queen produce another without properly performing queen hive doomed mating takes place distance hive often several hundred feet air thought separates strongest drones weaker ones ensuring fastest strongest drones get pass genes worker bees worker bee bees hive female worker bees height summer activity hive frantic work goes non stop life worker bee may


short weeks late autumn brood raised nectar harvested young bee may live weeks right winter course lives worker bees' duties dictated age first weeks lifespan perform basic chores within hive cleaning empty brood cells removing debris housekeeping tasks making wax building repairing comb feeding larvae later may ventilate hive guard entrance older workers leave hive daily weather permitting forage

Applied science
Agriculture
Animal husbandry
Beekeeping


nectar pollen water propolis class wikitable period work activity days cleaning cells incubation day feeding older larvae day feeding younger larvae day receiving nectar pollen field bees day beeswax making cell building day onwards entrance guards nectar pollen water propolis foraging robbing hives drones larger drones compared smaller workers drones largest bees hive except queen


almost twice size worker bee note picture much larger eyes workers presumably better locate queen mating flight work forage pollen nectar unable sting known function mate new queens fertilize mating flights bee colony generally starts raise drones weeks building queen cells supersede failing queen prepare swarming queen raising season bees


colder climates drive drones hive die biting tearing legs wings differing stages development class wikitable stage development queen worker drone egg days days days larva successive molts days days days cell capped day day day pupa days days days total days days days


structure bee colony domesticated bee colony normally housed rectangular hive body within eight ten parallel frames house vertical plates honeycomb contain eggs larvae pupae food colony one cut vertical cross section hive side side brood nest would appear roughly ovoid ball spanning frames comb two outside combs side hive tend exclusively used long term storage honey pollen within central brood


nest single frame comb typically central disk eggs larvae sealed brood cells may extend almost edges frame immediately brood patch arch pollen filled cells extends side side broader arch honey filled cells extends frame tops pollen protein rich food developing larvae honey also food largely energy rich rather protein rich nurse bees care developing brood secrete special food called royal jelly feeding honey


pollen amount royal jelly fed larva determines whether develops worker bee queen apart honey stored within central brood frames bees store surplus honey combs brood nest modern hives beekeeper places separate boxes called supers brood box series shallower combs provided storage honey enables beekeeper remove supers late summer extract surplus honey harvest without damaging colony bees brood


hemisphere producing abundance harvesting bees synchronized main nectar flow region race bees times build slightly differently depending flora original region blooms regions europe two nectar flows one late spring another late august regions single nectar flow skill beekeeper lies predicting nectar flow occur area trying ensure colonies achieve maximum population harvesters exactly right time key factor


prevention skillful management swarming impulse colony swarms unexpectedly beekeeper manage capture resulting swarm likely harvest significantly less honey hive since lost half worker bees single stroke however use swarming impulse breed new queen keep bees colony together maximizes chances good harvest takes many years learning experience able manage aspects successfully though owing


stored sperm pheromones begin fail inevitably queen begins falter bees decide replace creating new queen one worker eggs may damaged lost leg antenna run sperm cannot lay fertilized eggs become drone laying queen pheromones dwindled cannot control bees hive juncture bees produce one queen cells modifying existing worker cells contain


normal female egg pursue one two ways replace queen '' 'supersedure''' replacing superseding queen without swarming '' 'swarm cell production''' dividing hive two colonies swarming supersedure highly valued behavioral trait beekeepers hive supersedes old queen lose stock instead creates new queen old one fades away killed new queen emerges hives bees produce one two queen cells characteristically center face


broodcomb swarm cell production involves creating many queen cells typically dozen located around edges broodcomb often sides bottom either process begun old queen leaves hive hatching first queen cells leaves accompanied large number bees predominantly young bees wax secretors form basis new hive scouts sent swarm find suitable hollow trees rock crevices soon one found entire swarm moves within


matter hours build new wax brood combs using honey stores young bees filled leaving old hive young bees secrete wax special abdominal segments swarms tend contain young bees often number virgin queens accompany first swarm prime swarm old queen replaced soon daughter queen mates begins laying otherwise quickly superseded new home different sub species ''apis mellifera'' exhibit differing swarming characteristics general


helping meet need otherwise returns feral state case finds shelter hollow tree excavation abandoned chimney even behind shutters small swarm less chance survival may threaten original hive 's survival number individuals left unsustainable hive swarms despite beekeeper 's preventative efforts good management practice give reduced hive couple frames open brood eggs helps replenish hive quickly gives second opportunity raise queen mating failure


race sub species honey bee swarming characteristics italian bees prolific inclined swarm northern european black bees strong tendency supersede old queen without swarming differences result differing evolutionary pressures regions sub species evolved artificial swarming colony accidentally loses queen said queenless workers realize queen absent little hour pheromones fade hive instinctively workers select cells containing eggs aged less


three days enlarge cells dramatically form emergency queen cells appear similar large peanut like structures inch long hang center side brood combs developing larva queen cell fed differently ordinary worker bee addition normal honey pollen receives great deal royal jelly special food secreted young nurse bees hypopharyngeal gland special food dramatically alters growth development larva metamorphosis pupation emerges cell


queen bee queen bee colony fully developed ovaries secretes pheromone suppresses normal development ovaries workers beekeepers use ability bees produce new queens increase colonies procedure called ' 'splitting colony'' remove several brood combs healthy hive taking care leave old queen behind combs must contain eggs larvae less three days old covered young ''nurse bees'' care brood


keep warm brood combs attendant nurse bees placed small nucleus hive combs containing honey pollen soon nurse bees find new hive realize queen set constructing emergency queen cells using eggs larvae combs losses diseases common agents disease affect adult honey bees include fungi bacteria protozoa viruses parasites poisons gross symptoms displayed affected adult bees similar whatever cause


hatch tunnel destroy comb contains bee larvae honey stores tunnels create lined silk entangles starves emerging bees destruction honeycombs also results honey leaking wasted healthy hive manage wax moths weak colonies unoccupied hives stored frames decimated small hive beetle '' aethina tumida '' native africa spread continents serious pest among honey bees unadapted ''varroa destructor'' varroa mite established pest two species honey bee


many parts world blamed many researchers leading cause ccd ref name oliver p ref ''acarapis woodi'' tracheal mite infests trachea honey bees predators predators prefer eat honeybees due unpleasant sting still predators include large animals skunks bears honey brood nest well adult bees birds also eat bees example bee eaters named bee centric diet robber flies


''mallophora ruficauda'' pest apiculture south america due habit eating workers foraging meadows world apiculture according un fao http wwwfaoorg faostat data world 's beehive stock rose around million around million comes average annual growth average annual growth accelerated since world 's stock beehives class wikitable sortable world honey production consumption country production br metric tons consumption br


metric tons number br beekeepers number br bee hives colspan style text align left europe russia ukraine style text align right style text align right russia style text align right style text align right spain style text align right style text align right germany style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right hungary style text align right style text align right romania style text align right style text align right greece style text align right


style text align right france style text align right style text align right bulgaria style text align right style text align right serbia style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right denmark style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right colspan style text align left north america united states style text align right style text align right style text align right bee keepers style text align right canada style text align right style text align right


style text align right style text align right colspan style text align left latin america argentina style text align right average ref name vefhr ref style text align right mexico style text align right style text align right brazil style text align right style text align right uruguay style text align right style text align right colspan style text align left oceania australia style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right new zealand style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right colspan style text align left asia


ethiopia style text align right style text align right style text align right tanzania style text align right style text align right angola style text align right style text align right kenya style text align right style text align right egypt style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right central african republic style text align right style text align right morocco style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right south africa style text align right ref name cssr ref style text align right ref name cssr


style text align right ref name cssr style text align right ref name cssr colspan small ''source food agriculture organization united nations'' br '' data'' small ref arab countries beekeepingcom us university arkansas national agricultural law center agricultural marketing resource center serbia gallery harvesting honey gallery mode packed style font size line height file beekeeping bee suit holding honeycomb beehivejpg beekeeping bee suit honeycomb beehive file protectionjpg first beekeeper removes frames hive file langstroth framesjpg frame file smokerjpg smoking hive file bee blower jpg using blower remove bees honey super file soperculage manuel de cadreswebm uncapping


cells hand using uncapping knife file fork beekeepingjpg uncapping fork file extractor beekeepingjpg extracting honey file filtering honeyjpg filtering honey gallery see also africanized bee agriculture bee mythology bee removal beehive beeswax biosecurity castoreum product used medieval beekeepers increase honey production honey list crop plants pollinated bees ''more honey'' swiss documentary film honey bees beekeeping ''tetragonula carbonaria'' bee kept honey related honey bee western honey bee life cycle references external links http digitalnlsuk moir moir collection rare beekeeping books consisting


volumes including items published national library scotland http wwwdave cushmannet dave cushman 's indexed website glossary beekeeping https farmingmethodcom bee farming beekeeping beginners pollination articles containing video clips insects culture


halakha lemoshe misinai '''''halakha''''' also transliterated '''''halacha''''' '''''halakhah''''' '''''halacho''''' collective body jewish religious laws derived written oral torah halakha based biblical commandments ''mitzvot'' subsequent talmudic rabbinic laws customs traditions compiled many books ''shulchan aruch'' ''halakha'' often translated jewish law although literal translation might way behave way walking word derived root means behave


also go walk ''halakha'' guides religious practices beliefs also guides numerous aspects day day life historically jewish diaspora ''halakha'' served many jewish communities enforceable avenue law civil religious since differentiation exists classical judaism since jewish enlightenment ''haskalah'' jewish emancipation come view ''halakha'' less binding day day life relies rabbinic interpretation opposed authoritative canonical text recorded hebrew bible contemporary israeli law certain areas


israeli family personal status law authority rabbinic courts treated according ''halakha'' differences ''halakha'' found among ashkenazi jews mizrahi jews sephardi jews yemenite ethiopian jewish communities historically lived isolation etymology terminology full set babylonian talmud word ''halakha'' derived hebrew root ''halakh'' walk go ref name encjudaica ref taken literally therefore ''halakha'' translates way walk rather law word ''halakha'' refers corpus rabbinic legal texts


overall system religious law term may also related akkadian property tax rendered aramaic designating one several obligations ref name ebr schiffman ref may descended hypothetical reconstructed proto semitic root ''halak '' meaning go also descendants akkadian arabic aramaic ugaritic ''halakha'' often contrasted ''aggadah'' telling diverse corpus rabbinic exegetical narrative philosophical mystical non legal texts ref name ebr schiffman time since writers ''halakha'' may draw upon aggadic even mystical literature dynamic interchange occurs genres


''halakha'' also include parts torah related commandments ''halakha'' constitutes practical application ''mitzvot'' commandments torah developed discussion debate classical rabbinic literature especially mishnah talmud oral torah codified ''mishneh torah'' ''shulchan aruch'' ''halakha'' developed applied various halakhic authorities rather one sole official voice different individuals communities may well different answers halakhic questions exceptions controversies settled authoritative structures jewish diaspora


jews lacked single judicial hierarchy appellate review process ''halakha'' according scholars words ''halakha'' sharia mean literally path follow fiqh literature parallels rabbinical law developed talmud fatwas analogous rabbinic ' 'responsa'' commandments mitzvot according talmud ''tractate makot'' ''mitzvot'' torah positive thou shalt ''mitzvot'' negative thou shalt ''mitzvot'' supplemented seven ''mitzvot'' legislated rabbis antiquity currently many commandments cannot performed building temple jerusalem


universal resettlement jewish people land israel messiah according one count kept meaning mitzvot possible perform rabbinic judaism divides laws categories ref name sinclair sinclair julian https wwwthejccom judaism jewish words oraita d'oraita ''the jc'' november april ref sefer torah glockengasse synagogue museum exhibits cologne law moses believed revealed god israelites biblical mount sinai laws composed following written torah laws written hebrew bible oral torah


laws believed transmitted orally prior later compilation texts mishnah talmud rabbinic codes laws human origin including rabbinic decrees interpretations customs etc division revealed rabbinic commandments may influence importance rule enforcement nature ongoing interpretation ref name sinclair halakhic authorities may disagree laws fall categories circumstances prior rabbinic rulings examined contemporary rabbis halakhic jews hold categories exist first category immutable


exceptions life saving similar emergency circumstances second classical distinction written law laws written hebrew bible oral law laws believed transmitted orally prior later compilation texts mishnah talmud rabbinic codes commandments divided positive negative commands treated differently terms divine human punishment positive commandments ' 'require'' action performed considered bring performer closer god negative commandments traditionally number ''forbid'' specific action


violations create distance god division made ''chukim'' decrees laws without obvious explanation ' 'shatnez'' law prohibiting wearing clothing made mixtures linen wool ''mishpatim'' judgements laws obvious social implications ''eduyot'' testimonies commemorations shabbat holidays ages various rabbinical authorities classified commandments many ways different approach divides laws different set categories laws relation god ''bein adam lamakom'' person place laws relations


people ''bein adam le chavero'' person friend sources process div class floatright toccolours style width px width calc px vw max width box sizing border box div style font weight bold text align center eras jewish law div chazal sages may memory blessed jewish sages mishna tosefta talmud eras bce c ce ''zugot'' pairs year period c bce ce era pairs second temple period spiritual leadership hands five successions pairs religious teachers


pairs ''tannaim'' repeaters rabbis living primarily eretz yisrael codified oral torah form mishnah ce ''amoraim'' sayers lived eretz yisrael babylonia teachings discussions compiled two versions gemara ''savoraim'' reasoners lived primarily sassanid babylonia due suppression judaism eastern roman empire theodosius ii ''geonim'' greats geniuses presided two major babylonian academies sura pumbedita ''rishonim'' firsts rabbis late medieval period


c preceding ''shulchan aruch'' ''acharonim'' lasts rabbis c present div development ''halakha'' period maccabees described formative period history development shrouded obscurity historian yitzhak baer argued little pure academic legal activity period many laws originating time produced means neighbourly good conduct rules similar way carried greeks age solon example first


scriptures includes also rules halakhot derived established written law may seen rules early jewish law derived ''gemara'' talmudic process elucidating ''halakha'' post talmudic codificatory literature maimonides 's mishneh torah ''shulchan aruch'' commentaries see codes jewish law regulations legislative enactments promulgated rabbis communal bodies ''gezeirah'' declaration preventative legislation rabbis intended prevent violations commandments ''takkanah'' repair regulation positive legislation practices instituted rabbis


system judaism power administer binding law including received law rabbinic decrees jews rulings sanhedrin became ''halakha'' see oral law court ceased function full mode ce today authoritative application jewish law left local rabbi local rabbinical courts local applicability branches judaism follow ''halakha'' lay individuals make numerous ad hoc decisions regarded authority decide certain issues definitively since days sanhedrin however body


authority generally regarded authority create universally recognized precedents result ''halakha'' developed somewhat different fashion anglo american legal systems supreme court able provide universally accepted precedents generally halakhic arguments effectively yet unofficially peer reviewed rabbinic ''posek'' makes statement decisor proposes additional interpretation law interpretation may considered binding posek 's questioner immediate community depending stature posek quality decision interpretation may also gradually accepted rabbis


members jewish communities system tension relevance earlier later authorities constraining halakhic interpretation innovation one hand principle ''halakha'' overrule specific law earlier era accepted community law vow unless supported another relevant earlier precedent see list hand another principle recognizes responsibility authority later authorities especially ''posek'' handling current question addition ''halakha'' embodies wide range


fire permissible therefore permitted shabbat reformative judaism cases explicitly interprets ''halakha'' take account view contemporary society instance conservative rabbis extend application certain jewish obligations permissible activities women see within certain jewish communities formal organized bodies exist within modern orthodox judaism one committee leader modern us based orthodox rabbis generally agree views set consensus leaders rabbinical council america within conservative judaism rabbinical assembly official committee


jewish law standards note ''takkanot'' plural ''takkanah'' general affect restrict observance torah ''mitzvot'' sometimes ''takkanah'' refers either ''gezeirot'' ''takkanot'' however talmud states exceptional cases sages authority uproot matters torah talmudic classical halakhic literature authority refers authority prohibit things would otherwise biblically sanctioned ' 'shev v'al ta'aseh'' thou shall stay seated rabbis may rule specific mitzvah torah performed e g blowing ' 'shofar''


shabbat taking ''lulav etrog'' shabbat examples takkanot may executed caution lest might otherwise carry mentioned items home synagogue thus inadvertently violating sabbath ''melakha'' another rare limited form takkanah involved overriding torah prohibitions cases sages allowed temporary violation prohibition order maintain jewish system whole part basis esther 's relationship ahasuerus xeres general usage takkanaot jewish history see article takkanah examples


regarded sinaitic law given moses sinai artscroll series writes overview book ezra mishnaitic talmudic periods sages israel took eternal tools exegesis used reveal secrets always locked within words torah secrets moses taught israel turn transmitted orally thousand years oral tradition began crumble due persecution lack diligence nothing new certainly made changes


torah merely made use hermeneutic principles needed tradition study still zenith pg xii xiii middot seem first laid abstract rules teachers hillel though immediately recognized valid binding different schools interpreted modified restricted expanded various ways rabbi akiva rabbi ishmael scholars especially contributed development establishment rules must borne mind however neither hillel ishmael contemporary


named eliezer ben jose sought give complete enumeration rules interpretation current day omitted collections many rules followed akiva devoted attention particularly grammatical exegetical rules ishmael developed logical rules laid one school frequently rejected another principles guided respective formulations essentially different according akiva divine language torah distinguished speech men fact former word


sound superfluous scholars observed similarity rabbinic rules interpretation hermeneutics ancient hellenistic culture example saul lieberman argues names rabbi ishmael 's ''middot'' e g ''kal vahomer'' combination archaic form word straw word clay straw clay referring obvious means making mud brick hebrew translations greek terms although methods ''middot'' greek origin views today orthodox judaism holds ''halakha'' divine law


evolving process subject interpretation rabbis every time period see conservative judaism beliefs reconstructionist judaism holds halakha normative binding also believing evolving concept traditional halakhic system incapable producing code conduct meaningful acceptable vast majority contemporary jews reconstructionist founder mordecai kaplan believed jewish life meaningless without jewish law one planks society jewish renascence kaplan one founders stated accept halakha


rooted talmud norm jewish life availing time method implicit therein interpret develop body jewish law accordance actual conditions spiritual needs modern life reform judaism holds modern views torah rabbinic law developed imply body rabbinic jewish law longer normative seen binding jews today traditionalist wing believe ''halakha'' represents personal starting point holding jew obligated interpret torah talmud


jewish works interpretation create separate commandments person liberal classical wings reform believe day era jewish religious rituals longer necessary many hold following jewish laws actually counter productive propose judaism entered phase ethical monotheism laws judaism remnants earlier stage religious evolution need followed considered wrong even heretical orthodox conservative judaism humanistic jews value torah


given god children noah humanity flexibility despite internal rigidity ''halakha'' degree flexibility finding solutions modern problems explicitly mentioned torah beginnings rabbinic judaism halakhic inquiry allowed sense continuity past present self evident trust pattern life belief conformed sacred patterns beliefs presented scripture tradition according analysis jewish scholar jeffrey rubenstein michael berger 's book ''rabbinic authority''


electricity sabbath holidays often applicability law given situation proviso consult local rabbi posek notion lends rabbis certain degree local authority however complex questions issue passed higher rabbis issue ''teshuvot'' ' 'responsa'' binding indeed rabbis continuously issue different opinions constantly review 's work maintain truest sense ''halakha'' overall process allows rabbis maintain connection traditional jewish law


modern life course degree flexibility depends sect judaism reform flexible conservative somewhat middle orthodox much stringent rigid modern critics however charged rise movements challenge divine authority ''halakha'' traditional jews greater reluctance change laws also customs habits traditional rabbinical judaism prior advent reform th century denominational approaches orthodox judaism hasidim walk synagogue rehovot israel orthodox


jews believe ''halakha'' religious system whose core represents revealed god although orthodox judaism acknowledges rabbis made many decisions decrees regarding jewish law written torah nonspecific accordance regulations received moses mount sinai see regulations transmitted orally shortly destruction second temple recorded mishnah explained talmud commentaries throughout history present day orthodox judaism believes subsequent interpretations derived


utmost accuracy care widely accepted codes jewish law known mishneh torah ''shulchan aruch'' ref name jilljacobs jacobs jill https wwwmyjewishlearningcom article shulhan arukh shulchan aruch ''my jewish learning'' april ref orthodox judaism range opinions circumstances extent change permissible haredi jews generally hold even ''minhagim'' customs must retained existing precedents cannot reconsidered modern orthodox authorities inclined permit limited changes customs reconsideration precedent conservative judaism conservative service robinson 's arch western wall view held conservative


earlier sources committee jewish law standards cjls empowered override biblical taanitic prohibitions ''takkanah'' decree perceived inconsistent modern requirements views ethics cjls used power number occasions famously driving teshuva says someone unable walk synagogue sabbath commitment observance loose attending synagogue may lead drop altogether rabbi may give dispensation drive back


recently decision prohibiting taking evidence ''mamzer'' status grounds implementing status immoral cjls also held talmudic concept ''kavod habriyot'' permits lifting rabbinic decrees distinct carving narrow exceptions grounds human dignity used principle december opinion lifting rabbinic prohibitions homosexual conduct opinion held male male anal sex forbidden bible remained prohibited conservative judaism also made number changes role women judaism including counting


women minyan permitting women chant torah ordaining women rabbis conservative approach halachic interpretation seen cjls 's acceptance rabbi elie kaplan spitz 's responsum decreeing biblical category ''mamzer'' inoperative ref name kaplanspitz kaplan spitz elie http wwwcwjorgil sites default files mamzerut spitzpdf mamzerut ''committee jewish law standards rabbinical assembly'' eh p ref cjls adopted responsum 's view morality learn larger unfolding narrative tradition informs application mosaic law ref name kaplanspitz responsum cited several examples rabbinic sages


declined enforce punishments explicitly mandated torah law examples include trial accused adulteress ' 'sotah'' law breaking neck heifer application death penalty rebellious child kaplan spitz argues punishment ''mamzer'' effectively inoperative nearly two thousand years due deliberate rabbinic inaction suggested rabbis long regarded punishment declared torah immoral came conclusion court agree hear testimony ''mamzerut'' codes jewish law


page ''shulchan aruch'' even ha'ezer section laws ketubot set mishneh torah shulchan aruch harav ''peninei halachah'' set important codifications jewish law include mishnah composed rabbi judah prince nbsp ce basic outline state oral law time framework upon talmud based talmud 's dialectic analysis content mishna ''gemara'' completed c nbsp became basis later halakhic decisions subsequent codes codifications geonim halakhic material talmud early


work ''she'iltot'' questions achai shabcha c nbsp discusses ''mitzvot'' exploring addressing various questions first legal codex proper ''halakhot pesukot'' decided laws yehudai gaon c nbsp rearranges talmud passages structure manageable layman written vernacular aramaic subsequently translated hebrew ''hilkhot riu'' ''halakhot gedolot'' great law book r simeon kayyara published two generations later possibly written c contains extensive additional material mainly responsa monographs geonim presented form closer original


talmud language structure probably since distributed also amongst newly established ashkenazi communities ''she'iltot'' influential subsequent works hilchot harif written rabbi isaac alfasi summations legal material found talmud alfasi transcribed talmud 's halakhic conclusions verbatim without surrounding deliberation also excluded aggadic non legal homiletic matter ''hilchot'' soon superseded geonic codes contained decisions laws relevant additionally served accessible talmudic commentary printed almost every subsequent


edition talmud mishneh torah maimonides work encompasses full range talmudic law organized reformulated logical system books sections chapters ''halakha'' stated clearly mishneh torah influential day several later works reproduce passages verbatim also includes section metaphysics fundamental beliefs claim section draws heavily aristotelian science metaphysics others suggest within tradition saadia gaon main source practical ''halakha''


many yemenite jews mainly baladi dor daim well growing community referred ''talmidei harambam'' work ''the rosh'' rabbi asher ben jehiel abstract talmud concisely stating final halakhic decision quoting later authorities notably alfasi maimonides tosafists work superseded rabbi alfasi 's printed almost every subsequent edition talmud ''sefer mitzvot gadol'' semag rabbi moses ben jacob coucy first half th century coucy northern france semag organised around negative


force author 's time code divided four main sections almost codes since time followed ''tur'' 's arrangement material orach chayim way life worship ritual observance home synagogue course day weekly sabbath festival cycle yoreh de'ah teach knowledge assorted ritual prohibitions dietary laws regulations concerning menstrual impurity even ha'ezer rock helpmate marriage divorce issues family law choshen mishpat breastplate judgement administration adjudication civil law ''beit yosef''


''shulchan aruch'' rabbi yosef karo ''beit yosef'' huge commentary ''tur'' rabbi karo traces development law talmud later rabbinical literature examining authorities beginning talmud ending works rabbi israel isserlein ''shulchan aruch'' literally set table turn condensation ''beit yosef'' stating ruling simply work follows chapter divisions ''tur'' ''shulchan aruch'' together related commentaries considered many authoritative compilation ''halakha''


since talmud writing ''shulchan aruch'' rabbi karo based rulings three authorities maimonides asher ben jehiel rosh isaac alfasi rif considered ''the mordechai'' inconclusive cases sephardic jews generally refer ''shulchan aruch'' basis daily practice works rabbi moshe isserles rema krak w poland isserles noted ''shulchan aruch'' based sephardic tradition created series glosses appended text shulkhan aruch cases sephardi ashkenazi customs differed based


works yaakov moelin israel isserlein israel bruna glosses called ''ha mapah'' tablecloth comments incorporated body printed editions ''shulchan aruch'' typeset different script today shulchan aruch refers combined work karo isserles isserles' ''darkhei moshe'' similarly commentary ''tur'' ''beit yosef'' ''levush malkhut'' levush rabbi mordecai yoffe c ten volume work five discussing ''halakha'' level midway two extremes lengthy ''beit yosef'' karo one hand


karo 's ''shulchan aruch'' together ''mappah'' isserles brief particularly stresses customs practices jews eastern europe levush exceptional among codes treated certain ''halakhot'' kabbalistic standpoint ''shulchan aruch harav'' rabbi shneur zalman liadi c attempt codify law stood time incorporating commentaries ''shulchan aruch'' subsequent responsa thus stating decided ''halakha'' well underlying reasoning work written partly laymen


would able study jewish law unfortunately work lost fire prior publication basis practice chabad lubavitch hasidic groups quoted authoritative many subsequent works hasidic non hasidic alike works structured directly ''shulchan aruch'' providing analysis light acharonic material codes mishnah berurah rabbi yisroel meir ha kohen chofetz chaim poland commentary orach chayim section ''shulchan aruch'' discussing application ''halakha'' light subsequent acharonic decisions


become authoritative halakhic guide much orthodox ashkenazic jewry postwar period aruch hashulchan rabbi yechiel michel epstein scholarly analysis ''halakha'' perspective major rishonim work follows structure ''tur'' ''shulchan aruch'' rules dealing vows agriculture ritual purity discussed second work known ''aruch hashulchan he'atid'' kaf hachaim orach chayim parts yoreh de'ah sephardi sage yaakov chaim sofer baghdad jerusalem similar scope authority approach mishnah berurah


work also surveys views many kabbalistic sages particularly isaac luria impact halakha yalkut yosef rabbi yitzhak yosef voluminous widely cited contemporary work ''halakha'' based rulings rabbi ovadia yosef layman oriented works ''halakha'' thesouro dos dinim treasury religious rules menasseh ben israel reconstituted version shulkhan arukh written portuguese explicit purpose helping ''conversos'' iberia reintergrate halakhic judaism ''kitzur shulchan aruch'' rabbi shlomo ganzfried hungary digest covering applicable halakha


everyday life ben ish chai yosef chaim baghdad collection laws everyday life parallel scope ''kitzur shulchan aruch'' interspersed mystical insights customs addressed masses arranged weekly torah portion wide circulation coverage seen become standard reference work sephardi halakha ''peninei halachah'' rabbi eliezer melamed contemporary volumes thus far covering wide range subjects shabbat organ donations addition clearly posing practical law reflecting customs various


communities also discusses spiritual foundations halakhot widely studied religious zionist community ''tzurba rabanan'' rabbi benzion algazi contemporary six hebrew volumes covering topics areas ''shulchan aruch'' talmudic source modern day halachic application similarly studied religious zionist community outside israel mizrachi numerous modern orthodox communities ''temimei haderech'' guide jewish religious practice rabbi isaac klein contributions committee jewish law standards rabbinical assembly scholarly work based previous traditional law


codes written conservative jewish point view accepted among orthodox jews see also antinomianism baraita rabbi ishmael jewish ethics jewish medical ethics mishpat ivri sharia references notes citations bibliography j david bleich ''contemporary halakhic problems'' vols ktav feldheim menachem elon ''ha mishpat ha ivri'' trans ''jewish law history sources principles'' jewish publication society jacob katz ''divine law human hands case studies halakhic flexibility'' magnes press moshe koppel meta halakhah logic intuition unfolding jewish law mendell lewittes ''jewish law


introduction'' jason aronson daniel pollack ed ''contrasts american jewish law'' ktav emanuel quint ''a restatement rabbinic civil law'' vols gefen publishing emanuel quint ''jewish jurisprudence sources modern applications '' taylor francis steven h resnicoff ''understanding jewish law'' lexisnexis joel roth ''halakhic process systemic analysis'' jewish theological seminary joseph soloveitchik ''halakhic man'' jewish publication society trans lawrence kaplan external links full text resources major halakhic works ''mishneh torah'' hebrew http wwwmechon mamreorg htm mechon mamreorg http hewikisourceorg wiki e aa c e wikisource translation http wwwchabadorg library article cdo aid jewish mishneh torahhtm chabadorg ''arba'ah turim'' hebrew http hewikisourceorg wiki wikisource ''shulchan aruch''


daatacil ''chochmat adam'' hebrew https wwwdaatacil daat vl tohenaspid daatacil ''peninei halachah'' hebrew http phyhborgil phyhborgil translation http phyhborgil en phyhborgil en ''yalkut yosef'' hebrew http yalkutinfo yalkutinfo ''a guide jewish religious practice'' ''a halacha wiki'' http halachipediacom indexphptitle main page halachipediacom https webarchiveorg web http shulchanaruchharavcom halacha defaultaspx shulchanaruchharavcom legal codes orthodox judaism religious law rabbinic judaism


humanistic psychology psychological perspective arose mid th century answer two theories sigmund freud 's psychoanalytic theory b f skinner 's behaviorism thus referred third force psychology school thought '''humanistic psychology''' gained traction due key figure abraham maslow time humanistic movement made popular process realizing expressing one 's capabilities creativity humanistic psychology helps client gain belief people inherently good ref name crchealthcom humanistic therapy crc health

Social science
Psychology
Humanistic psychology


group web mar http wwwcrchealthcom types therapy humanistic therapy ref adopts holistic approach human existence pays special attention phenomena creativity free positive human potential encourages viewing whole person greater sum parts encourages self exploration rather study behavior people humanistic psychology acknowledges spiritual aspiration integral part psyche linked emerging field transpersonal psychology ref name aanstoos et al history aanstoos c serlin greening history division humanistic psychology


uk association humanistic psychology practitioners humanistic theory differs freud skinner 's theories understand key message maslow 's humanistic theory base humanistic psychology important understand maslow first came theory disagreeing predominant theories time developed freud skinner maslow able identify main points humanistic theory basis humanistic psychology put concisely maslow following criticisms two main theories time maslow felt freud 's theory


rather deterministic meaning credited behavior people due unconscious desires ref name behavior mcat khan academy url https wwwyoutubecom watchv ucjojhetfe language en access date archive date archive url https webarchiveorg web https wwwyoutubecom watchv ucjojhetfe url status live ref b maslow felt freud skinner 's theories focused individuals mental conflicts pathological rather individuals c maslow felt two theories focused much negative traits human beings rather focusing positive power believed individuals contrast maslow developed theory decided focus conscious rather unconscious decided develop theory explain individuals


could reach highest potential origins one humanistic psychology 's early sources work carl rogers strongly influenced otto rank broke freud mid rogers' focus ensure developmental processes led healthier creative personality functioning term 'actualizing tendency' also coined rogers concept eventually led abraham maslow study self actualization one needs humans ref name kramer ref rogers maslow introduced positive humanistic psychology response viewed overly pessimistic view


psychoanalysis ref name schacter ref sources inspiration include philosophies existentialism phenomenology conceptual origins carl rogers one founders humanistic psychology whilst origins humanistic psychology date back early origins humanism date back classical civilizations china greece rome whose values renewed european renaissance modern humanistic approach roots phenomenological existentialist thought see kierkegaard nietzsche heidegger merleau ponty sartre eastern philosophy psychology also play central role humanistic psychology well judeo christian philosophies personalism


shares similar concerns nature human existence consciousness ref name aanstoos et al history information influential figures personalism see emmanuel mounier gabriel marcel denis de rougemont jacques maritain martin buber emmanuel levinas max scheler karol wojtyla behaviorism grew ivan pavlov 's work conditioned reflex laid foundations academic psychology united states associated names john b watson b f skinner abraham maslow gave behaviorism name first force force systematically excluded subjective data consciousness much


psychology focused features human capital demanded post industrial society humanistic psychology perspective summarized five core principles ''postulates'' humanistic psychology first articulated article written james bugental ref name bugental 's five postulates bugental j third force psychology ''journal humanistic psychology'' ref adapted tom greening psychologist long time editor ''journal humanistic psychology'' five basic principles humanistic psychology human beings human supersede sum parts cannot reduced components human beings


existence uniquely human context well cosmic ecology human beings aware aware aware ie conscious human consciousness always includes awareness oneself context people human beings ability make choices therefore responsibility human beings intentional aim goals aware cause future events seek meaning value creativity humanistic psychology specific division within american psychological association division humanistic psychology much ' 'discipline'' within


psychology ''perspective'' human condition informs psychological research practice practical origins wwii created practical pressures military psychologists patients see care time resources permitted origins group therapy eric berne 's progression books shows transition might call pragmatic psychology wwii later innovation transactional analysis one influential forms humanistic popular psychology later even though transactional analysis considered unique methodology challenged


berne 's death orientation scientific research humanistic psychologists generally believe understand human consciousness behavior mainstream scientific research ref name carlson ref objection humanistic psychologists traditional research methods derived suited physical sciences ref name harman science harman w w humanities age science f severin ed humanistic viewpoints psychology book readings pp new york ny mcgraw hill original work published ref especially appropriate studying complexities nuances human meaning making ref name rogers science rogers c


r place person new world behavioral sciences f severin ed humanistic viewpoints psychology book readings pp new york ny mcgraw hill ref ref name communicating sciences welch rodwick j r communicating sciences humanistic viewpoint welch g tate f richards eds humanistic psychology source book pp buffalo ny prometheus books ref ref name polkinghorne methodology polkinghorne e research methodology humanistic psychology humanistic psychologist ref however humanistic psychology involved scientific research human behavior since inception


example abraham maslow proposed many theories human growth form testable hypotheses ref name metamotivation maslow h theory metamotivation biological rooting value life journal humanistic psychology doi ref ref name notes maslow h notes psychology journal humanistic psychology doi ref ref name theory z maslow h theory z c stephens ed maslow business reader pp new york ny wiley ref encouraged scientists put test shortly founding american association humanistic psychology president psychologist sidney jourard


began column declaring research priority humanistic psychology best served ''undergirded research'' seeks throw light qualities man uniquely human emphasis added ref name jourard jourard december objectives outlined phoenix newsletter american association humanistic psychology ref may aahp release newsletter editorial confirmed humanistic psychologist 's allegiance meaningfulness selection problems study research procedures opposition primary emphasis objectivity expense significance ref name aahp aahp


newsletter may p association humanistic psychology ahp ref underscored importance research humanistic psychologists well interest special forms human science investigation likewise american psychological association 's publication humanistic psychology division apa ran article titled ''what makes research humanistic'' ref name polkinghorne polkinghorne makes research humanistic newsletter american psychological association division fal win pp ref donald polkinghorne notes humanistic theory propose human action completely independent environment mechanical organic orders


body suggest within limits experienced meanings persons unities choose act ways determined prior eventsand theory seek test research p nbsp human science view opposed quantitative methods following edmund husserl favors letting methods derived subject matter uncritically adopting methods natural science ref name giorgi book giorgi amedeo ''the descriptive phenomenological method psychology modified husserlian approach'' pittsburgh pa duquesne university press ref advocates methodological


ny mcgraw hill ref ref name polkinghorne methods polkinghorne e research methodology humanistic psychology humanistic psychologist doi ref ref name stansfield chapter sargent humanistic methodology personality social psychology j f bugental ed challenges humanistic psychology pp new york ny mcgraw hill ref ref name giorgi nursing giorgi phenomenological movement research human sciences nursing science quarterly doi ref ref name taylor taylor e zen doctrine method humanistic psychologist doi ref development field saybrook conference november key figures movement gathered old saybrook


ct ''first invitational conference humanistic psychology'' ref name ryback ryback human psychology crossroads ''american psychologist'' vol ref ref name taylor taylor e intellectual renaissance humanistic psychology ''journal humanistic psychology'' vol spring ref ref name aanstoos et al history ref name elkins elkins dn ''a humanistic approach spiritually oriented psychotherapy'' l sperry e p shafranske editors spiritually oriented psychotherapy american psychological association ref meeting co operation association humanistic psychology ahp sponsored conference hazen foundation provided financing wesleyan university


sections provides short handed summary individual 's contributions theory '''abraham maslow ''' regards humanistic theory maslow developed hierarchy needs pyramid basically states individuals first must physiological needs met safety needs met love self esteem lastly self actualization self actualizing people self aware caring wise interests problem centered theorized self actualizing people continuously striving thinking broadly focusing broader problems also believed however people actually achieved self actualization '''carl rogers ''' rogers built upon maslow 's theory


argued process self actualization nurtured growth promoting climate two conditions required order climate self actualizing growth promoting climate individual must able genuine self individual expresses true self must accepted others counseling therapy diagram illustrating hierarchy needs theory abraham maslow click enlarge aim humanistic therapy usually help client develop stronger healthier sense self also


called self actualization ref name aanstoos et al history ref name clay history humanistic therapy attempts teach clients potential self fulfillment type therapy insight based meaning therapist attempts provide client insights inner conflicts ref name psychology tenth edition modules myers g psychology tenth edition modules new york ny worth publishers ref approaches humanistic psychology includes several approaches counseling therapy among earliest approaches find developmental theory abraham maslow emphasizing hierarchy needs motivations existential psychology rollo may acknowledging human choice


tragic aspects human existence person centered client centered therapy carl rogers centered client 's capacity self direction understanding development ref name clay history clay rebecca september renaissance humanistic psychology field explores new niches building past ''american psychological association monitor'' ref client centered therapy non directive therapist listens client without judgement allowing client come insights ref name psychology tenth edition modules therapist ensure client 's feelings considered


therapist firm grasp concerns client ensuring air acceptance warmth ref name kramer client centered therapist engages active listening therapy sessions ref name psychology tenth edition modules therapist cannot completely non directive however nonjudgmental accepting environment provides unconditional positive regard encourage feelings acceptance value ref name psychology tenth edition modules existential psychotherapies application humanistic psychology applies existential philosophy emphasizes idea humans freedom make sense lives free define


whatever want type humanistic therapy forces client explore meaning life well purpose conflict freedoms limitations examples limitations include genetics culture many factors existential therapy involves trying resolve conflict ref name kramer another approach humanistic counseling therapy gestalt therapy puts focus especially opportunity look past preconceived notions focus present affected


past role playing also plays large role gestalt therapy allows true expression feelings may shared circumstances gestalt therapy non verbal cues important indicator client may actually feeling despite feelings expressed also part range humanistic psychotherapy concepts depth therapy holistic health encounter groups sensitivity training marital family therapies body work existential psychotherapy medard boss ref name aanstoos et al history positive psychology ref name ppcp duckworth l steen seligman e p


positive psychology clinical practice ''annual review clinical psychology '' ref recently compassionate communication rebranding nonviolent communication marshall rosenberg seems leading edge innovation field one psychologies simple clear model human psyche simple clear methodology suitable two persons address resolve interpersonal conflict without expert intervention first field george kelly 's humanistic theory based fundamental postulate person acts anticipation future events stating


person 's actions based expectation possible events interpretation past circumstances empathy self help empathy one important features humanistic therapy idea focuses therapist 's ability see world eyes client without therapists forced apply external frame reference therapist longer understanding actions thoughts client client would strictly therapist defeats purpose humanistic therapy included empathizing unconditional positive regard one key


elements humanistic psychology unconditional positive regard refers care therapist needs client ensures therapist become authority figure relationship allowing open flow information well kinder relationship two therapist practicing humanistic therapy needs show willingness listen ensure comfort patient genuine feelings may shared forced upon someone ref name kramer marshall rosenberg one carl rogers' students emphasizes empathy relationship concept


nonviolent communication self help also part humanistic psychology sheila ernst lucy goodison described using main humanistic approaches self help groups humanistic psychology applicable self help oriented towards changing way person thinks one improve decide change ways thinking decide help co counselling approach based purely self help regarded coming humanistic psychology well humanistic theory strong influence forms popular therapy including harvey jackins'


evaluation counselling work carl rogers including student eugene gendlin see focusing well development humanistic psychodrama hans werner gessmann since ideal self ideal self real self involve understanding issues arise idea wish person match actually person incongruence ideal self person believes done well core values real self actually played


life humanistic therapy understanding present allows clients add positive experiences real self concept goal two concepts self become congruent rogers believed therapist able congruent real relationship occurs therapy much easier trust someone willing share feelings openly even may client always wants allows therapist foster strong relationship ref name kramer non pathological humanistic psychology tends look beyond medical model psychology


order open non pathologizing view person ref name clay history usually implies therapist downplays pathological aspects person 's life favour healthy aspects humanistic psychology tries science human experience focusing actual lived experience persons ref name aanstoos et al history therefore key ingredient actual meeting therapist client possibilities dialogue ensue role therapist create environment client freely express thoughts feelings


suggest topics conversation guide conversation way therapist also analyze interpret client 's behavior information client shares role therapist provide empathy listen attentively client ref name kramer societal applications social change gallery mode packed file virginiasatir jpg center virginia satir center file erich frommjpg center erich fromm center file ronald laingjpg center r laing center file alfredadlerjpg center alfred adler center file wilhelm reich mid twentiesjpg center wilhelm reich center gallery personal transformation may primary focus humanistic psychologists many also investigate pressing social cultural gender issues ref name existential east west hoffman louis et


al ''existential psychology east west'' university rockies press ref academic anthology british psychologist richard house co editors wrote outset humanistic psychology engaged fulsomely fearlessly social cultural political way much mainstream scientific 'positivistic' psychology sought avoid ref name house house richard kalisch david maidman jennifer eds ''humanistic psychology current trends future prospects'' routledge p nbsp introduction part ii socio political cultural perspectives ref earliest writers associated inspired psychological humanism explored socio political topics ref


name aanstoos et al history ref name house example alfred adler argued achieving sense community feeling essential human development ref name moss moss donald roots genealogy humanistic psychology schneider kirk j pierson j fraser bugental james f eds ''the handbook humanistic psychology theory research practice'' sage publications nd ed pp twentieth century section ref medard boss defined health openness world unhealth anything psyche society blocked constricted openness ref name moss erich fromm argued


political conditions changed carl rogers came believe political life consist endless series winner take battles could consist ongoing dialogue among parties dialogue characterized respect among parties authentic speaking party compassionate understanding ultimately mutually acceptable solutions could reached virginia satir convinced approach family therapy would enable individuals expand consciousness become less fearful bring communities cultures nations together relevant


work confined pioneer thinkers members association humanistic psychology ahp embarked three year effort explore principles humanistic psychology could used process positive social political change effort included hour political party held san francisco nearly attendees discussed presentations non traditional social thinkers ''ecotopia'' author ernest callenbach ''aquarian conspiracy'' author marilyn ferguson ''person planet'' author theodore roszak ''new age politics'' author mark satin emergent perspective summarized manifesto


ahp president george leonard proffered ideas moving slow growth growth economy decentralizing deprofessionalizing society teaching social emotional competencies order provide foundation humane public policies healthier culture ref name leonard leonard george may http wwwahpweborg images stories archive pdfs may pdf sketch humanistic manifesto ''ahp newskletter'' pp retrieved april ref many attempts articulate humanistic psychology oriented approaches social change example psychologist kenneth lux economist mark lutz called new economics based humanistic psychology rather


carla jane ramas o'hara person centered approach conscientiza works carl rogers paulo freire ''journal humanistic psychology '' ref throughout institute noetic sciences president willis harman argued significant social change cannot occur without significant consciousness change st century humanistic psychologists edmund bourne joanna macy marshall rosenberg continued apply psychological insights social political issues addition uses thinking social change humanistic psychology considered main theoretical methodological source humanistic social work ref


made humanistic psychology position according petru stefaroi way humanistic representation approach client personality realized fact theoretical axiological methodological foundation humanistic social work ref name stefaroi p stefaroi p humanistic perspective customer social work ''social work review'' pp ref setting goals intervention activities order solve social human problems prevail critical terms categories humanistic psychology psychotherapy self actualization human potential holistic approach human free subjectivity human experience self determination development spirituality creativity positive thinking client centered


context centered approach intervention empathy personal growth empowerment ref name humanistische humanistische akademie ''humanistische sozialarbeit'' berlin humanistische akademie series humanismus aktuell h jg ref humanistic psychology utilised framework theorizing african philosophy ubuntu social work practice addition humanistic social work calls pursuit social justice holistic service provision technological innovation stewardship dialogue cooperation well professional care peer support covid pandemic creativity corporations humanistic psychology 's emphasis creativity wholeness created foundation new approaches towards human capital workplace stressing creativity


relevance emotional interactions previously connotations creativity reserved primarily restricted working artists increasing numbers people working cognitive cultural economy creativity came seen useful commodity competitive edge international brands led corporate creativity training service trainings employees led pre eminently ned herrmann ge late concepts humanistic psychology embraced education social work peaking north america however whole language theory training practices superficial


institutional settings though humanistic psychology raised bar insight understanding whole person professionally primarily practiced today individual licensed counselors therapists outside fields humanistic psychology provides foundation virtually every method energy medicine little coherence exists yet field discuss easily see also references reading https wwwacademiaedu behind mirror reflective listening tain work carl rogers arnold kyle behind mirror reflective listening tain work carl rogers ''the humanistic psychologist'' bendeck sotillos ed ''psychology perennial philosophy studies


bristol wyndham hall press original work published fromm e sane society oxford england rinehart co fromm e sane society oxford england rinehart co gessmann h w humanistic psychology humanistic psychodrama jurpsyru lib books id php https wwwacademiaedu dynamic self searching growth authenticity karen horney contribution humanistic psychology gunn jacqueline simon arnold kyle freeman erica dynamic self searching growth authenticity karen horney 's contribution humanistic psychology ''the forum american academy psychoanalysis dynamic psychiatry'' human potentialities challenge promise human potentialities challenge


promise st louis mo wh green https wwwacademiaedu oliver kress new approach cognitive development ontogenesis process initiation kress oliver new approach cognitive development ontogenesis process initiation evolution cognition maddi r costa p humanism personology allport maslow murray chicago il aldine atherton misiak h sexton v j phenomenological existential humanistic psychologies historical survey new york ny grune stratton moss humanistic transpersonal psychology historical biographical sourcebook westport ct greenwood press moustakas c e self explorations personal growth harper row murphy


g human potentialities new york ny basic books nevill humanistic psychology new frontiers new york ny gardner press otto h human potentialities challenge promise st louis mo wh green rogers cr lyon hc jr tausch r http wwwroutledgecom becoming effective teacher person centered teaching psychology philosophy dialogues carl r rogers harold lyon london routledge rowan john ordinary ecstasy dialectics humanistic psychology rd ed brunner routledge schneider k bugental j f pierson j f handbook humanistic psychology leading edges


theory research practice london sage schneider kj ed existential integrative psychotherapy guideposts core practice new york routledge severin f discovering man psychology humanistic approach new york ny mcgraw hill singh j humanistic view man new delhi india indian institute public administration sutich j vich eds readings humanistic psychology new york ny free press welch tate g richards f eds humanistic psychology source book buffalo ny prometheus books zucker r rabin aronoff j frank


eds personality structure life course new york ny springer external links http psychologyaboutcom od historyofpsychology hist humanistichtm http wwwahpweborg association humanistic psychology http wwwapaorg divisions div society humanistic psychology division american psychological association http uwgpsychologyorg university west georgia 's humanistic psychology program http humanistic psychologynet humanistic psychology existential therapy


social network diagram displaying friendship ties among set facebook users '''social network analysis''' '''sna''' process investigating social structures use networks graph theory characterizes networked structures terms ''nodes'' individual actors people things within network ''ties'' ''edges'' ''links'' relationships interactions connect examples social structures commonly visualized social network analysis include social media networks ref name hagen l ref memes spread information circulation friendship acquaintance networks business networks knowledge networks ref name brennecke ref ref name harris ref difficult working relationships ref name brennecke social networks

Social science
Sociology
Community informatics
Social network analysis


collaboration graphs kinship disease transmission sexual relationships networks often visualized ' 'sociograms'' nodes represented points ties represented lines visualizations provide means qualitatively assessing networks varying visual representation nodes edges reflect attributes interest social network analysis emerged key technique modern sociology also gained significant popularity following anthropology biology demography communication studies ref name hagen l ref name ref economics geography history information science organizational studies ref name brennecke ref name brennecke political science public health ref name harris ref ref name harris


social psychology development studies sociolinguistics computer science ref name ghanbarnejad ref commonly available consumer tool see list sna software advantages sna twofold firstly process large amount relational data describe overall relational network structure tem parameter selection confirm influential nodes network degree degree centrality sna context choose parameters define center according characteristics network analyzing nodes clusters relations communication structure position individuals clearly described


history social network analysis theoretical roots work early sociologists georg simmel mile durkheim wrote importance studying patterns relationships connect social actors social scientists used concept social networks since early th century connote complex sets relationships members social systems scales interpersonal international ref name freeman jacob moreno helen jennings introduced basic analytical methods ref name freeman ref john arundel barnes started using term systematically denote patterns ties encompassing concepts traditionally


multiplexity associated relationship strength also comprise overlap positive negative network ties ref name brennecke ref mutuality reciprocity extent two actors reciprocate 's friendship interaction ref name kadu network closure measure completeness relational triads individual 's assumption network closure ie friends also friends called transitivity transitivity outcome individual situational trait need cognitive closure ref name flyn propinquity tendency actors ties geographically close others distributions bridge individual whose weak ties fill


structural hole providing link two individuals clusters also includes shortest route longer one unfeasible due high risk message distortion delivery failure ref name granovetter ref centrality centrality refers group metrics aim quantify importance influence variety senses particular node group within network examples common methods measuring centrality include betweenness centrality ref name comprehensive closeness centrality eigenvector centrality alpha centrality degree centrality density proportion direct ties network relative


total number possible distance minimum number ties required connect two particular actors popularized stanley milgram 's small world experiment idea 'six degrees separation' structural holes absence ties two parts network finding exploiting structural hole give entrepreneur competitive advantage concept developed sociologist ronald burt sometimes referred alternate conception social capital tie strength defined linear combination time emotional intensity intimacy reciprocity ie mutuality ref name granovetter strong


ties associated homophily propinquity transitivity weak ties associated bridges segmentation groups identified 'cliques' every individual directly tied every individual 'social circles' less stringency direct contact imprecise structurally cohesive blocks precision wanted ref name uci clustering coefficient measure likelihood two associates node associates higher clustering coefficient indicates greater 'cliquishness' cohesion degree actors connected directly cohesive bonds structural cohesion refers minimum number


common third similarly two actors dislike common third tend friends visual representation social networks important understand network data convey result analysis numerous methods visualization data produced social network analysis presented many analytic software modules network visualization exploration data done displaying nodes ties various layouts attributing colors size advanced properties nodes visual representations networks may powerful method conveying complex information care


taken interpreting node graph properties visual displays alone may misrepresent structural properties better captured quantitative analyses ref name interpreting signed graphs used illustrate good bad relationships humans positive edge two nodes denotes positive relationship friendship alliance dating negative edge two nodes denotes negative relationship hatred anger signed social network graphs used predict future evolution graph signed social networks concept balanced unbalanced cycles balanced cycle defined cycle


balanced cycle one b good relationship b negative relationship c using concept balanced unbalanced cycles evolution signed social network graphs predicted especially using social network analysis tool facilitating change different approaches participatory network mapping proven useful participants interviewers provide network data actually mapping network pen paper digitally data collection session example pen paper network mapping approach also includes


collection actor attributes perceived influence goals actors net map toolbox one benefit approach allows researchers collect qualitative data ask clarifying questions network data collected ref name visualizing social networking potential social networking potential snp numeric coefficient derived algorithms represent size individual 's social network ability influence network snp coefficients first defined used bob gerstley closely related term alpha user defined person high snp


users generate companies use stating snp new asset every company aim practical applications social network analysis used extensively wide range applications disciplines common network analysis applications include data aggregation mining network propagation modeling network modeling sampling user attribute behavior analysis community maintained resource support location based interaction analysis social sharing filtering recommender systems development link prediction entity resolution ref name golbeck private sector businesses use social network analysis support activities customer interaction analysis information system


development analysis marketing business intelligence needs see social media analytics public sector uses include development leader engagement strategies analysis individual group engagement media use community based problem solving security applications social network analysis also used intelligence counter intelligence law enforcement activities technique allows analysts map covert organizations espionage ring organized crime family street gang national security agency nsa uses electronic surveillance programs generate data needed perform type analysis terrorist cells


networks deemed relevant national security nsa looks three nodes deep network analysis ref name nsa degrees ref initial mapping social network complete analysis performed determine structure network determine example leaders within network ref name nsa ref allows military law enforcement assets launch capture kill decapitation attacks high value targets leadership positions disrupt functioning network nsa performing social network analysis call detail records cdrs also known metadata since shortly september attacks ref name nsa sna ref ref


name nsa usa ref textual analysis applications large textual corpora turned networks analysed method social network analysis networks nodes social actors links actions extraction networks automated using parsers resulting networks contain thousands nodes analysed using tools network theory identify key actors key communities parties general properties robustness structural stability overall network centrality certain nodes automates approach introduced


quantitative narrative analysis whereby subject verb object triplets identified pairs actors linked action pairs formed actor object ref name referencea doi access free ref approaches textual analysis carried considering network words co occurring text networks nodes words links among weighted based frequency co occurrence within specific maximum range internet applications social network analysis also applied understanding online behavior individuals organizations websites ref name ghanbarnejad hyperlink analysis used analyze connections websites webpages


examine information flows individuals navigate web connections organizations analyzed via hyperlink analysis examine organizations within issue community social media internet applications social network analysis applied social media tool understand behavior individuals organizations linkages social media websites twitter facebook computer supported collaborative learning one current methods application sna study computer supported collaborative learning cscl applied cscl sna used help understand


learners collaborate terms amount frequency length well quality topic strategies communication ref name ref additionally sna focus specific aspects network connection entire network whole uses graphical representations written representations data representations help examine connections within cscl network ref name applying sna cscl environment interactions participants treated social network focus analysis connections made among participants interact communicate opposed


participant behaved key terms several key terms associated social network analysis research computer supported collaborative learning '' 'density''' '''centrality''' '''indegree''' '''outdegree''' '' 'sociogram''' '''density''' refers connections participants density defined number connections participant divided total possible connections participant could example people participating person could potentially connect people density greatest density system density indicates


measure centrality still focuses single individual analytic concerned going interactions individual measure degree centrality many times focus point individual interacts others ref name ref name '' 'sociogram''' visualization defined boundaries connections network example sociogram shows degree centrality points participant would illustrate outgoing connections participant made studied network ref name unique capabilities researchers employ social network analysis study computer supported collaborative learning part due


unique capabilities offers particular method allows study interaction patterns within networked learning community help illustrate extent participants' interactions members group ref name graphics created using sna tools provide visualizations connections among participants strategies used communicate within group authors also suggest sna provides method easily analyzing changes participatory patterns members time number research studies applied sna cscl across variety contexts findings include correlation


network 's density teacher 's presence ref name greater regard recommendations central participants infrequency cross gender interaction network relatively small role played instructor asynchronous learning network methods used alongside sna although many studies demonstrated value social network analysis within computer supported collaborative learning field ref name researchers suggested sna enough achieving full understanding cscl complexity interaction processes myriad sources data make difficult sna provide


depth analysis cscl researchers indicate sna needs complemented methods analysis form accurate picture collaborative learning experiences ref name autogenerated number research studies combined types analysis sna study cscl referred multi method approach data triangulation lead increase evaluation reliability cscl studies qualitative method principles qualitative case study research constitute solid framework integration sna methods study cscl experiences ''ethnographic data''


student questionnaires interviews classroom non participant observations ref name autogenerated ref ''case studies'' comprehensively study particular cscl situations relate findings general schemes ref name autogenerated ''content analysis '' offers information content communication among members ref name autogenerated quantitative method includes simple descriptive statistical analyses occurrences identify particular attitudes group members able tracked via sna order detect general tendencies ''computer log files '' provide automatic data collaborative tools used learners ref name autogenerated ''multidimensional scaling mds '' charts similarities among actors similar input


r program computing structural cohesion according moody white algorithm wiki site provides numerous examples tutorial use r ref ref name visualizing ref ref name kadu ref ref name podo ref ref name flyn ref ref name golbeck ref reading https webarchiveorg web http statgammarugnl snijderssteglichvdbunt pdf introduction stochastic actor based models network dynamics snijders et al http wwwcasoscscmuedu center computational analysis social organizational systems casos carnegie mellon http wwwchassutorontoca wellman netlab indexhtml netlab university toronto studies intersection social communication information computing networks https webarchiveorg web http wwwksgharvardedu netgov program networked governance harvard university https webarchiveorg web http wwwoeawacat byzanz historicaldynamicshtm historical dynamics time crisis late byzantium


discussion social network analysis point view historical studies https lebfbigov march social network analysis systematic approach investigating social network analysis systematic approach investigating '' http wwwcscornelledu home kleinber networks book networks crowds markets '' easley j kleinberg '' http facultyucredu hanneman nettext introduction social networks methods '' r hanneman riddle '' http wwwwileycom wileycda wileytitle productcd html social network analysis applications '' mcculloh h armstrong johnson '' https wwwwileycom en us social network analysis telecommunications p social network analysis telecommunications '' carlos andre reis pinheiro external links http wwwinsnaorg international network social network analysis https githubcom briatte awesome network analysis awesome network analysis links books conferences courses journals research groups software


tutorials http netwikiamathuncedu netwiki wiki page devoted social networks maintained university north carolina chapel hill social networks value ethics systems theory social systems self organization community building cultural economics social information processing surveillance methods sociology internet culture


'''applied psychology''' use psychological methods findings scientific psychology solve practical problems human animal behavior experience mental health organizational psychology business management education health product design ergonomics law areas influenced application psychological principles findings areas applied psychology include clinical psychology counseling psychology evolutionary psychology industrial organizational psychology legal psychology neuropsychology occupational health psychology human factors forensic psychology engineering psychology school psychology sports psychology traffic psychology community psychology medical psychology addition

Social science
Psychology
Applied psychology


number specialized areas general field psychology applied branches eg applied social psychology applied cognitive psychology however lines sub branch specializations major applied psychology categories often blurred example human factors psychologist might use cognitive psychology theory could described human factor psychology applied cognitive psychology history founder applied psychology hugo nsterberg came america harvard germany berlin laboratory stern invited william james like many aspiring psychologists late th century originally studied philosophy nsterberg


many interests field psychology purposive psychology social psychology forensic psychology wrote several magazine articles concerning legal aspects testimony confessions courtroom procedures eventually developed book ''on witness stand'' following year division applied psychology adjoined harvard psychological laboratory within years contributed eight books english applying psychology education industrial efficiency business teaching eventually hugo nsterberg contributions would define creator applied psychology international association applied psychology


iaap founded first international scholarly society within field psychology professional psychologists us worked academic setting world war ii war armed forces office strategic services hired psychologists droves work issues troop morale propaganda design war psychologists found expanding range jobs outside academy since number college graduates degrees psychology doubled annual numbers masters' phd degrees


also increased dramatically period degrees related fields economics sociology political science remained constant ref name donaldsonberger stewart donaldson dale e berger rise promise applied psychology st century donaldson berger pezdek eds ''applied psychology'' ref professional organizations organized special events meetings promote idea applied psychology american psychological society held behavioral science summit formed human capital initiative spanning schools workplace productivity drugs violence community health american psychological association declared


decade behavior similarly broad scope ref name donaldsonberger psychological methods considered applicable aspects human life society ref name zimbardo philip g zimbardo psychology make significant difference lives donaldson berger pezdek eds ''applied psychology'' ref advertising business advertisers long consulted psychologists assessing types messages effectively induce person buy particular product using psychological research methods findings human 's cognition motivation attitudes decision making help design persuasive advertisement research includes study


unconscious influences brand loyalty ref name pezdeketal kathy pezdek kenneth deffenbacher shirley lam robert r hoffman cognitive psychology applications careers donaldson berger pezdek eds ''applied psychology'' ref however effect unconscious influences controversial clinical psychology clinical psychology includes study application psychology purpose understanding preventing relieving psychologically based distress dysfunction promote subjective well personal development ref name apa american psychological association division http wwwapaorg divisions div aboutcphtml clinical psychology ref central practice psychological assessment psychotherapy although clinical psychologists may also engage research teaching consultation forensic testimony


among counseling psychologists include focus individual 's strengths relationships educational career development well focus normal personalities counseling psychologists help people improve well reduce manage stress improve overall functioning lives interventions used counseling psychologists may either brief long term duration often problem focused goal directed guiding philosophy places value individual differences emphasis prevention development adjustment across life span educational psychology educational psychology devoted study humans learn


environments studied limitless ranging homes offices classrooms factories nature however across different environments several common themes study emerge within one noise level ambient temperature clearly present environments often subjects discussion environmental psychologists crowding stressors aspects environments studied sub discipline psychology ref name ravizza k pp examining particular environment environmental psychology looks goals purposes people using environment tries determine well environment


suiting needs people using example quiet environment necessary classroom students taking test would needed expected farm full animals concepts trends learned environmental psychology used setting rearranging spaces space best perform intended function top common well known areas psychology drive applied field include cognitive perception learning social psychology forensic psychology legal psychology forensic psychology legal psychology areas concerned


like level confidence percentages significance legal matters hand look absolutes guilty guilty makes sticky union psychology legal system universities operate dual jd phd programs focusing intersection two areas ref name davisloftus committee legal issues american psychological association known file ''amicus curae'' briefs applications psychological knowledge high profile court cases ref name davisloftus deborah davis elizabeth f loftus psychologists forensic world donaldson berger pezdek eds ''applied psychology'' ref related field police psychology involves


adhere disease treatment regimens focus health psychologists tend center health crisis facing western world particularly us cognitive behavioral therapy behavior modification techniques often employed health psychologists psychologists also study patients' compliance doctors' orders ref name friedman health psychologists view person 's mental condition heavily related physical condition important concept field stress mental phenomenon well known consequences physical health ref name friedman howard friedman applying psychology promote health donaldson berger pezdek eds ''applied psychology'' ref medical


medical psychology involves application range psychological principles theories findings applied effective management physical mental disorders improve psychological physical health patient american psychological association apa defines medical psychology branch psychology integrates somatic psychotherapeutic modalities management mental illness health rehabilitation emotional cognitive behavioural substance use disorders according muse moore medical psychologist 's contributions areas psychopharmacology sets apart psychotherapy psychotherapists occupational health psychology occupational


ohp investigated include amount decision latitude worker exercise supportiveness supervisors ohp also concerned development implementation interventions prevent ameliorate work related health problems addition ohp research important implications economic success organizations research areas concern ohp include workplace incivility violence work home carryover unemployment downsizing workplace safety accident prevention two important ohp journals ''journal occupational health psychology'' ''work stress'' three important organizations closely associated ohp international commission occupational


health 's scientific committee work organisation psychosocial factors icoh wops society occupational health psychology european academy occupational health psychology human factors ergonomics human factors ergonomics hf e study cognitive psychological processes affect interaction tools machines objects environment many branches psychology attempt create models understand human behavior models usually based data collected experiments human factor psychologists however take data use design adapt processes objects complement human component


equation rather humans learning use manipulate piece technology human factors strives design technology inline human behavior models designed general psychology could accounting physical limitations humans ergonomics designing systems especially computer systems work intuitively humans engineering psychology ergonomics applied primarily office work transportation industry psychologists take account physical limitations human body attempt reduce fatigue stress designing products systems work within


human must clear method input data able easily access information output inability rapid accurate corrections sometimes lead drastic consequences summed many stories set phasers stun engineering psychologists wants make process inputs outputs intuitive possible user goal research human factors understand limitations biases human mental processes behavior design items systems interact accordingly limitations may see human factors


unemployment among many issues related workplace people 's work lives short psychology application psychology workplace one aspect field job analysis detailed study behaviors given job entails though name title industrial organizational psychology implies split disciplines chained together near impossible one half without asked generally define differences industrial psychology focuses human resources aspects field organizational psychology focuses personal interactions


employees applying principles however easily broken apart example developing requirements new job position recruiters looking applicant strong communication skills multiple areas developing position requirements falls industrial psychology human resource type work requirement communication skills related employee interacts co workers seen hard separate task developing qualifications list types qualifications list parallel nearly


inseparable practice therefore psychologists generally rounded industrial organizational psychology though specialization topics interest psychologists include leadership performance evaluation training much military psychology includes research classification training performance soldiers ref name pezdeketal school psychology school psychology field applies principles clinical psychology educational psychology diagnosis treatment students' behavioral learning problems school psychologists educated child adolescent development learning theories psychological psycho educational assessment personality theories therapeutic interventions special education psychology consultation


child adolescent psychopathology ethical legal administrative codes profession according division division school psychology american psychological association apa school psychologists operate according scientific framework work promote effectiveness efficiency field school psychologists conduct psychological assessments provide brief interventions develop help develop prevention programs additionally evaluate services special focus developmental processes children within school system systems families school psychologists consult teachers parents school personnel learning behavioral social emotional problems


may teach lessons parenting skills like school counselors learning strategies skills related school mental health addition explain test results parents students provide individual group cases family counseling state board education national clearinghouse professions special education nd school psychologists actively involved district school crisis intervention teams also supervise graduate students school psychology school psychologists many districts provide professional development teachers school personnel topics positive behavior intervention plans achievement tests one salient application


school psychology today 's world responding unique challenges increasingly multicultural classrooms example psychologists contribute insight differences individualistic collectivistic cultures school psychologists influential within school system frequently consulted solve problems practitioners able provide consultation collaborate members educational community confidently make decisions based empirical research social change psychologists employed promote green behavior ie sustainable development case goal behavior modification strategies social marketing tactics include


understand psychological mental factors affect performance sports physical activity exercise apply enhance individual team performance sport psychology approach differs coaches players perspective ref name ravizza k pp ravizza k increasing awareness sport performance j williams ed applied sport psychology pp new york mcgraw hill ref coaches tend narrow focus energy towards end goal concerned actions lead win opposed sport psychologist tries focus players thoughts achieving win sport psychology


education counseling traffic psychology traffic psychology applied discipline within psychology looks relationship psychological processes cognitions actual behavior road users general traffic psychologists attempt apply principles research findings order provide solutions problems traffic mobility congestion road accidents speeding research psychologists also involved education motivation road users ref name rothengatter ref ref name gold ref additional areas community psychology ecological psychology media psychology operational psychology peace psychology see also list important publications psychology linguistics neuroscience social work outline


psychology references sources anastasi anne ''fields applied psychology'' second edition new york mcgraw hill cina carol social science structural history social psychology doctoral dissertation accepted state university new york stony brook donaldson stewart dale e berger kathy pezdek eds ''applied psychology new frontiers rewarding careers'' mahwah nj lawrence erlbaum associates external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwpsychologicalscienceorg teaching hci human capital initiative documents american psychological society association psychological science


mathematics lecture aalto university school science technology contemporary education '''mathematics education''' practice teaching learning mathematics along associated scholarly research researchers mathematics education primarily concerned tools methods approaches facilitate practice study practice however mathematics education research known continent europe didactics pedagogy mathematics developed extensive field study concepts theories methods national international organisations conferences literature article describes history influences recent controversies

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Mathematics education


history elementary mathematics part education system ancient civilisations including ancient greece roman empire vedic society ancient egypt cases formal education available male children sufficiently high status wealth caste illustration beginning th century translation euclid 's ''elements'' plato 's division liberal arts trivium quadrivium quadrivium included mathematical fields arithmetic geometry structure continued structure classical education developed medieval europe teaching geometry almost universally based


euclid 's ''elements'' apprentices trades masons merchants money lenders could expect learn practical mathematics relevant profession renaissance academic status mathematics declined strongly associated trade commerce considered somewhat un christian ref name taboo ref although continued taught european universities seen subservient study natural metaphysical moral philosophy first modern arithmetic curriculum starting addition subtraction multiplication division arose reckoning schools italy ref name taboo ref spreading along trade routes


methods designed used commerce contrasted platonic math taught universities philosophical concerned numbers concepts rather calculating methods ref name taboo also contrasted mathematical methods learned artisan apprentices specific tasks tools hand example division board thirds accomplished piece string instead measuring length using arithmetic operation division ref name taboo first mathematics textbooks written english french published robert recorde


beginning ''the grounde artes'' however many different writings mathematics mathematics methodology date back bce mostly located mesopotamia sumerians practicing multiplication division also artifacts demonstrating methodology solving equations like quadratic equation sumerians famous ancient works mathematics come egypt form rhind mathematical papyrus moscow mathematical papyrus famous rhind papyrus dated approximately bce


thought copy even older scroll papyrus essentially early textbook egyptian students social status mathematical study improving seventeenth century university aberdeen creating mathematics chair followed chair geometry set university oxford lucasian chair mathematics established university cambridge th th centuries industrial revolution led enormous increase urban populations basic numeracy skills ability tell


time count money carry simple arithmetic became essential new urban lifestyle within new public education systems mathematics became central part curriculum early age twentieth century mathematics part core curriculum developed countries twentieth century mathematics education established independent field research main events development chair mathematics education created university g ttingen administration felix klein international commission mathematical instruction icmi


founded felix klein became first president organisation professional periodical literature mathematics education usa generated articles william l schaaf published classified index sorting various subjects renewed interest mathematics education emerged international commission revitalised https wwwmathshellorg shell centre mathematical education established nottingham first international congress mathematical education icme held lyon second congress exeter


held every four years th century cultural impact electronic age mcluhan also taken educational theory teaching mathematics previous approach focused working specialized 'problems' arithmetic emerging structural approach knowledge small children meditating number theory 'sets' objectives boy sums guinea bissau different times different cultures countries mathematics education attempted achieve variety different objectives objectives included teaching learning basic numeracy skills students


science technology engineering mathematics stem fields teaching heuristics problem solving strategies solve non routine problems teaching mathematics social sciences actuarial sciences well selected arts liberal arts education liberal arts colleges universities methods method methods used particular context largely determined objectives relevant educational system trying achieve methods teaching mathematics include following '''classical education''' teaching mathematics within quadrivium part classical education curriculum middle ages typically


based euclid 's ''elements'' taught paradigm deductive reasoning games motivate students improve skills usually learned rote number bingo players roll dice perform basic mathematical operations numbers get new number cover board trying cover squares row game played discovery day organized big brother mouse laos '''computer based math''' approach based around use mathematical software primary tool computation '''computer based mathematics education''' involving use computers teach