul scott 's altmann 's insofar drew mathematical models social behavior centered maximisation genetic fitness w hamilton robert trivers john maynard smith george r price three sociobiologies scott altmann wilson common place naturalist studies core research animal social behavior drawing alliances


emerging research methodologies time biology field threatened made old fashioned modern practices science laboratory studies mathematical biology molecular biology ref name dobzhansky ref specialist term sociobiology became widely known wilson published book ''sociobiology new synthesis'' sparked intense controversy since sociobiology largely equated wilson 's vision book pioneered popularized attempt explain evolutionary mechanics behind social behaviors altruism aggression nurturance primarily ants wilson 's research specialty hymenoptera also animals


however influence evolution behavior interest biologists philosophers since soon discovery evolution peter kropotkin 's ''mutual aid factor evolution'' written early popular example final chapter book devoted sociobiological explanations human behavior wilson later wrote pulitzer prize winning book ''on human nature'' addressed human behavior specifically edward h hagen writes ''the handbook evolutionary psychology'' sociobiology despite public controversy regarding applications humans one scientific triumphs


twentieth century sociobiology part core research curriculum virtually biology departments foundation work almost field biologists sociobiological research nonhuman organisms increased dramatically continuously world 's top scientific journals ''nature'' ''science'' general term behavioral ecology commonly substituted term sociobiology order avoid public controversy ref name evolutionary psychology handbook evolutionary psychology edited david buss john wiley sons chapter edward h hagen ref theory sociobiologists maintain human behavior


well nonhuman animal behavior partly explained outcome natural selection contend order fully understand behavior must analyzed terms evolutionary considerations natural selection fundamental evolutionary theory variants hereditary traits increase organism 's ability survive reproduce greatly represented subsequent generations ie selected thus inherited behavioral mechanisms allowed organism greater chance surviving reproducing past likely survive present organisms inherited adaptive behaviors present


nonhuman animal species multiply demonstrated biologists become foundation evolutionary biology however continued resistance researchers application evolutionary models humans particularly within social sciences culture long assumed predominant driver behavior nikolaas tinbergen whose work influenced sociobiology sociobiology based upon two fundamental premises certain behavioral traits inherited inherited behavioral traits honed natural selection therefore traits probably adaptive environment species evolved sociobiology uses nikolaas tinbergen 's four


explain certain social behaviors result gene centred selection eo wilson argued evolution may also act upon groups mechanisms responsible group selection employ paradigms population statistics borrowed evolutionary game theory altruism defined concern welfare others altruism genetically determined altruistic individuals must reproduce altruistic genetic traits altruism survive altruists lavish resources non altruists expense kind altruists tend die others tend increase extreme example soldier losing


way altruistic behavior behavior increases reproductive fitness others apparent expense altruist animals correlated degree genome shared altruistic individuals quantitative description infanticide male harem mating animals alpha male displaced well rodent female infanticide fetal resorption active areas study general females bearing opportunities may value offspring less may also arrange bearing opportunities maximize food protection mates important concept sociobiology temperament traits exist


ecological balance expansion sheep population might encourage expansion wolf population expansion altruistic traits within gene pool may also encourage increasing numbers individuals dependent traits studies human behavior genetics generally found behavioral traits creativity extroversion aggressiveness iq high heritability researchers carry studies careful point heritability constrain influence environmental cultural factors may traits criminality actively study extremely controversial various theorists argued


example transcription factor fev aka pet role maintaining serotonergic system brain required normal aggressive anxiety like behavior thus fev genetically deleted mouse genome male mice instantly attack males whereas wild type counterparts take significantly longer initiate violent behaviour addition fev shown required correct maternal behaviour mice offspring mothers without fev factor survive unless cross fostered wild type female mice genetic basis instinctive behavioural traits among non human species


scientific grounds gould grouped sociobiology eugenics criticizing book ''the mismeasure man'' noam chomsky expressed views sociobiology several occasions meeting sociobiology study group reported ullica segerstr le chomsky argued importance sociobiologically informed notion human nature chomsky argued human beings biological organisms ought studied criticism blank slate doctrine social sciences would inspire great deal steven pinker 's others' work evolutionary psychology ''reflections


language'' chomsky hinted possible reconciliation anarchist political views sociobiology discussion peter kropotkin 's ''mutual aid factor evolution'' focused altruism aggression suggesting anarchist societies feasible innate human tendency cooperate wilson claimed never meant imply ''ought'' ''is'' case however critics argued language sociobiology readily slips ought ref name lrk instance naturalistic fallacy pinker argued opposition stances considered anti social


ethnic nepotism based moral assumptions meaning opposition falsifiable scientific advances ref name pinker pinker steven ''the blank slate modern denial human nature'' new york viking p ref history debate others related covered detail see also biocultural anthropology biosemiotics cultural evolution cultural selection theory darwinian anthropology dual inheritance theory evolutionary anthropology evolutionary developmental psychology evolutionary ethics evolutionary neuroscience evolutionary psychology genopolitics human behavioral ecology kin selection memetics social evolution social neuroscience sociophysiology notes references bibliography richards janet radcliffe


''human nature darwin philosophical introduction'' london routledge external links http platostanfordedu entries sociobiology sociobiology stanford encyclopedia philosophy https webarchiveorg web http wwwbbsonlineorg preprints oldarchive bbsmealeyhtml sociobiology sociopathy mealey http wwwfroesddsnl speak darwinists interviews leading sociobiologists https wwwprospectmagazinecouk magazine richard dawkins race evolution group race creation richard dawkins https wwwnytimescom science wilshtmlpagewanted scientist work edward wilson taking cue ants evolution humans nicholas wade biology ecology ethology evolutionary biology evolutionary psychology subfields zoology science studies


'''sikhism''' '''sikhi''' '''' ref group lower roman ''sikhism'' indigenously known ''sikh '' originated word ''sikh'' comes sanskrit root '''' meaning disciple '''' meaning instruction singh khushwant ''the illustrated history sikhs'' oxford university press p kosh gur shabad ratnakar mahan https webarchiveorg web http wwwik com online libraryhtm ref indian religion originated punjab region indian subcontinent ref group lower roman hinduism buddhism jainism sikhism originated india ref around end th century ce ref name nesbitt ref ref name nirbhai singh ref ref name opinderjit kaur takhar ref ref name cole ref among recently


founded major organized faiths stands fifth largest worldwide nbsp million adherents known sikhs ref name britannica mcleod william hewat ref symbol sikhismsikhism developed spiritual teachings guru nanak faith 's first guru rejected teachings ideologies hinduism nine sikh gurus succeeded tenth guru gobind singh named sikh scripture ''guru granth sahib'' successor bringing close line human gurus establishing scripture th last eternally living guru religious spiritual life guide


sikhs ref name wh mcleod page fenech louis william hewat mcleod https booksgooglecom booksid vgixwfecydac ''historical dictionary sikhism'' rd ed rowman littlefield pp ref ref name william james pages james william ''god 's plenty religious diversity kingston'' mcgill queen 's university press pp ref ref name granthfinalguru ref guru nanak taught living active creative practical life truthfulness fidelity self control purity metaphysical truth ideal man establishes union god knows carries ref name marwha ref guru hargobind sixth sikh guru established concept mutual co existence


''miri'' 'political' 'temporal' ''piri'' 'spiritual' realms ref name marty ref sikh scripture opens ''mul mantar'' fundamental prayer ''ik onkar'' ref name pashauramulmantar ref ref name singhaikonkar core beliefs sikhism articulated ''guru granth sahib'' include faith meditation name one creator divine unity equality humankind engaging ' 'seva'' 'selfless service' striving justice benefit prosperity honest conduct livelihood living householder 's life ref name kalsi chelsea ref ref name cole sambhi ref ref name teece ref following standard sikhism rejects claims particular religious tradition monopoly absolute


truth ref group lower roman sikhism rejects view particular religious tradition monopoly regarding absolute truth sikhism rejects practice converting people religious traditions kalsi sewa singh ''sikhism'' london kuperard p nbsp ref sikhism emphasizes ' 'simran'' meditation remembrance teachings gurus expressed musically ''kirtan'' internally ''naam japna'' 'meditation name' means feel god 's presence teaches followers transform five thieves ie lust rage greed attachment ego ref name kamala ref religion developed evolved times religious persecution gaining converts


hinduism islam ref name singh ref mughal rulers india tortured executed two sikh gurus guru arjan guru tegh bahadur refused convert islam ref name pashauraarjan persecution sikhs triggered founding ''khalsa'' guru gobind singh order protect freedom conscience religion ref name pashauraarjan ref name gandhi members expressing qualities ''sant sip h '' 'saint soldier' ref name chanchreek ref name dugga terminology majority sikh scriptures originally written alphabet ''gurmukh '' script standardised


guru angad la scripts historically used present day pakistan north india ref name shacklemandair pxxi ref adherents sikhism known ''sikhs'' meaning 'students' 'disciples' guru anglicised word ''sikhism'' derives punjabi verb ''sikhi'' connotes temporal path learning rooted word 'to learn' ref name mandair p ref philosophy teachings ref one formless ii ten gurus guru nanak sahib guru gobind singh sahib iii guru granth sahib iv utterances teachings ten gurus poem width align right


style padding px sikhism classified indian religion along buddhism hinduism jainism ref name reichberg p group lower roman indian religion sikhism affirms transmigration continued rebirth death ref ref group lower roman sikhism indian religion founded punjab late th century mcleod ref basis sikhism lies teachings guru nanak successors sikh ethics emphasize congruence spiritual development everyday moral conduct founder guru nanak summarized perspective truth highest virtue higher still truthful living ref name sikhism lays emphasis '' k n r


te sab jag upji '' 'from one light entire universe welled up' concept god sikhism monotheistic advocates belief one god signified term ik onkar sikhism overall concept god ''waheguru'' 'wondrous teacher' considered ''nirankar'' 'shapeless' ''akal'' 'timeless' ''karta purakh'' 'the creator' ''agam agochar'' 'incomprehensible invisible' literal sense god gender sikhism though metaphorically god presented masculine god 's power feminine example god repeatedly referred name ''akaal purkh'' 'beyond time space'


''nirankar'' 'without form' tenth guru guru gobind singh ji also refers god father god 's creative power mother similarly another example scripture eternal guru guru granth sahib says humans soul brides long unite husband lord addition gurus also wrote guru granth sahib many worlds transcendental god created life sikh scripture begins god ''ik onkar'' 'formless one' ref name singhaikonkar ref ref name singh pashaura fenech louis e


remain true opening line ''guru granth sahib'' subsequent ''raga'' mentions ''ik onkar'' ref name pashauramulmantar ref worldly illusion ''m '' defined temporary illusion unreality one core deviations pursuit god salvation worldly attractions give illusory temporary satisfaction pain distracts process devotion god however nanak emphasised reference unreality world values sikhism influences ego anger greed attachment lust known ''p nj chor'' 'five thieves' believed


particularly distracting hurtful sikhs believe world currently state ''kali yuga'' 'age darkness' world led astray love attachment ''m '' fate people vulnerable five thieves separation god situation may remedied intensive relentless devotion timeless truth akali nihang sikh warrior harmandir sahib also called golden temple according guru nanak supreme purpose human life reconnect ''akal'' 'the timeless one' however egotism biggest barrier making


connection using guru 's teaching remembrance ''n m'' divine name lord ref name pruthi ref ref name naamsimran leads end egotism guru nanak designated word ''guru'' 'teacher' mean voice spirit source knowledge guide salvation ref name p ref ''ik onkar'' universally immanent ''guru'' indistinguishable ''akal'' one ref name singh one connects ''guru'' accumulation selfless search truth ref name dhillon ref ultimately seeker realises consciousness within body seeker follower word


true ''guru'' human body means achieve reunion truth ref name singh ref truth starts shine person 's heart essence current past holy books religions understood person ref name dhillon ref liberation guru nanak 's teachings founded final destination heaven hell spiritual union ''akal'' results salvation ''jivanmukti'' 'enlightenment liberation within one 's lifetime' concept also found hinduism ref name grewal ref guru gobind singh makes clear human birth obtained great fortune therefore


one needs able make life ref name chahal ref sikhs accept reincarnation karma concepts found buddhism hinduism jainism necessarily infer metaphysical soteriology akin found religions ref name chahal however sikhism karma liberation modified concept god 's grace ''nadar mehar kirpa karam'' etc ref name grewal guru nanak states body takes birth karma salvation attained grace get closer god sikhs avoid evils ''maya'' keep everlasting truth mind practice


' 'shabad kirtan'' musical recitation hymns meditate ''naam'' serve humanity sikhs believe company ' 'satsang'' association ' 'sat'' 'true' people ' 'sadh sangat'' one key ways achieve liberation cycles reincarnation power devotion miri piri '''miri piri''' doctrine practiced sikh religion since seventeenth century doctrine mir social political aspects life pir guides spiritual aspect life revealed first guru sikhism guru nanak propounded sixth guru


sikhism guru hargobind june ref name jas ref ref name grove ref martyrdom father guru hargobind conquered guruship fulfilled prophecy given primal figure sikh baba buddha guru possess spiritual temporal power guru hargobind introduced two swords miri piri symbolizing worldly social political spiritual authority ref name jas two kirpan miri piri tied together khanda center combination considered supreme action informed arising spiritual


identity political action'' albany state university new york press ref adding emphasises ''nirguni bhakti'' ie loving devotion divine without qualities physical form ref name davidlorenzen ref name hardip syan hardip p ''the oxford handbook sikh studies'' edited p singh l e fenech oxford university press ref western scholarship generally places sikhism arising primarily within hindu bhakti movement milieu recognizing sufi islamic influences ref name ref indian sikh scholars disagree state sikhism transcended environment emerged basis latter analysis bhakti


name kamala ref sikh worldview everyday world part infinite reality increased spiritual awareness leads increased vibrant participation everyday world ref name nikky ref guru nanak described living active creative practical life truthfulness fidelity self control purity higher metaphysical truth ref name marwha ref th sikh guru guru hargobind guru arjan martyrdom faced oppression islamic mughal empire affirmed philosophy political temporal ''miri'' spiritual ''piri'' realms mutually coexistent ref name marty ref ref name gandhi according th sikh guru tegh bahadur ideal sikh


''shakti'' power resides temporal ''bhakti'' spiritual meditative qualities developed concept saint soldier th sikh guru gobind singh ref name gandhi ref concept man elaborated guru nanak refines negates monotheistic concept self god monotheism becomes almost redundant movement crossings love ref name mandair goal man taught sikh gurus end dualities self attain attendant balance separation fusion self action inaction attachment detachment course daily life ref name mandair ref singing


music sikhs refer hymns gurus ''gurbani'' 'guru 's word' shabad kirtan singing gurbani entire verses guru granth sahib written form poetry rhyme recited thirty one ragas classical indian music specified however exponents rarely found amongst sikhs conversant ragas guru granth sahib guru nanak started shabad kirtan tradition taught listening kirtan powerful way achieve tranquility meditating singing glories


supreme timeless one god devotion effective way come communion supreme timeless one three morning prayers sikhs consist japji sahib jaap sahib tav prasad savaiye ref name diaspora ref baptised sikhs amritdharis rise early meditate recite five banis nitnem breakfast five banis consists jap ji sahib jaap sahib tav prasad savaiye chaupai sahib anand sahib recitation banis paath followed ard sarbat da bhala principle taught gurus literally means blessings everyone blessings humankind


total conforming dharma divine order nanak described result disciplined application ''n simra '' growing towards god gradual process five stages last ''sach kha '' ''the realm truth'' final union spirit god ref name p service action sikh gurus taught constantly remembering divine name ''naam simran'' selfless service ' 's v '' devotee overcomes egotism ''haumai'' states primary root five evil impulses cycle birth death service


justice righteousness moral order generally dharam must defended costs ref name mcleod ref divine name antidote pain vices forgiveness taught virtue sikhism yet also teaches faithful shun evil intentions pick sword fight injustice religious persecution sikhism differentiate religious obligations sex god sikhism sex sikh scripture discriminate women bar roles ref name mcleod p women sikhism positions


singh final guru human form death guru gobind singh decreed gur granth hib would final perpetual guru sikhs ref name granthfinalguru guru nanak stated guru god beginning time end time nanak said god 's slave servant maintained guide teacher ref name ksingh ref nanak stated human guru mortal respected loved worshipped ref name ksingh guru satguru


true guru used ''gurbani'' often referring highest expression truthfulness guru angad succeeded guru nanak later important phase development sikhism came third successor guru amar das guru nanak 's teachings emphasised pursuit salvation guru amar das began building cohesive community followers initiatives sanctioning distinctive ceremonies birth marriage death amar das also established ''manji'' comparable diocese system clerical supervision ref name p guru amar das 's successor son law guru ram das founded city amritsar


home harimandir sahib regarded widely holiest city sikhs guru arjan arrested mughal authorities suspicious hostile religious community developing persecution death inspired successors promote military political organization sikh communities defend attacks mughal forces interior akal takhtthe sikh gurus established mechanism allowed sikh religion react community changing circumstances sixth guru guru hargobind responsible creation concept akal takht


''throne timeless one'' serves supreme decision making centre sikhism sits opposite harmandir sahib akal takht located city amritsar leader appointed shiromani gurdwara pabandhak committee spgc ''sarbat ls '' representative portion khalsa panth historically gathers akal takht special festivals vaisakhi hola mohalla need discuss matters affect entire sikh nation ''gurmat '' literally 'guru 's intention' order passed sarbat ls presence gur


granth hib ''gurmat '' may passed subject affects fundamental principles sikh religion binding upon sikhs term ''hukamn '' literally 'edict' 'royal order' often used interchangeably term ''gurmat '' however ''hukamn '' formally refers hymn ''gur granth hib'' given order sikhs approximate life spans guruship spans sikh gurus word ''guru'' sikhism also refers ''akal purkh'' god god ''guru'' sometimes synonymous ''gurbani'' sikh writings ref name panjab publishers scripture


one primary scripture sikhs ''gur granth hib'' sometimes synonymously referred '' di granth'' ref name shacklexvii chronologically however '' di granth'' literally 'first volume' refers version scripture created guru arjan ''gur granth hib'' final expanded version scripture compiled guru gobind singh ref name shacklexvii ''guru granth sahib'' unquestioned scripture sikhism another important religious text ''dasam granth'' enjoy universal consensus considered secondary scripture many sikhs ref name shacklexvii christopher shackle arvind mandair


teachings sikh gurus abingdon thames england routledge pp xvii xx ref ''adi granth'' '' di granth'' compiled primarily bhai gurdas supervision guru arjan years written gurmukh script descendant la script used punjab time gurmukh script standardised guru angad second guru sikhs use sikh scriptures thought influenced rad devan gar scripts authoritative scripture created protect integrity hymns


teachings sikh gurus thirteen hindu two muslim bhagats bhakti movement sant tradition medieval india thirteen hindu ''bhagats'' whose teachings entered text included ramananda namdev pipa ravidas beni bhikhan dhanna jaidev parmanand sadhana sain sur trilochan two muslim ''bhagats'' kabir sufi saint farid ref name shapiro ref however bhagats context often spoke transcending religious labels kabir often attributed muslim states ''adi granth'' hindu muslim gurus following message taught different methods


devotion infinite god guru granth sahib gur granth hib primary scripture sikhism guru granth sahib holy scripture sikhs regarded living guru compilation guru granth started volume guru nanak 's poetic compositions prior death passed volume guru angad guru final version gur granth hib compiled guru gobind singh consists original di granth addition guru tegh bahadur 's hymns predominant bulk guru


pp ref bulk scripture classified sixty ''r gas'' granth r ga subdivided according length author hymns scripture arranged primarily ''r gas'' read ref name shacklexvii language script mul mantar written guru har rai showing ik onkar top main language used scripture known ''sant bh '' language related punjabi hindi used extensively across medieval northern india proponents popular devotional religion bhakti ref name parrinderp ref text printed gurumukhi script believed


unborn self existent guru 's grace guru tenth guru guru gobind singh ji named sikh scripture guru granth sahib successor terminating line human gurus making scripture literal embodiment eternal impersonal guru gods gurus word serves spiritual guide sikhs ref name wh mcleod page ref name william james pages ref name granthfinalguru sikhs commanded take granth guru guru granth sahib installed sikh ''gurdwara'' temple many sikhs bow prostrate entering temple


guru granth sahib installed every morning put bed night many ''gurdwaras'' granth revered eternal ''gurb n '' spiritual authority copies guru granth sahib regarded material objects living subjects alive ref name myrvold kristina myrvold making scripture person reinventing death rituals guru granth sahib sikhism pp kristina myrvold ''the death sacred texts ritual disposal renovation texts world religions'' abingdon thames england routledge ref according myrvold sikh scripture treated respect


like living person manner similar gospel early christian worship old copies sikh scripture thrown away rather funerary services performed ref name myrvold india guru granth sahib even officially recognised supreme court india judicial person receive donations land ref name myrvold yet sikhs also warn without true comprehension text veneration text lead bibliolatry concrete form teachings becoming object worship instead teachings ref name myrvold relation hinduism


islam sikh scriptures use hindu terminology references vedas names gods goddesses hindu bhakti movement traditions vishnu shiva brahma parvati lakshmi saraswati rama krishna worship ref name brekke torkel brekke religion war ethics sourcebook textual traditions editors gregory reichberg henrik syse cambridge university press pp ref also refers spiritual concepts hinduism ''ishvara bhagavan brahman'' concept god islam ''allah'' assert alternate names almighty one


brahma hindu warrior goddess chandi story rama bachittar natak ref name jdeol ref dasam granth scripture sikhs contains texts attributed guru gobind singh ''dasam granth'' important great number sikhs however authority ''guru granth sahib'' compositions ''dasam granth'' like jaap sahib amrit savaiye benti chaupai part daily prayers nitnem sikhs first verse ard prayer chandi di var ''dasam granth'' largely versions hindu mythology


hagiographic look guru nanak 's life early start sikhism several often contradictory sometimes unreliable janams kh held regard sources scriptural knowledge observances darbar sahib gurdwara observant sikhs adhere long standing practices traditions strengthen express faith daily recitation divine name god vaheguru memory specific passages gur granth hib like ''japu'' ''japj '' literally ''chant'' hymns recommended immediately rising bathing baptized sikhs recite five morning


prayers evening night prayer family customs include reading passages scripture attending gurdwara also ''gurdu r '' meaning ''the doorway god'' sometimes transliterated ''gurudwara'' many gurdwaras prominently constructed maintained across india well almost every nation sikhs reside gurdwaras open regardless religion background caste race worship gurdwara consists chiefly singing passages scripture sikhs commonly enter gurdwara touch ground holy scripture foreheads recitation eighteenth century ''ard s''


also customary attending sikhs ard recalls past sufferings glories community invoking divine grace humanity ref name p ref gurdwara also location historic sikh practice langar community meal gurdwaras open anyone faith free meal always vegetarian people eat together kitchen maintained serviced sikh community volunteers sikh festivals events guru amar das chose festivals celebration sikhs like vaisakhi wherein asked sikhs assemble share festivities community ref name colesambhi p ref vaisakhi one


important festivals sikhs significant festivals commemorate birth lives gurus sikh martyrs historically festivals based moon calendar bikrami calendar ref name nesbittbc ref sgpc sikh organisation charge upkeep historical gurdwaras punjab adopted nanakshahi calendar ref name nesbittbc new calendar highly controversial among sikhs universally accepted sikh festivals include following vaisakhi includes parades nagar kirtan occurs april april sikhs celebrate day fell march


tenth guru gobind singh inaugurated khalsa th body guru granth sahib leader sikhs eternity nagar kirtan involves processional singing holy hymns throughout community practiced time customary month visakhi vaisakhi traditionally procession led saffron robed panj piare five beloved guru followed guru granth sahib holy sikh scripture placed float band chor diwas another important sikh festival history recent years instead diwali


day holi festival anandpur sahib sikh soldiers would train mock battles compete horsemanship athletics archery military exercises gurpurbs celebrations commemorations based lives sikh gurus tend either birthdays celebrations sikh martyrdom ten gurus gurpurbs nanakshahi calendar guru nanak guru gobind singh gurpurb widely celebrated gurdwaras sikh homes martyrdoms also known shaheedi gurpurbs mark martyrdom anniversary guru arjan guru tegh bahadur


ceremonies customs sikh wedding mandi himachal pradesh khalsa sikhs also supported helped develop major pilgrimage traditions sacred sites harmandir sahib anandpur sahib fatehgarh sahib patna sahib hazur nanded sahib hemkund sahib others ref name oberoi p ref sikh pilgrims sikhs sects customarily consider holy part ''tirath'' ref name ferrari p ref hola mohalla around festival holi example ceremonial customary gathering every year anandpur sahib attracting sikhs major sikh temples feature ' 'sarovar'' sikhs take customary dip take home


sacred water tank particularly sick friends relatives ref name singha ref believing waters sacred sites restorative powers ability purify one 's ''karma'' ref group lower roman sikh scripture contains verses literally interpreted relevant pilgrimage taking dips waters salvific value criticize ag others support ag ref ref name singha various gurus sikhism different approaches pilgrimage upon child 's birth guru granth sahib opened random point child named using first letter


top left hand corner left page boys given last name singh girls given last name kaur title conferred individual upon joining khalsa sikh marriage ritual includes ''anand k raj'' ceremony ref name ruether p ref marriage ceremony performed front guru granth sahib baptized khalsa granthi gurdwara ref name haarkalsi p ref name fenech tradition circling guru granth sahib anand karaj among khalsa practised since fourth guru guru ram das official recognition


adoption came singh sabha movement ref name fenech ref upon death body sikh usually cremated possible respectful means disposing body may employed ''k rtan hil '' ''ard s'' prayers performed funeral ceremony known ''antim sansk r'' initiation khalsa khalsa meaning pure sovereign collective name given guru gobind singh sikhs fully initiated taking part ceremony called ''ammrit sa c r'' nectar ceremony ref name singhfenech p ceremony sweetened water stirred


double edged sword liturgical prayers sung offered initiating sikh ritually drinks ref name singhfenech p ref many sikhs formally fully initiated undergo ceremony adhere components sikhism identify sikhs initiated sikh believed reborn referred amritdhari khalsa sikh initiated baptised referred kesdhari sahajdhari sikhs ref name singhfenech p first time ceremony took place vaisakhi fell march anandpur


sahib punjab ref name singhfenech p occasion gobind singh baptised pa j pi r five beloved ones turn baptised guru gobind singh males initiated last name singh meaning lion given last name kaur meaning princess given baptised sikh females ref name singhfenech p baptised sikhs wear five items called five ks punjabi known ''pa j kakk '' ''pa j kak r'' times five items ''k s'' uncut hair ''ka gh '' small wooden comb ''ka '' circular steel iron bracelet ''kirp n'' sword dagger ''kacchera'' special


undergarment ref name singhfenech p five ks practical symbolic purposes history guru nanak founder sikhism born village ''r bh talwand '' called nankana sahib present day pakistan parents punjabi khatri hindus according hagiography ''puratan janamsakhi'' composed two centuries death probably based oral tradition nanak boy fascinated religion spiritual matters spending time wandering ascetics holy men ref name shacklexiii friend mardana muslim together would sing devotional songs night front


public bathe river morning one day usual bath nanak went missing family feared drowned three days later returned home declared hindu muslim ''n k hind n k musalm n'' thereafter nanak started preaching ideas form tenets sikhism guru nanak age started small commune kartarpur disciples came known ''sikhs'' ref name shacklexiii ref although exact account itinerary disputed hagiographic accounts state made five major journeys


spanning thousands miles first tour east towards bengal assam second south towards andhra tamil nadu third north kashmir ladakh mount sumeru tibet fourth baghdad last final tour returned banks ravi river end days two competing theories guru nanak 's teachings ref name arvindmandair ref one according cole sambhi based hagiographical janamsakhis states nanak 's teachings sikhism revelation god social protest movement attempt reconcile


hinduism islam th century ref name cole sambhi dic ref states nanak guru according singha sikhism subscribe theory incarnation concept prophethood pivotal concept guru incarnation god even prophet illumined soul ref name hs singha page ref second theory continues hagiographical ''janamsakhis'' written nanak later followers without regard historical accuracy contain numerous legends myths created show respect nanak term ' 'revelation'' clarify cole


sambhi sikhism limited teachings nanak extended sikh gurus well words past present future men women possess divine knowledge intuitively meditation sikh revelations include words non sikh bhagats lived died birth nanak whose teachings part sikh scriptures adi granth successive sikh gurus repeatedly emphasised states mandair sikhism hearing voices god changing nature human mind anyone


achieve direct experience spiritual perfection time ref name arvindmandair historical influences roots sikh tradition states louis fenech perhaps sant tradition india whose ideology grew become bhakti tradition ref name louis fenech page group lower roman furthermore adds fenech indic mythology permeates sikh sacred canon ''guru granth sahib'' secondary canon ''dasam granth'' nbsp adds delicate nuance substance sacred symbolic universe sikhs today past ancestors development sikhism influenced bhakti movement ref name david


hindu tradition nanak raised hindu eventually belonged sant tradition northern india mcleod ref ref name kitagawa ref however sikhism simply extension bhakti movement ref name singha ref name pruthi ref sikhism instance disagreed views bhakti saints kabir ravidas ref group lower roman views include sikhs believing achieving blissful mukhti alive sikhs placing emphasis path householder sikhs disbelief ahinsa sikhs afterlife aspect merging god rather physical heaven ref ref name pruthi sikhism developed region ruled


mughal empire two sikh gurus guru arjan guru tegh bahadur refused convert islam tortured executed mughal rulers ref name pashauraarjan pashaura singh understanding martyrdom guru arjan journal punjab studies pp ref islamic era persecution sikhs triggered founding khalsa order freedom conscience religion ref name pashauraarjan ref name gandhi ref sikh expected embody qualities sant sip h saint soldier ref name chanchreek ref ref name dugga ref growth sikhism guru nanak explaining sikh teachings sadhus inception sikhism grew


gained converts among hindus muslims punjab region ref name singh ref name singh ref ref name singh ref guru nanak chose disciple lahi successor guruship rather either sons lahi named guru angad became second guru sikhs ref name fenech p ref nanak conferred choice town kartarpur banks river ravi sri chand guru nanak 's son also religious man continued commune sikhs followers came known udasi sikhs first parallel sect sikhism formed


credited standardising gurmukh script used sacred scripture sikhs ref name colesambhi p ref guru amar das became third sikh guru age adhered vaishnavism tradition hinduism much life joining commune guru angad ref name fenechmcleod p ref goindval became important centre sikhism guruship guru amar das reformer discouraged veiling women 's faces muslim custom well sati hindu custom ref name eosamardas ref encouraged kshatriya people fight order protect people


sake justice stating dharma ref name sambhi p ref guru amar das started tradition appointing ''manji'' zones religious administration appointed chief called ' 'sangatias'' ref name fenechmcleod p introduced ' 'dasvandh'' tenth income system revenue collection name guru pooled community religious resource ref name farhadian p ref famed ''langar'' tradition sikhism anyone without discrimination kind could get free meal communal seating collection revenue sikhs regional appointees helped sikhism grow ref name fenechmcleod p ref name haarkalsi p ref guru amar das named disciple son law


j h next guru came known guru ram das new guru faced hostilities sons guru amar das therefore shifted official base lands identified guru amar das guru ka chak ref name mandair p ref moved commune sikhs place called ramdaspur city grew later became amritsar holiest city sikhism ref name mcleod p ref guru ram das expanded ''manji'' organization clerical appointments sikh temples revenue collections theologically economically support sikh movement ref name mandair p


guru arjan youngest son guru ram das became fifth guru sikhs choice successor throughout history sikh guru successions led disputes internal divisions among sikhs ref name shacklemandair xv ref elder son guru ram das named prithi chand remembered sikh tradition vehemently opposing guru arjan creating faction sikh community sikhs following guru arjan called ''minas'' literally scoundrels ref name fenech ref ref name mcleod p ref guru arjan remembered sikh many things built first harimandir sahib later become


golden temple poet created first edition sikh sacred text known di granth literally first book included writings first five gurus enlightened hindu muslim sufi saints tortured killed mughal emperor jahangir refusing convert islam ref name pashauraarjan martyrdom considered watershed event history sikhism ref name pashauraarjan political advancement martyrdom guru arjan son guru hargobind age eleven became sixth guru sikhs sikhism dramatically


evolved become political movement addition religious ref name pashaura ref guru hargobind carried two swords calling one spiritual temporal purpose known ''m r '' ''p r '' sikhism according sikh tradition guru arjan asked son hargobind start military tradition protect sikh people always keep surrounded armed sikhs building armed sikh militia began guru hargobind ref name pashaura guru hargobind soon arrested mughals kept jail gwalior unclear many years served prison


different texts stating ref name mandair ref married three women built fort defend ramdaspur created formal court called akal takht highest khalsa sikh religious authority ref name phyllis ref guru hargobind named grandson har rai guru mughal emperor shah jahan attempted political means undermine sikh tradition dividing influencing succession ref name mandair mughal ruler gave land grants dhir mal grandson guru hargobind living kartarpur attempted encourage sikhs recognise dhir mal rightful successor


guru hargobind ref name mandair dhir mal issued statements favour mughal state critical grandfather guru arjan guru hargobind rejected dhir mal latter refused give original version adi granth sikh community divided ref name mandair ref guru har rai famed met dara shikoh time dara shikoh younger brother aurangzeb bitter succession fight aurangzeb summoned guru har rai refused go sent elder son ram rai instead ref name mcleod p emperor found verse


around million crore guru har krishan became eighth guru age five died smallpox reaching age eight hymns composed three gurus included guru granth sahib guru tegh bahadur uncle guru har krishan became guru tegh bahadur resisted forced conversions kashmiri pandits non muslims ref name mandair p quote guru 's stance clear unambiguous challenge sovereignty mughal state state 's policy recognizing sovereign existence non muslims traditions


ways life ref islam publicly beheaded orders mughal emperor aurangzeb delhi refusing convert islam ref name cs ref ref name fenech br br br ref beheading traumatized sikhs body cremated delhi head carried secretively sikhs cremated anandpur succeeded son gobind rai militarised followers creating khalsa baptising ''pa j pi r '' ref name mandairshackle p ref known guru gobind singh sikh identity redefined political force resisting religious persecution ref name ws ref


gallery widths heights file interior view gurudwara sis ganj sahibjpg gurudwara sis ganj sahib delhi long window marble platform location guru tegh bahadur executed mughals file bhai mati dasjpg artistic rendering execution bhai mati das mughals image sikh ajaibghar near towns mohali sirhind punjab india gallery sikh confederacy rise khalsa gallery widths px heights px mehdiana jpg sculpture mehdiana sahib execution banda singh bahadur mughals bodyguard ranjit singhjpg bodyguards maharaja ranjit singh sikh


gobind singh sent sikh general banda singh bahadur fight mughal rulers india committed atrocities pir buddhu shah banda singh advanced army towards main muslim mughal city sirhind following instructions guru punished culprits soon invasion sirhind resting chamber rehras prayer guru gobind singh stabbed pathan assassin hired mughals gobind singh killed attacker sword though european surgeon stitched guru 's wound wound opened guru tugged


hard strong bow days causing profuse bleeding led gobind singh 's death guru 's death baba banda singh bahadur became commander chief khalsa organised civilian rebellion abolished halted zamindari system time active gave farmers proprietorship land banda singh executed emperor farrukh siyar refusing offer pardon converted islam confederacy sikh warrior bands known ''misls'' emerged fought ranjit singh achieved series


sikh empire fell disorder ranjit singh failed establish lasting structure sikh government stable succession sikh empire rapidly declined death factions divided sikhs led anglo sikh wars british easily defeated confused demoralised khalsa forces disbanded destitution ref name oberoi p ref youngest son ranjit singh named duleep singh ultimately succeeded arrested exiled defeat sikh khalsa singh sabha movement singh sabha movement movement revitalize sikhism also saw resurgence khalsa


defeat wars british latterly second anglo sikh war subsequent decline corruption sikh institutions colonial rule proselytization faith groups punjab ref name barrierssm ref ref name encyclop dia britannica online ref started period interfactional rivalry united tat khalsa reinvigorate sikh practice institutions ref name perplexed ref last maharaja sikh empire duleep singh converted christianity controversial influential event sikh history along conversion sikh empire dissolved


region made part colonial british empire proselytising activities christians brahmo samajis arya samaj muslim anjuman islamia ahmadiyah sought convert sikhs northwestern indian subcontinent respective faiths ref name barrierssm ref name encyclop dia britannica online developments launched singh sabha movement ref name barrierssm ref name encyclop dia britannica online first meeting movement golden temple amritsar largely launched sanatan sikhs gianis priests granthis shortly thereafter nihang sikhs began influencing movement followed sustained campaign tat khalsa quickly


gained dominance early ref name perplexed ref name oberoi ref movement became struggle sanatan sikhs tat khalsa defining interpreting sikhism ref name singhfenech p ref name mandair ref ref name fenech sanatan sikhs led khem singh bedi claimed direct descendant guru nanak avtar singh vahiria others supported inclusive approach considered sikhism reformed tradition hinduism tat khalsa campaigned exclusive approach sikh identity disagreeing sanatan sikhs seeking modernize sikhism ref name fenech ref name oberoi ref name mandair p ref sikh sabha movement expanded


north northwest indian subcontinent leading singh sabhas ref name fenech ref name singhfenech p early decades th century influence tat khalsa increased interpreting nature sikhism control sikh gurdwaras ref name fenech ref name singhfenech p ref ref name oberoi tat khalsa banished brahmanical practices including use ''yagna'' fire replaced ''anand karaj'' marriage ceremony accordance sikh scripture idols images sikh gurus golden temple traditions taken root administration ''mahants''


undertook sustained campaign standardize sikh gurdwaras looked ran looking sikh scriptures early sikh tradition ref name perplexed ref purify sikh identity spiritual successors singh sabha include akali movement well modern day shiromani gurdwara parbandhak committee sgpc gurdwara administration body akali dal political party ref name singhfenech p ref partition india sikhs participated contributed decades long indian independence movement colonial rule first half th century ultimately british empire recognized independent india


land partitioned hindu majority india muslim majority pakistan east west event states banga watershed event sikh history ref name shani p ref sikhs historically lived northwestern region indian subcontinent sides partition line radcliffe line according banga scholars sikhs strongly opposed muslim league demands saw perpetuation muslim domination anti sikh policies hundred years part sikh empire sikh organizations including chief khalsa dewan shiromani


akali dal led master tara singh condemned lahore resolution movement create pakistan viewing inviting possible persecution sikhs largely thus strongly opposed partition india ref name kudaisyayong ref discussions colonial authorities tara singh emerged important leader campaigned prevent partition colonial india recognition sikhs third community partition announced newly created line divided sikh population two halves along hindus sikhs suffered organized violence riots west pakistan sikhs


moved en masse indian side leaving behind property sacred places sikhism ref name abid reprisals sikhs one sided sikhs entered indian side muslims east punjab experienced reprisals moved west pakistan ref name mann p partition sikhs constituted population west punjab became part pakistan majority muslims sikhs economic elite wealthiest west punjab largest representation west punjab 's aristocracy nearly gurdwaras educational institutions


served interests sikhs prior partition series disputes majority muslims minority sikhs matters jhatka versus halal meat disputed ownership gurdwara sahidganj lahore muslims sought mosque sikhs gurdwara insistence provincial muslim government switching indian gurmukhi script arabic persian nastaliq script schools simla conference june headed lord wavell sikh leaders initially expressed desire recognized third party


ultimately relegated demands sought united india sikhs hindus muslims would live together swiss style constitution muslim league rejected approach demanding entire punjab granted pakistan sikh leaders sought partition instead congress working committee passed resolution support partitioning punjab bengal ref name mann p ref sikh light infantry personnel march past republic day parade new delhi india march august series riots arson plunder sikh property assassination sikh leaders killings jhelum districts


rawalpindi attock places made tara singh call situation punjab civil war lord mountbatten stated civil war preparations going ref name abid ref riots triggered early waves migration april people leaving northwest punjab moving patiala ref name shani p rawalpindi people became homeless sikh leaders made desperate petitions religious communities suffering political turmoil sikhs states banga million total nbsp million punjab nbsp million nearly nbsp million india constitute


majority even single district ref name wolpert p ref partition line formally announced august violence unprecedented sikhs one affected religious community terms deaths well property loss injury trauma disruption ref name mann p sikhs muslims victims perpetrators retaliatory violence estimates range nbsp million deaths sikhs hindus muslims ref name mann p numerous rapes mass suicides sikh women taken captives rescues mass exodus


sikhs newly created pakistan newly independent india partition created largest foot convoy refugees recorded human history stretching kilometer long states banga nearly people consisting mostly distraught suffering injured angry sikhs sikh hindu refugees pakistan flooded india muslim refugees india flooded pakistan new homeland ref name wolpert p khalistan sikhs london protesting indian government sikhs victims komagata maru canada proposed idea khalistan buffer state


independent india would become pakistan leaders however largely ignored ref name shani p early witnessed sikh groups seeking independent nation named khalistan carved india pakistan golden temple akal takht occupied various militant groups included dharam yudh morcha led jarnail singh bhindranwale babbar khalsa aissf national council khalistan ref name chima p anandpur resolution demand related terrorist attacks civilians parts india ref name horowitz late bhindranwale led group begun


build bunkers observations posts around golden temple militants involved weapons training ref name chima p june prime minister india indira gandhi ordered indian army begin operation blue star militants ref name chima p ref fierce engagement took place precincts darbar sahib resulted many deaths including bhindranwale destruction sikh reference library considered national treasure contained thousand rare manuscripts ref name mann ref destroyed akal takht numerous soldiers civilians militants died cross fire within days


india ref name census sikhs state ut percentage punjab chandigarh haryana delhi uttarakhand jammu kashmir rajasthan himachal pradesh estimates state sikhism nbsp million followers worldwide however millions people throughout world revere sikh gurus central tenets beliefs sikh faith according pew research religion demographics research group washington dc nine ten sikhs india also sizable sikh communities united states united kingdom canada within india


sikh population found every state union territory predominantly found northwestern northern states state punjab sikhs constitute majority total per census ref name census sikhs states union territories india sikhs constitute population punjab chandigarh haryana delhi uttarakhand jammu kashmir ref name census sikhs http wwwcensusindiagovin census religion pcahtml religion demographics census office registrar general census commissioner ministry home affairs government india ref forming total population western canadian province british columbia


home sikhs province similar major subnational division world outside india sikhism second followed religion among population sikhism founded northwestern region indian subcontinent pakistan gurus born near lahore parts pakistan prior british india millions sikhs lived later became pakistan partition sikhs hindus left newly created muslim majority pakistan mostly moved hindu majority india moving muslim majority afghanistan


also called ''kuka'' sikhs sect sikhism known crisp white dress horizontal ''pagari'' turban ref name britsikhssects https wwwbritannicacom topic sikhism sects groups sects groups sikhism ''encyclopaedia britannica online'' ref ref name haarkalsi p ref namdhari singer musicians early sikh sects udasis minas founded sri chand elder son guru nanak prithi chand elder son guru ram das respectively parallel official succession sikh gurus later ramraiya sect grew dehradun patronage aurangzeb ref name fenechmcleod p many splintered sikh communities formed mughal empire era


sikhism ref name fenech ref ref name singhfenech p ref name mandair sects differ khalsa orthodox sikhs beliefs practices continuing solemnize weddings around fire strictly vegetarian ref name britsikhssects ref name haarkalsi p many accept concept living gurus guru baba dyal singh nirankari sect though unorthodox influential shaping views tat khalsa contemporary era sikh beliefs practices ref name britsikhsects https wwwbritannicacom topic sikhism sects groups sects sikhism encyclop dia britannica online access date august ref another significant sikh sect th century radhasoami movement punjab led baba shiv dyal ref


name haarkalsi p ref contemporary era sikhs sects include quasi hindu ho formed exists outside india particularly north america europe ref name haarkalsi p ref name verne ref sikh castes nagar kirtan bangalore according surinder jodhka state punjab sikh majority largest proportion scheduled caste population india although decried sikhism sikhs practiced caste system system along untouchability common rural parts punjab landowning dominant sikh castes states jodhka shed prejudices lower castes dalits dalits


would allowed entry village gurdwaras would permitted cook serve langar sikh dalits punjab tried build gurdwara local level institutions sought better material circumstances dignity according jodhka due economic mobility contemporary punjab castes longer mean inherited occupation work relations tied single location government india acceded demands sikh leader master tara singh include sikh dalit castes list scheduled castes ref name harish k puri ref


shiromani gurdwara prabandhak committee seats reserved low caste sikhs ref name harish k puri sikhs belong jat caste agrarian caste despite small numbers mercantile khatri arora castes wield considerable influence within sikh community common sikh castes include sainis ramgarhias artisans ahluwalias formerly brewers rai sikh raa kambojs rural caste labanas kumhars two dalit castes known sikh terminology mazhabis chuhras ravidasias chamars sikh diaspora sikhs celebrating vaisakhi toronto ontario canada


sikhism fourth largest amongst medium sized world religions one youngest ref name partridge ref ref name mcdowellbrown ref ref name teece ref worldwide nbsp million sikhs makes world 's population approximately sikhs live punjab constitute state 's population large communities sikhs migrate neighboring states indian state haryana home second largest sikh population india nbsp million sikhs per census large immigrant communities sikhs found across india however sikhs comprise indian population ref


consumption drugs alcohol tobacco intoxicants allowed amritdhari sikhs keshdhari sikhs drugs tobacco forbidden ref name autogenerated http wwwsgpcnet rehat maryada section fourhtml sikh reht maryada definition sikh sikh conduct conventions sikh religion living india ref ref name autogenerated http wwwsgpcnet rehat maryada section sixhtml sikh reht maryada definition sikh sikh conduct conventions sikh religion living india ref cannabis generally prohibited ritually consumed edible form sikhs ref name singhfenech ref ref name singhhawley ref gambling gambling also called ''jooa'' traditional indian languages form like lottery roulette poker american british bingo prohibited codes