code several subfields information economics information signal described kind negative measure uncertainty includes complete scientific knowledge special cases first insights information economics related economics information goods recent decades influential advances study information asymmetries implications contract theory including market failure possibility information economics formally related game theory two different types games may apply including games perfect information complete information incomplete information experimental


game theory methods developed model test theories information economics including potential public policy applications mechanism design elicit information sharing otherwise welfare enhancing behavior value information starting point economic analysis observation information economic value allows individuals make choices yield higher expected payoffs expected utility would obtain choices made absence information data valuation emerging discipline seeks understand measure economic characteristics information data information price mechanism organizations much

Social science
Economics
Information economics


literature information economics originally inspired friedrich hayek 's use knowledge society uses price mechanism allowing information decentralization order effective use resources although hayek 's work intended discredit effectiveness central planning agencies free market system proposal price mechanisms communicate information scarcity goods inspired abba lerner tjalling koopmans leonid hurwicz george stigler others develop field information economics next market coordination price mechanism transactions also executed within organizations information requirements


transaction prime determinant actual mix coordination mechanism observe information asymmetry information asymmetry means parties interaction different information eg one party better information expecting side better information lead change behavior less informed party may try prevent taking advantage change behavior may cause inefficiency examples problem selection adverse advantageous moral hazard classic paper adverse selection george


hiring new employee skilled learning course prospective employees claim skilled learning know really information asymmetry spence proposed going college function credible signal ability learn assuming people skilled learning finish college easily people unskilled attending college skilled people signal skill prospective employers true even n't learn anything


school school solely signal works action took going school easier people possessed skill trying signal capacity learning screening joseph e stiglitz pioneered theory screening way underinformed party induce party reveal information provide menu choices way optimal choice party depends private information making particular choice party


reveals information makes choice optimal example amusement park wants sell expensive tickets customers value time money less customers asking customers willingness pay work everyone claim low willingness pay park offer menu priority regular tickets priority allows skipping line rides expensive induce customers higher value time buy priority ticket thereby reveal type information goods


buying selling information buying selling goods three factors make economics buying selling information different solid goods first information non rivalrous means consuming information exclude someone else also consuming related characteristic alters information markets information almost zero marginal cost means first copy exists costs nothing almost nothing make second copy makes easy sell however


makes classic marginal cost pricing completely infeasible second exclusion natural property information goods though possible construct exclusion artificially however nature information known difficult exclude others use since information likely non rivalrous non excludable frequently considered example public good third information market exhibit high degrees transparency evaluate information information must known invest learning evaluate


evaluate bit software learn use evaluate movie watch importance properties explained de long froomkin http osakalawmiamiedu froomkin articles neweconhtm next economy network effects carl shapiro hal varian described network effect also called '''network externalities''' products gaining additional value additional user good service network effects externalities provide immediate benefit additional user joins network increasing network size total value network depends upon


total adopters carries marginal benefit new users leads direct network effect user 's adoption good increased incentive adoption user 's adopt join network indirect network effect occurs complementary goods benefit adoption initial product growth data constantly expanding growing exponential rate however application data far lower creation new data brings potential increase bad information crowd good information


increase unverified information due easy free nature creating online data disrupting potential users finding sourced verified data critical mass new networks developed early adopters form social dynamics greater population develop product maturity known critical mass product maturity become self sustaining likely occur positive cash flows consistent revenue flows customer retention brand engagement form following low initial prices need offered along wide spread marketing help create


snowball effect information nobel prize economics awarded george akerlof michael spence joseph e stiglitz analyses markets asymmetric information see also adverse selection contract theory game theory indigo era economics information economy moral hazard product bundling screening signaling single crossing condition references reading papers bakos yannis brynjolfsson erik bundling competition internet aggregation strategies information goods ''marketing science'' vol pp nbsp bakos yannis brynjolfsson erik bundling information goods pricing profits efficiency ''management science'' vol


pp nbsp brynjolfsson erik saunders adam wired innovation information technology reshaping economy https webarchiveorg web http mitpressmitedu catalog item defaultaspttype tid mas colell andreu michael whinston jerry r green ''microeconomic theory'' oxford university press chapters discuss applications adverse selection moral hazard models contract theory milgrom paul r good news bad news representation theorems applications ''bell journal economics'' pp https wwwmsuedu conlinmi teaching ec voluntarydisclosure milgrom belljournalpdf nelson phillip information consumer behavior ''journal political economy'' p https wwwjstororg pss p advertising information ''journal political economy''


pp https webarchiveorg web http commpsuedu centers davis program ethical leadership adinfopdf technology pissarides c search economics ''international encyclopedia social behavioral sciences'' pp nbsp https webarchiveorg web http wwwsciencedirectcom science ob articleurl udi b mrm mt vj f rdoc hierid refworkid explode fmt high orig na docanchor idxtype sc view c ct acct c version urlversion userid md c bb af b f b c abstract rothschild michael joseph stiglitz equilibrium competitive insurance markets essay economics imperfect information ''quarterly journal economics'' pp https webarchiveorg web http portersscupennedu hfang teaching socialinsurance readings fudan hsbc rothschild stiglitz pdf shapiro carl hal r varian ''information rules strategic guide network economy'' harvard university press http hbrorg product information rules strategic guide network x hbk eng description scroll chapter preview https booksgooglecom booksid ae j iv pvec dq information rules strategic guide network economy printsec frontcover source bn hl en ei dr vtl kiablaek qda sa x oi book result ct result resnum ved ccwq aewaw v onepage q f false links stigler george j economics information ''journal political economy'' pp http homeuchicagoedu vlima courses econ spring stiglerpdf stiglitz joseph e andrew weiss


credit rationing markets imperfect information ''american economic review'' pp https webarchiveorg web http leeds facultycoloradoedu yungc doctoral course phd papers stiglitzpdf monographs birchler urs monika b tler ''information economics'' london routledge https booksgooglecom booksid alsxczwqmkcc dq birchler uw b c bctler information economics source gbs summary cad description chapter arrow page links pp https booksgooglecom booksid alsxczwqmkcc pg pr vii https booksgooglecom booksid alsxczwqmkcc pg pr xi douma sytse hein schreuder economic approaches organizations th edition london pearson http cataloguepearsonedcouk educator product economic approaches organisations page maasoumi esfandiar information theory ''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' v pp nbsp marilyn parker robert j benson trainor http wwwpalgrave journalscom jit journal v n abs jit ahtml information economics linking business performance information theil henri ''economics information theory'' amsterdam north holland dictionaries


''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' nd edition selected entries abstract links http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde q information topicid result number bubbles markus k brunnermeier http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde q information topicid result number information aggregation prices james jordan http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde q information topicid result number information cascades sushil bikhchandani david hirshleifer ivo welch http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde q information topicid result number information sharing among firms xavier vives http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde q information topicid result number information technology world economy dale w jorgenson khuong vu http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde q information topicid result number insider trading andrew metrick http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde l q information topicid result number learning information aggregation networks douglas gale shachar kariv http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde edition current q mechanism design topicid result number mechanism design roger b myerson http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde r edition current q moral topicid result number revelation


great hall people people 's republic china photo b united states capitol buildingjpgunited states capitol united states america photo parliament house canberra jpgparliament australia australia photo b national assembly bangladesh jatiyo sangsad bhaban jpgjatiyo sangsad bangladesh photo national diet building japan panoramiojpgnational diet japan photo b kuala lumpur malaysia bangunan parlimen malaysia jpgparliament malaysia malaysia photo national assembly building abuja nigeriajpgnational assembly nigeria photo b parliament company gardensjpgparliament south africa south africa photo parliament

Social science
Political science
Comparative politics


canada jpgparliament canada canada photo b berlin norman foster redesigned german bundestag jpgbundestag germany photo buenos aires balvanera congreso de la naci n argentinajpgnational congress argentina argentina photo b national congress braziljpgnational congress brazil brazil size spacing color ffffff color border white width caption '''select parliaments world''' top left right ''' ''' national people 's congress people 's republic china ''' ''' united states congress united states america ''' ''' parliament


australia australia ''' ''' jatiya sangsad bangladesh ''' ''' national diet japan ''' ''' parliament malaysia malaysia ''' ''' national assembly nigeria ''' ''' parliament south africa south africa ''' ''' parliament canada canada ''' ''' bundestag germany ''' ''' national congress argentina argentina ''' ''' national congress brazil brazil '''comparative politics''' field political science characterized either use ''comparative method'' empirical methods explore politics within countries substantively include questions relating political institutions political behavior conflict causes consequences economic development applied specific


fields study comparative politics may referred names '''comparative government''' comparative study forms government definitions comparative politics systematic study comparison diverse political systems world comparative searching explain different political systems similarities differences developmental changes came systematic looks trends patterns regularities among political systems ref name auto ref research field takes account political systems throughout globe focusing themes democratization globalization


different periods time must static ref name auto historically discipline explored broad questions political science country comparisons contemporary comparative political science primarily uses subnational comparisons recently significant increase interest subnational comparisons benefit comparative politics would know far less major credible issues within political science n't subnational research subnational research contributes important methodological theoretical substantive ideas study politics ref name auto ref important developments often obscured national level focus easier decipher subnational research


example could regions inside countries presence state institutions reduced effect value ref name auto name '''comparative politics''' refers discipline 's historical association comparative method described detail arend lijphart argues comparative politics ' 'substantive'' focus rather ''methodological'' one focuses ''how'' specify ''what'' analysis peter mair richard rose advance slightly different definition arguing comparative politics defined combination ' 'substantive'' focus study countries'


political systems ''method'' identifying explaining similarities differences countries using common concepts ref name rose ref sometimes especially united states term comparative politics used refer politics foreign countries usage term disputed ref name vanbiezen ref comparative politics significant helps people understand nature working political frameworks around world many types political systems worldwide according authentic social ethnic racial social history indeed even comparative constructions political association shift starting one country onto next


instance india united states majority rule nations nonetheless us liberal vote based presidential system contrasted parliamentary system used india even political decision measure diverse united states found light indian popular government united states president leader india prime minister relative legislative issues encourage us comprehend central contracts two nations altogether different regardless majority rule field study critical fields international relations conflict


resolution near politics encourages international relations clarify worldwide legislative issues present winning conditions worldwide although subfields political science comparative politics examines causes international strategy effect worldwide approaches frameworks homegrown political conduct working history field harry h eckstein traces history field comparative politics back aristotle sees string thinkers machiavelli montesquieu gaetano mosca max weber vilfredo pareto robert michels james bryce ''modern democracies'' carl joachim


friedrich ''constitutional government democracy'' contributing history two traditions reaching back aristotle plato philippe c schmitter argues family tree comparative politics two main traditions one invented aristotle calls sociological constitutionalism second traced back plato calls legal constitutionalism schmitter places various scholars tradition ''sociological constitutionalism'' classic scholars tradition polybius machiavelli montesquieu benjamin constant alexis de tocqueville lorenz von stein karl marx moisei ostrogorski max weber emile durkheim roberto michels gaetano mosca vilfredo


pareto herbert tingsten schmitter argues twentieth century tradition known label historical political sociology included scholars stein rokkan th marshall reinhard bendix otto kirchheimer seymour martin lipset juan linz hans daalder mattei dogan sn eisenstadt harry eckstein dankwart rustow ''legal constitutionalism'' classic scholars tradition l duguit georges burdeau james bryce lawrence lowell woodrow wilson schmitter argues twentieth century tradition continued maurice duverger herman finer samuel finer giovanni sartori carl j friedrich samuel beer jean blondel


fa hermens klaus von beyme periodization field political science gerardo l munck offers following periodization evolution modern comparative politics field political science understood academic discipline united states constitution political science discipline behavioral revolution post behavioral period second scientific revolution contemporary patterns present since turn century several trends field detected end pretense rational choice theory hegemonize field lack


unifying metatheory greater attention causal inference increased use experimental methods continued use observation methods including qualitative methods new concern hegemony methods theorizing given much attention substantive areas research definitions comparative politics traced back greek philosophy plato 's republic aristotle 's ''the politics'' modern sub discipline comparative politics constituted research across range substantive areas including study politics democratic states politics authoritarian states public goods provision distributive politics political violence political identity including


politics similar isms international relations scholarship ref name ref methodology name subfield suggests one methodological approach ''the comparative method'' political scientists comparative politics use diversity social scientific methods scientists elsewhere field including experiments comparative historical analysis case studies survey methodology ethnography researchers choose methodological approach comparative politics driven two concerns ontological orientation type question phenomenon interest mill 's comparative method similar systems design mill 's method difference method consists comparing similar cases differ


' 'dependent variable'' assumption would make easier find ''independent variables'' explain presence absence dependent variable ref name anckar carsten anckar carsten applicability similar systems design different systems design comparative research international journal social research methodology informaworld web june ref different systems design mill 's method similarity method consists comparing different cases however common ' 'dependent variable'' circumstance present cases


regarded ''independent variable'' ref name anckar carsten subnational comparative analysis since turn century many students comparative politics compared units within country relatedly growing discussion richard snyder calls subnational comparative method see also comparative historical research ''comparative political studies'' comparative law critical juncture theory historical institutionalism historical sociology international relations political science political sociology institutional economics references references reading alford robert r roger friedland ''powers theory capitalism state democracy'' new york cambridge university press almond gabriel


politics comparative pp david l sills ed ''international encyclopaedia social sciences'' vol new york macmillan baldez lisa gender lacuna comparative politics ''perspectives politics'' boix carles susan c stokes eds ''the oxford handbook comparative politics'' oxford uk oxford university press campus donatella gianfranco pasquino eds ''masters political science'' vol colchester ecpr press campus donatella gianfranco pasquino martin bull eds ''masters political science'' vol colchester ecpr press chilcote ronald h ''theories comparative politics search


paradigm revisited'' second edition boulder westview press daalder hans ed ''comparative european politics story profession'' london pinter dosek tomas multilevel research designs case selection levels analysis scope conditions ''studies comparative international development'' eckstein harry perspective comparative politics past present pp david apter harry eckstein eds ''comparative politics reader'' new york free press glencoe https uksagepubcom sites default files upm binaries ch pdf janos andrew c ''politics paradigms changing theories change social science'' stanford cal stanford university press landman todd neil robinson


'''energy policy''' manner given entity often governmental decided address issues energy development including energy conversion distribution use attributes energy policy may include legislation international treaties incentives investment guidelines energy conservation taxation public policy techniques energy core component modern economies functioning economy requires labor capital also energy manufacturing processes transportation communication agriculture energy planning detailed energy policy background concerning term energy policy importance implementation

Applied science
Public administration
Energy policy


eco energy oriented policy global level address issues global warming climate changes accentuated although research ongoing human dimensions energy use increasing interest business utilities policymakers using social sciences gain insights energy consumer behavior empower policymakers make better decisions broad based climate energy options could facilitate efficient energy use renewable energy commercialization carbon emission reductions access energy critical basic social needs lighting heating cooking healthcare given importance energy


price energy direct effect jobs economic productivity business competitiveness cost goods services energy sources measured different physical units liquid fuels barrels gallons natural gas cubic feet coal short tons electricity kilowatts kilowatthours private energy policy private energy policy refers company 's approach energy companies committed set climate targets across operations value chains aligned limiting global temperature rise c pre industrial levels reaching net zero emissions later


national energy policy measures used produce energy policy usaid 's mission director pakistan john groarke group photo live line trainers energy policy program september national energy policy comprises set measures involving country 's laws treaties agency directives energy policy sovereign nation may include one following measures statement national policy regarding energy planning energy generation transmission usage legislation commercial energy activities trading transport storage etc legislation affecting energy use efficiency standards emission standards instructions state owned


reconcile global objectives international rules domestic needs laws governments state explicit energy policy declared government practices type energy policy economic energy modelling used governmental inter governmental bodies advisory analysis tool see economic model poles factors within energy policy number elements naturally contained national energy policy regardless measures used arrive resultant policy chief elements intrinsic energy policy


functions specific mechanisms eg taxes incentives manufacturing standards place implement total policy want develop promote plan get world zero co sub sub emissions future consequences national security foreign policy state province municipal energy policy even within state proper talk energy policies plural influential entities municipal regional governments energy industries exercise policy policy measures available entities lesser sovereignty may equally important


ministry mines energy mme national council energy policy cnpe portuguese language acronym national agency petroleum natural gas biofuels anp national agency electricity aneel ref name weo iea world energy outlook ref ref name ctgas ref state owned companies petrobras eletrobr major players brazil 's energy sector canada united states current locations across us nuclear waste stored currently major issues us energy policy revolve around rapidly growing production domestic north american energy resources us drive toward energy independence


incentives hydropower geothermal energy climate change technology united states british thermal units btu measure heat energy commonly used comparing different types energy total us primary energy consumption equal british thermal units btu quadrillion btu europe european union goal southern gas corridor connects giant shah deniz gas field azerbaijan europe reduce europe 's dependency russian gas although european union legislated set targets negotiated internationally


area energy policy many years evolved european coal steel community concept introducing mandatory common european union energy policy approved meeting european council october london following first policy proposals ''energy changing world'' published european commission january well known energy policy objectives eu objectives binding eu member states eu planning increase share renewable energy final energy use


reduce greenhouse gases increase energy efficiency germany september german government adopted set ambitious goals transform national energy system reduce national greenhouse gas emissions relative ref name bmwi bmu ref transformation become known ''energiewende'' subsequently government decided phase nation 's fleet nuclear reactors complete ref name bruninx etal ref country making steady progress transition ref name bmwi ref united kingdom br energy policy


united kingdom achieved success reducing energy intensity still relatively high reducing energy poverty maintaining energy supply reliability date united kingdom ambitious goal reduce carbon dioxide emissions future years unclear whether programs place sufficient achieve objective way efficient france still hard regarding energy self sufficiency united kingdom policy address issue concede historic energy self sufficiency currently ceasing exist due decline north


sea oil production regard transport united kingdom historically good policy record encouraging public transport links cities despite encountering problems high speed trains potential reduce dramatically domestic short haul european flights policy however significantly encourage hybrid vehicle use ethanol fuel use options represent viable short term means moderate rising transport fuel consumption regarding renewable energy united kingdom goals wind tidal energy white paper energy set target uk 's energy must


kyoto protocol numerous scholars note russia uses energy exports foreign policy instrument towards countries switzerland september chambers swiss parliament voted ''energiestrategie '' set measures replace electrical energy produced atomic reactors renewable energy reduce use fossil fuel increase efficiency energy consumption decision challenged national referendum may swiss people voted referendum thereby confirming decision taken parliament turkey turkey trying secure national energy supply


reduce imports fossil fuel costs large part turkey 's import bill includes using energy efficiently however little research done policies turkey uses reduce energy poverty also include subsidies home heating electricity use energy strategy includes within context sustainable development giving due consideration environmental concerns along energy chain turkey 's energy policy criticised looking much beyond sufficiently involving private sector inconsistent turkey 's climate policy asia china


energy policy china connected industrial policy goals china 's industrial policy dictate energy needs india energy policy india characterized trades four major drivers rapidly growing economy need dependable reliable supply electricity gas petroleum products increasing household incomes need affordable adequate supply electricity clean cooking fuels limited domestic reserves fossil fuels need import vast fraction gas crude oil petroleum product requirements recently need import coal


well indoor urban regional environmental impacts necessitating need adoption cleaner fuels cleaner technologies recent years challenges led major set continuing reforms restructuring focus energy conservation thailand energy policy thailand characterized increasing energy consumption efficiency increasing domestic energy production increasing private sector 's role energy sector increasing role market mechanisms setting energy prices policies consistent since despite various changes governments pace form


industry liberalization privatization highly controversial bangladesh first national energy policy nep bangladesh formulated ministry power energy mineral resources ensure proper exploration production distribution rational use energy resources meet growing energy demands different zones consuming sectors consumers groups sustainable basis rapid change global well domestic situation policy updated updated policy included additional objectives namely ensure environmentally sound sustainable energy development programmes causing minimum damage environment encourage public


private sector participation development management energy sector bring entire country electrification year oceania australia australia 's energy policy features combination coal power stations hydro electricity plants australian government decided build nuclear power plants although one world 's largest producers uranium see also energy world resources consumption energy balance energy society energy law energie cit environmental policy nuclear energy policy oil shockwave relp renewable energy law policy review renewable energy policy world forum energy regulation wfer


references reading eraldo banovac marinko stojkov dra kozak designing global energy policy model proceedings institution civil engineers energy vol issue february pp nbsp https doiorg jener armstrong robert c catherine wolfram robert gross nathan lewis mv ramana et al http wwwnaturecom articles nenergy frontiers energy ''nature energy'' vol january deitchman benjamin h climate clean energy policy state institutions economic implications routledge fouquet roger peter jg pearson seven centuries energy services price use light united kingdom ''energy journal''


lifset robert ed ''american energy policy s'' university oklahoma press pages nye david e ''consuming power social history american energies'' mit press pratt joseph ''exxon transforming energy '' pp external links http wwweuractivcom articletcmuri tcm type linksdossier '' geopolitics eu energy supply '' euractiv july https webarchiveorg web http wwwifriorg frontdispatcher ifri recherche energie language us '' ifri energy program '' ifri https webarchiveorg web http wwwdtigovuk energy whitepaper indexshtml '' energy future creating low carbon economy '' uk february https webarchiveorg web http europaeuint comm energy transport en lpi lv en html final report green paper '' towards european strategy security energy supply '' eu june http wwwieaorg textbase publications indexasp pubs '' energy policies country x '' series international energy agency https obamawhitehousearchivesgov energy


report president bush 's national energy policy group may https newsyahoocom fctmpl fc cid us cat energy policy yahoo news full coverage energy policy http esaunorg un energy un energy global energy policy co ordination https webarchiveorg web http wwwcoloradoedu law eesi energy environmental security initiative eesi http wwwren net renewable energy policy network ren http wwwcgsuiucedu resources policy brief cgs pb pdf interesting discussion co emissions center global studies http wwwenerdatanet enerdatauk knowledge eshop market report categoryphp information energy institutions policies local energy companies country enerdata publications https webarchiveorg web http wwwdwde top stories energy policy energy policy germany website deutsche welle tv german energiewende secondary sector economy energy economics environmental social science


'''computational economics''' interdisciplinary research discipline involves computer science economics management science ref name compecon ''computational economics'' https wwwspringercom economics economic theory journal journal https wwwspringercom economics economic theory journal changeheader aims scope ref subject encompasses computational modeling economic systems whether agent based ref name page scott e page agent based models ''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' nd edition http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde edition current q agent based computational modeling topicid result number abstract ref general equilibrium macroeconomic rational expectations computational econometrics statistics computational finance computational tools design automated internet markets programming tool specifically designed computational economics teaching computational economics areas unique others extend traditional areas

Social science
Economics
Computational economics


economics solving problems tedious study without computers associated numerical methods computational economics uses computer based economic modelling solution analytically statistically formulated economic problems research program end agent based computational economics ace computational study economic processes including whole economies dynamic systems interacting agents economic adaptation complex adaptive systems paradigm agent refers computational objects modeled interacting according rules real people ref name page agents represent social biological physical entities theoretical assumption


mathematical optimisation agents equilibrium replaced less restrictive postulate agents bounded rationality ''adapting'' market forces including game theoretical contexts ref name comp gt joseph halpern computer science game theory ''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' nd edition http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde c edition current q topicid result number abstract br nbsp nbsp yoav shoham computer science game theory ''communications acm'' pp http wwwroboticsstanfordedu shoham www papers csgt cacm shohampdf br nbsp nbsp alvin e roth economist engineer game theory experimentation computation tools design economics ''econometrica'' pp http kuznetsfasharvardedu aroth papers engineerpdf ref starting initial conditions determined modeler ace


model develops forward time driven solely agent interactions scientific objective method test theoretical findings real world data ways permit empirically supported theories cumulate time research building work computational solution tools include example software carrying various matrix operations eg matrix inversion solving systems linear non linear equations following journals specialise computational economics ''acm transactions economics computation'' ''computational economics'' ref name compecon ''journal applied econometrics'' ''journal economic dynamics control'' ''journal


economic interaction coordination'' references references external links http comp econorg society computational economics http wwwjedccom journal economic dynamics control publishes articles computational economics https www econiastateedu tesfatsi acehtm agent based computational economics maintained leigh tesfatsion https wwwscribdcom doc use agent based models regional science mark kimura use agent based models regional science study agent based models simulate urban agglomeration https webarchiveorg web http johnstachurskinet lectures indexhtml computational economics python series lectures http wwwessexacuk ccfea computational finance economic agents https wwwspringercom economics economic theory journal journal economic interaction coordination official journal association economic science heterogeneous interacting agents https webarchiveorg web http wwwuni bambergde vwl wipo chair economic policy university bamberg


germany https webarchiveorg web http buckystanfordedu numericalmethods pubcode defaulthtm repository public domain computational solutions mathematical economics computational fields study mathematical quantitative methods economics


'''strategic geography''' concerned control access spatial areas affect security prosperity nations spatial areas concern strategic geography change human needs development field subset human geography subset general study geography also related geostrategy strategic geography branch science deals study spatial areas affect security prosperity nation see also geostrategy reading brzezinski zbigniew ''the grand chessboard american primacy

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Strategic geography


geostrategic imperatives'' new york basic books daclon corrado maria ''geopolitics environment wider approach global challenges'' italy comunit internazionale sioi faringdon hugh ''strategic geography nato warsaw pact superpowers'' routledge gray colin geoffrey sloan ''geopolitics geography strategy'' portland frank cass kemp g harkavy r ''strategic geography changing middle east'' carnegie endowment international peace cooperation brookings institution press mackinder halford j https webarchiveorg web http wwwnduedu inss books books earlier democratic ideals reality dirpdf ''democratic ideals reality'' washington dc national defense university press


'''macrosociology''' large scale approach sociology emphasizing analysis social systems populations structural level often necessarily high level theoretical abstraction though macrosociology ' 'does'' concern individuals families constituent aspects society relation larger social system elements part approach also able analyze generalized collectivities eg ''the'' city ''the'' church contrast ''micro' 'sociology focuses individual social agency macrosociology however deals broad societal trends later applied smaller features society


vice versa differentiate macrosociology deals issues war whole distress third world countries poverty national international level environmental deprivation whereas microsociology analyses issues individual features war eg camaraderie one 's pleasure violence etc role women third world countries poverty 's effect family immigration impacts country 's environment ref name lenski society considered collective human populations politically autonomous members engage broad range cooperative activities ref name lenski lenski gerhard ''human societies introduction


macrosociology'' mcgraw hill ref people germany example deemed society whereas people german heritage whole including populate countries would considered society per se ref name lenski theoretical strategies number theoretical strategies within contemporary macrosociology though four approaches particular influence '''idealist strategy''' attempts explain basic features social life reference creative capacity human mind idealists believe human uniqueness lies fact humans attach symbolic meanings actions ref name sanderson sanderson stephen k


''macrosociology introduction human societies'' harper row ref '''materialist strategy''' attempts explain basic features human social life terms practical material conditions existence including nature physical environment level technology organization economic system ref name lenski '''functionalist strategy''' structural functionalism functionalism essentially states societies complex systems interrelated interdependent parts part society significantly influences others moreover part society exists specific function perform contributing society


whole societies tend toward state equilibrium homeostasis disturbance part society parts adjust restore stability society whole ref name lenski '''conflict theoretical strategy''' conflict theory rejects idea societies tend toward basic consensus harmony features society work everyone 's good rather basic structure society determined individuals groups acquiring scarce resources satisfy needs wants thus creating endless conflicts ref name lenski


historical macrosociology historical macrosociology understood approach uses ''historical knowledge'' try solve problems seen field macrosociology ref name lenski globalization affected world also influenced historical macrosociology leading development two distinct branches '''comparative historical sociology''' chs branch historical macrosociology bases analysis states searching generalizations common properties principles variation among instances across time space recently argued globalization poses threat chs way


developed integrative effort link micro macro sociological phenomena found anthony giddens 's theory ' 'structuration'' social structure defined constraining enabling human activity well internal external actor ref name borgatta borgatta edgar f ''encyclopedia sociology'' simon schuster macmillan ref attempts link micro macro phenomena evident growing body empirical research work appears follow giddens' view constraining enabling nature social structure human activity need link structure action appears safe


say macrosociology always remain central component sociological theory research increasing effort devoted creating workable models link microcounterpart ref name borgatta see also base superstructure cliodynamics general systems theory modernization theory sociocybernetics structure agency systems philosophy references reading tilly charles http professor murmanninfo tilly macrosoc past futurepdf macrosociology past future ''newsletter comparative historical sociology'' american sociological association francois p j g manning harvey whitehouse rob brennan et al macroscope global history seshat global history databank methodological overview ''digital humanities


'''microsociology''' one main levels analysis focuses sociology concerning nature everyday human social interactions agency small scale face face ref name smelser neil j ''problematics sociology'' ref microsociology based interpretative analysis rather statistical empirical observation ref name goffman erving ''relations public'' ref shares close association philosophy phenomenology methods include symbolic interactionism ethnomethodology ethnomethodology particular led many academic sub divisions studies micro linguistical research related aspects human social behaviour macrosociology contrast concerns social structure


broader systems theory microsociology exists umbrella term perspectives focus agency max weber 's theory social action body distinct techniques particularly american sociology term conceived georges gurvitch borrowing term micro physics referring irreducible unstable nature everyday forms sociality also provided extra dimension studies social psychology sociology social anthropology focusing individual interaction thinking within groups rather large social group societal behaviour micro


level social status social roles important components social structure microsociology forms important perspective many fields study including modern psychosocial studies conversational analysis human computer interaction microsociology continues profound influence research human fields often names competing frames reference considered face face interaction studied least three distinct overlapping ways psychology intersubjectivity microsociology ref name erving goffman however saw central tension durkheimian approaches drawn ethology especially respect interpersonal ritual ref name


followers seen durkheimian microsociology key understanding large scale social conflict well ref name collins randall ''interaction ritual chains'' ref erving goffman 's theories social interaction challenged sociologists redirect focus questionable aspects social behavior ref name ref contrary erving goffman 's theory mile durkheim believed advanced methodological principles guide sociologists research social fact ref name influences sartre work phenomenology social dynamics ''critique dialectical reason'' written late called microsociology valid theory human


relations j rgen habermas pierre bourdieu two recent theorists put microsociological concepts good use works famous psychiatrist rd laing much influenced garfinkel 's ideas degradation ceremonies another famous english writer polymath greatly influenced ideas studying minutiae human social action jonathan miller humanistic social work key issues categories principles microsociology human relations face face interaction interpretive qualitative analysis attachment empathy micro level analysis human behavior micro community everyday human life human context microculture focus agency influenced still influences


today social work theory practice crucial role emergence humanistic social work petru stefaroi ref name stefaroi stefaroi petru humanistic paradigm social work brief introduction humanistic social work ''social work review'' ref response structural systemic social work theoretically originates macrosociology mesosociology malcolm payne considers microsociology fundamental theoretical methodological source postmodern innovative orientation contemporary social work especially humanistic social work practice ref name payne malcolm payne ''humanistic social work core principles practice'' chicago palgrave macmillan p ref research


research begins evaluating social life individuals goal showing reciprocal relationship events actions nature societal context occur empirical evidence recorded conversations microsociology emotion proved particular interest students interaction ritual ref name see also generalized george herbert mead human ethology kurt lewin proxemics socialization references reading turner jonathan h ''sociology'' pearson education upper saddle river nj external links http wwwsocucsbedu faculty scheff pdf thomas scheff 'microsociology' methods sociology


'' 'registrar''' official keeper records made register term may refer education registrar education official academic institution handles student records registrar university oxford one senior officials university government records registrar law official charge court registry usually judicial appointment registrar companies india registrar general government officer britain commonwealth nations concerned civil registration registrar general 's department government ghana agency responsible registration companies business registrar treasury office

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Registrar


united states treasury department county registrar official irish circuit court carries quasi judicial administrative functions office registrar indigenous corporations australian government statutory office superintendent registrar senior official register office united kingdom canada registrar general canada responsible registering documents issued great seal canada privy seal canada registrar imported vehicles program help regulate canada motor vehicle safety standards medicine specialist registrar medical doctor united kingdom receiving advanced training specialist field senior


registrar type medical dental practitioner uk ireland australia specialty registrar new training grade intended replace specialist registrar technology telecommunication registrar software software used personnel human resources hr area businesses domain name registrar company authorized register internet domain names drop registrar domain name registrar registers expiring internet domain names pool registrar component reliable server pooling software design sip registrar session initiation protocol endpoint accepts register requests uses registrar church england ecclesiastical office registrar museum responsible


implementing policies procedures relate caring collections british term stock transfer agent see also register disambiguation registrar copyrights disambiguation registry disambiguation


'''political psychology''' interdisciplinary academic field dedicated understanding politics politicians political behavior psychological perspective psychological processes using socio political perspectives relationship politics psychology considered bidirectional psychology used lens understanding politics politics used lens understanding psychology interdisciplinary field political psychology borrows wide range disciplines including anthropology sociology international relations economics philosophy media journalism history political psychology aims understand interdependent relationships individuals contexts influenced beliefs motivation perception cognition information

Social science
Psychology
Political psychology


processing learning strategies socialization attitude formation political psychological theory approaches applied many contexts leadership role domestic foreign policy making behavior ethnic violence war genocide group dynamics conflict racist behavior voting attitudes motivation voting role media nationalism political extremism essence political psychologists study foundations dynamics outcomes political behavior using cognitive social explanations history early influences france political psychology originated western europe france closely tied emergence new disciplines paradigms well


precise social political context various countries discipline political psychology formally introduced franco prussian war socialist revolution stirred rise paris commune term ''political psychology'' first introduced ethnologist adolf bastian book ''man history'' philosopher hippolyte taine founder ecole libre de sciences politiques applied bastian 's theories works ''the origins contemporary france'' ideas founding development third republic head ecole libre de sciences politiques mile


leadership suggested embracing nationalism would remedy italy meanwhile italy risorgimento instigated various social reforms voting rights large division social class period led lawyer gaetano mosca publish work ''the ruling class elements political science'' theorized presence ruling ruled classes societies vilfredo pareto inspired mosca 's concepts contributed ''the rise fall elites'' ''the socialist system'' discipline political psychology theorizing role class social systems


work ''the mind society'' offers sociology treatise mosca pareto 's texts italian elite contributed theories robert michels michels german socialist fascinated distinction largely lower class run parliament germany upper class run parliament italy wrote ''political parties sociological study oligarchic tendencies modern democracy'' austria large psychoanalytical influence contributed discipline political psychology sigmund freud texts ''totem taboo'' ''group psychology analysis ego''


linked psychoanalysis politics freud bullitt developed first psychobiographical explanation personality characteristics us president woodrow wilson affected decision making world war wilhelm reich inspired effects world war ii interested whether personality types varied according epoch culture class described bidirectional effect group society environment personality combined freudian marxist theories book ''the mass psychology fascism'' also edited ''the journal political psychology sexual economy'' first journal


present political psychology principal western language germany germany novice political alterations fascist control world war ii spurred research authoritarianism frankfurt school philosopher herbert marcuse opened issues concerning freedom authority book ''reason revolution hegel rise social theory'' suggested groups compromise individual rights theodor adorno also investigated authoritarian individuals anti semitism report ''the authoritarian personality'' attempts determine personality type susceptible following fascism anti democratic propaganda nazi movements world war ii also spurred controversial


science psychology men acting masses ref name rudmin p referred science instrument clarification mistaken beliefs intention ref name rudmin p intellectual graham wallas implicated significance studying psychology politics ''human nature politics'' wallace emphasized importance enlightening politicians public psychological processes order raise awareness exploitation developing control one 's psychological intellect suggested ''great society'' recognition processes could help build functional humanity united states across atlantic first


american considered political psychologist harold lasswell whose research also spurred sociological fascination world war work ''propaganda technique world war'' discussed use applying psychological theories order enhance propaganda technique lasswell moved europe shortly started tie freudian adler personality theories politics published ''psychopathology politics'' major theories involved motives politically active relation propaganda personality another contributing factor development political psychology introduction


drew attention possibility measuring political techniques using psychological theories entry us world war ii spiraled vast research fields war technique propaganda group moral psycho biography culture conflict name us army navy recruiting young psychologists thus discipline quickly developed gained international accreditation hadley cantril l free established institute international social research focus attention primarily psychological changes influence political behavior ways significant effect international relations studied governments terms


psychology focuses effects leadership personality decision making consequences mass personality leadership boundaries key personality approaches utilized political psychology psychoanalytic theories trait based theories motive based theories psychoanalytical approach sigmund freud made significant contributions study personality political psychology theories unconscious motives behavior freud suggested leader 's behavior decision making skill largely determined interaction personality id ego superego control pleasure principle reality principle psychoanalytic approach also


used extensively psychobiographies political leaders psychobiographies draw inferences personal social political development starting childhood understand behavior patterns implemented predict decision making motives strategies trait based approach traits personality characteristics show stable time different situations creating predispositions perceive respond particular ways gordon allport realized study traits introducing central secondary cardinal common traits four distinctions suggest people demonstrate traits varying degrees difference individual common traits


motivation leader ruling needs consistent success motives shown correlated highly situation time since last goal fulfillment rather consistent traits thematic apperception test tat commonly used assessing motives however case leadership assessment test difficult implement therefore applicable tests often used content analysis speeches interviews frameworks assessing personality authoritarian personality authoritarian personality syndrome theory developed researchers adorno frenkel brunswick levinson


personality types persons described swinging depending yet resenting authority syndrome theorized encompass nine characteristics conventionalism authoritarian submission authoritarian aggression anti intraception opposition subjective imaginative tendencies superstition stereotypy power toughness destructiveness cynicism sex obsession projectivity authoritarian personality type suggested ethnocentric ego defensive mentally rigid conforming conventional adverse ordinary conservative political views book ''the authoritarian personality'' introduces several scales based different authoritarian personality types f scale measures


degree fascist attitudes develop anti semitism scale ethnocentrism scale politico economic conservatism scale f scale however scale expected measure implicit authoritarian personality tendencies bob altemeyer deconstructed authoritarian personality using trait analysis developed right wing authoritarianism rwa scale based traits authoritarian submission authoritarian aggression conventionalism altmeyer suggested score high f scale low ability critical thinking therefore less able contradict authority altmeyer 's theories also incorporate psychodynamic point view suggesting authoritarian personality types


taught parents believe world dangerous place thus impulses lead make impulsive emotional irrational decisions beliefs behavior authoritarian suggested easily manipulated authority instead based internal values altmeyer also theorized leaders authoritarian personality types susceptible fundamental attribution error many weaknesses associated syndrome f scale may relevant period produced shortly world war ii authoritarian


personality generally related fascist image however suggested explain behavior individuals political fields trait based frameworks trait based frameworks excluding freudian approach suggested james barber ''the presidential character'' highlighted importance psychobiography political personality analysis barber suggested leadership personality comprised three dimensions character world view style barber also proposed leadership typology followed pattern leading individuals first political success includes two variables effort leader puts personal satisfaction leader


gains typology fairly limited dimensions etheredge proposed importance traits dominance interpersonal trust self esteem introversion extroversion leadership views policy shaping etheredge found studies leaders soviet union scored highly dominance likely support use force debate settlement found trait introversion lead lack co operation extroversion usually leads cooperation negotiation suggested interpersonal trust self esteem closely related advocating force margaret hermann introduced


leader trait assessment lta advocated development profiler plus profiler plus computer system used code spontaneous interview answers seven major characteristics need power cognitive complexity task interpersonal emphasis self confidence locus control distrust others ethnocentrism method profile large bodies leadership related text whilst removing subjective bias content analysis efficient high reliability hermann preston suggested distinct variables leadership style involvement policy making willingness tolerate conflict level reasons motivation information managing strategies


group group size group size various consequences smaller groups individuals committed patterson schaeffer lower turnover rate widmeyer brawley carron large groups display greater levels divergence o'dell less conformity olson caddell group performance also diminishes size increase due decreased co ordination free riding size political party nation therefore consequential effects ability co ordinate progress group structure structure group altered member diversity largely affects efficiency individual diversity


group proven demonstrate less communication therefore increase conflict maznevski implications political parties based strongly colonial multiracial nations member diversity consequences status role allocation role strain within group cause disagreement thus maintenance group cohesion key cohesion affected several factors amount time members spend group amount members like one another amount reward group offers amount external threat group level warmth offered


power individuals satisfies sense affiliation gain popularity shutz 's fundamental interpersonal relations orientation theory suggests groups satisfy need control intimacy inclusion groups also form due natural attraction newcomb states drawn others close socioeconomic status beliefs attitudes physical appearance similarity certain respects thus related much person attracted joining one group another group development group development tends happen several stages forming storming norming performing adjourning tuckman group awareness stages


important order members acknowledge process taking place certain stages storming part progression discouraged cause fear instability awareness group development also allows models implemented order manipulate different stages external influences upon group different effects depending upon stage group course implications open group depending upon stage development strength consistency also


key aspect group success wood influence conformity groups application conformity key understanding group influence political behaviour decision making within group largely influenced conformity theorized occur based two motives normative social influence informational social influence asch chance conformity influenced several factors increase group size certain degree plateaus degree unanimity commitment group therefore degree popularity political group influenced


existing size believed unanimity commitment public already existing members degree group conforms whole also influenced degree individuation members also conformity within political groups related term ''political coalition'' humans represent groups special category individual example cognitive simplicity ancestral groups anthropomorphize similar thoughts values historical background even though member group may irrational


wrong argument political issue high possibility members conform mere fact coalition influence power groups power another influential factor within group separate groups critical bases power developed french raven allocates following types power successful reward power coercive power legitimate power referent power expert power way power exerted upon group repercussive outcomes popularity referent power results


greater popularity political group leader coercive power shaw condelli implications leaders manipulate others identify rather enforce consequential punishment however coercive power enforced success trusted leader friedland necessary order group conflict escalate extrinsic punishment reward also suggested detract intrinsic motivation sense freedom must advocated group decision making groups decision making important political process influences course country 's policy group decision making largely


influenced three rules majority wins rule truth wins rule first shift rule decision making also coerced conformity irrational decisions generally made emotional periods example unpopular political party may receive votes period actual perceived economic political instability controversial studies george marcus however imply high levels anxiety actually cause individual analyze information rationally carefully resulting well informed successful decisions psychology decision making however must analyzed accordance whether within leadership context group


context implementation successful decision making often enhanced group decision making hill especially decision important group group working together extended period time watson michaelson sharp however groups also hinder decision making correct answer clear janis introduced notion groupthink advocates increased chance groups making faulty decisions several conditions strong group cohesion isolation group decision public review presence directive leader group high stress levels group polarization


janis suggests group decision making often extreme whether risky cautious ''groupthink'' refers mode thinking people engage deeply involved cohesive group members' striving unanimity override motivation realistically appraise alternative courses action techniques establish effective decision making skills political dimensions suggested hirt markman claim implementing individual group find faults critique enable members establish alternative view points george suggested multiple advocacy


implements neutral person analyses pros cons various advocate suggestions thus makes informed decision applied psychology theories improve productivity political groups include implementing team development techniques quality circles autonomous work groups using psychology understanding certain political behaviors evolution evolutionary psychology plays significant role understanding current political regime came approach focuses structure human behavior claiming dependence social ecological environment developed natural selection human brain functions react appropriately environmental


challenges coalitional conflict using psychological mechanisms modifications example political conflict would involve state aggression war psychological mechanisms work digest taken internal external information regarding current habitat project suited form action acts aggression retrieval dominance submission forth voting behavior order make inferences predictions behavior concerning voting decision certain key public influences must considered influences include role emotions political socialization political sophistication tolerance diversity political views


media effect influences voting behavior best understood theories formation attitudes beliefs schema knowledge structures practice information processing degree voting decision affected internal processing systems political information external influences alters quality making truly democratic decisions conflict application psychology understanding conflict extreme acts violence understood individual group terms political conflict often consequence ethnic disparity ethnocentrism sumner individual level participators situations conflict


aid group disengage relating research dan kahan demonstrated individuals resistant accepting new political views even presented evidence challenges views research also demonstrated individual required write sentences experiences enjoyed spend moments affirming self worth individual likely accept new political position although somewhat unusual evolutionary psychology also explain conflicts politics international society journal article anthony c lopez rose mcdermott michael


bang petersen uses idea give hypothesis explain political events according authors instincts psychological characteristics developed evolution still existent modern people suggest human adaptation executers people designed natural selection utility maximizers people strive utility every moment though group people perhaps political coalition may seem pursue common utility maximization difficult generalize theory utility maximizers nation view people evolved small groups approach helps


scholars explain seemingly irrational behaviors like aggressiveness politics international society irrational behavior would result mismatch modern world evolutionary psychology example according evolutionary psychology coalitional aggression commonly found males psychological mechanism designed since ancestral times times men earn winning wars compared women chance finding mate even many mates also victorious men chance reproduction eventually led succession aggressive eager war dnas


result authors hypothesize countries men tend show aggressive politics thereby possibility triggering conflicts within especially among states indeed exceptions exists theory hypothesis however viable enough hypothesis tested explain certain political events like war crisis terrorism individual level terrorism explained terms psychopathology terrorists demonstrated show narcissistic personality traits lasch pearlstein jerrold post argues narcissistic borderline personality disorders


found terrorists mechanisms splitting externalization used terrorists others silke mastors deffenbaugh refute view crenshaw showed certain terrorist groups actually careful enlisting demonstrating pathology authoritarian personality theory also used explanation terrorist behavior individuals terms explaining reasons individuals join terrorist groups motivational theories need power need affiliation intimacy suggested festinger explained people often join groups order compare


beliefs attitudes joining terrorist group could method remedy individual uncertainty taylor louis explained individuals strive meaningful behavior also used explain terrorists look radical beliefs demonstrations studies children northern ireland field shown exposure violence lead terrorist behavior later implicating effect developing acceptable norms groups however view also criticized taylor theories suggest goal frustration result aggression dollard doob miller mower sears


aggression lead frustration borum group settings cause social identity terrorist behavior manifest methods dehumanization allow individuals detach easily moral responsibility group influence increase chance individuals concede conformity compliance manipulations social control propaganda also instrument terrorist involvement fact strategic model proposed examine political motivations terrorists strategic model dominant paradigm terrorism studies considers terrorists rational actors attack civilians political ends according view terrorists political


utility maximizers strategic model rests three core assumptions terrorists motivated relatively stable consistent political preferences terrorists evaluate expected political payoffs available options terrorism adopted expected political return superior alternative options however turns terrorists' decision making process fully conform strategic model according max abrahms author terrorists really want terrorist motives counterterrorism strategy seven common tendencies represent important empirical puzzles strategic model going


related term equated emergency management emergency planning ideals emergency planning discipline urban planning design aims prevent emergencies occurring failing initiates efficient action plan mitigate results effects emergencies development emergency plans cyclical process common many risk management disciplines business continuity security risk management recognition identification risks ranking evaluation risks responding significant risks tolerating treating transferring terminating resourcing controls planning reaction planning reporting monitoring risk performance reviewing

Applied science
Public administration
Emergency management


relevant information order enable safe performance work physical exposures '''flood associated injuries''' flooding disasters often expose workers trauma sharp blunt objects hidden murky waters cause lacerations open closed fractures injuries exacerbated exposure often contaminated waters leading increased risk infection ref name ref risk hypothermia significantly increases prolonged exposure water temperatures less degrees fahrenheit non infectious skin conditions may also occur including miliaria immersion foot syndrome including trench foot contact dermatitis ref name '''earthquake associated injuries''' predominant


injuries related building structural components including falling debris possible crush injury burns electric shock trapped rubble chemical exposures hazardous material release chemicals pose risk human health exposed humans certain quantities natural disaster certain chemicals become prominent environment hazardous materials released directly indirectly chemical hazards directly released natural disaster often occur time event impeding planned actions mitigation indirect release hazardous chemicals intentionally released


unintentionally released example intentional release insecticides used flood chlorine treatment water flood chemicals controlled engineering minimize release natural disaster strikes example agrochemicals inundated storehouses manufacturing facilities poisoning floodwaters asbestos fibers released building collapse hurricane ref name young ref flowchart right adopted research performed stacy young ''et al'' ref name young '''exposure limits''' classification hazardous material releases associated natural disasters tlv twa pel idlh values common


flooding hurricane tornado tsunami mold growth occur exterior interior residential commercial buildings warm humid conditions encourage mold growth exact number mold species unknown examples commonly found indoor molds ''aspergillus'' ''cladosporium'' ''alternaria'' ''penicillium'' reaction molds differ individuals range mild symptoms eye irritation cough severe life threatening asthmatic allergic reactions people history chronic lung disease asthma allergy breathing problems immunocompromised could sensitive molds may develop


fungal pneumonia methods prevent mold growth natural disaster include opening doors windows using fans dry building positioning fans blow air windows cleaning building within first hours moisture control removing molds n masks respirators higher protection level used prevent inhalation molds respiratory system molds removed hard surfaces soap water diluted bleach solution commercial products '''human remains''' according centers disease control prevention cdc


contamination hand hygiene paramount prevention mental health support also available workers endure psychological stress recovery '''flood associated skin infections''' flood waters often contaminated bacteria waste chemicals prolonged direct contact waters leads increased risk skin infection especially open wounds skin history previous skin condition atopic dermatitis psoriasis infections exacerbated compromised immune system aging population ref name common bacterial skin infections usually staphylococcus


streptococcus one uncommon well known bacterial infections vibrio vulnificus causes rare often fatal infection called necrotizing fasciitis surgical debridement left leg necrotizing fasciitis salt water ''mycobacterium'' infections include slow growing ''m marinum'' fast growing ''m fortuitum'' ''m chelonae'' ''m abscessus'' fresh water bacterial infections include ''aeromonas hydrophila'' ''burkholderia pseudomallei'' causing melioidosis leptospira interrogans causing leptospirosis chromobacterium violaceum fungal infections may lead chromoblastomycosis blastomycosis mucormycosis dermatophytosis numerous arthropod protozoal parasitic infections described ref name worker reduce risk flood associated skin


plan emergency action plan eap eap written document actions employers employees take responding emergency situation according osha regulations employer must emergency action plan whenever osha standard requires one develop eap employer start workplace evaluation occupational emergency management divided worksite evaluation exposure monitoring hazard control work practices training '''worksite evaluation''' identifying source location potential hazards falling noise cold heat hypoxia infectious materials toxic chemicals


procedures training requirements different depending size workplace workforce processes used materials handled available resources charge emergency training program address following information workers' roles responsibilities potential hazards hazard preventing actions notification alarm system communications process communication means family members emergency first aid kits emergency response procedures evacuation procedures list emergency equipment including location function emergency shutdown procedures emergency action plan completed employer employees review plan carefully post


public area accessible everyone addition another responsibility employer keep record injury illness workers according osha state plan record keeping regulations implementation ideals pre incident actions develop implement review emergency management system form manual including quality assurance quality control activities ensure efficiency effectiveness time install ensure detection protection suppression systems based swiss cheese model always working demands provide intended triggers emergency occurs systems include


detect monitor provide early triggers warnings seismic meteriological fire pandemic climate change conditions inspect local public streets gutters storm entrances necessary notify public works clean repair structures cut vegetation dredge etc necessary emergency generators fill tank working capacity typically capacity issue letter access curfews employees vendors access letters government issued photo id company photo id required vehicles company corporate suppliers may enter curfew zones curfew areas allow


vehicle circulate government emergency telecommunications service supports federal state local tribal government personnel industry non governmental organizations crisis emergency providing emergency access priority handling local long distance calls public switched telephone network consider whether organization qualifies wishes pay low priority access nationwide wireless priority service allows user wait celluar telephone bandwidth open pre incident training testing team emergency responders performs training scenario involving anthrax emergency management plans procedures include identification


prepare hazards fires tornadoes lockdown protection earthquakes etc phases personal activities emergency management consists five phases prevention mitigation preparedness response recovery prevention preventive measures taken domestic international levels designed provide permanent protection disasters risk loss life injury mitigated good evacuation plans environmental planning design standards build minimum two feet five year flood level build year flood height january governments adopted year plan


make world safer natural hazards world conference disaster reduction held kobe hyogo japan results adapted framework called hyogo framework action mitigation strategy disaster mitigation measures eliminate reduce impacts risks hazards proactive measures taken emergency disaster occurs preventive mitigation measures vary different types disasters earthquake prone areas preventive measures might include structural changes installation earthquake valve instantly shut natural gas supply seismic


retrofits property securing items inside building latter may include mounting furniture refrigerators water heaters breakables walls addition cabinet latches flood prone areas houses built stilts areas prone prolonged electricity black outs installation generator ensures continuation electrical service construction storm cellars fallout shelters examples personal mitigative actions safe room reinforced structure provide near absolute protection extreme wind events tornadoes hurricanes one window door


breaks roof likely blow due pressure wind coming house closing interior doors reduces forces roof doors windows roofs rated mph winds stronger hurricanes typhoons tornadoes hurricane rated garage doors rolling accordion shutters windows reduce damages preparedness airport emergency preparedness exercise preparedness focuses preparing equipment procedures use disaster occurs equipment procedures used reduce vulnerability disaster mitigate impacts disaster respond efficiently


emergency federal emergency management agency fema proposed basic four stage vision preparedness flowing mitigation preparedness response recovery back mitigation circular planning process circular overlapping model modified agencies taught emergency classes discussed academic papers fema also operates building science branch develops produces multi hazard mitigation guidance focuses creating disaster resilient communities reduce loss life property fema advises citizens prepare homes emergency essentials event food distribution lines interrupted


satisfied feeling taking single preparedness step even single action unimportant compared measures inadequate local emergency planning committees local emergency planning committees lepcs required united states environmental protection agency emergency planning community right know act develop emergency response plan review plan least annually provide information chemicals community local citizens emergency preparedness effort focuses hazards presented use storage extremely hazardous toxic chemicals particular requirements lepcs include identification facilities


reduction addressing homeland security communities agency offers advice evaluate effectiveness committees preparedness measures preparedness measures take many forms ranging focusing individual people locations incidents broader government based hazard planning number preparedness stages hazard individual planning generally involving combination mitigation response planning business continuity planning encourages businesses disaster recovery plan community faith based organizations mitigation efforts promote field response teams inter agency planning classroom response kitschool based response teams cover everything


preparedness called small disasters red cross stated responds nearly disasters year common single family fire ref name akamai ref items shelves basement non perishable food cabinetthe basic theme behind preparedness ready emergency number different variations ready based assessment sort threats exist nonetheless basic guidance preparedness common despite area 's specific dangers fema recommends everyone three day survival kit household


individual household sizes specific needs might vary fema 's recommendations item specific list includes three day supply nonperishable food three day supply water one gallon water per person per day portable battery powered radio television extra batteries flashlight extra batteries first aid kit manual sanitation hygiene items eg toilet paper menstrual hygiene products matches waterproof container whistle extra clothing kitchen accessories cooking utensils including opener photocopies credit identification cards cash coins special needs items prescription medications eyeglasses contact lens solutions


hearing aid batteries items infants formula diapers bottles pacifiers along similar lines cdc list proper disaster supply kit ref name emergencycdcgov ref water one gallon per person per day food nonperishable easy prepare items flashlight battery powered hand crank radio noaa weather radio possible extra batteries first aid kit medications day supply medical supplies medical paperwork eg medication list pertinent medical information multipurpose tool eg swiss army knife sanitation personal hygiene items copies personal documents eg proof address deed lease home passports birth certificates insurance policies


cell phone chargers family emergency contact information extra cash emergency blanket map area extra set car keys house keys manual opener fema suggests family emergency plan occasions ref name readygov ref family members may together disaster strikes plan include reliable contact information friends relatives live outside would disaster area household members notify safe otherwise communicate along contact information fema suggests well understood local gathering points house must


evacuated quickly avoid dangers reentering burning home family emergency contact information printed cards put family member 's backpack wallet family members spend significant amount time specific location work school fema suggests learning emergency preparation plans places ref name readygov fema specific form english spanish help people put together emergency plans though lacks lines email contact information ref name readygov like children people disabilities special needs special emergency preparation


needs disability specific meaning specific organizations collecting social security benefits purposes emergency preparedness red cross uses term broader sense include people physical medical sensor cognitive disabilities elderly special needs populations depending disability specific emergency preparations may required fema 's suggestions people disabilities include copies prescriptions charging devices medical devices motorized wheelchairs week 's supply medication readily available go stay kit instances lack


competency english may lead special preparation requirements communication efforts individuals responders fema notes long term power outages cause damage beyond original disaster mitigated emergency generators power sources provide emergency power system ref name autogenerated ref united states department energy states 'homeowners business owners local leaders may take active role dealing energy disruptions active role may include installing procuring generators either portable permanently mounted run fuels


propane natural gas gasoline concerns carbon monoxide poisoning electrocution flooding fuel storage fire lead even small property owners consider professional installation maintenance ref name autogenerated major institutions like hospitals military bases educational institutions often considering extensive backup power systems instead addition fuel based power systems solar wind alternative power sources may used standalone batteries large small also used provide backup charging electrical systems devices ranging emergency lights computers cell phones united states department health


human services addresses specific emergency preparedness issues hospitals may respond including maintaining safe temperature providing adequate electricity life support systems even carrying evacuations extreme circumstances fema encourages businesses emergency response plan small business administration specifically advises small business owners also focus emergency preparedness provides variety different worksheets resources fema cautions emergencies happen people travelling well provides guidance around emergency preparedness range travelers include commuters ''commuter emergency plan'' holiday travelersreadygov number


emergency preparations specifically designed people cars preparations include full gas tank maintaining adequate windshield wiper fluid basic car maintenance tips items specific emergency include jumper cables might want include flares reflective triangle flashlights include extra batteries batteries less power colder weather first aid kit include necessary medications baby formula diapers caring small children non perishable food canned food alert liquids freezing colder weather protein rich foods like nuts energy bars manual opener


shut main circuit readygov states vital household members learn shut water main house valve cautions possibility rusty valves might require replacement response relief camp bhuj gujarat earthquake response phase emergency may commence search rescue cases focus quickly turn fulfilling basic humanitarian needs affected population assistance may provided national international agencies organizations effective coordination disaster assistance often crucial


particularly many organizations respond local emergency management agency lema capacity exceeded demand diminished disaster national response framework united states government publication explains responsibilities expectations government officials local state federal tribal levels provides guidance emergency support functions may integrated whole parts aid response recovery process personal level response take shape either shelter place evacuation evacuation signin shelter place scenario family would prepared


fend home many days without form outside support evacuation family leaves area automobile mode transportation taking maximum amount supplies carry possibly including tent shelter mechanical transportation available evacuation foot would ideally include carrying least three days supplies rain tight bedding tarpaulin bedroll blankets organized response includes evacuation measures search rescue missions provision emergency services provision basic needs recovery ad hoc


substitution critical infrastructure range technologies used purposes donations often sought period especially large disasters overwhelm local capacity due efficiencies scale money often cost effective donation fraud avoided money also flexible goods sourced locally transportation minimized local economy boosted donors prefer send gifts kind however items end creating issues rather helping one innovation occupy sandy volunteers use donation registry families


businesses impacted disaster make specific requests remote donors purchase directly via web site medical considerations vary greatly based type disaster secondary effects survivors may sustain multitude injuries include lacerations burns near drowning crush syndrome amanda ripley points among general public fires large scale disasters remarkable lack panic sometimes dangerous denial lack reaction rationalization warning signs obvious says often attributed local national character


appears universal typically followed consultations nearby people signals finally get enough attention disaster survivors advocate training everyone recognize warning signs practice responding recovery recovery phase starts immediate threat human life subsided immediate goal recovery phase bring affected area back normalcy quickly possible reconstruction recommended consider location construction material property extreme home confinement scenarios include war famine severe epidemics may last year


recovery take place inside home planners events usually buy bulk foods appropriate storage preparation equipment eat food part normal life simple balanced diet constructed vitamin pills whole grain wheat beans dried milk corn cooking oil vegetables fruits spices meats prepared fresh gardened included possible '''psychological first aid''' immediate aftermath disaster psychological first aid provided trained lay people assist disaster affected populations coping recovery trained workers offer practical support assistance securing


basic needs food water referrals needed information services psychological first aid similar medical first aid providers need licensed clinicians psychotherapy counseling debriefing goal psychological first aid help people long term recovery offering social physical emotional support contributing hopeful calm safe environment enabling help communities research states mental health often neglected first responders disaster lasting psychological impacts affected individuals


supported processing emotional experiences disaster leads increases resilience increases capacity help others crises increases community engagement processing emotional experiences done collective manner leads greater solidarity following disaster emotional experiences inherent adaptiveness within however opportunity reflected processed necessary growth occur psychological preparedness type emergency preparedness specific mental health preparedness resources offered mental health professionals organizations


red cross ref name akamai mental health preparedness resources designed support community members affected disaster disaster workers serving cdc website devoted coping disaster traumatic event event cdc substance abuse mental health services administration samhsa suggests people seek psychological help exhibit symptoms excessive worry crying frequently increase irritability anger frequent arguing wanting alone time feeling anxious fearful overwhelmed sadness confused trouble thinking clearly


increasing seeking undergraduate graduate degrees emergency management related field schools us emergency management related programs one doctoral program specifically emergency management professional certifications certified emergency manager cem certified business continuity professional cbcp ref name driiorg disaster recovery institute international https driiorg ref becoming common professional standards raised throughout field particularly united states also professional organizations emergency managers national emergency management association international association emergency managers principles dr wayne


blanchard fema 's emergency management higher education project direction dr cortez lawrence superintendent fema 's emergency management institute convened working group emergency management practitioners academics consider principles emergency management first time principles discipline codified group agreed eight principles guide development doctrine emergency management comprehensive consider take account hazards phases stakeholders impacts relevant disasters progressive anticipate future disasters take preventive preparatory measures


build disaster resistant disaster resilient communities risk driven use sound risk management principles hazard identification risk analysis impact analysis assigning priorities resources integrated ensure unity effort among levels government elements community collaborative create sustain broad sincere relationships among individuals organizations encourage trust advocate team atmosphere build consensus facilitate communication coordinated synchronize activities relevant stakeholders achieve common purpose flexible use creative innovative approaches solving disaster challenges professional value


science knowledge based approach based education training experience ethical practice public stewardship continuous improvement tools emergency management information systems continuity feature emergency management resulted new concept emergency management information systems emis continuity interoperability emergency management stakeholders emis supports infrastructure integrates emergency plans levels government non government involvement four phases emergencies healthcare field hospitals utilize hospital incident command system hics provides structure organization clearly defined chain command populations explorer us agency


international development created web based tool estimating populations impacted disasters called population explorer tool uses land scan population data developed oak ridge national laboratory distribute population resolution nbsp km sup sup countries world used usaid 's fews net project estimate populations vulnerable impacted food insecurity population explorer gaining wide use range emergency analysis response actions including estimating populations impacted floods central america pacific ocean tsunami event smaug model basis prioritizing hazard risks emergency


name annexb growth potential hazard event expand increase either probability risk community vulnerability increase potential growth may also increase example numerical ratings four criteria shown class wikitable manageability high medium low urgency high yr medium yr low yrs acceptability high priority poses significant risk low priority lower risk hazard impact


today tiems chapters benelux romania finland italy middle east north africa mena iraq india korea japan china international association emergency managers international association emergency managers iaem non profit educational organization aimed promoting goals saving lives property protection emergencies mission iaem serve members providing information networking professional opportunities advance emergency management profession seven councils around world asia canada europa international oceania student usa air force emergency management association affiliated membership


iaem provides emergency management information networking us air force emergency management personnel international recovery platform international recovery platform irp joint initiative international organizations national local governments non governmental organizations engaged disaster recovery seeking transform disasters opportunities sustainable development irp established second un world conference disaster reduction wcdr kobe japan support implementation hyogo framework action hfa addressing gaps constraints experienced context post disaster recovery decade functioning


international source knowledge good recovery practice irp focused specialized role highlighted sendai framework disaster risk reduction international mechanism sharing experience lessons associated build back better international red cross red crescent movement international federation red cross red crescent societies ifrc works closely national red cross red crescent societies responding emergencies many times playing pivotal role addition ifrc may deploy assessment teams eg field assessment coordination teams fact affected country


requested national society assessing needs emergency response units erus may deployed affected country region specialized response component emergency management framework baptist global response baptist global response bgr disaster relief community development organization bgr partners respond globally people critical needs worldwide whether needs arise chronic conditions acute crises natural disasters bgr official entity southern baptist convention rooted southern baptist life international partnership


southern baptist disaster relief teams operate primarily us canada united nations united nations system rests resident coordinator within affected country however practice un response coordinated un office coordination humanitarian affairs un ocha deploying un disaster assessment coordination undac team response request affected country 's government finally un spider designed networking hub support disaster management application satellite technology world bank since world bank approved projects related disaster


management dealing disaster mitigation well reconstruction projects amounting us billion projects taken place world countries argentina bangladesh colombia haiti india mexico turkey vietnam ref name worldbank ref prevention mitigation projects include forest fire prevention measures early warning measures education campaigns early warning systems hurricanes flood prevention mechanisms eg shore protection terracing etc earthquake prone construction ref name worldbank joint venture columbia university umbrella provention consortium project world bank established global risk analysis natural disaster


hotspots june world bank response hfa established global facility disaster reduction recovery gfdrr partnership aid donors reduce disaster losses gfdrr helps developing countries fund development projects programs enhance local capacities disaster prevention emergency preparedness european union eu adopted community mechanism civil protection facilitate cooperation event major emergencies requiring urgent response actions also applies situations may imminent threat well heart mechanism monitoring


information center mic part european commission 's directorate general humanitarian aid civil protection gives countries hour access civil protections available amongst participating states country inside outside union affected major disaster make appeal assistance mic acts communication hub provides useful updated information actual status ongoing emergency organization un spider national organizations australia natural disasters part life australia heatwaves killed australians type natural disaster


th century australia 's emergency management processes embrace concept prepared community principal government agency achieving emergency management australia canada public safety canada canada 's national emergency management agency province required legislation dealing emergencies provincial emergency management agencies typically called emergency measures organizations emo public safety canada coordinates supports efforts federal organizations well levels government first responders community groups private sector nations ''public safety emergency preparedness act'' sc c defines


powers duties functions ps outlined acts specific individual fields corrections law enforcement national security china state council people 's republic china responsible level ii public emergency incidents except level ii natural disasters taken ministry emergency management level iii iv non natural disasters public emergency incidents taken provincial prefectural government level iv natural disasters managed national committee disaster reduction level ii iii natural disasters 's ministry