allows employer dismiss illegal reasons intellectual property vital asset business employees add value company creating intellectual property per trade related aspects intellectual property rights trips intellectual property personal property intellectual property used competitive advantage big companies protect rivalry given conditions worker agent principal relationship employee company employee 's invention scope employment ie employee creates new product process increase


productivity create organizations' wealth utilizing resources company intellectual property solely belongs company new business products processes protected patents differing opinions constitutes patentable invention one area disagreement respect software inventions court cases established precedents example case ''diamond v diehr'' united states supreme court decided diehr patent eligible improved existing technological process implemented computer minimum wage


many jurisdictions define minimum amount worker paid per hour algeria australia belgium brazil canada china france greece hungary india ireland japan south korea luxembourg netherlands new zealand paraguay portugal poland romania spain taiwan united kingdom united states vietnam germany others laws kind minimum wage set usually higher lowest wage determined forces supply demand free market therefore acts price floor country sets minimum wage laws regulations


self regulation applies workplaces employees covered collective agreements sweden per cent employees ref name portalresearchluse anders kjellberg https webarchiveorg web http portalresearchluse ws files kjellberg fsnumhauserhenning self regulation state regulationpdf self regulation versus state regulation swedish industrial relations mia r nnmar jenny jul n votinius eds ''festskrift till ann numhauser henning'' lund juristf rlaget lund pp ref national minimum wage laws first introduced united states ref name dol ref brazil india france ref name france ref united kingdom ref name uk ref european union member states national minimum wages ref


hours per day eight hour movement led first law length working day passed england limited miners hours children hours hour day established shorter hours pay gradually accepted thereafter factory act first labour law uk germany next european country pass labour laws chancellor otto von bismarck 's main goal undermine social democratic party germany bismarck instituted variety anti socialist measures


labour law voted limited age miners' hours third republic labour law first effectively enforced particular waldeck rousseau law legalising trade unions matignon accords popular front enacted laws mandating days year paid vacations workers law limiting standard workweek hours health safety labour laws involve safety concerning workers earliest english factory law passed dealt safety health child textile workers discrimination laws prohibited discrimination employees morally


unacceptable illegal particular racial discrimination gender discrimination dismissal convention international labour organization states employee ca n't fired without legitimate motive offering possibility defend thus april unofficial repeal french first employment contract longjumeau essonne ''conseil des prud'hommes'' labour law court judged new employment contract contrary international law therefore illegitimate without juridical value court considered two years period fire without legal motive unreasonable contrary


small business selling food odd jobs children work guides tourists sometimes combined bringing business shops restaurants may also work children jobs assembling boxes polishing shoes however rather factories sweatshops child labour twenty first century occurs informal sector selling street work agriculture hidden away houses nbsp far reach official inspectors media scrutiny ref name unicef ref collective labour law collective labour law concerns relationship employer employee trade


talk manpower organization time trade union perform roles like bridge employee employer workplace participation legally binding right workers group participate workplace management acknowledged form developed countries majority eu member states example germany sweden france workforce right elect directors board large corporations usually called codetermination currently countries allow election one third board though workforce


right elect anywhere single director half germany however german company law uses split board system supervisory board appoints executive board mitbestimmunggesetz shareholders employees elect supervisory board equal numbers head supervisory board casting vote shareholder representative first statutes introduce board level codetermination britain however measures except universities removed oldest surviving statute found united states massachusetts laws


employees companies workers usually unions right appoint two board members two substitutes company employees rises three members three substitutes common practice allocate among major union coalitions information consultation workplace statutes many countries require employers consult workers various issues collective bargaining collective action strikers gathering tyldesley greater manchester united kingdom general strike strike action worker tactic associated industrial disputes countries strikes


legal circumscribed set conditions among may strike decided prescribed democratic process wildcat strikes illegal sympathy strikes company workers directly employed may prohibited general strikes may forbidden example among public safety workers maintain public order boycott refusal buy sell otherwise trade individual business tactics include go slow sabotage work rule sit en masse reporting work labour law explicitly bans activity none explicitly allows picketing often


used workers strikes may congregate near business striking make presence felt increase worker participation dissuade prevent strike breakers entering workplace many countries activity restricted law general law restricting demonstrations injunctions particular pickets example labour law may restrict secondary picketing picketing business connected company directly dispute supplier flying pickets mobile strikers travel join picket laws may prohibit obstructing others conducting lawful business outlaw obstructive


versailles contained first constitution new international labour organization ilo founded principle labour commodity reason peace established based upon social justice ilo 's primary role coordinate international labour law issuing conventions ilo members voluntarily adopt ratify conventions instance first hours work industry convention required maximum hour week ratified member states uk ultimately refused ratify convention


many current eu members although working time directive adopts principles subject individual opt ilo 's constitution comes declaration philadelphia declaration fundamental principles rights work classified eight conventions core require freedom join union bargain collectively take action conventions abolition forced labour abolition labour children end compulsory school discrimination work member compliance core conventions obligatory even


country ratified convention question ensure compliance ilo limited gathering evidence reporting member states' progress relying publicity create pressure reform global reports core standards produced yearly individual reports countries ratified conventions compiled bi annual less frequent basis one international organizations real enforcement power trade sanctions wto target calls labour lawyers incorporate global standards international labour organization ilo 's enforcement mechanisms


boost economies another contested point whether business moves production high wage low wage countries given potential differences worker productivity since gatt trade agreements bilateral protect core labour standards moreover domestic tariff regulations countries give preference countries respect core labour rights example ec tariff preference regulation articles work multiple countries conflicts laws private international law issues arise workers work multiple jurisdictions us worker performs part job brazil china


denmark peripatetic worker employer may seek characterize employment contract governed law country labour rights least favourable worker seek argue favourable system labour rights apply example uk labour law case ''ravat v halliburton manufacturing services ltd'' ravat uk employed libya german company part halliburton dismissed supervisor based egypt told would hired uk law terms


conditions arranged staffing department aberdeen uk employment rights act would right claim unfair dismissal act left open question statute 's territorial scope uk supreme court held principle would expatriate worker would subject uk rules worker could show close connection uk found rabat 's case fits within general framework eu eu rome regulation article workers employment rights country


habitually work may claim another country establish close connection regulation emphasises rules applied purpose protecting worker also necessary court jurisdiction hear claim brussels regulation article requires worker habitually works place claim brought engaged eu law european union extensive labour laws officially exclude according treaty functioning european union matters around direct


wage regulation eg setting minimum wage fairness dismissals collective bargaining series directives regulate almost issues instance working time directive guarantees days paid holiday equality framework directive prohibits forms discrimination collective redundancies directive requires proper notice given consultation takes place decisions economic dismissals however european court justice recently extended treaties provisions via case law trade unions sought organize across borders way multinational corporations organized production globally unions


article says shall prevent application terms conditions employment favourable workers people thought meant favourable conditions could given minimum eg latvian law host state 's legislation collective agreement however european court justice ecj said local state could raise standards beyond minimum foreign workers attempt host state collective agreement unless collective agreement declared universal article would infringe business' freedom tfeu article


decision implicitly reversed european union legislature rome regulation makes clear recital host state may allow favourable standards however ''the rosella'' ecj held blockade international transport workers federation business using estonian flag convenience ie saying operating estonian law avoid labour standards finland infringed business' right free establishment tfeu article ecj said recognized workers' right strike accordance ilo convention


said use must proportionately right business' establishment national labour laws australia fair work act provides regulations governing australian workplaces employers australia minimum wage workplace conditions overseen fair work commission canada interior one eaton 's factories toronto canada canadian law labour law refers matters connected unionized workplaces employment law deals non unionized employees premier brad wall announced saskatchewan 's government cut per cent workers


officers' wages salary cut includes mla ministers premier 's office staff along people employed government unpaid days also implemented well limiting overtime assist wage cut china people 's republic china basic labour laws ''labour law people 's republic china'' promulgated july ''labour contract law people 's republic china'' adopted th session standing committee th national people 's congress june effective


january administrative regulations enacted state council ministerial rules judicial explanations supreme people 's court stipulate detailed rules concerning various aspects employment government controlled china federation trade unions sole legal labour union strikes formally legal practice discouraged france france first labour laws waldeck rousseau 's laws passed popular front enacted law mandating days weeks year paid vacation workers law limited work week


hours excluding overtime grenelle accords negotiated may th middle may crisis reduced working week hours created trade union sections enterprise minimum wage increased lionel jospin 's government enacted hour workweek reduced hours five years later conservative prime minister dominique de villepin enacted new employment contract cne addressing demands employers asking flexibility french labour laws cne sparked criticism trade unions opponents claiming favoured contingent work


attempted pass first employment contract cpe vote emergency procedure met students unions' protests president jacques chirac finally choice repeal india fifty national many state level laws govern work india instance permanent worker terminated proven misconduct habitual absence ref name sharma ref uttam nakate case bombay high court held dismissing employee repeated sleeping factory floor illegal decision overturned supreme court


prohibits child labour years old factory mine hazardous employment articles however like rights listed part iv constitution enforceable courts rather creating aspirational duty state apply principles making laws original justification leaving principles unenforceable courts democratically accountable institutions ought left discretion given demands could create state funding general taxation although views since become controversial article says


general state strive promote welfare people social order justice social economic political shall inform institutions national life article goes say state minimise inequalities income based statuses article creates right work national rural employment guarantee act attempts put practice article requires state make provision securing human conditions work maternity relief article says workers


industrial relations law trade unions allowed free unionization law manpower legislated minimum labour rights law industrial relations disputes settlement established new industrial relations dispute resolution system iran iran ratified two basic conventions international labour organization freedom association collective bargaining one abolishing child labour israel japan mexico mexican labour law reflects historic interrelation


state confederation mexican workers confederation officially aligned institutional revolutionary party institutional revolutionary party pri law promises workers right strike organize practice difficult impossible independent unions organize sweden sweden many workplace issues working hours minimum wage right overtime compensation regulated collective bargaining agreements accordance swedish model ' 'self regulation'' ie regulation labour market parties contrast ' 'state regulation'' labour laws ref name portalresearchluse notable


exception employment protection act regulates employment contracts extensive employees' rights employment certain conditions switzerland labour law switzerland covers standards governing employment kind regulation employment private employers largely harmonized federal level public sector employment still prevails variety cantonal laws particular civil standardization distributed variety laws greater importance particularly new federal constitution code obligations labour code well public sector federal


act introduced bring pay equality women workplace since changes uk employment law include enhanced maternity paternity rights introduction national minimum wage working time regulations covers working time rest breaks right paid annual leave discrimination law tightened protection discrimination available grounds age religion belief sexual orientation well gender race disability united states american builder fair labor standards act set maximum


standard work week hours reduced hours green card entitles immigrants work without requirement separate work permit despite hour standard maximum work week lines work require hours example farm workers may work hours week followed least hours exceptions break period exist certain harvesting employees involved harvesting grapes tree fruits cotton professionals clerical administrative assistants technical mechanical employees cannot terminated refusing work


liberty property without due process law implicit guarantee person receive equal protection law fourteenth amendment ref name us amendments explicitly prohibits states violating individual 's rights due process equal protection equal protection limits state federal governments' power discriminate employment practices treating employees former employees job applicants unequally membership group like race religion sex due process protection requires employees fair procedural process terminated termination related liberty like


right free speech property interest national labor relations act enacted part new deal legislation guarantees workers right form unions engage collective bargaining age discrimination employment act prohibits employment discrimination based age respect employees years age older title vii civil rights act principal federal statute regard employment discrimination prohibiting unlawful employment discrimination public private employers labour organizations training programmes employment agencies based race colour religion sex


national origin retaliation also prohibited title vii person opposing practice forbidden statute making charge testifying assisting participating proceeding statute civil rights act expanded damages available title vii cases granted title vii plaintiffs right jury trial ref name finduslawcom ref halakhah jewish religious law beginnings halakhic labour law bible two commandments refer subject law delayed wages lev deut worker 's right eat


employer 's crops deut talmudic law labour law called laws worker hiring elaborates many aspects employment relations mainly tractate baba metzi'a issues talamud following tosefta refers parties customary law custom region postulates modern halakhic labour law developed slowly rabbi israel meir hacohen hafetz hayim interprets worker 's right timely payment tendency clearly favours employee employer refer new questions employment relations find


first halakhic authority tackle questions trade unions could easily anchored talmudic law right strike quite problematic terms talmudic law rabbis ai kook bmh uziel tend corporatist settling labour conflicts rabbi moshe feinstein clearly adopts liberal democratic collective bargaining model since halakhic literature labour law enriched books articles referred growing range questions basically adopted liberal democratic approach see also employee benefits benefit incidence profit sharing novated lease family economics family


wage living wage basic income distributism guaranteed minimum income human rights labor market maximum wage minimum wage positive rights precarious work supply demand trade boards act working poor collective bargaining contingent work employment contract industrial relations ''journal individual employment rights'' labour market flexibility labour movement labour inspectorate legal working age child labour master servant act occupational licensing protective laws gender right work law social security sweat shops swiss labour law union organizer vicarious liability weekends workchoices workplace fairness fan labor notes references reading stephen f befort john w budd ''invisible hands invisible objectives


bringing workplace law public policy focus'' stanford university press e mcgaughey ''a casebook labour law'' https wwwbloomsburyprofessionalcom uk casebook labour law hart e mcgaughey 'behavioural economics labour law' https papersssrncom sol paperscfmabstract id lse legal studies working paper keith ewing aileen mccolgan hugh collins ''labour law cases texts materials'' hart publishing deakin c barnard z adams fraser butlin ''labour law'' hart publishing keshawn walker arn morell ''labor employment workplace warzone'' georgetown university thesis external links labor relations social programs employment compensation working conditions working time industrial organizational psychology


groups people crossing zhangjiajie grand canyon glass bridge china picture taken west side gorge '''sociology architecture''' sociological study built environment role occupation architects modern societies architecture basically constituted aesthetic engineering social aspects built environment made designed spaces activities people inter related inseparable us understand interrelationship put appropriately paper social institutions many social institutions sometimes

Social science
Sociology
Architectural sociology


need functional spaces allow people using building benefit aspects purpose inhabits building varied structure organized flow communication way buildings designed fulfill needs social institutions social requirements said compliance social aspects architecture cultural sociology architecture visual shape gestalt society within various building types architecture consumption mobility political religious well factories prisons cinema buildings etc could become


objects architectural sociology example specific architecture 'expresses' structure principles given society classical sociology architecture sociological analysis architecture found classic authors sociology marcel mauss walter benjamin norbert elias michel foucault ernst bloch siegfried kracauer pierre bourdieu maurice halbwachs karel teige others sociology architectonic artifacts sociology technology offers approaches sociology architectonic artifacts initially sociology interested technical matters buildings art technic core discipline perspective architecture


life spirit urban sociology primarily deals social structures ''within'' city points instance processes segregation urbanization decline cities recently research focus differences cities associated sociology architecture ronald daus introducing new concepts area studying history extra european megacities references paul jones ''the sociology architecture constructing identities'' liverpool university press print leslie sklair icon project architecture cities capitalist globalization oxford university press new york heike delitz ''gebaute gesellschaft architektur als


medium des sozialen'' frankfurt new york heike delitz ''architektursoziologie'' reihe einsichten themen der soziologie bielefeld joachim fischer heike delitz eds ''die architektur der gesellschaft theorien f r die architektursoziologie'' bielefeld transcript olivier chadoin ''etre architecte les vertus de l'ind termination de la sociologie d'une profession la sociologie du travail professionnel'' presses universitaires de limoges heike delitz ''die architektur der gesellschaft architektur und architekturtheorie im blick der soziologie'' wolkenkuckucksheim cloud cuckoo land vozdushnyi zamok internationale zs f r theorie und wissenschaft der architektur jg h sept outer space architekturtheorie au erhalb der disziplin http wwwtu cottbusde btu fak theoarch wolke deu themen delitz delitzhtm


herbert schubert ''empirische architektursoziologie'' die alte stadt joachim fischer michael makropoulos hg ''potsdamer platz soziologische theorien zu einem ort der moderne'' nchen bernhard sch fers ''architektursoziologie'' opladen leske budrich gieryn thomas buildings theory society guy ankerl ''experimental sociology architecture guide theory research literature'' mouton de gruyter publ hague paris new york p nbsp paper hardcover anthony king ed ''buildings society essays social development built environment'' london robert gutman architecture outside selected essays


robert gutman ed dana cuff john wriedt princeton architectural press people buildings ed robert gutman nathan glazer transaction publishers architectural practice critical view princeton architectural press th edition http wwwarchitektur soziologiede wwwarchitektur soziologiede task force sociology architecture german sociological association espaces et soci sociologie et architecture mat riau pour une comparaison europ enne olivier chadoin et viviane claude coord n juin chadoin olivier le sociologue chez les architectes mat riau pour une sociologie de la sociologie en situation ancillaire soci contemporaines n chadoin olivier sociologie de l'architecture et des


architectes marseille editions parnth ses environmental design environmental sociology


'''dramaturgy''' sociological perspective commonly used micro sociological accounts social interaction everyday life term first adapted sociology theatre erving goffman developed related terminology ideas book ''the presentation self everyday life'' kenneth burke goffman would later acknowledge influence earlier presented notions ' 'dramatism'' turn derives shakespeare fundamental difference burke 's goffman 's view however burke believed life fact theatre whereas goffman viewed theatre

Social science
Sociology
Dramaturgical sociology


metaphor imagine directors observing goes theatre everyday life goffman called dramaturgical analysis study social interaction terms theatrical performance ref name mac dramaturgical sociology argued elements human interactions dependent upon time place audience words goffman self sense one dramatic effect emerging immediate scene presented ref name ritz ritzer george ''contemporary sociological theory classical roots basics'' new york mcgraw hill ref goffman forms theatrical metaphor


defining method one human presents another based cultural values norms beliefs performances disruptions actors aware successful goal presentation self acceptance audience carefully conducted performance actor succeeds audience view actor wants viewed ' 'dramaturgical action'' social action designed seen others improve one 's public self image addition goffman concept used j rgen habermas


sort person behind role dramaturgical perspective seen anchor perspective wherein individual 's identity performed role consensus actor audience dependence consensus define social situations perspective argues concrete meaning interaction could redefined dramaturgy emphasizes expressiveness main component interactions thus termed fully two sided view human interaction dramaturgical theory suggests person 's identity stable independent


nonverbal actions give particular impression others goffman described individual 's performance ''presentation self'' person 's efforts create specific impressions minds others ref name mac process also sometimes called ''impression management'' goffman makes important distinction ''front stage'' behaviour actions visible audience part performance ''back stage'' behavior actions people engage audience present example server restaurant likely perform one way front customers


might much casual kitchen likely things kitchen might seem unseemly front customers ref name humanenrich ref interaction another individual prepares role impression wants make roles subject theater termed ''breaking character'' inopportune intrusions may occur backstage performance interrupted someone meant see addition examples audience personal performance plays part


determining course takes typically ignore many performance flaws tact someone trips spits speak within dramaturgy analysis '''teams''' groups individuals cooperate order share 'party line' team members must share information mistakes reflect everyone team members also inside knowledge fooled one another 's performances ref name ohio moody james c https webarchiveorg web http wwwsociologyohio stateedu classes soc moody class htm goffman presentation self everyday life classical sociological theory sociology oh ohio state university archived http wwwsociologyohio stateedu classes soc moody class htm original ref perinbanayagam 's dramaturgical


theory author robert perinbanayagam performance seven important elements goffman identifies respect performance ref name ohio '''belief''' part one playing belief important even cannot judged others audience try guess whether performer sincere cynical '''front''' '''mask''' standardized generalizable transferable technique performer control manner audience perceives put different masks throughout lives '''dramatic realization''' portrayal aspects performer want audience


know performer wants stress something carry dramatic realization eg showing accomplished one going date make good first impression '''idealization''' performance often presents idealized view situation avoid confusion misrepresentation strengthen elements eg fronts dramatic realization audiences often 'idea' given situation performance look like performers try carry performance according idea maintenance '''expressive control''' need stay 'in character' performance make


sure send correct signals well silencing occasional compulsion convey misleading ones might detract performance '''misrepresentation''' danger conveying wrong message audience tends think performance genuine false performers generally wish avoid audience disbelieve whether truly genuine '''mystification''' concealment certain information audience whether increase audience 's interest user avoid divulging information could damaging performer stages stages regions


refer three distinct areas different individuals different roles information found three stages front back outside ref name ohio front stage within society individuals expected present certain way however person goes norm society tends notice therefore individuals expected put costume act differently front 'audience' goffman noticed habit society developed idea '''front stage''' book ''the presentation self everyday life'' goffman defines ''front'' part


individual 's performance regularly functions general fixed fashion define situation observe performance front expressive equipment standard kind intentionally unwittingly employed individual performance ref name ref ref name goff goffman erving ''the presentation self everyday life'' new york doubleday ref front stage actor formally performs adheres conventions meaning audience ref name goff part dramaturgical performance consistent contains generalized ways explain situation role actor


playing audience observes actor knows watched acts accordingly ref name goff fixed presentation concept seen film ''waiting'' servers act much proper presentable dining room kitchen goffman explains front stage involves differentiation ' 'setting'' ''personal front'' two concepts necessary actor successful performance '''setting''' scene must present order actor perform


gone actor cannot perform '''personal front''' consists items equipment needed order perform items usually identifiable audience constant representation performance actor personal front divided two different aspects ref name ritz appearance refers items personal front reflection actor 's social status manners refers way actor conducts actor 's manner tells audience expect performance back stage ''the presentation self everyday


life'' goffman explains ''back stage'' performer relax drop front forgo speaking lines step character ref name ref name goff said done individual returns back stage feel sense relief know actions would condoned upon front stage free expressed backstage actions please anyone self back stage performers present audience hence performers


step character without fear disrupting performance various kinds informal actions facts suppressed front stage may appear simply put back stage completely separate front stage performance routine prepared ref name humanenrich members audience may appear back actor takes many methods ensure ''back region'' relative term exists regards specific audience two people present almost never


true 'back region' stage '''outside''' stage place individuals '''outsiders''' involved performance although may aware stage individual actors meet audience members independently team performance front stage specific performances may given audience segmented ref name goff borders regions borders boundaries important prevent restrict movement individuals various regions performers need able maneuver boundaries manage access performance border


phenomenon highlighted victor turner 's concept liminality thus prolonged imaginable field semiotics ritual management thresholds may operated several axes crude exclusion inclusion similar basic digital part may seen fundamental asset society far society perceived rhizomatic conglomerate rather unitary arborescent whole border control speak becomes paradoxical fashion ''the'' central issue thus study liminality sociology ritual theatre reveals


fictional elements underpinning society rites passage seem reflect enactments exclusion dissociation seem essential feature enactment exclusion society seem essential formation imaginary central governing cf michel foucault discrepant roles many performances need prevent audience getting information secrets several specialized roles created secrets different types secrets concealed various reasons ref name ohio '''dark secrets''' represent information performing team could contradict image


team presenting audience '''strategic secrets''' represent team 's goals capabilities know hows allows team control audience lead direction team desires '''inside secrets''' represent information known team seen something shared teammates increase team bonding '''entrusted secrets''' secrets kept order maintain role team integrity keeping demonstrates trustworthiness '''free secrets''' secrets another unrelated oneself disclosed still maintaining role disclosure secrets


affect performance roles three basic roles goffman 's scheme centered access information performers knowledgeable audiences know performers disclosed observed outsiders little relevant information ref name ohio roles divided three groups ref name ohio roles dealing facilitating interactions two teams roles mix front back region communication character performers may communicate character purpose order signal others team accident


common backstage character communications include ref name ohio treatment absent derogatory discussion absent audience performers affecting team cohesion staging talk discussion technical aspects performance gossip common frontstage communications character include ref name ohio team collusion team members performance endangering example staging cues kicking friend table realigning actions members opposing teams example unofficial grumbling impression management ''impression management'' refers work maintaining desired impression composed defensive protective techniques protective techniques used order


right audience length venue performance criticism believing theories applied tested argued dramaturgy applied instances involve people associated total institution theory designed addition also said dramaturgy contribute sociology 's goal understanding legitimacy society claimed drafting positivism offer interest reason rationality john welsh called commodity application research dramaturgy


best done fieldwork participant observation one dramaturgy used depict social movements communicate power robert benford scott hunt argued social movements described dramas protagonists antagonists compete affect audiences' interpretations power relations variety domains people seeking power present front stage self order captivate attention however back stage self still present though undetectable competition power prime example dramaturgy useful everyday way understanding dramaturgy specifically


front stage back stage think waiter waitress restaurant main avenue concern customer service even customer rude waiters waitresses expected polite customer always right part job responsibilities waiter waitress speaks differently going break room may complain mimic discuss fellow peers irritating rude customer example waiter waitress acts certain way dealing customers acts


completely different way fellow employees dramaturgy also applied emerging interdisciplinary domain scholarly research known technoself studies deals human identity technological society terms blogging specifically fashion blogging bloggers readers share social setting form online platform blogger build persona create image may far removed actually real world words fashion blogging authoritative performance one style relationship


drama social life dramaturgical handbook'' uk ashgate publishing co goffman erving ''the presentation self everyday life'' new york doubleday external links goffman erving https webarchiveorg web http ssr uchicagoedu newpre cult goffman html presentation self everyday life main argument starting assumption http kbjournalorg kenny glamour motives applications kenneth burke within sociological field interpersonal relationships symbolic interactionism erving goffman everyday life


'''educational leadership''' process enlisting guiding talents energies teachers pupils parents toward achieving common educational aims term often used synonymously '''school leadership''' united states supplanted educational management united kingdom several universities united states offer graduate degrees educational leadership certain obstacles educational leadership overcome self assessment technique help examine equity justice affects student diversity especially selection candidates history term ' 'school leadership'' came existence late th century several reasons

Applied science
Education
Educational leadership


contribute toward aims school ' 'school leadership'' ''educational leadership'' become popular replacements ''educational administration'' recent years ''leadership'' arguably presents partial picture work school division district ministerial state education agency personnel mention areas research explored university faculty departments concerned operations schools educational institutions reason may grounds question merits term catch field rather etiology use may found


years st century initially superintendent 's main function clerical nature focused assisting board education day day details running school turn th century states began develop common curriculum public schools superintendents fulfilling role teacher scholar master educator added emphasis curricular instructional matters school operations early th century industrial revolution affected superintendent 's role shifting emphasis expert manager efficiency handling non instructional tasks budget facility transportation


release ''a nation risk ''in directly impacted public school accountability ultimately superintendency early initiated change continued today superintendent viewed chief executive officer including roles professional adviser board leader reforms manager resources communicator public graduate studies term educational leadership also used describe programs beyond schools leaders community colleges proprietary colleges community based programs universities also ''educational leaders'' united states university graduate master 's doctoral programs organized higher education


areas specialization separate departments area higher education may include areas student affairs leadership academic affairs leadership community college leadership community college university teaching vocational adult education university administration educational wings nongovernmental organizations europe similar degrees exist university bath apsley business school london focus management systems education especially british schools move away state funding semi autonomous free schools academies fact schools focus traditional mba disciplines


hr change management finance called academisation british education highly contentious political issue many headteachers resisting moves see forced privatization mainland europe educational leadership taught formally senior educationalists come academic pathways administration literature research policy educational leadership draws upon interdisciplinary literature generally ideally distinguishes focus pedagogy epistemology human development contemporary practice borrows political science business debate within field relates tension numerous educational leadership theories perspectives


including policies budgets training development school leaders usa formal curriculum audits becoming common educational leaders trained auditors evaluate school leadership alignment curriculum goals objectives curriculum audits curriculum mapping developed fenwick w english late educational leaders auditors conduct audits certified phi delta kappa research shows educational leadership influences student learning study concludes factors quality teaching facilities academic staff school administration staff main


external factors indirectly affect students' performance schools leadership school principals therefore plays important role ensuring quality management commitment teaching staff indirect impact academic performance students notes references carter gr cunningham wg ''the american school superintendent leading age pressure''san francisco ca jossey bass waters jt marzano rj school district leadership works denver co mid continental research education learning razik ta swanson ad fundamental concepts educational leadership management rd ed new york


allyn bacon lewis kanji n non governmental organizations development london new york routledge taylor francis group reading external links http gpseducationoecdorg revieweducationpolicies node filter oecd 's education gps review education policy analysis statistics school leadership http wwwascdorg portal site ascd menuitembeab ce e c templateascdexpressarticlearticlemgmtid fe af ac vgnvcm c rcrd infusing management tasks instructional leadership dr angie mcquaig https webarchiveorg web http onlinecreightonedu edd doctorate leadership resources educational leadership educational leadership creighton university educational administration


'''food policy''' area public policy concerning food produced processed distributed purchased provided food policies designed influence operation food agriculture system balanced ensuring human health needs often includes decision making around production processing techniques marketing availability utilization consumption food interest meeting furthering social objectives food policy promulgated level local global government agency business organization food policymakers engage activities regulation food related industries establishing eligibility standards food

Applied science
Public administration
Food policy


viewed context regional national economic concerns environmental pressures maintenance social safety net health encouragement private enterprise innovation agrarian landscape dominated fewer larger mechanized farms ref name wilde ref industrialized countries strive ensure farmers earn relatively stable incomes despite price supply fluctuations adverse weather events cost subsidizing farm incomes passed along consumers form higher food prices ref name linked national models history history food policy within us federal government history food policy united states started


policies carried us department agriculture harvey w wiley md appointed chief chemist usda wiley devoted career raising public awareness problems adulterated food developing standards food processing campaigning pure food drug act also known wiley act much policymakers discussed deal diseased livestock imported exported united states usda bureau animal industry bai created purpose ensuring diseased


livestock could used food bai charged also testing meats exported us ensuring disease free pure food drug act federal meat inspection act fmia signed law prevent production sale adulterated misbranded foods pure food drug act focusing general foods fmia focusing meats ref name fsis history bureau chemistry charged enforcing pure food drug act reorganized becoming food drug insecticide administration


eventually came called food drug administration fda federal food drug cosmetic act passed congress giving fda authority set food safety standards fda reorganized direction department health human services agricultural marketing act ama passed allowing inspection exotic game animals pay case basis giving usda authority inspect certify identify class quality condition agricultural products ref name fsis history large scale


reorganization usda bai bureau dairy abolished among bureaus duties transferred agricultural research service ars poultry products inspection act passed ensured poultry products shipped interstate commerce well products imported us continually inspected diseases product labels accurate food drug cosmetic act amended include food additive amendment addressing concerns invisible hazards chemicals added foods also humane methods slaughter


act passed act amended ensure meat inspected fsis used human consumption humanely slaughtered ref name fsis history reorganization ars' consumer marketing service brought federal meat poultry inspection one program wholesome meat act amended fmia wholesome poultry act amended ppia requiring states conduct inspection programs least stringent federal inspections egg products inspection act epia passed ensured continuous inspection


processing egg products task taken fsis fda took responsibility shell egg products following several changes organization food safety quality service renamed food safety inspection service fsis created perform meat poultry grading ref name fsis history following ''e coli'' outbreak inspections began rely scientific tests opposed usual sensory based inspections fsis pushed research hazard analysis critical control points haccp pathogen reduction haccp systems issued ensuring illness causing pathogens


reduced raw products industry must ensure using safe practices government ultimately responsible setting safety standards enforcing standards inspections regulation ref name fsis history food safety concerns may motivated earliest food policy initiatives public policies developed around forms consumer protections latter half th century including food labeling dietary guidance role poverty food insecurity well agricultural concerns also contributed food policy landscape debate united states recent


eradication hunger malnutrition aftermath numerous public private efforts launched better understand agricultural economic social climatological geo political contributors hunger organizations international food policy research institute founded fund research designed lead sustainable solutions ending hunger poverty annually produces global food policy report policy makers seek better understand economic principles govern supply demand supply demand influence food security first defined ability meet food needs consistent way though


definition continues evolve food policies evolve nations improve economic condition moving economy based isolated self sufficient rural farming one based trade development wider variety goods services offered urbanization population growth shifting health concerns affect way food policy approached ref name linked national models following table adapted simon maxwell rachel slater succinctly describes evolutionary shift food policies internationally class wikitable food policy old food policy new population


branded products animal products packaging low high purchased food bought local stall shops open markets supermarkets food safety issues pesticide poisoning field workers toxins associated poor storage pesticide residues food adulteration bio safety issues processed foods salmonella listeriosis nutrition problems nutrition chronic dietary diseases obesity heart disease diabetes nutrient issues micronutrients fat sugar food insecure peasants urban rural poor main sources national food shocks poor


rainfall production shocks international price trade problems main sources national food shocks poor rainfall production shocks income shocks causing food poverty remedies household food shortage safety nets food based relief social protection income transfers fora food policy ministries agriculture relief rehabilitation health ministries trade industry consumer affairs food activist groups ngos focus food policy agricultural technology parastatal reform supplementary feeding food work competition rent seeking value chain industrial


structure retail sector futures markets waste management advertising health education food safety key international institutions fao wfp unicef cgiar fao unido ilo wto food policies population health global setting historically food policy generally linked health population however food fiber production play roles biofuels animal feed planetary health major systems structures early literature nutrition involving developing countries concerned effects food shortage practices spreading diseases marasmus


kwashiorkor increases food production consumption energy dense foods high added sugars solid fats reduction physical activity increase prevalence obesity developed countries especially middle income families developing countries issues receiving greater attention decision makers employers health economists part loss worker productivity increased absenteeism decreased ability young adults enter military life time costs treating associated conditions diabetes hypertension also policies aided gains life


improving health food policy united states united states food policy decisions made government entities federal state territorial tribal local level primary arenas federal involvement food policy include agriculture nutrition assistance food safety dietary guidance labeling industry initiatives work advocacy organizations affect food policy also addressed section food policies developed incrementally often reaction changed circumstances political climates needs ref name wilde governance three branches federal government play role


safety effectiveness animal drugs including safety drug residues human food derived animals protecting food feed supply intentional contamination ensuring food labels truthful contain reliable information consumers use choose healthy diets ref name usda 's food safety inspection service differ activities fda 's center food safety applied nutrition myplate developed take place widely known food pyramid myplate illustrates proportions food group present meal https wwwcdcgov nccdphp dnpao state local programs nutritionhtml centers disease control


prevention cdc variety public health programs support state local health departments universities community based organizations implement healthy food nutrition standards community settings early care education schools park recreation centers worksites hospitals support community access healthy food retail strategies united states department agriculture usda broad range interests involved food policy food safety inspection service fsis responsible making sure united states' commercial supply meat poultry egg products safe wholesome correctly labeled


packaged ref name fsis food nutrition service fns focuses helping children needy families get proper nutrition food assistance programs nutrition education two widely known programs within fns supplemental nutrition assistance program snap national school lunch program nslp ref name fns center nutrition policy promotion cnpp works improve health well americans developing promoting dietary guidance links scientific research nutrition needs consumers ref name cnpp widely accepted food pyramid used part dietary guidance recently


name national organic program additionally animal product labeled organic must follow guidelines livestock living conditions health care practice feed follow organic specifications usda also taken significant steps reduce food waste us food waste approximated percent food supply translates billion pounds billion worth food reported usda 's https wwwersusdagov economic research service usda epa fda signed formal agreement work together educate consumers engage partner stakeholders design monitor


solutions reduce food loss waste legislative branch authority nation 's annual budget congress also plays role formulation food policies particularly around issues related farming nutrition assistance house representatives committee agriculture lead player senate committee agriculture nutrition forestry budget appropriations committees house also play role program policy subject mandatory spending requirements meaning congressional budget committees must fully fund program meet


practices linked obesity proposed examples include initiating lawsuits real estate developers include recreational facilities designs school boards allow exclusive vending rights soft drink companies manufacturers non nutritious foods elements federal food policy farm bill latest farm bill signed law december expire large amount us spending occurs support food security support food fiber energy production ample human food supply chain twelve titles including nutrition


improved management land retirement working lands programs title iii trade supports us agricultural export programs international food assistance programs title iv nutrition provides nutrition assistance low income individuals households programs supplemental nutrition assistance program snap title v credit offers direct government loans farmers ranchers guarantees private lenders loans title vi rural development supports rural business community development title vii research extension related matters supports agricultural research extension programs title viii forestry supports forestry management programs usda forest service title ix energy encourages development


farm community renewable energy systems various programs title x horticulture supports production specialty crops fruits vegetables usda certified organic foods locally produced foods authorizes establishing regulatory framework industrial hemp title xi crop insurance management federal crop insurance program title xii miscellaneous covers programs assistance including support new ranchers farmers agricultural concerns government interventions agricultural economy influence quantities produced price food ref name linked national models number different instruments used incentivize farmers grow crops buffer


r congressional record service washington dc ref representatives senators states receive lion 's share farm subsidies often dominate committees agriculture house senate ref name wilde agricultural economics plays increasingly larger role understanding domestic global food trade policy decisions primary demand expansion program supported federal government department agriculture known commodity checkoff program responsible series advertising campaigns aims create higher demand commodity products milk beef pork eggs familiar


slogans campaigns include got milk pork white meat incredible edible egg checkoff programs exist healthier foods grown produced us including poultry fish whole grains marketing support produce minimal recent decades policy makers come increased pressure balance interests traditional farming united states issues around organic farming regenerative agriculture environmental impact agriculture food vs fuel international food security concerns usda variety programs policies activities


purchase foods program known decades food stamps revamped renamed supplemental nutrition assistance program snap acknowledge change paper food stamps electronic benefit transfer ebt cards snap mandatory spending program government must designate funds program sufficient cover benefits meet eligibility requirements farm bill also authorizes funding snap nutrition assistance programs form social safety net projected billion year period ref name crs report


usda also created covid food assistance program children nutritional needs children important component nutrition assistance united states fiscal year children younger age accounted percent participants school age children accounted percent participants usda supplemental nutrition assistance program https wwwersusdagov data products charts note charts note topicid snap benefits program low income americans past ten years children share snap fallen percent fiscal year percent fiscal year addition special supplemental nutrition program


years passage act align closely healthy foods recommended dietary guidelines americans federal government faced increased pressure improve nutritional quality meals served public schools last several decades wide range advocacy groups goal aligning foods served dietary guidelines americans based scientific research showing benefits whole grains fruits vegetables reductions added sugars refined grains sodium pressure stemmed federal efforts


broaden definition qualifying food groups covid pandemic us government usda created temporary emergency standards eligibility benefits food nutrition act due shuttering schools hybrid school delivery models children would normally receive free reduced price meals breakfast lunch dinner richard b russell national school lunch act school cafeteria deemed eligible pandemic ebt p ebt national emergency provision allowed parents caregivers purchase foods local markets


stores ensure food security children using p ebt option older americans concerns senior citizens living poverty led establishment elderly nutrition program enp federally funded program provides grants state area agencies aging help finance cost congregate home delivered meals older adults living independently community program periodically authorized older americans act administered us department health human service 's administration aging primary activity funded title


iii preparation serving nutritious meals adults age spouses title iii provides funding tribal organizations provide similar meal services meals distributed two mechanisms delivered homes seniors mobile self care challenges served group meeting place senior center church community hall public school homebound seniors receive one meal per day several fresh frozen meals may included single delivery communities offer congregate meals encouraged


offer meal least five times per week meals must meet dietary reference intakes usda dietary guidelines older adults budget title iii programs million estimated million people served grants made administration aging state agencies local area councils aging provide variety services communities' seniors program relies heavily volunteers savings per meal attributed volunteer labor last years funds shifted congregate meal support


american adults aged older considered disease obesity percent children aged classified already obesity studies found minor correlations food insecurity obesity among women findings regarding men children inconsistent framework using information inform policies surrounding food benefits proposed framework suggests strategies coping social psychological geographic economical stresses poverty structural factors central link poverty impacts healthy lifestyles


less access healthy affordable foods neighborhoods term food swamps used describe locations high amounts liquor retail convenience stores grocery stores produce lean meats less access safe places physical activity poor access quality healthcare screen counsel food security health unhealthy weight status role farmers' markets concern lack access fresh produce many recipients snap benefits led effort increase role farmers' markets play providing healthy fruits


vegetables receiving nutrition assistance number farmers' markets authorized equipped manage snap transactions increased farmers market locations across country accept snap benefits addition senior farmers' market nutrition program provides funding coupons given needy older adults use local markets roadside produce vendors approved state food safety broad policy terms food safety described attempt limit contaminants food supply traditionally contaminants


greatest concern pathogens according estimates centers disease control prevention cdc million people sickened hospitalized die foodborne diseases year top five offenders norovirus ' 'salmonella'' ''clostridium perfringens'' ''campylobacter'' spp ''staphylococcus aureus'' general accounting office written numerous reports highlighting dangers inherent fragmented approach us food safety federal regulation food safety split primarily among agencies department health human services department agriculture responsibilities also delegated


environmental protection agency epa department commerce department homeland security within department health human services food drug administration fda responsible safety food products exception meat poultry processed eggs animal drugs livestock feed also part fda safety mandate outbreaks foodborne illnesses monitored probed cdc within usda food safety inspection service charged oversight safety wholesomeness proper labeling meat poultry processed eggs inspectors required


onsite nearly every slaughterhouse nation animals readied human consumption result fsis larger annual budget employs much larger number inspectors fda even though fda 's mandate much broader usda agencies role food safety include animal plant health inspection service aphis aims prevent animal plant diseases domestic imported products agricultural marketing service ams service whose primary function set quality grades marketing standards dairy products


fruits vegetables meat food safety modernization act fsma signed law gives fda new authorities regulate way food grown harvested processed developed effort limit contamination food supply seven major rules implement fsma require specific actions must taken different points along supply chain prevent contamination human animal food addition pathogens chemical additives food increasing concern americans critical concept related chemical additives food


procedures appropriate handling particular foods performance standards set quality standards foods measured grades meat eggs food labeling rules government funded food safety research consumer education additional tools potential product liability lawsuits manufacturers poor safety practices offers another incentive producers take appropriate care handling processing foods ref name wilde food labeling fda regulated labeling food labeling requirements spelled federal food drug cosmetic act abbreviated ffdca fdca fd c nutrition labeling required prepared foods voluntary


raw produce fish recognizable label nutrition facts label found prepared foods lists suggested serving size followed amount per serving calories fat cholesterol sodium carbohydrates protein list micronutrients found food ingredients also included label listed highest quantity lowest quantity also requirements allergen labeling according food allergen labeling consumer protection act public law title ii adults infants children food allergies


label organic used products containing least organic products products made least organic ingredients may labeled made organic ingredients unregulated terms factual labeling terms regulated specificity usda fsis may require producers submit additional documentation verify claim ref name organic labeling terms include drugs growth hormones used free range cage free sustainably harvested terms often used labels improve product 's marketability usda fsis cannot approve false misleading label claims dietary guidance healthy diet


important appropriate growth development optimal immune function metabolic health however many consumers report confusion due conflicting nutrition information different sources including scientific agencies published books media social media center nutrition policy promotion within us department agriculture department health human services charged reviewing scientific literature forging agreement series food choices behaviors compiled issued every five years dietary guidelines americans review underway dietary guidelines americans


published fall general public invited submit comments advisory committee published website center nutrition policy promotion comments submitted come academic institutions individual physicians members public industries stake guidelines example among giving oral testimony committee developed guidelines representatives sugar fisheries dairy egg pork beef soy foods produce industries others offering testimony included council responsible nutrition university washington american heart


association cancer project institute food technologists vegetarian union north america open public input development dietary guidelines example food policy promulgated solely within executive branch federal government decade dietary guidelines illustrated food pyramid guidelines accompanied new graphic myplate graphic attempts show proper nutrition practices reference place setting five food groups fruits vegetables grains protein foods dairy drawn ideal proportions


meal ref name myplate periodic reports government agencies surveys studies indicate us population fails meet government 's dietary guidelines americans eat insufficient quantities fruits vegetables consume many highly processed foods high unhealthy solid fats added sugars consume unhealthy amounts alcohol nutritional assistance dietary guidelines formulated environment increasingly aware health risks faced nation due growing number individuals diet attributable diseases including obesity type diabetes cardiovascular disease certain cancers field nutrition


public health works closely social ecological model places individual behavior determinants choices context familial community societal contexts including marketing retail access larger agricultural policy dietary guidelines americans directed individual behaviors around food nutritional intake physical activity however translated nutrition standards venues serving offering foods workplaces eg food service guidelines childcare schools see section children policy proponents non us government advocacy coalitions every citizen united states could described


stakeholder food policy farming food industry interests generally dominant players advocating legislation regulation federal level public health advocates consumer interest groups also play role action federal government food policy often important farmers food manufacturers distributors income derived economic activities whereas consumers us spend percent income food generally makes farmers food industry executives easier organize around policy issues public


large ref name wilde non profit organizations accept charitable donations organized section c internal revenue service code limited funds spend lobbying activities code profit making businesses trade associations face restrictions result charitable groups stake us food policy decisions create separate organization lobbying purposes devise funding mechanism include tax deductible charitable contributions ref name wilde funds spent industry interest groups lobbying political campaigns tracked made publicly


available profit center responsive politics website http wwwopensecretsorg open secrets food policy councils many food policy councils fpcs bring together variety stakeholders identify food nutrition security concerns explore solutions prioritize equitable approaches plan types policies needed within jurisdiction support nutrition needs public along ways support local farmers producers processors distributors grocers retailers members food system may work educate public food sector members shape public policy even create new programs many states regions cities


organizations formed fpcs fpcs commissioned government others collaborative efforts grassroots organizations earliest grassroots food policy councils city hartford advisory commission food policy established marin food policy council established http wwwfoodpolicynetworksorg johns hopkins center livable future food policy networks fpn project supports development fpcs well provides tools help capacity skill building create effective councils across united states http wwwfoodpolicynetworksorg councils fpn project also


site online directory map existing fpcs food industry initiatives policies involving food public marketplace originate within government food industry also set standards time time often voluntary efforts stem industry concerns may face heavier piecemeal regulations federal state regulators improve quality food products food marketing ref name wilde facts front facts front initiative grocery manufacturers association gma designed simplify nutrition information products


front package fop label highlights calories saturated fat sodium sugars single serving item ref name gma ref initially called nutrition keys industry took action time federal agencies expressed concerns potential consumer confusion stemming competing attempts simplify nutrition information packaged goods congress centers disease control charged institute medicine conducting study eye toward recommendations standardize labels report issued october gma initiative launched january compliance


voluntary ref name gma children 's food beverage advertising initiative launched voluntary effort called food manufacturers set nutritional criteria food products advertise children 's programming organized better business bureau initiative widely criticized advocates federal regulation advertising children scorecard developed rudd center food policy obesity yale university track changes advertising cereal children issued covered changes period among findings total media spending advertise


child targeting cereals increased percent cereal company spending spanish language tv doubled time period two cereal companies launched new advertising video games advergame websites majority cereals children see advertised television consist one third sugar overall nutrition improved targeted brands preschoolers' exposure cereal advertising declined percent updated review published including context food beverage restaurant companies spent approximately billion advertising media report found


number food related tv ads seen kids declined preschoolers ages children aged young teens aged however exposure food related tv advertising children aged continued average ads per day approximately ads year food politics actors public policy arena food policy makers must account variety political social environmental economic agendas affect nation 's food supply food politics domestically


internationally play important role agenda setting rule making implementation politics come play variety different fronts needs populace reliable safe affordable access food balanced desire ensure farmers earn viable living criteria table class wikitable colspan food system judged whether ref name food policy criteria technically efficient social prices good nutrition offers security allocatively efficient social prices supports higher standards


education reduces vulnerability leads increased consumption poor enables people status good environmental sustainability leads increased asset holding poor enables people dignity promotes equality general good health enables people rights promotes social inclusion promotes gender equality enables people influence underpins freedom conflicts food policy political economic factors contribute challenges faces food policy completely based


supply sufficient supply nutritional foods also education foods buy nutritional issue nutrition literacy factors cause food policy fail food policy involves consumers producers prices high consumers afford nutritional food products reduces amount purchase high food prices cause lower income households poorer quality diet producers rely food prices income therefore cannot make prices low able


survive fine line supply demand creates challenge food policy ref name food policy analysis references ref ref name food policy criteria ref ref name food policy ref ref name managing food price risks instability liberalizing market environment ref ref name world getting fat ref ref name usda 's food safety inspection service differ activities fda 's center food safety applied nutrition ref ref name fsis ref ref name fns ref ref name cnpp ref ref name myplate ref ref name organic certification ref ref name national organic program ref ref name food allergen labeling ref ref name organic labeling ref ref


name food policy analysis ref external links https healthyfoodpolicyprojectorg policy database policy database healthy food policy project http wwwfarmbilllaworg background library background library farm bill http wwwfarmbilllaworg farm bill law enterprise https elsinecafsorg food safety modernization act resources extension legal services initiative national agricultural library page https wwwnalusdagov fsrio food safety modernization act food safety modernization act http wwwlabelsunwrappedorg labels unwrapped demystifying us food labels see also advertising children agricultural act agricultural subsidy food food industry food systems global health international food policy research institute let 's move nutrition toronto food policy council world food price crisis food politics agricultural policy


'''philosophy technology''' sub field philosophy studies nature technology social effects philosophical discussion questions relating technology greek ancestor ''techne'' dates back dawn western philosophy ref name franssen et al phrase philosophy technology first used late th century german born philosopher geographer ernst kapp published book titled grundlinien einer philosophie der technik ref name marquit section paragraph published vol ''encyclopedia applied physics'' entry technology philosophy pp vch

Humanities
Philosophy
Applied philosophy
Philosophy of technology


publishers weinheim germany ref ref name kapp history greek philosophy western term 'technology' comes greek term ''techne'' art craft knowledge philosophical views technology traced roots western philosophy common theme greek view ''techne'' arises imitation nature example weaving developed watching spiders greek philosophers heraclitus democritus endorsed view ref name franssen et al ref physics aristotle agreed imitation often case also argued ''techne''


go beyond nature complete nature cannot bring finish aristotle also argued nature ''physis'' ''techne'' ontologically distinct natural things inner principle generation motion well inner teleological final cause ''techne'' shaped outside cause outside ''telos'' goal end shapes natural things strive end reproduce ''techne'' plato 's timaeus world depicted work divine craftsman demiurge created world accordance eternal forms


artisan makes things using blueprints moreover plato argues laws craftsman imitate divine craftsman middle ages th century sir francis bacon period roman empire late antiquity authors produced practical works vitruvius' ''de architectura'' st century bc agricola 's ''de metallica'' medieval scholastic philosophy generally upheld traditional view technology imitation nature renaissance francis bacon became one first modern authors reflect impact technology society utopian work ''new


ernst kapp ''grundlinien einer philosophie der technik zur entstehungsgeschichte der cultur aus neuen gesichtspunkten'' braunschweig brunswick reprint sseldorf engl translation chicago ref kapp deeply inspired philosophy hegel regarded technique projection human organs european context kapp referred founder philosophy technology another materialistic position technology became influential th century philosophy technology centered ideas benjamin franklin karl marx th century present five early prominent th century philosophers directly address effects


modern technology humanity john dewey martin heidegger herbert marcuse g nther anders hannah arendt saw technology central modern life although heidegger anders arendt marcuse ambivalent critical dewey problem heidegger hidden nature technology 's essence ''gestell'' ''enframing'' posed humans called greatest danger thus greatest possibility heidegger 's major work technology found ''the question concerning technology'' contemporary philosophers interest technology include jean baudrillard albert borgmann andrew feenberg langdon winner donna haraway avital ronell


light david strong ''american philosophy technology'' hans achterhuis several collected volumes topics philosophy technology come past decade journals ''techne research philosophy technology'' journal society philosophy technology published philosophy documentation center ''philosophy technology'' springer publish exclusively works philosophy technology philosophers technology reflect broadly work area include interest diverse topics geoengineering internet data privacy understandings internet cats technological function epistemology technology computer ethics


biotechnology implications transcendence space technological ethics broadly late th early st centuries philosophers alexander galloway eugene thacker mckenzie wark book ''excommunication'' argue advances pervasiveness digital technologies transform philosophy technology new 'first philosophy' citing examples analysis writing speech plato 's dialogue ''the phaedrus'' galloway et al suggest instead considering technology secondary ontology technology understood prior possibility philosophy everything


exists exist presented represented mediated remediated communicated translated mediative situations heresy exile banishment carry day repetition communion integration certain kinds messages state 'there messages' hence every communication correlative excommunication additional reflection focusing philosophy engineering sub field within philosophy technology ibo van de poel david e goldberg edited volume ''philosophy engineering emerging agenda'' contains number research articles


sociocultural context issues circulating specific technology removed visible us lies relationship social groups power provided possession technologies compatibilist position two positions interactional stance technology proposed batya friedman states social forces technology co construct co vary one another see also critique technology ethics technology great stirrup controversy history technology industrial sociology list philosophers technology philosophy artificial intelligence philosophy computer science philosophy engineering technological evolution


theories technology references reading books vallor shannon ''technology virtues'' oxford university press joseph agassi ''technology philosophical social aspects'' episteme dordrecht kluwer hans achterhuis ''american philosophy technology'' indiana university press jan kyrre berg olsen evan selinger ''philosophy technology questions'' new york automatic press vip http wwwphilosophytechnologycom website jan kyrre berg olsen stig andur pedersen vincent f hendricks ''a companion philosophy technology'' wiley blackwell http euwileycom wileycda wileytitle productcd xhtml borgmann albert ''technology character contemporary life'' university chicago press drengson ''the practice


technology exploring technology ecophilosophy spiritual disciplines vital links'' state university new york press dusek v ''philosophy technology introduction'' wiley blackwell ellul jacques ''the technological society'' vintage books michael eldred http wwwarte factorg capiteenhtml 'capital technology marx heidegger' https webarchiveorg web http leftcurveorg lc webpages lc tochtml ''left curve'' may ver original german edition http wwwarte factorg kapitechhtml ''kapital und technik marx und heidegger'' roell verlag dettelbach pp michael eldred http wwwarte factorg untpltcl fnbrgtchhtml 'critiquing feenberg heidegger 's aristotle question concerning technology' feenberg andrew ''questioning technology'' routledge press ferre f ''philosophy technology''


university georgia press green lelia ''technoculture alphabet cybersex'' allen unwin crows nest pp heidegger martin ''the question concerning technology'' harper row hickman larry ''john dewey 's pragmatic technology'' indiana university press eric higgs andrew light david strong ''technology good life'' chicago university press christoph hubig alois huning g nter ropohl ''nachdenken ber technik die klassiker der technikphilosophie'' berlin edition sigma nd ed huesemann mh ja huesemann http wwwnewtechnologyandsocietyorg ''technofix technology save us environment'' new society publishers gabriola island british columbia canada


pp ihde ''philosophy technology'' paragon house pitt joseph c ''thinking technology'' seven bridges press david kaplan ed ''readings philosophy technology'' rowman littlefield manuel de landa ''war age intelligent machines'' zone books levinson paul ''mind large knowing technological age'' jai press lyotard jean fran ois ''the postmodern condition report knowledge'' university minnesota press mcluhan marshall ''the gutenberg galaxy'' mentor ''understanding media extensions man'' mcgraw hill nechvatal joseph ''towards immersive


intelligence essays work art age computer technology virtual reality '' edgewise press nechvatal joseph ''immersive ideals critical distances'' lap lambert academic publishing nye david ''technology matters'' mit press marshall poe ''a history communications'' cambridge university press new york ny scharff robert c val dusek eds ''philosophy technology technological condition anthology'' blackwell publishing seemann kurt basic principles holistic technology education http scholarlibvtedu ejournals jte v n seemannhtml ''journal technology education'' v shaw jeffrey ''illusions freedom thomas merton jacques ellul technology


human condition'' eugene wipf stock simondon gilbert ''du mode d'existence des objets techniques'' ''l'individu et sa gen se physico biologique l'individuation la lumi des notions de forme et d'information '' paris puf stiegler bernard ''technics time fault epimetheus'' stanford university press winner langdon ''autonomous technology'' mit press van de poel ibo david e goldberg editors philosophy engineering emerging agenda springer science business media galloway alexander eugene thacker mckenzie wark ''excommunication three inquiries media mediation'' university chicago press essays haraway


donna cyborg manifesto science technology socialist feminism late twentieth century cybercultures reader routledge london kingsnorth paul december http wwwnewstatesmancom politics uk keyboard spade keyboard spade ''new statesman'' external links journals https wwwspringercom journal philosophy technology https wwwspringercom journal ethics information technology http scholarlibvtedu ejournals spt techn research philosophy technology https wwwigi globalcom journal international journal technoethics international journal technoethics https wwwjournalselseviercom technology society technology society https wwwspringercom journal science engineering ethics websites https wwwiptgr institute philosophy technology http wwwsptorg society philosophy technology https webarchiveorg web http commhummccnebedu philos techessayhtm essays philosophy technology compiled frank edler http wwwsapientiokracjapl indexphpoption com content view article id filozofia techniki problematyka nurty trudnoci catid rafa lizut itemid filozofia techniki problematyka nurty trudno ci rafal


lizut study programmes https wwwutwentenl en psts programme philosophy science technology society university twente netherlands science technology studies media studies technology


'''nurse education''' consists theoretical practical training provided nurses purpose prepare duties nursing care professionals education provided '' 'student nurses''' experienced nurses medical professionals qualified experienced educational tasks traditionally '''nursing schools''' countries offer nurse education courses relevant general nursing specialized areas including mental health nursing pediatric nursing post operatory nursing courses leading autonomous registration nurse typically last four years nurse education also provides post qualification courses specialist subjects within

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Nursing education


nursing nursing student enrolled program leads diploma associate degree bachelor science nursing historical background okinawa central hospital nursing school nursing school karanda mission hospital zimbabwe past decades changes education replaced practically focused often ritualistic training structure conventional preparation nurse education integrates today broader awareness disciplines allied medicine often involving inter professional education utilization research making clinical managerial decisions orthodox training argued offered


intense practical skills base emphasized handmaiden relationship physician outmoded impact nurse education develop confident inquiring graduate contributes care team equal countries qualification courses graduate status traditionally times prior florence nightingale nursing seen apprenticeship often undertaken religious institutes convents young women although always proportion male nurses especially mental health services nightingale set first nurse training school


st thomas' hospital london nightingale 's curriculum largely based around nursing practice instruction focused upon need hygiene task competence methods reflected ''notes nursing'' nurses time notably ethel gordon fenwick favor formalized nursing registration curricula formally based higher education within confines hospitals nurse education united states conducted within university schools although unclear offered first degree level program far known yale school nursing became first autonomous


school nursing united states november world health organization study group education nurses met brussels made several recommendations including least one experimental school nursing set country ref name bmj jan ref uk first department nursing studies university edinburgh established five year integrated degree programme introduced several universities across uk la trobe university commenced first nursing course australia united kingdom florence


nightingale one pioneers establishing idea nursing schools base st thomas' hospital london opened 'nightingale training school nurses' part king 's college london intention train nurses qualified specialized level key aim learning develop observation skills sensitivity patient needs allow work hospital posts across united kingdom abroad influence flourished nursing course taught number british universities apart nursing school


first year foundation students learn anatomy physiology basic health care newly qualified nurses register nursing midwifery council order apply jobs legally practice united states history nursing education long varied role united states late little formal education available train nursing students education primarily based apprenticeship senior nurse taught bedside care within hospital clinic setting time model changed dramatically short chronology schools nursing


united states nursing pin awarded graduates nursing school sacramento state university usa '''in ''' bellevue hospital school nursing new york city founded first school nursing united states founded principles nursing established florence nightingale school operated bellevue hospital closure ''' ''' https wwwmuscedu nursing medical university south carolina college nursing traced beginning south carolina training school nurses established


request roper hospital known city hospital charleston sc due earthquake destroyed city hospital effort lasted years however new hospital built nursing program reestablished charleston training school board commissioners roper hospital proposed transfer training school medical college state south carolina whose school medicine established charleston whose faculty already providing nursing instruction


united states''' ''' ''' johns hopkins school nursing founded conjunction creation johns hopkins hospital one earliest hospital based nursing schools united states school leaders consulted florence nightingale program education nurse leaders also established would become national league nursing education helped establishing american nurses association '''in ''' university minnesota offered first university based nursing program offered first bachelor science nursing degree graduated first bachelor 's degree educated nurse ref name goldmark ref ref


name yoost crawford ref '''by ''' universities colleges developed bachelor 's nursing degree programs ref name goldmark '''in ''' yale school nursing founded became first school nursing adopt educational standards ''' ''' goldmark report requested rockefeller foundation curriculum based educational plan rather hospital service needs '''in ''' columbia university school nursing became first united states grant master 's degree clinical nursing specialty nursing qualifications multiple entry levels nursing


led confusion public well healthcare professionals earliest schools nursing offered diploma nursing actual academic degree community colleges began offering associate science nursing degree diploma programs switched model universities began offer bachelor science nursing bachelor nursing degrees followed master science nursing degrees doctor nursing practice degrees doctor philosophy degree nursing phd also available although degree tends focuses


fields adult children mental health learning disabilities requirements entry pre reg nursing degree usually five gcses including mathematics english language least one science subject grade c along three level subjects preferably essentially science based grade c although majority universities seek higher grades due competition places key skills courses generally longer accepted alternative gcses however science healthcare based btec level extended diplomas access courses oftem accepted lieu level qualifications successful


following interview student study core first year learning basic nursing competencies essential four fields second year onwards degree begin focus student 's chosen field following completion degree applicant registered nursing midwifery council nmc registered nurse field practice using post nominal rna rnc rnmh rnld appropriate degree qualification nursing degrees western australia two specific pathways individuals take wish


recommended contact university institute find entry requirements wa four universities individuals choose attend wanting complete nursing degree edith cowan university ecu located joondalup south west bunbury campus ecu offers bachelor science nursing degree individuals choose study three years full time six years part time campus curtin university located bently wa university offers undergraduate nursing degree additionally referred bachelor science nursing


degree runs campus three half years full time however students request study degree part time murdoch university also offers offer bachelor nursing degree three year completion date university offers degree peel south street campus murdoch wa final university offers nursing degree wa located throughout fremantle known university notre dame university offer bachelor nursing degree take three years achieve students graduate one four universities listed


fully qualified rn wide variety job opportunities available however individuals discover university gain entry university end world alternative pathways available attending tafe alternative career pathway individuals still wish pursue profession six institutes spread across wa offer diploma nursing enrolled division nursing institutes include cyo connor institute great southern institute technology goldfields institute technology pilbara institute south west institute


technology west coast institute training institutes wa roughly take eighteen months complete diploma studying full time student successfully graduates diploma nursing enrolled division nursing qualified en overall alternative pathways available however rn holds higher qualifications en key similarities rn en desire fulfil dreams becoming nurse must registered nursing midwifery board australia complying board 's registration standards


united states curriculum pre requisites often include math english basic level courses basic courses biology anatomy physiology required depending nursing school credits taken elsewhere transferred although limitations time span taking pre requisites applying nursing programs exist usually around years although schools set parameters core coursework includes anatomy physiology pathology pharmacology additionally strong emphasis placed procedural education insertion intravenous urinary catheters sterile dressing changes proper administration medications physical examinations caring bedside manner vital


skills first semester basic skills obtained students rotate obstetrics mental health medical surgical oncology critical care pediatric units get holistic view nursing encompasses many nursing students nursing schools use medical healthcare educational software study training aid many schools offer accelerated bachelor 's degree nursing program variation second degree bsn accelerated bsn addition giving credit completed liberal arts requirements accelerated bsn program allows students complete undergraduate nursing program 's course requirements quickly


students enrolled traditional bsn program accelerated bsn programs usually take months complete though programs may run months traditional bsn programs may take much longer time example california nursing relatively high paid high demand profession completion bsn including pre requisites major courses program general education courses college may take years gpa often entrance requirement many programs prestigious schools require much higher gpa score competitive many programs


also require teas v test scores evaluate potential students entry also options associate degree rn lpn programs term nursing training much shorter scope practice different rn lastly master level experienced rns reach higher education may expand scope practice united states students graduate nursing education programs qualified take one nclex national council licensure examination exams nclex pn licensed practical nurses lpns nclex rn registered nurses rns continuing


education nursing student becomes registered nurse required participate continuing education retain licensing registration projected would job growth nursing field time united states' fastest growing occupation scope nursing education includes instruction topic areas nursing assessment nursing diagnosis nursing care planning united states nursing students learn traditional classroom lab instruction nursing education also involves clinical rotations simulation throughout schooling


develop care planning clinical reasoning end schooling nursing students us canada must take pass nclex national council licensure examination practice nursing specialties variety areas nurses specialise may decide want qualified one several specialities course career array nursing specialty fields available addiction nurse burn care nurse cardiology heart nurse clinical nurse community health nurse continence nurse diabetes education nurse district


practice meet requirements nurse education aims develop lifelong learner adapt effectively changes theory practice nursing medical simulation hands learning common among nursing education practices nursing schools carry hands demonstrations practice future nurses learn skills like administer specific medications care specific patients skills taught opioid care training course clear use medical simulation nursing education important improving practice patient


safety interprofessional team skills balance simulation clinical time remains hands institutions ref name ncsbnsimguidelines ref although nurses tend spend lot time nursing school simulation clinical learning also spend time classroom learning care eventually give includes broad science courses well specific courses course specifically better care addiction patients additionally newer curriculums within nursing education requiring future nurses educated patient workforce diversity large step


increasing diversity within nursing education several research studies shown diverse patient populations cycle hospitals regular basis patients needs never nurses job cater needs ensure patient treated well education nurses master practice engaging communicating treating unique patient populations working diverse coworkers gallery image florence nightingale gallery image nursing studentsjpg czech nursing students file miss lydia monroe ringold louisiana student nurse fsa e u cropjpg american student nurse miss


lydia monroe ringgold louisiana gallery degrees granted diploma nursing licensed practical nursing associate science nursing bachelor science nursing master science nursing doctor nursing practice doctor philosophy nursing phd ''see articles individual degrees variations exact name'' list see also academic dress associate science nursing bachelor science nursing diploma nursing doctor nursing practice hesi exam master science nursing nurse educator nursing school list nursing credentials timeline nursing history nursing schools nursing schools country category


list nursing colleges india list nursing schools malaysia list nursing schools united states list nursing schools australia list nursing schools canada list nursing schools europe list nursing training colleges ghana reference list external links https nursingjnjcom johnson johnson nursing resources https zmtaueduorg bsn program detail eligibility study bachelor science nursing program zambia texila american university offers bachelor science nursing program https gytaueduorg bachelor science nursing rn bsn study rn bsn course guyana texila american university offers years program guyana campus https pitcedu


tourists niagara falls '''tourism geography''' study travel tourism industry social cultural activity tourism geography covers wide range interests including environmental impact tourism geographies tourism leisure economies answering tourism industry management concerns sociology tourism locations tourism tourism geography branch human geography deals study travel impact places geography fundamental study tourism tourism geographical nature tourism occurs places involves movement

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Tourism geography


activities places activity place characteristics personal self identities formed relationships created among places landscapes people physical geography provides essential background tourism places created environmental impacts concerns major issues must considered managing development tourism places approaches study differ according varying concerns much tourism management literature remains quantitative methodology considers tourism consisting places tourist origin tourist generating areas tourist destinations places


tourism supply relationship connections origin destination places includes transportation routes business relationships traveler motivations recent developments human geography resulted approaches cultural geography take theoretically diverse approaches tourism including sociology tourism extends beyond tourism isolated exceptional activity considering travel fits everyday lives tourism consumptive places also produces sense place destination ''the tourist'' dean maccannell ''the tourist gaze'' john urry classics