allowed enough activity dogs also prone psychological damage subjected violence treated badly may become dangerous systematic study disordered animal behavior draws research comparative psychology including early work conditioning instrumental learning also ethological studies natural behavior however least case familiar domestic animals also draws accumulated experience worked closely animals human animal relationships relationship humans animals long interest


anthropologists one pathway understanding evolution human behavior similarities behavior humans animals sometimes used attempt understand evolutionary significance particular behaviors differences treatment animals said reflect society 's understanding human nature place humans animals scheme things domestication particular interest example argued animals became domesticated humans treated property began see inferior fundamentally different humans ingold

Social science
Psychology
Comparative psychology


remarks societies children learn differentiate separate others process strangers may seen people like animals ingold quoted sigmund freud children show trace arrogance urges adult civilized men draw hard fast line nature animals children scruples allowing animals rank full equals maturity however humans find hard accept animals categorize separating humans animals animals wild animals


tame animals tame animals house pets livestock divisions seen similar categories humans part human community someone outsider ''the new york times'' ran article showed psychological benefits animals specifically children pets 's proven pet fact improve kids' social skills article dr sue doescher psychologist involved study stated made children cooperative sharing also shown kids


confident able empathic children furthermore edition ''social science medicine'' stated random survey residents perth western australia selected three suburbs interviewed telephone pet ownership found positively associated forms social contact interaction perceptions neighborhood friendliness adjustment demographic variables pet owners scored higher social capital civic engagement scales results like let us know owning pet provides opportunities neighborly interaction among many


chances socialization among people topics study individual behavior general descriptions orientation interaction environment locomotion ingestive behavior hoarding nest building exploration play tonic immobility playing dead miscellaneous behaviors personal grooming hibernation etc reproductive behavior general descriptions developmental psychology control nervous system endocrine system imprinting evolution sexual characteristics behaviors social behavior imitation behavior genetics instincts sensory perceptual processes neural endocrine correlates behavior motivation evolution learning qualitative functional comparisons consciousness mind notable comparative psychologists noted comparative psychologists broad sense include aristotle frank beach fjj buytendijk charles darwin james mark baldwin allen beatrix


operant conditioning ethology evolutionary neuroscience experimental analysis behavior neuroethology physiological psychology psychopharmacology trans species psychology notes references reading external links http wwwwhatpsychologyiscom animal psychology animal psychology branches psychology behavioural sciences comparisons


adult black fly ''simulium yahense'' ''onchocerca volvulus'' emerging insect 's antenna parasite responsible disease known river blindness africa sample chemically fixed critical point dried observed using conventional scanning electron microscopy magnified '''parasitology''' study parasites hosts relationship biological discipline scope parasitology determined organism environment question way life means forms synthesis disciplines draws techniques fields cell biology


bioinformatics biochemistry molecular biology immunology genetics evolution ecology fields study diverse organisms means subject often broken simpler focused units use common techniques even studying organisms diseases much research parasitology falls somewhere two definitions general study prokaryotes falls field bacteriology rather parasitology medical italian francesco redi considered father modern parasitology first recognize correctly describe details many important parasites ref name ami ref parasitologist


feg cox noted humans hosts nearly species parasitic worms species protozoa derived primate ancestors acquired animals domesticated come contact relatively short history earth ref name cox cox feg https wwwncbinlmnihgov pmc articles pmc history human parasitology ref one largest fields parasitology medical parasitology subject deals parasites infect humans diseases caused clinical picture response generated humans also concerned various methods


diagnosis treatment finally prevention control parasite organism live within another organism called host include organisms ''plasmodium'' spp protozoan parasite causes malaria four species infective humans ''p falciparum'' ''p malariae'' ''p vivax'' ''p ovale'' ''leishmania'' unicellular organisms cause leishmaniasis ''entamoeba'' ''giardia'' cause intestinal infections dysentery diarrhoea multicellular organisms intestinal worms helminths ''schistosoma'' spp ''wuchereria bancrofti'' ''necator americanus'' hookworm ''taenia'' spp tapeworm ectoparasites ticks scabies lice medical parasitology involve drug development


epidemiological studies study zoonoses veterinary study parasites cause economic losses agriculture aquaculture operations infect companion animals examples species studied ''lucilia sericata'' blowfly lays eggs skins farm animals maggots hatch burrow flesh distressing animal causing economic loss farmer ''otodectes cynotis'' cat ear mite responsible canker ''gyrodactylus salaris'' monogenean parasite salmon wipe populations resistant structural study structures proteins parasites determination


parasitic protein structures may help better understand proteins function differently homologous proteins humans addition protein structures may inform process drug discovery quantitative parasites exhibit aggregated distribution among host individuals thus majority parasites live minority hosts feature forces parasitologists use advanced biostatistical methodologies ref name pmid ref parasite ecology parasites provide information host population ecology fisheries biology example parasite communities used distinguish distinct populations fish species co inhabiting region additionally parasites possess variety specialized


traits life history strategies enable colonize hosts understanding aspects parasite ecology interest right illuminate parasite avoidance strategies employed hosts conservation biology parasites conservation biology concerned protection preservation vulnerable species including parasites large proportion parasite species threatened extinction partly due efforts eradicate parasites infect humans domestic animals damage human economy also caused decline fragmentation host populations extinction host species taxonomy phylogenetics huge diversity parasitic organisms


recorded first seen microscope ref name cox ref years later italian biologists giovanni cosimo bonomo diacinto cestoni published scabies caused parasitic mite ''sarcoptes scabiei'' marking scabies first disease humans known microscopic causative agent publication ''esperienze intorno alla generazione degl'insetti'' ''experiences generation insects'' francesco redi also described ecto endoparasites illustrating ticks larvae nasal flies deer sheep liver fluke earlier book ''osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano


negli animali viventi'' ''observations living animals found living animals'' described illustrated parasites including human roundworm noted parasites develop eggs contradicting theory spontaneous generation modern parasitology developed th century accurate observations several researchers clinicians james annersley described amoebiasis protozoal infections intestines liver though pathogen ''entamoeba histolytica'' discovered friedrich l sch james paget discovered intestinal nematode ''trichinella spiralis'' humans james mcconnell described human liver fluke physician


malaria parasite 's life cycle stages ''anopheles'' mosquitoes ross controversially awarded nobel prize work grassi ref name cox see also european federation parasitologists parasitologists references bibliography loker e hofkin b ''parasitology conceptual approach'' garland science medical specialties


closely related subjects finite geometry combinatorial optimization digital geometry discrete differential geometry geometric graph theory toric geometry combinatorial topology history although polyhedra tessellations studied many years people kepler cauchy modern discrete geometry origins late th century early topics studied density circle packings thue projective configurations reye steinitz geometry numbers minkowski map colourings tait heawood hadwiger l szl fejes th hsm coxeter paul erd laid foundations ' 'discrete geometry'' ref name

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Geometry
Discrete geometry


intuitive ref ref name discretegeom ref topics polyhedra polytopes '''polytope''' geometric object flat sides exists general number dimensions polygon polytope two dimensions polyhedron three dimensions higher dimensions polytope four dimensions theories generalize idea include objects unbounded polytopes apeirotopes tessellations abstract polytopes following aspects polytopes studied discrete geometry polyhedral combinatorics lattice polytopes ehrhart polynomials pick 's theorem hirsch conjecture packings coverings tilings packings


coverings tilings ways arranging uniform objects typically circles spheres tiles regular way surface manifold '' 'sphere packing''' arrangement non overlapping spheres within containing space spheres considered usually identical size space usually three dimensional euclidean space however sphere packing problems generalised consider unequal spheres ''n'' dimensional euclidean space problem becomes circle packing two dimensions hypersphere packing higher dimensions non euclidean spaces hyperbolic space '''tessellation''' flat surface tiling


plane using one geometric shapes called tiles overlaps gaps mathematics tessellations generalized higher dimensions specific topics area include circle packings sphere packings kepler conjecture quasicrystals aperiodic tilings periodic graph finite subdivision rules structural rigidity flexibility graphs drawn rods connected rotating hinges cycle graph c sub sub drawn square tilted blue force parallelogram flexible graph k sub sub drawn triangle cannot altered force applied


rigid graph '''structural rigidity''' combinatorial theory predicting flexibility ensembles formed rigid bodies connected flexible linkages hinges topics area include cauchy 's theorem flexible polyhedra incidence structures seven points elements seven lines fano plane example incidence structure incidence structures generalize planes affine projective bius planes seen axiomatic definitions incidence structures also generalize higher dimensional analogs finite structures sometimes called finite geometries formally '''incidence structure''' triple math c pli math


''p'' set points ''l'' set lines math subseteq p times l math incidence relation elements math math called '''flags''' math pl math say point ''p'' lies line math l math topics area include configurations line arrangements hyperplane arrangements buildings oriented matroids '''oriented matroid''' mathematical structure abstracts properties directed graphs arrangements vectors vector space ordered field particularly partially ordered vector spaces comparison ordinary ie non oriented matroid abstracts dependence properties


common graphs necessarily ' 'directed'' arrangements vectors fields necessarily ''ordered'' geometric graph theory '''geometric graph''' graph vertices edges associated geometric objects examples include euclidean graphs skeleton polyhedron polytope unit disk graphs visibility graphs topics area include graph drawing polyhedral graphs random geometric graphs voronoi diagrams delaunay triangulations simplicial complexes '' 'simplicial complex''' topological space certain kind constructed gluing together points line segments triangles ''n'' dimensional


counterparts see illustration simplicial complexes confused abstract notion simplicial set appearing modern simplicial homotopy theory purely combinatorial counterpart simplicial complex abstract simplicial complex see also random geometric complexes topological combinatorics discipline combinatorial topology used combinatorial concepts topology early th century turned field algebraic topology situation reversed methods algebraic topology used solve problem combinatorics l szl lov sz proved kneser conjecture thus beginning


generalized much theory setting nilpotent lie groups semisimple algebraic groups local field bass lubotzky initiated study ''tree lattices'' remains active research area topics area include reflection groups triangle groups digital geometry '''digital geometry''' deals discrete sets usually discrete point sets considered digitized models images objects euclidean space simply put '' 'digitizing''' replacing object discrete set points images see tv screen raster


display computer newspapers fact digital images main application areas computer graphics image analysis discrete differential geometry '''discrete differential geometry''' study discrete counterparts notions differential geometry instead smooth curves surfaces polygons meshes simplicial complexes used study computer graphics topological combinatorics topics area include discrete laplace operator discrete exterior calculus discrete calculus discrete morse theory topological combinatorics spectral shape analysis abstract differential geometry analysis fractals see also ''discrete computational geometry'' journal discrete mathematics


'''transpersonal psychology''' '' 'spiritual psychology''' sub field school psychology integrates spiritual transcendent aspects human experience framework modern psychology ''transpersonal'' defined experiences sense identity self extends beyond trans individual personal encompass wider aspects humankind life psyche cosmos ref name walsh vaughan walsh r vaughan f transpersonal definitions ''journal transpersonal psychology'' ref also defined development beyond conventional personal individual levels issues considered transpersonal psychology include

Social science
Psychology
Transpersonal psychology


spiritual self development self beyond ego peak experiences mystical experiences systemic trance spiritual crises spiritual evolution religious conversion altered states consciousness spiritual practices sublime unusually expanded experiences living discipline attempts describe integrate spiritual experience within modern psychological theory formulate new theory encompass experience transpersonal psychology day celebrated february th definition lajoie shapiro ref name lajoie shapiro lajoie h shapiro definitions transpersonal psychology first twenty three years ''journal transpersonal psychology'' vol ref reviewed forty definitions transpersonal psychology


''area psychology focuses study transpersonal experiences related phenomena phenomena include causes effects correlates transpersonal experiences development well disciplines practices inspired them'' also criticised many definitions transpersonal psychology carrying implicit assumptions presuppositions may necessarily define field whole hartelius caplan rardin ref name hartelius caplan rardin hartelius glenn caplan mariana rardin mary anne transpersonal psychology defining past divining future ''the humanistic psychologist'' ref conducted retrospective analysis definitions transpersonal psychology


found three dominant themes define field ''beyond ego psychology'' ''integrative holistic psychology'' ''psychology transformation'' analysis suggested field moved early emphasis alternative states consciousness expanded view human wholeness transformation moved field consideration impacts states consciousness exceptional experiences psychology whole person caplan p nbsp conveys genesis discipline states mandate ventures definition ref perspectives holism unity central worldview transpersonal psychology ref name davis davis


pioneers transpersonal psychology scotton bruce w chinen allan b battista john r eds ''textbook transpersonal psychiatry psychology'' new york basic books ref ref name parsons parsons william b book reviews revisioning transpersonal theory participatory vision human spirituality book ''journal religion'' oct vol issue ref recent attention brought light transpersonal aspects jean piaget 's untranslated french works argued piaget 's transpersonal experiences theoretical interests major motivation piaget 's psychological research ref name dale dale e spiritual consciousness age quantity strange case


jean piaget 's mysticism ''journal consciousness studies'' ref review vich ref name vich vich historical sources term transpersonal ''journal transpersonal psychology'' ref suggests earliest usage term transpersonal found lecture notes william james prepared semester harvard university meaning different today 's usage context james' radical empiricism exists intimate relation perceiving subject perceived object recognizing objects dependent perceived


lecture entitled farther reaches human nature ref name judy judy dwight transpersonal psychology coming age ''revision'' winter vol issue p p ref maslow among people announced transpersonal psychology fourth force psychology ref name chinen chinen allan b ''the emergence transpersonal psychiatry'' scotton bruce w chinen allan b battista john r eds textbook transpersonal psychiatry psychology new york basic books ref order distinguish three forces psychology psychoanalysis behaviorism humanistic psychology early use term transpersonal


also credited stanislav grof anthony sutich time maslow also close dialogue grof sutich regarding name orientation new field ref name vich according powers ref name powers powers robin counseling spirituality historical review ''counseling values'' apr vol pp ref term transpersonal starts show academic journals onwards humanistic transpersonal psychology associated human potential movement growth center alternative therapies philosophies grew counter culture


places like esalen california ref name aanstoos serlin greening aanstoos serlin greening ''history division humanistic psychology american psychological association'' dewsbury ed unification division histories divisions american psychological association vol v washington dc american psychological association ref ref name leonard leonard g extraordinary life ''psychology today'' may reviewed june ref ref name tarnas tarnas richard new birth freedom review jorge ferrer 's revisioning transpersonal theory participatory vision human spirituality ''journal transpersonal psychology'' vol ref ref name taylor taylor


eugene intellectual renaissance humanistic psychology ''journal humanistic psychology'' vol spring pp ref ref name greyson greyson bruce book review future body explorations evolution human nature ''the new england journal medicine'' volume number ref formative period gradually term transpersonal associated distinct school psychology within humanistic psychology movement ref name chinen abraham maslow stanislav grof anthony sutich among initiators behind publication first issue ''journal transpersonal psychology''


leading academic journal field ref name judy ref name chinen ref name taylor next decade significant establishments took place banner transpersonal psychology ''association transpersonal psychology'' established ref name aanstoos serlin greening international initiative ''the international transpersonal psychology association'' founded stanislav grof held first conference iceland ref name taylor soon followed founding ''institute transpersonal psychology'' graduate training center ref name aanstoos serlin greening ref name sf chronicle prweb press release founder bob frager returns


lu francis ''a transpersonal integrative approach spiritually oriented psychotherapy'' sperry len ed shafranske edward p ed spiritually oriented psychotherapy pp washington dc us american psychological association ix pp ref field developed writings authors robert frager alyce elmer green daniel goleman stanley krippner charles tart roger walsh john welwood ken wilber ref name braud anderson braud william anderson rosemarie transforming self others research albany state university new york press ref ref name taylor taylor eugene transpersonal psychology several virtues humanistic psychologist vol nos


pp division american psychological association ref wilber emerged leading figure major theoretician field ref name adams adams george theistic perspective ken wilber 's transpersonal psychology ''journal contemporary religion'' doi ref ref name miller another important contributor field michael washburn drawing insights jungian depth psychology ref name sharma charak sharma sharma pulkit charak ruby sharma vibha contemporary perspectives spirituality mental health ''indian journal psychological medicine'' jan jun ref according smith ref name smith smith elizabeth addressing psychospiritual distress death reality


transpersonal approach ''social work'' may vol issue p ref wilber washburn presented major guiding theories transpersonal development ''a course miracles'' written two psychologists viewed way integrates psychological world view universal spiritual perspective ref name acim miracles counselors david aldrich osgood university massachusetts amherst transpersonal psychology course miracles p https scholarworksumassedu cgi viewcontentcgiarticle context dissertations ref also characterized work stanislav christina grof concept ' 'spiritual emergence'' ' 'spiritual emergencies'' ref name turner et al turner robert p lukoff david barnhouse ruth


tiffany lu francis g religious spiritual problem culturally sensitive diagnostic category dsm iv ''journal nervous mental disease'' jul ref ref name grof grof grof stanislav grof christina eds ''spiritual emergency personal transformation becomes crisis'' los angeles tarcher ref ref name horrigan horrigan bonnie david lukoff importance spirituality mental health ''alternative therapies health medicine'' nov ref period also reflected initiatives organizational level early group within apa division humanistic psychology argued favor establishing transpersonal psychology separate


division within framework ''american psychological association'' petition presented apa council turned new initiative made failed win majority votes council petition presented third final time withdrawn executive board division ref name hartelius caplan rardin ref name aanstoos serlin greening interest group later formed transpersonal psychology interest group tpig continued promote transpersonal issues collaboration division ref name aanstoos serlin


psychotherapy authors published primary work part suny series lukoff turner lu writers clinical field authors behind proposal new diagnostic category included dsm manual ''american psychiatric association'' category called psychoreligious psychospiritual problem approved task force dsm iv changing name ''religious spiritual problem'' ref name turner et al ref name lukoff lu turner lukoff lu f turner r toward culturally sensitive dsm iv psychoreligious psychospiritual problems ''journal nervous


mental disease'' ref ref name chinen wilber considered influential writer theoretician field transpersonal psychology departure field becoming obvious decade although date departure unclear ref name hartelius caplan rardin freeman ref name freeman freeman anthony daniel come judgement dennett revisioning transpersonal theory ''journal consciousness studies'' pp ref notes wilber distancing label transpersonal favour label integral since mid


formed integral institute organizational side decade marked steady increase membership ''association transpersonal psychology'' stabilizing approximately members early nineties ref name chinen ''british psychological society'' uk professional body equivalent apa established transpersonal psychology section co founded david fontana ingrid slack martin treacy according fontana first section kind western scientific society ref name fontana slack treacy fontana david slack ingrid treacy martin eds ''transpersonal psychology meaning developments'' ''transpersonal psychology review''


issue p p ref main publication era ''revisioning transpersonal theory participatory vision human spirituality'' ref name ferrer ferrer jorge n ''revisioning transpersonal theory participatory vision human spirituality'' new york state university new york press suny series transpersonal humanistic psychology ref part ''suny series transpersonal humanistic psychology'' journal transpersonal psychology international journal transpersonal studies accepted indexing psychinfo journal database american psychological association institute transpersonal psychology announced


changing name sofia university change included new profile academic landscape expanded graduate program featuring computer science business ref name prweb press release institute transpersonal psychology becomes sofia university new name brings broader mission expanded campus new programs palo alto ca prweb published online july ref california institute integral studies launched online phd degree integral transpersonal psychology founded chaired glenn hartelius including jorge ferrer faculty sponsoring publication international journal transpersonal studies branches related


fields several psychological schools branches influenced field transpersonal psychology among schools find analytical psychology carl jung ref name miller ref name scotton ref name cortright psychosynthesis roberto assagioli ref name miller ref name battista humanistic psychology abraham maslow ref name miller ref name battista major transpersonal models psychotherapy reviewed cortright ref name cortright models ken wilber cg jung michael washburn stanislav grof hameed ali dr william j barry established transpersonal psychology valid action research method field education phd thesis


development transformational quality tq theory applications areas business studies management developed transpersonal disciplines transpersonal anthropology transpersonal business studies listed transpersonal disciplines transpersonal art one disciplines considered boucovolas listing transpersonal psychology may relate areas transpersonal study writing transpersonal art boucovolas begins noting according breccia also definitions employed international transpersonal association transpersonal art may understood art work draws upon important themes beyond individual


self transpersonal consciousness makes transpersonal art criticism germane mystical approaches creativity transpersonal art criticism boucovolas notes considered claims conventional art criticism committed stressing rational dimensions art subsequently said little art 's spiritual dimensions holds art work meaning beyond individual person certain aspects psychology carl jung well movements music therapy art therapy may also relate field boucovolas' paper cites breccia early example


transpersonal art claims time article appeared integral theorist ken wilber made recent contributions field recently journal transpersonal psychology volume launched special edition devoted media contained articles film criticism related field fields study related transpersonal psychology include near death studies parapsychology humanistic psychology major findings near death studies represented ''textbook transpersonal psychiatry psychology'' ref name scotton chinen battista scotton bruce w chinen allan b battista john


r eds ''textbook transpersonal psychiatry psychology'' new york basic books ref ''the wiley blackwell handbook transpersonal psychology'' ref name rowan rowan john wiley blackwell handbook transpersonal psychology book review ''acpnl magazine'' issue march association counsellors psychotherapists north london ref near death experience also discussed relation transpersonal spiritual categories ref name turner et al major findings parapsychology also represented ''textbook transpersonal psychiatry psychology'' ref name scotton chinen battista ''the wiley blackwell handbook transpersonal psychology'' ref name rowan also


strong connection transpersonal humanistic approaches psychology indicated sourcebook donald moss ref name travis travis terry book forum humanistic transpersonal psychology historical biographical sourcebook j psychiatry ref ref name decarvalho decarvalho roy j book reviews donald moss ed humanistic transpersonal psychology historical biographical sourcebook ''journal history behavioral sciences'' vol winter ref although transpersonal psychology considered started within ref name aanstoos serlin greening developed humanistic psychology many interests spirituality modes consciousness


extend beyond areas interest discussed humanistic theory ref name elmer macdonald friedman according writers field ref name elmer macdonald friedman transpersonal psychology advocates expanded spiritual view physical mental health necessarily addressed humanistic psychology commentators ref name chinen ref name friedman friedman harris toward developing transpersonal psychology scientific field paper presented old saybrook conference may state university west georgia ref ref name friedman friedman harris transpersonal psychology scientific field ''the international journal transpersonal studies'' vol ref suggested


''vermont business magazine'' dec ref ref name taylor however leading authors field among sovatsky ref name sovatsky stuart rowan ref name rowan rowan john transpersonal psychotherapy counselling london routledge second edition ref hartelius criticized nature new age philosophy discourse rowan ref name rowan even states transpersonal new age ref name evans evans joan transpersonal psychotherapy counselling book review ''international journal psychotherapy'' nov ref although consider distinction transpersonal psychology psychology religion fading eg oxford handbook


american healing psychiatry psychology meditation research clinical aspects meditation psychedelics parapsychology anthropology diagnosis religious spiritual problem offensive spirituality spiritual defenses phenomenology treatment kundalini psychotherapy near death experience religious cults psychopharmacology guided imagery breathwork past life therapy ecological survival social change aging adult spiritual development research transpersonal psychology based upon quantitative qualitative methods ref name davis commentators suggested main contribution transpersonal psychology provide alternatives quantitative methods mainstream psychology ref name davis although field


significant contributor empirical knowledge clinical issues ref name elmer macdonald friedman contributed important quantitative research areas study meditation ref name davis theories human development one demarcations transpersonal theory authors associated hierarchical holarchical sequential stage like models human development ken wilber john battista authors associated jungian perspectives models include principle regression michael washburn stanislav grof ken wilber john battista transpersonal psychology ken wilber


often mentioned influential theoretical framework field ref name miller ref name hartelius caplan rardin ref name elmer macdonald friedman ref name freeman wilber often regarded leading theorist ref name hartelius caplan rardin pioneer transpersonal movement ref name miller actively associated label quite time several commentators ref name hartelius caplan rardin ref name freeman ref name adams adams george book reviews revisioning transpersonal theory participatory vision human spirituality ''journal contemporary religion'' vol pp ref note distanced transpersonal field


wilber suggests human development progressive movement stages consciousness ref name jerry jerry paul challenges transpersonal diagnosis ''journal transpersonal psychology'' vol ref ref name cowley derezotes theory implies different schools psychology associated different levels model ref name walsh vaughan walsh r vaughan f worldview ken wilber scotton bruce w chinen allan b battista john r eds textbook transpersonal psychiatry psychology new york basic books ref ref name walsh level organization self development includes vulnerability


certain pathologies associated particular level ref name elmer macdonald friedman ref name jerry ref name cowley derezotes level also represents developmental tasks must properly met might lead developmental arrest ref name sharma charak sharma basic tenet wilber 's transpersonal psychology concept called pre trans fallacy confusion transpersonal progression prepersonal regression ref name walsh according writers field ref name walsh vaughan western schools psychology tendency regard transpersonal levels pathological equating regressive pathological conditions belonging lower level


model pre trans fallacy describes lack differentiation two categories wilber 's understanding levels consciousness reality ranging matter body mind soul spirit ref name freeman prepersonal personal transpersonal ref name kelly kelly sean revisioning mandala consciousness ''revision'' spring vol issue ref ref name bidwell bidwell duane r ken wilber 's transpersonal psychology introduction preliminary critique ''pastoral psychology'' november volume issue pp ref often referred great chain overarching framework adapted


psychology integral psychology ref name hartelius caplan rardin according brys bokor wilber presented major parts integral approach years ref name brys bokor brys zoltan bokor petra evaluation ken wilber 's integral psychology scientific perspective ''journal spirituality mental health'' ref integral theory included four quadrant model consciousness development whose dimensions said unfold sequence stages levels combination quadrants levels resulting quadrant level approach theory also included concept holon whole


simultaneously part whole holarchy hierarchical holons within holons ref name wilber wilber ken integral theory consciousness ''journal consciousness studies'' february pp imprint academic ref according reviewers ref name publishers weekly publishers weekly integral vision short introduction revolutionary integral approach life god universe everything reviewed ref ref name publishers weekly publishers weekly ''integral psychology'' reviewed ref spiritual dimension central wilber 's integral vision similar model presented wilber information theory consciousness presented john battista battista suggests


development self system human psychology consists series transitions direction enhanced maturity psychological stability direction transpersonal spiritual categories model presents series developmental tasks corresponding levels consciousness psychopathology discusses therapeutic interventions relation different levels transitions ref name battista battista john transpersonal view human development psychopathology psychotherapy ''journal transpersonal research'' vol ref michael washburn stanislav grof michael washburn presents model human development informed psychoanalysis object relations


theory depth psychology jungian perspective ref name sharma charak sharma ref name anderson anderson rosemarie book review washburn michael embodied spirituality sacred world ''the journal transpersonal psychology'' vol ref context transpersonal psychotherapy washburn 's approach described revision jung 's analytical psychology ref name matthews matthews charles psychotherapy spirit book ''counseling values'' oct vol issue p p ref according washburn transpersonal development follows principles spiraling path ref name anderson central model understanding dynamic ground


deep level unconscious ref name anderson spiritual qualities ref name coward harold coward ego dynamic ground michael washburn book review philosophy east west vol oct pp ref person contact prepersonal stage development ref name anderson according commentators washburn describes three stages human development pre personal personal transpersonal ref name anderson also described pre egoic egoic trans egoic ref name coward pre stage age child integrated dynamic ground later life contact


weakened prepersonal stage followed new stage development ego dissociated dynamic ground ref name anderson ref name coward happens process repression ref name lev lev shoshana regression service transcendence reading michael washburn ''human architecture journal sociology self knowledge'' volume issue scholarships learning article ref ref name coward marks stage adulthood ref name anderson mental ego egoic stage ref name lev ref name coward however later life possibility integration dynamic ground trans egoic


stage ref name anderson ref name lev ref name coward according washburn transpersonal development requires kind u turn going back dynamic ground order ego become integrated unconscious dynamics ref name sharma charak sharma ref name anderson ref name lev ref name walsh vaughan walsh r vaughan f worldview ken wilber journal humanistic psychology ref aspect wasburn 's model described commentators ref name walsh vaughan going back higher going forth regression paves way transcendence ref name sharma charak sharma fully embodied


life ref name anderson washburn 's approach transpersonal development often summed regression service transcendence ref name sharma charak sharma ref name anderson ref name lev ref name coward according lev ref name lev twist phrase regression service ego washburn contrasted perspective calls spiral dynamic developmental theory ken wilber calls structural hierarchical ref name coward ref name washburn b washburn michael transpersonal dialogue new direction journal transpersonal psychology vol ref differing views washburn wilber mentioned


several commentators ref name anderson ref name coward ref name walsh vaughan stanislav grof hand operates cartography consisting three kinds territories realm sensory barrier personal unconscious described psychoanalysis perinatal birth related realm organizing principles psyche transpersonal realm ref name freeman ref name sharma charak sharma according view proper engagement first two realms sets stage ascent third transpersonal realm ref name sharma charak sharma early therapy research carried aid psychedelic substances


psychotherapy observations lsd research ''journal transpersonal psychology'' vol ref based observations lsd research uncovered four major types experiences according grof correspond levels human unconscious abstract aesthetic experiences psychodynamic experiences perinatal experiences transpersonal experiences grof returns many findings later books ref name paulson psychodynamic levels correspond theory sigmund freud area biographical memories emotional problems unresolved conflicts fantasies perinatal levels correspond theories otto rank area


regressional modes therapy originally use psychedelic substances later methods order seek greater psychological integration led confrontation constructive deconstructive models process leading genuine mental health wilber sees pre trans fallacy exist washburn grof pre rational states may genuinely transpersonal living may essential process achieving genuine sanity stuart sovatsky idea development also featured spiritual psychotherapy psychology stuart sovatsky understanding human development


largely informed east west psychology tradition hermeneutics yoga places human midst spiritual energies processes outlined yogic philosophy according sovatsky maturational processes affecting body soul ref name sovatsky stuart ref name gaur gaur sunil review words soul time east west spirituality psychotherapeutic narrative ''psychological studies'' vol jan ref sovatsky adapts concept kundalini maturational force human development according model number advanced yogic processes said assist maturation ensouled body ref name sovatsky sovatsky


stuart kundalini complete maturation ensouled body ''journal transpersonal psychology'' vol ref transpersonal theory jorge ferrer scholarship jorge ferrer introduces pluralistic participatory perspective spiritual ontological dimensions revision transpersonal theory ferrer questions three major presuppositions frameworks interpretation dominant transpersonal studies frameworks experientalism transpersonal understood individual inner experience inner empiricism study transpersonal phenomena according standards empiricist science perennialism legacy perennial philosophy transpersonal


studies ref name tarnas ref name freeman ref name ferrer ref name adams ref name kripal kripal jeffrey j spirit hermes reflections work jorge n ferrer revisioning transpersonal theory participatory vision human spirituality ''tikkun'' march ref ref name jaenke jaenke karen participatory turn review jorge n ferrer revisioning transpersonal theory participatory vision human spirituality ''revision'' vol spring ref although representing important frames reference initial study transpersonal phenomena ferrer believes assumptions become limiting problematic development field ref name jaenke alternative


major epistemological philosophical trends ferrer focuses upon great variety pluralism spiritual insights spiritual worlds disclosed transpersonal inquiry contrast transpersonal models informed perennial philosophy introduces idea dynamic indeterminate spiritual power ref name ferrer ref name jaenke along lines also introduces metaphor ocean emancipation according ferrer ocean emancipation many shores different spiritual truths reached arriving different spiritual shores ref name ferrer second aspect


revision participatory turn introduces idea transpersonal phenomena participatory co creative events defines events emergences transpersonal occur locus individual also relationship community collective identity place participatory knowing multidimensional includes powers human body heart soul understood transpersonal framework ref name ferrer ref name adams ref name washburn b ref name kripal according jaenke ref name jaenke ferrer 's vision includes spiritual reality plural multiple spiritual power may produce


wide range revelations insights turn may overlapping even incompatible ferrer 's approach participatory thinking taken context psychoanalysis drawing ferrer 's criticisms perennialism robin brown ref name auto brown rs '' https wwwroutledgecom groundwork transpersonal psychoanalysis spirituality relationship brown p book groundwork transpersonal psychoanalysis spirituality relationship participation '' london new york routledge ref adopts participatory paradigm means fostering clinical pluralism transpersonal psychotherapy early contributions field transpersonal psychotherapy includes approach walsh vaughan outline transpersonal therapy emphasize goals therapy includes


traditional outcomes symptom relief behaviour change well work transpersonal level may transcend psychodynamic issues karma yoga altered states consciousness part transpersonal approach therapy according walsh vaughan context karma yoga service also facilitate process whereby psychological growth therapist could provide supporting environment growth client ref name keutzer keutzer carolin transpersonal psychotherapy reflections genre ''professional psychology research practice'' vol american psychological association ref several authors


field presented integration western psychotherapy spiritual psychology among stuart sovatsky brant cortright reformulation western psychotherapy sovatsky addresses questions time temporality soteriology perspectives east west psychology spirituality besides drawing insights post freudians dw winnicott sovatsky integrates approach psychotherapy expanded understanding body mind informed philosophy yoga ref name sovatsky stuart ref name gaur cortright hand reviewed field transpersonal psychotherapy major transpersonal models psychotherapy including wilber jung


spiritually oriented psychotherapy washington dc us american psychological association ix pp ref clinical diagnostic issues transpersonal psychology also brought clinical attention topic spiritual crisis category ordinarily recognized mainstream psychology among clinical problems associated category according transpersonal theory psychiatric complications related mystical experience near death experience kundalini awakening shamanic crisis also called shamanic illness psychic opening intensive meditation separation spiritual teacher medical terminal illness addiction ref name turner et al ref name lukoff lu turner lukoff david lu francis g turner robert p ''diagnosis


clinical approach religious spiritual problems'' scotton bruce w chinen allan b battista john r eds textbook transpersonal psychiatry psychology new york basic books ref terms spiritual emergence spiritual emergency coined stanislav christina grof ref name grof grof ref name lukoff lukoff david visionary spiritual experiences ''southern medical journal'' volume number june special section spirituality medicine interface project ref order describe appearance spiritual phenomena spiritual processes persons life term spiritual emergence describes gradual unfoldment spiritual potential little disruption


psychological social occupational functioning ref name turner et al ref name lukoff lu turner cases emergence spiritual phenomena intensified beyond control individual may lead state spiritual emergency spiritual emergency may cause significant disruption psychological social occupational functioning ref name turner et al ref name lukoff lu turner ref name sharma charak sharma ref name yang lukoff lu yang c paul lukoff david lu francis working spiritual issues ''psychiatric annals'' march ref many psychological difficulties described according transpersonal theory lead episodes spiritual emergency ref


extensive literature review networking american psychiatric association ''committee religion psychiatry'' group made proposal new diagnostic category entitled psychoreligious psychospiritual problem ref name turner et al ref name lukoff lu turner proposal submitted task force dsm iv category approved task force changing title religious spiritual problem ref name turner et al ref name steinfels steinfels p psychiatrists' manual shifts stance religious spiritual problems ''new york times'' february ref ref name lu lukoff turner included


fourth edition ''diagnostic statistical manual mental disorders'' dsm iv minor category ref name miller ref name yang lukoff lu ref name american psychiatric association american psychiatric association diagnostic statistical manual mental disorders fourth edition washington dc american psychiatric association ref ref name dein dein working patients religious beliefs ''advances psychiatric treatment'' ref text new category mention particular spiritual problems psychiatric complications listed according authors proposal ref name turner et al new category addressed problems religious spiritual


eds washington dc american psychiatric association pp ref ref name milstein et al milstein g midlarsky e link bg raue pj bruce assessing problems religious content comparison rabbis psychologists ''journal nervous mental disease'' september ref ref name milstein milstein g clergy psychiatrists opportunities expert dialogue ''psychiatric times'' march vol xx issue pp ref according lukoff ref name lukoff lu ref name bender bender e clinical research news psychiatrists urge direct focus patients' spirituality ''psychiatric news'' june volume number p american psychiatric association ref co authors


december pp ref new york times ref name steinfels several commentators also offered viewpoints chinen ref name chinen notes inclusion marks increasing professional acceptance transpersonal issues sovatsky ref name sovatsky stuart sees addition admittance spiritually oriented narratives mainstream clinical practice smart smart ref name smart smart smart dw smart jf dsm iv culturally sensitive diagnosis observations counselors ''the journal counseling development'' may vol p ref recognizes addition category similar improvements fourth version step


transcendent psychological states spirituality might negative positive effects human functioning health promoting expressions spirituality include development growth also exist health compromising expressions spirituality organizations publications locations leading institution within field transpersonal psychology association transpersonal psychology founded ref name friedmann hartelius friedman harris l editor hartelius glenn editor wiley blackwell handbook transpersonal psychology pages wiley blackwell ref past presidents association include alyce green james fadiman frances vaughan arthur hastings daniel goleman robert frager ronald jue jeanne achterberg dwight judy


international organization ''the international transpersonal psychology association'' founded ref name taylor recently revived harris friedman also european counterpart american institution european transpersonal psychology association etpa founded much later ref name elmer macdonald friedman leading graduate school sofia university formerly institute transpersonal psychology ref name sf chronicle ref name life science weekly life science weekly staff studies institute transpersonal psychology reveal new findings life sciences sacred moments implications well stress ''life science weekly'' pubz id ref ref name otterman otterman sharon merging


spirituality clinical psychology columbia ''new york times'' published online august ref according sources ref name sf chronicle university private non sectarian accredited western association schools colleges leading academic publications within field include ''journal transpersonal psychology'' ''international journal transpersonal studies'' smaller publications include ''transpersonal psychology review'' journal transpersonal psychology section british psychological society basic books published ''textbook transpersonal psychiatry psychology'' standard text included thorough overview field ref name miller ref name scotton chinen


battista greenwood press published title called ''humanistic transpersonal psychology historical biographical sourcebook'' ref name decarvalho ref name moss moss donald ed ''humanistic transpersonal psychology historical biographical sourcebook'' greenwood press ref ref name clay clay rebecca renaissance humanistic psychology field explores new niches building past ''apa monitor psychology'' volume september ref includes biographical critical essays central figures humanistic transpersonal psychology ref name travis recent publication ''the wiley blackwell handbook transpersonal psychology'' ref name friedmann hartelius ref name team jiaap


psychology ref name taylor ref name sharma charak sharma ref name team jiaap ref name leitner guthrie ref name hilgard hilgard ernest r consciousness contemporary psychology ''annual review psychology'' ref social work ref name smith ref name cowley derezotes consciousness studies ref name freeman ref name adams adams william transpersonal heterophenomenology ''journal consciousness studies'' volume number pp ref ref name walach runehov walach harald runehov alc epistemological status transpersonal psychology data base argument revisited ''journal consciousness studies'' january vol pp ref religious studies ref name parsons ref name adams ref name adams ref name alexander gary alexander gary


however remark movements might enrich topics psychologists study even though psychologists choose join movement adams ref name adams also regarded transpersonal psychology fringe discipline also observed status controversial field study cowley derezotes ref name cowley derezotes representing social work theory regarded transpersonal psychology relevant development spiritual sensitivity helping disciplines bidwell ref name bidwell representing field pastoral psychology saw transpersonal psychology developing field largely ignored


negative side mentioned transpersonal psychology 's tendency toward philosophically naive poorly financed almost anti intellectual somewhat overrated far influences positive side noted fields integrated approach understanding phenomenology scientific method centrality qualitative research importance interdisciplinary communication conclusion suggested virtues transpersonal psychology may end outweigh defects later article taylor ref name taylor regarded transpersonal psychology visionary american folk psychology little historical relation american academic psychology except association humanistic psychology


categories transcendence consciousness ruzek ref name ruzek ruzek nicole amity transpersonal psychology 's historical relationship mainstream american psychology cited diss abstr int b umi pub ref interviewed founders transpersonal psychology well historians american psychology found field made little impact larger field psychology america among factors contributed situation mainstream psychology 's resistance spiritual philosophical ideas tendency transpersonal psychologists isolate larger context small attempts made


introduce transpersonal psychology classroom setting perspectives transpersonal psychology represented widely used college textbook personality theories ref name engler barbara engler barbara ''personality theories introduction'' th ed houghton mifflin harcourt ref ref name daily record daily record staff drew psych professor explores spirit religion morristown ''daily record'' published online dec ref marking entrance transpersonal themes mainstream academic settings book author barbara engler ref name engler barbara asks question spirituality appropriate topic psychological study offers brief account history transpersonal


psychology peek possible future classroom dimension also present book personality theories authors robert frager james fadiman publication provide account contributions many key historic figures shaped developed transpersonal psychology addition discussing explaining important concepts theories germane serves promote understanding discipline classroom settings noting majority mainstream psychology departments rarely offer training programs transpersonal issues practices part curriculum ref name sharma charak


sharma graduate programs humanistic transpersonal psychology made available north american universities ref name hartelius caplan rardin ref name chinen ref name cowley derezotes ref name arons arons ''directory graduate programs humanistic transpersonal psychology north america'' catalogue sponsored division american psychological association published distributed psychology department state university west georgia ref among find john f kennedy university orinda included transpersonal psychology holistic studies program ref name mcmanis mcmanis sam university vision jfk 's holistic studies program attracts devoted students


strong critics ''san francisco chronicle'' friday october ref burlington college vermont ref name vermont business magazine columbia university announced integrating spiritual psychology similar perspectives taught sofia university california clinical psychology program ref name otterman however although transpersonal psychology experienced minor recognition surrounding culture ref name chinen also faced fair amount skepticism criticism surroundings freeman ref name freeman mentions early field transpersonal psychology aware possibility would rejected


scientific community method inner empiricism based disciplined introspection target skepticism outsiders years come several commentators mentioned controversial aspects transpersonal psychology zdenek ref name zdenek zdenek marilee transformations consciousness book review la times september ref representing moderate criticism noted field regarded controversial since inception commentators friedman ref name friedman adams ref name adams also mention controversial status field ''san francisco chronicle'' reported holistic studies program


''john f kennedy university'' orinda included transpersonal psychology department program considered unique time also controversial commentators presented skepticism towards program ref name mcmanis another controversial aspect concerns topic psychedelic substances ref name bravo grob bravo gary grob charles psychedelics transpersonal psychiatry scotton bruce w chinen allan b battista john r eds textbook transpersonal psychiatry psychology new york basic books ref commenting upon controversial status psychedelic entheogenic substances contemporary culture authors elmer macdonald friedman ref name elmer macdonald friedman


observe drugs used therapeutic effect transpersonal movement authors however note common form transpersonal intervention contemporary therapy according lukoff lu ref name lukoff lu ''american psychological association'' expressed concerns unscientific nature transpersonal psychology time petition see apa rowan ref name rowan notes association serious reservations opening transpersonal psychology division petitions divisional status failed win majority votes apa council


division never established ref name aanstoos serlin greening commentators also mention transpersonal psychology 's association ideas religion one concerns prohibited becoming separate division apa time petition ref name aanstoos serlin greening commenting state field mid nineties chinen ref name chinen noted professional publications hesitant publish articles dealt transpersonal subjects adams ref name adams noted field struggled recognition legitimate field study


academic community parsons ref name parsons noted transpersonal psychology 's naive perennialism misreading religious texts lack methodological sophistication weak epistemology well received academia criticism skepticism response criticism skepticism towards field transpersonal psychology presented wide assortment commentators ref name chinen includes writers within ranks well writers representing fields psychology philosophy critical remarks within field include observations lukoff lu criticism walach contribution


field spiritually oriented psychotherapy lukoff lu ref name lukoff lu discuss strengths weaknesses transpersonal psychotherapy transpersonal psychology among strengths basis theory practice allows communication dialogue cultures native healers among weaknesses lack theoretical agreement led internal debates attention critics question validity transpersonal approach another source close field ''the wiley blackwell handbook transpersonal psychology'' chapter book ref name walach walach harald criticisms transpersonal psychology beyond


future transpersonal psychology science culture consciousness wiley blackwell handbook transpersonal psychology pages wiley blackwell ref walach brings attention unsolved problems within field according editors criticism represents sort self criticism mandatory within responsible discipline criticism profiles close field also include observations ken wilber jorge ferrer wilber one early profiles within transpersonal field repeatedly announced demise transpersonal psychology however early transpersonal theory wilber subject criticism notably


humanistic psychologists rollo may kirk schneider ref name schroll rowan robinson schroll mark rowan john robinson oliver clearing rollo may views transpersonal psychology acknowledging may early supporter ecopsychology ''international journal transpersonal studies'' pp ref even though wilber distanced transpersonal psychology favour integral philosophy ref name hartelius caplan rardin ref name freeman transpersonal model continued attract recognition ref name cowley derezotes ref name bidwell criticism ref name adams ref name bidwell among critics wilber also find ferrer ref name freeman ref name adams


published revision transpersonal theory revision ref name ferrer criticized transpersonal psychology loyal perennial philosophy introducing subtle cartesianism preoccupied intrasubjective spiritual states inner empiricism alternative trends suggests participatory vision human spirituality honors wide assortment spiritual insights spiritual worlds places criticism humanistic psychology one earliest criticisms field issued humanistic psychologist rollo may disputed conceptual foundations transpersonal psychology ref name aanstoos serlin greening according


commentators may also criticized field neglecting personal dimension psyche elevating pursuit transcendental ref name hartelius caplan rardin neglecting dark side human nature ref name lukoff lu commentators ref name hartelius caplan rardin note reservations expressed may might reflect later theorists referred spiritual bypassing commentators ref name lukoff lu suggested may focused new age popularizations transpersonal approaches however criticism also come profiles field humanistic psychology eugene taylor kirk schneider raised objections


several aspects transpersonal psychology ref name chinen relationship science scientific criteria field transpersonal psychology also criticized lacking conceptual evidentiary scientific rigor review criticisms field cunningham writes philosophers criticized transpersonal psychology metaphysics naive epistemology undeveloped multiplicity definitions lack operationalization many concepts led conceptual confusion nature transpersonal psychology ie concept used differently different theorists means different things different people biologists criticized transpersonal psychology


lack attention biological foundations behavior experience physicists criticized transpersonal psychology inappropriately accommodating physic concepts explanations consciousness ref name cunningham ref others friedman ref name friedman ref name friedman suggested field underdeveloped field science consequently produced good scientific understanding transpersonal phenomena proposal new division labour within transpersonal field suggests distinction transpersonal studies broad category might include non scientific approaches transpersonal psychology narrow discipline


align closely principles scientific psychology however criticism answered ferrer ref name ferrer ferrer jorge transpersonal psychology science supernatural ''the journal transpersonal psychology'' vol ref argues friedmans proposal attaches transpersonal psychology naturalistic metaphysical worldview unsuitable domain spirituality albert ellis cognitive psychologist humanist questioned results transpersonal psychotherapy scientific status transpersonal psychology relationship religion mysticism authoritarian belief systems criticism answered wilber ref name wilber wilber ken let 's nuke


transpersonalists response albert ellis ''journal counseling development'' feb vol p ref questioned ellis' understanding domain religion field transpersonal psychology walsh ref name walsh walsh roger psychological chauvinism nuclear holocaust response albert ellis defense non rational emotive therapies ''journal counseling development'' feb vol p ref questioned ellis' critique nonrational emotive therapies commentators matthews ref name matthews supportive field remarks weakness transpersonal psychology transpersonal psychotherapy reliance


anecdotal clinical experiences rather research adams ref name adams writing perspective consciousness studies problematized concept introspective 'data' appears make database transpersonal psychology walach runehov responded issue ref name walach runehov transpersonal psychology noted undervaluing quantitative methods tool improving knowledge spiritual transpersonal categories according commentators ref name elmer macdonald friedman consequence general orientation within field regards spiritual transpersonal experience categories defy conceptualization quantification


thereby well suited conventional scientific inquiry criticism standpoint dzogchen teachings tibetan buddhism buddhism generally el capriles objected transpersonal psychology fails distinguish transpersonal condition ''nirvana'' inherently liberating transpersonal conditions within ' 'samsara'' process elaborating calls meta transpersonal psychology capriles carried refutations wilber grof washburn although ideas william james considered central transpersonal field gary alexander thought transpersonal psychology clear understanding negative dimensions


consciousness evil expressed james' philosophy ref name alexander gary criticism absorbed later transpersonal theory willing reflect important dimensions human existence skepticism towards concept spiritual emergencies transpersonal dimension psychiatry expressed alison jgray ref name gray gray alison j reviews case spiritual emergency moving successfully awakening ''psychiatric bulletin'' ref according cunningham transpersonal psychology criticized christian authors mishmash 'new age' ideas offer alternative faith


system vulnerable youths turn backs organized religion adeney ref name cunningham according john v davis ref name davis transpersonal psychology criticized emphasizing oneness holism expense diversity see also claudio naranjo indian psychology near death studies neurotheology transpersonal anthropology notes walsh vaughan trying improve definitions proposed definition view entail fewer presuppositions less theoryladen closely tied experience b state university new york press albany ny divides publications categories series representing


different academic fields among fields represented category find ''suny series transpersonal humanistic psychology'' another category ''suny series philosophy psychology'' also includes work transpersonal writers c among universities colleges associated transpersonal theory part research curriculum find sofia university california us california institute integral studies us notre dame de namur university us saybrook university us liverpool john moores university uk naropa university us john f kennedy university california us university west georgia us atlantic university us burlington


college us university northampton uk leeds metropolitan university uk pacifica graduate institute us transpersonal psychology often differentiates concepts religion spirituality ref name walsh vaughan ref name turner et al ref name cowley derezotes commentators ref name elmer macdonald friedman note religion transpersonal context individuals involvement social institution doctrines spirituality individuals experience transcendent dimension authors ref name turner et al ref name lukoff lu turner dsm proposal make differentiation religious problems may


caused change denominational membership conversion new religion intensification religious belief practice loss questioning faith guilt joining leaving new religious movement cult spiritual problems may result variables mentioned mystical experience near death experience kundalini awakening shamanic crisis psychic opening intensive meditation separation spiritual teacher medical terminal illness addiction e precedents grof 's approach regard found jung perry dabrowski bateson laing cooper antipsychiatry widest sense term f addition whitney also


schrimpf https wwwtranscript verlagde en detail index sarticle medicine religion spirituality global perspectives traditional complementary alternative healing bielefeld transcript verlag pp nbsp rowan john ''the transpersonal psychotherapy counselling'' london routledge taylor steve september https wwwpsychologytodaycom blog darkness transpersonal psychology transpersonal psychology exploring farther reaches human nature ''psychology today'' external links http wwwatpweborg association transpersonal psychology atp http wwweurotasorg european transpersonal association http wwwtranspersonalstudiesorg international journal transpersonal studies organ international transpersonal association http transpersonalpsychologyorguk british psychological society transpersonal psychology section http wwwsofiaedu sofia university formerly institute transpersonal psychology http wwwtranspersonaljournalcom journal transpersonal research organ european


transpersonal association http wwwerenlaicom media downloads alefebvre transpersonal rpdf transpersonal psychology bibliography complete bibliography regarding transpersonal psychology compiled andre lefebvre http wwwijtrnet international journal transformative research psychological schools clinical psychology transpersonal studies meditation new age practices


curator emile theodore center museum curator palais des beaux arts de lille shown reconstruction gallery dedicated spanish italian paintings circa collections curator museum curator keeper cultural heritage institution eg gallery museum library archive content specialist charged institution 's collections involved interpretation heritage material including historical artifacts collections curator 's concern necessarily involves tangible objects sort artwork collectibles historic items scientific collections smaller organizations curator may sole responsibility

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Curator


acquisitions even collections care curator makes decisions regarding objects select oversees potential documentation conducts research based collection history provides proper packaging object transportation shares research public community exhibitions publications small volunteer based museums local historical societies curator may paid staff member larger institutions curator 's primary function subject specialist expectation conduct original research objects guide organization


natural science museums librarian curators ''conservateurs des biblioth ques'' curators selected competitive examination attend inp institut national du patrimoine conservateurs du patrimoine civil servants work public service use title private workers possible united kingdom term curator also applies government employees monitor quality contract archaeological work planning policy guidance archaeology planning ppg manage cultural resource region museum setting curator united kingdom may also called


keeper exhibitions curator exhibitions curator person charge conceiving organising exhibitions title curator identifies someone selects often interprets works exhibit addition selecting works curator often responsible writing labels catalog essays content supporting exhibitions curators may permanent staff members guest curators affiliated organization university freelance curators working consultancy basis france term exhibitions curator translated ''commissaire d'exposition'' ''curateur'' late th century saw explosion artists organizing exhibitions artist curator


long tradition influence notably featuring sir joshua reynolds inaugural president royal academy arts london founded education training collections exhibitions curators curators hold high academic degree subject typically doctor philosophy master 's degree subjects history art history art archaeology anthropology classics ref name times carly chynoweth http wwwtimesonlinecouk tol life style education student get job article ece ''how become museum curator'' december times online ref ref name day life valarie kinkade http wwwaam usorg pubs webexclusive kinkadecfm ''day life curator'' american alliance museums ref ref name edubook stephanie harper http wwwedubookcom become museum curator ''how become


museum curator'' july edubook ref curators also expected contributed academic field example delivering public talks publishing articles presenting specialist academic conferences ref name times important curators knowledge current collecting market area expertise aware current ethical practices laws may impact organisation 's collecting ref name curcom ethics http wwwaam usorg docs continuum curcomethicspdf ''a code ethics curators'' american alliance museums curators committee ref ref name combatting illicit trade http wwwculturegovuk images publications combating illicit trade pdf ''combatting illicit trade due diligence guidelines museums libraries archives collecting borrowing cultural material''


october department culture media sport ref increased complexity many museums cultural organisations prompted emergence professional programs fields public history public humanities museum studies arts management curating curatorial practice ref name hang niru ratnam https wwwtheguardiancom theobserver mar featuresmagazine ''hang all'' march observer ref see '' external links'' information courses biocuration biocurator professional scientist curates collects annotates validates information disseminated biological model organism databases engagement community curation education outreach play important role institutions


led emergence titles curator education curator public practice community curation also known co curation public curation inclusive curation movement museums public humanities organizations within biocuration field involve community members various curatorial processes including exhibit development programming community members involved community curation likely trained museum professionals vested interests outcomes curatorial projects community curation response th century information transmission model learning museums sources expert knowledge


visitors recipients expertise community curation seeks abandon expertise broaden definitions expertise include broader domains experience visitors bring museums community curation practices varied organizations conducted community outreach beginning exhibition projects convenes community advisory committees various stages curatorial process ref name broom ref accepted exhibit proposals community members trained curatorial skills co create exhibits efforts allow communities participate curation require less expertise museum staff literary curation


social media every aspect society seen emergence technology curators technology curators people able disentangle science logic particular technology apply real world situations society whether social change commercial advantage purposes first uk ''wired'' conference test lab independent curator selected technology showcased radical technology advancements impact society ability design print physical objects using printers fully working violin ability model


represent accurate interactive medical molecular models stereoscopic us museums become increasingly digitized curators find constructing narratives material digital worlds historian elaine gurian called museums visitors could comfortably search answers questions regardless importance placed questions others would change role curator teacher facilitator assistor sense role curator united states precarious digital interactive exhibits often allow members public become


segdwick issues curating intellect richter drabble b curating critique revolver spalding f tate history tate publishing sullivan l childs curating archaeological collections thea c curating interviews ten international curators graham b cook rethinking curating cambridge mit press winbladh l adventures archaeologist memoirs museum curator akakia publications london external links https wwwtheguardiancom theobserver mar featuresmagazine 'hang all' article contemporary curating rise curating degrees observer newspaper sunday march https wwwtheguardiancom theguardian jul featuresjobsmoney 'career


curating' article curating contemporary design guardian newspaper saturday july http wwwcuratinginfo curatinginfo http wwwcrumbweborg crumb curatorial resource upstart media bliss https webarchiveorg web http icpabe international curators program antwerp https webarchiveorg web http wwwliverpoolmuseumsorguk nof maths exhibitionists geared towards children interactive guide exhibition put together http blogtateorguk turnerprize cat tate staff preparations turner prize blog tate uk https webarchiveorg web http wwwumsystemedu ums curators umsystemedu university missouri board curators http studiobananatv sbtv interviews agustin perez rubio interview agust n p rez rubio current director former chief curator musac http wwwbardedu ccs study program overview center curatorial studies bard college graduate program https wwwnuaacuk study nua courses curation curation degree course norwich university


arts http wwwccc programmeorg critical curatorial cybermedia research based masters programme geneva university art design geneva switzerland https wwwrcaacuk schools school arts humanities cca curating contemporary art royal college art https webarchiveorg web http wwwdeappelnl cp de appel curatorial programme de appel arts centre amsterdam netherlands http wwwecoledumagasincom cole du magasin curatorial training program le magasin grenoble france http wwwdonau uniacat exhibit exhibition design management department image science danube university krems austria https webarchiveorg web http wwwccaedu academics graduate curatorialpractice curatorial practice california college arts san francisco california usa http graduateartsunimelbeduau cm master art curatorshiphtml curatorship university melbourne melbourne australia https webarchiveorg web http roskiuscedu art curatorial practices public sphere usc roski school


fine arts los angeles california https webarchiveorg web http wwwkuratierenundkritiknet english home enhtml master art curatorial studies theory history criticism frankfurt germany http whitneyorg research isp whitney independent study program https wwwocaduca academics graduate studies criticism curatorial practicehtm criticism curatorial practice mfa graduate studies ocad u visual arts exhibitions education training occupations museum occupations visual arts occupations


'''biblical studies''' academic application set diverse disciplines study bible old testament new testament ref name oxf ref name steve ''introduction biblical studies second edition'' steve moyise oct pages ref theory methods field draws disciplines ranging ancient history historical criticism philology textual criticism literary criticism historical backgrounds mythology comparative religion ref name oxf many secular well religious universities colleges offer courses biblical studies usually departments religious studies theology judaic studies history comparative literature biblical scholars


necessarily faith commitment texts study many definition ''oxford handbook biblical studies'' defines field set various cases independent disciplines study collection ancient texts generally known bible ref name oxf ''the oxford handbook biblical studies'' j w rogerson judith lieu may page xvii ref disciplines include limited historical criticism archaeology hermeneutics textual criticism cultural anthropology history history interpretation sociology theology ref name oxf patristics academic societies several academic associations


societies promote research field largest society biblical literature sbl around members countries publishes many books journals biblical studies including flagship ''journal biblical literature'' sbl hosts one academic conference north america another international conference year well smaller regional meetings others include european association biblical studies evangelical theological society institute biblical research american schools oriental research catholic biblical association biblical criticism biblical criticism scholarly study investigation


biblical writings seeks make discerning judgments writings ref name harpers harper 's bible dictionary ref viewing biblical texts ordinary pieces literature rather set apart literature traditional view asks particular text originated circumstances produced influences work production sources used composition message intended convey vary slightly depending whether focus hebrew bible old testament


letters new testament canonical gospels also plays important role quest historical jesus also addresses physical text including meaning words way used preservation history integrity biblical criticism draws upon wide range scholarly disciplines including archaeology anthropology folklore comparative religion oral tradition studies historical religious studies textual criticism textual criticism branch textual scholarship philology literary criticism concerned identification removal transcription errors texts manuscripts


biological discipline cladistics currently also used determine relationships manuscripts phrase lower criticism used describe contrast textual criticism higher criticism endeavor establish authorship date place composition original text history bible historical research often dominated modern biblical studies biblical scholars usually try interpret particular text within original historical context use whatever information available reconstruct setting historical criticism aims determine provenance authorship process ancient texts


composed famous theories historical criticism include documentary hypothesis suggests pentateuch compiled four different written sources different reconstructions historical jesus based primarily differences canonical gospels original languages hebrew bible textual basis christian old testament although order rearranged books split two written biblical hebrew although chapters written biblical aramaic deuterocanonical books removed old testament protestant christian bibles variously written hebrew greek aramaic new


testament written koine greek possible aramaic undertones first translation hebrew bible known septuagint greek old testament therefore hebrew greek sometimes aramaic continue taught universities colleges seminaries strong programs biblical studies see also bible history biblical hermeneutics biblical theology chronology bible references reading ''the cambridge history bible'' vols eds p r ackroyd c f evans l greenslade g w h lampe cambridge cambridge university press frei hans ''the eclipse


encounters'' cambridge cambridge external links parallel bible non english translations list multidisciplinary resources


symbolics lisp machine early platform expert systems artificial intelligence '''expert system''' computer system emulating decision making ability human expert ref name jackson ref expert systems designed solve complex problems reasoning bodies knowledge represented mainly rules rather conventional procedural code first expert systems created proliferated ref name durkinhistory ref expert systems among first truly successful forms artificial intelligence ai software ref name simon schuster ref expert system divided two subsystems inference engine

Formal science
Computer science
Artificial intelligence
Expert systems


healthcare field presented tantalizing challenge enable machines make medical diagnostic decisions ref name cadsurvey ref thus late right information age fully arrived researchers started experimenting prospect using computer technology emulate human decision making example biomedical researchers started creating computer aided systems diagnostic applications medicine biology early diagnostic systems used patients symptoms laboratory test results inputs generate diagnostic outcome systems often described early forms expert systems however researchers realized significant limitations


intelligence ai software ref name simon schuster research expert systems also active france us focus tended rules based systems first systems hard coded top lisp programming environments expert system shells developed vendors intellicorp france research focused systems developed prolog advantage expert system shells somewhat easier nonprogrammers use advantage prolog environments focused ''if then'' rules prolog environments provided much better realization


complete first order logic environment expert systems proliferated universities offered expert system courses two thirds fortune companies applied technology daily business activities ref name durkinhistory interest international fifth generation computer systems project japan increased research funding europe first ibm pc pc dos operating system introduced imbalance high affordability relatively powerful chips pc compared much expensive cost processing power mainframes dominated corporate world


time created new type architecture corporate computing termed client server model calculations reasoning could performed fraction price mainframe using pc model also enabled business units bypass corporate departments directly build applications result client server tremendous impact expert systems market expert systems already outliers much business world requiring new skills many departments eager develop natural fit new pc based


shells promised put application development hands end users experts main development environment expert systems high end lisp machines xerox symbolics texas instruments rise pc client server computing vendors intellicorp inference corporation shifted priorities developing pc based tools also new vendors often financed venture capital aion corporation neuron data exsys many others started appearing regularly first expert system used design capacity large scale product sid


synthesis integral design software program developed written lisp sid generated vax cpu logic gates ref name siddtj carl gibson et al vax series digital technical journal digital equipment corporation volume number fall pp ref input software set rules created several expert logic designers sid expanded rules generated software logic synthesis routines many times size rules surprisingly combination rules resulted overall design exceeded capabilities experts many cases


frequently idealistic situation radically changed richard karp published breakthrough paper reducibility among combinatorial problems early thanks karp 's work became clear certain limitations possibilities one designs computer algorithms findings describe computers cannot many computational problems related type expert systems certain pragmatic limitations findings laid groundwork led next developments field ref name cadsurvey beyond term ''expert system''


idea standalone ai system mostly dropped lexicon two interpretations one expert systems failed world moved expert systems deliver hyped promise mirror opposite expert systems simply victims success professionals grasped concepts rule engines tools migrated standalone tools developing special purpose ''expert'' systems one many standard tools many leading major business application suite vendors sap siebel


approaches researchers developed based new methods artificial intelligence ai particular machine learning data mining approaches feedback mechanism recurrent neural networks often take advantage mechanisms related discussion disadvantages section modern systems incorporate new knowledge easily thus update easily systems generalize existing knowledge better deal vast amounts complex data related subject big data sometimes type expert systems called intelligent systems ref name cadsurvey software


instances assertions replaced values object instances rules worked querying asserting values objects inference engine automated reasoning system evaluates current state knowledge base applies relevant rules asserts new knowledge knowledge base inference engine may also include abilities explanation explain user chain reasoning used arrive particular conclusion tracing back firing rules resulted assertion ref name hayes roth ref mainly two modes


inference engine forward chaining backward chaining different approaches dictated whether inference engine driven antecedent left hand side consequent right hand side rule forward chaining antecedent fires asserts consequent example consider following rule math display block r mathit man x implies mathit mortal x math simple example forward chaining would assert man socrates system trigger inference engine would match r assert mortal socrates knowledge base backward chaining bit less straight forward backward chaining system


looks possible conclusions works backward see might true system trying determine mortal socrates true would find r query knowledge base see man socrates true one early innovations expert systems shells integrate inference engines user interface could especially powerful backward chaining system needs know particular fact simply generate input screen ask user information known example


system would reply men mortal socrates man significant area research generation explanations knowledge base natural english rather simply showing formal less intuitive rules expert systems evolved many new techniques incorporated various types inference engines important truth maintenance systems record dependencies knowledge base facts altered dependent knowledge altered accordingly example system learns socrates longer known


man revoke assertion socrates mortal hypothetical reasoning knowledge base divided many possible views aka worlds allows inference engine explore multiple possibilities parallel example system may want explore consequences assertions true socrates man true uncertainty systems one first extensions simply using rules represent knowledge also associate probability rule assert


socrates mortal assert socrates ''may'' mortal probability value simple probabilities extended systems sophisticated mechanisms uncertain reasoning fuzzy logic combination probabilities ontology classification addition object classes knowledge base new type reasoning possible along reasoning simply object values system could also reason object structures simple example man represent object class r redefined rule defines class men types special purpose


understood reviewed even edited domain experts rather experts benefits explicit knowledge representation rapid development ease maintenance ease maintenance obvious benefit achieved two ways first removing need write conventional code many normal problems caused even small changes system could avoided expert systems essentially logical flow program least highest level simply given system simply invoke inference engine also


reason second benefit rapid prototyping expert system shell possible enter rules prototype developed days rather months year typically associated complex projects claim expert system shells often made removed need trained programmers experts could develop systems reality seldom ever true rules expert system comprehensible typical computer code still formal syntax misplaced comma


character could cause havoc computer language also expert systems moved prototypes lab deployment business world issues integration maintenance became far critical inevitably demands integrate take advantage large legacy databases systems arose accomplish integration required skills type system ref name wong ref disadvantages common disadvantage cited expert systems academic literature knowledge acquisition problem obtaining time domain experts software application always difficult


expert systems especially difficult experts definition highly valued constant demand organization result problem great deal research later years expert systems focused tools knowledge acquisition help automate process designing debugging maintaining rules defined experts however looking life cycle expert systems actual use problems essentially problems large system seem least critical knowledge acquisition integration access


large databases performance ref name feigenbaum ref performance could especially problematic early expert systems built using tools earlier lisp versions interpreted code expressions without first compiling provided powerful development environment drawback virtually impossible match efficiency fastest compiled languages c system database integration difficult early expert systems tools mostly languages platforms neither familiar welcome corporate environments programming languages lisp prolog hardware platforms


lisp machines personal computers result much effort later stages expert system tool development focused integrating legacy environments cobol large database systems porting standard platforms issues resolved mainly client server paradigm shift pcs gradually accepted environment legitimate platform serious business system development affordable minicomputer servers provided processing power needed ai applications ref name wong another major challenge expert systems emerges size knowledge base


problems exist methods employ machine learning approaches another problem related knowledge base make updates knowledge quickly effectively also add new piece knowledge ie add among many rules challenging modern approaches rely machine learning methods easier regard challenges became clear new approaches ai required instead rule based technologies new approaches based use machine learning techniques along use feedback


mechanisms ref name cadsurvey key challenges expert systems medicine one considers computer aided diagnostic systems modern expert systems perhaps application domains include issues related aspects big data existing regulations healthcare practice various algorithmic issues system assessment applications hayes roth divides expert systems applications categories illustrated following table example applications original hayes roth table arose well afterward application footnoted described hayes roth book ref name hayes roth also categories provide intuitive framework


describe space expert systems applications rigid categories cases application may show traits one category class wikitable category problem addressed examples interpretation inferring situation descriptions sensor data hearsay speech recognition prospector prediction inferring likely consequences given situations preterm birth risk assessment diagnosis inferring system malfunctions observables caduceus mycin puff mistral ref name mistral ref eydenet ref name eydenet kaleidos ref name kaleidos design configuring objects constraints dendral mortgage loan advisor


r dec vax configuration sid dec vax cpu planning designing actions mission planning autonomous underwater vehicle monitoring comparing observations plan vulnerabilities reactor debugging providing incremental solutions complex problems saint mathlab macsyma repair executing plan administer prescribed remedy toxic spill crisis management instruction diagnosing assessing correcting student behaviour smhpal ref name smhpal intelligent clinical training steamer control interpreting predicting repairing monitoring system behaviors real time process control space shuttle


mission control hearsay early attempt solving voice recognition expert systems approach part category expert systems successful hearsay interpretation systems essentially pattern recognition systems looking patterns noisy data case hearsay recognizing phonemes audio stream early examples analyzing sonar data detect russian submarines kinds systems proved much amenable neural network ai solution rule based approach caduceus mycin medical diagnosis systems user describes symptoms


computer would doctor computer returns medical diagnosis dendral tool study hypothesis formation identification organic molecules general problem solved designing solution given set constraints one successful areas early expert systems applied business domains salespeople configuring digital equipment corporation dec vax computers mortgage loan application development smhpal expert system assessment students multiple disabilities ref name smhpal ref mistral ref name mistral expert system monitor dam safety developed ismes


italy gets data automatic monitoring system performs diagnosis state dam first copy installed ridracoli dam italy still operational installed several dams italy abroad eg itaipu dam brazil landslide sites name eydenet ref name eydenet ref monuments name kaleidos ref name kaleidos ref mistral registered trade mark cesi see also ai winter clips constraint logic programming constraint satisfaction knowledge engineering learning classifier system rule based machine learning references


external links http wwwcodeprojectcom kb recipes artificialadvice aspx expert system tutorial code project artificial intelligence decision support systems information systems


cyclists may trained assessed exercise physiologists optimize performance '''exercise physiology''' physiology physical exercise one allied health professions involves study acute responses chronic adaptations exercise exercise physiologists highest qualified exercise professionals utilise education lifestyle intervention specific forms exercise rehabilitate manage acute chronic injuries conditions understanding effect exercise involves studying specific changes muscular cardiovascular neuro nowiki humoral systems lead changes functional capacity strength due endurance training

Human physical performance and recreation


strength training ref name awtry ref effect training body defined reaction adaptive responses body arising exercise ref name bompa ref elevation metabolism produced exercise ref name lee ref exercise physiologists study effect exercise pathology mechanisms exercise reduce reverse disease progression history british physiologist archibald hill introduced concepts maximal oxygen uptake oxygen debt hill german physician otto meyerhof shared nobel prize physiology medicine independent work related muscle energy


metabolism building work scientists began measuring oxygen consumption exercise notable contributions made henry taylor university minnesota scandinavian scientists per olof strand bengt saltin harvard fatigue laboratory german universities copenhagen muscle research centre among others countries primary health care provider accredited exercise physiologists aep 's university trained professionals prescribe exercise based interventions treat various conditions using specific dose response prescriptions specific individual energy expenditure humans high capacity expend energy many


expended energy much higher depends upon average level physical work exercise done day thus exercise particularly sustained long periods dominates energy metabolism body physical activity energy expenditure correlates strongly gender age weight heart rate vo sub sub max individual physical activity metabolic changes ergospirometry laboratory measurement metabolic changes graded exercise test treadmill rapid energy sources energy needed perform short lasting high intensity bursts activity derived anaerobic metabolism within


cytosol muscle cells opposed aerobic respiration utilizes oxygen sustainable occurs mitochondria quick energy sources consist phosphocreatine pcr system fast glycolysis adenylate kinase systems synthesize adenosine triphosphate atp universal energy source cells rapid source readily depleted sources pcr system utilizes enzyme creatine kinase enzyme catalyzes reaction combines phosphocreatine adenosine diphosphate adp atp creatine resource short lasting oxygen required