system initiated user initiated requests specific information current context use research user interface design topic considerable research including aesthetics ref name role context perceptions aesthetics web pages time ref standards developed far back defining usability software products one structural bases become ifip user interface reference model model proposes four dimensions structure user interface input output dimension look dialogue dimension feel technical functional


dimension access tools services organizational dimension communication co operation support model greatly influenced development international standard iso describing interface design requirements usability desire understand application specific ui issues early software development even application developed led research gui rapid prototyping tools might offer convincing simulations actual application might behave production use ref name humanoid ref research shown wide variety programming tasks gui based software fact specified

Applied science
Architecture and design
User experience design
User interface design


means writing program code ref name acm transactions programming languages systems ref research recent years strongly motivated increasing variety devices virtue moore 's law host complex interfaces ref name acm transactions computer human interaction tochi ref see also chief experience officer cxo cognitive dimensions discoverability experience design gender hci human interface guidelines human computer interaction icon design information architecture interaction design interaction design pattern interaction flow modeling language ifml interaction technique knowledge visualization look feel mobile interaction natural mapping interface design new interfaces musical expression participatory design principles


user interface design process centered design progressive disclosure user experience design user centered design references usability design graphic design industrial design information architecture design


'''cold war''' state conflict nations involve direct military action pursued primarily economic political actions propaganda acts espionage proxy wars waged surrogates term commonly used refer american soviet cold war surrogates typically states satellites conflicting nations ie nations allied political influence opponents cold war often provide economic military aid weapons tactical support military advisors lesser nations involved

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Cold war (general term)


conflicts opposing country origins term expression cold war rarely used writers credit fourteenth century spaniard juan manuel first using term spanish dealing conflict christianity islam cold war however used term tepid cold word cold first appeared faulty translation work th century end world war ii george orwell used term essay atomic bomb published october


british magazine ''tribune'' contemplating world living shadow threat nuclear war warned peace peace called permanent cold war orwell directly referred war ideological confrontation soviet union western powers moreover ''the observer'' march orwell wrote fter moscow conference last december russia began make 'cold war' britain british empire definition become fixed war waged indirect conflict first use


term sense describe post world war ii geopolitical tensions ussr satellites united states western european allies practice acted satellites opposing force attributed bernard baruch american financier presidential advisor south carolina april delivered speech journalist herbert bayard swope saying let us deceived today midst cold war newspaper reporter columnist walter lippmann gave term wide currency book ''cold war'' tensions labeled


cold war since us ussr cold war ndash number global regional tensions also called cold war second cold war second cold war also called cold war ii cold war ref name guard ref new cold war term describing post cold war era political military tensions united states china russia middle east malcolm h kerr first coined term arab cold war refer political conflict inside arab world nasserist republics defending arab socialism pan arabism arab nationalism led nasser 's egypt traditionalist


monarchies led saudi arabia atlantic council member bilal saab aboutcom writer primoz manfreda iranian scholar seyyed hossein mousavian princeton university scholar sina toossi journalist kim ghattas ''foreign policy'' journalist yochi dreazen brookings institution researcher sultan barakat ''newsweek'' journalist jonathan broder use term cold war refer tensions saudi arabia iran february university isfahan professor ali omidi dismissed assumptions conflict iran saudi arabia would grow tense south asia commentator ehsan ahrari writer bruce riedel political


commentator sanjaya baru princeton university academic zia mian used term cold war since refer long term tensions india pakistan part british india partition east asia naval postgraduate school academic edward olsen british politician david alton york university professor hyun ok park university southern california professor david c kang used term refer tensions north korea south korea divided since end world war ii interchangeably called


sino soviet realtions one tree shade also improving day dayboth powers increasing political weightage south asian political ground china india imran ali sandano university sindh arup k chatterjee jindal global law school journalist bertil lintner writer bruno es politician lawyer p chidambaram politician journalist sanjay jha others use terms like new cold war refer growing tensions china india references warfare type wars type geopolitical rivalry international relations


'''pastoral counseling''' branch counseling psychologically trained ministers rabbis priests imams persons provide therapy services pastoral counselors often integrate modern psychological thought method traditional religious training effort address psychospiritual issues addition traditional spectrum counseling services ref name benner ref distinctiveness distinguishes pastoral counseling forms counseling psychotherapy role accountability counselor understanding expression pastoral relationship pastoral counselors representatives central images life meaning affirmed

Applied science
Divinity
Field ministry
Pastoral counseling


half twentieth century various religious organizations began incorporate insights training psychiatry psychology social work training clergy dr richard cabot physician adjunct harvard divinity school published article ''survey graphic'' suggesting every candidate ministry receive clinical training pastoral work similar clinical training offered medical students rev anton boisen began program placing theological students supervised contact mental patients time many seminaries training programs


'''real options valuation''' also often termed '' 'real options analysis''' ref name borison adam borison stanford university http ardentmitedu real options ro current lectures borisonpdf ''real options analysis emperor 's clothes'' ref '''rov''' '''roa''' applies option valuation techniques capital budgeting decisions ref name harvey campbell r harvey http facultyfuquadukeedu charvey teaching ba identifying real optionshtm ''identifying real options'' duke university ref '' 'real option''' right obligation undertake certain business initiatives deferring abandoning expanding staging contracting capital investment project ref name ref example real options valuation could examine opportunity invest expansion firm 's factory alternative option sell factory ref name nijssen nijssen e

Applied science
Transportation
Operations research
Real options analysis


https booksgooglenl books entrepreneurial marketinghtmlid v l awaaqbaj redir esc ''entrepreneurial marketing effectual approach chapter '' routelegde ref real options generally distinguished conventional financial options typically traded securities usually involve decisions underlying asset traded financial security distinction option holders ie management directly influence value option 's underlying project whereas consideration regards underlying security financial option moreover management cannot measure uncertainty terms volatility must instead rely perceptions uncertainty unlike financial


making decisions allocation resources among r projects non business example might decision join work force rather forgo several years income attend graduate school thus forces decision makers explicit assumptions underlying projections reason rov increasingly employed tool business strategy formulation ref name pettit justin pettit http pagessternnyuedu adamodar pdfiles eqnotes opt pdf ''applications real options value based strategy'' ch trigeorgis ref ref name sammer joanne sammer http businessfinancemagcom print thinking real options time businessfinancemagcom ref extension real options real world projects often requires


customized decision support systems otherwise complex compound real options become intractable handle ref name zhang babovic ref types real options style float right border width valign top simple examples '''investment''' br simple example shows relevance real option delay investment wait information adapted consider firm option invest new factory invest year next year question firm invest firm invests year income


stream earlier invests next year firm obtains information state economy prevent investing losses firm knows discounted cash flows invests year invests next year discounted cash flows probability probability assuming risk neutral rate future discounted cash flows present terms respectively investment cost firm invests next year present value investment cost


following net present value rule investment firm invest year discounted cash flows greater investment costs yet firm waits next year invests discounted cash flows decrease discounted cash flows decrease investment longer profitable grow firm invests implies firm invests next year probability earns invest thus value invest next year given


value invest next year exceeds value invest year firm wait information prevent losses simple example shows '''the net present value may lead firm take unnecessary risk could prevented real options valuation''' br br '''staged investment''' br staged investments quite often pharmaceutical mineral oil industries example studied staged investment abroad firm decides whether open one two stores foreign country adapted


firm know well stores accepted foreign country stores high demand discounted cash flows per store stores low demand discounted cash flows per store assuming probability events expected discounted cash flows per store also known store 's demand independent store one store high demand also high demand risk neutral rate investment cost per store


firm invest one store two stores invest net present value suggests firm invest net present value per store best alternative following real options valuation firm real option open one store year wait year know demand invest new store next year demand high opening one store firm knows probability high demand potential value gain expand next year thus


expenditure related flexibility option premium real options also commonly applied stock valuation see well various applications referenced options relating project size project 's scope uncertain flexibility size relevant facilities valuable constitutes optionality '''option expand''' project built capacity excess expected level output produce higher rate needed management option obligation expand nbsp ie exercise option nbsp


designed operation dynamically turned management may shut part operation conditions unfavorable put option may restart operations conditions improve call option flexible manufacturing system fms good example type option option also known '''switching option''' options relating project life timing uncertainty business conditions eventuate flexibility timing relevant project valuable constitutes optionality


'''growth options''' perhaps generic category nbsp entail option exercise projects appear profitable time initiation '''initiation deferment options''' management flexibility start project example natural resource exploration firm delay mining deposit market conditions favorable constitutes american styled call option '''delay option product patent''' firm patent right product right develop market product exclusively expiration patent


firm market develop product present value expected cash flows product sales exceeds cost development occur firm shelve patent incur costs '''option abandon''' management may option cease project life possibly realise salvage value present value remaining cash flows falls liquidation value asset may sold act effectively exercising put option option


also known '''termination option''' abandonment options american styled '''sequencing options''' option related initiation option although entails flexibility timing one inter related projects analysis whether advantageous implement sequentially parallel observing outcomes relating first project firm resolve uncertainty relating venture overall resolved management option proceed development projects taken parallel management would already


spent resources value option spend lost sequencing projects important issue corporate strategy related also notion intraproject vs interproject options '''option prototype''' new energy generation storage systems continuously developed due climate change resource scarcity environmental laws systems incremental innovations existing systems others radical innovations radical innovation systems risky investments due relevant technical economic uncertainties prototyping hedge risks spending fraction cost


full scale system return receiving economic technical information regarding system economic terms prototyping option hedge risk coming cost needs properly assessed options relating project operation management may flexibility relating product produced process used manufacture flexibility constitutes optionality '''output mix options''' option produce different outputs facility known output mix option '''product flexibility''' options particularly valuable industries demand volatile quantities demanded total


particular good typically low management would wish change different product quickly required '''input mix options''' input mix option nbsp '''process flexibility''' nbsp allows management use different inputs produce output appropriate example farmer value option switch various feed sources preferring use cheapest acceptable alternative electric utility example may option switch various fuel sources produce electricity therefore flexible plant although expensive may actually valuable '''operating scale options''' management


may option change output rate per unit time change total length production run time example response market conditions options also known '''intensity options''' valuation given clear analogy real options financial options ref name luehrman would therefore expect options based modelling analysis applied time nevertheless important understand standard valuation techniques may applicable rov ref name harvey applicability standard techniques rov often


contrasted standard techniques capital budgeting discounted cash flow dcf analysis net present value npv ref name harvey standard npv approach future expected cash flows present valued empirical probability measure discount rate reflects embedded risk project see capm apt wacc expected cash flows considered flexibility alter corporate strategy view actual market realizations ignored see well npv framework implicitly assumes management passive regard capital investment


committed analysts account uncertainty adjusting discount rate eg increasing cost capital ii adjusting cash flows eg using certainty equivalents iii applying subjective haircuts forecast numbers iv via probability weighting rnpv ref name damodaran aswath damodaran http pagessternnyuedu adamodar pdfiles valrisk ch pdf risk adjusted value ch ''strategic risk taking framework risk management'' wharton school publishing ref ref name siegelshim see certainty equivalent approach risk adjusted discount rate ref ref name damodaran aswath damodaran http peoplesternnyuedu adamodar pdfiles seminars aimr pdf valuing firms distress ref even employed however latter


methods normally properly account changes risk project 's lifecycle hence fail appropriately adapt risk adjustment ref name latimore dan latimore http www ibmcom services uk igs pdf esr calculating value uncertaintypdf ''calculating value uncertainty'' ibm institute business value ref contrast rov assumes management active continuously respond market changes real options consider scenarios states indicate best corporate action contingent events ref name trigeorgisbroschsmit management adapts negative outcome decreasing exposure positive scenarios scaling firm benefits uncertainty underlying market achieving


lower variability profits commitment npv stance contingent nature future profits real option models captured employing techniques developed financial options literature contingent claims analysis approach known risk neutral valuation consists adjusting probability distribution risk consideration discounting risk free rate technique also known martingale approach uses risk neutral measure technical considerations see given different treatments real options value project typically higher npv nbsp difference


however studies shown models reliable estimators underlying asset value input values properly identified options based valuation although much similarity modelling real options financial options ref name luehrman ref name copeland tufano ref rov distinguished latter takes account uncertainty future evolution parameters determine value project ''coupled with'' management 's ability respond evolution parameters ref name piessevdputte jenifer piesse alexander van de putte http wwwfinancialcertifiedcom article pdf volatility estimation real options th annual international conference real options ref ref name damodaran ref


collection costs patents formed relation political environmental socio cultural technological environmental legal factors affect industry terms business affected external environmental factors circumstances affect volatility returns well discount rate firm project specific risk furthermore external environmental influences affect industry affect projections expected inflows outlays valuation inputs given similarity valuation approach inputs required modelling real option correspond generically required financial option valuation ref name luehrman ref name copeland tufano ref name piessevdputte ref name pablo


fernandez specific application though follows option 's underlying project question nbsp modelled terms spot price starting current value project required usually based management 's best guess gross value project 's cash flows resultant npv volatility measure uncertainty change value time required volatility project value generally used usually derived via monte carlo simulation ref name piessevdputte sometimes volatility first period 's cash flows preferred ref name damodaran see


corporate finance discussion relating estimation npv project volatility analysts substitute listed security proxy using either price volatility historical volatility options exist security implied volatility ref name borison dividends generated underlying asset part project dividend equates income could derived real assets paid owner reduce appreciation asset option characteristics strike price corresponds non recoverable investment outlays typically prospective costs project general management would


proceed ie option would money given present value expected cash flows exceeds amount option term time management may decide act act corresponds life option examples include time expiry patent mineral rights new mine see option time value note though given flexibility related timing described caution must applied option style option exercise management 's ability respond changes value modeled decision


point series options may comprise ia option contract project american styled put option option abandon project also american put option expand extend project american styled call options switching options composite options may also apply project valuation methods valuation methods usually employed likewise adapted techniques developed valuing financial options ref name cortazar ref ref name gilbert ref note though general real problems allow american style exercise point many


points project 's life impacted multiple underlying variables standard methods limited either regard dimensionality early exercise selecting model therefore analysts must make trade considerations see model must also flexible enough allow relevant decision rule coded appropriately decision point closed form black scholes like solutions sometimes employed ref name damodaran applicable european styled options perpetual american options note application black scholes assumes constant ie deterministic costs


cases project 's costs like revenue also assumed stochastic margrabe 's formula applied instead ref name reilly brown see ch sec frank reilly keith brown investment analysis portfolio management th edition south western college pub ref valuing option exchange expenses revenue relatedly project exposed two uncertainties eg natural resources price quantity analysts attempt use overall volatility though correctly treated rainbow option ref name damodaran typically valued using simulation


commonly employed methods binomial lattices ref name mauboussin ref name gilbert widely used given real options american styled additionally particularly lattice based models allow flexibility exercise relevant differing rules may encoded node ref name copeland tufano note lattices cannot readily handle high dimensional problems treating project 's costs stochastic would add least one dimension lattice increasing number ending nodes square exponent corresponding number sources uncertainty specialised monte carlo methods also developed


increasingly especially applied high dimensional problems ref name dias marco dias http wwwpuc riobr marcoind monte carlohtml ''real options monte carlo simulation'' ref note american styled real options application somewhat complex although recent research combines least squares approach simulation allowing valuation real options multidimensional american styled see real option modelled using partial differential equation finite difference methods option pricing sometimes applied although many early rov articles discussed method use relatively uncommon today particularly amongst practitioners due


required mathematical sophistication cannot readily used high dimensional problems various methods aimed mainly practitioners developed real option valuation ref name typically use cash flow scenarios projection future pay distribution based restricting assumptions similar underlie closed form even numeric solutions discussed recent additions include datar mathews method fuzzy pay method simulation optimised exercise thresholds method ref name limitations relevance real options even thought framework may limited due market organizational


technical considerations ref name fink ronald fink http pagessternnyuedu adamodar new home page articles realitycheckhtm reality check real options ''cfo magazine'' september ref framework employed therefore analyst must first ensure rov relevant project question considerations follows market characteristics discussed market environment underlying project must one change evident source trends evolution product demand supply create flexibility contingency volatility ref name mauboussin result optionality without npv framework would relevant organizational considerations real options particularly important


management must understand options able identify create appropriately exercise ref name zhang babovic contrasts business leaders focused maintaining status quo near term accounting earnings financial position business must ability fund project required ie issue shares absorb debt use internally generated cash flow see financial statement analysis management must correspondingly appropriate access capital management must position exercise far


real options proprietary owned exercisable single individual company others shared exercised many parties technical considerations limitations use models arise due contrast real options financial options originally developed main difference underlying often tradable nbsp eg factory owner cannot easily sell factory upon option additionally real option may also tradeable nbsp eg factory owner cannot sell right extend factory


another party make decision real options however sold eg ownership vacant lot land real option develop land future even market exists nbsp underlying option nbsp cases limited market liquidity finally even firm actively adapt market changes remains determine right paradigm discount future claims difficulties data issues arise far estimating key model inputs since


possible use real options incomplete markets ref option pricing models built rational pricing logic essentially presupposed one create hedged portfolio comprising one option delta shares underlying b arbitrage arguments allow option 's price estimated today see c hedging sort possible since delta hedging risk neutral pricing ''mathematically'' identical risk neutral valuation may applied case option pricing models rov however ref name pablo fernandez option


usually underlying clearly traded forming hedging portfolio would difficult impossible standard option models assume risk characteristics underlying change life option usually expressed via constant volatility assumption b hence standard risk free rate may applied discount rate decision point allowing risk neutral valuation rov however managements' actions actually change risk characteristics project question hence b required rate return could differ depending state


realised premium risk free would required invalidating technically risk neutrality assumption issues addressed via several interrelated assumptions discussed data issues usually addressed using simulation project listed proxy various new methods nbsp see example described nbsp also address issues also specific exercise rules often accommodated coding bespoke binomial tree see ref name copeland tufano theoretical issues use standard option pricing models despite difficulties relating rational pricing practitioners adopt fiction


real option underlying project traded called marketed asset disclaimer mad approach although strong assumption pointed similar fiction fact underpins standard npv dcf valuation using simulation see ref name borison ref name copeland tufano address fact changing characteristics invalidate use constant discount rate analysts use replicating portfolio approach opposed risk neutral valuation modify models correspondingly ref name copeland tufano ref name reilly brown approach replicate cash flows option


holding risk free bond underlying correct proportions b since cash flows option portfolio ''always'' identical arbitrage arguments values may must equated ''today'' c ''no'' discounting required alternative modifying black scholes see ref name pablo fernandez ref history whereas business managers making capital investment decisions centuries term real option relatively new coined professor stewart myers mit sloan school management irving fisher wrote explicitly options available


business owner ''the theory interest'' http wwweconliborg library ypdbooks fisher fshtoi html iiviii description opportunities real options however followed development analytical techniques financial options black scholes term real option closely tied option methods real options today active field academic research professor lenos trigeorgis leading name many years publishing several influential books academic articles pioneering academics field include professors michael brennan eduardo schwartz https econbusminesedu project davis graham graham davis http wwwgonzalocortazarcom gonzalo cortazar http peoplefeweurnl jsmit han smit avinash dixit robert


pindyck latter two authoring pioneering text discipline academic conference real options organized yearly annual international conference real options amongst others concept popularized michael j mauboussin chief us investment strategist credit suisse first boston ref name mauboussin michael j mauboussin credit suisse first boston http wwwcapatcolumbiacom articles fofinance fof pdf ''get real using real options security analysis'' ref uses real options explain gap stock market prices businesses intrinsic value businesses trigeorgis also broadened exposure real options layman articles publications


wall street journal ref name trigeorgisbroschsmit lenos trigeorgis rainer brosch han smit http sloanreviewmitedu business insight articles stay loose ''stay loose'' copyright dow jones company ref popularization rov standard offering postgraduate finance degrees often even mba curricula many business schools recently real options employed business strategy valuation purposes conceptual framework ref name pettit ref name sammer idea treating strategic investments options popularized timothy luehrman two hbr articles ref name luehrman timothy luehrman investment opportunities real options getting started numbers ''harvard business review''


july nbsp august strategy portfolio real options ''harvard business review'' september october ref financial terms business strategy much like series options series static cash flows investment opportunities plotted option space dimensions volatility value cost npvq luehrman also co authored william teichner harvard business school case study ''arundel partners sequel project'' may first business school case study teach rov ref name luehrmanteichner timothy luehrman william teichner http cbhbspharvardedu cb search arundel partners sequel arundel partners


isbn '''applications ''' grenadier steven r weiss allen investment technological innovations option pricing approach ''journal financial economics'' elsevier vol pages june http realoptionsorg papers siller pagaza ro pdf impact real options agency problems g siller pagaza g otalora e cobas flores external links theory http mantupolcz soubory actamath pdf intro real option valuation modelling problem mikael collan https ssrncom abstract promise peril real options prof aswath damodaran stern school business https webarchiveorg web http wwwpuc riobr marcoind tutorialhtml real options tutorial prof marco dias puc rio https ssrncom abstract valuing real options frequently made errors prof pablo fernandez iese business school university navarra http facultyfuquadukeedu charvey teaching ba identifying real optionshtm


identifying real options prof campbell r harvey duke university fuqua school business http wwwiassacoza wp content uploads gilbertpdf introduction real options investment analysts society southern africa prof e gilbert university cape town http wwwtandfonlinecom doi abs decision making uncertainty real options rescue prof luke miller chan park auburn university http wwwrealoptionsvaluationcom whitepapers case studiesphp real options whitepapers case studies dr jonathan mun http wwwinvestmentsciencecom content articlesarticles realoptionsprimerportfolionpdf real options nbsp introduction portfolion group http wwwexpectationsinvestingcom tutorial shtml assess value company 's real options prof alfred rappaport columbia university michael mauboussin http peopleucalgaryca sick research realoptionsintrosickgambapdf important issues involving real options overview gordon sick andrea gamba https facultyfuquadukeedu charvey teaching ba mck pdf


real power real options leslie michaels keith leslie max michaels mckinsey quarterly pages cited robert merton nobel prize acceptance speech mckinsey classic reprinted mckinsey anthology strategy cited mckinsey anthology tested strategy lately journals http wwwrojournalcom journal real options http wwwjstagejstgojp browse realopn journal real options strategy calculation resources http pagessternnyuedu adamodar new home page spreadshhtm optincf rov spreadsheet models prof aswath damodaran stern school business http www isyegatechedu shackman roc v applet html real options calculator prof steven hackman georgia institute technology corporate finance options finance capital budgeting


asian studies term korean studies first began used attain widespread currency south korea rose economic prominence south korean government established korea foundation promote korean studies around world ref name kf korean studies originally area study conceived defined non koreans korean scholars korea tend see linguists sociologists historians koreanists unless received least education outside korea academically active example publishing attending

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Korean studies


conferences languages korean korean studies publications english also significant amount korean studies activity european languages work outside korean academia mid korean universities pushing classes taught english began hire foreign trained koreanists korean non korean origin teach classes often geared towards foreigners korean graduate schools graduate school programs korean studies mostly active level major korean universities ba programs korean studies opened two


korean universities ba programs distinctive foreign students academy korean studies aks est korea research foundation krf est korea foundation est advanced center korean studies acks est debates field exactly korean studies teaching learning taught continues debated small series works debating korean studies published academic journals sort historical overview charles armstrong titled development directions korean studies


english still dominates direction korean studies united states disproportionately shapes international representations korean culture ref name schmid university berkeley sociologist john lie contributed two pieces debate recent challenged korean studies claiming senior koreanists seem rather content progress telling followers bizarre tales field seeking reproduce archaic mistaken harvard east asia paradigm lie discusses weaknesses sees paradigm remainder essay ref name lietangun cedarbough saeji published article acta koreana bringing


perspective teaching korean studies korea focusing struggle escape nation state boundaries implied habitual terminology particularly teaching rok country unmarked han guk democratic people 's republic korea marked pukhan diaspora rarely mentioned implications expansion korean studies major within rok class navigations korean national pride trap korean uniqueness self orientalization attitudes toward west ref name actasaeji notable centers korean studies outside korea '''a z order''' beijing foreign studies university


school asian african studies cornell university school east asian studies freie universit berlin institute korean studies george washington university https gwikselliottgwuedu gw institute korean studies gwiks institute oriental studies russian academy sciences department korean mongolian studies http wwwivranru korea mongolia department university british columbia http wwwiarubcca centres ckr centre korean studies university california berkeley http ieasberkeleyedu cks center korean studies university california los angeles http wwwisopuclaedu korea center korean studies http crcehessfr le centre de recherches sur la cor e crc ou centre cor e de l ehess


university chicago https webarchiveorg web http ceasuchicagoedu indexhtml center east asian studies columbia university http wwwcolumbiaedu cu ckr center korean research harvard university https webarchiveorg web http wwwfasharvardedu korea korea institute university hawaii http wwwhawaiiedu korea center korean studies indiana university http wwwindianaedu eeasc east asian studies center http wwwindianaedu iks institute korean studies indiana university bloomington http wwwindianaedu ealc indexshtml center korean studies university leeds https webarchiveorg web http wwwleedsacuk krh korea research hub uk leeds universiteit leiden https wwwuniversiteitleidennl onderwijs opleidingen bachelor koreastudies korean studies katholieke universiteit leuven university leuven ku leuven https wwwartskuleuvenbe koreanstudies center korean studies university london school oriental african studies http wwwsoasacuk koreanstudies centre korean studies far eastern


federal university http iflwldvfuru oriental institute school regional international studies novosibirsk state technical university http ciunsturu chair sites moir faculty humanities international affairs regional studies university michigan http iiumichedu ncks nam center korean studies national museum ethnology japan ohio state university university pennsylvania http wwwsasupennedu koreanstudies james joo jin kim program korean studies university sheffield school east asian studies university central lancashire https wwwuclanacuk schools humanities language global studies iksu indexphp international institute korean studies tenri university department foreign languages tufts university fletcher school law diplomacy http fletchertuftsedu fletcher directory directory faculty profilepersonkey cd df e cc e dd b b chair korean


studies ref name lee ref name cnbc university tokyo http wwwlu tokyoacjp korea department korean studies university toronto https webarchiveorg web http wwwutorontoca csk centre study korea vietnam national university ho chi minh city http wwwhanquochoceduvn cps homepageaspx faculty korean studies university social sciences humanities vrije universiteit brussel institute european studies https wwwkorea chaireu kf vub korea chair university washington http jsiswashingtonedu korea korea studies program east asia studies henry jackson school international studies https wwwuwaeduau able research korea research centre western australia university western australia korea research centre western australia yale university http wwweastrockinstituteorg east rock institute korean studies programs korea '''a z


order''' academy korean studies http intlaksackr english viewforumphpf graduate school undergraduate program dong university http gsisdongaackr graduate school international studies ewha womans university ba degree program http wwwewhaackr mbs ewhaen jsp organizationcon organizationviewjspid ewhaen cateid lan eng scranton college division international studies department korean studies degree program graduate school international studies department korean studies hankuk university foreign studies http koreanstudieshufsackr undergraduate program graduate program hanyang university http gsishanyangackr graduate school international studies korea university http gsiskoreaackr graduate school international studies pusan national university http wwwgsispusanackr graduate school international studies sangmyung university


https webarchiveorg web http gradsmucackr user indexmainactionsiteid grad f graduate school division humanities social sciences department korean studies seoul national university https webarchiveorg web http gsissnuackr graduate school international studies sogang university undergraduate graduate program school integrated knowledge http gkssogangackr global korean studies graduate program http gsissogangackr gsis index newhtml graduate school international studies yonsei university http gsisyonseiackr main defaultasp graduate school international studies academic journals ''the journal korean studies'' jks moved george washington university stints university washington columbia ''korean studies'' ks university hawaii ''korea journal'' formerly published korean national commission unesco seoul south


https koreanstudiesaawordpresscom korean studies association australasia ksaa koreanists term koreanists indicates academic scholars korean language history culture society music art literature film noted koreanists usually adept korean even citizens foreign countries notable koreanists different fields include early koreanists james scarth gale william e skillend richard rutt performing arts keith howard hwang byungki lee byongwon lee duhyon lee hye ku roald maliangkay cedarbough saeji cinema andrew david jackson kyung hyun kim folklore anthropology sociology nancy abelmann chungmoo choi stephen epstein joanna elfving hwang roger janelli laurel kendall john lie shimpei


cole ota hyung il pai mutsuhiko shima gi wook shin philosophy religion juhn ahn robert buswell jr donald n clark donald l baker james h grayson michael kalton daeyeol kim hwansoo kim n pankaj jin park sem vermeersch boudewijn walraven history remco e breuker mark e byington mark e caprio yong ho ch'oe bruce cumings martina deuchler john b duncan carter j eckert jahyun kim haboush kyung moon hwang andrew david jackson hugh h w kang anders karlsson kirk w larsen namhee lee james b lewis yumi moon james b palais n pankaj eugene park mark


peterson kenneth r robinson michael robinson edward j shultz vladimir tikhonov edward w wagner archeology gina barnes bae kidong mark e byington literature yang hi choe wall kyeong hee choi marion eggert gregory n evon christopher hanscom peter h lee david mccann michael j pettid youngjoo ryu serk bae suhbrother anthony taize north korea charles k armstrong ruediger frank suzy kim andrei lankov international relations victor cha ruediger frank david c kang sung yoon lee see also korean wave koreanophile koreaboo list korea related topics list academic disciplines north korean studies references ref ref name lee ref ref name cnbc ref ref


name actasaeji ref ref name armstrongjck ref ref name lietangun ref ref name schmid ref reading library guides external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwkforkr korea foundation seoul https webarchiveorg web http wwwkrforkr krforkr korea research foundation https webarchiveorg web http wwwaksackr academy korean studies seoul https webarchiveorg web http ksnetaksackr korean studies net http koreanstudiescom korean studies portal frank hoffmann http yuldonet yuldonet korean studies site http kyujanggaksnuackr lang en main mainjsp seoul national university kyujanggak institute korean studies official website http kyujanggaksnuackr lang en search search mainjsp kyujanggak archive search korean culture


two sub disciplines german linguistics germanophone literature studies german linguistics german linguistics traditionally called philology germany something difference philologists linguists roughly divided follows old high german ''althochdeutsch'' th th centuries middle high german ''mittelhochdeutsch'' th th centuries early new high german ''fr hneuhochdeutsch'' th th centuries modern german standard german german dialectology th st centuries addition discipline examines german various aspects way spoken written ie spelling declination vocabulary sentence structure texts etc compares various manifestations

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
German studies


social groupings slang written texts etc geographical groupings dialects etc german literature studies study german literature divided two parts '' ltere deutsche literaturwissenschaft'' deals period beginnings german early middle ages post medieval times around ad modern era covered ''neuere deutsche literaturwissenschaft'' field systematically examines german literature terms genre form content motifs well looking historically author epoch important areas include edition philology history literature textual interpretation


relationships german literature literatures languages eg reception mutual influences historical contexts also important areas concentration ''the penguin dictionary literary terms literary theory fourth edition'' printed english contains many german language literary terms apply cross culturally field literary criticism quite terms book originated german since adopted english language critics scholars german teacher education least germany austria german studies academia play central role education


german school teachers courses usually cover four fields linguistics german '''' german language literature '''' german language literature since approximately '''' specifics didactics teaching german '''' several universities offer specialized curricula school teachers usually called '''' germany leading two step exam certificate federal states germany cultural authorities called '''' state exam history unsystematic field interest individual scholars german studies traced back tacitus' ''germania'' publication study


university california los angeles department german studies university cincinnati department germanic slavic languages literatures university colorado boulder co department germanic languages columbia university department german studies cornell university department german studies dartmouth college department german duke university department germanic languages literatures harvard university department germanic studies university illinois chicago chicago il department germanic languages literatures university illinois urbana champaign department germanic studies indiana university german scandinavian studies university massachusetts amherst department germanic languages literatures university


michigan ann arbor mi department german scandinavian dutch university minnesota department german new york university department germanic slavic languages literatures university north carolina chapel hill department german northwestern university department germanic languages literatures ohio state university columbus ohio department germanic languages literatures university pennsylvania department germanic slavic languages pennsylvania state university pennsylvania department germanic languages literature university pittsburgh pennsylvania department german princeton university department germanic studies university texas austin department classical modern languages truman


university manchester department german studies university warwick austria institute german studies institut f r germanistik university vienna canada department german language literature queen 's university kingston ontario department germanic languages literatures university toronto china department german beijing foreign studies university haidian district beijing institute german european studies tongji university yangpu district shanghai czech republic department german austrian studies charles university prague department german studies palack university olomouc india jawaharlal nehru university india ireland department germanic studies trinity college university dublin ireland


department german national university ireland university college cork cork ireland israel bucerius institute research contemporary german history society university haifa haifa center german european studies university haifa germany german studies taught many german universities examples germanistisches seminar der universit bonn institut f r germanistik vergleichende literatur und kulturwissenschaft rheinische friedrich wilhelms universit bonn institut f r deutsche sprache und literatur ii albertus magnus universit zu k ln institut f r germanistik ii hamburg university germanistisches seminar heidelberg university faculty modern languages institut f r deutsche philologie ludwig


maximilian university munich germanistisches institut westf lische wilhelms universit nster deutsches seminar bingen university faculty modern languages greece faculty german language literature national kapodistrian university athens school german language literature aristotle university thessaloniki russia department area studies moscow state university spain rea de filolog alemana university salamanca see also area studies german national honor society delta epsilon phi us german studies association germanic philology germanisches nationalmuseum new objectivity sturm und drang bibliography books ''atlas deutsche sprache'' cd rom berlin directmedia publishing ''die deutschen klassiker'' cd rom berman antoine


kritik'' bingen gunter narr schneider jost ed ''methodengeschichte der germanistik'' berlin de gruyter schumacher meinolf ''einf hrung die deutsche literatur des mittelalters'' darmstadt wissenschaftliche buchgesellschaft shitanda zur vorgeschichte und entstehung der deutschen philologie im jh karl lachmann und die br der grimm ''literarische problematisierung der moderne medienprodukte zug nge verfahren kritik'' ed teruaki takahashi munich iudicium van cleve john w leslie willson ''remarks needed reform german studies united states'' columbia sc camden house journals ''acta germanica'' ''the journal english germanic


philology'' ''journal germanic linguistics'' ''german studies review'' ''new german critique'' ''germanistik ireland'' references references external links bubl link uk based catalogue internet resources concerning german language https webarchiveorg web http bublacuk link g germanlanguagehtm well organized covers many aspects language study https webarchiveorg web http wwwlibraryadelaideeduau guide hum german german nethtml university adelaide 's categorized guide german area studies online http wwwdartmouthedu wess wesslithtml dartmouth 's german studies web links annotated arranged topic https webarchiveorg web http libadm riceedu ref germancfm rice university 's guide german studies including printed literature links german newspapers magazines http wwwgermanistiknet germanistiknet tries get user straight best sources help


german germanistik im netz erlanger liste 'erlanger liste' currently largest collection links various aspects g including archives publishers etc german literaturwissenschaft online literaturwissenschaft online kiel university 's e learning site live archived lectures free charge german http wwwbdsl onlinede bibliographie der deutschen sprach und literaturwissenschaft bdsl online electronic version largest bibliography field german language literature studies access report years free charge https webarchiveorg web http wwwdoajorg ljbscpid doaj directory open access journals literature languages https webarchiveorg web http wwwsign languni hamburgde medienprojekt literatur medanalyhtml university hamburg site


media studies bibliography http wwwgermanistiknet universitatenhtm categorical list german departments around world http chroniclecom stats productivity pagephpyear primary secondary bycat go departmental ratings usa http librarycsunedu lhansen subject germany directory german resources libraries research centers throughout california http wesswebinfo indexphp german studies web american library association german studies web library guides http libraryleedsacuk german russian university leeds german russian slavonic studies https researchguideslibrarywiscedu german university wisconsin madison german language humanities german culture european studies germanic philology humanities germanic studies


logo http wwwethnobiologyorg indexhtml society ethnobiology '''ethnobiology''' scientific study way living things treated used different human cultures studies dynamic relationships people biota environments distant past immediate present ref name society http wwwethnobiologyorg education whatishtml society ethnobiology 's ethnobiology webpage accessed april ref people biota environment interactions around world documented studied time across cultures across disciplines search valid reliable answers two 'defining' questions ways human societies use nature ways


human societies view nature history beginnings th century th century wrightmolyneux map world showing extent english geographic knowledge biologists interested local biological knowledge since time europeans started colonising world th century onwards paul sillitoe wrote ref name sill local biological knowledge collected sampled early centuries significantly informed early development modern biology ref name sill th century georg eberhard rumphius benefited local biological knowledge producing catalogue '' herbarium amboinense '' covering species plants indonesia th century carl


ancillary pursuits documenting others' languages folklore natural resource use roy ellen commented 'first phase' development ethnobiology practice described still essentially utilitarian purpose often focusing identifying 'native' plants animals technologies potential use value within increasingly dominant western economic systems ref name elle phase ii arising practices phase came 'second phase' development 'ethnobiology' researchers striving better document better understand peoples' conceptualize categorize natural


biology present turn st century ethnobiological practices research findings significant impact influence across number fields biological inquiry including ecology conservation biology development studies political ecology society ethnobiology advises web page blockquote ethnobiology rapidly growing field research gaining professional student public interest internationally blockquote ethnobiology come place ancillary practice shadows core pursuits arise whole field inquiry research right taught within


record words used particular cultures living things specific terms analogous species names linnean biology general terms 'tree' even generally 'plant' also try understand overall structure hierarchy classification system one ongoing debate whether must always implied hierarchy cosmological moral spiritual significance societies invest world meaning partly answers questions like world happen people come


appropriation cross cultural ethnobiology cross cultural ethnobiology research two communities participate simultaneously enables researcher compare bio resource used different communities subdisciplines ethnobotany ethnobotany investigates relationship human societies plants humans use plants food technology medicine ritual contexts view understand symbolic spiritual role culture ethnozoology subfield ethnozoology focuses relationship animals humans throughout human history studies human practices hunting fishing animal husbandry space time human perspectives


animals place moral spiritual realms ethnoecology ethnoecology refers increasingly dominant 'ethnobiological' research paradigm focused primarily documenting describing understanding peoples perceive manage use whole ecosystems disciplines studies writings within ethnobiology draw upon research fields including archaeology geography linguistics systematics population biology ecology cultural anthropology ethnography pharmacology nutrition conservation sustainable development ref name society ethics much history ethnobiology practitioners primarily dominant cultures benefit work often accrued dominant culture little control benefit


invested indigenous peoples whose practice knowledge recorded many indigenous societies work assert legitimate control physical resources traditional lands artistic ritual objects many work assert legitimate control intellectual property age potential exists large profits discovery example new food crops medicinal plants modern ethnobiologists must consider intellectual property rights need informed consent potential harm informants debt societies work furthermore questions must


considered light western industrialized nations' common understanding ethics law also light ethical legal standards societies ethnobiologist draws information see also anthropology biocultural diversity cultural landscapes darrell posey declaration belem ethnobotany ethnoecology ethnoentomology ethnoichthyology ethnomedicine ethnomycology hawaiian ethnobiology indigenous intellectual property historical ecology traditional knowledge footnotes references alexiades mn ''selected guidelines ethnobotanical research field manual'' new york botanical garden new york ballee w ed ''advances historical ecology'' new york columbia university press berlin brent


ethnobotany tropical forest conservation schultes siri von reis eds ''ethnobotany evolution discipline eds chapman hall london pages porteres r ethnobotanique ''encyclopaedia universalis organum'' number pages posey da w l overal eds ''ethnobiology implications applications proceedings first international congress ethnobiology bel museu paraense em lio goeldi posey ed ''cultural spiritual values biodiversity'' london united nations environmental programme intermediate technology publications schultes von reis eds ''ethnobotany evolution discipline eds chapman hall london part


sillitoe paul ethnobiology applied anthropology rapprochement academic practical special edition ''journal royal anthropological institute'' stevenson mc ethnobotany zuni indians '' bureau american ethnology annual report'' volume number government printing office washington dc tuxill j nabhan gp ''people plants protected area'' earthscan london warren dm slikkerveer l brokensha eds ''the cultural dimension development indigenous knowledge systems'' intermediate technology publications london zerner c ed ''people plants justice politics nature conservation'' columbia university press new


york external links http wwwbiology onlineorg kb biology articles ethnobiologyhtml biology line ethnobiology articles http wwwathabascauca courses anth resourceshtm ethnobiology traditional biological knowledge contemporary global context athabasca university course resource list http wwwethnobiologynet international society ethnobiology http ethnobiologyorg publications journal journal ethnobiology http wwwethnobiomedcom journal ethnobiology ethnomedicine http ethnobiologyorg society ethnobiology https tsammalexclldorg tsammalex lexical database plants animals https huntergathererlautexasedu lexical languages hunter gatherers neighbors contains many flora fauna names languages spoken hunter gatherers neighbors anthropology branches biology traditional knowledge


'''business analysis''' research discipline identifying business needs determining solutions business problems solutions often include software systems development component may also consist process improvements organizational change strategic planning policy development person carries task called business analyst ba business analysts work solely developing software systems work across organisation solving business problems consultation business stakeholders whilst work business analysts today relate software development solutions derives ongoing massive changes businesses

Applied science
Business
Business analysis


world experiencing attempts digitise although different role definitions depending upon organization seem area common ground business analysts work responsibilities appear investigate business systems taking holistic view situation may include examining elements organisation structures staff development issues well current processes systems evaluate actions improve operation business system may require examination organisational structure staff development needs ensure


aligned strategic goals changes include changes strategies structures policies business rules processes information systems examples business analysis include enterprise analysis company analysis focuses understanding needs business whole strategic direction identifying initiatives allow business meet strategic goals also includes creating maintaining business architecture conducting feasibility studies identifying new business opportunities scoping defining new business opportunities preparing business case conducting initial risk assessment requirements planning management involves planning requirements development process determining requirements


highest priority implementation managing change requirements elicitation describes techniques collecting requirements stakeholders project techniques requirements elicitation include brainstorming document analysis focus group interface analysis interviews questionnaire workshops reverse engineering surveys user task analysis process mapping observation job shadowing design thinking prototyping requirements analysis documentation describes develop specify requirements enough detail allow successfully implemented project team analysis major forms analysis architecture analysis business process analysis object oriented analysis structured analysis data warehouse analysis storage databases analysis documentation requirements documentation


take several forms textual example stories summarize specific information matrix example table requirements priorities diagrams example data flows one structure wireframe example elements required website models example models describes character computer game requirements communication describes techniques ensuring stakeholders shared understanding requirements implemented solution assessment validation describes business analyst perform correctness proposed solution support


implementation solution assess possible shortcomings implementation techniques number generic business techniques business analyst use facilitating business change techniques include pestle used perform external environmental analysis examining many different external factors affecting organization six attributes pestle political current potential influences political pressures economic local national world economy impact sociological ways society affect organization technological effect new emerging technology legal


regulatory factors used perform internal environmental analysis defining attributes ensure project working aligned four attributes four attributes mission business intends go objectives key goals help achieve mission strategies options moving forward tactics strategies put action swot swot used help focus activities areas strength greatest opportunities lie used identify dangers take


form weaknesses internal external threats four attributes swot analysis strengths advantages currently done well eg key area best performing activities company weaknesses improved overcome eg key area performing unsatisfactorily opportunities good opportunities face organization eg key area competitors performing poorly threats obstacles organization face eg key area competitor perform well catwoe used prompt thinking business


trying achieve business perspectives help business analyst consider impact proposed solution people involved six elements catwoe customers beneficiaries highest level business process issue affect actors involved situation involved implementing solutions impact success transformation process processes systems affected issue world view big picture wider impacts issue owner


owns process situation investigated role play solution environmental constraints constraints limitations impact solution success de bono 's six thinking hats often used brainstorming session generate analyse ideas options useful encourage specific types thinking convenient symbolic way request someone switch gears involves restricting group thinking specific ways giving ideas analysis mood time also known


six thinking hats white pure facts logical green creative yellow bright optimistic positive black negative devil advocate red emotional blue cold control colors moods used five whys five whys used get root really happening single instance answer given 'why' asked moscow used prioritize requirements allocating appropriate priority gauging validity requirement priority requirements moscow comprises must else delivery


failure otherwise adopt workaround could increase delivery satisfaction wo n't time useful exclude requirements delivery timeframe vpec technique used analyzing expectations multiple parties different views system interest common different priorities different responsibilities values constitute objectives beliefs concerns parties participating may financial social tangible intangible policies constraints govern may done manner


may done events real world proceedings stimulate activity content meaningful portion documents conversations messages etc produced used aspects business activity trust users system right access change information within scrs scrs approach business analysis claims analysis flow high level business strategy solution current state requirements scrs stands strategy current state requirements solution business analysis canvas business analysis canvas tool enables business analyst


quickly present high level view activities completed part business analysis work allocation business analysis canvas broken several sections project objective stakeholder deliverable impact target operating model communication approach responsibilities scheduling key dates canvas activities questions business analyst ask organization help build content business process analysis processes modeled visually understand current state models appear levels understand enablers influencing particular


businesses process highest level models end end business processes would common many businesses business process level would level activities sub activities finally tasks task level granular modeled depicts particular workflow business processes get documented workflow level become heavily influenced enabled characteristics impact particular businesses workflow enablers considered workflow design information systems motivation measurement human resources organization policies rules facilities physical environment technique process


leveling analysis assists business analysts understanding really required particular business possibilities engineer process greater efficiency future state roles business analysts scope business analysis wide tendency business analysts specialize one three sets activities constitute scope business analysis primary role business analysts identify business needs define requirements provide solutions business problems done part following set


activities strategist organizations need focus strategic matters less continuous basis modern business world business analysts serving need well versed analyzing strategic profile organization environment advising senior management suitable policies effects policy decisions architect organizations may need introduce change solve business problems may identified strategic analysis referred business analysts contribute analyzing objectives processes resources suggesting ways design bpr improvements bpi could made


particular skills type analyst soft skills knowledge business requirements engineering stakeholder analysis hard skills business process modeling although role requires awareness technology uses focused role three elements essential aspect business analysis effort redesign core business processes application enabling technologies support new core processes management organizational change aspect business analysis also called business process improvement bpi reengineering systems analyst


need align development business system whole long standing problem business get best return investments generally expensive critical often strategic importance departments aware problem often create business analyst role better understand define requirements systems although may overlap developer testing roles focus always part change process generally type business analyst gets involved


liaison business technology functions company role often successful either aligned line business within sometimes business alignment business analysts work business side often subject matter experts specific line business business analysts typically work solely project work particular business pulling business analysts areas cross functional projects case usually business systems analysts side focus technical requirements alignment


many cases business analysts work solely within focus business systems requirements project consulting various subject matter experts smes ensure thorough understanding depending organizational structure business analysts may aligned specific development lab might grouped together resource pool allocated various projects based availability expertise former builds specific subject matter expertise latter provides ability acquire cross functional knowledge practice management large organizations centers excellence


practice management groups define frameworks monitor standards throughout process implementing change order maintain quality change reduce risk changes organization organizations may independent centers excellence individual streams project management business analysis quality assurance practice management team provides framework business analysts organization conduct work usually consisting processes procedures templates best practices addition providing guidelines deliverables also provides forum focus continuous improvement


business analysis function goals ultimately business analysis wants achieve following outcomes create solutions give enough tools robust project management improve efficiency reduce waste provide essential documentation project initiation documents one way assess goals measure return investment roi projects according forrester research billion spent annually us custom internally developed software projects software development projects keeping accurate data important business leaders constantly asking return roi proposed


project conclusion active project however asking roi without sufficient data value created destroyed may result inaccurate projections reduce waste complete projects time project delays costly several ways project costs every month delay project team costs expenses continue accumulate large part development team outsourced costs start add quickly visible contracted time materials basis fixed price contracts external parties limit


risk internal resources costs delays readily apparent unless time spent resources tracked project labor costs essentially fixed costs opportunity costs opportunity costs come two types lost revenue unrealized expense reductions projects specifically undertaken purpose driving new additional revenues bottom line every month delay company foregoes month new revenue stream purpose projects improve efficiencies reduce costs month


chances fairly high end documenting requirements used need written resulting rework discussed time wasted document unnecessary requirements impacts business analyst also impacts rest development cycle coders need generate application code perform unnecessary requirements testers need make sure wanted features actually work documented coded experts estimate features new software applications unnecessary go unused


able reduce amount extra features even one third result significant savings approach minimalism keep simple minimum technology supports reduced cost number end result going maintenance implemented solution improve project efficiency efficiency achieved two ways reducing rework shortening project length rework common industry headache become common many organizations often built project budgets time lines generally refers extra work needed project


fix errors due incomplete missing requirements impact entire software development process definition coding testing need rework reduced ensuring requirements gathering definition processes thorough ensuring business technical members project involved processes early stage shortening project length presents two potential benefits every month project shortened project resource costs diverted projects lead savings current project lead earlier


start times future projects thus increasing revenue potential business analysis qualifications aspiring business analyst opt academic professional education several leading universities us nl uk offer master 's degrees major either business analysis process management business transformation many universities offer bachelors master 's degree business analysis including university manchester master science msc business analysis victoria university wellington master professional business analysis city university hong kong bba business analysis radboud university nijmegen master science msc business administration


commercial awareness practitioner certificate benefits management business acceptance practitioner certificate business analysis practice practitioner certificate data management essentials practitioner certificate modelling business processes practitioner certificate requirements engineering international diploma business analysis see also cost overrun data presentation architecture enterprise life cycle international institute business analysis iiba operations research strategic management real options valuation requirements analysis revenue shortfall spreadmart viability study references project management


'''polymer science''' '''macromolecular science''' subfield materials science concerned polymers primarily synthetic polymers plastics elastomers field polymer science includes researchers multiple disciplines including chemistry physics engineering subdisciplines science comprises three main sub disciplines polymer chemistry macromolecular chemistry concerned chemical synthesis chemical properties polymers polymer physics concerned physical properties polymer materials engineering applications specifically seeks present mechanical thermal electronic optical properties polymers respect underlying physics governing polymer microstructure

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Materials Science and Engineering
Polymer science


despite originating application statistical physics chain structures polymer physics evolved discipline right polymer characterization concerned analysis chemical structure morphology determination physical properties relation compositional structural parameters history polymer science first modern example polymer science henri braconnot 's work henri along christian sch nbein others developed derivatives natural polymer cellulose producing new semi synthetic materials celluloid cellulose acetate term polymer coined j ns


jakob berzelius though berzelius little would considered polymer science modern sense friedrich ludersdorf nathaniel hayward independently discovered adding sulfur raw natural rubber polyisoprene helped prevent material becoming sticky charles goodyear received us patent vulcanizing natural rubber sulfur heat thomas hancock received patent process uk year process strengthened natural rubber prevented melting heat without losing flexibility made practical products waterproofed articles possible


also facilitated practical manufacture rubberized materials vulcanized rubber represents first commercially successful product polymer research hilaire de chardonnet started first artificial fiber plant based regenerated cellulose viscose rayon substitute silk flammable leo baekeland invented first synthetic plastic thermosetting phenol ndash formaldehyde resin called bakelite ref name acs landmarks bakelite ref despite significant advances polymer synthesis molecular nature polymers understood work hermann staudinger ref name acs landmarks staudinger ref prior staudinger 's work polymers understood


terms association theory aggregate theory originated thomas graham graham proposed cellulose polymers colloids aggregates molecules small molecular mass connected unknown intermolecular force hermann staudinger first propose polymers consisted long chains atoms held together covalent bonds took decade staudinger 's work gain wide acceptance scientific community work awarded nobel prize world war ii era marked emergence strong commercial polymer industry limited


interest nobel prizes related polymer science ''' ''' chemistry robert grubbs richard schrock yves chauvin olefin metathesis ''' ''' chemistry john bennett fenn koichi tanaka kurt w thrich development methods identification structure analyses biological macromolecules ''' ''' chemistry alan g macdiarmid alan j heeger hideki shirakawa work conductive polymers contributing advent molecular electronics ''' ''' physics pierre gilles de gennes developing generalized theory phase transitions particular applications describing ordering phase transitions polymers ''' ''' chemistry paul j flory contributions theoretical polymer chemistry ''' '''


chemistry giulio natta karl ziegler contributions polymer synthesis ziegler natta catalysis ''' ''' chemistry hermann staudinger contributions understanding macromolecular chemistry references mcleish tcb polymer physics meyers r eds encyclopedia complexity systems science springer new york ny https doi orgpugwashlibwarwickacuk external links http wwwchemseercom journals journals polymershtml list scholarly journals pertaining polymer science condensed matter physics materials science polymers


camera person filming fan krzysztof bandych polish journalist nsport channel warsaw end poland greece match uefa euro poland '''visual sociology''' area sociology concerned visual dimensions social life theory method visual sociology theoretically framed around three themes luc pauwels suggests framework based origin nature visuals research focus design format purpose least three approaches visual sociology data collection using cameras recording technology context camera

Social science
Sociology
Visual sociology


analogous tape recorder film video cameras particularly well suited data gathering technologies experiments small group interactions classroom studies ethnography participant observation oral history use urban space etc tape recorder captures things preserved even best researchers' field notes similarly tape recordings preserve audible data available even carefully annotated transcripts timbre music voice inflection intonation grunts groans pace space convey meanings easily mis understood easily gleaned written words alone opening


another channel information visual recordings preserve still information instance raised eyebrow wave hand blink eye might convert apparent meaning words opposite convey irony sarcasm contradiction regardless one analyzes data done visual record sociologists use cameras record preserve data interest studied detail visual recording technology also allows us manipulate data visual recording used represent forms recording technology non digital


multimedia visual recordings long employed natural scientists make possible speed slow repeat stop zoom things interest social sciences recordings facilitate study phenomena fast slow infrequent big small study directly life importantly editing visual sociologists juxtapose events produce meanings sociologists may also able put cameras places one would put researcher


dangerous person would unwelcome simply remove observer effect particular situations eg studying social behavior among school children playground photo elicitation another technique data gathering methodological tool combination photography visual equivalent tape recorder ethnography qualitative methods photo elicitation techniques involve using photographs film part interview essence asking research subjects discuss meaning photographs films videos case images taken specially


analyzed either researchers participants first use photo voice wang burris published defined method knowledge would generated people normally passive objects research process case first sense visual sociology means including incorporating visual methods data gathering analysis work sociology method recently transferred academic disciplines notably pioneered contemporary religious research studying visual data produced cultures visual sociology attempts


semiotics deconstructionism mundane tools ethnography visual sociologists categorize count ask people study use social settings produced consumed second meaning visual sociology discipline study visual products society production consumption meaning communication images media words third dimension visual sociology use visual media communicate sociological understandings professional public audiences also use visual media within sociological research


context visual sociology draws work edward tufte whose books ''envisioning information'' ''the visual display quantitative information'' address communication quantitative information qualitatively visual sociology analyzed content analysis semiotics conversation analysis visual sociology considers logics presentation sociological anthropological documentarians ethnographers like robert flaherty konrad lorenz margaret mead gregory bateson frederick wiseman visual sociology also requires development new forms example data driven computer graphics represent complex relationships eg changing social networks time primitive accumulation capital


flow labor relations theory practice see also visual anthropology visual communication visual culture references external links http wwwvisualsociologyorg ivsa website https webarchiveorg web http wwwvisualsociologyorguk bsa visual sociology group uk http wwwartlaborguk artlab website http wwwvisualsociologysummerschoolcom suggested readinghtm http wwwrinashermancom writing publicationsarticleshtml articles fieldwork http wwwgoldacuk pg visual sociology goldsmiths visual sociology documentary film genres sociology art


'''''visual studies''''' triannual peer reviewed academic journal visual studies published taylor francis behalf international visual sociology association journal established ''visual sociology'' obtaining current name editor chief darren newbury university brighton journal abstracted indexed international bibliography social sciences scopus ref name scopus ref arts humanities citation index ref name isi ref references external links english language journals taylor francis academic journals sociology journals media studies journals anthropology journals triannual journals publications established


'''engineering cybernetics''' also known '''technical cybernetics''' '''cybernetic engineering''' branch cybernetics concerned applications engineering fields control engineering robotics history qian xuesen hsue shen tsien defined engineering cybernetics theoretical field engineering science purpose study parts broad science cybernetics direct engineering applications designing controlled guided systems published qian 's published work engineering cybernetics describes mathematical engineering concepts cybernetic ideas understood time breaking granular scientific concepts application

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Cybernetics
Engineering cybernetics


qian 's work notable going beyond model based theories arguing necessity new design principle types system properties characteristics largely unknown concerns social consequences cyber physical systems led calls develop new branch engineering drawing history cybernetics reimagining st century challenges popular usage 's example engineering cybernetics device designed mid general electric company referred cam cybernetic anthropomorphous machine machine


designed use us army ground troops operated one man cockpit front end machine 's legs steps duplicates leg movements harnessed operator media 's neon genesis evangelion japanese animation anime tv series featured giant robots piloted humans connection host machine via biological impulses see also references external links http wwwtechkybde information program study engineering cybernetics university stuttgart http wwwkybernetikovgude information program study technical


cybernetics university magdeburg https wwwntnuedu itk department engineering cybernetics norwegian university science technology cybernetics


medical student laboratory monterrey institute technology higher education mexico city medical student taking blood pressure awareness campaign event '''medical education''' education related practice medical practitioner including initial training become physician ie medical school internship additional training thereafter eg residency fellowship continuing medical education medical education training varies considerably across world various teaching methodologies used medical education active area educational research ref name pmid ref medical education also subject didactic academic field educating

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Medical education


provide undergraduate entry programs graduate entry programs australia south korea general initial training taken medical school traditionally initial medical education divided ''preclinical'' ''clinical'' studies former consists basic sciences anatomy physiology biochemistry pharmacology pathology latter consists teaching various areas clinical medicine internal medicine pediatrics obstetrics gynecology psychiatry general practice surgery proliferation programmes combine medical training research md phd management programmes md mba although criticised extended interruption clinical


study shown detrimental effect ultimate clinical knowledge lcme function structure medical school '''liaison committee medical education''' '''lcme''' committee educational accreditation schools medicine leading md united states canada order maintain accreditation medical schools required ensure students meet certain set standards competencies defined accreditation committees function structure medical school article yearly published article lcme defines accreditation


standards ref name entrustable professional activities entering residency association american medical colleges aamc recommended thirteen entrustable professional activities epas medical students expected accomplish prior beginning residency program ref name ref ref name ref ref name ref epas based integrated core competencies developed course medical school training epa lists key feature associated competencies observed behaviors required completion activity students progress levels understanding capability developing decreasing need direct supervision ref name ref name ref name eventually students


able perform activity independently requiring assistance situations unique uncommon complexity ref name ref name ref name list topics epas address include history physical exam skills differential diagnosis diagnostic screening tests orders prescriptions patient encounter documentation oral presentations patient encounters clinical questioning using evidence patient handovers transitions care teamwork urgent emergency care informed consent procedures safety improvement postgraduate education following completion entry level training newly graduated doctors often required undertake period supervised practice


full registration granted often one year duration may referred internship provisional registration residency first faculty medicine charles university prague training particular field medicine may undertaken us specialized training completed residency referred fellowship jurisdictions commenced immediately following completion entry level training jurisdictions require junior doctors undertake generalist unstreamed training number years commencing specialization residency fellowship program accredited accreditation


council graduate medical education acgme non profit organization led physicians goal enhancing educational standards among physicians acgme oversees md residency programs united states approximately acgme accredited residencies fellowship programs specialties subspecialties education theory becoming integral part postgraduate medical training formal qualifications education also becoming norm medical educators rapid increase number available graduate programs medical education continuing medical education countries


continuing medical education cme courses required continued licensing cme requirements vary state country usa accreditation overseen accreditation council continuing medical education accme physicians often attend dedicated lectures grand rounds conferences performance improvement activities order fulfill requirements additionally physicians increasingly opting pursue graduate level training formal study medical education pathway continuing professional development online learning medical education increasingly utilizing online teaching usually within learning management systems lmss virtual learning environments vles ref name pmid ref ref name pm id


advent telemedicine aka telehealth students learn interact treat patients online increasingly important skill medical education training students clinicians enter virtual patient room interact share information simulated real patient actors students assessed based professionalism communication medical history gathering physical exam ability make shared decisions patient actor medical education systems country present united kingdom typical medicine course university years years student already holds degree among institutions


us canada potential medical student must first complete undergraduate degree subject applying graduate medical school pursue md program us medical schools almost four year programs students opt research focused md phd dual degree program usually completed years certain courses pre requisite accepted medical school general chemistry organic chemistry physics mathematics biology english labwork etc specific requirements vary school australia two pathways medical degree students


choose take five six year undergraduate medical degree bachelor medicine bachelor surgery mbbs bmed first tertiary degree directly secondary school graduation first complete bachelor 's degree general three years usually medical sciences apply four year graduate entry bachelor medicine bachelor surgery mbbs program see north america medical education canada medical education panama medical education mexico medical education united states europe medical education france medical education norway medical education united kingdom asia middle east oceania medical education


australia medical education china medical education hong kong medical education india medical education jordan medical education philippines africa medical education south africa medical education uganda norms values along training individuals practice medicine medical education influence norms values people pass occur explicit training medical ethics implicitly hidden curriculum body norms values students come understand implicitly formally taught ref hidden curriculum formal ethics


curriculum often contradict one another aims medical ethics training give medical doctors ability recognise ethical issues reason morally legally making clinical decisions able interact obtain information necessary ref lists five aims teach doctors recognize humanistic ethical aspects medical careers enable doctors examine affirm personal professional moral commitments equip doctors foundation philosophical social legal knowledge enable doctors employ


reform practice medicine ie diagnosing treating monitoring disease directly affected ongoing changes national local health policy economics growing call health professional training programs adopt rigorous health policy education leadership training ref name ref ref name ref apply broader lens concept teaching implementing health policy health equity social disparities largely affect health patient outcomes ref name ref ref name ref increased mortality morbidity rates occur birth age attributed ''medical care'' insurance access quality


care ''individual behavior'' smoking diet exercise drugs risky behavior ' 'socioeconomic demographic factors'' poverty inequality racial disparities segregation ''physical environment'' housing education transportation urban planning ref name country health care delivery system reflects underlying values tolerances expectations cultures societies serve medical professionals stand unique position influence opinion policy patients healthcare administrators lawmakers ref name order truly integrate health policy matters physician medical education training begin early possible ideally medical school premedical coursework


build foundational knowledge analytical skills continued residency reinforced throughout clinical practice like core skill competency ref name source recommends adopting national standardized core health policy curriculum medical schools residencies order introduce core foundation much needed area focusing four main domains health care ' 'systems principles'' eg financing payment models management information technology physician workforce ''quality safety'' eg quality improvement indicators measures outcomes patient safety ''value equity'' eg medical economics medical decision making comparative effectiveness health


disparities ''politics law'' eg history consequences major legislations adverse events medical errors malpractice however limitations implementing health policy courses mainly include perceived time constraints scheduling conflicts need interdisciplinary faculty team lack research funding determine curriculum design may best suit program goals ref name ref name resistance one pilot program seen program directors see relevance elective course bounded program training requirements limited scheduling conflicts inadequate time non clinical


health foundations dedicated externships interactive cost time constraints well despite limitations several programs medical school residency training pioneered ref name ref name lastly national support research needed establish programs evaluate standardize innovate curriculum way flexible changing health care policy landscape united states involve coordination acgme accreditation council graduate medical education private npo sets educational training standards


us residencies fellowships determines funding ability operate medical education subject didactic field medical education also subject didactic field educating medical doctors levels applying theories pedagogy medical context journals ''medical education'' researchers practitioners field usually medical doctors educationalists medical curricula vary medical schools constantly evolving response need medical students well resources available medical schools documented utilize various forms problem based learning team based learning simulation


liaison committee medical education lcme publishes standard guidelines regarding goals medical education including curriculum design implementation evaluation ref name ref alt objective structured clinical examinations osces widely utilized way assess health science students' clinical abilities controlled setting although used medical education programs throughout world methodology assessment may vary programs thus attempts standardize assessment made cadaver laboratory alt medical schools surgical residency programs may utilize cadavers identify anatomy study pathology perform procedures correlate radiology findings identify causes death ref


name ref ref name ref integration technology traditional cadaver dissection debated regarding 's effectiveness medical education remains large component medical curriculum around world ref name ref name didactic courses cadaver dissection commonly offered certified anatomists scientists physicians background subject ref name medical curriculum evidence based medical education journals medical curriculum vary widely among medical schools residency programs generally follow evidence based medical education ebme approach evidence based approaches published medical journals list peer reviewed medical education


journals includes limited ''academic medicine'' ''medical education'' ''advances health science education'' ''medical teacher'' open access medical education journals ''bmc medical education'' ''mededportal'' ''journal medical education curricular development'' graduate medical education continuing medical education focused journals ''journal continuing education health professions'' ''journal graduate medical education'' complete list medical education journals medical journal list varying impact factor mean number citations indicating often used scientific research study see also ''doctors be''


occasional series bbc television inmed list medical schools list medical education agencies objective structured clinical examination progress testing validation foreign studies degrees virtual patient ''perspectives medical education'' journal notes references reading external links http wwwmedicaleducatorsorg academy medical educators


'''hebrew literature''' consists ancient medieval modern writings hebrew language one primary forms jewish literature though cases literature written hebrew non jews hebrew literature produced many different parts world throughout medieval modern eras contemporary hebrew literature largely israeli literature agnon nobel prize literature novels short stories employ unique blend biblical talmudic modern hebrew making first hebrew writer receive award ancient era

Humanities
Languages and literature
Hebrew Literature


literature hebrew begins oral literature '''' holy language since ancient times teachings abraham first biblical patriarchs israel c bce beyond comparison important work ancient hebrew literature hebrew bible tanakh mishna compiled around ce primary rabbinic codification laws derived torah written mishnaic hebrew major commentary gemara largely written aramaic many works classical midrash written hebrew medieval


era medieval period majority jewish hebrew literature composed islamic north africa spain palestine middle east many works medieval philosophical literature maimonides' ''guide perplexed'' ''the kuzari'' well many works fiction written judeo arabic works rabbinic literature often written hebrew including torah commentaries abraham ibn ezra rashi others codifications jewish law maimonides' mishneh torah arba'ah turim shulchan aruch works musar literature didactic ethical literature bahya ibn paquda 's


''chovot ha levavot'' ''the duties heart'' one work fiction written hebrew fox fables berechiah ben natronai ha nakdan hebrew fables resemble aesop 's fables much medieval jewish poetry written hebrew including liturgical piyyutim palestine seventh eighth centuries yose ben yose yanai eleazar kalir poems added hebrew language liturgy liturgy compiled book form siddur rabbis including amram gaon saadia gaon later spanish proven al italian poets wrote religious secular poems particularly prominent


poets solomon ibn gabirol yehuda halevi yehuda al harizi also active translating jewish rabbinic secular literature arabic hebrew one hebrew poem woman attested medieval period first last centuries composed wife dunash ben labrat laments dunash 's departure exile modern era addition writing traditional rabbinic literature hebrew modern jews developed new forms fiction poetry essay writing typically called modern hebrew literature th century early eighteenth century jewish literature


still dominated sephardic authors often writing judeo arabic moses hayyim luzzatto 's allegorical drama la yesharim tehillah may regarded first product modern hebrew literature referred poem classic perfection style second bible ref name jewishencyclopedia ref luzzatto 's pupil amsterdam david franco mendes imitations jean racine gemul 'atalyah metastasio yehudit continued master 's work though works respected luzzatto 's ref name jewishencyclopedia later eighteenth century haskalah jewish enlightenment movement worked