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'''reading''' process taking sense meaning letters symbols ''etc'' especially sight touch educators researchers reading multifaceted process involving areas word recognition orthography spelling alphabetics phonics phonemic awareness vocabulary comprehension fluency motivation types reading writing pictograms eg hazard symbol emoji based speech based writing systems common link interpretation symbols extract meaning visual notations tactile signals case braille reading muse date may ref

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Reading education


photo reading newspaper catania sicily overview volunteer reads girl casa hogar de las ni mexico city reading typically individual activity done silently although occasion person reads loud listeners reads aloud one 's use better comprehension reintroduction separated text spaces words late middle ages ability read silently considered rather remarkable major predictors individual 's ability read alphabetic non alphabetic scripts oral language skills ref name ref phonological awareness rapid automatized naming verbal


iq leisure activity children adults read pleasant interesting us half adults read one books pleasure year ref name ref read books per year ref name americans read education read fluently easily female live cities higher socioeconomic status ref name children become better readers know world general perceive reading fun rather another chore performed ref name


reading vs literacy reading essential part literacy yet historical perspective literacy ability read write since organizations defined literacy wide variety ways may go beyond traditional ability read write following examples ability read write media print electronic including digital literacy ability understand using printed written materials associated varying contexts ability read write speak listen skills


shift traditional print based literacy st century multiliteracies reflects impact communication technologies multimedia evolving nature texts well skills dispositions associated consumption production evaluation distribution texts borsheim meritt reed p according cognitive neuroscientist mark seidenberg multiple literacies allowed educators change topic reading writing literacy goes say educators faced criticisms reading taught n't alter practices changed subject also organizations might include


numeracy skills technology skills separately alongside literacy skills addition since term literacy often used mean knowledge skill particular field eg computer literacy ecological literacy health literacy media literacy quantitative literacy numeracy ref name carnegie ref visual literacy writing systems order understand text usually necessary understand spoken language associated text way writing systems distinguished many symbolic communication systems ref name daniels ref established writing systems whole change slowly spoken counterparts often preserve


features expressions longer current spoken language great benefit writing systems ability maintain persistent record information expressed language retrieved independently initial act formulation ref name daniels cognitive benefits senior reading newspaper nepal reading pleasure linked increased cognitive progress vocabulary mathematics adolescence sustained high volume lifetime reading associated high levels academic attainment research suggests reading improve stress management ref name ref memory ref name focus ref name ref writing skills ref name


expectation ref name teaching reading rocket science ref according nation 's report card grade four students united states failed perform ''basic level'' partial mastery proficient level skills ref name nations report card ref significant difference race ethnicity eg black students white students see progress international reading literacy study pirls publishes reading achievement fourth graders countries ref name pirls ref five countries highest overall reading average russian federation singapore hong kong sar ireland


england uk united states ref name ref according world bank children low middle income countries suffer 'learning poverty' using data unesco institute statistics published report entitled ''ending learning poverty take'' learning poverty defined unable read understand simple text age although say foundational skills important include reading numeracy basic reasoning ability socio emotional skills others focus specifically reading reasoning reading proficiency easily understood


metric learning reading student 's gateway learning every area reading proficiency serve proxy foundational learning subjects suggest five pillars reduce learning poverty learners prepared motivated learn teachers levels effective valued classrooms equipped learning schools safe inclusive spaces education systems well managed learning read researchers concluded students taught read end first grade yet many countries


widely believed students lack proficiency reading end grade three may face obstacles rest academic career example estimated would able read half material encounter grade four respect reading skills grade four us public school students white students black students performed ''proficient level'' nations report card ref name nations report card also united kingdom reported


year old students reading age year old students result many governments put practices place ensure students reading grade level end grade three example third grade reading guarantee created state ohio program identify students kindergarten grade three behind reading provide support make sure track reading success end grade three ref name ref also known remedial education another example


policy england whereby pupil struggling decode words properly year three must urgently receive help rigorous systematic phonics programme countries united states achieved th highest score grade four reading ability ten countries highest overall reading average russian federation singapore hong kong sar ireland finland poland northern ireland norway chinese taipei england uk others australia st canada rd new zealand rd france th saudi arabia th south africa th spoken language foundation reading spoken


words add words per year first several years schooling exponential learning rate cannot accounted instruction receive instead children learn meaning new word inferred occurs context familiar words eg ''lion'' often seen ''cowardly'' ''king'' british linguist john rupert firth says shall know word company keeps environment children live may also impact ability acquire reading skills children regularly exposed chronic environmental


activity reading engages expands knowledge spoken language enriches linguistic ability hearing new novel words grammatical structures however evidence shared reading children help improve reading children 's attention directed words page read ref name myersbotting ref ref name stages skilled reading path skilled reading involves learning alphabetic principle phonemic awareness phonics fluency vocabulary comprehension ref name national reading panel summary british psychologist uta frith introduced three stages model


acquire skilled reading stage one ''logographic pictorial stage'' students attempt grasp words objects artificial form reading stage two ''phonological stage'' students learn relationship graphemes letters phonemes sounds stage three ''orthographic stage'' students read familiar words quickly unfamiliar words word length gradually ceases play role optimum age learn read debate optimum age teach children read common core state standards initiative ccss united states


standards foundational reading skills kindergarten grade one include instruction print concepts phonological awareness phonics word recognition fluency however critics ccss say achieve reading standards usually calls long hours drill worksheets reduces vital areas learning math science social studies art music creative play pisa oecd data countries demonstrates association school entry age reading achievement age ref name suggate sebastian suggate watering garden rainstorm case early reading instruction


''contemporary debates childhood education development'' ed sebastian suggate elaine reese pp ref also german study kindergartens compared children age spent year either academically focused play arts focused found time two groups became inseparable reading skill authors conclude effects early reading like watering garden rainstorm earlier watering rendered undetectable rainstorm watering wastes precious water watering detracts gardener important preparatory groundwork ref name suggate scholars favor developmentally appropriate practice


dpa formal instruction reading begins children six seven years old support theory point children finland start school age finland ranked th pirls international grade four reading achievement discussion academic kindergartens professor child development david elkind argued since solid research demonstrating early academic training superior worse traditional hands model early education educators defer developmental approaches provide young children ample time


opportunity explore natural world terms ref name elkind ref elkind emphasized principle early education must start child subject matter taught ref name elkind response grover j whitehurst director brown center education policy part brookings institution said david elkind relying much philosophies education rather science research continues say education practices doomed cycles fad fancy become based evidence based practice subject finland 's academic results researchers point prior


starting school finnish children must participate one year compulsory free pre primary education reading start school ref name ref respect ' 'developmentally appropriate practice'' dpa national association education young children washington dc released draft position paper dpa saying notion young children ready academic subject matter misunderstanding developmentally appropriate practice particularly grades almost subject matter taught ways meaningful engaging child researchers institutes


achievement human potential say myth early readers bored become trouble makers school researchers educators favor limited amounts literacy instruction age four five addition non academic intellectually stimulating activities ref name vankleeck ref parents teach children read babies say babies learn read differently easily children learn read school formal instruction also suggest important aspect early baby reading interaction loving parents bonding reviews academic literature


child 's lifetime every dollar spent initially program according cost benefit analysis funded national institutes health program staffed certified teachers offers instruction reading math small group activities educational field trips children ages appear definitive research magic window begin reading instruction ref name however also definitive research suggest starting early causes harm researcher timothy shanahan suggests start teaching reading time kids available teach pay


attention respond instruction terms well learning teaching happy invested seem n't started yet n't feel guilty get going ref name reading instruction grade level education researchers suggest teaching various reading components specific grade levels following one example carol tolman edd louisa moats edd corresponds many respects united states common core state standards initiative class wikitable sortable class unsortable reading instruction component class unsortable tolman


moats class unsortable us common core phonological awareness k k basic phonics k k vocabulary k k comprehension k k written expression k fluency advanced phonics decoding reading development according researchers learners children adults progress several stages first learning read english refining reading skills one recognized experts area harvard professor jeanne sternlicht chall published book entitled ''stages reading development'' proposed six stages subsequently maryanne wolf


ucla graduate school education information studies published book entitled ''proust squid'' describes view following five stages reading development normal children move stages different rates however typical ages children united states shown emerging pre reader months years old lao pdr southeast asia approximately year old children enrolled early childhood education programmes hard reach areas poor families excluded daily reading period shown


uses books provided big brother mouse profit promotes reading lao schools villages emerging pre reader stage also known reading readiness usually lasts first five years child 's life ref name wolf ref children typically speak first words first birthday educators parents help learners develop skills listening speaking reading writing reading children helps develop vocabulary love reading phonemic awareness ability hear manipulate individual sounds phonemes oral language children often


read stories memorized however late united states' researchers found traditional way reading children made little difference later ability read children spend relatively little time actually looking text yet shared reading program four year old children teachers found directing children 's attention letters words eg verbally pointing words made significant difference early reading spelling comprehension ref name novice reader years old novice readers continue develop phonemic awareness come realise


letters graphemes connect sounds phonemes language known decoding phonics alphabetic principle may also memorize common letter patterns high frequency words necessarily follow basic phonological rules eg ''have who'' however mistake assume reader understands meaning text merely decode vocabulary oral language comprehension also important parts text comprehension described simple view reading scarborough 's reading rope active view reading model reading speech


codependent reading promotes vocabulary development richer vocabulary facilitates skilled reading decoding reader years old transition novice reader stage decoding stage marked reduction painful pronunciations place sounds smoother confident reader phase reader adds least words decode example english language readers learn variations vowel based rimes eg s''at'' m''at'' c''at'' vowel pairs also digraph eg r''ai''n pl''ay'' b''oa''t readers move forward learn


make morphemes ie stems roots prefixes suffixes learn common morphemes ed see sight chunks faster child see ''beheaded'' ''be head ed '' faster become fluent reader beginning stage child often devoting much mental capacity process decoding understanding words read nevertheless important stage allowing child achieve ultimate goal becoming fluent


automatic decoding phase child get story really learn read passage necessary truly understand fluent comprehending reader years old goal stage go surface text process reader build knowledge spelling substantially teachers parents may tricked fluent sounding reading thinking child understands everything reading content able read becomes


demanding good readers develop knowledge figurative language irony helps discover new meanings text children improve comprehension use variety tools connecting prior knowledge predicting outcomes drawing inferences monitoring gaps understanding one powerful moments fluent comprehending readers learn enter lives imagined heroes heroines educational psychologist g michael pressley concluded two important aids fluent comprehension explicit instruction major content areas child 's teacher child 's desire


read end stage many processes starting become automatic allowing reader focus meaning decoding process almost automatic point brain learns integrate metaphorical inferential analogical background experiential knowledge stage learning read often last early adulthood ref name wolf ref expert reader years older expert stage usually take reader one half second read almost word degree expert reading change course adult 's life depends


read much read science reading human speech thought years million years old unlike speech brain evolve read naturally result brain adapts challenge reading process reading involves brain especially interconnection visual areas language areas also neural systems related action emotion decision making memory single definition science reading sor ref name international literacy association ref foundational skills phonics decoding phonemic awareness


considered important parts science reading ingredients sor includes research evidence humans learn read reading taught includes areas oral reading fluency vocabulary morphology reading comprehension text spelling pronunciation thinking strategies oral language proficiency working memory training written language performance eg cohesion sentence combining reducing addition educators feel sor include digital literacy background knowledge content rich instruction infrastructural pillars curriculum reimagined teacher preparation leadership adaptive teaching recognizing student 's individual culture linguistic strengths


bi literacy development equity social justice supporting underserved populations eg students low income backgrounds ref name international literacy association researchers suggest need studies relationship theory practice say know science reading science teaching based science reading many layers basic science findings teacher implementation must traversed ref name international literacy association cognitive science likely area successful study reading yet many countries reading levels


considered low united states ''nations report card'' reported grade four public school students performed naep ''proficient level'' solid academic performance performed ''basic level'' partial mastery proficient level skills ref name ref reported pirls study united states ranked th countries reading comprehension levels fourth graders ref name ref name addition according piaac study countries united states ranked th literacy levels adults adults


text written ie vocabulary grammar background knowledge students reading decode words understand meaning similarly students reading cannot decode words would ordinarily recognize understand heard spoken loud ref name auto ref expressed equation decoding oral language comprehension reading comprehension shown graphic simple view reading proposes four broad categories developing readers typical readers poor readers general reading disability dyslexics hyperlexics ref name readingrocketsorg ref scarborough 's reading rope hollis scarborough


creator reading rope senior scientist haskins laboratories leading researcher early language development connection later literacy scarborough published reading rope infographic using strands rope illustrate many ingredients involved becoming skilled reader upper strands represent ''language comprehension'' reinforce one another lower strands represent ''word recognition'' work together reader becomes accurate fluent automatic practice upper lower strands weave together produce skilled reader class wikitable sortable class unsortable language comprehension upper strands background


knowledge facts concepts etc vocabulary breadth precision links etc language structures syntax semantics etc verbal reasoning inference metaphor etc literacy knowledge print concepts genres etc class unsortable word recognition lower strands phonological awareness syllable phonemes etc decoding alphabetic principle spelling sound correspondence sight recognition familiar words recent research laurie e cutting hollis scarborough highlighted importance executive function processes eg working memory planning organization self monitoring similar abilities reading comprehension easy texts require much executive functions however difficult text require


focus ideas reading comprehension strategies summarizing may help active view reading model active view reading avr model may offers alternative simple view reading svr proposed update scarborough 's reading rope srr reflects key insights scientific research reading captured svr srr although avr model tested whole research element within model tested instructional research demonstrating positive causal influences reading comprehension model lists


contributors reading potential causes reading difficulty within across beyond word recognition language comprehension including elements self regulation feature model reflects research documenting profiles reading difficulty explained low word recognition low language comprehension second feature model shows word recognition language comprehension overlap identifies processes bridge constructs following chart shows ingredients authors' infographic addition authors point reading also impacted text task sociocultural


context class wikitable sortable class unsortable active self regulation motivation engagement executive function skills strategy use related word recognition comprehension vocabulary etc class unsortable word recognition wr phonological awareness syllables phonemes etc alphabetic principle phonics knowledge decoding skills recognition words sight class unsortable bridging processes overlapping wr lc print concepts reading fluency vocabulary knowledge morphological awareness structure words parts words stems root words prefixes suffixes graphophonological semantic cognitive flexibility letter sound meaning flexibility


class unsortable language comprehension lc cultural content knowledge reading specific background knowledge genre text etc verbal reasoning inference metaphor etc language structure syntax semantic etc theory mind ability attribute mental states others brain reads several researchers neuroscientists attempted explain brain reads written articles books created websites youtube videos help average consumer ref name ref neuroscientist stanislas dehaene says simple truths accepted namely children similar brains


well tuned systematic grapheme phoneme correspondences everything gain phonics method give freedom read text b classroom size largely irrelevant proper teaching methods used c essential standardized screening tests dyslexia followed appropriate specialized training decoding essential vocabulary enrichment equally important ref name stanislas dehaene ref eye movement silent reading rate reading intensive process eye quickly moves assimilate text seeing accurately enough interpret groups


symbols necessary understand visual perception eye movement reading understand reading process reading eye moves continuously along line text makes short rapid movements saccades intermingled short stops fixations considerable variability fixations point saccade jumps saccades readers even person reading single passage text reading eye '''perceptual span''' slots best case scenario reading english eye fixated letter four


five letters right three four letters left clearly identified beyond general shape letters identified research published concluded '' 'silent reading rate''' adults english ''non fiction'' range words per minute wpm ''fiction'' range words per minute ref name ref date september ref dual route hypothesis reading aloud early dual route hypothesis reading aloud proposed according two separate mental mechanisms involved


free website created johns hopkins university school education 's center data driven reform education funded institute education sciences us department education bee released review research different programs struggling readers elementary schools ref name bee many programs used phonics based teaching one approaches conclusions report shown section entitled effectiveness programs evidence essa ref name evidence essa ref began produced center research reform education crre ref


name educationjhuedu ref johns hopkins university school education baltimore md offers free date information current pk programs reading math social emotional learning attendance meet standards every student succeeds act essa united states k public education policy signed president obama ''proventutoringorg'' non profit organization separate subsidiary non profit success foundation resource school systems educators interested research proven tutoring programs lists programs deliver tutoring programs proven effective rigorous research defined every student


succeeds act center research reform education johns hopkins university provides technical support inform program selection works clearinghouse wwc washington dc established evaluates numerous educational programs twelve categories quality quantity evidence effectiveness operated federal national center education evaluation regional assistance ncee part institute education sciences ies individual studies available reviewed wwc categorized according evidence tiers united states ''every student succeeds


act'' essa intervention reports provided programs according twelve topics eg literacy mathematics science behavior etc british educational research association bera claims home educational research united kingdom ''florida center reading research'' research center florida state university explores aspects reading research resource database allows search information based variety criteria institute education sciences ies washington dc statistics research evaluation arm us department education funds independent education research evaluation statistics


published synthesis research early intervention early childhood education publications products searched author subject etc national foundation educational research nfer non profit research development organization based berkshire england produces independent research reports issues across education system ''using evidence classroom works why'' office standards education ofsted england conducts research schools early education social care education skills ministry education ontario canada offers site entitled ''what works research


practice'' collection research summaries promising teaching practice written experts ontario universities rand corporation offices throughout world funds research early childhood k higher education researched uk based non profit since organized education conferences around world eg africa australia asia canada eu middle east new zealand uk usa featuring researchers educators order promote collaboration research users research creators described grass roots teacher led project aims make teachers research literate pseudo science proof reading paper vs


exceptions teachers taught teach reading n't know n't know survey united states reported teachers believe balanced literacy approach teaching reading however balanced literacy systematic explicit instruction ref name sor spotlight teacher researcher author louisa moats video teachers science reading says sometime teachers talk philosophy teaching reading responds saying 'philosophy' n't work says evidenced fact many children struggling reading ref name nations


report card education week research center survey professors reading instruction percent said philosophy teaching early reading centered explicit systematic phonics comprehension separate focus ref name sor spotlight however least one state arkansas requiring every elementary special education teacher proficient scientific research reading causing amy murdoch associate professor director reading science program mount st joseph university cincinnati say still long way go


see hope ref name sor spotlight ref name ref non profit organizations center development learning louisiana reading league new york state offer training programs teachers learn science reading timothy shanahan educator acknowledges comprehensive research always exist specific aspects reading instruction however lack evidence mean something work know suggests teachers make use research available places journal educational psychology reading research quarterly reading writing quarterly review educational research


employed different manners depending country specific school division researchers reached two conclusions mastering alphabetic principle essential instructional techniques namely phonics teach principle directly effective however make clear fundamental disagreements claims made whole language advocates principles whole language value need ensure students enthusiastic books eager learn read ref name rayner phonics related areas oclc ref phonics emphasizes


alphabetic principle idea letters graphemes represent sounds speech phonemes taught variety ways systematic others unsystematic unsystematic phonics teaches phonics needed basis particular sequence ''systematic'' phonics uses planned sequential introduction set phonic elements along ''explicit'' teaching practice elements national reading panel npr concluded systematic phonics instruction effective unsystematic phonics non phonics instruction phonics approaches include analogy phonics analytic phonics embedded phonics mini lessons phonics spelling


synthetic phonics ref name 'neural representations' ref ref name 'ventral dorsal streams' ref ref name 'chinese ventral dorsal streams' ref ref name rayner ref name 'changes reading strategies' ref according review research related ''english speaking poor readers'' phonics training effective improving literacy related skills particularly fluent reading words non words accurate reading irregular words addition phonics produces higher achievement beginning readers greatest improvement experienced students risk failing learn read children able infer rules need explicit instruction phonics


rules phonics instruction marked benefits expansion student 's vocabulary overall children directly taught phonics better reading spelling comprehension ref name seidenberg mark ref challenge teaching phonics languages english complex letter sound correspondences cause confusion beginning readers reason recommended teachers english reading begin introducing frequent sounds common spellings save less frequent sounds complex spellings later eg sounds v w spellings c''a''ke


''eigh''t ''c''at du''ck'' ref name rayner phonics gaining world wide acceptance combining phonics literacy instruction phonics taught many different ways often taught together following oral language skills concepts print phonological awareness phonemic awareness phonology oral reading fluency vocabulary syllables reading comprehension spelling word study cooperative learning multisensory learning guided reading phonics often featured discussions science reading evidence based practices national reading panel usa clear systematic phonics instruction integrated reading instruction create


balanced reading program suggests phonics taught together phonemic awareness oral fluency vocabulary comprehension timothy shanahan educator member panel recommends primary students receive minutes per day explicit systematic literacy instruction time divided equally words word parts eg letters sounds decoding phonemic awareness b oral reading fluency c reading comprehension writing furthermore states phonemic awareness skills found give greatest reading advantage kindergarten first grade children ' 'segmenting blending'' ref name ref ontario association deans


education canada published research monograph entitled ''supporting early language literacy'' suggestions parents teachers helping children prior grade one covers areas letter names letter sound correspondence phonics well conversation play based learning print phonological awareness shared reading vocabulary effectiveness programs researchers report teaching reading without teaching phonics harmful large numbers students yet phonics teaching programs produce effective results reason effectiveness program depends using right curriculum together appropriate approach


instruction techniques classroom management grouping factors louisa moats teacher psychologist researcher long advocated reading instruction direct explicit systematic covering phoneme awareness decoding comprehension literature appreciation daily exposure variety texts maintains reading failure prevented small percentage children serious learning disorders possible teach students read start early follow significant body research showing practices effective interest evidence based education appears growing best


evidence encyclopedia bee released review research different programs struggling readers elementary schools ref name bee ref many programs used phonics based teaching one following cooperative learning technology supported adaptive instruction see educational technology metacognitive skills phonemic awareness word reading fluency vocabulary multisensory learning spelling guided reading reading comprehension word analysis structured curriculum balanced literacy non phonetic approach bee review concludes outcomes positive one one tutoring b outcomes positive large one small group tutoring c differences outcomes teachers


teaching assistants tutors technology supported adaptive instruction positive outcomes e whole class approaches mostly cooperative learning whole school approaches incorporating tutoring obtained outcomes struggling readers large found one one tutoring benefitted many students f approaches mixing classroom school improvements tutoring risk students greatest potential largest numbers struggling readers ref name bee robert slavin bee goes far suggest states hire thousands tutors support students scoring far grade level particularly elementary school reading


research says shows tutoring one one one small group reading mathematics effect size larger nbsp averages around well trained teaching assistants using structured tutoring materials software obtain outcomes good obtained certified teachers tutors works clearinghouse allows see effectiveness specific programs example data literacy programs filter grade class types school types delivery methods program types outcomes receive programs


view program details wish compare one another evidence essa ref name evidence essa center research reform education ref name educationjhuedu offers free date information current pk programs reading writing math science others meet standards every student succeeds act usa ''proventutoringorg'' non profit organization resource educators interested research proven tutoring programs programs lists proven effective rigorous research defined every student succeeds act center research reform education johns hopkins university


provides technical support inform program selection ref name educationjhuedu ref systematic phonics title national reading panel nichd p ref ''systematic phonics'' one specific method teaching phonics term used describe phonics approaches taught ''explicitly'' structured systematic manner ' 'systematic'' letters sounds relate taught specific sequence opposed incidentally needed basis national reading panel npr concluded systematic phonics instruction effective unsystematic phonics non phonics instruction nrp also found systematic phonics


instruction effective varying degrees delivered one one tutoring small groups teaching classes students effective kindergarten onward earlier better helps significantly word reading skills reading comprehension kindergartners st graders well older struggling readers reading disabled students benefits spelling positive kindergartners st graders older students systematic phonics sometimes mischaracterized skill drill little attention meaning however researchers point impression false teachers use engaging games materials teach


letter sound connections also incorporated reading meaningful text ref name ehri linnea c ref phonics taught systematically variety ways analogy phonics analytic phonics phonics spelling synthetic phonics however effectiveness vary considerably methods differ areas range letter sound coverage structure lesson plans time devoted specific instructions systematic phonics gained increased acceptance different parts world since completion three major studies teaching reading one us ref name nichd


another australia ref name teaching reading ref uk ref name uk department education published curriculum review added support systematic phonics fact systematic phonics uk known synthetic phonics beginning early several states united states changed curriculum include systematic phonics instruction elementary school ref name b ref state government victoria australia published website containing comprehensive literacy teaching toolkit including effective reading instruction phonics sample phonics lessons ref name effective reading instruction victoria australia ref


analogy phonics ''analogy phonics'' particular type ''analytic phonics'' teacher students analyze phonic elements according speech sounds phonograms word example type phonogram known linguistics rime composed vowel consonant sounds follow eg words ''cat mat sat'' rime '' '' teachers using analogy method may students memorize bank phonograms '' at'' '' am'' use ''word families'' eg c''an'' r''an'' m''an'' m''ay'' pl''ay'' s''ay'' ref name analogy based phonics ld online ref ref


name ref analytic phonics ''analytic phonics'' involve pronouncing individual sounds phonemes isolation blending sounds done synthetic phonics rather taught word level students learn analyze letter sound relationships word identified example students analyze letter sound correspondences ''ou'' spelling shr''ou' 'ds also students might asked practice saying words similar sounds ''b''all ''b''at ''b''ite furthermore students taught consonant blends separate adjacent consonants units ''br''eak ' 'shr''ouds ref name embedded phonics mini lessons ''embedded phonics''


also known ''incidental phonics'' type phonics instruction used whole language programs ' 'systematic phonics'' although phonics skills de emphasised whole language programs teachers include phonics mini lessons students struggle words reading book short lessons included based phonics elements students trouble new difficult phonics pattern appears class reading assignment focus meaning generally maintained mini lesson provides time focus individual sounds letters represent embedded phonics


different methods instruction always context literature rather separate lessons distinct sounds letters skills taught opportunity arises systematically phonics spelling teachers method teaching spelling using sounds phonemes however also method teaching reading focusing sounds spelling ie phonemes syllables taught systematically guided lessons conducted direct explicit manner including appropriate feedback sometimes mnemonic cards containing individual sounds used


student says entire word loud alternate method would student use mnemonic cards sound spell target word typically instruction starts sounds one letter simple cvc words ' 'sat'' ''pin'' progresses longer words sounds one letter eg h''ea''r d''ay'' perhaps even syllables eg wa ter sometimes student practices saying sounding cards contain entire words synthetic phonics ''synthetic phonics'' also known blended phonics systematic phonics method employed teach students


read ' 'sounding out'' letters ''blending'' sounds form word method involves learning letters letter groups represent individual sounds sounds blended form word example ' 'shrouds'' would read pronouncing sounds spelling ' 'sh r ou s'' ipa blending sounds orally produce spoken word ' 'sh r ou shrouds'' ipa goal either blended phonics synthetic phonics instructional program students identify sound symbol correspondences blend


phonemes automatically since synthetic phonics become accepted method teaching reading phonics instruction england scotland australia rose report uk concluded systematic synthetic phonics effective method teaching reading also suggests best teaching included brisk pace engaging children 's interest multi sensory activities stimulating resources praise effort achievement full backing headteacher also considerable support states usa ref name nichd ref support expert panels canada us


pilot program using core knowledge early literacy program used type phonics approach showed significantly higher results k reading compared comparison schools addition several states california ohio new york arkansas promoting principles synthetic phonics see synthetic phonics united states resources teaching phonics available related areas laotian girls sit outside school reading books received rural school book party phonemic awareness phonemic awareness process phonemes sounds oral language heard interpreted understood manipulated


mentioned earlier researchers feel effective way teaching phonemic awareness segmenting blending key part synthetic phonics ref name vocabulary critical aspect reading comprehension vocabulary development ref name justice reader encounters unfamiliar word print decodes derive spoken pronunciation reader understands word reader 's spoken vocabulary otherwise reader must derive meaning word using another strategy context development child 's vocabulary impeded things ear


infections inhibit child hearing new words consistently development reading also impaired sight vocabulary vs sight words sight words ie high frequency common words sometimes called look say method '''whole word method''' ''not'' part phonics method usually associated whole language balanced literacy students expected memorize common words dolch word list fry word list eg call eat fall gave etc supposition whole language balanced literacy students learn


read easily memorize common words encounter especially words easily decoded ie exceptions hand using sight words method teaching reading english seen odds alphabetic principle treating english though logographic language eg chinese japanese addition according research whole word memorisation labor intensive requiring average trials per word ref name bruce murray ref also phonics advocates say words decodable comparatively words memorized


child time encounter many low frequency words phonological recoding mechanism powerful indeed essential mechanism throughout reading development ref name rayner furthermore researchers suggest teachers withhold phonics instruction make easier children opposite effect making harder children gain basic word recognition skills suggest learners focus understanding principles phonics recognize phonemic overlaps among words eg n't etc making easier decode ''sight vocabulary'' part phonics


method describes words stored long term memory read automatically skilled fully alphabetic readers learn store words long term memory without memorization ie mental dictionary making reading comprehension easier know sound based way decode mind learns words look like even 're especially trying process called ''orthographic mapping'' involves ' 'decoding crosschecking mental marking rereading'' takes significantly less time memorization process works fully alphabetic readers reading simple decodable words left right word ''irregular words'' pose


tackle irregular words ref name bruce murray fluency fluency ability read orally speed accuracy vocal expression ability read fluently one several critical factors necessary reading comprehension reader fluent may difficult remember read relate ideas expressed text background knowledge accuracy automaticity reading serves bridge decoding comprehension ref name rasinski reading comprehension nrp describes reading comprehension complex cognitive process reader intentionally interactively engages


picture mnemonic memory support alphabet cards teaching letters sounds words whole language although widely used whole word methods supported science ref name stanislas dehaene ref name rayner whole language reputation meaning based method teaching reading emphasizes literature text comprehension discourages significant use phonics instead trains students focus words sentences paragraphs whole rather letters sounds students taught use context pictures guess words recognize even skip


read aims make reading fun yet many students struggle figure specific rules language causes student 's decoding spelling suffer following features whole language philosophy children expected learn read write learned talk gradually without great deal direct instruction however researchers neuroscientists say learning read unlike learning talk natural process many learners require explicit instruction point millions adults speak


language fine yet cannot read language ref name rayner learning emphasized teaching assumed students learn read write teacher facilitates growth students read write every day variety situations reading writing spoken language considered separate components curriculum merely ends rather permeate everything students division first ''learning read'' later ' 'reading learn'' ref name stanovich ref whole language widely used us


canada often ''balanced literacy'' however us states many countries australia united kingdom lost favor abandoned supported evidence ref name seidenberg ref notable researchers clearly stated disapproval ''whole language'' ''whole word'' teaching book ''reading brain'' cognitive neuroscientist stanislas dehaene said cognitive psychology directly refutes notion teaching via 'global' 'whole language' method goes talk myth whole word reading saying refuted recent experiments


recognize printed word holistic grasping contours brain breaks letters graphemes ref name stanislas dehaene ref addition cognitive neuroscientist mark seidenberg book ''language speed light'' refers whole language theoretical zombie persists spite lack supporting evidence ref name ref ref name seidenberg balanced literacy balanced literacy well defined however intended method combines elements phonics whole language according survey elementary school teachers united states


profess use balanced literacy ref name ref however teachers united states include ''phonics'' definition ''balanced literacy'' national reading panel concluded phonics must integrated instruction phonemic awareness vocabulary fluency comprehension studies indicate addition language activities tutoring phonics produced larger effects components isolation suggest may constructive way view balanced reading instruction however balanced literacy received criticism researchers others suggesting many instances merely ''whole language''


another name ref name ref according phonics advocate cognitive neuroscientist mark seidenberg balanced literacy allows educators diffuse reading wars making specific recommendations change ref name seidenberg mark goes say opinion high number struggling readers united states result manner teachers taught teach reading also says struggling readers encouraged skip challenging word rely pictures semantic syntactic cues guess challenging word instead use evidence based


decoding methods systematic phonics ref name language speed sight pag structured literacy structured literacy many elements systematic phonics elements balanced literacy defined explicit systematic teaching focuses phonological awareness word recognition phonics decoding spelling syntax sentence paragraph levels considered beneficial early literacy learners especially dyslexia according international dyslexia association structured literacy contains elements phonology phonemic awareness sound symbol association alphabetic principle phonics syllables morphology syntax


semantics elements taught using methods systematic cumulative explicit multisensory use diagnostic assessment three cueing system searchlights model three cueing system searchlights model england theory circulating since roots theories proposed ken goodman marie clay eventually became whole language reading recovery guided reading eg fountas pinnell early reading programs teachers united states teach three cueing system ref name proposes children stuck word use


various cues figure determine guess meaning meaning cues semantic make sense context syntactic noun verb etc graphophonic letter sound relationships also known msv ''m''eaning ''s''entence structure syntax ''v''isual information letters words according three cueing n't effective way beginning readers learn decode printed text cueing system help students make better guesses help words become sophisticated reduces


seidenberg ref ref name dr kerry hempenstall senior industry fellow school education rmit university melbourne australia ref england simple view reading synthetic phonics intended replace searchlights multi cueing model ref name ref ref name ref hand researchers suggest context useful guess word confirm word phonetically decoded three ps ps pause prompt praise three ps approach used teachers tutors parents guide oral reading practice struggling reader merely variation


mentioned ''three cueing system'' however others different example student encounters word know get wrong three steps pause see fix even letting read little prompt strategies find correct pronunciation praise directly genuinely ''prompt'' step tutor suggest student skip word guess word based pictures first sound instead encourage student use decoding training


sound word use context meaning confirm found correct word guided reading reading workshop shared reading leveled reading silent reading self teaching '''guided reading''' small group reading instruction intended allow differences students' reading abilities reading students encouraged use strategies three cueing system searchlights model msv longer supported primary national strategy england synthetic phonics officially recognized method teaching reading united states guided reading part


silently based limited available studies silent reading nrp concluded independent silent reading prove effective practice used type reading instruction develop fluency reading skills particularly students yet developed critical alphabetic word reading skills studies indicate unlike silent reading oral reading increases phonological effects according classroom method called dear drop everything read best use classroom time students yet fluent however according ' 'self teaching hypothesis''


directly characters contain hints example japanese reading kanji ''min'' related kanji shares reading ''min'' right hand part shows character 's pronunciation however true characters kun readings hand learned memorized way tell character ruby characters used textbooks help children learn sounds logogram makes written smaller size using alphabetic syllabic script example


hiragana typically used japanese pinyin romanization latin alphabet characters used chinese style line height em font size em style line height em font size em style line height em font size em style line height em font size em style padding em style line height em font size em text align center style line height em font size em text align center style line height em font size em style line height em font size em examples spell word ''kanji'' made two kanji characters ''kan'' written hiragana ''ji'' written hiragana textbooks


sometimes edited cohesive set across grades children encounter characters yet expected learned reading wars phonics vs whole language debate going decades merits phonics vs whole language sometimes referred ''reading wars'' mid 's phonics accepted method united states teach children read horace mann secretary massachusetts board education advocated whole word method teaching reading replace phonics others


rudolf flesch advocated return phonics book ''why johnny ca n't read'' whole word method received support kenneth j goodman wrote article entitled ''reading psycholinguistic guessing game'' although supported scientific studies theory became influential whole language method ref name since whole language supporters frank smith psycholinguist unyielding arguing phonics taught little yet researchers say instruction phonics phonemic awareness '' critically important '' '' essential '' develop early reading skills ref


proficient reading alphabetic languages phonemic awareness phonics fluency ref name rasinski ref vocabulary ref name justice ref text comprehension non latin languages proficient reading necessarily require phonemic awareness rather awareness individual parts speech may also include whole word chinese characters syllables japanese well others depending writing system employed rose report department education england makes clear view systematic phonics specifically synthetic phonics best way ensure children learn read


law ref name ref ref name ref ref name ref government australia published report stating evidence clear direct systematic instruction phonics early years schooling essential foundation teaching children read ref name ref phonics gaining acceptance many countries seen page practices country region important elements rapid automatized naming ran ref name lerv g ref ref name denckla mb ref general understanding orthography language practice rapid automatized naming ability say quickly


names letters objects colors predicts individual 's ability read might linked importance quick retrieval phonological representations long term memory reading importance object naming circuits left cerebral hemisphere recruited underpin learner 's word recognition abilities ref name lerv g ref name denckla mb orthography describes defines set symbols used language rules write symbols ie conventional spelling system language orthographic development proceeds increasing complexity person learns read first things


reading skill cross model mapping orthographic phonologic areas brain critical reading thus amount activation left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus performing reading tasks used predict later reading ability advancement young children higher phonological word characteristic processing significantly better reading skills later older children focus whole word orthographic representation difficulty decoding marked acquired phoneme grapheme mapping concept one specific disability characterized poor decoding dyslexia defined brain based type learning disability specifically impairs


ref ref name post stroke language disorders ref dementia ref name facoetti ref name anchoring ref name cherney lr ref name post stroke language disorders reading rate average reading rate ''words per minute'' wpm depending age measured different tests english french german individuals reading rate difficulties tend accurate word recognition normal comprehension abilities reading speed grade level strategies guided reading guided repeated oral reading instruction may help improve reader 's reading rate many studies show increasing reading speed improves comprehension reading speed requires long time reach adult levels according


carver children 's reading speed increases throughout school years average grade college reading rate increases standard length words per minute year one standard length word defined six characters text including punctuation spaces scientific studies demonstrated speed reading defined capturing decoding words faster wpm feasible given limits set anatomy eye reading fluency individuals reading fluency difficulties fail maintain fluid smooth pace reading strategies used overcoming reading rate difficulties


also useful addressing reading fluency issues ref name national reading panel subgroups reading comprehension individuals reading comprehension difficulties commonly described poor comprehenders normal decoding skills well fluid rate reading difficulty comprehending text reading simple view reading holds reading comprehension requires ' 'decoding skills'' ''oral language comprehension'' ability ref name readingrocketsorg increasing vocabulary knowledge listening skills teaching basic comprehension techniques may help facilitate better reading comprehension suggested students receive brief explicit instruction reading comprehension strategies areas vocabulary noticing understanding


connecting ideas scarborough 's reading rope also outlines essential ingredients reading comprehension reading achievement national international reports following organizations measure report reading achievement united states internationally naep united states national assessment educational progress naep nation 's report card national assessment students know various subjects four subjects reading writing mathematics science assessed frequently reported state district level usually grades ref name nations report card


american indian alaska native black naep reading assessment results reported average scores scale basic level proficient level average reading score grade four public school students ref name ref female students average score points higher male students students eligible national school lunch program nslp average score points lower students eligible reading scores individual states districts available


naep site mississippi state grade four reading score increase states score decrease ref name ref piaac programme international assessment adult competencies piaac international study organisation economic co operation development oecd cognitive workplace skills countries ref name piaac oecd survey measures adults' proficiency key information processing skills literacy numeracy problem solving focus working age population ages example study shows


united states th australia st canada rd new zealand rd ref name ref name ref name pisa programme international student assessment pisa measures year old school pupils scholastic performance mathematics science reading ref name pisa participating countries economies average students beijing shanghai jiangsu zhejiang china singapore outperformed students countries reading mathematics science countries reading scores oecd average scores many scores statistically different history reading catholic monk reading monastery library history reading dates


back invention writing th millennium bc although reading print text important way general population access information always case exceptions small percentage population many countries considered literate industrial revolution pre modern societies generally high literacy rates included classical athens islamic caliphate scholars assume reading aloud latin ''clare legere'' common practice antiquity reading silently ''legere tacite'' ''legere sibi'' unusual ref name carruthers carruthers mary


''the book memory study memory medieval culture'' nd ed cambridge cambridge university press pp ff ref ''confessions'' saint augustine remarks saint ambrose 's unusual habit reading silently th century ad ref name carruthers age enlightenment elite individuals promoted passive reading rather creative interpretation reading concrete laws lets readers escape produce products introspectively promoting deep exploration texts interpretation thinkers era believed construction creation writing producing product sign initiative active


participation society viewed consumption reading simply taking constructors made ref name certeau michel de certeau michel reading poaching ''the practice everyday life'' trans steven f rendall berkeley university california press ref also era writing considered superior reading society considered readers time passive citizens produce product michel de certeau argued elites age enlightenment responsible general belief michel de certeau believed reading required venturing author 's land taking away reader


wanted specifically view held writing superior art reading within hierarchical constraints era ref name certeau michel th century europe new practice reading alone bed time considered dangerous immoral reading became less communal oral practice private silent one sleeping increasingly moved communal sleeping areas individual bedrooms raised concern reading bed presented various dangers fires caused bedside candles modern critics however speculate concerns based fear readers especially


states phonics principle teaching reading first presented john hart suggested teaching reading focus relationship referred graphemes letters phonemes sounds colonial times united states reading material written specifically children instruction material consisted primarily bible patriotic essays influential early textbook new england primer published little consideration given best ways teach reading assess reading comprehension ref name adams ref phonics


popular way learn reading william holmes mcguffey american educator author presbyterian minister lifelong interest teaching children compiled first four mcguffey readers mcguffey 's primer whole word method invented thomas hopkins gallaudet director american asylum hartford designed educate deaf people placing word alongside picture gallaudet described method teaching children recognize total sight words written cards horace mann secretary board education


meaning based curriculum came dominate reading instruction second quarter th century reading programs became focused comprehension taught children read whole words sight phonics taught last resort ref name adams edward william dolch developed list sight words studying frequently occurring words children 's books era children encouraged memorize words idea help read fluently many teachers continue use list although researchers consider theory


sight word reading myth researchers literacy organizations suggest would effective students learned words using phonics approach ref name stanislas dehaene rudolf flesch published book entitled ''why johnny ca n't read'' passionate argument favor teaching children read using phonics adding reading debate among educators researchers parents ref name flesch r ref american girl reading newspaper government funded research reading instruction united states elsewhere began researchers began publishing studies evidence


effectiveness different instructional approaches time researchers national institutes health nih conducted studies showed early reading acquisition depends understanding connection sounds letters ie phonics however appears little effect educational practices public schools ref name adams marilyn jager ref whole language method introduced method de emphasizes teaching phonics context eg reading books intended help readers guess right word teaches guessing individual words involve three systems letter clues meaning


clues context syntactical structure sentence became primary method reading instruction however falling favor neuroscientist mark seidenberg refers theoretical zombie persists spite lack supporting evidence ref name still widely practiced related methods sight words three cueing system balanced literacy ref name adams marilyn jager ref name ldonline ref three cueing system searchlights model england emerged according survey teachers united states


teach three cueing system ref name teaches children guess word using meaning cues semantic syntactic graphophonic system help students make better guesses help words become sophisticated reduces amount practice time available learn essential decoding skills consequently present day researchers cognitive neuroscientists mark seidenberg professor timothy shanahan support theory ref name timothy shanahan reading rockets ref name mark seidenberg ref name dr kerry hempenstall senior industry fellow school education rmit university melbourne australia england synthetic phonics intended


replace searchlights multi cueing model ref name ref name balanced literacy arose theory teaching reading writing clearly defined may include elements word study phonics mini lessons differentiated learning cueing leveled reading shared reading guided reading independent reading sight words ref name ref name districtadministrationcom ref ref name ref name reasons use balanced literacy ref balanced literacy strikes balance whole language phonics others say balanced literacy practice usually means ''whole language'' approach reading according survey k teachers united


states practice balanced literacy furthermore teachers included ''phonics'' definition ''balanced literacy'' ref name california department education took increased interest using phonics schools department called grade one teaching concepts print phonemic awareness decoding word recognition vocabulary concept development uk whole language instruction searchlights model still norm however attention teaching phonics early grades seen national literacy strategies st century national reading


panel usa identified five ingredients effective reading instruction ''phonemic awareness phonics fluency vocabulary comprehension'' beginning several reading research reports published national reading panel usa identified five ingredients effective reading instruction ''phonemic awareness phonics fluency vocabulary comprehension'' ref name national reading panel summary australian report ''teaching reading'' supports use systematic phonics ref name teaching reading united kingdom independent review teaching early reading rose report supports systematic synthetic phonics australia report ''teaching reading'' recommends


teaching reading based evidence teaching systematic explicit phonics within integrated approach executive summary says systematic phonics instruction critical children taught read well whether experience reading difficulties ref name october state government victoria australia publishes website containing comprehensive literacy teaching toolkit including effective reading instruction phonics sample phonics lessons scotland seven year study clackmannanshire report published compared analytic phonics synthetic phonics advantaged students disadvantaged students report found using synthetic


phonics children lower socio economic backgrounds performed level children advantaged backgrounds primary school whereas analytic phonics teaching significantly less well boys performed better well girls five year follow study concluded beneficial effects long lasting fact reading gains increased subsequently education scotland concluded explicit systematic phonics programs usually embedded rich literacy environment give additional four months progress programs whole language particularly beneficial young learners aged evidence though


less secure synthetic phonics programs may beneficial analytic phonics programs however important teach systematically english language syllabus singapore advocated balance decoding meaning based instruction phonics whole language however review advocated systematic approach subsequently syllabus mention whole language advocated balance systematic explicit instruction rich language environment called increased instruction oral language skills together phonemic awareness key decoding elements synthetic phonics


analytic phonics analogy phonics department education de northern ireland required law teach children foundational skills phonological awareness understanding words made sounds syllables sounds represented letters phoneme grapheme awareness de required teachers receive support using evidence based practices teach literacy numeracy including systematic programme high quality phonics explicit structured well paced interactive engaging applied meaningful context national center family literacy ''national institute literacy''


published report entitled ''developing early literacy'' synthesis scientific research development early literacy skills children ages zero five determined ''national early literacy panel'' convened amongst things report concluded code focused interventions early literacy conventional literacy skills young children yield moderate large effect predictors later reading writing irrespective socioeconomic status ethnicity population density common core state standards initiative introduced united states ''english language


arts standards reading foundational skills grades '' include recommendations teach print concepts phonological awareness phonics word recognition fluency united kingdom government white paper contained plans train primary school teachers phonics curriculum statutory requirements amongst things students years one two capable using systematic synthetic phonics regards word reading reading comprehension fluency writing includes skills sound graphemes decoding blending ref name ref name united nations educational scientific cultural organization unesco national


commission unesco launched ''leading literacy'' project develop literacy skills grades students project facilitates training primary school teachers use ' 'synthetic phonics'' program trinidad tobago ministry education appointed seven reading specialist help primary secondary school teachers improve literacy instruction february january literacy coaches hired selected primary schools assist teachers kindergarten grades pedagogy content early literacy instruction primary schools provided


literacy resources instruction including phonemic awareness word recognition vocabulary manipulatives phonics comprehension state mississippi passed literacy based promotion act mississippi department education provided resources teachers areas phonemic awareness phonics vocabulary fluency comprehension reading strategies ref name nations report card ref name school curriculum ireland focuses ensuring children literate english language irish language teachers' professional development guide covers seven areas attitude motivation fluency comprehension word identification vocabulary phonological awareness phonics assessment recommends phonics


link letters phonemic awareness phonics teach students decode words analyze word parts write recognize words phonics synthetic phonics ensure student reads connected text every day support reading accuracy fluency comprehension colorado department education updated ''elementary teacher literacy standards'' standards development areas phonology phonics word recognition fluent automatic reading vocabulary text comprehension handwriting spelling written expression time department education delaware usa produced plan improve education results states


rise reading initiative student excellence result right read act passed ref name first goal initiative provide educators depth knowledge skills science reading evidence based instructional strategies included focus research based instruction phonological awareness phonics vocabulary fluency comprehension specifically systematic explicit instruction ministry education new zealand online information help teachers support students years relation sounds letters words states phonics


instruction end ''not'' necessary teach students every combination letters sounds sciencedirect published results study early literacy numeracy outcomes developing countries entitled ''identifying essential ingredients literacy numeracy improvement teacher professional development coaching student textbooks structured teachers guides'' concluded including teachers guides far cost effective intervention paris france strong debate france teaching phonics thode syllabique versus whole language thode globale supporters


mixed approach serious choice minnesota department education introduced standards requiring school districts develop local literacy plan ensure students achieved early reading proficiency later end third grade accordance statute minnesota legislature requiring elementary teachers able implement comprehensive scientifically based reading oral language instruction five reading areas phonemic awareness phonics fluency vocabulary comprehension also grade students louisiana reading ''proficiency level'' according


nation 's report card compared national average ref name ref march louisiana department education revised curriculum k english language arts including requirements instruction alphabetic principle phonological awareness phonics word recognition fluency comprehension grade students texas reading ''proficiency level'' according nation 's report card ref name ref name june year texas legislature passed bill requiring kindergarten grade three teachers principals ''begin'' teacher literacy achievement academy school


year required content academies' training includes areas ''the science teaching reading oral language phonological awareness decoding ie phonics fluency comprehension'' goal increase teacher knowledge implementation evidence based practices positively impact student literacy achievement state connecticut passed act concerning right read take effect requires education standards evidenced based scientifically based focused competency five areas reading phonemic awareness phonics fluency vocabulary development reading fluency including oral skills reading comprehension


year state north carolina passed bill requiring teaching reading based science reading information reading educational developments see phonics practices country region terms ''subvocalization'' sense reader combining silent reading internal sounding words advocates speed reading claim bad habit slows reading comprehension researchers say fallacy since actual speaking involved instead may help skilled readers read since utilizing


phonological code understand words ''eg'' difference ''permit'' permit'' ''speed reading'' claim increase reading speed without experiencing unacceptable reduction comprehension retention methods include skimming chunking words body text increase rate reading however cognitive neuroscientists stanislas dehaene mark seidenberg say claims reading words per minute must viewed skepticism people likely read thousands words per minute run faster speed


writing three passes structure work logical propositions made evaluation merits arguments conclusions method involves suspending judgment work arguments fully understood ''survey question read recite review sq r '' method often taught public schools involves reading able teach read appropriate instructors preparing teach material without referring notes ''rapid serial visual presentation rsvp '' reading involves presenting words sentence one word time


domain image book shall five hundred games pastimes dorothy canfield published frederick stokes company new york file riza yi abbasi jpg ''youth reading'' persian miniature reza abbasi file honor daumier jpg center ''reader'' painting honor daumier center gallery photographs gallery heights mode packed file three girls reading jpg three girls reading file girl reading gn jpg girl reading book featuring title 'the children 's hour' photograph hippopotamus thebarton primary school south australia gallery see also analytic phonics balanced literacy dyslexia dual route hypothesis reading aloud educational software language literacy phonics


primary education proofreading reading comprehension reading disability reading special needs spelling synthetic phonics vocabulary vocabulary development women reading art whole language references reading national endowment arts june https webarchiveorg web http wwwneagov pub readingatriskpdf reading risk survey literary reading america pdf external links https wwwliteracyworldwideorg international literacy association ila official website https wwwthereadingleagueorg reading league https amplifycom science reading podcast science reading podcast https wwwapaorg pubs journals edu journal educational psychology https journalssagepubcom home rer review educational research rer https wwwtriplesrorg indexphp society scientific study reading writing systems orthography applied linguistics psycholinguistics educational psychology


'''religion geography''' study impact geography ie place space religious belief another aspect relationship religion geography ' 'religious geography'' geographical ideas influenced religion early map making ''biblical geography'' developed th century identify places bible ref name phgsagepub ref research traditions traditionally relationship geography religion clearly seen influences religion shaping cosmological understandings world sixteenth seventeenth century study geography religion mainly focused

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Religion geography


mapping spread christianity ecclesiastical geography though later half seventeenth century influences spread religions also taken account ref name phgsagepub traditional approaches study relationship geography religion involved theological explorations workings nature highly environmentally deterministic approach identified role geographical environments determining nature evolution different religious traditions ref name phgsagepub thus geographers less concerned religion per se sensitive religion cultural feature affects social cultural


political environmental systems point focus specifics religious beliefs practices religious beliefs practices internalised adherents processes internalization influence influenced social systems sacred places traditional cultural geographical approaches study religion mainly seek determine religion impact landscape contemporary approach study intersections geography religion highlights role religion affecting landscape changes assigning sacred meanings specific places also acknowledges turn


religious ideology practice specific spaces guided transformed location ref name phgsagepub religious experiences belief religious meanings transforms physical spaces sacred spaces perceptions imaginings influence way spaces used personal spiritual meanings developed using sacred spaces religiously significant spaces go beyond officially religious spiritual spaces places worship include non official religious spaces homes schools even bodies ref name kong ref works focused material aspects spaces architectural distinctiveness socially constructed spaces rituals


demarcation sacred spaces present religious meaning significance key focus study sacred places politics identity belonging meaning ascribed sacred sites constant negotiations power legitimacy particularly multicultural settings contestation legitimacy public approval negotiations use particular spaces heart determining communities understand internalise struggle compete right practice religious traditions public spaces ref name phgsagepub community identity religion may starting point examine issues ethnic


identity formation construction ethnic identity ref name peach ref geographers studying negotiations religious identity within various communities often concerned overt articulation religious identity example adherents different locations establish distinctive religious cultural identities understandings religion externally present religious adherence terms religious practice ritual behaviour overarching theme articulation religious identity concerned material aspects symbolizing religious identity architecture establishment physical presence negotiations struggles asserting


religious identity face persecution exclusion personal practices religious ritual behaviour establishes one religious identity ref name kong new geographies religion research geography religion grown one new focuses geographical research examines rise religious fundamentalism resulting impact geographical contexts develops addition migration processes resulted development religious pluralism numerous countries landscape changes accompany movement settlement communities defined religion key focus


study geography religion ref name kong ref work needs done examine intersections collisions occur due movement communities example migration muslim communities western countries highlight communities negotiate religious experiences new spaces ref name peach recent research area published barry vann analyzes muslim population shifts western world theological factors play demographic trends another new area interest study geography religion explores different sites religious practice


beyond officially sacred sites religious schools media spaces banking financial practices example islamic banking home spaces different avenues take account informal everyday spaces intersect religious practice meaning ref name kong see also ethnic religion religion country religious demographics notes references douglas h paul '' city churches phases adaptation urban environment'' united states http wwwdliernetin handle online free external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwvalpoedu geomet geo courses geo religionhtml maps religious belief us religious belief doctrine


px '''legal management''' academic professional discipline hybrid study law management ie business administration public administration etc often alumni legal management programmes pursue professional degree law juris doctor jd bachelor laws llb profess paralegals law clerks political analysts politicians public administrators entrepreneurs business executives pursue careers academe degree designed philippines first introduced ateneo de manila university former philippine supreme court chief justice renato corona similar degree


known legal studies offered university california berkeley without management courses legal management student organisations across philippines represented alliance legal management associations philippines almap securities exchange commission non stock non profit student run corporation curriculum legal management currently offered multiple degree formats depending offering college university variety flexibility focal point among schools roster academic degrees capitalise legal aspects others business aspects schools may offer


degree either predominantly preparatory law programme liberal arts focused programme business management programme core subjects include law philosophy literature management public business depending school ratio law courses management courses vary variations discipline conferred either following undergraduate degrees bachelor science legal management bsc legal management bachelor arts legal management ab legal management bachelor arts legal studies ab legal studies bachelor arts paralegal studies ab paralegal studies bachelor science


business administration major legal management bsc ba legal management bachelor science management major legal management bsc management legal management courses legal management alumni highly trained adept knowledgeable following gamut disciplines class wikitable '''liberal arts''' '''law''' '''business''' anthropology communication arts governance public administration history literature philosophy psychology political economy political science public policy sociology administrative law civil law constitutional law criminal law labour law legal judicial ethics legal writing statutory construction mercantile law remedial law taxation law political law public international law


accounting business mathematics business communication corporate social responsibility economics finance marketing human resource management statistics organisational behaviour operations management public relations strategic management taxation total quality management alliance legal management associations philippines founded alliance legal management associations philippines almap inc home legal management student organisations philippines responsible promotion legal management degree programs country sole exclusive representative legal management student body commission higher education ched


duly registered securities exchange commission non stock non profit student organisation fosters relationships different schools offering legal management legal studies paralegal studies like degree programs social engineering projects forums academic seminars project partnerships nation building initiatives members ateneo de naga university legal management institute ateneo de naga students bulacan state university legal management society cagayan state university andrews campus association legal management students colegio de san juan de letran letran legal management society de la salle lipa la sallian jurists de la salle university


manila ley la salle far eastern university manila negotiorum lex holy angel university juris orbis isabela state university ordo justinianist lyceum philippines university batangas paralegal society lyceum philippines university cavite legal studies society lyceum philippines university manila legal studies society new era university legal management organization san beda college alabang junior bedan law circle alabang san beda university manila junior bedan law circle manila san sebastian college recoletos de manila legal management society university saint louis tuguegarao sociedad de lex


manus university east manila lex societas orientis university batangas main campus association legal management majors almma university batangas lipa city gens animus vox vocis excellencia liberum gavel university mindanao lexium league legal management students university santo tomas legal management society national presidents timothy caday university east manila present rhandel colleen b guimbal far eastern university eric vincent g yumul holy angel university migel demdam san beda college ginalynn marriel de torres university santo tomas


ateneo de manila university partner sycip gorres velayo co ernst young camille maria l castolo ateneo de manila university ' class valedictorian legal lawyer sycip salazar hernandez gatmaitan law enrique v dela cruz jr university santo tomas ' provincial board member provincial government bulacan john f kennedy school government harvard university alumni university london alumni fulbright british council scholar gerardo domenico lanuza de la salle university ' director philippine realty holdings corporation vice president campos lanuza co inc jorge alfonso c melo


ateneo de manila university former editor chief ateneo law journal dr marcial orlando balgos ateneo de manila university professor ateneo graduate school business nielson pangan new era university ' philippine bar exam topnotcher rasmon tuazon university santo tomas ' carlos palanca memorial awards literature laureate ust rector 's literary awardee sam yg aka samir gogna ateneo de manila university ' actor host comedian teodoro kalaw iv ateneo de manila university harvard law school llm alumni university cambridge master studies sustainability leadership alumni kellogg school


marx engels bishkek kyrgyzstan '''marxist sociology''' refers application marxist perspective within study sociology ref name black johnson allan g marxist sociology pp '''' wiley blackwell ref marxism recognized political philosophy sociological method insofar attempts remain scientific systematic objective rather purely normative prescriptive hence marxist sociology form conflict theory associated marxism 's objective developing positive empirical science capitalist society part mobilization revolutionary working class ref name encofsoc http wwwbookragscom research marxist sociology eos marxist sociology ''encyclopedia

Social science
Sociology
Marxist sociology


sociology'' usa macmillan reference ref approach would come facilitate developments critical theory cultural studies loosely distinct disciplines american sociological association asa section dedicated issues marxist sociology interested examining insights marxist methodology marxist analysis help explain complex dynamics modern society ref name section jipson art https wwwasanetorg sites default files savvy sectionmarxist abouthtml section marxist sociology ''american sociological association'' retrieved april ref concepts issues marxist sociology primarily concerned limited relations society economics ref


name section specifically key concepts sub field include historical materialism modes production capital labour relation ref name encofsoc marxist sociology also concerned way police forces used control indigenous populations enslaved peoples labouring poor name capitalism key questions asked marxist sociologists include ref name black capital control workers mode production influence social class relation workers capital state culture economic factors influence inequalities relating gender race


role police play within marxist socialism within theoretical field marxist sociology recognized one major sociological paradigms associated conflict critical theory unlike marxism marxist philosophy marxist sociology put relatively little weight creating class revolution ref name black pursuing instead development objective politico economic study society rather critical philosophy praxis ref name encofsoc may understood field economic sociology study socio nature emerged line thought socio nature concept used argue society


nature inseparable analyzed abstraction historical development wiley blackwell p ref influenced thought karl marx marxist sociology emerged around turn th century first marxist school sociology known austro marxism carl gr nberg antonio labriola among notable members much development field occurred outskirts academia pitting marxist bourgeois sociology time division reinforced russian revolution led creation


soviet union soon however sociology found victim suppression bourgeois science within union several decades sociology reestablished communist states two separate currents thought evolved within marxist sociology '''soviet marxism''' marxist leninist school developed th century communism primarily soviet union serve state interests school would significantly crippled forced adherence dogma historical materialism '''western marxism''' marxist school centered studies marxism west would become accepted within western academia would subsequently fracture several


different perspectives frankfurt school critical theory due former state supported position backlash marxist thought post communist states eg sociology poland however marxist sociology still dominant sociological research sanctioned supported remaining communist states eg sociology china references reading tom b bottomore ''marxist sociology'' macmillan martin shaw ''marxist sociology revisited critical assessments'' macmillan external links http wwwasanetorg asa communities sections marxist sociology asa section marxist sociology https webarchiveorg web http www asanetorg sectionmarxist abouthtml section marxist sociology lucien goldmann http wwwmarxistsorg history etol newspape isj goldmannhtm marxist sociology


international socialism autumn marxist sociology marxism


'''psychoanalytic sociology''' research field analyzes society using methods psychoanalysis applied analyze individual 'psychoanalytic sociology embraces work divergent sociological traditions political perspectives' common 'emphasis unconscious mental processes behavior renders psychoanalytic sociology controversial subfield within broader sociological discipline' psychoanalysis academic psychology similarly sociatry applies psychiatry society history freud 'the desire establish link psychoanalysis sociology appears early freud 's work articles obsessive actions religious practices b 'civilized' sexual morality modern nervous illness

Social science
Sociology
Psychoanalytic sociology


evidence this' though latter article 'the earliest freud 's full length discussions antagonism civilization instinctual life convictions subject went back much further' however 'sociological aspects antagonism form main subject' mode approach also employed freud book ''group psychology analysis ego'' argued 'crowd psychology social psychology parasitic individual psychology' ''civilization discontents'' formed however fullest sociological study wherein 'anchored


analysis social political life theory human nature much own' indeed 'works totem taboo moses monotheism freud analyzed events presided foundation modification social links advent civilization rise current discontents' ref name enotes http wwwenotescom psychoanalysis encyclopedia sociology psychoanalysis sociopsychoanalysis enriquez ref james strachey described ''the future illusion'' 'the first number sociological works freud devoted remaining years' freudians 'many early analysts marxists reich paul federn otto fenichel


notable among them' fully prepared erich fromm 's words least ' try explain psychic structure determined social structure ' theodor adorno 's essays psychoanalysis reappropriated freud 's work applied social phenomena particular ''freudian theory pattern fascist propaganda'' outlined theory social psychology fenichel considered ' comparative sociology education new scientific field greatest practical importance' well concluding general 'experience cultural conditions transforms potentialities realities


shapes real mental structure man forcing instinctual demands certain directions' different angle early lacan argued 'any concrete psychology must augmented reference ethnology history law' later drew 'l vi strauss 's structural anthropology termed symbolic' post lacanians would continue explore sociological areas 'the superego moment common cultural binding' way 'the social bond law binding us isa bond impossibility obedience ''or'' disobedience' left saw radical sociopsychoanalysis exert


wide popular influence guidance number different thinkers david cooper attempted explore 'in terms freud 's discoverythe social function family ideological conditioning device' r laing 'has adapted sartre 's existential psychoanalysis analyzes concept alienation' looking 'analysis alienation sociological clinical senses' laing concluded grandly 'alienation present destiny achieved outrageous violence perpetrated human beings human beings' norman brown examined 'politics made delinquencyeven crime also conscience collective' herbert marcuse explored


others since observed 'efforts link sociology psychoanalysis yielded varied results intoxicated success analysis indiscriminately applied psychoanalytic concepts social reality succeeded bastardizing psychoanalysis making management tool disfiguring social processes' ref name enotes see also references reading markus brunner nicole burgermeister jan lohl marc schwietring sebastian winter https webarchiveorg web http wwwdiscourseunitcom arcp german speaking pdf critical psychoanalytic social psychology german speaking countries anthony elliott ''contemporary social theory'' samuel l z https wwwacademiaedu psychoanalysis social sciences psychoanalysis social sciences andrew scull ed ''cultural sociology mental illness z guide''


sage pp nbsp samuel l z https wwwacademiaedu psychoanalysis popular culture psychoanalysis popular culture andrew scull ed ''cultural sociology mental illness z guide'' sage pp nbsp talcott parsons superego theory social systems ''social structure personality'' psychoanalysis type social psychology


american special forces team moves together us air force cv osprey aircraft february '''special forces''' '' 'special operations forces''' '''sof''' military units trained conduct special operations ref name nato doctrine ref ref name us doctrine ref nato defined special operations military activities conducted specially designated organized trained equipped forces manned selected personnel using unconventional tactics techniques modes employment ref name nato doctrine ref name nato glossary ref special forces emerged early th century significant growth field second world war every major army involved

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Special forces


fighting created formations devoted special operations behind enemy lines depending country special forces may perform functions including airborne operations counter insurgency counter terrorism foreign internal defense covert ops direct action hostage rescue high value targets manhunt intelligence operations mobility operations unconventional warfare russian speaking countries special forces country typically called acronym special purpose united states term ' 'special forces'' often refers specifically us army 's special forces term ' 'special operations forces sof '' used broadly types units capabilities special forces capabilities include following


hit run sabotage rather traditional conventional combat significant roles lay reconnaissance providing essential intelligence near among enemy increasingly combating irregular forces infrastructure activities chinese strategist jiang ziya ''six secret teachings'' described recruiting talented motivated men specialized elite units functions commanding heights making rapid long distance advances hamilcar barca sicily bc specialized troops trained launch several offensives per day late roman early byzantine period roman fleets used small fast camouflaged ships crewed


selected men scouting commando missions muslim forces also naval special operations units including one used camouflaged ships gather intelligence launch raids another soldiers could pass crusaders would use ruses board enemy ships capture destroy japan ninjas used reconnaissance espionage assassins bodyguards fortress guards otherwise fought alongside conventional soldiers napoleonic wars rifle sapper units formed held specialised roles reconnaissance skirmishing committed formal battle lines first specialized


units british indian army deployed two special forces border wars corps guides formed gurkha scouts force formed first used detached unit tirah campaign british army scouts south africa frederick russell burnham middle hon maurice gifford right second boer war british army felt need specialised units scouting units lovat scouts scottish highland regiment made exceptional woodsmen outfitted ghillie suits well practised


arts marksmanship field craft military tactics filled role unit formed lord lovat early reported american major frederick russell burnham chief scouts lord roberts war lovat 's scouts went formally become british army 's first sniper unit ref name sniper ref additionally bushveldt carbineers formed seen early unconventional warfare unit ''luna sharpshooters'' also known ''marksmen death'' spanish ''tiradores de la muerte'' elite unit formed general antonio luna serve


philippine revolutionary army became famous fighting fiercer regular filipino army soldiers members unit came old spanish army filipino members fought philippine revolution ref name vr jose ref general antonio luna philippine revolutionary army founder ''tiradores dela muerte sharpshooters became famous fierce fighting proved worth usual spearheading unit every major battle philippine american war battle paye december bonifacio mariano sharpshooter command general licerio ger nimo