'''anarchism''' political philosophy movement sceptical authority rejects involuntary coercive forms hierarchy anarchism calls abolition state holds unnecessary undesirable harmful historically left wing movement placed farthest left political spectrum usually described alongside libertarian marxism libertarian wing libertarian socialism socialist movement strong historical association anti capitalism socialism humans lived societies without formal hierarchies long establishment formal states realms empires rise

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Anarchism


anarchism last decades th st century anarchist movement resurgent anarchism employs diversity tactics order meet ideal ends broadly separated revolutionary evolutionary tactics significant overlap two merely descriptive revolutionary tactics aim bring authority state taken violent turn past evolutionary tactics aim prefigure anarchist society would like anarchist thought criticism praxis played part diverse areas human society


criticism anarchism include claims internally inconsistent violent utopian etymology terminology definition wilhelm weitling example writer added anarchist theory without using exact term etymological origin ''anarchism'' ancient greek ''anarkhia'' meaning without ruler composed prefix ''an '' without word ''arkhos'' leader ruler suffix '' ism'' denotes ideological current favours anarchy ''anarchism'' appears english ''anarchisme'' ''anarchy'' early english usages emphasised sense disorder various factions within french


synonym still common outside united states usages ''libertarianism'' refers individualistic free market philosophy free market anarchism particular termed ''libertarian anarchism'' term ''libertarian'' largely synonymous anarchism meaning recently diluted wider adoption ideologically disparate groups including new left libertarian marxists associate authoritarian socialists vanguard party extreme cultural liberals primarily concerned civil liberties additionally anarchists use ''libertarian socialist'' avoid anarchism 's negative connotations emphasise connections socialism ''anarchism''


broadly used describe anti authoritarian wing socialist movement anarchist historian daniel gu rin described synonym libertarian socialism wrote anarchism really synonym socialism anarchist primarily socialist whose aim abolish exploitation man man anarchism one streams socialist thought stream whose main components concern liberty haste abolish state many works anarchism ''chomsky anarchism'' historian noam chomsky describes anarchism alongside libertarian marxism libertarian wing


socialism group nb anarchism contrasted socialist forms state oriented scholars anarchism generally highlight anarchism 's socialist credentials criticise attempts creating dichotomies two scholars describe anarchism many influences liberalism liberals socialists scholars reject anarcho capitalism misunderstanding anarchist principles peter marshall states n general anarchism closer socialism liberalism anarchism finds largely socialist camp also outriders liberalism cannot reduced socialism best seen


good either betray anarchism liberals socialists michael newman includes anarchism one many socialist traditions especially socialist aligned tradition following proudhon mikhail bakunin brian morriss argues conceptually historically misleading create dichotomy socialism anarchism group nb opposition state central anarchist thought defining ''anarchism'' easy task scholars lot discussion among scholars anarchists matter various currents perceive anarchism slightly differently etymology negation


rulers group nb major definitional elements include non coercive society rejection state apparatus belief human nature allows humans exist progress toward non coercive society suggestion act pursue ideal anarchy history pre modern era zeno citium c c bc whose ''republic'' inspired peter kropotkin establishment towns cities established authority exist creation institutions authority anarchistic ideas espoused reaction


notable precursors anarchism ancient world china greece china philosophical anarchism discussion legitimacy state delineated taoist philosophers zhuang zhou laozi alongside stoicism taoism said significant anticipations anarchism anarchic attitudes also articulated tragedians philosophers greece aeschylus sophocles used myth antigone illustrate conflict rules set state personal autonomy socrates questioned athenian authorities constantly insisted right individual freedom conscience cynics dismissed human law ''nomos''


associated authorities trying live according nature ''physis'' stoics supportive society based unofficial friendly relations among citizens without presence state medieval europe anarchistic activity except ascetic religious movements muslim movements later gave birth religious anarchism sasanian empire mazdak called egalitarian society abolition monarchy soon executed emperor kavad basra religious sects preached state europe various sects developed anti state libertarian tendencies libertarian ideas emerged


renaissance spread humanism rationalism reasoning europe novelists fictionalised ideal societies based voluntarism rather coercion age enlightenment pushed towards anarchism optimism social progress modern era french revolution partisan groups enrag saw turning point fermentation anti state federalist sentiments first anarchist currents developed throughout th century william godwin espoused philosophical anarchism england morally delegitimising state max stirner 's thinking paved way individualism pierre joseph proudhon 's


known first international formed unite diverse revolutionary currents international became significant political force karl marx leading figure member general council bakunin 's faction jura federation proudhon 's followers mutualists opposed state socialism advocating political abstentionism small property holdings bitter disputes bakuninists expelled international marxists hague congress anarchists treated similarly second international ultimately expelled bakunin famously predicted revolutionaries gained power marx 's terms would end


new tyrants workers response expulsion first international anarchists formed st imier international influence peter kropotkin russian philosopher scientist anarcho communism overlapped collectivism anarcho communists drew inspiration paris commune advocated free federation distribution goods according one 's needs turn century anarchism spread world notable feature international syndicalism movement china small groups students imported humanistic pro science version anarcho communism tokyo hotspot


rebellious youth countries far east travelling japanese capital study latin america argentina stronghold anarcho syndicalism became prominent left wing ideology time minority anarchists adopted tactics revolutionary political violence strategy became known propaganda deed dismemberment french socialist movement many groups execution exile many communards penal colonies following suppression paris commune favoured individualist political expression acts even though many anarchists distanced terrorist acts infamy came


upon movement attempts made exclude american immigration including immigration act also called anarchist exclusion act illegalism another strategy anarchists adopted period nestor makhno seen members anarchist revolutionary insurrectionary army ukraine despite concerns anarchists enthusiastically participated russian revolution opposition white movement however met harsh suppression bolshevik government stabilised several anarchists petrograd moscow fled ukraine notably leading kronstadt rebellion nestor makhno 's struggle free territory


anarchists crushed russia two new antithetical currents emerged namely platformism synthesis anarchism former sought create coherent group would push revolution latter anything would resemble political party seeing victories bolsheviks october revolution resulting russian civil war many workers activists turned communist parties grew expense anarchism socialist movements france united states members major syndicalist movements general confederation labour industrial workers world


left organisations joined communist international spanish civil war anarchists syndicalists cnt fai allied various currents leftists long tradition spanish anarchism led anarchists playing pivotal role war response army rebellion anarchist inspired movement peasants workers supported armed militias took control barcelona large areas rural spain collectivised land soviet union provided limited assistance beginning war result bitter fight among


communists anarchists series events named may days joseph stalin tried seize control republicans post war era rojava 's support efforts workers form cooperatives exemplified sewing cooperative end world war ii anarchist movement severely weakened witnessed revival anarchism likely caused perceived failure marxism leninism tensions built cold war time anarchism found presence movements critical towards capitalism state anti nuclear environmental peace movements


counterculture new left also saw transition previous revolutionary nature provocative anti capitalist reformism anarchism became associated punk subculture exemplified bands crass sex pistols established feminist tendencies anarcha feminism returned vigour second wave feminism black anarchism began take form time influenced anarchism 's move eurocentric demographic coincided failure gain traction northern europe unprecedented height latin america around turn st century anarchism grew popularity


influence within anti capitalist anti war anti globalisation movements anarchists became known involvement protests world trade organization wto group eight world economic forum protests ''ad hoc'' leaderless anonymous cadres known black blocs engaged rioting property destruction violent confrontations police organisational tactics pioneered time include affinity groups security culture use decentralised technologies internet significant event period confrontations seattle wto conference anarchist ideas influential development


zapatistas mexico democratic federation northern syria commonly known rojava ' 'de facto'' autonomous region northern syria thought anarchist schools thought generally grouped two main historical traditions social anarchism individualist anarchism owing different origins values evolution individualist current emphasises negative liberty opposing restraints upon free individual social current emphasises positive liberty aiming achieve free potential society equality social ownership chronological sense anarchism segmented classical currents


late th century post classical currents anarcha feminism green anarchism post anarchism developed thereafter beyond specific factions anarchist movements constitute political anarchism lies philosophical anarchism holds state lacks moral legitimacy without necessarily accepting imperative revolution eliminate component especially individualist anarchism philosophical anarchism may tolerate existence minimal state claims citizens moral obligation obey government conflicts individual autonomy anarchism pays significant attention moral arguments since ethics central role anarchist philosophy anarchism 's emphasis anti capitalism


egalitarianism extension community individuality sets apart anarcho capitalism types economic libertarianism anarchism usually placed far left political spectrum much economics legal philosophy reflect anti authoritarian anti statist libertarian radical interpretations left wing socialist politics collectivism communism individualism mutualism syndicalism among libertarian socialist economic theories anarchism offer fixed body doctrine single particular worldview many anarchist types traditions exist varieties anarchy diverge widely one reaction sectarianism within anarchist milieu


communism property collectivist anarchism revolutionary socialist form anarchism commonly associated mikhail bakunin collectivist anarchists advocate collective ownership means production theorised achieved violent revolution workers paid according time worked rather goods distributed according need communism collectivist anarchism arose alongside marxism rejected dictatorship proletariat despite stated marxist goal collectivist stateless society anarcho communism theory anarchism advocates communist society common ownership means production direct democracy


horizontal network voluntary associations workers' councils worker cooperatives production consumption based guiding principle according ability according need anarcho communism developed radical socialist currents french revolution first formulated italian section first international later expanded upon theoretical work peter kropotkin whose specific style would go onto become dominating view anarchists late th century anarcho syndicalism branch anarchism views labour syndicates potential force


revolutionary social change replacing capitalism state new society democratically self managed workers basic principles anarcho syndicalism direct action workers' solidarity workers' self management individualist anarchism set several traditions thought within anarchist movement emphasise individual kinds external determinants early influences individualist forms anarchism include william godwin max stirner henry david thoreau many countries individualist anarchism attracted small yet diverse following bohemian artists intellectuals well young anarchist outlaws became known


illegalism individual reclamation post classical contemporary lawrence jarach left john zerzan right two prominent contemporary anarchist authors zerzan prominent voice within anarcho primitivism jarach notable advocate post left anarchy anarchist principles undergird contemporary radical social movements left interest anarchist movement developed alongside momentum anti globalisation movement whose leading activist networks anarchist orientation movement shaped st century radicalism wider embrace anarchist principles signaled revival interest anarchism continued generate many philosophies movements times eclectic drawing upon various


consensus principles core commentators describe multiple ''anarchisms'' rather singular ''anarchism'' common principles shared schools anarchism group prioritizes principles differently gender equality common principle although ranks higher priority anarcha feminists anarcho communists anarchists generally committed coercive authority forms namely centralized hierarchical forms government eg monarchy representative democracy state socialism etc economic class systems eg capitalism bolshevism feudalism slavery etc autocratic religions eg fundamentalist islam roman catholicism etc patriarchy heterosexism white supremacy imperialism


anarchist schools disagree methods forms opposed principle equal liberty closer anarchist political ethics transcends liberal socialist traditions entails liberty equality cannot implemented within state resulting questioning forms domination hierarchy tactics anarchists' tactics take various forms general serve two major goals namely first oppose establishment secondly promote anarchist ethics reflect anarchist vision society illustrating unity means ends broad


categorisation made aims destroy oppressive states institutions revolutionary means one hand aims change society evolutionary means evolutionary tactics embrace nonviolence reject violence take gradual approach anarchist aims although significant overlap two anarchist tactics shifted course last century anarchists early th century focused strikes militancy contemporary anarchists use broader array approaches classical era tactics relationship anarchism violence controversial subject among anarchists


shown anarchist leon czolgosz assassinating william mckinley classical era anarchists militant tendency confront state armed forces spain ukraine also employed terrorism propaganda deed assassination attempts carried heads state successful anarchists also took part revolutions many anarchists especially galleanists believed attempts would impetus revolution capitalism state many attacks done individual assailants majority took place


late early still occurring early decrease prevalence result judicial power targeting cataloging state institutions anarchist perspectives towards violence always controversial one hand anarcho pacifists point unity means ends hand anarchist groups advocate direct action tactic include acts sabotage even acts terrorism attitude quite prominent century ago seeing state tyrant anarchists believing every


right oppose oppression means possible emma goldman errico malatesta proponents limited use violence stated violence merely reaction state violence necessary evil anarchists took active role strike actions although tended antipathetic formal syndicalism seeing reformist saw part movement sought overthrow state capitalism anarchists also reinforced propaganda within arts practiced naturism nudism anarchists also built communities based friendship


involved news media revolutionary tactics black bloc protesters parading anarcho communism imagery motto war class war current era italian anarchist alfredo bonanno proponent insurrectionary anarchism reinstated debate violence rejecting nonviolence tactic adopted since late th century kropotkin prominent anarchists afterwards bonanno french group invisible committee advocate small informal affiliation groups member responsible actions works together bring oppression utilizing sabotage violent means


state capitalism enemies members invisible committee arrested various charges terrorism included overall contemporary anarchists much less violent militant ideological ancestors mostly engage confronting police demonstrations riots especially countries canada greece mexico militant black bloc protest groups known clashing police however anarchists clash state operators also engage struggle fascists racists taking anti fascist action mobilizing prevent hate rallies happening evolutionary tactics anarchists commonly


employ direct action take form disrupting protesting unjust hierarchy form self managing lives creation counter institutions communes non hierarchical collectives decision making often handled anti authoritarian way everyone equal say decision approach known horizontalism contemporary era anarchists engaging various grassroots movements less based horizontalism although explicitly anarchist respecting personal autonomy participating mass activism strikes demonstrations contrast ''big anarchism'' classical era newly


coined term ' 'small anarchism'' signals tendency base thoughts actions classical era anarchism refer classical anarchists peter kropotkin pierre joseph proudhon justify opinions anarchists would rather base thought praxis experience later theorize decision making process small anarchist affinity groups plays significant tactical role anarchists employed various methods order build rough consensus among members group without need leader leading group one way individual


group play role facilitator help achieve consensus without taking part discussion promoting specific point minorities usually accept rough consensus except feel proposal contradicts anarchist ethics goals values anarchists usually form small groups individuals enhance autonomy friendships among members kinds groups often interconnect forming larger networks anarchists still support participate strikes especially wildcat strikes leaderless strikes organised centrally syndicate past newspapers journals


used anarchists gone online world wide web spread message anarchists found easier create websites distributional difficulties hosting electronic libraries portals anarchists also involved developing various software available free way hacktivists work develop distribute resembles anarchist ideals especially comes preserving users' privacy state surveillance anarchists organize squat reclaim public spaces important events protests spaces occupied often called temporary autonomous zones


anarcho primitivism democratic process may sharply criticised within anarchist tendencies simultaneously lauded others gender sexuality free love mile armand french individualist anarchist propounded virtues free love parisian anarchist milieu early th century gender sexuality carry along dynamics hierarchy many anarchists address analyse oppose suppression one 's autonomy imposed gender roles collection anarcha feminist protests symbols flags sexuality often discussed classical anarchists felt anarchist society would


established order limited women 's sexual freedom pleasure free love movements contributed establishment communal houses large groups travelers anarchists activists slept beds together free love roots europe united states however anarchists struggled jealousy arose free love anarchist feminists advocates free love marriage pro choice utilising contemporary term similar agenda anarchist non anarchist feminists differed suffrage supportive one another second half th century anarchism intermingled


second wave feminism radicalising currents feminist movement influenced well latest decades th century anarchists feminists advocating rights autonomy women gays queers marginalised groups feminist thinkers suggesting fusion two currents third wave feminism sexual identity compulsory heterosexuality became subject study anarchists yielding post structuralist critique sexual normality anarchists distanced line thinking suggesting leaned towards individualism dropping


cause social liberation anarchism education class wikitable style border none background none float right anarchist vs statist perspectives education br small ruth kinna small scope col scope col anarchist education scope col state education concept education self mastery education service management community based state run methods practice based learning vocational training aims critical member society productive member society interest anarchists education stretches back first emergence classical anarchism anarchists consider proper education one sets foundations


future autonomy individual society act mutual aid anarchist writers william godwin ''political justice'' max stirner false principle education attacked state education private education another means ruling class replicate privileges catalan anarchist free thinker francisco ferrer established escuela moderna barcelona opposition established education system dictated largely catholic church ferrer 's approach secular rejecting state church involvement educational process whilst giving pupils large amounts


autonomy planning work attendance ferrer aimed educate working class explicitly sought foster class consciousness among students school closed constant harassment state ferrer later arrested nonetheless ideas formed inspiration series modern schools around world christian anarchist leo tolstoy published essay ''education culture'' also established similar school founding principle education effective free similar token neill founded became summerhill school


also declaring free coercion anarchist education based largely idea child 's right develop freely without manipulation ought respected rationality would lead children morally good conclusions however little consensus among anarchist figures constitutes manipulation ferrer believed moral indoctrination necessary explicitly taught pupils equality liberty social justice possible capitalism along critiques government nationalism late th century contemporary anarchist writers paul goodman herbert read colin ward intensified expanded


anarchist critique state education largely focusing need system focuses children 's creativity rather ability attain career participate consumerism part consumer society contemporary anarchists ward claim state education serves perpetuate socioeconomic inequality anarchist education institutions survived modern day major tenets anarchist schools among respect child autonomy relying reasoning rather indoctrination teaching method spread among mainstream educational institutions judith suissa names three schools explicitly anarchists schools namely


free skool santa cruz united states part wider american canadian network schools self managed learning college brighton england paideia school spain anarchism state objection state institutions ' 'sine qua non'' anarchism anarchists consider state tool domination believe illegitimate regardless political tendencies instead people able control aspects life major decisions taken small elite authority ultimately rests solely power regardless whether


power open transparent still ability coerce people another anarchist argument states people constituting government even altruistic among officials unavoidably seek gain power leading corruption anarchists consider idea state collective people unachievable fiction due fact ruling class distinct rest society specific anarchist attitudes towards state vary robert paul wolff believed tension authority autonomy would mean state could


digital ninjas'' chris rob claims anarchist inflected practices increasingly structured movement based video activism throughout th century many prominent anarchists peter kropotkin emma goldman gustav landauer camillo berneri publications ''anarchy'' wrote matters pertaining arts three overlapping properties made art useful anarchists could depict critique existing society hierarchies serve prefigurative tool reflect anarchist ideal society even turn means direct action protests appeals emotion reason art could appeal whole human


powerful effect th century neo impressionist movement ecological aesthetic offered example anarchist perception road towards socialism ''les chataigniers osny'' anarchist painter camille pissarro blending aesthetic social harmony prefiguring ideal anarchistic agrarian community analysis span class anchor id criticisms span common critique anarchism humans cannot self govern state necessary human survival philosopher bertrand russell supported critique stating p eace war tariffs regulations sanitary conditions sale noxious drugs preservation


system distribution among others functions could hardly performed community central government another common criticism anarchism fits world isolation small enough entities self governing response would major anarchist thinkers advocated anarchist federalism philosophy lecturer andrew g fiala composed list common arguments anarchism includes critiques anarchism innately related violence destruction pragmatic world protests world


ethics well secondly anarchism evaluated unfeasible utopian since state defeated practically line arguments often calls political action within system reform third argument anarchism self contradictory advocates one ''archiei'' accepted many anarchism would turn ruling political theory line criticism also comes self contradiction anarchism calls collective action whilst endorsing autonomy individual hence collective action taken lastly fiala mentions critique towards


political authority'' michael huemer defends philosophical anarchism claiming political authority moral illusion one earliest criticisms anarchism defies fails understand biological inclination authority joseph raz states acceptance authority implies belief following instructions afford success raz believes argument true following authorities' successful mistaken instruction anarchists reject criticism challenging disobeying authority entail disappearance advantages acknowledging authority doctors lawyers reliable involve


complete surrender independent judgment anarchist perception human nature rejection state commitment social revolution criticised academics naive overly simplistic unrealistic respectively classical anarchism criticised relying heavily belief abolition state lead human cooperation prospering friedrich engels considered one principal founders marxism criticised anarchism 's anti authoritarianism inherently counter revolutionary view revolution authoritarian academic john molyneux writes book ''anarchism marxist criticism'' anarchism cannot win believing


lacks ability properly implement ideas marxist criticism anarchism utopian character individuals anarchist views values according marxist view social idea would follow directly human ideal free every individual formed essence marxists state contradiction responsible inability act anarchist vision conflict liberty equality resolved coexistence intertwining see also anarchism country governance without government list anarchist political


ideologies list books anarchism references citations notes sources primary sources secondary sources tertiary sources access date february reading criticism philosophical anarchism defence philosophical anarchism stating kinds 'anarchism' ie philosophical political anarchism philosophical political claims p anarchistic popular fiction novel argument philosophical anarchism external links http dwardmacpitzeredu anarchy archives anarchy archives online research center history theory anarchism anti capitalism anti fascism economic ideologies left wing


politics libertarian socialism libertarianism political culture political movements political ideologies social theories socialism


works aristotle ref name oed began used english possibly via french '''' early th century ref name oed history bernardino de sahag n considered founder modern anthropology th century bartholins founders university copenhagen defined '''' follows ref name frenchy ref sporadic use term subject matter occurred subsequently use tienne serres describe natural history paleontology man based comparative anatomy creation chair anthropology


ethnography french national museum natural history jean louis armand de quatrefages de br au various short lived organizations anthropologists already formed soci ethnologique de paris first use term ''ethnology'' formed members primarily anti slavery activists slavery abolished france ''soci '' abandoned meanwhile ethnological society new york currently american ethnological society founded model well ethnological society london break away group aborigines' protection society ref name schiller ref


human group considered whole details relation rest nature broca today would called neurosurgeon taken interest pathology speech wanted localize difference man animals appeared reside speech discovered speech center human brain today called broca 's area interest mainly biological anthropology german philosopher specializing psychology theodor waitz took theme general social anthropology six volume work entitled ''die anthropologie


der naturv lker'' title soon translated anthropology primitive peoples last two volumes published posthumously waitz defined anthropology science nature man following broca 's lead waitz points anthropology new field would gather material fields would differ use comparative anatomy physiology psychology differentiate man animals nearest stresses data comparison must empirical gathered experimentation history civilization well ethnology brought


comparison presumed fundamentally species man unity laws thought applicable men waitz influential among british ethnologists explorer richard francis burton speech therapist james hunt broke away ethnological society london form anthropological society london henceforward would follow path new anthropology rather ethnology nd society dedicated general anthropology existence representatives french ''soci '' present though broca keynote address


council anthropological associations wcaa network national regional international associations aims promote worldwide communication cooperation anthropology currently contains members three dozen nations since work franz boas bronis aw malinowski late th early th centuries ' 'social'' anthropology great britain ''cultural'' anthropology us distinguished social sciences emphasis cross cultural comparisons long term depth examination context importance place participant observation experiential immersion area research cultural anthropology particular emphasized cultural relativism


holism use findings frame cultural critiques ref name hylland eriksen p hylland eriksen thomas anthropology pluto london p ref particularly prominent united states boas' arguments th century racial ideology margaret mead 's advocacy gender equality sexual liberation current criticisms post colonial oppression promotion multiculturalism ethnography one primary research designs well text generated anthropological fieldwork ref name ingold p ref name spiro varieties cultural relativism anthropology see spiro melford e reflections cultural determinism


relativism special reference emotion reason ''culture human nature theoretical papers melford e spiro'' edited b kilborne langness pp nbsp chicago university chicago press ref ref name heyck ref great britain commonwealth countries british tradition social anthropology tends dominate united states anthropology traditionally divided four field approach developed franz boas early th century ''biological'' ''physical'' anthropology ' 'social'' ''cultural'' ' 'sociocultural'' anthropology archaeological anthropology plus linguistic anthropology fields frequently overlap tend use different methodologies techniques european


countries overseas colonies tended practice ethnology term coined defined adam f koll r sometimes referred sociocultural anthropology parts world influenced european tradition fields anthropology global discipline involving humanities social sciences natural sciences anthropology builds upon knowledge natural sciences including discoveries origin evolution ''homo sapiens'' human physical traits human behavior variations among different groups humans evolutionary past ''homo sapiens'' influenced social organization culture


epistemological shift away positivist traditions largely informed discipline shift enduring questions nature production knowledge came occupy central place cultural social anthropology contrast archaeology biological anthropology remained largely positivist due difference epistemology four sub fields anthropology lacked cohesion last several decades sociocultural sociocultural anthropology draws together principle axes cultural anthropology social anthropology cultural anthropology comparative study manifold ways people ''make sense'' world


around social anthropology study ' 'relationships'' among individuals groups ref name ingold pxv ref cultural anthropology related philosophy literature arts one 's culture affects experience self group contributing complete understanding people 's knowledge customs institutions social anthropology related sociology history ref name ingold pxv helps develop understanding social structures typically others populations minorities subgroups dissidents etc hard fast distinction categories overlap considerable degree inquiry


sociocultural anthropology guided part cultural relativism attempt understand societies terms cultural symbols values ref name ingold p ref accepting cultures terms moderates reductionism cross cultural comparison ref name ingold p ref project often accommodated field ethnography ethnography refer methodology product ethnographic research ie ethnographic monograph methodology ethnography based upon long term fieldwork within community research site participant observation one foundational methods social cultural anthropology ethnology involves systematic comparison


key element method sociocultural anthropology including industrialized de industrialized west standard cross cultural sample sccs includes cultures ref name murdockwhite ref biological forensic anthropologists help identify skeletonized human remains found lying scrub western australia c biological anthropology physical anthropology synonymous terms describe anthropological research focused study humans non human primates biological evolutionary demographic dimensions examines biological social factors affected evolution humans primates generate maintain change contemporary genetic


physiological variation archaeological archaeology study human past material remains artifacts faunal remains human altered landscapes evidence cultural material lives past societies archaeologists examine material remains order deduce patterns past human behavior cultural practices ethnoarchaeology type archaeology studies practices material remains living human groups order gain better understanding evidence left behind past human groups presumed lived similar ways rosetta stone example ancient communication


linguistic linguistic anthropology confused anthropological linguistics seeks understand processes human communications verbal non verbal variation language across time space social uses language relationship language culture branch anthropology brings linguistic methods bear anthropological problems linking analysis linguistic forms processes interpretation sociocultural processes linguistic anthropologists often draw related fields including sociolinguistics pragmatics cognitive linguistics semiotics discourse analysis narrative analysis ethnography ethnography method analysing social cultural interaction


art media music dance film art one central problems anthropology art concerns universality 'art' cultural phenomenon several anthropologists noted western categories 'painting' 'sculpture' 'literature' conceived independent artistic activities exist exist significantly different form non western contexts surmount difficulty anthropologists art focused formal features objects without exclusively 'artistic' certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities boas' ''primitive art'' claude l vi strauss' ''the way masks'' geertz 's 'art cultural


types include cyber anthropology relatively new area internet research well ethnographies areas research happen involve media development work social movements health education addition many classic ethnographic contexts media radio press new media television started make presences felt since early music ethnomusicology academic field encompassing various approaches study music broadly defined emphasize cultural social material cognitive biological dimensions contexts instead


addition isolated sound component particular repertoire ethnomusicology used wide variety fields teaching politics cultural anthropology etc origins ethnomusicology date back th th centuries formally introduced ethnomusicology dutch scholar jaap kunst around later influence study area spawned creation periodical ''ethnomusicology'' society ethnomusicology visual visual anthropology concerned part study production ethnographic photography film since mid new media term


highly critical origins sub field anthropology begin polish british founder anthropology bronis aw malinowski french compatriot marcel mauss nature gift giving exchange reciprocity alternative market exchange economic anthropology remains part focused upon exchange school thought derived marx known political economy focuses production contrast economic anthropologists abandoned primitivist niche relegated economists turned examine corporations banks global financial system anthropological perspective political economy political economy


peasantry many involved complex revolutionary wars vietnam third area colonialism imperialism creation capitalist world system ref name roseberry ref recently political economists directly addressed issues industrial post industrial capitalism around world applied applied anthropology refers application method theory anthropology analysis solution practical problems complex related research based instrumental methods produce change stability specific cultural systems provision data initiation direct action


formulation policy simply applied anthropology practical side anthropological research includes researcher involvement activism within participating community closely related development anthropology distinct critical anthropology development development anthropology development tends view development ''critical'' perspective kind issues addressed implications approach simply involve pondering key development goal alleviate poverty poverty increasing gap plans outcomes working development willing disregard history


lessons might offer development externally driven rather internal basis short much planned development fail kinship feminism gender sexuality kinship ''kinship'' refer ''the study of'' patterns social relationships one human cultures refer ''the patterns social relationships'' history anthropology developed number related concepts terms descent descent groups lineages affines cognates even fictive kinship broadly kinship patterns may considered include people related


cultural linguistic seeks reduce male bias research findings anthropological hiring practices scholarly production knowledge anthropology engages often feminists non western traditions whose perspectives experiences differ white feminists europe america elsewhere perspective western world historically 'peripheral' perspectives ignored observed outsider perspective regarded less valid less important knowledge western world exploring addressing double bias women marginalized racial ethnic groups particular interest intersectional feminist anthropology feminist anthropologists


stated publications contributed anthropology along way correcting systemic biases beginning patriarchal origins anthropology academia note doctorates anthropology went males anyone years old thus reflecting age gap pursuit anthropology first wave feminists later life correction systemic bias may include mainstream feminist theory history linguistics archaeology anthropology feminist anthropologists often concerned construction gender across


societies gender constructs particular interest studying sexism according st clair drake vera mae green w ell african american female anthropologist also caribbeanist studied ethnic family relations caribbean well united states thereby tried improve way black life experiences culture studied however zora neale hurston although often primarily considered literary author trained anthropology franz boas published ''tell horse'' anthropological observations voodoo caribbean feminist anthropology


inclusive anthropology birth specialization anthropological study pregnancy childbirth within cultures societies medical nutritional psychological cognitive transpersonal medical medical anthropology interdisciplinary field studies human health disease health care systems biocultural adaptation ref name mcelroy ref believed william caudell first discover field medical anthropology currently research medical anthropology one main growth areas field anthropology whole focuses following six basic fields subjects become


central medical anthropology worldwide violence social suffering farmer beneduce well issues involve physical psychological harm suffering result illness hand fields intersect medical anthropology terms research methodology theoretical production ''cultural psychiatry'' ''transcultural psychiatry'' ''ethnopsychiatry'' nutritional nutritional anthropology synthetic concept deals interplay economic systems nutritional status food security changes former affect latter economic environmental changes


community affect access food food security dietary health interplay culture biology turn connected broader historical economic trends associated globalization nutritional status affects overall health status work performance potential overall potential economic development either terms human development traditional western models given group people psychological psychological anthropology interdisciplinary subfield anthropology studies interaction cultural mental processes subfield tends focus ways humans' development enculturation within particular


description interpretation cultural forms cognitive anthropology concerned people different groups know implicit knowledge changes way people perceive relate world around ref name d'andrade transpersonal transpersonal anthropology studies relationship altered states consciousness culture transpersonal psychology field much concerned altered states consciousness asc transpersonal experience however field differs mainstream transpersonal psychology taking cognizance cross cultural issues instance roles myth ritual diet texts evoking interpreting extraordinary


political phenomena lay outside state regulated sphere patron client relations tribal political organization secondly anthropologists slowly started develop disciplinary concern states institutions relationship formal informal political institutions anthropology state developed thriving field today geertz' comparative work negara balinese state early famous example legal legal anthropology anthropology law specializes cross cultural study social ordering earlier legal anthropological research often focused narrowly conflict management crime sanctions formal regulation recent


applications include issues human rights legal pluralism political uprisings public public anthropology created robert borofsky professor hawaii pacific university demonstrate ability anthropology anthropologists effectively address problems beyond discipline illuminating larger social issues times well encouraging broad public conversations explicit goal fostering social change nature science technology cyborg cyborg anthropology originated sub focus group within american anthropological association 's annual meeting sub group closely related sts society


arguably least backdrop focus ethnographies cultural fieldworks today political ecology many characterize new perspective informed culture politics power globalization localized issues century anthropology ref name pyke g ref focus data interpretation often used arguments creation policy prevent corporate exploitation damage land often observer become active part struggle either directly organizing participation indirectly articles documentaries books ethnographies case environmental justice advocate melissa checker


relationship people hyde park ref name checker ref environment social sciences like anthropology provide interdisciplinary approaches environment professor kay milton director anthropology research network school history anthropology describes anthropology distinctive distinguishing feature interest non industrial indigenous traditional societies anthropological theory distinct consistent presence concept culture exclusive topic central position study deep concern human condition milton describes three trends causing


fundamental shift characterizes anthropology dissatisfaction cultural relativist perspective reaction cartesian dualisms obstructs progress theory nature culture divide finally increased attention globalization transcending barriers time space environmental discourse appears characterized high degree globalization troubling problem borrowing non indigenous practices creating standards concepts philosophies practices western countries anthropology environmental discourse become distinct position anthropology discipline knowledge diversities human culture important addressing environmental problems anthropology


study human ecology human activity important agent creating environmental change study commonly found human ecology claim central place environmental problems examined addressed ways anthropology contributes environmental discourse theorists analysts refinement definitions become neutral universal etc exploring environmentalism term typically refers concern environment protected particularly harmful effects human activities environmentalism expressed many ways anthropologists open doors environmentalism


looking beyond industrial society understanding opposition industrial non industrial relationships knowing ecosystem people biosphere people affected dependent independent variables primitive ecological wisdom diverse environments resource management diverse cultural traditions knowing environmentalism part culture historical ethnohistory study ethnographic cultures indigenous customs examining historical records also study history various ethnic groups may may exist today ethnohistory uses historical ethnographic data foundation historical methods materials go beyond


standard use documents manuscripts practitioners recognize utility source material maps music paintings photography folklore oral tradition site exploration archaeological materials museum collections enduring customs language place names ref name axtell ref religion anthropology religion involves study religious institutions relation social institutions comparison religious beliefs practices across cultures modern anthropology assumes complete continuity magical thinking religion ref name cassirer cassirer ernst https booksgooglecom booksid pe fwsv ilsc pg pa ''an essay man'' ptii ch ''myth religion'' pp nbsp ref every religion cultural product


created human community worships ref name guthrie p guthrie ''guide study religion'' bloomsbury academic https booksgooglecom booksid wlnjqozlgc c pg pa pp nbsp ref urban urban anthropology concerned issues urbanization poverty neoliberalism ulf hannerz quotes remark traditional anthropologists notoriously agoraphobic lot anti urban definition various social processes western world well third world latter habitual focus attention anthropologists brought attention specialists 'other cultures' closer homes ref name hannerz two main approaches urban anthropology examining


types cities examining social issues within cities two methods overlapping dependent defining different types cities one would use social factors well economic political factors categorize cities directly looking different social issues one would also studying affect dynamic city key topics field archaeological biological anthrozoology anthrozoology also known human animal studies study interaction living things interdisciplinary field overlaps number


disciplines including anthropology ethology medicine psychology veterinary medicine zoology major focus anthrozoologic research quantifying positive effects human animal relationships either party study interactions includes scholars diverse range fields including anthropology sociology biology philosophy biocultural biocultural anthropology scientific exploration relationships human biology culture physical anthropologists throughout first half th century viewed relationship racial perspective assumption typological human biological differences lead cultural differences ref


name biocult syn ref world war ii emphasis began shift toward effort explore role culture plays shaping human biology evolutionary evolutionary anthropology interdisciplinary study evolution human physiology human behaviour relation hominins non hominin primates evolutionary anthropology based natural science social science combining human development socioeconomic factors evolutionary anthropology concerned biological cultural evolution humans past present based scientific approach brings together fields archaeology behavioral ecology psychology primatology


genetics dynamic interdisciplinary field drawing many lines evidence understand human experience past present forensic forensic anthropology application science physical anthropology human osteology legal setting often criminal cases victim 's remains advanced stages decomposition forensic anthropologist assist identification deceased individuals whose remains decomposed burned mutilated otherwise unrecognizable adjective forensic refers application subfield science court law palaeoanthropology five


seven known fossil teeth ''homo luzonensis'' found callao cave paleoanthropology combines disciplines paleontology physical anthropology study ancient humans found fossil hominid evidence petrifacted bones footprints genetics morphology specimens crucially important field markers specimens enamel fractures dental decay teeth also give insight behaviour diet past populations organizations contemporary anthropology established science academic departments universities colleges single largest organization anthropologists


american anthropological association aaa founded members anthropologists around globe group european american scholars field anthropology established european association social anthropologists easa serves major professional organization anthropologists working europe easa seeks advance status anthropology europe increase visibility marginalized anthropological traditions thereby contribute project global anthropology world anthropology hundreds organizations exist various sub fields anthropology sometimes divided nation


region many anthropologists work collaborators disciplines geology physics zoology paleontology anatomy music theory art history sociology belonging professional societies disciplines well list major organizations american anthropological association american ethnological society asociaci n de antrop logos iberoamericanos en red aibr moving anthropology student network anthropological society london center world indigenous studies ethnological society london max planck institute evolutionary anthropology network concerned anthropologists nn miklukho maklai institute ethnology anthropology royal anthropological institute great britain ireland society anthropological sciences society


applied anthropology usc center visual anthropology ethics field matured debated arrived ethical principles aimed protecting subjects anthropological research well researchers professional societies generated codes ethics anthropologists like researchers especially historians scientists engaged field research time assisted state policies projects especially colonialism ref name pbuteh asad talal ed ''anthropology colonial encounter'' atlantic highlands nj humanities press ref commentators contended discipline grew colonialism perhaps league


derives key notions consciously see example gough pels salemink cf lewis ref name gellner gellner ernest http okhovvatcom files en content pdf ''postmodernism reason religion'' london new york routledge pp ref ethnographic work often ahistorical writing people time ethnographic present johannes fabian ''time other'' article misrepresentation anthropology consequence herbert lewis critiqued older anthropological works presented cultures strange unusual findings researchers


discarded field learn mistakes cultural relativism part quest scientific objectivity present day anthropologists typically urge cultural relativism influence sub fields anthropology ref name ingold p notion cultures judged another 's values viewpoints examined dispassionately terms notions good anthropology one culture better worse another culture ethical commitments anthropology include noticing documenting genocide infanticide racism sexism mutilation including circumcision subincision torture topics like racism


slavery human sacrifice attract anthropological attention theories ranging nutritional deficiencies genes acculturation colonialism proposed explain origins continued recurrences illustrate depth anthropological approach one take one topics racism find thousands anthropological references stretching across major minor sub fields military involvement anthropologists' involvement us government particular caused bitter controversy within discipline franz boas publicly objected us participation world war war published brief expose


condemnation participation several american archaeologists espionage mexico cover scientists many boas' anthropologist contemporaries active allied war effort axis powers nazi germany fascist italy imperial japan many served armed forces others worked intelligence example office strategic services office war information time david h price 's work american anthropology cold war provides detailed accounts pursuit dismissal several anthropologists jobs communist sympathies attempts


accuse anthropologists complicity cia government intelligence activities vietnam war years turned surprisingly little many anthropologists students teachers active antiwar movement numerous resolutions condemning war aspects passed overwhelmingly annual meetings american anthropological association aaa professional anthropological bodies often object use anthropology benefit state codes ethics statements may proscribe anthropologists giving secret briefings association social anthropologists uk commonwealth asa called certain scholarship ethically


dangerous principles professional responsibility issued american anthropological association amended november stated relation government host governments nbsp secret research secret reports debriefings kind agreed given current principles professional responsibility make explicit mention ethics surrounding state interactions anthropologists along social scientists working us military part us army 's strategy afghanistan ''the christian science monitor'' reports counterinsurgency efforts focus better grasping meeting local needs


afghanistan ''human terrain system'' hts program addition hts teams working us military iraq american anthropological association 's commission engagement anthropology us security intelligence communities released final report concluding part ethnographic investigation determined military missions subject external review data collection occurs context war integrated goals counterinsurgency potentially coercive environment characteristic factors hts concept application longer considered


basic trends several characteristics tend unite anthropological work one central characteristics anthropology tends provide comparatively holistic account phenomena tends highly empirical ref name hylland eriksen p quest holism leads anthropologists study particular place problem phenomenon detail using variety methods extensive period normal many parts academia calls clarification constitutes culture observer knows culture ends


another begins crucial topics writing anthropology heard dynamic relationships observed ground opposed observed compiling many local observations remain fundamental kind anthropology whether cultural biological linguistic archaeological biological anthropologists interested human variation possibility human universals behaviors ideas concepts shared virtually human cultures use many different methods study modern population genetics participant observation techniques often take anthropologists field means traveling


community setting something called fieldwork biological physical side human measurements genetic samples nutritional data may gathered published articles monographs along dividing project theoretical emphasis anthropologists typically divide world relevant time periods geographic regions human time earth divided relevant cultural traditions based material paleolithic neolithic particular use archaeology cultural subdivisions according tool types olduwan mousterian levalloisian help archaeologists anthropologists


brief article although attempts write histories entire field made authors argue anthropology originated developed study cultures terms time past societies space non european non western societies example classic urban anthropology ulf hannerz introduction seminal ''exploring city inquiries toward urban anthropology'' mentions third world habitually received attention anthropologists traditionally specialized cultures looked far away started look across tracks late ref name hannerz hannerz ulf


developing center founded marc aug ''le centre d'anthropologie des mondes contemporains'' anthropological research center contemporary societies since become common social cultural anthropologists set ethnographic research north atlantic region frequently examining connections locations rather limiting research single locale also related shift toward broadening focus beyond daily life ordinary people increasingly research set settings scientific laboratories social movements governmental nongovernmental organizations businesses see also anthropological science fiction christian anthropology


sub field theology circumscription theory culture dual inheritance theory engaged theory ethnobiology human behavioral ecology human ethology human relations area files intangible cultural heritage origins society philosophical anthropology sub field philosophy prehistoric medicine qualitative research lists outline anthropology list indigenous peoples list anthropologists notes references reading dictionaries encyclopedias fieldnotes memoirs histories textbooks key theoretical works external links aio


''feline follies'' felix cat silent '''animation''' method figures manipulated appear moving images traditional animation images drawn painted hand transparent celluloid sheets photographed exhibited film today animations made computer generated imagery cgi computer animation detailed animation computer animation may look traditional animation used stylistic reasons low bandwidth faster real time renderings common animation methods apply stop motion technique two three dimensional objects like

Humanities
Performing arts
Film
Animation


paper cutouts puppets clay figures '''animated cartoon''' animated film usually short film aimed children featuring exaggerated visual style style takes inspiration comic strips often featuring anthropomorphic animals superheroes adventures child protagonists especially animals form natural predator prey relationship eg cats mice coyotes birds action often centers around violent pratfalls falls collisions explosions would lethal real life commonly animators achieved effect rapid succession images minimally differ illusion


video games motion graphics user interfaces visual effects physical movement image parts simple mechanics instance moving images magic lantern shows also considered animation mechanical manipulation three dimensional puppets objects emulate living beings long history automata electronic automata popularized disney animatronics etymology word animation stems latin anim ti n stem anim ti meaning bestowing life primary meaning english word liveliness use much longer meaning moving image medium history cinematography nr


reworked second series stampfer 's stroboscopic discs published trentsensky vieweg hundreds years introduction true animation people world enjoyed shows moving figures created manipulated manually puppetry automata shadow play magic lantern multi media phantasmagoria shows popular east european theatres late th century first half th century featured lifelike projections moving ghosts frightful imagery motion projecting praxinoscope shown superimposing animated figure


separately projected background scene stroboscopic disc better known ph nakisticope introduced principle modern animation sequential images shown one one quick succession form optical illusion motion pictures series sequential images occasionally made thousands years stroboscopic disc provided first method represent images fluent motion first time artists creating series proper systematic breakdown movements stroboscopic animation principle also applied zoetrope flip book


praxinoscope average th century animation contained images displayed continuous loop spinning device manually flip book often contained pictures beginning end animation would last longer seconds first create much longer sequences seem charles mile reynaud much success minute long ''pantomimes lumineuses'' silent era cinematography eventually broke animated pictures known decades wonder realistic details new


medium seen biggest accomplishment animation film commercialized years later manufacturers optical toys chromolithography film loops often traced live action footage adapted toy magic lanterns intended kids use home would take years animation reached movie theaters earlier experiments movie pioneers j stuart blackton arthur melbourne cooper segundo de chom n edwin porter among others blackton 's ''the haunted hotel'' first huge stop motion success baffling audiences showing objects apparently moved full photographic


detail without signs known stage trick fantasmagorie'' mile cohl mile cohl 's ''fantasmagorie'' oldest known example became known traditional hand drawn animation great artistic influential short films created ladislas starevich puppet animations since winsor mccay detailed drawn animation films ''little nemo'' ''gertie dinosaur'' production animated cartoons became industry us successful producer john randolph bray animator earl hurd patented cel animation process dominated


would long lasting careers including maria butinova studios' mapmo leo king knott walt disney productions' goofy donald duck warner bros cartoons' looney tunes characters like porky pig daffy duck bugs bunny tweety sylvester cat wile e coyote road runner fleischer studios paramount cartoon studios' betty boop popeye superman casper mgm cartoon studio 's tom jerry droopy walter lantz productions universal studio cartoons' woody woodpecker terrytoons th century fox 's dinky duck mighty mouse heckle jeckle


united artists' pink panther features cgi italian argentine cartoonist quirino cristiani showing cut articulated figure satirical character ''el peludo'' based president yrigoyen patented realization films including world 's first animated feature film ''el ap stol'' italian argentine director quirino cristiani made first feature length film ''el ap stol'' lost became critical commercial success followed cristiani 's ''sin dejar rastros'' one day premiere film confiscated government working three years lotte reiniger


released german feature length silhouette animation ''die abenteuer des prinzen achmed'' oldest extant animated feature walt disney studios premiered first animated feature ''snow white seven dwarfs'' still one highest grossing traditional animation features ref name snowwhite total prior th anniversary reissue ref ref name snowwhite grosses north america ref fleischer studios followed example ''gulliver 's travels'' success partly due foreign markets cut second world war disney 's next features ''pinocchio'' ''fantasia'' fleischer studios' second animated feature


produced films including shorts per year average reached titles china czechoslovakia czech republic italy france belgium countries occasionally released feature films japan became true powerhouse animation production recognizable influential anime style effective limited animation television animation became popular television since television sets started become common developed countries cartoons mainly programmed children convenient time slots especially us youth spent many hours watching saturday morning cartoons many classic


early hit series ''the simpsons'' since part renaissance american animation us animated series also spawned successes internationally many countries produced child oriented programming relatively often preferring stop motion puppetry cel animation japanese anime tv series became successful internationally since european producers looking affordable cel animators relatively often started co productions japanese studios resulting hit series ''barbapapa'' netherlands japan france ''wickie und die starken nner vicky viking '' austria germany japan ''the jungle book'' italy japan switch


cels computers computer animation gradually developed since wireframe animation started popping mainstream early short appearance sci fi thriller ''futureworld'' ''the rescuers under'' first feature film completely created digitally without camera ref name first digital guinness ref produced style 's similar traditional cel animation computer animation production system caps developed walt disney company collaboration pixar late called style often associated computer animation


films returned highest gross margins around film genres animation art industry continues thrive early education propaganda commercials clarity animation makes powerful tool instruction total malleability also allows exaggeration employed convey strong emotions thwart reality therefore widely used purposes mere entertainment world war ii animation widely exploited propaganda many american studios including warner bros disney lent talents cartoon


characters convey public certain war values countries including china japan united kingdom produced first feature length animation war efforts animation popular television commercials due graphic appeal humour provide animated characters commercials survived decades snap crackle pop advertisements kellogg 's cereals legendary animation director tex avery producer first raid kills bugs dead commercials successful company media merchandise theme parks apart


success movie theaters television series many cartoon characters would also prove extremely lucrative licensed kinds merchandise media animation traditionally closely related comic books many comic book characters found way screen often case japan many manga adapted anime original animated characters also commonly appear comic books magazines somewhat similarly characters plots video games interactive animation medium derived films vice versa original content produced


screen used marketed media stories images easily adapted children 's books printed media songs music appeared records streaming media many animation companies commercially exploit creations outside moving image media walt disney company best known extreme example since first licensed children 's writing tablet mickey mouse mascot depicted enormous amount products many disney characters may influenced pejorative use mickey 's


name licensed disney products sell well called disneyana many avid collectors even dedicated disneyana fanclub since disneyland opened features many attractions based disney 's cartoon characters enormous success spawned several disney theme parks resorts disney 's earnings theme parks relatively often higher movies criticism criticism animation common media cinema since inception popularity large amount criticism arisen especially animated feature length films many concerns cultural representation psychological effects


animated movies representation women throughout animated movies changed gradually adjusted contemporary times according juan sklar cartoons watched lens ideology start engagement disney princesses young girls around two years old associated greater female gender stereotype behaviour lower body self esteem case point little mermaid disney movie tells story princess sacrifices voice order stay beloved man symbolism powerful win love


prince ariel must forfeit thoughts intellect independence identity historically animated movies portrayed female characters struggling gain independence making personal sacrifices undergoing cultural mandates freeing bonds society besides past image ideal correct rigorous woman also commonplace audiences change time disney adapted representation traditional disney princesses modern times first time disney created story princess breaks completely patterns stereotypes typical princesses instance brave


movie shows independent rebellious fearless unique princess need get happiness man marriage awards form media animation instituted awards excellence field original awards animation presented academy motion picture arts sciences animated shorts year th academy awards function first winner academy award short ''flowers trees'' production walt disney productions academy award feature length animated motion picture instituted


best animated feature film part national film awards africa movie academy award best animation since bafta award best animated film since c sar award best animated film since golden rooster award best animation since goya award best animated film since japan academy prize animation year since national film award best animated film since also since asia pacific screen award best animated feature film awarded asia pacific screen awards since european film awards


awarded european film award best animated film annie award another award presented excellence field animation unlike academy awards annie awards received achievements field animation field technical artistic endeavour organized create new field best animated feature winners dominated walt disney however newer studios led pixar dreamworks begun consistently vie award list awardees follows annie award


best animated feature annie award best animated short subject annie award best animated television production production ''joy heron'' featured video creation non trivial animation works ie longer seconds developed form filmmaking certain unique aspects traits common live action animated feature length films labor intensity high production costs important difference film production phase marginal cost one shot higher animated films live action films relatively easy


viewed different angles traditionally animated projects maquettes often sculpted help animators see characters would look different angles unlike live action films animated films traditionally developed beyond synopsis stage storyboard format storyboard artists would receive credit writing film early animation studios began hiring professional screenwriters write screenplays also continuing use story departments screenplays become commonplace animated films late techniques traditional example traditional animation horse animated rotoscoping eadweard muybridge 's th century


photos '''traditional animation''' also called cel animation hand drawn animation process used animated films th century individual frames traditionally animated film photographs drawings first drawn paper create illusion movement drawing differs slightly one animators' drawings traced photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels filled paints assigned colors tones side opposite line drawings completed character cels photographed one one painted background rostrum camera onto


motion picture film traditional cel animation process became obsolete beginning st century today animators' drawings backgrounds either scanned drawn directly computer system various software programs used color drawings simulate camera movement effects final animated piece output one several delivery media including traditional nbsp mm film newer media digital video look traditional cel animation still preserved character animators' work remained essentially past years animation producers used


films regularly use detailed drawings plausible movement smooth animation fully animated films made variety styles realistically animated works like produced walt disney studio ''the little mermaid'' ''beauty beast'' ''aladdin'' ''the lion king'' 'cartoon' styles warner bros animation studio many disney animated features examples full animation non disney works ''the secret nimh'' us ''the iron giant'' us ''nocturna'' spain fully animated films animated frames per second


combination animation ones twos meaning drawings held one frame two frames limited '''limited animation''' involves use less detailed stylized drawings methods movement usually choppy skippy movement animation limited animation uses fewer drawings per second thereby limiting fluidity animation economic technique pioneered artists american studio united productions america limited animation used method stylized artistic expression ''gerald mcboing boing'' us


''yellow submarine'' uk certain anime produced japan primary use however producing cost effective animated content media television work hanna barbera filmation tv animation studios later internet web cartoons rotoscoping '''rotoscoping''' technique patented max fleischer animators trace live action movement frame frame source film directly copied actors' outlines animated drawings ''the lord rings'' us used stylized expressive manner ''waking life'' us ''a scanner darkly''


us examples ''fire ice'' us ''heavy metal'' ''aku hana'' japan live action blending '''live action animation''' technique combining hand drawn characters live action shots live action actors animated shots one earlier uses koko clown koko drawn live action footage walt disney ub iwerks created series ''alice comedies'' live action girl enters animated world examples include ''allegro non troppo'' italy ''who framed roger rabbit'' us ''volere volare'' italy ''space jam'' us


''osmosis jones'' us stop motion stop motion animation used describe animation created physically manipulating real world objects photographing one frame film time create illusion movement many different types stop motion animation usually named medium used create animation computer software widely available create type animation traditional stop motion animation usually less expensive time consuming produce current computer animation puppet animation typically involves stop motion puppet figures interacting constructed environment contrast real world interaction


plasticine animation often called ''claymation'' however trademarked name uses figures made clay similar malleable material create stop motion animation figures may armature wire frame inside similar related puppet animation manipulated pose figures alternatively figures may made entirely clay films bruce bickford clay creatures morph variety different shapes examples clay animated works include ''the gumby show'' us ''mio mao'' italy ''morph'' shorts uk ''wallace gromit'' shorts


uk jan vankmajer 's ''dimensions dialogue'' czechoslovakia ''the trap door'' uk films include ''wallace gromit curse rabbit'' ''chicken run'' ''the adventures mark twain'' strata cut animation commonly form clay animation long bread like loaf clay internally packed tight loaded varying imagery sliced thin sheets animation camera taking frame end loaf cut eventually revealing movement internal images within cutout animation type stop motion


republic ''princes et princesses'' france model animation refers stop motion animation created interact exist part live action world intercutting matte effects split screens often employed blend stop motion characters objects live actors settings ref name harryhausen dalton examples include work ray harryhausen seen films ''jason argonauts'' ref name harryhausen dalton work willis h o'brien films ''king kong'' go motion variant model animation uses various techniques create motion blur frames film


present traditional stop motion technique invented industrial light magic phil tippett create special effect scenes film ''the empire strikes back'' another example dragon named vermithrax film ''dragonslayer'' object animation refers use regular inanimate objects stop motion animation opposed specially created items graphic animation uses non drawn flat visual graphic material photographs newspaper clippings magazines etc sometimes manipulated frame frame create movement times graphics remain stationary stop motion


camera moved create screen action brickfilm subgenre object animation involving using lego similar brick toys make animation recent boost popularity advent video sharing sites youtube availability cheap cameras animation software pixilation involves use live humans stop motion characters allows number surreal effects including disappearances reappearances allowing people appear slide across ground effects examples pixilation include ''the secret adventures tom thumb'' ''angry


kid'' shorts academy award winning ''neighbours'' norman mclaren computer '''computer animation''' encompasses variety techniques unifying factor animation created digitally computer animation techniques tend focus image manipulation techniques usually build virtual worlds characters objects move interact animation create images seem real viewer animation two circles joined chain animation figures created edited computer using bitmap graphics vector graphics includes automated computerized versions


traditional animation techniques interpolated morphing onion skinning interpolated rotoscoping animation many applications including analog computer animation flash animation powerpoint animation cinemagraphs still photographs form animated gif file part animated final line advection animation technique used animation give artists animators influence control final product everything done within department speaking using approach ''paperman'' john kahrs said animators change things actually erase away cg underlayer want


change profile arm animation digitally modeled manipulated animator model maker usually starts creating polygon mesh animator manipulate mesh typically includes many vertices connected edges faces give visual appearance form object environment sometimes mesh given internal digital skeletal structure called armature used control mesh weighting vertices process called rigging used conjunction key frames


create movement techniques applied mathematical functions eg gravity particle simulations simulated fur hair effects fire water simulations techniques fall category dynamics terms '''cel shaded animation''' used mimic traditional animation using computer software shading looks stark less blending colors examples include ''skyland'' france ''the iron giant'' united states ''futurama'' united states ''appleseed ex machina'' japan ''the legend zelda wind waker'' japan ''the legend zelda breath wild'' japan '''machinima''' films created screen capturing


video games virtual worlds term originated software introduction demoscene well recordings first person shooter video game ''quake'' '''motion capture''' used live action actors wear special suits allow computers copy movements cg characters examples include ''polar express'' us ''beowulf'' us ''a christmas carol'' us ''the adventures tintin'' us ''kochadiiyan'' india '''computer animation''' used primarily animation attempts resemble real life using advanced rendering mimics detail skin plants water fire clouds etc examples


include ''up'' us ''how train dragon'' us '''physically based animation''' animation using computer simulations mechanical '''animatronics''' use mechatronics create machines seem animate rather robotic '''audio animatronics autonomatronics''' form robotics animation combined animation created walt disney imagineering shows attractions disney theme parks move make noise generally recorded speech song fixed whatever supports sit stand cannot walk audio animatron different android type robot uses prerecorded


camera wiggled around simulate talking unseen hands '''magic lantern''' used mechanical slides project moving images probably since christiaan huygens invented early image projector ''world color'' hydrotechnics disney california adventure creates illusion motion using fountains high definition projections mist screens '''hydrotechnics''' technique includes lights water fire fog lasers high definition projections mist screens '''drawn film animation''' technique footage produced creating images directly film stock example norman mclaren len lye


stan brakhage '''paint glass animation''' technique making animated films manipulating slow drying oil paints sheets glass example aleksandr petrov '''erasure animation''' technique using traditional media photographed time artist manipulates image example william kentridge famous charcoal erasure films piotr duma auteur technique animating scratches plaster '''pinscreen animation''' makes use screen filled movable pins moved pressing object onto screen screen lit side


pins cast shadows technique used create animated films range textural effects difficult achieve traditional cel animation '''sand animation''' sand moved around back front lighted piece glass create frame animated film creates interesting effect animated light contrast '''flip book''' flip book sometimes especially british english called flick book book series pictures vary gradually one page next pages turned rapidly pictures


appear animate simulating motion change flip books often illustrated books children also geared towards adults employ series photographs rather drawings flip books always separate books appear added feature ordinary books magazines often page corners software packages websites also available convert digital video files custom made flip books '''character animation''' '''multi sketching''' '''special effects animation''' see also twelve basic principles animation animated war film animation department animated series architectural animation avar independent animation international animation day


began thousands years ago gathering wild grains beginning least years ago nascent farmers began plant around years ago pigs sheep cattle domesticated years ago plants independently cultivated least regions world industrial agriculture based large scale monoculture twentieth century came dominate agricultural output though nbsp billion people still depended subsistence agriculture major agricultural products broadly grouped foods fibers fuels raw materials rubber food classes include cereals grains vegetables fruits oils meat milk eggs


fungi one third world 's workers employed agriculture second service sector although recent decades global trend decreasing number agricultural workers continues especially developing countries smallholding overtaken industrial agriculture mechanization brings enormous crop yield increase modern agronomy plant breeding agrochemicals pesticides fertilizers technological developments sharply increased crop yields causing ecological environmental damage selective breeding modern practices animal husbandry similarly increased output meat raised concerns animal welfare


environmental damage environmental issues include contributions global warming depletion aquifers deforestation antibiotic resistance growth hormones industrial meat production agriculture cause sensitive environmental degradation biodiversity loss desertification soil degradation global warming cause decreases crop yield genetically modified organisms widely used although banned certain countries noinclude noinclude etymology scope word ''agriculture'' late middle english adaptation latin 'field' 'cultivation' 'growing' agriculture usually refers human activities certain


species ant termite beetle cultivating crops million years agriculture defined varying scopes broadest sense using natural resources produce commodities maintain life including food fiber forest products horticultural crops related services ref name maine thus defined includes arable farming horticulture animal husbandry forestry horticulture forestry practice often excluded ref name maine ref history centres origin numbered nikolai vavilov area gray longer recognised centre origin papua new guinea area


levant rice domesticated china bc earliest known cultivation bc followed mung soy azuki beans sheep domesticated mesopotamia years ago cattle domesticated wild aurochs areas modern turkey pakistan years ago ref name mctavish ref pig production emerged eurasia including europe east asia southwest asia wild boar first domesticated years ago andes south america potato domesticated years ago along beans coca llamas


alpacas guinea pigs sugarcane root vegetables domesticated new guinea around years ago sorghum domesticated sahel region africa years ago cotton domesticated peru years ago ref name broudy year publisher upne isbn page url status live archive url https webarchiveorg web archive date february ref independently domesticated eurasia mesoamerica wild teosinte bred maize years ago scholars offered multiple hypotheses explain historical origins agriculture studies transition hunter gatherer agricultural societies indicate initial period intensification increasing sedentism examples


natufian culture levant early chinese neolithic china wild stands previously harvested started planted gradually came domesticated ref name b ref civilizations eurasia sumerians started live villages bc relying tigris euphrates rivers canal system irrigation ploughs appear pictographs around bc seed ploughs around bc farmers grew wheat barley vegetables lentils onions fruits including dates grapes figs ref name britmus ref ancient egyptian agriculture relied nile river


seasonal flooding farming started predynastic period end paleolithic bc staple food crops grains wheat barley alongside industrial crops flax papyrus ref name janick ref india wheat barley jujube domesticated bc soon followed sheep goats ref name gupta ref cattle sheep goats domesticated mehrgarh culture bc ref name baber baber zaheer ''the science empire scientific knowledge civilization colonial rule india'' state university new york press ref ref name harrisandgosden harris david r gosden c ''the origins spread


agriculture pastoralism eurasia crops fields flocks herds'' routledge p ref ref name possehl possehl gregory l ''mehrgarh'' ''oxford companion archaeology'' ed brian fagan oxford university press ref cotton cultivated th th millennium bc archeological evidence indicates animal drawn plough bc indus valley civilisation ref name lal ref china th century bc nationwide granary system widespread silk farming water powered grain mills use st century bc followed irrigation late nd century heavy ploughs developed iron ploughshares mouldboards ref


name greenberger greenberger robert ''the technology ancient china'' rosen publishing group pp ref spread westwards across eurasia asian rice domesticated years ago depending molecular clock estimate used ref name pnas ref pearl river southern china single genetic origin wild rice ''oryza rufipogon'' ref name nature ref greece rome major cereals wheat emmer barley alongside vegetables including peas beans olives sheep goats kept mainly dairy products ref name koester p koester helmut ''history culture religion hellenistic age'' nd edition


walter de gruyter pp ref ref name white white k ''roman farming'' cornell university press ref agricultural scenes threshing grain store harvesting sickles digging tree cutting ploughing ancient egypt tomb nakht th century bc americas crops domesticated mesoamerica apart teosinte include squash beans cacao ref name murphy year publisher cabi isbn page ref cocoa domesticated mayo chinchipe upper amazon around bc turkey probably domesticated mexico american southwest ref name speller ref aztecs developed irrigation systems formed terraced hillsides fertilized soil developed chinampas artificial


harvested ref name smith year publisher oup usa isbn page ref domesticated strawberry hybrid chilean north american species developed breeding europe north america indigenous people southwest pacific northwest practiced forest gardening fire stick farming natives controlled fire regional scale create low intensity fire ecology sustained low density agriculture loose rotation sort wild permaculture ref name cunningham pages last cunningham first laura title state change forgotten landscapes california publisher heyday year isbn ref system companion planting called three sisters developed north america


three crops winter squash maize climbing beans ref name wilson ref ref name landon ref indigenous australians long supposed nomadic hunter gatherers practised systematic burning possibly enhance natural productivity fire stick farming gunditjmara groups developed eel farming fish trapping systems years ago evidence 'intensification' across whole continent period two regions australia central west coast eastern central early farmers cultivated yams native millet bush onions possibly permanent settlements ref name b revolution arab agricultural revolution starting al andalus islamic spain transformed


agriculture improved techniques diffusion crop plants ref name watson middle ages europe islamic world agriculture transformed improved techniques diffusion crop plants including introduction sugar rice cotton fruit trees orange europe way al andalus ref name natgeographic year publisher national geographic society isbn page ref ref name watson ref columbian exchange brought new world crops maize potatoes tomatoes sweet potatoes manioc europe old world crops wheat barley rice turnips livestock including horses cattle sheep


goats americas irrigation crop rotation fertilizers advanced th century british agricultural revolution allowing global population rise significantly since agriculture developed nations lesser extent developing world seen large rises productivity mechanization replaces human labor assisted synthetic fertilizers pesticides selective breeding haber bosch method allowed synthesis ammonium nitrate fertilizer industrial scale greatly increasing crop yields sustaining increase global population modern agriculture raised encountered ecological political economic issues including water


land used growing crops years soil becomes infertile area abandoned another patch land selected process repeated type farming practiced mainly areas abundant rainfall forest regenerates quickly practice used northeast india southeast asia amazon basin spreading manure hand zambia subsistence farming practiced satisfy family local needs alone little left transport elsewhere intensively practiced monsoon asia south east asia estimated nbsp billion subsistence


farmers worked cultivating earth 's arable land intensive farming cultivation maximise productivity low fallow ratio high use inputs water fertilizer pesticide automation practiced mainly developed countries ref name bbcfactsheet ref contemporary agriculture status china largest agricultural output country ref name unctad twentieth century intensive agriculture increased productivity substituted synthetic fertilizers pesticides labour caused increased water pollution often involved farm subsidies recent years backlash environmental effects


conventional agriculture resulting organic regenerative sustainable agriculture movements ref name motherjones one major forces behind movement european union first certified organic food began reform common agricultural policy cap phase commodity linked farm subsidies also known decoupling growth organic farming renewed research alternative technologies integrated pest management selective breeding controlled environment agriculture ref name ref recent mainstream technological developments include genetically modified food demand non food biofuel crops development former farm lands rising transportation costs climate change growing


consumer demand china india population growth threatening food security many parts world ref name guardiancouk watts jonathan december https wwwtheguardiancom world dec chinabusiness riots hunger feared demand grain sends food costs soaring ''the guardian'' london ref ref name timesonlinecouk mortished carl march http wwwtimesonlinecouk tol news environment article ece already riots hoarding panic sign things come ''the times'' london ref ref name referencea borger julian february https wwwtheguardiancom environment feb foodunitednations feed world fighting losing battle un admits ''the guardian'' london ref international fund agricultural development posits increase smallholder agriculture may part


solution concerns food prices overall food security given favorable experience vietnam soil degradation diseases stem rust major concerns globally approximately world 's agricultural land seriously degraded agricultural output china largest world followed european union india united states ref name unctad economists measure total factor productivity agriculture measure agriculture united states roughly times productive workforce three sector theory


proportion people working agriculture left hard bar group green falls economy becomes developed following three sector theory number people employed agriculture primary activities fishing least developed countries less highly developed countries ref name laborforce ref since industrial revolution many countries made transition developed economies proportion people working agriculture steadily fallen th century europe example population engaged


tractor agriculture specifically farming remains hazardous industry farmers worldwide remain high risk work related injuries lung disease noise induced hearing loss skin diseases well certain cancers related chemical use prolonged sun exposure industrialized farms injuries frequently involve use agricultural machinery common cause fatal agricultural injuries developed countries tractor rollovers ref name aginjury ref pesticides chemicals used farming hazardous worker health workers exposed pesticides may experience illness children birth defects ref name niosh pest ref industry families commonly share


illness related agricultural activities often go unreported ref name ilo ref organization developed safety health agriculture convention covers range risks agriculture occupation prevention risks role individuals organizations engaged agriculture play ref name ilo united states agriculture identified national institute occupational safety health priority industry sector national occupational research agenda identify provide intervention strategies occupational health safety issues european union european agency safety


health work issued guidelines implementing health safety directives agriculture livestock farming horticulture forestry agricultural safety health council america ashca also holds yearly summit discuss safety production access date march ref overall production varies country listed class wikitable collapsible collapsed colspan largest countries agricultural output nominal terms according imf cia world factbook peak level label '''''' data label '''''' data label ''''' data label '''''' data label


'''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data caption isbn date february class wikitable collapsible collapsed colspan largest countries agricultural output


according unctad constant prices exchange rates ref name unctad ref label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data label '''''' data crop cultivation systems slash burn shifting cultivation thailand cropping systems vary among farms depending available resources constraints geography climate farm government policy economic social political pressures philosophy culture farmer ref name fao fs ref ref name pcp aps agricultural production systems pp acquaah ref shifting cultivation slash burn system


forests burnt releasing nutrients support cultivation annual perennial crops period several years ref name cs farming systems development productivity sustainability pp chrispeels ref plot left fallow regrow forest farmer moves new plot returning many years fallow period shortened population density grows requiring input nutrients fertilizer manure manual pest control annual cultivation next phase intensity fallow period requires even greater nutrient pest control inputs ref


rainfall either allowing multiple annual crops year requiring irrigation environments perennial crops grown coffee chocolate systems practiced agroforestry temperate environments ecosystems predominantly grassland prairie highly productive annual farming dominant agricultural system ref name cs important categories food crops include cereals legumes forage fruits vegetables ref name fao natural fibers include cotton wool hemp silk flax specific crops cultivated distinct growing regions throughout world production listed millions metric tons based fao estimates ref name fao