document issued national authorities governments certain subnational territories containing individual 's personal information well space authorities jurisdictions affix stamps visas permits authorising bearer enter reside travel within territory certain jurisdictions permit individuals clear border controls using identity cards typically contain similar personal information visas sample printed entri slip indian mainland chinese citizens clear malaysian border controls without visa visa travel document issued foreign nationals enabling clear border controls


state may enter dates may enter number permitted visits individual 's right work state question many countries asia liberalised visa controls recent years encourage transnational business tourism example india myanmar sri lanka introduced electronic visas make border control less arduous business travellers tourists malaysia introduced similar evisa facilities also introduced entri programme expedite clearance indian citizens chinese citizens mainland thailand regularly issues visas arrival many non exempt

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Immigration policy


visitors major ports entry order encourage tourism indonesia recent years progressively liberalised visa regime longer requiring visas arrival visas nationals singapore signed visa waiver agreements many countries recent years introduced electronic visa facilities indians eastern europeans mainland chinese trend towards visa liberalisation asia part regional trend toward social economic globalisation linked heightened economic growth certain countries predominantly exclusively western europe americas issue working holiday visas


younger visitors supplement travel funds working minor jobs especially common members european union elsewhere europe saudi arabia issues special category visa people religious pilgrimage similar policies force countries significant religious sites certain jurisdictions impose special visa requirements journalists order curtail freedom foreign reporters news organisations report controversial topics countries impose visas include cuba china north korea saudi arabia america zimbabwe consequence awkward border situations created fall


soviet union certain former members ussr neighbours maintain special visa exemption policies travellers transiting across international boundaries two points single country instance russia permits vehicles transit across saatse boot estonian villages lutep sesniki without visa border checkpoint provided stop similar provisions made issuance facilitated rail transit documents schengen area members travel kaliningrad oblast russian mainland enabling russian citizens travel exclave without passport


visa many countries let individuals clear border controls using foreign visas days days usd visa waiver fee applies days usd visa waiver fee applies days months citizens brazil arriving air electronic travel authorisation eta days nationals china days applicable certain nationalities days less visa expire must hold multiple entry visa days days applicable nationalities


days within day period days applicable nationalities days applicable nationalities days applicable nationalities days days days applicable nationalities days certain nationalities obtain electronic omani visa holding valid american visa days must hold visa valid least entries days applicable nationals china india days nationals china mainland days


authorisations alternative traditional visas electronic travel authorisation kind pre arrival registration may may officially classified visa depending issuing jurisdiction required foreign travellers exempted obtaining full visa contrast procedures typically apply regard proper visas per traveller normally recourse rejected eta rejected traveller choose apply visa instead contrast e visa simply visa travellers apply receive online without visiting


issuing state 's consular mission visa agency following jurisdictions require certain categories international travellers hold electronic travel authorisation e visa order clear border controls upon arrival ''australia'' australia administers two distinct categories electronic visitor authorisations electronic travel authority scheme available citizens variety north america asian countries evisitor scheme provides similar facility nationals european union european economic area electronic travel authority development electronic travel authority system commenced january first implemented singapore


trial basis september holders singaporean american passports travelling qantas singapore airlines implementation online applications began june ref name factsheet ref current eta came effect march replacing older etas subclass offering single authorisation tourist business purposes eta allows holder visit australia unlimited times months per visit month period tourism business purposes visa application charge service charge au applies applications


february kenya rwanda uganda issue east african tourist visa visa costs usd restrictions nationality non extendable multiple entry day visa first used enter country issued ''hong kong'' indian nationals chinese nationals areas administered republic china require visa enter hong kong must apply pre arrival registration par prior arrival successful indian travellers may apply visa instead taiwanese people eligible born taiwan


entered hong kong roc nationals otherwise instead apply entry permit de facto visa enter hong kong using republic china passport may alternatively enter hong kong using mainland travel permit taiwan residents issued mainland chinese authorities without additional permit ''india'' india permits nationals jurisdictions european union citizens british overseas territories citizens clear border controls using e visa travellers holding e visa must arrive via designated airports ahmedabad amritsar bagdogra bengaluru chandigarh chennai coimbatore delhi gaya goa guwahati


hyderabad jaipur kochi kolkata kozhikode lucknow madurai mangaluru mumbai nagpur pune thiruvananthapuram tiruchirappalli varanasi visakhapatnam designated seaports cochin goa mangalore september india suspended issuance e visas british canadian citizens retaliation indian government deems discriminatory application covid restrictions targeted indian nationals ''kenya'' january kenya solely issues e visas physical visas longer available ''new zealand'' new zealand required visa waiver travellers citizens australia members visiting force individuals associated scientific programme expedition


antarctica sponsored party antarctic treaty obtain electronic travel authority nzeta since october ''north america'' east pacific america canada introduced electronic travel authorisations travellers visa free countries entering canada air except american nationals including without full citizenship must obtain electronic travel authorisation prior arrival arriving land sea travellers visa waiver programme required obtain permission electronic system travel authorisation arriving america air cruise entering


advance provided hold electronic travel authorisation ref valign top ''sri lanka'' travellers sri lanka must obtain electronic travel authorisation prior getting visa arrival entry port except countries eta exempted countries visa must got advance citizens india pakistan countries northwestern part asia receive discounted etas ''qatar'' september citizens nationalities hold valid residence permits visas either australia canada new zealand schengen countries united kingdom


united states america countries gulf cooperation council obtain electronic travel authorisation days visa may extended online additional days qatar introduced e visa system june countries except qualify visa arrival visa free entry may apply tourist visa online evisa system visas issued within four working days documents submitted valid stay period days qatar ''united


well iran malaysia ban israeli citizens ref name timatic however exceptional entry malaysia possible approval ministry home affairs certain countries may also restrict entry israeli stamps visas passports result tension artsakh dispute azerbaijan currently forbids entry armenian citizens well individuals proof travel artsakh september january america issue new visas nationals iran north korea libya somalia syria yemen pursuant restrictions imposed trump administration


subsequently repealed biden administration january ref name ref force restrictions conditional could lifted countries affected meet required security standards specified trump administration dual citizens countries could still enter presented passport non designated country prescreening significant number countries maintain prescreening facilities passengers departing jurisdictions clear border controls prior arrival thereby skip checkpoints upon arrival aside simplifying arrival formalities enables border control authorities deny entry potentially inadmissible travellers


prior embarking reduce congestion border checkpoints located ports arrival '''hong kong mainland china''' two border crossings hong kong chinese mainland border controls imposed two jurisdictions colocated west kowloon railway station component guangzhou shenzhen hong kong express rail link west kowloon station contains mainland port area essentially enabling passengers goods clear mainland chinese immigration hong kong soil shenzhen bay port land border checkpoint shenzhen bay port mainland contains


hong kong port area enables passengers goods clear hong kong border controls mainland checkpoint located chinese mainland land leased city shenzhen guangdong province enabling travellers clear chinese hong kong border controls one place eliminates need second checkpoint hong kong side shenzhen bay bridge gallery file shenzhen bay port hong kong entrance jpg entrance hong kong port area shenzhen bay port passenger terminal building file hk west kowloon station mainland port area


b entrance jpg entrance mainland port area west kowloon station file hk west kowloon station b mainland port area police station jpg mainland chinese police station mainland port area file xijiulong rujingjpg mainland chinese entry stamp issued hong kong west kowloon railway station file xijiulong mainland port exit stampjpg mainland chinese exit stamp issued hong kong west kowloon railway station chinese passport gallery map upcoming rapid transit system '''singapore malaysia''' woodlands train checkpoint cross border rail passengers singaporean exit malaysian entry preclearance border controls co located woodlands train


checkpoint singapore whilst malaysian exit controls located separately johor bahru sentral railway station malaysia johor bahru singapore rapid transit system rts upcoming rts connecting singapore johor bahru feature border control preclearance singaporean side malaysian side enable passengers arriving singapore malaysia vice versa proceed straight connecting transport since rts link singapore mrt system thomson east coast mrt line johor bahru sentral unlike preclearance systems adopted america hong kong


eurostar united kingdom stations located belgium france netherlands eurostar eurotunnel passengers departing schengen area go french dutch belgian exit border control british entry border controls departures passengers departing united kingdom including departing belgium netherlands undergo french border controls british soil travel ferry french entry border control ferries dover calais dunkerque take place port dover whilst french exit british entry border control takes place calais dunkerque


travel rail twelve juxtaposed border control checkpoints currently operation belgium brussel zuid bruxelles midi france ref name c ref bourg saint maurice calais fr thun coquelles gare du nord lille europe mo tiers netherlands rotterdam centraal station amsterdam centraal station uk ref name c ashford international ebbsfleet international st pancras international gallery file france lft londres passport stampjpg entry stamp schengen area issued french border police st pancras international station 'lft' stands 'liaison fixe transmanche' literally cross channel fixed link file france lft paris nord passport stampjpg exit stamp schengen area issued french border police


boarding train gallery '''america''' american government operates border preclearance facilities number ports airports foreign territory staffed operated us customs border protection officers travellers pass american immigration customs public health agriculture inspections boarding aircraft ship train process intended streamline border procedures reduce congestion ports entry facilitate travel preclearance location american airports unequipped handle international travellers facilities present majority major canadian airports well selected airports


facilities located nassau freeport international airports required possession valid visa preclearance facilities also operated pacific central station port vancouver port victoria british columbia plans open one montreal central station quebec gallery file yul us departures sectorjpg interior american preclearance departures montr al image shannon jpg shannon airport preclearance file stamps united states passportjpg canadian american stamps american passport issued montr al gallery '''informal prescreening''' cases countries introduce controls functions border


controls n't border controls legally n't need performed government agencies normally performed organised private companies based law check passengers n't travel specific country n't allowed controls take effect one country based law another country without formalised border control prescreening agreement force even n't border controls function prominent example airlines check passports visa passengers allowed board aircraft also


access expedited border control facilities abtc holders eligible expedited border control canadian airports visa exemptions abtcs generally issued citizens apec member countries however hong kong issues permanent residents chinese citizens category primarily consisting british indian pakistani citizens use abtcs china restricted result one country two systems one china policies chinese nationals hong kong macau republic china required use special internal travel documents enter


mainland similar restrictions exist use abtc chinese citizens regions entering areas administered republic china see internal border controls smartgates located major australian airports allow australian epassport holders epassport holders number countries clear immigration controls rapidly enhance travel security performing passport control checks electronically ref name newshub ref smartgate uses facial recognition system verify traveller 's identity data stored chip biometric passport well checking immigration databases travellers require biometric passport use


british isles offering alternative using desks staffed immigration officers gates use facial recognition system verify user 's identity comparing user 's facial features recorded photograph stored chip biometric passport british citizens european economic area citizens citizens australia canada japan new zealand singapore south korea taiwan america well chinese citizens hong kong enrolled registered traveller service use epassport gates ports entry united kingdom birmingham airport bristol airport cardiff airport east midlands


airport edinburgh airport eurostar st pancras terminal eurostar brussels zuid terminal gatwick airport north south terminals glasgow airport heathrow airport terminals london city airport luton airport manchester airport terminals stansted airport provided aged either travelling adult holding valid biometric passports ireland egates available dublin airport arrivals terminal piers terminal addition irish british citizens currently available citizens switzerland


european economic area electronic passports aged though proposals extend service non european citizens irish passport cards used egates caripass voluntary travel card programme provide secure simple border crossings citizens legal residents participating ref antigua barbuda barbados dominica grenada guyana jamaica st kitts nevis saint lucia st vincent grenadines trinidad tobago caribbean community jurisdictions caripass initiative coordinated implementation agency crime security caricom impacs seeks provide standardised


border control facilities within participating caribbean communities caripass accepted valid travel document within participating member states allow cardholders access automated gate facilities immigration checkpoints use biometric technology verify user china ''mainland china'' residents prc chinese citizens foreign residents tourists use chinese e channel registration done border leaving mainland chinese citizens hong kong macau permanent residence use home return permit instead passport enter leave mainland ''hong


kong macau'' automated passenger clearance system colloquially known e channel automated border control facility available airports hong kong macau land borders mainland special administrative regions open residents appropriate regions selected foreign nationals ref australian passport german passport republic korea passport singapore passport thai passport hong kong echannel also available non residents departure without registration registered non residents qualify frequent travellers including chinese citizens mainland arrival


departure finally hong kong 's macau 's echannel systems recognise 's permanent resident id card registration automated kiosk ferry terminal ''republic china'' similar automated entry system egate exists areas administered republic china providing expedited border control roc nationals well certain classes residents frequent visitors users simply scan travel documents gate passed facial recognition instances foreign non registered travellers allowed use egate system depart notably taipei taoyuan airport


terminal terminal using passport scan fingerprints along introduction j bis automated gate set terminal narita airport haneda airport chubu centrair airport kansai airport ref name http wwwhis jcom tyo corp btc news nrthtml ref system person enters leaves country rather processed examiner person use machine gate thereby making entry departure simpler easier well convenient ref name moj http wwwmojgojp nyukan nyukan html ref japanese people valid passports


foreigners valid passports includes refugees valid travel certificates entry permits entry permits use system ref name moj viajero confiable mexican trusted traveller programme allows members pass securely customs immigration controls reduced time using automated kiosks participating airports viajero confiable introduced three airports since expanded additional sites like nexus global entry tsa precheck programs viajero confiable members traveling via participating airports may use designated lanes allow speedily securely clear customs mexican


government already performed background check considered trusted traveller participating airports members may use automated kiosks scan passport fingerprints complete electronic immigration form programme targeted mexican citizens well american canadian citizens members global entry nexus programme lawful permanent residents mexico new zealand smartgate system exists auckland wellington christchurch queenstown airports enabling holders biometric passports issued new zealand australia canada china france germany ireland


must make sure look similar epassport photos possible remove glasses scarves hats wearing passport picture taken egate handle minor changes face example travellers' weight hair changed customs biosecurity immigration officials utilise information provided egates including photos clear travellers items across new zealand 's border biometric information kept three months destruction information including movements across new zealand 's border kept indefinitely handled accordance privacy act


law authorises might include information used shared law enforcement border control authorities since july visitors visa waiver countries require new zealand electronic travel authority nzeta online application toolkit requirements airlines travel agents downloaded new zealand immigration website enhanced immigration automated clearance system eiacs available checkpoints singapore citizens permanent residents foreign residents long term passes apec business travel card holders registered travellers foreign visitors


whose fingerprints registered arrival may use eiacs lanes exit clearance addition biometric identification motorbikers bikes system available eligible motorcyclists land border crossings malaysia meanwhile visitors fingerprinted entry manned counter use eiacs leave singapore air additionally nationals certain countries australian passport hong kong special administrative region passport japan passport malaysia passport new zealand passport people 's republic china passport republic korea passport thailand passport united kingdom passport united states passport may register use


eiacs system entry provided meet prescribed conditions south korea maintains programme known smart entry service open registration south koreans aged registered foreigners hong kong special administrative region passport macao special administrative region passport singapore passport republic china passport united states passport aged furthermore visitors aged older may use https wwwairportkr ap lp en arr process autimm autimmdo smart entry service exit international airports long provided biometrics arrival automated passport control apc system uses facial recognition


system available thai nationals since million used suvarnabhumi airport opened automated immigration lanes foreigners singaporeans allowed use system initially since singaporeans holders hong kong sar passport allowed use system ref name hk processed foreign travellers leave automatic channel present passport thai immigration officer stamped ref name hk north america north america wide variety expedited border control programmes global entry global entry


programme frequent travellers enables utilise automated border control facilities priority security screening addition american citizens permanent residents programme open indian singaporean south korean citizens among others global entry members eligible use automated global entry facilities certain airports clear border control efficiently enrolled users must present machine readable passport permanent residency card submit fingerprints establish identity users complete electronic customs declaration issued receipt instructing either proceed baggage claim normal


inspection booth interview participants may utilise automated kiosks clear american border controls participating airports abu dhabi international airport auh anchorage ted stevens anchorage international airport anc atlanta hartsfield jackson atlanta international airport atl austin bergstrom international airport aus baltimore washington international thurgood marshall airport bwi boston logan international airport bos burlington international airport btv calgary international airport yyc charlotte douglas international airport clt chicago midway international airport mdw chicago o'hare international airport ord cincinnati northern kentucky international airport cvg cleveland hopkins international airport cle dallas fort worth international airport dfw daniel k inouye international airport hnl denver international airport


den detroit metropolitan airport dtw dublin airport dub edmonton international airport yeg fairbanks international airport fai fort lauderdale hollywood international airport fll guam international airport gum halifax stanfield international airport yhz houston george bush intercontinental airport iah john f kennedy international airport new york city jfk john wayne airport sna lambert st louis international airport stl los angeles international airport lax luis mu oz mar n international airport sju lynden pindling international airport bahamas nas mccarran international airport las vegas las miami international airport mia milwaukee mitchell international airport milwaukee mke minneapolis st paul international airport msp montr al pierre elliott trudeau international airport yul newark liberty


international airport ewr oakland international airport oak orlando international airport mco orlando sanford international airport sfb ottawa macdonald cartier international airport yow philadelphia international airport phl phoenix sky harbor international airport phx pittsburgh international airport pit portland international airport pdx queen beatrix international airport aruba aua raleigh durham international airport rdu saipan international airport spn salt lake city international airport slc san antonio international airport sat san diego international airport san san francisco international airport sfo san jose international airport sjc seattle tacoma international airport seatac sea shannon airport snn tampa international airport tpa toronto pearson international airport yyz vancouver international airport yvr


washington dulles international airport iad winnipeg james armstrong richardson international airport ywg ''' ''' indicates global entry enrollment centres sites note enrolment centres canada nexus enrolment centres staffed american canadian border control officers canpass canadian citizens permanent residents apply canpass present form provides expedited border controls individuals entering canada corporate private aircraft nexus fast nexus joint canadian american expedited border control programme low risk travellers holding canadian us citizenship permanent residence membership requires approval canadian


programme similar nexus american mexican citizens additionally allows members register cars expedited land border controls unlike nexus sentri administered solely american government provide expedited controls entering mexico entering america land canada used nexus card way around individuals holding nexus card may additionally register cars expedited land border controls sentri entering america air holders sentri cards may use global entry kiosks clear border controls participating


boarding pass may say tsaprechk tsa pre tsa pre depending airline type boarding pass ref name precheck faq december total airlines participating program local border traffic flow travellers within area surrounding controlled international internal border many cases local border traffic subject special regulations expedite border controls individuals travelling within local border areas depending particular border question measures may restricted local residents implemented blanket regional visa


waiver one jurisdiction nationals restricted frequent cross border travellers available individuals lawfully present one jurisdiction seeking visit example relaxed border controls maintained bhutan proceeding past phuentsholing certain border cities enable travellers enter without going document check whatsoever america border crossing card issued american authorities mexican nationals enables mexicans enter border areas without passport ref document also functions full b b visa presented valid mexican passport ref name bcc ref america


bhutan maintain interior checkposts enforce compliance china maintains relaxed border controls individuals lawfully hong kong macau visit surrounding pearl river delta visa free provided certain conditions met ref brest grodno visa free territory established presidential decree signed august permitted local visa free access visitors lawfully present neighbouring schengen area since november visitors allowed stay without visa days entry possible designated checkpoints poland lithuania brest uschodni railway station grodno railway station brest


terminal file heathrow terminal epassport gatesjpg epassport gates heathrow airport terminal file hkairport echanneljpg e channel machines hong kong international airport file smartgatedeparturessydjpg smartgate departures sydney airport file j vis gate esvg automated immigration narita airport file global entry participantssvg countries whose citizens eligible global entry file nexuscardpng sample nexus card file nexuslanejpg nexus lane american side ambassador bridge file apec business travel card member statessvg file border crossing cardjpg front updated version border crossing card issued mexican nationals gallery border control organisations country border control generally responsibility specialised government organisations oversee various aspects


jurisdiction 's border control policies including customs immigration policy border security biosecurity measures official designations division responsibilities command structures organisations vary considerably countries split border control functions across multiple agencies '''america''' aspects american border control handled various divisions department homelend security dhs ''us customs border protection'' us customs border protection cbp division dhs country 's primary border control organisation charged regulating facilitating international trade collecting import duties enforcing america trade customs immigration regulations


workforce employees ref every individual entering america subject inspection customs border protection cbp officers compliance immigration customs agriculture regulations travellers screened variety prohibited items ranging gold silver precious metals alcoholic beverages firearms narcotics ''transport security administration'' transport security administration tsa division dhs responsible conducting security checks american airports transport hubs including overseas preclearance facilities notable exception canada catsa conducts security checks prior cbp immigration screening


passengers departing air america tsa screening physical check conducted upon departure ''immigration customs enforcement'' immigration customs enforcement ice organisation responsible enforcing immigration laws within america focusing largely deporting undocumented migrants ice operates detention centres throughout country approximately undocumented migrants imprisoned ice given day detention centres jails prisons nationwide ref name kalhan ref ''united states citizenship immigration services'' united states citizenship immigration services responsible various aspects border control relating immigration including reviewing visa petitions


law enforcement officers '''''' ''immigration refugees citizenship canada'' immigration refugees citizenship canada ircc department government canada responsibility matters dealing immigration canada refugees canadian citizenship ircc 's mandate emanates department citizenship immigration act minister ircc key person uphold administer citizenship act subsequent amendments minister work closely minister public safety relation administration immigration refugee protection act ''canada border services agency'' canada border services


agency cbsa primary organisation tasked maintaining canada 's border controls agency created december though creation formalised ''canada border services agency act'' received royal assent november amalgamating canada customs defunct canada customs revenue agency border enforcement personnel department cic canadian food inspection agency cfia ''canadian air transport security authority'' canadian air transport security authority catsa canadian crown corporation responsible security screening people baggage administration


identity cards designated airports canada catsa answerable transport canada reports government canada minister transport ref name catsa review ref '''china''' border control china responsibility variety entities country 's four distinct immigration areas special administrative regions hong kong macau agencies tracing lineage british portuguese colonial authorities respectively perform border control functions based policies practices force territories' return people 's republic china areas administered republic


china subject border controls distinct people 's republic china ''people 's republic china'' '''' immigration department hong kong responsible border controls hong kong special administrative regions including internal controls rest china people 's republic china resumed sovereignty territory july hong kong 's immigration system remained largely unchanged british predecessor model addition visa free entry acceptance regulations hong kong passport holders countries remain unchanged '''' immigration department


macau public security police force government agency responsible immigration matters whilst public security police force responsible enforcing immigration laws macau ''mainland china'' border control mainland china responsibility national immigration administration nia unit ministry public security mps customs related border controls largely within purview general administration customs people 's republic china ''republic china'' areas controlled republic china national immigration agency nia subsidiary organisation ministry


interior responsible border control agency headed director general current director general chiu feng kuang agency established early job includes care guidance new immigrants exit entry control deportation undocumented migrants prevention human trafficking agency also deals persons mainland china hong kong macau hold household registration areas controlled roc '''''' border control india performed variety organisations focusing distinct section


external borders ''border security force'' border security force bsf primary border defence organisation india one five central armed police forces union india raised wake war december ensuring security borders india matters connected ref name bsf act ref ref name border security force ref independence protection india 's international boundaries responsibility local police belonging border state little inter state coordination bsf created


central government controlled security force guard india 's borders thus bringing greater cohesion border security bsf charged guarding india 's land border peacetime preventing transnational crime union government agency administrative control ministry home affairs currently stands world 's largest border guarding force ''assam rifles'' assam rifles one india 's oldest continuously existent paramilitary units responsible physical controls border india myanmar since border area india myanmar china largely made minority


groups many transboundary communities consequently enforcing border controls challenge three countries porous sections border india myanmar historically common since myanmar formerly part british indian empire ''indo tibetan border police'' indo tibetan border police itbp charged maintaining border controls india 's side extensive border minority regions india china september parliament india enacted indo tibetan border police force act provide constitution regulation itbp ensuring


done security deputy naja border control gendarmerie 's duty '''''' immigration department malaysia department federal government malaysia provides services malaysian citizens permanent residents foreign visitors functions department follows issuing passports travel documents malaysian citizens permanent residents issuing visas passes permits foreign nationals entering malaysia administering managing movement people authorised entry exit points enforcing immigration act immigration regulations passport act


'''''' border security command coastal security bureau collectively responsible restricting unauthorised cross border land sea entries exits early bureaux responsible border security coastal security transferred state security department ministry people 's armed forces sometime thereafter border security bureau enlarged corps level renamed border security command previously headquartered chagang province border security command relocated pyongyang '''''' physical controls internationally recognised portions pakistan 's international borders managed dedicated paramilitary units pakistan


rangers border india frontier corps afghanistan iran gilgit baltistan scouts china pakistan administered side line control guarded patrolled pakistan army ''pakistan rangers'' pakistan rangers paramilitary law enforcement organisation pakistan primary mission securing important sites pakistan 's international border india well employed internal security operations providing assistance police maintaining law order rangers umbrella term pakistan rangers punjab headquartered lahore responsible guarding punjab province 's nbsp km


long ib india pakistan rangers sindh headquartered karachi defending sindh province 's nbsp km long ib india forces operate separate chains command wear distinct uniforms famously evening pakistan rangers punjab together indian counterparts bsf participate elaborate flag lowering ceremony wagah border crossing near lahore ''frontier corps'' frontier corps umbrella term two western provincial auxiliary forces part paramilitary forces pakistan along western provinces balochistan khyber pakhtunkhwa


direct counterparts rangers eastern provinces sindh punjab frontier corps comprises two separate organisations fc nwfp stationed khyber pakhtunkhwa province formerly known north west frontier province includes federally administered tribal areas fc balochistan stationed balochistan province subdivision headed seconded inspector general pakistan army officer least major general rank although force jurisdiction interior ministry ref name jamestown ref total manpower approximately task frontier corps help local law enforcement


maintenance law order carry border patrol anti smuggling operations fc 's constituent units chitral scouts khyber rifles swat levies kurram militia tochi scouts south waziristan scouts zhob militia regimental histories dating back british colonial times many eg khyber rifles distinguished combat records ''gilgit baltistan scouts'' gilgit baltistan scouts part paramilitary forces pakistan direct control ministry interior pakistan government scouts internal


border security force prime objective protect china pakistan border support civil administration ensuring maintenance law order gilgit baltistan anywhere else pakistan force formerly known northern areas scouts renamed gilgit baltistan scouts ref name history ref ''pakistan customs'' customs related border security measures pakistan responsibility pakistan customs '''schengen area''' border control schengen area primarily performed national authorities individual member states consequently many distinct organisations involved border control along area 's external frontiers


sea air ports entry within members states ''european border coast guard agency frontex '' frontex schengen area 's multilateral border control organisation headquartered warsaw operates coordination border coast guards individual schengen area member states according european council refugees exiles ecre british refugee council written evidence submitted uk house lords inquiry frontex fails demonstrate adequate consideration international european asylum human rights law including convention relating status refugees


eu law respect access asylum prohibition refoulement september turkish military radar issued warning latvian helicopter conducting anti migrant anti refugee patrol eastern aegean sea leave area turkish airspace turkish general staff reported latvian frontex aircraft violated turkish airspace west didim ref name taf rk silahl kuvvetleri turkish armed forces ref according hellenic air force announcement incident occurred frontex helicopter identified italian made agusta patrolling common route used


people smugglers near small isle farmakonisi another incident took place october airspace eastern aegean sea island lesbos november turkish general staff issued press note alleging estonian border guard aircraft let l uvp taking kos frontex mission violated turkish airspace west ke ref name taf part border coast guard ''return office'' established capacity repatriate immigrants residing illegally union deploying ''return intervention teams'' composed escorts monitors


specialists dealing related technical aspects repatriation uniform european travel document would ensure wider acceptance third countries emergency situations intervention teams sent problem areas bolster security either request member state agency 's initiative latter proposed capability able deploy specialists member states borders without approval national government question proving controversial aspect european commission plan ref name eu ref ''direction centrale de la police aux fronti res'' direction centrale


de la police aux fronti res dcpf directorate french national police responsible border control certain border crossing points border surveillance areas france work alongside british counterparts calais along channel tunnel rail link british transport police dcpf consequently largely responsible schengen area border controls united kingdom ''direction g n rale des douanes et droits indirects'' direction g n rale des douanes et droits indirects dgddi commonly known ''les douanes'' french law enforcement agency responsible levying indirect taxes preventing


smuggling surveilling borders investigating counterfeit money agency acts coast guard border guard sea rescue organisation customs service addition since agency replaced border police carrying immigration control smaller border checkpoints particular maritime borders regional airports ''finnish border guard'' finnish border guard including coast guard agency responsible border control related persons including passport control border patrol border guard paramilitary organisation subordinate ministry interior administrative issues president


finnish defence forces required defence readiness border guard police investigative powers immigration matters independently investigate immigration violations border guard search rescue sar duties maritime inland guard operates sar helicopters often used inland sar assistance local fire rescue department authorities border guard shares border control duties finnish customs inspects arriving goods finnish police enforces immigration decisions removal ''koninklijke marechaussee '' koninklijke marechaussee english royal military constabulary


branch dutch armed forces responsible border control functions well guarding national borders ports entry notably amsterdam schiphol airport eurostar terminals amsterdam centraal roterdam centraal schiphol airport koninklijke marechaussee operates criminal investigations department combats drugs trafficking cooperation fiod passenger air freight ''swedish border police'' border control duties sweden handled special group police force sweden natural land borders norway finland border controls border surveillance


done apart customs control therefore border control focused fixed control points border control less schengen period mainly airports introduction full border control denmark continent put heavy load border police check cars trains per day coming resund bridge cars helsingborg ferry ports police quickly educated several hundred semi authorised border control guards ask real officers take doubtful case customs office


lorries carrying cargo airport command singapore changi airport seletar airport air cargo command airport logistics park singapore changi airfreight centre parcel post section ports command port singapore sembawang port jurong port keppel distripark ports command hq coastal command singapore cruise centre marina bay cruise centre singapore tanah merah ferry terminal changi ferry terminal changi point ferry terminal jurong fishery port marina south pier west coast pier singapore addition ica handles anti terrorism operations responsible many visa residence related aspects border control '''''' ''hm revenue customs'' customs administration related border


controls united kingdom largely fall within jurisdiction hm revenue customs ''uk visas immigration ukvi '' ukvi operates visa aspect united kingdom 's border controls managing applications foreign nationals seeking visit work uk also considers applications businesses educational institutions seeking become sponsors foreign nationals also considers applications foreign nationals seeking british citizenship ''border force'' border force charge ref checking immigration status people arriving departing uk searching baggage vehicles cargo unlawful goods unauthorised


migrants patrolling british coastline searching vessels gathering intelligence alerting police security services people interest physical controls checkpoints airports land borders ports since march border force law enforcement command within home office accountable directly ministers border force responsible immigration customs rail air sea ports uk western europe well thousands smaller airstrips ports marinas work border force monitored independent chief inspector borders immigration ''immigration enforcement''


frontex warsaw file seal united states department homeland securitysvg emblem department homeland security umbrella agency responsible border control america gallery controversies certain border control policies various countries subject controversy public debate children abducted american government pictured wire mesh cage photo taken united states customs border protection propublica recording crying children separated families america policies targeting muslims since implementation added security measures aftermath world trade centre attacks reports


discrimination people perceived muslim american border security officers prevalent media travel restrictions implemented trump presidency primarily muslim majority countries provoked controversy whether measures legitimate border security measure unethically discriminatory separation families seeking asylum april part zero tolerance policy american government ordered separation children refugees asylum seekers parents consequence popular outrage ref detainment children us government compared nazi concentration


camps observers politicians criticism medical ref dr irwin redlener co founded children 's health fund called policy dehumanising described form child abuse number concerned researchers clinicians signed open letter homeland security secretary nielsen calling end migrant child separations writing decades psychological brain research demonstrated forced parental separation placement incarceration like facilities profound immediate long term irreparable harm infant child development religious ref greek orthodox archdiocese america episcopal church united methodist


church african methodist episcopal church presbyterian church evangelical lutheran church church jesus christ latter day saints lds church communities policy put hold executive order signed president trump june policy federal authorities separated children parents relatives adults accompanied crossing border whether apprehended illegal crossing numerous reported cases legally presenting asylum policy involved prosecuting adults detained mexican border imprisoning parents handing minors american department health


human services federal government reported policy resulted separation children parents trump administration blamed congress atrocity labelled change policy democrats' law even though congress overwhelmingly dominated republicans since regardless members parties criticised policy detractors trump administration emphasise fact seem written law required government implement policy ref name long ref attorney general jeff sessions defending policy quoted passage bible


notwithstanding fact religious doctrine carries absolutely weight american law ref name long officials praised policy deterrent unlawful immigration costs separating migrant children parents keeping tent cities higher keeping parents detention centres ref name ainsley ref handle large amount immigration charges brought trump administration federal prosecutors divert resources crime cases ref name heath ref costs per person per night house children separated per person per night


held permanent hhs facilities per person per night keep children parents immigration detention centres ref name ainsley head justice department 's major crimes unit san diego diverted staff drug smuggling cases ref name heath drug smuggling cases also increasingly pursued state courts rather federal courts federal prosecutor increasingly preoccupied pursuing charges illegal border crossings ref name heath kaiser family foundation said costs associated policy may also divert resources programmes within department health human services july


reported hhs diverted least million health programs care reunify migrant children hhs preparing shift million hhs accounts australia offshore detention centres beginning australia implemented border control policies featuring detention asylum seekers economic migrants arrived unlawfully boat nearby islands pacific policies controversial supreme court papua new guinea declared detention centre manus island unconstitutional adherence policies


citizens enshrined international covenant civil political rights time australian government prohibited majority australian citizens exiting country even ordinarily reside overseas lhotshampa refugees beldangi camp nepal man holding bhutanese passport bhutan starting primarily bhutanese government implemented strict restrictions country 's ethnically nepali lhotshampa population implemented internal border control policies restrict immigration return ethnic nepalis creating refugee crisis policy shift effectively ended previously liberal immigration policies regards nepalis


counts among racialised border control policies asia china china currently recognise north korean defectors refugees subjects immediate deportation caught china dprk border fortified sides aim deter refugees crossing aspect chinese border control policy criticised human rights organisations cyprus result northern cyprus 's sovereignty dispute southern cyprus south member european union imposed restrictions north 's airports pressure european union resulted countries turkey recognising


reported media security tel aviv 's ben gurion airport relies number fundamentals including heavy focus raphael ron former director security ben gurion terms human factor generalised inescapable fact terrorist attacks carried people found stopped effective security methodology part focus called human factor israeli security officers interrogate travellers profiling appear arab based name physical appearance even israeli authorities argue racist ethnic


religious profiling effective security measures according boaz ganor israel undertaken known empirical studies efficacy technique racial profiling gallery gallery file bridge returnjpg korean border file india pakistan border nightjpg winding border pakistan india lit security lights one places earth international boundary seen night file peace arch us canada borderjpg peace arch canada united states border longest common border world image aranyaprathet borderjpg thailand cambodia file international border wagah evening flag lowering ceremonyjpg wagah border crossing


india pakistan along radcliffe line file tijuana san diego border deathsjpg border tijuana mexico san ysidro california united states memorial coffins killed crossing border straight line border surveyed region thinly populated image grenzejpg elbe german czech border crossing image vaalimaa jpg vaalimaa 's border crossing along european route e finnish side russian border virolahti finland image huis baarlejpg house chaamseweg street baarle village divided belgium netherlands state border marked line white plates sidewalk image arava aquaba border israeljpg jordan israel aquaba arava


patrick le gal eds reconfiguring european states crisis oxford university press oxford pp nbsp philippe legrain ''immigrants country needs them'' little brown aristide zolberg ''a nation design immigration policy fashioning america'' harvard university press philippe legrain ''immigrants country needs them'' little brown ruben rumbaut walter ewing spring https webarchiveorg web http wwwailforg ipc special report sr feb resourcesshtml myth immigrant criminality paradox assimilation incarceration rates among native foreign born men immigration policy center bryan balin https jscholarshiplibraryjhuedu bitstream handle state immigration legislation immigrant flows pdfsequence ''state immigration legislation immigrant flows analysis'' johns hopkins university douglas


massey september https webarchiveorg web http wwwailforg ipc policy reports beyondbordershtml beyond border buildup towards new approach mexico us migration immigration policy center american immigration law foundation ipc special report november https webarchiveorg web http ailforg ipc special report special report bridgingshtml economic growth immigration bridging demographic divide immigration policy center american immigration law foundation american immigration council april https wwwamericanimmigrationcouncilorg research immigrant women united states immigrant women united states demographic portrait jill esbenshade summer https wwwamericanimmigrationcouncilorg research division dislocation regulating immigration local housing ordinances division dislocation regulating immigration local housing ordinances american immigration council jeffrey passel roberto suro september http pewhispanicorg reports reportphpreportid rise peak decline trends us immigration pew hispanic center jeffrey passel


motorized vehicles automobiles aircraft watercraft '' 'vehicle dynamics''' study vehicle motion eg vehicle 's forward movement changes response driver inputs propulsion system outputs ambient conditions air surface water conditions etc vehicle dynamics part engineering primarily based classical mechanics factors affecting vehicle dynamics aspects vehicle 's design affect dynamics grouped drivetrain braking suspension steering distribution mass aerodynamics tires drivetrain braking automobile layout ie location engine driven wheels powertrain braking system

Natural science
Physics
Vehicle Dynamics


suspension steering attributes relate geometry suspension steering chassis include ackermann steering geometry axle track camber angle caster angle ride height roll center scrub radius steering ratio toe wheel alignment wheelbase distribution mass attributes aspects vehicle dynamics purely due mass distribution include center mass moment inertia roll moment sprung mass unsprung mass weight distribution aerodynamics attributes aspects vehicle dynamics purely aerodynamic include automobile drag coefficient automotive aerodynamics center pressure downforce ground effect


cars tires attributes aspects vehicle dynamics attributed directly tires include camber thrust circle forces contact patch cornering force ground pressure pacejka 's magic formula pneumatic trail radial force variation relaxation length rolling resistance self aligning torque skid slip angle slip vehicle dynamics spinout steering ratio tire load sensitivity vehicle behaviours attributes aspects vehicle dynamics purely dynamic include body flex body roll bump steer bundorf analysis directional stability critical speed noise vibration harshness pitch ride quality roll speed wobble understeer oversteer lift


oversteer fishtailing weight transfer load transfer yaw analysis simulation dynamic behavior vehicles analysed several different ways straightforward simple spring mass system three degree freedom dof bicycle model large degree complexity using multibody system simulation package msc adams modelica computers gotten faster software user interfaces improved commercial packages carsim become widely used industry rapidly evaluating hundreds test conditions much faster real time vehicle models often


simulated advanced controller designs provided software loop sil controller design software simulink physical hardware loop hil vehicle motions largely due shear forces generated tires road therefore tire model essential part math model current vehicle simulator models tire model weakest difficult part simulate tire model must produce realistic shear forces braking acceleration cornering combinations range surface conditions many models use semi empirical


pacejka magic formula model racing car games simulators also form vehicle dynamics simulation early versions many simplifications necessary order get real time performance reasonable graphics however improvements computer speed combined interest realistic physics leading driving simulators used vehicle engineering using detailed models carsim important models agree real world test results hence many following tests correlated results instrumented test vehicles techniques include linear range constant radius understeer fishhook


frequency response lane change moose test sinusoidal steering skidpad swept path analysis see also automotive suspension design hunting oscillation multi axis shaker table vehicular metrics poster post shaker references reading new way representing tyre data obtained measurements pure cornering pure braking conditions mathematically oriented derivation standard vehicle dynamics equations definitions standard terms vehicle dynamics developed maurice olley onwards first comprehensive analytical synthesis vehicle dynamics latest greatest also standard reference automotive suspension engineers vehicle dynamics chassis design


race car perspective handling braking ride road race cars lecture notes mooc vehicle dynamics iversity automotive engineering automotive technologies driving techniques dynamics mechanics vehicle technology


choreography spanish dance cachucha described using dance notation '''choreography''' art practice designing sequences movements physical bodies depictions motion form specified ''choreography'' may also refer design '''choreographer''' one creates choreographies practicing art choreography process known ''choreographing'' choreography used variety fields including ballet opera musical theatre cheerleading cinematography gymnastics fashion shows ice skating marching band show choir theatre synchronized swimming cardistry video game production animated art performing

Humanities
Performing arts
Dance
Choreography


arts choreography applies human movement form dance choreography also known dance choreography ' 'dance composition'' etymology word ''choreography'' literally means dance writing greek words circular dance see choreia writing first appeared american english dictionary choreographer first used credit george balanchine broadway show ''on toes'' ref name taper p ref stage credits movie credits used phrases ensembles staged dances staged simply dances denote


choreographer ref name taper see also movement director list choreographers list dance awards choreography film editing references external links performing arts


'''optometry''' specialized health care profession involves examining eyes related structures defects abnormalities often involves prescribing corrective lenses providing medical eye care '''optometrists''' '''doctors optometry''' united states canada higher degree united kingdom health care professionals typically provide primary eye care optical medical diagnose manage various vision related abnormalities including refractive error eye disease etymology term optometry comes greek words '' '' ''opsis'' view '' '' ''metron'' something used measure measure rule

Applied science
Medicine and health
Optometry


word entered language instrument measuring vision called optometer terms phoropter refractor used root word ''opto'' shortened form derived greek word ''ophthalmos'' meaning eye like healthcare professions education certification optometrists regulated countries optometric professionals optometry related organizations interact governmental agencies healthcare professionals community deliver eye vision care definition optometry optometrist optometrist examining eyes patient slit lamp biomicroscope world council optometry world health


optics image formation eye origins optical science optics taught basic physics class date back thousand years evidence existence lenses decoration found greece netherlands unknown first spectacles made british scientist historian sir joseph needham ''science civilization china'' reported earliest mention spectacles venetian guild regulations circa suggested occasional claim spectacles invented china may come paper german american


anthropologist berthold laufer per needham paper laufer many inconsistencies references document used laufer original copies added ming dynasty early chinese sources mention eyeglasses imported research david goss united states shows may originated late th century italy stated manuscript monk pisa named rivalto stated yet years since discovered art making eyeglasses ref name ref spectacles manufactured


italy germany netherlands needham stated spectacles first made shortly laufer stated history spectacles 'the opinion spectacles originated india greatest probability spectacles must known india earlier europe' however already mentioned joseph needham showed references laufer cited older best versions document laufer used leaving claims unsupported sri lanka well documented reign king bhuvanekabahu iv ad


gampola period ancient tradition optical lens making natural stone called diyatarippu given royal patronage craftsmen still live practice original hamlet given exponents craft royal decree date king bhuvanekabahu decades mention spectacles venetian guild regulations sermon dominican friar giordano da pisa da pisa said invention spectacles recent personally met inventor german word ''brille'' eyeglasses derived


sanskrit ''vaidurya'' etymologically ''brille'' derived beryl latin ''beryllus'' greek ''beryllos'' prakrit ' 'verulia'' ' 'veluriya'' sanskrit ''vaidurya'' dravidian origin city ''velur'' modern ''belur'' medieval latin ''berillus'' also applied eyeglasses hence german ''brille'' middle high german ''berille'' french ''besicles'' plural ' 'spectacles'' altered old french ''bericle'' benito daza de valdes published first full book opticians mentioned use fitting eyeglasses william molyneux wrote book optics lenses stated ideas myopia problems related


close vision scientists claudius ptolemy johannes kepler also contributed creation optometry kepler discovered retina eye creates vision around thomas young discovered disability astigmatism george biddell airy designed glasses correct problem included sphero cylindrical lens ref name b ref although term optometer appeared book ''a treatise eye manner phenomena vision'' scottish physician william porterfield early twentieth century united states australia optometry began


countries africa optometric teaching institutes sudan ghana nigeria south africa tanzania sudan sudan 's major institution training optometrists faculty optometry visual sciences fovs originally established institute optometry khartoum institute joined ministry higher education high institute optometry ultimately annexed alneelain university renamed fovs currently fovs following programs bsc optometry years sub specialization either orthoptics contact lenses ocular photography ocular


neurology bcs ophthalmic technology requiring years training bcs optical dispensary achieved years fovs also offers msc phd degrees optometry fovs institute kind sudan first institution higher education optometry middle east africa alneelain university eye hospital established part fovs expand training capacity serve broader sudanese community ghana ghana optometric association goa regulates practice optometry ghana six year training


two universities offering course od degree awarded new optometrist must write qualifying exam optometrist admitted member goa leading award title mgoa mozambique first optometry course mozambique started universidade lurio nampula course part mozambique eyecare project university ulster dublin institute technology brien holden vision institute supporting partners mozambican students graduated optometry degrees unil rio male female nigeria nigeria


optometry regulated optometry dispensing opticians registration board nigeria established optometry dispensing opticians registration etc act cap laws federation nigeria boards publishes time time lists approved qualifications training institutions federal government gazette doctor optometry degree awarded six year training one accredited universities imo edo abia states asia bangladesh optometry first introduced bangladesh institute community ophthalmology medicine faculty university


chittagong http icoeduorg institute offers four years bachelor science optometry boptom course currently graduated optometrists bangladesh association controls quality optometry practice country named 'optometrists association bangladesh' also country member world council optometry wco year chittagong medical university formed bsc optometry course shifted university bangladesh optometrists perform primary eye care like diagnosis primary management ocular diseases prescribe eye glasses low vision rehabilitation provide vision therapy contact lens practice


type orthoptic evaluations management china china optometric education began wenzhou medical university since time discipline profession emerged five year medically based program within medical education system china students program receive highest level training optometry provided credentials needed assume positions leadership china 's medical education health care systems ministry health formally accepted optometry subspecialty medicine hong kong optometrists board


supplementary medical professions council regulates profession hong kong ref name supplementary law hong kong https wwwelegislationgovhk hk cap en cap supplementary medical professions ordinance ref optometrists listed separate parts register based training ability registrants subject restrictions depending part listed pass examination refraction conducted board may registered part iii thereby restricted practice work related refraction higher certificate optometry passed board 's optometry examination may registered part ii thereby restricted


use diagnostic agents may otherwise practice freely part optometrists may practice without restrictions generally hold bachelor 's degree professional diploma around optometrists registered hong kong part one part optometrist members public polytechnic university runs optometry school produces around part optometrists year india estimated india needs optometrists whereas india approximately optometrists year trained optometric assistants vision technicians year trained order


prevent blindness visual impairment well trained optometrists required india definition optometry differs considerably different countries world india needs optometry schools offering four year degree courses syllabus similar force countries practise optometry statutorily regulated well established internationally accepted definition reported ''indian journal ophthalmology'' poor spectacle compliance amongst school children rural pune resulted significant vision loss reported optometry vision science optometrists need


across india situated sitapur eye hospital sitapur uttar pradesh chennai formerly madras tamil nadu bengalooru formerly bangalore karnataka regional institute ophthalmology thiruvananthapuram formerly trivandrum kerala elite school optometry eso established chennai first offer four year degree course school optometry bharati vidyapeeth deemed university pune https optometrybharatividyapeethedu established first offer degree course diploma holders lateral entry program also first years masters optometry course started year academic


degrees bachelor optometry master optometry doctor philosophy optometry awarded india universities recognised university grants commission india statutory body responsible maintenance standards higher education india optometrists across india encouraged register optometry council india self regulatory body registered indian company act malaysia takes four years complete degree optometry today optometry courses well received citizens universities higher education studies implement courses eg national institute ophthalmic


sciences petaling jaya whereby academic arm tun hussein onn national eye hospital public universities provide course university kebangsaan malaysia ukm universiti teknologi mara uitm international islamic university malaysia iium also private university provides course management science university msu segi university completing study degree optometry optometrist practices malaysia must register malaysian optical council moc organization ministry health association malaysian optometrist amo


body represents malaysian optometrist profession members either local overseas graduates field optometry pakistan optometry taught five four year doctor bachelors bachelors honors course many institutions notable among department optometry vision sciences dovs fahs icbs lahore pakistan institute community ophthalmology pico peshawar pakistan institute rehabilitation science isra university campus islamabad pirs college ophthalmology allied vision sciences coavs lahore al shifa institute ophthalmology islamabad graduation optometrists join four tiered service delivery level centre excellence tertiary teaching district headquarter


sub district tehsil headquarters mphil optometry also available select institutions king edward medical university lahore department optometry vision sciences dovs fahs icbs lahore started bridging programmes bachelors bachelors honors become doctor optometry od post professional doctor optometry pp od transitional doctor optometry od optometry yet regulated field pakistan professional licensing board authority responsible issuing practise licenses qualified optometrists creates difficulty pakistani optometrists wish register abroad university lahore recently launched doctor optometry


science technology chung medical university dayeh university chung hwa university medical technology associate degrees optometry obtained mackay junior college medicine nursing management hsin sheng college medical care management jen teh junior college medicine nursing management shu zen college medicine management law optometrists established taiwan since optometry students obtaining optometry degrees need pass national optometry examination taiwan registered optometrists currently approximately optometrists taiwan around


committee ministry public health nowadays number practising optometrists thailand still less one hundred however projected number practising optometrists thailand greatly increase within next ten years theoretical scenario number optometrists able meet minimal public demands around earlier europe since formation european union exists strong movement headed association european schools colleges optometry aesco unify profession creating european wide examination optometry


presumably also standardized practice education guidelines within eu countries first examinations new european diploma optometry held landmark event optometry continental europe france regulatory framework optometrists sometimes trained completing apprenticeship ophthalmologists' private office germany optometric tasks performed ophthalmologists professionally trained certified opticians greece hellenic ministry education founded first department optometry technological educational institute patras protests department optics technological educational institute


athens department optics greece government changed names departments optics optometry included lessons optics optometry optometrists opticians complete year undergraduate honours degree graduates admitted postgraduate courses optometry universities around world since master science msc course optometry offered technological educational institute athens institute vision optics ivo university crete focuses sciences vision active fields research


ireland optometrist must first complete four year degree optometry dublin institute technology following successful completion degree optometrist must complete professional qualifying examinations enter register opticians board bord na radharcmhaistoiri optometrists must registered board practice republic ireland aoi runs comprehensive continuing education professional development program behalf irish optometrists legislation governing optometry drafted feel legislation restricts optometrists using full range skills training equipment benefit


irish public amendment act addressed one significant restrictions use cycloplegic drugs examine children italy italy optometry unregulated profession taught seven universities padua turin milan salento florence naples rome three years course like bsc scienze e tecnologie fisiche sector physics department additionally courses available private institutions vinci institute near firenze offer advanced professional education already qualified opticians italian optometrists also qualified opticians ie


ottico abilitato last thirty years several verdicts high court cassazione proof optometry free practice truly education path norway norway optometric profession regulated healthcare profession since three year bachelor program one practice basic optometry least one year clinical practice qualify post degree half year sandwich course contact lens fitting regulated healthcare speciality separate regulation use diagnostic drugs optometric practice introduced russia russia optometry education accredited


federal agency health social development two educational institutions teach optometry russia saint petersburg medical technical college formerly known st petersburg college medical electronics optics helmholtz research institute eye diseases belong regulated ministry health optometry program four year program includes one two science foundation years one year focused clinical proficiency skills one year clinical rotations hospitals graduates take college state examinations receive specialist diploma diploma valid


five years must renewed every five years receiving additional training state accredited programs scope practice optometrists russia includes refraction contact lens fitting spectacles construction lens fitting dispensing low vision aids foreign body removal referrals specialists clinical condition diagnoses management diseases eye united kingdom licensing optometrists united kingdom regulated general optical council opticians act distinguished medical practitioners ref name opticians act http wwwlegislationgovuk ukpga pdfs ukpga enpdf opticians act cap ref registration goc mandatory practice optometry


uk members college optometrists incorporated royal charter granted majesty queen elizabeth ii ref name agarwal r agarwal r royal charter optometrists british journal optometry dispensing ref may use suffix mcoptom national health service provides free sight tests spectacle vouchers children low incomes elderly chronic conditions like diabetes get free periodic tests treatment eye conditions glaucoma cataracts free checked normal eye examinations training


united kingdom optometrists complete year undergraduate honours degree followed minimum one year pre registration period internship complete clinical practice supervision qualified experienced practitioner year pre registration candidate given number quarterly assessments often including temporary posting hospital successfully passing assessments final one day set examinations details correct candidates onwards following successful completion assessments completed one year 's supervised practice candidate eligible register


optometrist general optical council goc wish entitled membership college optometrists twelve universities offer optometry uk anglia ruskin aston bradford cardiff city glasgow caledonian hertfordshire manchester university plymouth ulster university coleraine university portsmouth university west england uk moved forward offer doctor optometry postgraduate program became available institute optometry london partnership london south bank university doctor optometry postgraduate degree also offered one


uk institutionaston university scope practice survey opinions british medical practitioners regarding services provided british optometrists carried agarwal city university london majority respondents favour optometrists extending professional role treating external eye conditions prescribing broad spectrum topical antibiotics additional training certification since optometrists uk able undertake additional postgraduate training qualifications allow prescribe medications treat manage eye conditions currently three registerable specialities


'''additional supply speciality ''' write orders supply emergency range drugs addition ordered supplied normal optometrist '''supplementary prescribing speciality ''' manage patient 's clinical condition prescribe medicines according clinical management plan set conjunction independent prescriber gp ophthalmologist qualified optometrist '''independent prescribing specialty''' take responsibility clinical assessment patient establish diagnosis determine clinical management required including prescribing necessary north america technician aviano


air base optometry clinic measures intraocular pressure patient handheld tonometer july canada training canada doctors optometry od typically complete four years undergraduate studies followed four five years optometry studies graduate level accredited accreditation council optometric education two schools optometry located canada university waterloo universit de montreal canada also recognizes degrees twenty us schools licensing canada doctors optometry must write national written practical board exams additionally optometrists


medical eye care able diagnose treat eye diseases prescribe topical oral medications united states optometrists doctors optometry od usually function primary eye care providers degree eye care provide comprehensive optical medical eye care usually surgery trained licensed practice medicine eye related conditions prescribe topical medications prescription eye drops oral medications well administer diagnostic agents states optometrists may also licensed perform certain types


eye surgery scope practice optometrists doctors optometry od provide optical medical eye care prescribe corrective lenses aid refractive errors eg myopia hyperopia presbyopia astigmatism double vision manage vision development children including amblyopia diagnosis treatment perform vision therapy trained diagnose manage eye disease associations systemic health optometrists trained licensed practice medicine eye related conditions including bacterial viral infections inflammation glaucoma macular degeneration diabetic retinopathy prescribe topical medications eye drops oral medications taken mouth including scheduled


controlled substances may also remove ocular foreign bodies order blood panels imaging studies ct mri optometrists perform invasive surgery like ophthalmologists practical difference two professions oklahoma louisiana optometrists may perform superficial surgeries within anterior segment eye legislation permits optometrists oklahoma kentucky perform certain laser procedures regulation doctors optometry united states regulated state boards vary state state association regulatory boards optometry arbo assists state board


licensing agencies regulating practice optometry licensing optometrists must complete course work graduate accredited college optometry includes passage parts national board examinations well local jurisprudence examinations vary state education training doctors optometry od optometrist typically complete four years undergraduate studies followed four years optometry school complete th year training eye care professionals degree eye care specifically program highly specific eyes


related structures optometrists receive medical eye training enrolled optometry school internships training may take place colleges optometry hospitals clinics private practices many instances optometry students ophthalmology residents co manage medical cases instructors may optometrists professors physicians program includes extensive classroom clinical training geometric physical physiological ophthalmic optics specialty contact lens evaluation general anatomy ocular anatomy ocular disease pharmacology ocular pharmacology neuroanatomy neurophysiology visual system pediatric visual development gerontology binocular vision color vision form space movement vision perception systemic disease histology


clinical optometry bvissc mclinoptom university new south wales bachelor vision science master optometry queensland university technology doctor optometry melbourne university post graduate bachelor vision science master optometry university canberra seeking accreditation support courses australian college optometry provides clinical placements undergraduate students australian universities abroad almost optometrists general practice licensed regulatory body http wwwoptometryboardgovau optometry board australia approximately registered scheduled medicines endorsement enables prescribe medicines


treatment conditions eye new zealand new zealand currently one recognised course optometry bachelor optometry boptom university auckland july medicines amendment act misuse drugs amendment regulations came effect among things changes act name optometrists authorised prescribers change enables optometrists therapeutic pharmaceutical agent tpa endorsement prescribe medicines appropriate scope practice rather limiting list medicines specified regulation recognises safe appropriate


prescribing practice optometrists previous nine years south america brazil brazilian government state rules optometry brazilian council ophthalmology recommends official legal recognition cboo brazilian council optics optometry affiliated wco world council optometry represents brazilian optometrists conjunction organizations representative weight brazilian companies including national commerce confederation goods services tourism cnc cb ptica cnc defence arm optometric optical industry defending right free independent practice optometrists even


interests ophthalmologists federal supreme court stf brazilian court justice superior court justice stj another important national court ruled several processes granting inquestionable victories ophthalmologists brazilian law however explicit recommendation one prescribing corrective lenses prohibited sell restricting rule ophthalmologists keep optic shops away hospitals eye care clinics since reviewed regulation optometrists colombia colombia optometry education accredited ministry


health last official revision laws regarding healthcare standards country issued law currently eight official universities entitled icfes grant optometrist certification first optometrists arrived country north america europe circa professionals specialized optics refraction decrees colombian government officially set rules formation professionals field optometry la salle university opened first faculty optometry recommendation


group professionals present optometrists encouraged keep new technologies congresses scholarships granted government private sector bausch lomb see also world council optometry american academy optometry behavioral optometry eyeglass prescription least distance distinct vision ophthalmology visual neuroscience references sources http wwworegonoptometryorg http oaoporg oaop http idahoaoaorg https webarchiveorg web http washingtonaoaorg http wwwnjsoporg aws njsop pt sp home page http wwwijoin articleaspissn year volume issue spage epage aulast de https www astonacuk study courses doctor optometry external links http wwwdmozorg health senses vision optometry dmoz optometry page rehabilitation team sv optik optometri


'''science education''' teaching learning science non scientists school children college students adults within general public field science education includes work science content science process scientific method social science teaching pedagogy standards science education provide expectations development understanding students entire course k education beyond traditional subjects included standards physical life earth space human sciences historical background cosmic calendar method visualize chronology universe

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Science education


scaling current age billion years single year order help intuit pedagogical purposes first person credited employed science teacher british public school william sharp left job rugby school establishing science curriculum sharp said established model science taught throughout british public school system ref name odnb bernard leary 'sharp william oxford dictionary national biography oxford university press sept online edn oct http wwwoxforddnbcom view article retrieved may ref british


country trained science teachers cases influence thomas henry huxley john tyndall also influential teaching physical science united states science education scatter subjects prior standardization development science curriculum emerged gradually extended debate two ideologies citizen science pre professional training result conference thirty leading secondary college educators florida national education association appointed committee ten authority organize future meetings appoint subject matter committees


major subjects taught secondary schools committee composed ten educators chaired charles eliot harvard university committee ten appointed nine conferences committees latin greek english modern languages mathematics history civil government political economy physics astronomy chemistry natural history geography committee composed ten leading specialists colleges normal schools secondary schools committee reports submitted committee ten met four days new york city create comprehensive report ref name nea national education association report committee ten


college entrance baas encouraged longer standing model uk us adopted curriculum characterized follows ref name nea elementary science focus simple natural phenomena nature study means experiments carried field secondary science focus laboratory work committee 's prepared lists specific experiments teaching facts principles college preparation format shared mental training pre professional training consistently dominated curriculum inception however movement incorporate humanistic approach inclusion arts steam science technology society environment


education growing implemented broadly late th century reports american academy advancement science aaas including project national committee science education standards assessment detail goals science education link classroom science practical applications societal implications fields science education science universal subject spans branch knowledge examines structure behavior physical natural world observation experiment science education commonly broken following three fields biology chemistry


benefit chemistry education chemistry education characterized study science deals composition structure properties substances transformations undergochildren mix different chemicals test tubes part science education program chemistry study chemicals elements effects attributes students chemistry learn periodic table branch science education known chemistry must taught relevant context order promote full understanding current sustainability issues source states chemistry important subject


many approaches teaching biology united states growing emphasis ability investigate analyze biology related questions extended period time pedagogy public image science education may one simply learning facts rote science education recent history also generally concentrates teaching science concepts addressing misconceptions learners may hold regarding science concepts content thomas kuhn whose book ''the structure scientific revolutions'' greatly influenced post positivist philosophy science argued traditional method teaching


natural sciences tends produce rigid mindset since science education strongly influenced constructivist thinking constructivism science education informed extensive research programme student thinking learning science particular exploring teachers facilitate conceptual change towards canonical scientific thinking constructivism emphasises active role learner significance current knowledge understanding mediating learning importance teaching provides optimal level guidance learners guided discovery approach along john dewey jerome bruner many others


arthur koestler offers critique contemporary science education proposes replacement guided discovery approach blockquote derive pleasure art discovery arts consumer case student must made live extent creative process words must induced proper aid guidance make fundamental discoveries science experience mind flashes insight lightened path traditional method confronting student problem


finished solution means depriving excitement shutting creative impulse reducing adventure mankind dusty heap theorems blockquote specific hands illustrations approach available research practice science education increasingly informed research science teaching learning research science education relies wide variety methodologies borrowed many branches science engineering computer science cognitive science cognitive psychology anthropology science education research aims define characterize constitutes learning science


brought john bransford et al summarized massive research student thinking three key findings preconceptions prior ideas things work remarkably tenacious educator must explicitly address students' specific misconceptions student reconfigure misconception favour another explanation therefore essential educators know learn student preconceptions make regular part planning knowledge organization order become truly literate area science students must deep foundation factual knowledge b


understand facts ideas context conceptual framework c organize knowledge ways facilitate retrieval application metacognition students benefit thinking thinking learning must taught ways evaluating knowledge n't know evaluating methods thinking evaluating conclusions educators others practiced advocated discussions pseudoscience way understand think scientifically address problems introduced pseudoscience educational technologies refined meet specific needs


wish longer study science choose none branches science stream one course year meaning students learn branches giving broad idea science national curriculum board australia stated science curriculum organised around three interrelated strands science understanding science inquiry skills science human endeavour strands give teachers educators framework instructing students reported major problem befallen


taught single subject science sixth form splits subject specific levels physics chemistry biology however government since expressed desire pupils achieve well age offered opportunity study three separate sciences september ref name bbc ref scotland subjects split chemistry physics biology age national subjects also combined science standard grade qualification students sit provided school offers september new science program


study known st century science introduced gcse option uk schools designed give year old 's worthwhile inspiring experience science november ofsted 's survey science schools revealed practical science teaching considered important enough majority english schools students opportunity study separate science program part gcses results taking papers end year usually fills one option 'blocks' requires science lessons choose


partake separate science invited students choose follow compulsory additional science course results taking papers resulting gcses opposed gcses given taking separate science united states university chemistry lab united states many us states k educators must adhere rigid standards frameworks content taught age groups often leads teachers rush cover material without truly teaching addition ''process'' science including elements


scientific method critical thinking often overlooked emphasis produce students pass standardized tests without developed complex problem solving skills although college level american science education tends less regulated actually rigorous teachers professors fitting content time period ref name glavin k academics last glavin first chris date website k academicscom access date ref us national academy sciences us national academies produced national science education standards available online free multiple forms focus inquiry based science based theory constructivism rather


direct instruction facts methods remains controversial ref name glavin research suggests effective model teaching science blockquote standards call 'science process' students learn skills observing inferring experimenting inquiry central science learning engaging inquiry students describe objects events ask questions construct explanations test explanations current scientific knowledge communicate ideas others identify assumptions use critical logical thinking consider alternative explanations way students actively develop understanding science


combining scientific knowledge reasoning thinking skills blockquote concern science education science standards often driven worries american students even teachers lag behind peers international rankings one notable example wave education reforms implemented soviet union launched sputnik satellite first prominent reforms led physical science study committee mit recent years business leaders microsoft chairman bill gates called emphasis science education saying united states risks losing


economic edge end tapping america 's potential organization aimed getting students graduate science technology engineering mathematics degrees public opinion surveys however indicate us parents complacent science education level concern actually declined recent years furthermore recent national curriculum survey conducted act researchers uncovered possible disconnect among science educators middle school junior high school teachers post secondary science instructors rate process inquiry skills important advanced science content topics high school teachers rate exactly opposite


order perhaps communication among educators different grade levels necessary ensure common goals students science education framework according report national academy sciences fields science technology education hold paramount place modern world enough workers united states entering science technology engineering math stem professions national academy sciences committee conceptual framework new k science education standards developed guiding framework standardize k science education goal organizing


science education systematically across k years titled ''a framework k science education practices crosscutting concepts core ideas'' publication promotes standardizing k science education united states emphasizes science educators focus limited number disciplinary core ideas crosscutting concepts designed students continually build revise knowledge abilities multiple years support integration knowledge abilities practices needed engage scientific inquiry engineering design report says st century americans need science education order


engage systematically investigate issues related personal community priorities well reason scientifically know apply science knowledge committee designed new framework sees imperative matter educational equity diverse set schoolchildren getting diverse students stem education matter social justice seen committee next generation science standards new standards science education released update national standards released developed state governments national organizations scientists


science teachers guidelines called next generation science standards intended combat widespread scientific ignorance standardize teaching among states raise number high school graduates choose scientific technical majors college included guidelines teaching students topics climate change evolution emphasis teaching scientific process students better understanding methods science critically evaluate scientific evidence organizations contributed developing standards include national science teachers association american association advancement science


science education define encourage science learning many contexts throughout lifespan research informal science education funded united states national science foundation center advancement informal science education caise provides resources informal science education community examples informal science education include science centers science museums new digital learning environments ''eg'' global challenge award many members association science technology centers astc exploratorium san francisco franklin institute philadelphia oldest type museum


united states media include tv programs ''nova'' ''newton 's apple'' bill nye science guy beakman 's world ''the magic school bus'' ''dragonfly tv'' early examples science education american television included programs daniel q posin dr posin 's universe universe around us shoulders giants world examples community based programs h youth development programs hands science outreach nasa school programs girls center home education encouraged educational products former things science subscription


service national academies released ''surrounded science learning science informal environments'' based national research council study ''learning science informal environments people places pursuits'' ''surrounded science'' resource book shows current research learning science across informal science settings guide thinking work discussions among informal science practitioners book makes valuable research accessible working informal science educators museum professionals university faculty youth leaders media specialists publishers broadcast journalists many others see also center informal learning schools controversial science


constructivism science education discipline based education research discovery learning educational research environmental groups resources serving k schools epistemology study knowledge know things graduate school inquiry based science national science education standards national science teachers association pedagogy physics education mathematics education engineering education school science technicians science education england science technology society environment education scientific literacy science outreach scientific modelling science education youtube references reading http wwwnaturecom news science rich science rich around world poverty social background remain huge barriers scientific careers ''nature'' pp