piqueteros relatively tolerant policy intending minimize violence inflation became serious issue effects crisis became apparent form increased unemployment poverty duhalde chose moderate low profile economist roberto lavagna minister economy economic measures implemented brought inflation control year duhalde deemed tasks fulfilled pressured certain political factors called elections april brought n stor kirchner center left peronist governor santa cruz power kirchner governments n stor kirchner served president argentina


presidency marked ideology called kirchnerism president n stor kirchner took office may reshuffled leadership armed forces overturned controversial amnesty laws protected members dictatorship prosecution kept lavagna economy minister presidency kirchner 's administration saw strong economic rebound foreign debt restructuring guardian compares kirchner 's economic policy franklin roosevelt great depression british daily argentine president managed take failed economy unemployment half population


poverty line decline gdp rejecting imf injunctions economic policy allowed argentina advance average growth per year lift million people poverty cristina fern ndez de kirchner served president argentina october general election took place ten provinces fern ndez de kirchner 's front victory six provinces hermes binner elected governor santa fe becoming first socialist governor argentina 's history first non peronist rule rather wealthy santa


fe province center left fabiana r os ari became first woman elected governor tierra del fuego center right mauricio macri elected chief government buenos aires city june ref name mde http wwwlemondefr web article html pour la premi fois un socialiste est lu gouverneur d'une province argentine ''le monde'' september ref december first lady senator cristina fern ndez de kirchner took presidency husband winning elections vote husband remained highly influential politician term press developed term ''presidential marriage''


make reference political analysts compared type government diarchy proposing new taxation system agricultural exports fern ndez de kirchner 's government face severe lock sector protest spread days quickly politicized marked inflection point administration system finally rejected senate opposing vote vice president julio cobos political style government changed death n stor kirchner president cristina fern ndez de kirchner slowly


distanced traditional structure justicialist party favored instead ''la c mpora'' group young supporters led eldest son ximo kirchner elections president cristina fern ndez de kirchner front victory via landslide votes hermes binner winning city buenos aires every province except san luis federal commitment candidate alberto rodr guez sa ref name dne ref became first candidate obtain absolute majority popular vote since ra l alfons n upon completion ballot processing


margin victory exceeded juan per n 's record margin obtained fern ndez de kirchner became first woman elected head state latin american history macri administration mauricio macri served president argentina november buenos aires mayor mauricio macri presidency via ballotage succeeding cristina fern ndez de kirchner president leader republican proposal pro party presidency alliance known cambiemos let 's change also integrated civic coalition ari radical civic union overcoming former


buenos aires province governor daniel scioli front victory macri took president th december year government changed direction previous era moving back neoliberal policies one political leaders identified scandalous panama papers identified several offshore companies leaders used evade taxes though day suffered convictions fern ndez administration present december centre left alberto fern ndez justicialist party inaugurated president defeating


incumbent mauricio macri argentine general election november center left coalition argentina 's ruling peronist party frente de todos front everyone lost majority congress first time almost years midterm legislative elections election victory center right coalition juntos por el cambio together change meant tough final two years office president alberto fernandez losing control senate made difficult make key appointments including judiciary also forced negotiate opposition every


initiative sends legislature see also economic history argentina historiography argentina history argentine nationality list presidents argentina politics argentina state church relations argentina '''general ''' history latin america history south america latin america united kingdom relations spanish colonization americas references reading andrews george reid ''the afro argentines buenos aires '' madison university wisconsin press bergquist charles w ''labor latin america comparative essays chile argentina venezuela colombia'' stanford stanford university press boyd kelly ed ''encyclopedia historians historical writers'' rutledge


historiography braudel fernand ''the perspective world'' vol iii ''civilization capitalism'' brown jonathan c ''a brief history argentina'' brown jonathan c ''a socioeconomic history argentina '' new york cambridge university press burgin miron ''the economic aspects argentine federalism '' carassai sebasti n ''the argentine silent majority middle classes politics violence memory seventies'' durham duke university press cushner nicholas p ''jesuit ranches agrarian development colonial argentina '' della paolera gerardo alan taylor eds ''a new economic history


argentina'' cambridge university press cd rom di tella guido ''the political economy argentina '' u pittsburgh press ferns henry ''britain argentina nineteenth century'' goebel michael '' https booksgooglecom books argentina partisan pasthtmlid duqz zewmuc redir esc argentina 's partisan past '' http liverpooluniversitypressscholarshipcom view upo upso rskey sotve result q goebel argentina partisan past university press scholarship online halper n donghi tulio ''politics economics society argentina revolutionary period'' cambridge eng new york cambridge university press halperin donghi tulio et al eds ''sarmiento author nation'' berkeley university california press c harvey robert ''liberators latin america 's struggle independence '' john murray london hedges


frontier economy industrialization argentina '' stanford university press platt desmond christopher martin guido di tella ''argentina australia canada studies comparative development '' macmillan potash robert ''the army politics argentina '' stanford stanford university press rock david ''argentina spanish colonization alfons n'' rock david ''politics argentina rise fall radicalism'' new york cambridge university press romero luis alberto ''a history argentina twentieth century'' https wwwamazoncom history argentina twentieth century dp excerpt text search sabato hilda ''agrarian capitalism world


market buenos aires pastoral state '' albuquerque university new mexico press sanchez alonso blanca making sense immigration policy argentina ''economic history review'' sarmiento domingo f ''life argentine republic days tyrants civilization barbarism'' schmidli william michael ''the fate freedom elsewhere human rights us cold war policy toward argentina'' ithaca cornell university press scobie james r ''buenos aires plaza suburb '' new york oxford university press scobie james r ''revolution pampas social history argentine wheat''


austin university texas press shumway nicolas ''the invention argentina'' slatta richard w ''gauchos vanishing frontier'' smith peter h ''politics beef argentina patterns conflict change'' szuchman mark ''order family community buenos aires '' spanish anzorena oscar r ''tiempo de violencia utop '' editorial contrapunto p nbsp carlos floria c sar garc belsunce ''historia de los argentinos'' ii tom eloy mart nez written number books point view argentine journalist intellectual


affected entire peron military period translated english ''santa evita'' ''the peron novel'' pigna felipe ''los mitos de la historia argentina ''' ed planeta external links https stategov r pa ei bgn htm us state department background note argentina http wwwhistoryworldnet wrldhis plaintexthistoriesasphistoryid ac history world history argentina http wwwargbritorg british settlers argentina uruguay studies th th century emigration https webarchiveorg web http repositorylibrarygeorgetownedu handle democratic transition argentina https webarchiveorg web http repositorylibrarygeorgetownedu handle browsetype title dean peter krogh foreign affairs digital archives


'''flow chemistry''' chemical reaction run continuously flowing stream rather batch production words pumps move fluid reactor tubes join one another fluids contact one another fluids reactive reaction takes place flow chemistry well established technique use large scale manufacturing large quantities given material however term coined recently application laboratory scale chemists describes small pilot plants lab scale continuous plants often microreactors

Natural science
Chemistry
Flow chemistry


used batch vs flow comparing parameter definitions batch vs flow reaction stoichiometry batch production defined concentration chemical reagents volumetric ratio flow defined concentration reagents ratio flow rate residence time batch production determined long vessel held given temperature flow volumetric residence time given ratio volume reactor overall flow rate often plug flow reactors used running flow


reactions choosing run chemical reaction using flow chemistry either microreactor mixing device offers variety pros cons advantages reaction temperature raised solvent 's boiling point volume laboratory devices typically small typically non compressible fluids used gas volume expansion factor function pressure small mixing achieved within seconds smaller scales used flow chemistry heat transfer intensified mostly area volume ratio large result


endothermic exothermic reactions thermostated easily consistently temperature gradient steep allowing efficient control reaction time safety increased thermal mass system dominated apparatus making thermal runaways unlikely smaller reaction volume also considered safety benefit reactor operates steady state conditions flow reactions automated far less effort batch reactions allows unattended operation experimental planning coupling output reactor detector system possible go create automated system sequentially investigate


range possible reaction parameters varying stoichiometry residence time temperature therefore explore reaction parameters little intervention typical drivers higher yields selectivities less needed manpower higher safety level multi step reactions arranged continuous sequence especially beneficial intermediate compounds unstable toxic sensitive air since exist momentarily small quantities position along flowing stream reaction time point directly related one another means possible arrange system


reagents introduced flowing reaction stream precise time point desired possible arrange flowing system purification coupled reaction three primary techniques used solid phase scavenging chromatographic separation liquid liquid extraction reactions involve reagents containing dissolved gases easily handled whereas batch pressurized bomb reactor would necessary multi phase liquid reactions eg phase transfer catalysis performed straightforward way high reproducibility range scales conditions scale proven reaction


achieved rapidly little process development work either changing reactor volume running several reactors parallel provided flows recalculated achieve residence times disadvantages dedicated equipment needed precise continuous dosing eg pumps connections etc start shut procedures established scale ''micro effects'' high area volume ratio possible economy scale may apply typically scale leads dedicated plant safety issues storage reactive material


time reaction heated cooled calculated volume reactor flow rate math text residence time frac text reactor volume text flow rate math therefore achieve longer residence time reagents pumped slowly larger volume reactor used production rates vary nano liters liters per minute examples flow reactors spinning disk reactors spinning tube reactors multi cell flow reactors oscillatory flow reactors microreactors hex reactors 'aspirator reactors' aspirator reactor pump propels one reagent causes reactant sucked


type reactor patented around nobel company production nitroglycerin flow reactor scale smaller scale micro flow reactors microreactors make ideal process development experiments although possible operate flow processes ton scale synthetic efficiency benefits improved thermal mass transfer well mass transport microreactor key application areas use gases flow laboratory scale flow reactors ideal systems using gases particularly toxic associated hazards


gas reactions successfully adapted flow hydrogenation carbonylation although work also performed using gases eg ethylene ozone reasons suitability flow systems hazardous gas handling systems allow use fixed bed catalyst combined low solution concentrations allows compound adsorbed catalyst presence gas comparatively small amounts gas continually exhausted system eliminating need many special precautions normally required handling toxic flammable gases addition


pressure means far greater proportion gas solution reaction case conventionally greatly enhanced mixing solid liquid gaseous phases allows researcher exploit kinetic benefits elevated temperatures without concerned gas displaced solution photochemistry combination flow chemistry continuous flow photochemistry offers multiple advantages batch photochemistry photochemical reactions driven number photons able activate molecules causing desired reaction large surface area volume ratio microreactor


maximizes illumination time allows efficient cooling decreases thermal side products electrochemistry combination flow chemistry continuous flow electrochemistry like continuous photochemistry offers many advantages analogous batch conditions electrochemistry like photochemical reactions considered 'reagent less' reactions electrochemical reaction reaction facilitated number electrons able activate molecules causing desired reaction continuous electrochemistry apparatus reduces distance electrodes used allow better control number electrons transferred reaction media enabling better control


selectivity recent developments electrochemical flow systems enabled combination reaction oriented electrochemical flow systems species focused spectroscopy allows complete analysis reactions involving multiple electron transfer steps well unstable intermediates systems referred spectroelectrochemistry systems enable use uv vis well complex methods electrochemiluminescence furthermore using electrochemistry allows another degree flexibility since use control flow parameters nature electrochemical measurement also geometry nature electrode electrodes case


electrode array process development process development change serial approach parallel approach batch chemist works first followed chemical engineer flow chemistry changes parallel approach chemist chemical engineer work interactively typically plant setup lab tool setup either commercial non commercial development scale small ml hour idea verification using chip system range couple liters per hour scalable systems like


synthesis larger quantities extending reaction time manufacturing scale solutions flow systems scaled tons per hour scale plant redesign batch conti existing plant unit operation exchanging one reaction step modular multi purpose cutting continuous plant modular units typical realization solutions flow processes uses flow possible run experiments flow using sophisticated techniques solid phase chemistries solid phase reagents catalysts scavengers used solution pumped glass columns example synthesis


alkaloid natural product oxomaritidine using solid phase chemistries increasing interest polymerization continuous flow process example '''reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer''' '''raft''' polymerization continuous flow techniques also used controlled generation nanoparticles rapid mixing excellent temperature control microreactors able give consistent narrow particle size distribution nanoparticles segmented flow chemistry discussed running experiments continuous flow systems difficult especially one developing new chemical reactions requires screening multiple components varying stoichiometry temperature residence


time continuous flow experiments performed serially means one experimental condition tested experimental throughput highly variable typically five times residence time needed obtaining steady state temperature variation thermal mass reactor well peripherals fluid baths need considered often analysis time needs considered segmented flow approach improves upon speed screening optimization libraries conducted flow chemistry segmented flow uses plug flow approach specific volumetric experimental


mixtures created injected high pressure flow reactor diffusion segment reaction mixture minimized using immiscible solvent leading rear ends segment composition segment segment serial flow one primary benefits segmented flow chemistry ability run experiments serial parallel manner experiments share residence time temperature repeatedly created injected addition volume experiment independent volume flow tube thereby saving significant amount


review damien webb timothy f jamison discussing current state art highlighting recent progress current challenges facing emerging area continuous flow techniques multi step synthesis published royal society chemistry https dxdoiorg c gc b continuous flow reactors perspective review paul watts charlotte wiles published royal society chemistry http webmitedu professional short programs courses flow chemistryhtml flow chemistry continuous synthesis purification pharmaceuticals fine chemicals short course offered mit professors timothy jamison klavs jensen industrial processes chemical engineering microfluidics


greenhouse effect effect changing climate succinctly described ''popular mechanics'' article meant reading general public '''environmental communication''' dissemination information implementation communication practices related environment beginning environmental communication narrow area communication however nowadays broad field includes research practices regarding different actors eg institutions states people interact regard topics related environment cultural products influence society toward environmental issues environmental communication also includes human

Journalism, media studies and communication


interactions environment includes wide range possible interactions interpersonal communication virtual communities participatory decision making environmental media coverage perspective practice alexander flor defines environmental communication application communication approaches principles strategies techniques environmental management protection ref name ref history environmental communication breaking traditional rhetorical theory emerged united states around ref name harris ref researchers began studying environmental communication stand alone theory way environmental activists used images wording persuade public 's since environmental communication theory


reached multiple milestones including creation journal environmental communication ref name katz kimchi ref academia academic field environmental communication emerged interdisciplinary work involving communication environmental studies environmental science risk analysis management sociology political ecology textbook alexander flor considers environmental communication significant element environmental sciences believes transdisciplinary begins textbook environmental communication declarative statement environmentalism know today began environmental communication environmental movement ignited spark writer pen


use black color highlight environmental news easiest cheapest ways contribute positively climate issues ref name aforementioned term umbrella green computing aiming limit carbon footprints energy consumption benefit computing performance ref name ref symbolic action environmental communication also type symbolic action serves two functions environmental human communication pragmatic helps individuals organizations accomplish goals things communication examples include educating alerting persuading collaborating environmental human communication


environment living systems two exchange materials exchange energy flor extends argument saying living systems simplest complex equipped perform critical functions called ''critical'' necessary survival living system communication nothing exchange information hence broadest sense environmental communication necessary survival every living system organism ecosystem even social system ref name environmental communication theory


understand ways environmental communication effect individuals researchers believe one 's view environment shapes views variety ways overall study environmental communication consists idea nature speaks field theories exist effort understand basis environmental communication ref name ref material symbolic discourse researchers view environmental communication symbolic material argue material world helps shape communication communication helps shape world ref name word environment primary symbol western culture used shape cultural


difficult avoid call action talking environmental communication directly linked issues climate change endangered animals pollution scholars find difficult publish objective studies field however others argue ethical duty inform public environmental change providing solutions issues ref name following section suggests many divisions studies practices field environmental communication one social marketing advocacy campaigns though broad topic key aspect


successful environmental campaigns language used campaign material researchers found individuals concerned interested environmental actions take well messages assertive language however individuals less concerned interested environmental stances receptive less assertive messages although communications environmental issues often aim push action consumers already perceive issue promoted important important message producers analyze target audience tailor messages accordingly areas study practice according j robert cox


field environmental communication composed seven major areas study practice environmental rhetoric discourse media environmental journalism public participation environmental decision making social marketing advocacy campaigns environmental collaboration conflict resolution risk communication representations nature popular culture green marketing publications journals peer reviewed journals related environmental communication include ''applied environmental education communication'' ''environmental communication'' books anderson alison ''media culture environment'' london routledge anderson alison ''media environment network society'' basingstoke palgrave boykoff maxwell


''creative climate communications productive pathways science policy society'' london oxford university press corbett julia b ''communicating nature create understand environmental messages'' washington dc island press cox j robert ''environmental communication public sphere'' nd ed thousand oaks ca sage publications fletcher c vail jeanette lovejoy ''natural disasters risk communication implications cascadia subduction zone megaquake maryland lexington books'' flor alexander g ''environmental communication principles approaches strategies communication applied environmental management'' diliman quezon city philippines university philippines open university mathur piyush


''technological forms ecological communication theoretical heuristic'' lanham maryland lexington books ralston shane ''pragmatic environmentalism towards rhetoric eco justice'' leicester troubador stephens murdoch ''critical environmental communication critique respond urgency climate change'' maryland lexington books see also environment environmental sciences climate emergency declaration includes usage term climate emergency climate crisis usage term communication studies list environmental issues list environmental studies topics lists environmental publications media coverage climate change science communication observatory references reading external links https theiecaorg


communication division international communication association environmental communication division http wwwpufcom autres collections communication et environnement le pacte impossible communication et environnement le pacte impossible thierry libaert interdisciplinary subfields sociology communication communication communication studies


databases proprietary available licensing agreement vendors directly indexing abstracting services create ref name reitz ref many bibliographic databases evolved digital libraries providing full text indexed contents instance core also mirrors indexes full text scholarly articles research develops search engine open access content found unpaywall others converge non bibliographic scholarly databases create complete disciplinary search engine systems chemical abstracts entrez history prior mid th century individuals searching published literature rely printed

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Bibliographic databases


bibliographic indexes generated manually index cards early computers used digitize text first time purpose reduce cost time required publish two american abstracting journals ''index medicus'' national library medicine ''scientific technical aerospace reports'' national aeronautics space administration nasa late bodies digitized alphanumeric information known bibliographic numeric databases constituted new type information resource online interactive retrieval became commercially viable early private telecommunications networks


first services offered databases indexes abstracts scholarly literature databases contained bibliographic descriptions journal articles searchable keywords author title sometimes journal name subject heading user interfaces crude access expensive searching done librarians behalf 'end users' see also citation index document oriented database full text database list academic databases search engines institutional repository online public access catalog opac library catalog references information science library


'''psychiatric rehabilitation''' also known '''psych social rehabilitation''' sometimes simplified '''psych rehab''' providers process restoration community functioning well individual diagnosed mental health emotional disorder may considered psychiatric disability society affects psychology individual setting number rules expectations laws psychiatric rehabilitation work undertaken rehabilitation counselors especially individuals educated psychiatric rehabilitation licensed professional counselors work mental health field psych rehab consultants specialists private businesses university level masters

Social science
Social work
Psychosocial rehabilitation


support network enhancement access leisure activitiesthe key role professionals generate insight illness help demonstration symptoms prognosis patients often focus challenging stigma prejudice enable social inclusion working collaboratively order empower clients sometimes goal full recovery latter widely known recovery approach model recovery process rather outcome personal journey rediscovery self process learning live


debilitations illness rather defined illness hope planning community engagement yet new fields person centered approach recovery client centered therapy based upon carl rogers user service direction approved us centers medicare medicaid services definition psychiatric rehabilitation practice field academic study discipline similar social work political science definitions may place specialty community rehabilitation physical medicine rehabilitation aligned community support development


national institute mental health begun marked rigorous tradition research training technical assistance information dissemination regarding critical population group eg psychiatric disability us worldwide field responsible developing testing new models community service population group psychiatric rehabilitation association provides definition psychiatric rehabilitation blockquote psychiatric rehabilitation promotes recovery full community integration improved quality life persons diagnosed mental health condition seriously impairs ability lead meaningful lives psychiatric rehabilitation services


collaborative person directed individualized services essential element health care human services spectrum evidence based focus helping individuals develop skills access resources needed increase capacity successful satisfied living working learning social environments choice ref name aboutpra ref blockquote term added us national library medicine 's medical subject headings psychiatric rehabilitation defined ref history process de institutionalization meant many individuals mental health problems able


live communities rather confined mental institutions medication psychotherapy two major treatment approaches little attention given supporting facilitating daily functioning social interaction therapeutic interventions often little impact daily living socialization work opportunities often barriers social inclusion form stigma prejudice psychiatric rehabilitation work emerged aim helping community integration independence individuals mental health problems psychiatric rehabilitation psychosocial rehabilitation became used interchangeably terms practice approaches may merge


conflict approaches based psychiatric survivors movement including concept user controlled personal assistance services us department education national institute disability research rehabilitation revised rehabilitation research training center program meet new needs community special population groups priority center published federal register rehabilitation research training center psychiatric disabilities awarded william anthony 's boston university center remains priority center providing nationwide assistance serving flagship center internationally founding psychosocial rehabilitation canada


professional organization international association psychosocial rehabilitation services iapsrs changed name united states psychiatric rehabilitation association uspra trend toward use psychiatric rehabilitation ref name historypra ref uspra removed national designation name becoming psychiatric rehabilitation association pra ref name historypra academic discipline temple university funded field psychiatric disabilities national center national institute disability rehabilitation research nidrr united states department education population group priority boston university 's center psychiatric rehabilitation 's director president elect


program boston university college health rehabilitation sciences sargent college awards rehabilitation science doctor science scd degree field awards separate mental health specialty degree occupational therapy master' program psychiatric rehabilitation part degree rehabilitation counseling school education syracuse university courses funded part federal rehabilitation research training program part national institute disability independent living rehabilitation research theory theoretical base psychosocial psychiatric rehabilitation community support theory


foundational theory aligned integration community integration theories psychosocial theories rehabilitation educational paradigms fluid nature due variability development integration essential fields family support theories population group already developed evidence based parent education models concept psychiatric rehabilitation associated field community rehabilitation later social psychiatry based medical model disability concept mental illness often associated words mental health however


also incorporate elements social model disability part progressive professional community field academic field developed concurrently formation new mental health agencies us often offering supported housing services ''journal psychosocial rehabilitation'' renamed ''journal psychiatric rehabilitation'' traces development field period several decades academic discipline psychiatric rehabilitation contributed new models services supported education cross validated models fields eg supported employment developed first university based community living models populations severe mental


institutions campuses us also represents movement toward evidence based practices critical development viable community support services psychosocial services contrast associated term mental health part community support movement nationwide since academic political base services roots education psychology mental health community services administration basic funded services new community mental health agencies offering community living professionalized community support since mental health service agencies multi service agencies non profit voluntary sectors


form critical delivery system psychosocial services sometime similar sometimes alternative approach variability fidelity provider implementation field employs concept psychosocial recovery psychiatric rehabilitation promulgated us boston university 's rehabilitation research training center psychiatric rehabilitation led dr william anthony marianne farkas well professors teachers julie ann racino steve murphy bonnie shoultz syracuse university also support generic community approach education concept integrated community support approach


including supported housing housing support recreation employment support culture gender class families survivors family support community systems change problems experienced people psychiatric disabilities thought include difficulties understanding dealing interpersonal situations eg misinterpreting social cues knowing respond prejudice bullying others may seem different problems coping stress including daily hassles travel shopping difficulty concentrating finding energy motivation people leaving psychiatric centers long term hospitalizations outdated practice may also need assist injuries may occurred


community integration psychiatric rehabilitation distinct concept independent living consumer controlled services written promoted psychiatric survivors psychiatric rehabilitation concept separated psychiatric survivor concept education training individuals psychiatric disorders psychiatric survivors tend operate services control funding principles mission psychiatric rehabilitation enable best practices illness management psychosocial functioning personal satisfaction treatments practices towards guided principles seven strategic principles enabling normal life advocating structural changes


improved accessibility pharmacological services availability psycho social services person centered treatment actively involving support systems coordination efficient services strength based approach rehabilitation n't time specific goal specific succeeding peer provider approach among psychosocial rehabilitation practices guided principles recovery rehabilitation defined possible without complete remission illness geared towards aiding individual attaining optimum mental health well services psychiatric rehabilitation services may include community residential services workplace accommodations supported employment education social firms assertive community treatment outreach teams


assisting social service agencies medication management eg self medication training support housing programs employment family issues coping skills activities daily living socialising traditionally hour service programs supervised regulated options based upon concept instrumental daily living skills formulated world health organization definition psychiatric rehabilitation illustrated agency models offered traditional non traditional service providers may considered integrated eg dispersed sites community segregated eg campus based facilities villages eg fountain house model new york city mha village


long beach ca transitional living services buffalo transitional living services onondaga county new york agencies supporting integration may align normalization integration philosophy opposed older sheltered workshop day care models criticized underpayment wages us congressional level late agencies may deliver cross field best practices eg supported work consumer voices eg rae unzicker multiple disabilities eg chemical dependency training community residential employment education support service professionals rehabilitation outcomes management evaluation services core principles


effective psychiatric rehabilitation services delivered must include providing hope client lacks respect client wherever recovery process empowering client teaching client wellness planning emphasizing importance client develop social support networks psychiatric rehabilitation services delivered varies provider may consist eight main areas psychiatric symptom management relaxation meditation massage support groups home assistance health medical maintaining consistency care family physician mental health counseling housing safe environments supported housing community residential services group homes apartment living


basic living skills personal hygiene personal care preparing sharing meals home travel safety skills goal life planning chores group decision making shopping appointments social relationships recreational hobby family friends housemates boundaries communications community integration vocational educational vocational planning transportation assistance employment preparation programs eg calculators ged classes televised education coping skills motivation financial personal budget planning apartment startup funds security deposit household grocery social security disability banking accounts savings travel community legal resources health insurance community recreation memberships legal aid society homeownership agencies community


colleges houses worship ethnic activities clubs employment presentations hobby clubs special interest stores summer city schedules expected areas supported housing household management quality medical plans advocacy rights counseling community participation part available package options services modernization fields includes better health care women men 's health eg heart disease public private counseling services mental health integrated services dual multiple diagnoses new specialized treatments eg eating disorders understanding trauma services mental health psychiatric rehabilitation typically


associated long term services supports ltss community including post secondary education supported education educational professional organizations canada canada psychosocial rehabilitation r adaptation psychosociale psr rps canada promotes education research knowledge exchange relation evidence based psychosocial rehabilitation recovery oriented practices service providers receiving services mental health challenges framework competencies service providers individuals organizations developed announced annual national conference winnipeg manitoba united states boston university center psychiatric rehabilitation psychiatric rehabilitation association formerly united states psychiatric rehabilitation association international association


psychosocial rehabilitation professional organization founded ref name aboutpra ref name historypra rutgers school health related professions department psychiatric rehabilitation counseling professions references reading rehabilitation team psychiatric rehabilitation deinstitutionalisation social work


data case set observations assumed independent identically distributed population implemented constructing number resamples replacement observed data set equal size observed data set may also used constructing hypothesis tests often used alternative statistical inference based assumption parametric model assumption doubt parametric inference impossible requires complicated formulas calculation standard errors history

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Statistics
Bootstrap (Statistics)


bootstrap published bradley efron bootstrap methods another look jackknife inspired earlier work jackknife ref name quenouille quenouille approximate tests correlation time series j roy statist soc ser b ref ref name tukey tukey j bias confidence quite large samples abstract ann math statist ref ref name jaeckel jaeckel l infinitesimal jackknife memorandum mm bell lab ref improved estimates variance developed later ref name bickel bickel p freeman asymptotic theory bootstrap ann statist ref ref name singh singh k https projecteuclidorg download pdf euclidaos asymptotic accuracy efron bootstrap


ann statist ref bayesian extension developed ref name rubin rubin bayesian bootstrap ann statist ref bias corrected accelerated bca bootstrap developed efron ref name bca abc procedure ref name diciccio diciccio efron b http citeseerxistpsuedu viewdoc downloaddoi rep rep type pdf accurate confidence intervals exponential families biometrika ref approach basic idea bootstrapping inference population sample data sample population modeled ' 'resampling'' sample data performing inference sample resampled data resampled sample population


unknown true error sample statistic population value unknown bootstrap resamples 'population' fact sample known hence quality inference 'true' sample resampled data resampled sample measurable formally bootstrap works treating inference true probability distribution ''j'' given original data analogous inference empirical distribution '' '' given resampled data accuracy inferences regarding '' '' using resampled data assessed know '' '' '' '' reasonable approximation


''j'' quality inference ''j'' turn inferred example assume interested average mean height people worldwide cannot measure people global population instead sample tiny part measure assume sample size ''n'' measure heights ''n'' individuals single sample one estimate mean obtained order reason population need sense variability


mean computed simplest bootstrap method involves taking original data set heights using computer sampling form new sample called 'resample' bootstrap sample also size nbsp ''n'' bootstrap sample taken original using sampling replacement eg might 'resample' times get assuming ''n'' sufficiently large practical purposes virtually zero probability identical original real sample process repeated large number


times typically times bootstrap samples compute mean called bootstrap estimates create histogram bootstrap means histogram provides estimate shape distribution sample mean answer questions much mean varies across samples method described mean applied almost statistic estimator discussion advantages great advantage bootstrap simplicity


straightforward way derive estimates standard errors confidence intervals complex estimators distribution percentile points proportions odds ratio correlation coefficients however despite simplicity bootstrapping applied complex sampling designs eg population divided strata n sub sub observations per strata bootstrapping applied strata ref name bootstrap also appropriate way control check stability results although problems impossible know true confidence interval bootstrap asymptotically accurate standard intervals obtained using


sample variance assumptions normality ref name diciccio diciccio tj efron b bootstrap confidence intervals discussion statistical science ref bootstrapping also convenient method avoids cost repeating experiment get groups sample data disadvantages bootstrapping depends heavily estimator used though simple ignorant use bootstrapping always yield asymptotically valid results lead inconsistency although bootstrapping conditions asymptotically consistent provide general finite sample guarantees result may depend representative sample apparent simplicity may conceal fact


important assumptions made undertaking bootstrap analysis eg independence samples large enough sample size would formally stated approaches also bootstrapping time consuming many available software bootstrapping difficult automate using traditional statistical computer packages ref name recommendations scholars recommended bootstrap samples available computing power increased results may substantial real world consequences one use many samples reasonable given available computing power time increasing


number samples cannot increase amount information original data reduce effects random sampling errors arise bootstrap procedure moreover evidence numbers samples greater lead negligible improvements estimation standard errors fact according original developer bootstrapping method even setting number samples likely lead fairly good standard error estimates ad r et al recommend bootstrap procedure following situations ref name ader theoretical distribution statistic


interest complicated unknown since bootstrapping procedure distribution independent provides indirect method assess properties distribution underlying sample parameters interest derived distribution sample size insufficient straightforward statistical inference underlying distribution well known bootstrapping provides way account distortions caused specific sample may fully representative population power calculations performed small pilot sample available power sample size calculations heavily


dependent standard deviation statistic interest estimate used incorrect required sample size also wrong one method get impression variation statistic use small pilot sample perform bootstrapping get impression variance however athreya shown one performs naive bootstrap sample mean underlying population lacks finite variance example power law distribution bootstrap distribution converge limit sample mean


likely preferred regression problems various alternatives available case resampling bootstrap generally useful estimating distribution statistic eg mean variance without using normal theory eg z statistic statistic bootstrap comes handy analytical form normal theory help estimate distribution statistics interest since bootstrap methods apply random quantities eg ratio variance mean least two ways performing case resampling monte carlo algorithm case resampling quite simple first resample


data replacement size resample must equal size original data set statistic interest computed resample first step repeat routine many times get precise estimate bootstrap distribution statistic 'exact' version case resampling similar exhaustively enumerate every possible resample data set computationally expensive total math binom n n frac n n n math different resamples ''n'' size data set


thus ''n'' nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp sup sup nbsp nbsp sup sup different resamples respectively estimating distribution sample mean consider coin flipping experiment flip coin record whether lands heads tails let x'' sub sub ''x'' sub sub ''x'' sub sub observations experiment th flip lands heads otherwise normal theory use statistic estimate distribution sample mean math bar x frac x x cdots x math instead use bootstrap specifically case resampling derive


compute second bootstrap mean '' '' sub sub repeat times '' '' sub sub '' '' sub sub '' '' sub sub represents ''empirical bootstrap distribution'' sample mean empirical distribution one derive ''bootstrap confidence interval'' purpose hypothesis testing regression regression problems ''case resampling'' refers simple scheme resampling individual cases often rows data set regression problems long data set fairly large simple scheme often acceptable however method open criticism ref name ref regression problems


explanatory variables often fixed least observed control response variable also range explanatory variables defines information available therefore resample cases means bootstrap sample lose information alternative bootstrap procedures considered bayesian bootstrap bootstrapping interpreted bayesian framework using scheme creates new data sets reweighting initial data given set math n math data points weighting assigned data point math math new data set math mathcal j math math w j x j


x j math math mathbf x j math low high ordered list math n math uniformly distributed random numbers math math preceded succeeded distributions parameter inferred considering many data sets math mathcal j math interpretable posterior distributions parameter smooth bootstrap scheme small amount usually normally distributed zero centered random noise added onto resampled observation equivalent sampling kernel density estimate data assume ''k'' symmetric kernel density function unit variance standard kernel estimator math hat f h x math math f x math


math hat f h x nh sum nk left x x h right math nbsp ref name ref math h math smoothing parameter corresponding distribution function estimator math hat f h x math math hat f h x int infty x hat f h dt math nbsp ref name parametric bootstrap based assumption original data set realization random sample distribution specific parametric type case parametric model fitted parameter often maximum likelihood samples random numbers drawn fitted model usually sample drawn sample size original data estimate original function


f written math hat f f hat theta math sampling process repeated many times bootstrap methods considering centered sample mean case random sample original distribution function math f theta math replaced bootstrap random sample function math f hat theta math probability distribution math bar x n mu theta math approximated math bar x n mu math math mu mu hat theta math expectation corresponding math f hat theta math ref name ref use parametric model sampling stage bootstrap methodology leads procedures different obtained applying basic statistical theory inference model


response variables math math retain quantities interest often parameters math widehat mu math estimated synthetic math math repeat steps large number times scheme advantage retains information explanatory variables however question arises residuals resample raw residuals one option another studentized residuals linear regression although arguments favor using studentized residuals practice often makes little difference easy compare results schemes gaussian process regression bootstrap


outputs ''y'' also jointly distributed according multivariate gaussian thus math f x ldotsf x intercal mid x intercal sim mathcal n text post k text post math math r intercal math math text post k intercal k sigma r math math k text post k k intercal k sigma r k math math r math math r times r math identity matrix ref name wild bootstrap wild bootstrap proposed originally wu suited model exhibits heteroskedasticity idea residual bootstrap leave regressors sample value resample response variable based residuals values replicate one computes new math math based math widehat widehat varepsilon v math residuals randomly multiplied


text probability quad text units' place text probability end cases math simpler distribution linked rademacher distribution math v begin cases text probability text probability end cases math block bootstrap block bootstrap used data errors model correlated case simple case residual resampling fail able replicate correlation data block bootstrap tries replicate correlation resampling inside blocks


data see blocking statistics block bootstrap used mainly data correlated time ie time series also used data correlated space among groups called cluster data time series simple block bootstrap simple block bootstrap variable interest split non overlapping blocks time series moving block bootstrap moving block bootstrap introduced k nsch data split ''n'' nbsp nbsp ''b'' nbsp nbsp overlapping blocks length ''b'' observation b block observation ''b'' nbsp nbsp block etc


''n'' nbsp nbsp ''b'' nbsp nbsp blocks ''n'' ''b'' blocks drawn random replacement aligning n b blocks order picked give bootstrap observations bootstrap works dependent data however bootstrapped observations stationary anymore construction shown varying randomly block length avoid problem method known ' 'stationary bootstrap'' related modifications moving block bootstrap ''markovian bootstrap'' stationary bootstrap method matches subsequent blocks based standard deviation matching time series maximum entropy bootstrap


vinod presents method bootstraps time series data using maximum entropy principles satisfying ergodic theorem mean preserving mass preserving constraints r package '''meboot''' utilizes method applications econometrics computer science cluster data block bootstrap cluster data describes data many observations per unit observed could observing many firms many states observing students many classes cases correlation structure simplified one usually make assumption data correlated within group cluster independent


groups clusters structure block bootstrap easily obtained block corresponds group usually groups resampled observations within groups left unchanged cameron et al discusses clustered errors linear regression methods improving computational efficiency bootstrap powerful technique although may require substantial computing resources time memory techniques developed reduce burden generally combined many different types bootstrap schemes various choices statistics


point assigned random weight distributed according poisson distribution math lambda math large sample data approximate random sampling replacement due following approximation math lim n infty operatorname binomial n n operatorname poisson math method also lends well streaming data growing data sets since total number samples need known advance beginning take bootstrap samples large enough n results relatively similar original bootstrap estimations way improve poisson bootstrap termed sequential bootstrap taking first


samples proportion unique values original sample size n provides distribution main empirical characteristics within distance math n math empirical investigation shown method yield good results related reduced bootstrap method bag little bootstraps massive data sets often computationally prohibitive hold sample data memory resample sample data bag little bootstraps blb provides method pre aggregating data bootstrapping reduce computational constraints works partitioning


used produce bootstrapped confidence interval parameter 's true value parameter written function population 's distribution population parameters estimated many point estimators popular families point estimators include mean unbiased minimum variance estimators median unbiased estimators bayesian estimators example posterior distribution 's mode median mean maximum likelihood estimators bayesian point estimator maximum likelihood estimator good performance sample size infinite according asymptotic theory practical problems finite samples estimators may preferable asymptotic theory suggests techniques often improve performance


bootstrapped estimators bootstrapping maximum likelihood estimator may often improved using transformations related pivotal quantities ref name bma ref deriving confidence intervals bootstrap distribution bootstrap distribution parameter estimator used calculate confidence intervals population parameter ref name bias asymmetry confidence intervals '''bias''' bootstrap distribution sample may disagree systematically case bias may occur bootstrap distribution estimator symmetric percentile confidence interval often used intervals appropriate especially median unbiased estimators minimum risk respect


absolute loss function bias bootstrap distribution lead bias confidence interval otherwise bootstrap distribution non symmetric percentile confidence intervals often inappropriate methods bootstrap confidence intervals several methods constructing confidence intervals bootstrap distribution real parameter '''basic bootstrap''' ref name bma also known '''reverse percentile interval''' ref name hesterberg teachers ref basic bootstrap simple scheme construct confidence interval one simply takes empirical quantiles bootstrap distribution parameter see davison hinkley equ


work well cases bootstrap distribution symmetrical centered observed statistic sample statistic median unbiased maximum concentration minimum risk respect absolute value loss function working small sample sizes ie less basic reversed percentile percentile confidence intervals example variance statistic narrow sample points confidence interval include true variance time ref name daee ref basic reverse percentile confidence intervals easier


justify mathematically ref name hesterberg teachers less accurate general percentile confidence intervals authors discourage use ref name hesterberg teachers '''studentized bootstrap''' studentized bootstrap also called ''bootstrap t'' computed analogously standard confidence interval replaces quantiles normal student approximation quantiles bootstrap distribution student 's test see davison hinkley equ p nbsp efron tibshirani equ p nbsp math widehat theta alpha cdot widehat text se theta widehat theta alpha cdot widehat text se theta math math alpha math denotes math alpha math percentile bootstrapped student 's


test math widehat theta widehat theta widehat text se widehat theta math math widehat text se theta math estimated standard error coefficient original model studentized test enjoys optimal properties statistic bootstrapped pivotal ie depend nuisance parameters test follows asymptotically n distribution unlike percentile bootstrap '''bias corrected bootstrap''' adjusts bias bootstrap distribution '''accelerated bootstrap''' bias corrected accelerated bca bootstrap efron ref name bca ref adjusts bias skewness bootstrap distribution approach accurate wide variety settings reasonable computation requirements


produces reasonably narrow intervals ref name bca bootstrap hypothesis testing efron tibshirani ref name suggest following algorithm comparing means two independent samples let math x ldots x n math random sample distribution f sample mean math bar x math sample variance math sigma x math let math ldots math another independent random sample distribution g mean math bar math variance math sigma math calculate test statistic math frac bar x bar sqrt sigma x n sigma math create two new data sets whose values math x i' x bar x bar z math


math i' bar bar z math math bar z math mean combined sample draw random sample math x math size math n math replacement math x i' math another random sample math math size math math replacement math i' math calculate test statistic math frac bar x bar sqrt sigma x n sigma math repeat math b math times eg math b math collect math b math values test statistic estimate p value math p frac sum b geq b math math text condition math ''condition''


bootstrap distribution adding small amount ''n'' '' '' sup sup random noise bootstrap sample conventional choice math sigma sqrt n math sample size ''n'' histograms bootstrap distribution smooth bootstrap distribution appear bootstrap distribution sample median small number values smoothed bootstrap distribution richer support however note whether smoothed standard bootstrap procedure favorable case case shown depend underlying distribution function quantity estimated file medianhistspng example bootstrapped


percentile confidence interval population median close interval smoothed bootstrap relation approaches inference relationship resampling methods bootstrap distinguished jackknife procedure used estimate biases sample statistics estimate variances cross validation parameters eg regression weights factor loadings estimated one subsample applied another subsample details see bootstrap resampling bootstrap aggregating bagging meta algorithm based averaging results multiple bootstrap samples


u statistics situations obvious statistic devised measure required characteristic using small number ''r'' data items corresponding statistic based entire sample formulated given ''r'' sample statistic one create ''n'' sample statistic something similar bootstrapping taking average statistic subsamples size ''r'' procedure known certain good properties result u statistic sample mean sample variance form ''r'' nbsp nbsp ''r'' nbsp nbsp see also accuracy precision


duval r bootstrapping nonparametric approach statistical inference sage university paper series quantitative applications social sciences newbury park ca sage simon j l https webarchiveorg web http wwwresamplecom content text indexshtml resampling new statistics wright db london k field ap using bootstrap estimation plug principle clinical psychology data textrum ltd online https wwwresearchgatenet publication using bootstrap estimation plug principle clinical psychology data retrieved introduction bootstrap monographs statistics applied probability chapman hall chc online https booksgoogleit booksid gllpiuxrntoc pg pa lpg pa dq plug principle source bl ots asw k e sig wqvzl ujanwc hdnyozklkvx k hl en sa x sqi ved ahukewiu c ho xmahuaosakhs pdjmq aeipdag v onepage q plug principle f false retrieved external links http peoplerevoleducom kardi tutorial bootstrap indexhtml bootstrap sampling tutorial using ms excel https webarchiveorg web http excelandfinancecom simulation stock prices bootstrap bootstrap example simulate


stock prices using ms excel http wwwburns statcom pages tutor bootstrap resamplinghtml bootstrapping tutorial https wwwsignificancemagazinecom science bootstrap bootstrap software http wwwstatistics net statistics resampling bootstrap monte carlo simulation program free program written java run operating system computational statistics resampling statistics


talcott parsons confused activity theory overview basic action theory typically describes action behavior caused ''agent'' particular ' 'situation'' agent 's ' 'desires'' ''beliefs'' eg wanting glass water believing clear liquid cup front water lead bodily behavior eg reaching glass simple theory see donald davidson desire belief jointly cause action michael bratman raised problems view argued take concept

Humanities
Philosophy
Metaphysics
Philosophy of Action


intention basic analyzable beliefs desires aristotle held thorough scientific analysis must give account efficient cause agent final cause intention theories desire plus belief means satisfying desire always behind action agents aim acting maximize satisfaction desires theory prospective rationality underlies much economics social sciences within sophisticated framework rational choice however many theories action argue rationality extends far


beyond calculating best means achieve one 's ends instance belief ought x theories directly cause x without want x ie desire x rationality theories also involves responding correctly reasons agent perceives acting wants action theorists generally employ language causality theories nature action issue causal determination comes central controversies nature free


conceptual discussions also revolve around precise definition action philosophy scholars may disagree bodily movements fall category eg whether thinking analysed action complex actions involving several steps taken diverse intended consequences summarised decomposed scholars g e anscombe thomas aquinas hannah arendt aristotle robert audi jonathan bennett maurice blondel michael bratman hector neri casta eda david charles august cieszkowski michel crozier jonathan dancy donald davidson daniel dennett william h dray fred dretske ignacio ellacur john martin fischer harry frankfurt arnold gehlen


carl ginet alvin goldman j rgen habermas sam harris georg wilhelm friedrich hegel carl hempel jennifer hornsby rosalind hursthouse david hume john hyman hans joas robert kane anthony kenny jaegwon kim christine korsgaard tadeusz kotarbi ski loet leydesdorff john mcdowell alfred r mele elijah millgram ludwig von mises thomas nagel friedrich nietzsche lucy o'brien talcott parsons derk pereboom philosopher juan antonio p rez l pez brian o'shaughnessy joseph raz thomas reid raymond reiter paul ricoeur alfred sch tz constantine sandis john searle scott sehon wilfrid sellars michael smith baruch spinoza galen strawson charles taylor richard taylor judith jarvis thomson david velleman candace vogler georg


henrik von wright r jay wallace susan wolf ludwig wittgenstein max weber xavier zubiri see also praxeology free cybernetics reading maurice blondel ''l'action essai d'une critique de la vie et d'une science de la pratique'' g e anscombe ''intention'' basil blackwell oxford james sommerville ''total commitment blondel 's l'action'' corpus books michel crozier erhard friedberg ''actors systems'' chicago university chicago press donald davidson ''essays actions events'' clarendon press oxford jonathan dancy constantine sandis eds ''philosophy action anthology'' wiley blackwell oxford jennifer hornsby


''actions'' routledge london lilian o'brien ''philosophy action'' palgrave basingstoke christine korsgaard ''the constitution agency'' oxford university press oxford alfred r mele ed ''the philosophy action'' oxford university press oxford john hyman helen steward eds ''agency action'' cambridge university press cambridge anton leist ed ''action context'' walter de gruyter berlin timothy o'connor constantine sandis eds ''a companion philosophy action'' wiley blackwell oxford sarah paul ''the philosophy action contemporary introduction'' london routledge peter ajda et al eds ''affectivity agency intersubjectivity'' l'harmattan


paris constantine sandis ed ''new essays explanation action'' palgrave macmillan basingstoke constantine sandis ed ''philosophy action suarez anscombe'' london routledge michael thompson ''life action elementary structures practice practical thought'' boston harvard university press lawrence h davis ''theory action'' prentice hall foundations philosophy series englewood cliffs nj external links https webarchiveorg web http philosophersanswercom indexphpoption com content view article id meaning action philosophers answer catid philosophers answer itemid meaning action various authors philosophersanswercom concepts epistemology concepts ethics concepts metaphilosophy concepts metaphysics concepts philosophy mind concepts philosophy science free metaphysical


theories metaphysics mind neuroscience ontology


studied anthropology also involved varying degrees chicana studies ref name title chicano drivers ideas anthropology across space place pre postmodern debts chicano studies others last v lez ib ez first carlos g date july journal julian samora research institute latino studies series url https jsrimsuedu publications occasional papers access date december ref today major universities areas high chicana concentration formal chicana studies department interdisciplinary program ref name providing chican studies chican students helped students find community offers curriculum unique heritage ref name ref background establishment

Social science
Sociology
Cultural studies
Chicano Studies


chican studies colleges universities response fundamental issues american educational system many chican felt excluded educational success united states specifically one issues led establishment chican studies mexican americans turn greater latino community represented negatively american history ref name rodriguez journal black issues higher education volume issue pages ref example mexican americans portrayed negatively american history th century territories new mexico arizona allowed become states


part united states extended period time mexican descent american years ref name de ortego gasca therefore many chican scholars feel need necessary programming restructures way mexican americans perceived american education ref name arellano url https wwwlatimescom opinion op ed la oe arellano chicano studies storyhtml title ethnic studies kids alright last arellano first gustavo author link gustavo arellano date september journal los angeles times access date december ref another reason chican studies traditionally mexican americans exposed western culture european history standard educational system european descent never


emphasizes struggle mexican american people many chican scholars agree chican studies came result chicana student movements whether form protests activism taking part ''el movimiento'' also known chicano movement chican studies seen way advance mexican american perspectives culture history literature ref name major push universities colleges include chican studies came within context african american civil rights struggle ref name title current status future chicano studies programs


academically sound conference th annual conference national association chicano studies el paso texas date april last rochin first refugio author link refugio rochin last de la torre first adela author link adela de la torre ref ref name title administrative reorganizational needs chicano studies cerritos college date april last hinrichsen first keith ref mexican american educators demanded colleges universities address pedagogical needs mexican american students ref name scholar rodolfo acu noted especially important mexican american student populations grew significantly ref name addition many young people


students becoming politically active began organize political causes ref name student organization grew civil rights movements ' mexican american youth organization mayo began work towards educational reform ref name ref mayo active promoting student walkouts texas california highlight problems mexican american students faced ref name students became organized began develop experimental colleges informal classes topics important chican movement taught ref name manuel h guerra professor university


southern california chair mexican american political association 's mapa education committee reported serious discriminatory policies practices university relation hiring mexican americans especially considering increase number mexican american students ref name ref according scholar rodolfo acu serving mexican american students without providing mexican american faculty considered sort colonialism cultural assimilation ref name addition many mexican american students put disadvantage speaking spanish even outside class considered degrading un american ref name opportunities


educational opportunity program eop helped increase number minorities entering colleges universities ref name educators students alike began visualize academic program could serve transform mexican american community program would become chican studies built chican ref name ref anthropologist octavio romano nick c vaca addition graduate students university california berkeley began publish chican studies journal called ''el grito journal contemporary mexican american thought'' ref name ref ref name many ideas surrounding formation later chican


studies programs stemmed publication ref name one major idea put forth ''el grito'' editors mexican americans contrast ethnic groups kept mexican american culture intact refused disappear great american melting pot ref name consequence said editors mexican americans kept economically politically impoverished state ref name also political scientist ralph guzm n conducted study los angeles state college laid foundation national center mexican american studies


specify create program study ref name ''plan'' however lead creation chican studies institute another important document chican studies also produced march chican youth conference held denver produced plan written chican poet alurista ref name called ''el plan espiritual de aztl n'' ''the spiritual plan aztl n'' contains concept ethnic nationalism self determination ref name idea mythic homeland aztec people aztl n one unifies united


activism ref name chican scholars also wrote papers chicano studies institute later published journal ''epoca'' ref name papers addressed topics chican curriculum goals educational program achieve academic recognition ref name chican studies programs began implemented universities necessary provide infrastructure support university california berkeley recognized need provide quality library materials support chican studies programs general sense academic spaces chican studies chican


students researchers began study impact new programs students finding mexican american students responded positively chican studies also bilingual classes ref name many scholars felt philosophy education united states time inconsistent values chicano movement chican studies needed create tools students use real world also new type research solve problems ref name also important find ways recruit chican teachers administration within schools support


students research ref name support chican studies came form national association chicana chicano studies naccs created san antonio texas ref name ref naccs allows scholars chican studies exchange ideas share research communicate also annual conference ref name conferences important help bring together scholars legitimize chican studies since disciplines similar annual conferences ref name conferences many initiatives organized chican students educators many chican studies programs place


major universities ref name chican studies went structural shifts message mission late ref name period chican studies began include women lgbtq community minority groups umbrella chicano also acknowledging many differences within group ref name mexican american studies research center masrc university arizona established ref name department mexican american studies website masarizonaedu access date ref masrc focused contemporary applied public policy research mexican americans masrc


became department continued public policy research addressing issues concern mexican american communities ref name masrc known department mexican american studies offers bachelor 's degrees master 's degrees phd degree mexican american studies ref name idea borderland nepantla grew stronger idea aztl n chican celebrated many different often conflicting aspects ref name ''borderlands la frontera new mestiza'' gloria anzald grew signifies change ref name chican studies


became less nationalism belonging group contributing something greater ref name shift helped reshape mission chican studies gave new life new authority ref name saw chican studies programs integrated institutions higher learning also created canonical approach studies gatekeeping procedures evaluate promotions tenure ref name addition chican studies programs helped universities colleges fulfill affirmative action requirements ref name mid however study found chican studies programs still


non uniform part reason many chican studies programs consistent studied core curriculum yet formally published ref name first primer chican studies published diego vigil called ''from indians chicanos sociocultural history'' ref name addition lack chican faculty faculty us colleges universities hispanic ethnicity ref name many faculty teaching chican studies n't feel programs qualitatively sound ref name


scholar sm contreras noted change language surrounding chicana people begun add x place new language result movement towards gender inclusivity way recognize chican people whose gender identity coincide gender binary ideological approaches francisco h v zquez director hutchins institute public policy studies community action two ideological approaches institutionalization chican studies formal discipline ref name


first approach pragmatism approach emphasizes social responsibility supported prominent scholar rodolfo acu ref name ref name ref second approach perspectivism approach emphasizes introspection supported prominent scholar michael soldatenko ref name ref name soldatenko michael ''chicano studies genesis discipline'' tucson university arizona press ref however chican studies discipline limited perspectives scholar raoul contreras example considers chican internal colonialism chican self determination important issues explored within chican studies pragmatism pragmatism ideological approach chican


studies ref name ideology emphasizes political activism social responsibility ref name adherents approach believe community 's job insert workings current educational system demand formal recognition chican studies discipline ref name additionally vital resources staff offices acquired order institutionalize discipline rafael p rez torres author chicana studies 's two paths highlights approach faced criticism due tendency allow politicization chican issues ref name identifies argument


creates forum focused separatist politics neglects furtherance institutionalization field study ref name words ideology fails fulfill aim integrating chican studies us educational system instead places exclusive focus political issues surrounding ethnicity ref name however sarita e brown et al argue political mobilization key pragmatic approach contend chican political advocacy emphasize lobbying government officials pro chican studies policies rodolfo acu former chair department chican studies california state


university northridge prominent scholar field fervently emphasizes importance sacrifice struggle order institutionalize gain formal respect field chican studies ref name acu frames quest institutionalization gritty battle waged students faculty ref name perspectivism perspectivism another ideological approach chican studies ref name ideology emphasizes intellectualism introspection academic expertise ref name ideology neglects needs social change instead exclusively focuses engagement relevant scholarship ref name perspectivists believe individual ambition pursuit respect


studying relevant chican issues lead institutionalization chican studies additionally creation intellectual communities research centers forums academe validate field chican studies ref name ref validation continues help facilitate institutionalization discipline ref name addition michael soldatenko former chair department chican studies california state university los angeles prominent scholar field chican studies discovered new popularity surrounding perspectivist approach ref name ideological approach chican studies shifted pragmatic


academic growth realization education inextricably linked white ref name de ortego gasca negative view chican studies negative believe area studies creates problems chican students greater american educational system ref name arellano ref name acosta chican studies opposers cite education chican classes teach anti whiteness disdain european descent ref name acosta addition opposers believe chican studies allow mexican american students feel victims sufferers anglo america ref name acosta furthermore


believe education dedicated certain type student creates self segregation separation non chican particularly white students ref name arellano another type criticism comes chican well believe chican studies create students become bothersome activists generate new wave movement needed wanted ref name arellano either way opposers studies remain strong voice addition supporters continued conversation surrounding chican studies ref name arellano ref name acosta legal restrictions protesters seen june support tucson unified


school district 's mexican american studies program new state law effectively ended program saying divisive may governor arizona jan brewer signed house bill hb ref name bill prohibits course curricula within school district charter school advocating ethnic solidarity promoting insurgency racism classism ref name additionally course curriculum may designed exclusively one ethnicity ref name however native american classes still comply federal law ref name addition grouping classes based academic performance still permissible ref name


course curriculum concerning history specific ethnic group controversial history available students acceptable well ref name another provision law stated school district charter school breaching stated provisions would liable lose state funding public institution ref name ref subsequently mexican american studies program taught tucson unified school district tusd found violation house bill former arizona superintendent tom horne ref name mex amer contrary independent audit paid state arizona


found program violation hb however tusd issued appeal stating program violation superintendent john huppenthal decided course must disbanded instead relinquishing state funding ref name mex amer ref thus january tusd school board came decision program disbanded lose state funding district furthermore hb facilitated challenges limitations classes teaching chicana studies arizona across united states ref name scholars curtis acosta professor education rodolfo


acu gloria anzald cecilia preciado de burciaga luis leal amalia mesa bains isidro ortiz jacinto quirarte mar guillermina valdes villalva refugio rochin founder smithsonian latino center felipe de ortego gasca founding director chicana studies university texas el paso programs departments ''this abbreviated list programs throughout united states associated chicana studies'' http ethnicstudiesberkeleyedu areas study area chicano latino studies chicano latino studies program university california berkeley http wwwcalstatelaedu academic cls department chicano studies california state university los angeles http wwwcsunedu hfchs department chicana chicano studies california state university northridge https wwwpdxedu chla chicano latino studies portland state university https chavezuclaedu c sar c ch vez


colleges claremont mckenna college https bellarminelmuedu chicana department chicana latina studies loyola marymount university https wwwmsudenveredu chs department chicana studies metropolitan state college denver https aztlansdsuedu department chicana chicano studies san diego state university https wwwscrippscollegeedu departments chicana latino studies chicanx latinx studies scripps college https ccsrestanfordedu academics undergraduate program chicanao latinao studies chicana latina studies stanford university https chiucdavisedu chicana chicano studies program university california davis https claumnedu chicano latino chicano latino studies university minnesota http chicanosunmedu chicana chicano studies university new mexico https webarchiveorg web http wwwutexasedu depts cmas center mexican american studies university texas austin https webarchiveorg web http utsaedu ucat coehd bamashtml mexican american studies program university texas san antonio https webarchiveorg web http academicsutepedu defaultaspxalias academicsutepedu fchicano chicana studies university texas


el paso https webarchiveorg web http wwwwashingtonedu students crscat chisthtml chicano studies university washington https webarchiveorg web http wwwchiclawiscedu chican latin studies university wisconsin madison https webarchiveorg web http uwadmnwebuwyoedu chicanostudies chicano studies program university wyoming https webarchiveorg web http wwwmsuedu cls chicano latino studies phd program michigan state university department chicana chicano hemispheric studies western new mexico university see also asian american studies black studies chicano art chicano art movement ''hijas de cuauht moc'' ''hijas de cuauht moc'' ucla chicano studies research center chicano movement gender studies latino studies ''mexican studies journal '' native american studies walkout stand deliver reading references external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwnaccsorg naccs default enasp national association chicana chicano studies http wwwtrpiorg tom rivera policy institute


chicano ethnic studies latin american studies american studies critical race theory


'''thai studies''' branch asian studies multidisciplinary study thailand thai peoples calls upon academic disciplines history anthropology religious studies political science thai language thai literature musicology physical sciences geology first organisation sponsor promote thai studies siam society established siam society affiliated siamese heritage protection trust maintain extensive library thai studies materials exhibits ''journal siam society'' ''jss'' peer reviewed academic journal open access pdf copies issues back

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Thai studies


available online center thai studies chulalongkorn university thai studies center thailand information center tic chulalongkorn 's main library maintains repository research materials thai studies cornell university first active center thai studies united states lauriston sharp began cornell thailand project initiative collate baseline data comprehensive study farming village outskirts bangkok tambon bang chan bangkok 's khlong sam wa district outside thailand group young active academics


university wisconsin http wwwanueduau thaionline national thai studies centre located college asia pacific australian national university http wwwe jtsasia international journal studies thai business society culture hosted school management http wwwrmiteduau rmit university australia southeast asian studies thai culture


asia contested due historical cultural linguistic similarities groups southeast asia neighboring regions like india china many scholars southeast asian studies rely association southeast asian nations asean create concrete list nations fit umbrella southeast asia members asean include brunei darussalam cambodia indonesia lao dpr malaysia myanmar philippines singapore thailand vietnam history discipline second world war term southeast asia first used connection

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Southeast Asian studies


present region american priest educator howard malcom region presently referred southeast asia split india far east anglophone scholars prior second world war de emphasized area study due presence national interests region ref name ref initial inquiries culture traditions southeast asia primarily conducted german austrian scholars greater access region home countries colonies region ref name strategic importance numerous locales southeast asia


centered much monetary focus china soviet union led two results funding commitment corporations area decreased oversight also decreased researchers west free pursue avenues interest without objection sponsors east asia japan southeast asian studies became concrete field study period japanese colonization region pacific war center southeast asian studies kyoto university founded japan society southeast asian


journal http wwwcseaskyoto uacjp edit publications seas seas contents enhtm ''tonan ajia kenkyu'' journal published since center southeast asian studies kyoto university programs country universities offer studies southeast asia listed region southeast asia ateneo de manila university de la salle university chulalongkorn university gadjah mada university mahidol university international college national university singapore silliman university thammasat university university indonesia university malaya university asia pacific university philippines diliman walailak university kasetsart university chiang mai university https wwwnuseascom naresuan university khon kaen university ho chi minh city open university east


asia beijing foreign studies university beijing international studies university city university hong kong jinan university kyoto university national chi nan university national sun yat sen university http sieassogangackr lang en sogang university sophia university sun yat sen university tokyo university foreign studies xiamen university north america arizona state university cornell university indiana university bloomington johns hopkins university northern illinois university ohio university university british columbia university california berkeley university california los angeles university california riverside university hawai'i manoa university illinois university michigan university pittsburgh university toronto university washington seattle university wisconsin


madison yale university europe http wwwaceluse lund university centre east south east asian studies universit degli studi di napoli l'orientale school oriental african studies university london university hull heidelberg university http gsssuvanl programmes english masters english master programmes english master programmes content folder contemporary asian studies contemporary asian studieshtml contemporary asian studies university amsterdam http enmastersinleidennl programmes southeast asian studies en introduction southeast asian studies leiden university http wwwaaiuni hamburgde soa southeast asian studies asia africa institute hamburg university https wwwioauni bonnde de abteilungen suedostasienwissenschaft dostasienwissenschaft university bonn https wwwuni frankfurtde suedostasienwissenschaften dostasienwissenschaften goethe university frankfurt https wwwiaawhu berlinde en region southeastasia department humboldt universit zu berlin oceania australian national university university western australia see also journal southeast asian studies publisher cambridge university press behalf


national university singapore references external links http wwwcseaskyoto uacjp edit publications seas seas contents enhtm ''southeast asian studies'' journal kyoto university japan library guides southeast asian studies studies asian studies


literary production aleksis kivi finnish national author consisted mainly plays one best known plays ''heath cobblers'' '''playwright''' '' 'dramatist''' person writes plays etymology word play middle english pleye old english pl ple pl play exercise sport game drama applause word wright archaic english term craftsman builder wheelwright cartwright words combine indicate person wrought words themes elements dramatic form play homophone write

Humanities
Performing arts
Theatre
Playwrighting


coincidental first recorded use term playwright years first written record term dramatist appears first used pejorative sense ben jonson suggest mere tradesman fashioning works theatre jonson uses word epigram thought refer john marston ''epigram xlix playwright'' playwright reads still verses damns says want tongue epigrams salt bawdry doth mean witty language


obscene playwright loath thy manners known chaste book profess thine jonson described poet playwright since plays time written meter regarded province poets view held late early th century term playwright later lost negative connotation history early playwrights earliest playwrights western literature surviving works ancient greeks early plays annual athenian competitions among play writers held around th century


bc notables aeschylus sophocles euripides aristophanes established forms still relied modern counterparts ancient greeks playwriting involved ''po esis'' act making source english word ''poet'' aristotle 's ''poetics'' techniques th century bce aristotle wrote ''poetics'' analyzed principle action ''praxis'' basis tragedy considered elements drama plot '' mythos'' character '' ethos'' thought ' 'dianoia'' diction ''lexis'' music ''melodia'' spectacle ''opsis'' since myths greek tragedy based widely known plot


arrangement selection existing material character determined choice action tragedy mimesis imitation action serious developed notion hamartia tragic flaw error judgment main character protagonist provides basis conflict driven play neo classical theory italian renaissance brought stricter interpretation aristotle long lost work came light late th century neoclassical ideal reach apogee france th century dwelled upon unities action


place time meant playwright construct play virtual time would exceed hours would restricted single setting would subplots terms verisimilitude decorum circumscribed subject matter significantly example verisimilitude limits unities decorum fitted proper protocols behavior language stage france contained many events actions thus violating hour restriction unity time neoclassicism never much traction england shakespeare 's plays directly opposed


models italy improvised bawdy commedia dell'arte opera popular forms england interregnum restoration monarchy move toward neoclassical dramaturgy one structural unit still useful playwrights today french scene scene play beginning end marked change makeup group characters onstage rather lights going set changed ref name george george kathleen ''playwriting first workshop'' focal press


p ref well made play popularized nineteenth century french playwrights eug ne scribe victorien sardou perhaps schematic formats well made play relies series coincidences better worse determined action plot driven format often reliant prop device glass water letter reveals secret information cases character receiving secret information misinterprets contents thus setting chain events well made plays thus motivated various plot devices lead discoveries


reversals action rather character motivated henrik ibsen 's ''a doll 's house'' example well made structure built around discovery krogstad 's letter began integrate realistic approach character character nora 's leaving much motivated letter disclosure past secret determination strike well made play infiltrated forms writing still seen popular formats mystery whodunit contemporary playwrights united states contemporary playwrights united


states often reach level fame cultural importance others past longer outlet serious drama entertaining comedies theatrical productions must use ticket sales source income caused many reduce number new works produced example playwrights horizons produced six plays seasons compared thirty one revivals large scale production musicals become ' 'de rigueur ''of broadway even broadway productions playwrights find difficult earn living business


let alone achieve major successes new play development effort develop new american voices playwriting phenomenon known new play development began emerge early mid continues today many regional theatres hired dramaturges literary managers effort showcase various festivals new work bring playwrights residencies funding national organizations national endowment arts theatre communications group encouraged partnerships professional theatre companies emerging playwrights new dramatists lark theatre new york city example


often cold reading script informal sitdown setting cold reading means actors n't rehearsed work may seeing first time usually technical requirements minimal shenandoah o'neill festival offer summer retreats playwrights develop work directors actors totally devoted setting saw formation playwriting collectives like p clubbed thumb gathered members together produce rather develop new works reaction developed death notion


play never gets produced goes endless readings critiques certain point new york go kind assiduous development process rare play shows producer 's desk gains traction broadway happened mamet 's ''race'' martin mcdonagh 's ''a behanding spokane'' although shows packaged stars christopher walken latter playwrights well established profession see also list playwrights play theatre screenwriter references


'''eastern orthodox theology''' theology particular eastern orthodox church characterized monotheistic trinitarianism belief incarnation essentially divine logos begotten son god balancing cataphatic theology apophatic theology hermeneutic defined polyvalent sacred tradition concretely catholic ecclesiology robust theology person principally recapitulative therapeutic soteriology holy tradition ecclesiology emperor constantine centre bishops first council nicaea holding niceno constantinopolitan creed eastern orthodox church considers one holy catholic

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apostolic church established jesus christ apostles early years church much conveyed members form oral teachings within short period time traditions established reinforce teachings eastern orthodox church asserts careful preserving traditions questions belief new concepts arise church always refers back original faith eastern orthodox christians regard christian bible collection inspired texts sprang tradition way


around choices made compilation new testament come comparison already firmly established faith bible come important part tradition part likewise eastern orthodox church always recognized gradual development complexity articulation church 's teachings however believe truth changes therefore always supports previous beliefs way back holds direct teachings apostles church also understands everything


perfectly clear therefore always accepted fair amount contention certain issues arguments certain points something always present within church contention time clarifies truth church sees action holy spirit history manifest truth man church unwavering upholding dogmatic teachings insist upon matters faith specifically defined eastern orthodox believe must always room mystery speaking god individuals permitted


whether spoken word epistle thessalonians eastern orthodox church also believes holy spirit works history manifest truth church weeds falsehood order truth may recognised fully consensus fathers eastern orthodoxy interprets truth based three witnesses consensus holy fathers church ongoing teaching holy spirit guiding life church ''nous'' mind church also called universal consciousness church believed


accepted authentic fathers theological concepts must agreement consensus even considered authentic fathers may theological opinions universally shared thereby considered heretical holy fathers even made statements later defined heretical mistakes exclude position authority heresy sin pride unintended error make one heretic refusal accept dogma defined church thus eastern orthodox christian bound agree


every opinion every father rather consensus fathers matters church dogmatic greatest theologians history church come th century including cappadocian fathers three hierarchs however eastern orthodox consider patristic era thing past continues unbroken succession enlightened teachers ie saints especially left us theological writings apostles present day scripture georgian bible ad


depicting raising lazarus many protestant christians approach bible interpretation sole authority establishment beliefs concerning world salvation eastern orthodox perspective bible represents texts approved church purpose conveying important parts already believes church less accepted preexisting greek septuagint version hebrew scriptures handed jews new testament texts written members congregations church already existed texts


universally considered canonical church reviewed edited accepted ratified ad greeks always understood certain sections scripture containing moral lessons complex truth necessarily interpreted literally eastern orthodox also understand particular passage may interpreted many different levels simultaneously however interpretation matter personal opinion reason eastern orthodox depend upon consensus holy fathers provide trustworthy guide accurate interpretation scripture eastern orthodox christianity strongly biblical