derived largely old english addition elements gaelic french although resembling language spoken northern england became distinct dialect late fourteenth century onwards ref name wormald pp j wormald ''court kirk community scotland '' edinburgh edinburgh university press pp ref began adopted ruling elite gradually abandoned french fifteenth century language government acts parliament council records treasurer 's accounts almost using reign james onwards result gaelic dominant


north river tay began steady decline ref name wormald pp lowland writers began treat gaelic second class rustic even amusing language helping frame attitudes towards highlands create cultural gulf lowlands ref name wormald pp first surviving major text scots literature john barbour 's ''brus'' composed patronage robert ii telling story epic poetry robert 's actions english invasion till end war independence work extremely popular among scots speaking aristocracy barbour referred

Humanities
Languages and literature
Scottish Literature


father scots poetry holding similar place contemporary chaucer england early fifteenth century followed andrew wyntoun 's verse ''orygynale cronykil scotland'' blind harry 's ''the wallace'' blended historical romance verse chronicle probably influenced scots versions popular french romances also produced period including ''the buik alexander'' ''launcelot laik'' ''the porteous noblenes'' gilbert hay ref name wormald pp much middle scots literature produced makars poets links royal court included james


wrote ''the kingis quair'' many makars university education also connected kirk however dunbar 's ''lament makaris'' c provides evidence wider tradition secular writing outside court kirk largely lost advent printing scotland writers robert henryson william dunbar walter kennedy gavin douglas seen leading golden age scottish poetry ref name wormald pp late fifteenth century scots prose also began develop genre although earlier fragments original scots prose


''auchinleck chronicle'' first complete surviving work includes john ireland 's ''the meroure wyssdome'' also prose translations french books chivalry survive including ''the book law armys'' ''order knychthode'' treatise ''secreta secretorum'' arabic work believed aristotle 's advice alexander great ref name wormald pp establishment printing press royal patent would begin make easier disseminate scottish literature probably aimed bolstering scottish national identity ref name bawcutt williams pp p j bawcutt j h williams ''a


publishing lynch ed ''the oxford companion scottish history'' oxford oxford university press pp nbsp ref landmark work reign james iv gavin douglas 's version virgil 's ''aeneid'' ''eneados'' first complete translation major classical text scots language first successful example kind anglic language finished overshadowed disaster flodden ref name wormald pp early modern era sixteenth century william alexander statesman author patron poets authors james v r supported william stewart


renaissance reformation general lynch ed ''the oxford companion scottish history'' oxford oxford university press pp nbsp ref contributors tradition included royal secretary john maitland reformer andrew melville john johnston david hume godscroft reign mary queen scots r minority son james vi r cultural pursuits limited lack royal court political turmoil kirk heavily influenced calvinism also discouraged poetry devotional nature nevertheless


poets period included richard maitland lethington produced meditative satirical verses style dunbar john rolland fl wrote allegorical satires tradition douglas courtier minister alexander hume c whose corpus work includes nature poetry epistolary verse alexander scott 's use short verse designed sung music opened way castilan poets james vi 's adult reign ref name vanheijnsbergen pp james vi strongly promoted literature country birth scots treatise ''some


satire meditations love later poets followed vein included william alexander c alexander craig c robert ayton ref name vanheijnsbergen pp late king 's championing native scottish tradition extent diffused prospect inheriting english throne lyndsay produced interlude linlithgow palace king queen thought version play ''the thrie estaitis'' satirised corruption church state complete play survive reformation ref name brownetalpp brown


ref anonymous ''the maner cyring ane play'' ref name vanheijnsbergen pp ''philotus'' published london isolated examples surviving plays latter vernacular scots comedy errors probably designed court performance mary queen scots james vi ref name carpenter p carpenter scottish drama brown ed ''the edinburgh companion scottish drama'' edinburgh edinburgh university press p ref system professional companies players theatres developed england period absent scotland james vi signalled interest


longer necessary port london scots englishmen far different bot ane understandeth ane uther jenny wormald describes james creating three tier system gaelic bottom english top ref name wormald pp j wormald ''court kirk community scotland '' edinburgh edinburgh university press pp ref loss court centre patronage major blow scottish literature number scottish poets including william alexander john murray robert aytoun accompanied king london continued write ref name brown pp k


departure william drummond hawthornden ref name vanheijnsbergen pp tradition classical gaelic poetry declined new tradition vernacular gaelic poetry began emerge classical poetry used language largely fixed twelfth century vernacular continued develop contrast classical tradition used syllabic metre vernacular poets tended use stressed metre however shared classic poets set complex metaphors role verse still often panegyric number vernacular poets women mary macleod harris c ref name macdonald pp j macdonald gaelic


literature lynch ed ''the oxford companion scottish history'' oxford oxford university press pp nbsp ref tradition neo latin poetry reached fruition publication anthology ''deliciae poetarum scotorum'' published amsterdam arthur johnston c sir john scott scotstarvet containing work major scottish practitioners since buchanan ref name mason pp period marked work first named female scottish poets ref name vanheijnsbergen pp van heijnsbergen culture renaissance reformation literature lynch ed ''the oxford companion scottish history'' oxford oxford


university press pp nbsp ref elizabeth melville 's f ''ane godlie dream'' popular religious allegory first book published woman scotland anna hume daughter david hume godscroft adapted petrarch 's ''triumphs'' ''triumphs love chastitie death'' ref name vanheijnsbergen pp period ballad emerged significant written form scotland ballads may date back late medieval era deal events people traced back far thirteenth century including sir patrick spens thomas rhymer


known existed eighteenth century probably composed transmitted orally began written printed often broadsides part chapbooks later recorded noted books collectors including robert burns walter scott seventeenth century used literary form aristocratic authors including robert sempill c c lady elizabeth wardlaw lady grizel baillie loss royal court also meant force counter kirk 's dislike theatre struggled survive


scotland ref name brown pp however entirely extinguished kirk used theatre purposes schools slow suppress popular folk dramas ref name brown pp surviving plays period include william alexander 's ''monarchicke tragedies'' written departure king england closet dramas designed read rather performed already indicate alexander 's preference southern english scots language ref name carpenter p attempts revive scottish drama edinburgh lawyer william clerke wrote ''marciano discovery'' play restoration


legitimate dynasty florence many years civil war performed tennis court theatre holyrood palace parliamentary high commissioner john leslie earl rothes thomas sydsurf 's ''tarugo 's wiles coffee house'' first performed london edinburgh year drew spanish comedy relative sydsurf physician archibald pitcairne wrote ''the assembly scotch reformation'' ribald satire morals presbyterian kirk circulating manuscript published helping secure association jacobitism professional drama


neo classical style pastoral opera ''the gentle shepherd'' one influential works era ref name brown bpp would also play leading role supporting drama scotland attempt found permanent theatre capital ref name bell p b bell national drama joanna baille national theatre brown ''the edinburgh history scottish literature enlightenment britain empire '' edinburgh university press p ref ramsay part community poets working scots english included william hamilton gilbertfield c robert crawford alexander ross


jacobite william hamilton bangour socialite alison rutherford cockburn poet playwright james thompson 's famous nature poetry ''seasons'' tobias smollett poet essayist satirist playwright best known picaresque novels ''the adventures roderick random'' ''the adventures peregrine pickle'' often seen scotland 's first novelist work would major influence later novelists thackeray dickens early eighteenth century also period innovation gaelic vernacular


first scottish poet gain international reputation claiming found poetry written ossian published translations acquired international popularity proclaimed celtic equivalent classical epics ''fingal'' written speedily translated many european languages deep appreciation natural beauty melancholy tenderness treatment ancient legend single work bring romantic movement european especially german literature influencing herder goethe eventually became clear poems direct translations gaelic


flowery adaptations made suit aesthetic expectations audience robert burns highly influenced ossian cycle burns ayrshire poet lyricist widely regarded national poet scotland major figure romantic movement well making original compositions burns also collected folk songs across scotland often revising adapting poem song auld lang syne often sung hogmanay last day year scots wha hae served long time unofficial national anthem country burns 's poetry drew


upon substantial familiarity knowledge classical biblical english literature well scottish makar tradition ref name literary style robert burns http wwwblurbwirecom topics robert burns sub literary style literary style retrieved september ref burns skilled writing scots language also scottish english dialect english language works love liberty also known jolly beggars written scots english various effects ref name hae meat robert burns http poetrydispatchwordpresscom robert burns hae meat hae meat retrieved september ref themes included republicanism radicalism scottish patriotism anticlericalism class inequalities gender roles commentary


catherine trotter born london scottish parents later moving aberdeen plays included verse tragedy ''fatal friendship'' comedy ''love loss'' history ''the revolution sweden'' david crawford 's plays included restoration comedies ''courtship la mode'' ''love first sight'' developed character stage scot often clown cunning loyal newburgh hamilton born ireland scottish descent produced comedies ''the petticoat ploter'' ''the doating lovers'' ''the libertine'' later wrote libretto handel 's


''samson'' closely based john milton 's ''samson agonistes'' james thompson 's plays often dealt contest public duty private feelings included ''sophonisba'' ''agamemnon'' ''tancrid sigismuda'' last international success david mallet 's c ''eurydice'' accused coded jacobite play later work indicates opposition walpole administration opera ''masque alfred'' collaboration thompson mallet composer thomas arne thompson supplying lyrics famous work patriotic song rule britannia ref name brown bpp brown public


private performance brown ed ''the edinburgh companion scottish drama'' edinburgh edinburgh university press pp ref scotland performances largely limited performances visiting actors faced hostility kirk ref name brown bpp edinburgh company players able perform dundee montrose aberdeen regular performances taylor 's hall edinburgh protection royal patent ref name brown bpp ramsay instrumental establishing small theatre carruber 's close edinburgh ref name garlick pp g garlick theatre outside london j milling p thomson j donohue eds ''the


cambridge history british theatre volume '' cambridge cambridge university press pp ref passing licensing act made activities illegal theatre soon closed ref name bell p new theatre opened cannongate operated without licence ref name garlick pp later eighteenth century many plays written performed small amateur companies published lost towards end century closet dramas primarily designed read rather performed including work hogg galt


joanna baillie often influenced ballad tradition gothic romanticism ref name brown pp brown ''the edinburgh history scottish literature enlightenment britain empire '' edinburgh edinburgh university press pp ref nineteenth century walter scott whose waverley novels helped define scottish identity th century scottish poetry often seen entering period decline nineteenth century ref name mandell pp l mandell nineteenth century scottish poetry brown ed ''the edinburgh history scottish literature enlightenment britain empire '' edinburgh edinburgh university press pp ref descent infantalism exemplified


highly popular whistle binkie anthologies ref name carruthers pp g carruthers ''scottish literature'' edinburgh edinburgh university press pp ref however scotland continued produce talented successful poets including weaver poet william thom lady margaret maclean clephane compton northampton william edmondstoune aytoun thomas campbell whose works extensively reprinted period ref name mandell pp among influential poets later nineteenth century james thomson john davidson whose work would major impact modernist poets including hugh macdiarmid wallace stevens eliot ref name lindsayandduncan ppxxxiv xxxv lindsay


l duncan ''the edinburgh book twentieth century scottish poetry'' edinburgh edinburgh university press pp xxxiv xxxv ref highland clearances widespread emigration significantly weakened gaelic language culture profound impact nature gaelic poetry best poetry vein contained strong element protest including uilleam mac dhun l ibhe 's william livingstone protest islay seonaidh ph draig iarsiadair 's john smith condemnation responsible clearances best known gaelic poet era iri mh r nan ran mary macpherson whose evocation place mood


existing repertoire scottish themed plays included john home 's ''douglas'' ramsay 's ''the gentle shepherd'' last two popular plays among amateur groups ref name brown p brown ''the edinburgh history scottish literature enlightenment britain empire '' edinburgh edinburgh university press p ref scott keenly interested drama becoming shareholder theatre royal edinburgh ref name brown pp baillie 's highland themed ''family legend'' first produced edinburgh help scott part deliberate attempt stimulate national scottish drama scott also wrote five plays


''hallidon hill'' ''macduff 's cross'' patriotic scottish histories ref name brown pp brown ''the edinburgh history scottish literature enlightenment britain empire '' edinburgh edinburgh university press pp ref adaptations waverley novels largely first performed minor theatres rather larger patent theatres included ''the lady lake'' ''the heart midlothian'' ''rob roy'' underwent performances scotland period also adapted stage ''guy mannering'' ''the bride lammermoor'' ''the abbot'' highly popular plays saw social range size


audience theatre expand helped shape theatre going practices scotland rest century ref name brown p scotland also location two important literary magazines era ''the edinburgh review'' founded ''blackwood 's magazine'' founded together major impact development british literature drama era romanticism late th century number scottish born authors achieved international reputations robert louis stevenson 's work included urban gothic novella ''strange case dr jekyll mr hyde'' played


major part developing historical adventure books like ''kidnapped'' ''treasure island'' arthur conan doyle 's ''sherlock holmes'' stories helped found tradition detective fiction kailyard tradition end century brought elements fantasy folklore back fashion seen work figures like j barrie famous creation peter pan george macdonald whose works including ''phantastes'' played major part creation fantasy genre th century present bust hugh macdiarmid sculpted william lamb


poets edwin muir william soutar novelists neil gunn george blake nan shepherd j cronin naomi mitchison eric linklater lewis grassic gibbon playwright james bridie born within fifteen year period although cannot described members single school pursued exploration identity rejecting nostalgia parochialism engaging social political issues ref name visitingartsscotland period saw emergence tradition popular working class theatre hundreds amateur groups established particularly growing urban centres lowlands amateur companies


scottish themes spark 's edinburgh set ''the prime miss jean brodie'' ref name visitingartsscotland kennaway 's script film ''tunes glory'' successful mass market works included action novels alistair maclean historical fiction dorothy dunnett ref name visitingartsscotland younger generation novelists emerged included shena mackay alan spence allan massie work william mcilvanney ref name visitingartsscotland carol ann duffy first scottish poet laureate scottish literature enjoyed another major revival particularly associated group glasgow writers focused around meetings house


critic poet teacher philip hobsbaum also important movement peter kravitz editor polygon books members group would come prominence writers included james kelman alasdair gray liz lochhead tom leonard aonghas macneacail ref name visitingartsscotland major prize winning scottish novels emerged movement included irvine welsh 's ''trainspotting'' warner 's ''morvern callar'' gray 's ''poor things'' kelman 's ''how late late'' ref name visitingartsscotland works linked sometimes overtly political reaction thatcherism explored marginal areas experience used vivid


vernacular language including expletives scots scottish crime fiction major area growth success novelists including val mcdermid frederic lindsay christopher brookmyre quintin jardine denise mina particularly success edinburgh 's ian rankin inspector rebus novels ref name visitingartsscotland scottish play writing became increasingly internationalised scottish writers liz lochhead edwin morgan adapting classic texts jo clifford david greig investigated european themes period also saw emergence new generation scottish poets became leading figures uk stage including paterson kathleen jamie


''crowded genius'' harper collins macdonald j theatre scotland b kershaw p thomson ''the cambridge history british theatre volume '' cambridge cambridge university press bawcutt p j williams j h ''a companion medieval scottish poetry'' woodbridge brewer bell b national drama joanna baille national theatre brown ''the edinburgh history scottish literature enlightenment britain empire '' edinburgh university press benchimol ed ''intellectual politics cultural conflict romantic period scottish whigs english radicals making


british public sphere'' aldershot ashgate bradley ''columba pilgrim penitent '' wild goose brown ''the edinburgh history scottish literature enlightenment britain empire '' edinburgh edinburgh university press brown introduction lively tradition collective amnesia brown ed ''the edinburgh companion scottish drama'' edinburgh edinburgh university press brown public private performance brown ed ''the edinburgh companion scottish drama'' edinburgh edinburgh university press brown clancy pittock manning eds ''the edinburgh history


scottish literature columba union '' edinburgh edinburgh university press brown k scottish identity b bradshaw p roberts eds ''british consciousness identity making britain '' cambridge cambridge university press brown k ''noble society scotland wealth family culture reformation revolutions'' edinburgh edinburgh university press carpenter scottish drama brown ed ''the edinburgh companion scottish drama'' edinburgh edinburgh university press carruthers g ''scottish literature'' edinburgh edinburgh university press chedgzoy k


''women 's writing british atlantic world'' cambridge cambridge university press clancy scotland 'nennian' recension historia brittonum lebor bretnach taylor ed ''kings clerics chronicles scotland '' dublin portland clancy scottish literature scottish literature g carruthers l mcilvanney eds ''the cambridge companion scottish literature'' cambridge cambridge university press clancy rkus g ''the triumph tree scotland 's earliest poetry '' edinburgh canongate books corbett j mcclure stuart smith j brief history scots


j corbett mcclure j stuart smith eds ''the edinburgh companion scots'' edinburgh edinburgh university press crawford r ''scotland 's books history scottish literature'' oxford oxford university press davidson n ''the origins scottish nationhood'' pluto press p nbsp duncan ed ''the brus'' canongate frazer w tyrrell ''social identity early medieval britain'' london continuum fry ''edinburgh'' london pan macmillan garlick g theatre outside london j milling p thomson j donohue eds ''the cambridge history british


theatre volume '' cambridge cambridge university press grant ''independence nationhood scotland '' baltimore edward arnold grant f ''the lordship isles wanderings lost lordship'' mercat gross c ''the sources literature english history earliest times '' elibron classics series hogg r ''the cambridge history english language'' cambridge cambridge university press holdsworth n case study ena lamont stewart 's men weep b kershaw p thomson ''the cambridge history british theatre volume '' cambridge cambridge


university press houston r ''scottish literacy scottish identity illiteracy society scotland northern england '' cambridge cambridge university press jack r poetry king james vi c cairns ed ''the history scottish literature'' aberdeen university press vol jack r ''alexander montgomerie'' edinburgh scottish academic press jackson c ''restoration scotland royalist politics religion ideas'' boydell press jarrels 'associations respect ing past' enlightenment romantic historicism j p klancher ''a concise companion romantic age''


oxford john wiley sons jayapalan n ''history english literature'' atlantic jones c ''a language suppressed pronunciation scots language th century'' edinburgh john donald koch j ''celtic culture historical encyclopedia'' abc clio lambdin r lambdin l c ''encyclopedia medieval literature'' london greenwood lindsay duncan l ''the edinburgh book twentieth century scottish poetry'' edinburgh edinburgh university press lyle e ''scottish ballads'' edinburgh canongate books macdonald j gaelic literature lynch ed ''the oxford companion


scottish history'' oxford oxford university press mackay p longley e brearton f ''modern irish scottish poetry'' cambridge cambridge university press maclachlan c ''before burns'' canongate books macquarrie printing publishing lynch ed ''the oxford companion scottish history'' oxford oxford university press maddicott j r palliser eds ''the medieval state essays presented james campbell'' london continuum mandell l nineteenth century scottish poetry brown ed ''the edinburgh history scottish literature enlightenment britain empire '' edinburgh edinburgh university press


martin j ''kingship love scottish poetry '' aldershot ashgate mason r culture renaissance reformation general lynch ed ''the oxford companion scottish history'' oxford oxford university press maunder ''fof companion british short story'' infobase publishing mccoy r c poetry scots brus burns c r woodring j shapiro eds ''the columbia history british poetry'' columbia university press mcilvanney l hugh blair robert burns invention scottish literature ''eighteenth century life'' spring


doi mortimer ''the time traveller 's guide elizabethan england'' random house o'halloran national discourse discord transformations ''the family legend'' baille scott hogg r alker h f nelson eds ''james hogg literary marketplace scottish romanticism working class author'' aldershot ashgate rhodes n wrapped strong arm union shakespeare king james w maley murphy eds ''shakespeare scotland'' manchester manchester university press royle ''james jim biography james kennaway'' mainstream spiller poetry


union c cairns ed ''the history scottish literature'' aberdeen university press vol stringer k j reform monasticism celtic scotland e j cowan r mcdonald eds ''alba celtic scotland middle ages'' east lothian tuckwell press thomson ''the gaelic sources macpherson 's ossian '' aberdeen oliver boyd thomson ed ''auchinleck chronicle'' edinburgh tobin ed ''the assembly'' purdue university press treharne e ''old middle english c c anthology'' wiley blackwell van heijnsbergen culture renaissance reformation


literature lynch ed ''the oxford companion scottish history'' oxford oxford university press van heijnsbergen culture renaissance reformation poetry lynch ed ''the oxford companion scottish history'' oxford oxford university press whetter k ''understanding genre medieval romance'' aldershot ashgate wormald j ''court kirk community scotland '' edinburgh edinburgh university press yorke b ''the conversion britain religion politics society britain c '' pearson education external links http wwwnlsuk printing indexcfm spread scottish printing digitised items


european literature history literature scotland


'''slavic studies''' north america '''slavonic studies''' britain ireland '''slavistics''' borrowed russian '' '' polish ' 'slawistyka'' academic field area studies concerned slavic areas slavic languages literature history culture originally slavist russian '' '' polish ' 'slawista'' slavicist primarily linguist philologist researching slavistics slavic ame slavonic bre scholar increasingly historians humanists social scientists study slavic area cultures societies included rubric north america slavic studies dominated russian studies ewa thompson describes situation non russian

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slavic studies invisible mute history slavistics emerged late th early th century simultaneously national revivals among various nations slavic origins ideological attempts establish common sense slavic community exemplified pan slavist movement among first scholars use term josef dobrovsk history slavic studies generally divided three periods early slavists concentrated documentation printing monuments slavic languages among first texts written national languages time majority slavic languages received


first modern dictionaries grammars compendia second period ending world war featured rapid development slavic philology linguistics notably outside slavic countries circle formed around august schleicher around august leskien university leipzig world war slavic studies scholars focused dialectology science continued develop countries large populations slavic origins world war ii developed centres slavic studies much greater expansion humanities social science disciplines various universities around world


rusyn studies rusynistics ukrainian studies ukrainistics south slavic studies encompassing study south slavic peoples linguistic literary cultural historical heritages bosniac studies bosniacistics bulgarian studies bulgaristics croatian studies croatistics macedonian studies macedonistics montenegrin studies montenegristics serbian studies serbistics slovene studies slovenistics west slavic studies encompassing study west slavic peoples linguistic literary cultural historical heritages czech studies bohemistics kashubian studies kashubistics polish studies polonistics


upper sorbian lower sorbian kashubian polabian rusyn old church slavonic notable people historical johann christoph jordan author early scholarly work slavic studies josef dobrovsk bohemia jernej kopitar slovenia alexander vostokov russia vuk stefanovi karad serbia pavel jozef af rik slovakia mykhaylo maksymovych ukraine izmail sreznevsky russia franz miklosich slovenia fyodor buslaev russia august schleicher germany uro dani serbia anton jane slovenia alexander potebnja ukraine vatroslav jagi modern day


croatia august leskien germany jan niecis aw baudouin de courtenay poland filipp fortunatov russia aleksander br ckner eastern galicia matija murko slovenia lyubomir miletich bulgaria macedonia aleksey shakhmatov russia antoine meillet france holger pedersen denmark russia slovenia krste misirkov macedonia bulgaria russia aleksandar beli serbia france max vasmer russia andr vaillant france dmytro chyzhevsky ukraine roman jakobson russia austria zdzis aw stieber poland dmitry likhachev


russia george shevelov ukraine jaroslav rudnyckyj eastern galicia stoyko stoykov bulgaria horace g lunt united states karel van het reve netherlands bla e koneski north macedonia juri lotman soviet union estonia henrik birnbaum poland united states vladislav illich svitych russia thomas schaub noonan united states wolfgang kasack germany isabel margaret de madariaga uk john simon gabriel simmons uk pavle ivi modern day serbia edward stankiewicz poland united states nicholas v riasanovsky


russian american alexander schenker united states zoe hauptov czech republic andrey zaliznyak russia kenneth naylor united states zbigniew go b poland leszek moszy ski poland tadeusz lehr sp awi ski poland bla e ristovski north macedonia radoslav kati croatia ivan dorovsk czech republic contemporary irwin weil born united states zuzanna topoli ska born poland vladimir dybo born russia hakan k r ml born turkey stefan brezinski born bulgaria born germany boris uspensky


born russia branko mikasinovich born united states mario capaldo born italy frederik kortlandt born netherlands gary saul morson born united states victor friedman born united states christina kramer born united states ivo posp il born czech republic alexander f tsvirkun born ukraine snje ana kordi born croatia charles kraszewski born united states marek jan chodakiewicz born poland united states alexandra popoff born russia catriona kelly born


uk aage hansen l born austria wies aw bory born poland journals book series archiv f r slavische philologie russian review sarmatian review slavic east european journal published american association teachers slavic east european languages slavic review published american association advancement slavic studies studies slavic general linguistics slavonic east european review scando slavica wiener slawistischer almanach conferences american association advancement slavic studies american association teachers slavic east european languages formal approaches


slavic linguistics institutes schools academic institute slavic studies russian academy sciences moscow russia jan stanislav institute slavistics slovak academy sciences bratislava slovakia institute slavic studies polish academy sciences warsaw poland institute slavonic studies czech academy sciences prague czechia university http slawistykauwedupl pl institute western southern slavic studies university warsaw poland institute slavonic philology uniwersytet l ski poland https ifsfilgujedupl en gb start institute slavonic studies jagiellonian university poland https slavicamuedupl welcome institute slavic philology university adam mickiewicz poland https instituteslnueduua slavonic studies institute slavic studies lviv university ukraine https wwwmaailmakeeledutee et osakonnad slavistikafbclid iwar btoaowd ewlvucgdwmed r kb z ueml mba doplzth vzdp wa department slavonic


philology university tartu estonia http wwwfilbgacrs lang sr katedre slavistika department slavic philology university belgrade serbia http wwwffunsacrs fakultet odseci fakultet odseci slavistikahtml department slavistics university novi sad serbia https wwwtcdie russian department russian slavonic studies trinity college dublin ireland ucl school slavonic east european studies university college london united kingdom https wwwnottinghamacuk clas departments modern languages russian slavonic studies russian slavonic studiesaspx department russian slavonic studies university nottingham united kingdom https slavicnccuedutw eng pagefront department slavic languages literatures chengchi university taiwan https slavicyaleedu department slavic languages literatures yale university united states http iseeesberkeleyedu institute slavic east european eurasian studies university california berkeley united states https slavicfasharvardedu department slavic


university virginia united states https wwwslavicpittedu department slavic languages literatures university pittsburgh united states https russianarizonaedu department russian slavic studies university arizona united states https liberalartsutexasedu slavic department slavic eurasian studies university texas austin united states https slavicillinoisedu department slavic languages literatures university illinois urbana champaign united states https slaviceurasiandukeedu department slavic eurasian studies duke university united states https slaviclanguagesgeorgetownedu department slavic languages georgetown university united states https dornsifeuscedu sll department slavic languages literatures university southern california united states http sitesutorontoca slavic department slavic languages literatures university toronto


http wwwffumsi oddelki slovanski jeziki knjizevnosti department slavic languages literatures university maribor slovenia https wwwffupolcz en department slavonic studies department slavonic studies university olomouc czechia https slavistikaphilmunicz department slavonic studies masaryk university czechia https ffosueu ksl department slavonic studies university ostrava czechia https slavisticaslovouni plovdivnet en nacalo department slavic studies plovdiv university paisii hilendarski bulgaria https wwwslavuni sofiabg department slavic studies sofia university bulgaria http wwwuni heidelbergde courses prospective academicprograms slavische phil enhtml institute slavic studies heidelberg university germany https wwwuni giessende fbz fb slavistik institute slavic studies justus liebig universit gie en germany https wwwslavistikuni kielde de institute slavic studies university kiel germany institute slavic studies university mainz germany https wwwuni regensburgde sprache literatur kultur slavistik aktuelles indexhtml institute slavic studies university regensburg germany https wwwuni muensterde slavistik institute


slavic studies westf lische wilhelms universit nster germany https wwwslmuni hamburgde slavistik institute slavic studies university hamburg germany https slawistikuni greifswaldde institute slavic studies greifswald university germany https wwwuni bambergde slavistik institute slavic studies otto friedrich universit bamberg germany https tu dresdende gsw slk slavistik institute slavistics technische universit dresden germany institute slavistics university potsdam germany institute slavic studies humboldt university germany institute slavic languages literatures ludwig maximilians university munich germany institute slavic studies university oldenburg germany http wwwdtcfankaraedutr en department slavic languages literatures department slavic languages literatures ankara turkey institute slavic studies tbilisi state university georgia https filologierusasislavallsunibucro department russian slavic philology departamentul de filologie rus


slav romania https enrussianhujiacil department russian slavic studies hebrew university jerusalem israel institute slavic studies university p cs hungary https rcmssosuedu resource center medieval slavic studies ohio state university united states n cleo de estudos em eslav stica federal university rio de janeiro brazil https www unicentrobr nees n cleo de estudos eslavos universidade estadual centro oeste brazil old church slavonic institute zagreb croatia https researchflwugentbe en gcsees ghent centre slavic east european studies ghent belgium see also balkan studies baltistics indo european studies byzantine studies studies centers list linguists references sources external links https wwwualbertaca csp cas canadian association


slavists http wwwslavicreviewuiucedu info relatedhtml list journals russian eurasian east european studies slavic review http wwwfasharvardedu aaass american association advancement slavic studies aaass https wwwslavistik portalde en slavistik portal slavistics portal germany http wwwpolyslav asorg association slavists polyslav https wwwslaviclinguisticsorg slavic linguistics society library guides http wwwbluk reshelp findhelprestype webres slavonicinternetresources slavoniclinkshtml slavonic east european studies guide resources british library http wwwlibdukeedu ias slavic slavic studies guide duke http hclharvardedu research guides slavic part html slavic studies research guide harvard http wwwlibraryillinoisedu spx webct indexhtml slavic east european resources university illinois http librarynyuedu research slav slavic studies guide nyu http wwwsseesuclacuk library collectionshtm guides resources university college london school slavonic east european studies http wwwlibraryyaleedu internet slavichtml slavic east european


'''information system''' '''is''' formal sociotechnical organizational system designed collect process store distribute information sociotechnical perspective information systems composed four components task people structure roles technology ref name ohara et al ref information systems defined integration components collection storage processing data data used provide information contribute knowledge well digital products facilitate decision making '''computer information system''' system composed people computers processes interprets information term

Applied science
Business
Information systems


also sometimes used simply refer computer system software installed '''information systems''' academic study systems specific reference information complementary networks computer hardware software people organizations use collect filter process create also distribute data emphasis placed information system definitive boundary users processors storage inputs outputs aforementioned communication networks many organizations department unit responsible information systems data processing known '''information services''' specific information system aims support operations management


decision making information system information communication technology ict organization uses also way people interact technology support business processes authors make clear distinction information systems computer systems business processes information systems typically include ict component purely concerned ict focusing instead end use information technology information systems also different business processes information systems help control performance business processes alter argues advantages viewing information system special type


work system work system system humans machines perform processes activities using resources produce specific products services customers information system work system whose activities devoted capturing transmitting storing retrieving manipulating displaying information information systems inter relate data systems one hand activity systems information system form communication system data represent processed form social memory information system also considered semi formal language supports human


decision making action information systems primary focus study organizational informatics overview silver et al provided two views includes software hardware data people procedures association computing machinery defines information systems specialists focus ing integrating information technology solutions business processes meet information needs businesses enterprises ref name curricula joint task force computing curricula http wwwacmorg education curric vols cc march finalpdf computing curricula overview report pdf ref various types information systems example transaction processing systems decision support systems knowledge management systems learning management systems


database management systems office information systems critical information systems information technologies typically designed enable humans perform tasks human brain well suited handling large amounts information performing complex calculations controlling many simultaneous processes information technologies important malleable resource available executives many companies created position chief information officer cio sits executive board chief executive officer ceo chief financial officer cfo chief operating officer coo chief technical officer cto cto may


also serve cio vice versa chief information security officer ciso focuses information security management '' 'six components''' must come together order produce information system '''hardware''' term hardware refers machinery equipment modern information system category includes computer support equipment support equipment includes input output devices storage devices communications devices pre computer information systems hardware might include ledger books ink '''software''' term software refers computer programs manuals support


computer programs machine readable instructions direct circuitry within hardware parts system function ways produce useful information data programs generally stored input output medium often disk tape software pre computer information systems included hardware prepared use eg column headings ledger book instructions using guidebook card catalog '''data''' data facts used systems produce useful information modern information systems data generally stored machine readable form disk tape


computer needs pre computer information systems data generally stored human readable form '''procedures''' procedures policies govern operation information system procedures people software hardware common analogy used illustrate role procedures system '''people''' every system needs people useful often overlooked element system people probably component influence success failure information systems includes users operate


service computers maintain data support network computers '''feedback''' another component defines may provided feedback although component n't necessary function data bridge hardware people means data collect data involve people point data information types information system px classic view information systems found textbooks pyramid systems reflected hierarchy organization usually


transaction processing systems bottom pyramid followed management information systems decision support systems ending executive information systems top although pyramid model remains useful since first formulated number new technologies developed new categories information systems emerged longer fit easily original pyramid model examples systems decision support system social information systems process control system management information system intelligent system enterprise systems data warehouses enterprise resource planning computing platform expert systems search engines geographic information


system global information system multimedia information system office automation '''computer based information system''' essentially using computer technology carry planned tasks basic components computer based information systems '''hardware''' devices like monitor processor printer keyboard work together accept process show data information '''software''' programs allow hardware process data '''databases''' gathering associated files tables containing related data '''networks''' connecting system allows diverse computers distribute resources '''procedures'''


information systems functional area information systems fais supporting pillars general namely business intelligence systems dashboards name suggests fais supports particular function within organization eg accounting finance production operation management pom marketing human resources finance accounting managers use systems forecast revenues business activity determine best sources uses funds perform audits ensure organization fundamentally sound financial reports documents accurate types organizational information


systems fais transaction processing systems enterprise resource planning office automation system management information system decision support system expert system executive dashboard supply chain management system electronic commerce system dashboards special form support managers organization provide rapid access timely information direct access structured information form reports expert systems attempt duplicate work human experts applying reasoning capabilities knowledge expertise within specific domain information system development information technology departments larger organizations tend strongly influence development use


house within organization outsourced accomplished outsourcing certain components entire system specific case geographical distribution development team offshoring global information system computer based information system following definition langefors technologically implemented medium recording storing disseminating linguistic expressions well drawing conclusions expressions geographic information systems land information systems disaster information systems examples emerging information systems broadly considered spatial information systems system development done stages include problem recognition


specification information gathering requirements specification new system system design system construction system implementation review maintenance academic discipline field study called ''information systems'' encompasses variety topics including systems analysis design computer networking information security database management decision support systems ''information management'' deals practical theoretical problems collecting analyzing information business function area including business productivity tools applications programming implementation electronic commerce digital media production data mining decision support ''communications networking'' deals telecommunication technologies information systems bridges business computer


science using theoretical foundations information computation study various business models related algorithmic processes building systems within computer science discipline ref name kelly ref ref name archibald ref ref name denning ref ref name coy ref ''computer information system '' cis field studying computers algorithmic processes including principles software hardware designs applications impact society whereas emphasizes functionality design several scholars debated nature foundations information systems roots reference disciplines computer science engineering mathematics management science cybernetics


boundaries disciplines still differentiated focus purpose orientation activities ref name dogpilecom ref broad scope term ''information systems'' scientific field study addresses range strategic managerial operational activities involved gathering processing storing distributing use information associated technologies society organizations ref name dogpilecom term information systems also used describe organizational function applies knowledge industry government agencies profit organizations ref name dogpilecom ''information systems'' often refers interaction algorithmic processes technology


interaction occur within across organizational boundaries information system technology organization uses also way organizations interact technology way technology works organization 's business processes information systems distinct information technology information system information technology component interacts processes' components one problem approach prevents field interested non organizational use ict social networking computer gaming mobile personal usage etc different way


information systems field find http wwwdooyinfo lingualhtml lingual aspect central interest making links aspects neighbouring disciplines ref approach based philosophy helps define focus purpose orientation also dignity destiny responsibility field among fields career pathways information systems workers enter number different careers information system strategy management information systems management information system mis information system used decision making coordination control analysis visualization information organization project management project management


practice initiating planning executing controlling closing work team achieve specific goals meet specific success criteria specified time enterprise architecture well defined practise conducting enterprise analysis design planning implementation using comprehensive approach times successful development execution strategy development organization consulting security auditor wide variety career paths information systems discipline workers specialized technical knowledge strong communications skills best prospects workers management skills understanding


officer cio cio executive charge function organizations cio works chief executive officer ceo chief financial officer cfo senior executives therefore actively participates organization 's strategic planning process research information systems research generally interdisciplinary concerned study effects information systems behaviour individuals groups organizations hevner et al categorized research two scientific paradigms including ''behavioural science'' develop verify theories explain predict human


constructs ''method'' set steps algorithm guideline used perform task methods based set underlying constructs representation model solution space ''instantiation'' realization artefact environment also research activities including ''build'' artefact perform specific task ''evaluate'' artefact determine progress achieved given artefact whose performance evaluated important determine artefact worked work within environment


therefore ''theorize'' ''justify'' theories artefacts although information systems discipline evolving years core focus identity research still subject debate among scholars two main views around debate narrow view focusing artifact core subject matter research broad view focuses interplay social technical aspects embedded dynamic evolving context third view calls scholars pay balanced attention


artifact context since study information systems applied field industry practitioners expect information systems research generate findings immediately applicable practice always case however information systems researchers often explore behavioral issues much depth practitioners would expect may render information systems research results difficult understand led criticism last ten years business trend represented considerable increase information systems function isf role especially regard enterprise strategies operations supporting


became key factor increase productivity support value creation study information system rather effects information systems models used eatput international body information systems researchers association information systems ais senior scholars forum subcommittee journals april proposed 'basket' journals ais deems 'excellent' nominated ''management information systems quarterly'' misq ''information systems research'' isr ''journal association information systems'' jais ''journal management information systems'' jmis ''european journal information systems'' ejis ''information systems


journal'' isj number annual information systems conferences run various parts world majority peer reviewed ais directly runs international conference information systems icis americas conference information systems amcis ais affiliated conferences include pacific asia conference information systems pacis european conference information systems ecis mediterranean conference information systems mcis international conference information resources management conf irm wuhan international conference e business whiceb ais chapter conferences include australasian conference information systems acis information systems research conference


scandinavia iris information systems international conference isico conference italian chapter ais itais annual mid western ais conference mwais annual conference southern ais sais edsig special interest group education aitp organizes conference information systems computing education conference information systems applied research held annually november see also related studies information management computer science human computer interaction informatics bioinformatics health informatics business informatics cheminformatics disaster informatics geoinformatics information science web sciences management information system mis formative context data processing library science


components data architect data modeling data processing system data reference model database eatput metadata predictive model markup language semantic translation three schema approach implementation enterprise information system environmental modeling center information processing system informs references reading rainer r kelly cegielski casey g http wwwwileycom wileycda wileytitle productcd ehep html introduction information systems enabling transforming business rd edition kroenke david http wwwpearsonhigheredcom kroenke ''using mis nd edition'' lindsay john http wwwoturnnet isfi indexhtml ''information systems fundamentals issues'' kingston university school information systems dostal j https webarchiveorg web http mictupolcz skolni informacni systemypdf school information systems skolni informacni systemy infotech modern information


communication technology education olomouc eu votobia o'leary timothy linda ''computing essentials introductory '' mcgraw hill https webarchiveorg web http wwwcomputing com computing com imperial college london information systems engineering degree http www imperialacuk electricalengineering courses undergraduate informationengineering ''information systems engineering'' sage sm information systems brief look history datamation nov overview early history cy mis group http wwwramblingdatacoms websiteus east amazonawscom external links http aisnetorg association information systems ais http historyaisnetorg history website https webarchiveorg web http mitsloanmitedu cisr center information systems research massachusetts institute technology http wwwercisorg european research center information systems http lampinfosysdeakineduau journals index information systems


journals http wwwecompetenceseu european ecompetence frame information


'''management information system''' '''mis''' information system used decision making coordination control analysis visualization information organization study management information systems involves people processes technology organizational context corporate setting ultimate goal use management information system increase value profits business done providing managers timely appropriate information allowing make effective decisions within shorter period time history contested

Applied science
Business
Information systems
Management information systems


history management information systems date far back companies using ledgers keep track accounting modern history mis divided five ''eras'' originally identified kenneth c laudon jane laudon seminal textbook ''management information systems'' first era mainframe minicomputer computing second era personal computers third era client server networks fourth era enterprise computing fifth era cloud computing ''first era'' mainframe minicomputer computing ruled ibm mainframe computers supplied hardware software computers would often


take whole rooms require teams run technology advanced computers able handle greater capacities therefore reduce cost smaller affordable minicomputers allowed larger businesses run computing centers house site premises ' 'second era'' personal computers began microprocessors started compete mainframes minicomputers accelerated process decentralizing computing power large data centers smaller offices late minicomputer technology gave way personal computers relatively low cost computers becoming mass market commodities allowing businesses provide


employees access computing power ten years would cost tens thousands dollars proliferation computers created ready market interconnecting networks popularization internet first microprocessor four bit device intended programmable calculator introduced microprocessor based systems readily available several years mits altair first commonly known microprocessor based system followed closely apple ii arguable microprocessor based system make significant inroads minicomputer use visicalc prompted record sales


apple ii ran ibm pc introduced broadly palatable business limitations gated ability challenge minicomputer systems perhaps late early ''third era'' client server networks arose technological complexity increased costs decreased end user ordinary employee required system share information employees within enterprise computers common network shared information server lets thousands even millions people access data simultaneously networks referred intranets ''fourth era'' enterprise computing


enabled high speed networks consolidated original department specific software applications integrated software platforms referred enterprise software new platform tied aspects business enterprise together offering rich information access encompassing complete management structure technology terms management information system mis information management system ims information system enterprise resource planning erp computer science electrical computer engineering information technology management often confused mis hierarchical subset information systems mis organization focused narrowing leveraging information technology increase business value computer science


software focused dealing applications may used mis electrical computer engineering product focused mainly dealing hardware architecture behind computer systems erp software subset mis management refers technical management department may include mis career mis focuses understanding projecting practical use management information systems studies interaction organization processes among technology people information solve problems management management information systems used every level management decision


systems implement generally falls upon chief information officers cio chief technology officers cto officers generally responsible overall technology strategy organization including evaluating new technology help organization act decision makers implementation process new mis decisions made directors including mis directors charge technical implementation system also charge implementing policies affecting mis either new specific policies passed cios ctos policies align new systems


organization 's overall policy also role ensure availability data network services well security data involved coordinating activities upon implementation assigned users appropriate access relevant information important note everyone inputting data mis need necessarily management level common practice inputs mis inputted non managerial employees though rarely access reports decision support platforms offered systems types following types


information systems used create reports extract data assist decision making processes middle operational level managers decision support systems dsss computer program applications used middle higher management compile information wide range sources support problem solving decision making dss used mostly semi structured unstructured decision problems executive information system eis reporting tool provides quick access summarized reports coming company levels departments accounting human resources operations marketing information systems management information systems designed specifically


managing marketing aspects business accounting information systems focused accounting functions human resource management systems used personnel aspects office automation systems oas support communication productivity enterprise automating workflow eliminating bottlenecks oas may implemented levels management school information management systems sims cover school administration often including teaching learning materials enterprise resource planning erp software facilitates flow information business functions inside boundaries organization manage connections outside stakeholders local databases small simplified tools


managers considered primal base level version mis advantages disadvantages following benefits attained using mis improve organization 's operational efficiency add value existing products engender innovation new product development help managers make better decisions companies able identify strengths weaknesses due presence revenue reports employee performance records etc identifying aspects help company improve business processes operations giving overall picture company acting communication


planning tool availability customer data feedback help company align business processes according needs customers effective management customer data help company perform direct marketing promotion activities mis help company gain competitive advantage mis reports help decision making well reduce downtime actionable items disadvantages mis systems retrieval dissemination dependent technology hardware software potential inaccurate information enterprise applications ''enterprise systems'' also known ''enterprise resource planning erp '' systems provide


integrated software modules unified database personnel use plan manage control core business processes across multiple locations modules erp systems may include finance accounting marketing human resources production inventory management distribution ''supply chain management scm '' systems enable efficient management supply chain integrating links supply chain may include suppliers manufacturers wholesalers retailers final customers ''customer relationship management crm '' systems help businesses manage relationships potential current customers business partners across marketing sales service ''knowledge management system kms '' helps organizations facilitate collection recording


volcanologist sampling lava using rock hammer bucket water eruption stromboli isole eolie italia ca ft vertically exposure several seconds dashed trajectories result lava pieces bright hot side cool dark side rotating mid air '''volcanology''' also spelled '''vulcanology''' study volcanoes lava magma related geological geophysical geochemical phenomena volcanism term ''volcanology'' derived latin word ''vulcan'' vulcan ancient roman god fire volcanologist geologist studies eruptive activity

Natural science
Earth science
Volcanology


vesuvius observatory founded kingdom two sicilies seismic observations made using seismographs deployed near volcanic areas watching increased seismicity volcanic events particular looking long period harmonic tremors signal magma movement volcanic conduits ref name decker robert decker barbara decker ''volcanoes'' th ed w h freeman ref surface deformation monitoring includes use geodetic techniques leveling tilt strain angle distance measurements tiltmeters total stations edms also includes gnss observations insar surface deformation indicates magma upwelling increased magma supply produces bulges


volcanic center 's surface gas emissions may monitored equipment including portable ultra violet spectrometers cospec superseded minidoas analyzes presence volcanic gases sulfur dioxide infra red spectroscopy ftir increased gas emissions particularly changes gas compositions may signal impending volcanic eruption ref name decker temperature changes monitored using thermometers observing changes thermal properties volcanic lakes vents may indicate upcoming activity ref name francis peter francis clive oppenheimer ''volcanoes'' oxford university press usa nd ed ref satellites widely used monitor volcanoes


allow large area monitored easily measure spread ash plume one eyjafjallaj kull 's eruption well sub sub emissions insar thermal imaging monitor large scarcely populated areas would expensive maintain instruments ground geophysical techniques electrical gravity magnetic observations include monitoring fluctuations sudden change resistivity gravity anomalies magnetic anomaly patterns may indicate volcano induced faulting magma upwelling ref name francis stratigraphic analyses includes analyzing tephra lava deposits dating give volcano eruption


patterns estimated cycles intense activity size eruptions ref name decker history volcanology extensive history earliest known recording volcanic eruption may wall painting dated nbsp bce found neolithic site atal h k anatolia turkey painting interpreted depiction erupting volcano cluster houses shows twin peaked volcano eruption town base though archaeologists question interpretation ref name meece meece stephanie ''a bird eye view leopard spots atalh k map


development cartographic representation prehistory'' anatolian studies see http wwwdspacecamacuk handle ref volcano may either hasan da smaller neighbour melendiz da ref name lkekul lkekul cevat '' atalh k ehir plani town plan atalh k'' nence istanbul ref greco roman philosophy vesuvius eruption ce would appeared similar classical world greece early roman empire explained volcanoes sites various gods greeks considered hephaestus god fire sat volcano etna forging weapons zeus greek word used describe volcanoes ''etna''


''hiera'' heracles son zeus roman poet virgil interpreting greek mythos held giant enceladus buried beneath etna goddess athena punishment rebellion gods mountain 's rumblings tormented cries flames breath tremors railing bars prison enceladus' brother mimas buried beneath vesuvius hephaestus blood defeated giants welled phlegrean fields surrounding vesuvius greek philosopher empedocles c nbsp bce saw world divided four elemental forces earth air


near sea level ovid believed flame fed fatty foods eruptions stopped food ran vitruvius contended sulfur alum bitumen fed deep fires observations pliny elder noted presence earthquakes preceded eruption died eruption vesuvius nbsp ce investigating stabiae nephew pliny younger gave detailed descriptions eruption uncle died attributing death effects toxic gases eruptions named plinian honour two authors renaissance observations


first eruption mount st helens may five explosive eruptions occurred including event july eruption sent pumice ash miles kilometers air visible seattle washington miles kilometers north view south ''nu es ardentes'' described azores georgius agricola argued rays sun later proposed descartes nothing volcanoes agricola believed vapor pressure caused eruptions 'mointain oil' basalt jesuit athanasius kircher


ori mythology lovers fell love pihanga spiteful jealous fight ensued ori day live tongariro taranaki fear dispute flaring hawaiian religion pele pel goddess volcanoes popular figure hawaiian mythology ref name nimmo ref pele used various scientific terms pele 's hair pele 's tears limu pele pele 's seaweed volcano jovian moon io also named pele ref name radebaugh ref saint agatha patron saint catania close mount etna


important highly venerated till today ref name foley http wwwamericancatholicorg features saints saintaspxid foley ofm leonard ''saint day'' revised pat mccloskey ofm franciscan media ref example virgin martyrs christian antiquity ref name kirsch http wwwnewadventorg cathen chtm kirsch johann peter st agatha ''the catholic encyclopedia'' vol new york robert appleton company april ref ce one year violent death stilling eruption mt etna attributed intercession catania however nearly completely destroyed eruption mt etna inhabitants died nevertheless invoked etna


eruption outbreak danginering nicolosi way invoked dealt italian folk religion sort quid pro quo way approach saints related tradition james frazer earlier pagan believes eruption vesuvius rained twinned pyroxene crystals ash upon nearby villages crystals resembled crucifix interpreted work saint januarius naples relics st januarius paraded town every major eruption vesuvius register processions


diary father antonio piaggio allowed british diplomat amateur naturalist sir william hamilton provide detailed chronology description vesuvius' eruptions notable volcanologists spanish depiction volcanic eruption guatemala plato bc pliny elder ad pliny younger george louis leclerc comte de buffon james hutton odat gratet de dolomieu george julius poulett scrope giuseppe mercalli thomas jaggar founder hawaiian volcano observatory haroun tazieff advisor french government jacques cousteau george p l walker pioneering volcanologist


transformed subject quantitative science haraldur sigurdsson born icelandic volcanologist geochemist katia maurice krafft respectively died mount unzen japan david johnston killed eruption mount st helens harry glicken died mount unzen japan gallery gallery arenal nightjpg arenal volcano costa rica night krysuvik iceland jpg kr suv k thermal area southwest iceland halemaumaujpg sulphur deposit halema uma u k lauea big island hawaii pinatubo pyroclastic falljpg erosional dissection ash deposit pinatubo volcano


philippines strokkur geyser eruption close viewjpg eruption geysir strokkur early morning gallery see also global volcanism program gns science formerly institute geological nuclear sciences new zealand igneous rock important publications volcanology kiyoo mogi developer mogi model volcano deformation tephrochronology volcano number volcanism references external links http wwwsveuroporg european volcanological society http volcanoesusgsgov united states geological survey volcanic hazards program https webarchiveorg web http wwwvolcanolivecom volcanologisthtml volcano live volcanologist http wwwwovoorg world organization volcano observatories earth sciences


'''abnormal psychology''' branch psychology studies unusual patterns behavior emotion thought could possibly understood mental disorder although many behaviors could considered abnormal branch psychology typically deals behavior clinical context ref name barlow ref long history attempts understand control behavior deemed aberrant deviant statistically functionally morally sense often cultural variation approach taken field abnormal psychology identifies multiple causes different conditions employing diverse theories

Social science
Psychology
Abnormal psychology


general field psychology elsewhere much still hinges exactly meant abnormal traditionally divide psychological biological explanations reflecting philosophical dualism regard mind body problem also different approaches trying classify mental disorders abnormal includes three different categories subnormal supernormal paranormal science abnormal psychology studies two types behaviors adaptive maladaptive behaviors behaviors maladaptive suggest problem exist also imply individual vulnerable cannot cope environmental


stress leading problems functioning daily life emotions mental thinking physical actions talks behaviors adaptive ones well suited nature people lifestyles surroundings people communicate allowing understand clinical psychology applied field psychology seeks assess understand treat psychological conditions clinical practice theoretical field known ''abnormal psychology'' may form backdrop work clinical psychologists current field unlikely use term


''abnormal'' reference practice psychopathology similar term abnormal psychology implication underlying pathology disease process term commonly used medical specialty known psychiatry history humors hippocrates bce hypothesized body mind become unwell vital fluids body become unbalanced fluids include black bile yellow bile phlegm blood much phlegm causes person fatigued much black bile causes depression yellow bile causes quick temper much


blood causes optimism cheerfulness confidence asylums act placing mentally ill individuals separate facility known asylum dates king henry viii england established st mary bethlehem asylum london hospital nicknamed bedlam famous deplorable conditions ref name nolen hoeksema ref asylums remained popular throughout middle ages renaissance era early asylums often miserable conditions patients seen burden society locked away treated almost like beasts dealt rather patients needing treatment however many


patients received helpful medical treatment scientific curiosity abnormal behavior although rarely investigated early asylums inmates early asylums often put display profit viewed less human early asylums basically modifications existing criminal institutions ref name fadul ref late th century idea humanitarian treatment patients gained much favor due work philippe pinel france pushed idea patients treated kindness cruelty inflicted


animals criminals experimental ideas removing chains patients met reluctance experiments kindness proved great success helped bring reform way mental institutions would run ref name fadul institutionalization would continue improve throughout th th century due work many humanitarians dorethea dix mental hygiene movement promoted physical well mental patients dix figure nineteenth century made people america


lacking means effective treatment patients even though reform movement occurred patients often still met cruel inhumane treatment things began change year mary jane ward published influential book titled ''the snake pit'' made popular movie name book called attention conditions mental patients faced helped spark concern general public create humane mental health care overcrowded hospitals ref name osborn year national institute


psychiatric institutions created early th century remained open start st century ref name osborn president john f kennedy launched community health movement united states bold new approach mental health care aimed coordinating mental health services citizens mental health centers span years united states able see percent drop number patients psychiatric hospitals ref name nolen hoeksema trend


isolated mental hospital placing communities support systems another goal movement avoid potential negative adaptations come long term hospital confinements many professionals example concerned patients would find permanent refuge mental hospitals would take demands everyday life difficult however patients moved community living fared well typically often speak feel abandoned doctors used treat also unfortunate effect placing many


patients homelessness many safe havens deinstitutionalized mentally ill created nevertheless estimated around people currently homeless form mental illness placing individuals homelessness major concern wellbeing added stress living streets beneficial individual recover particular disorder afflicted fact homeless able find temporary relief form shelters many


homeless mental illness lack safe decent shelter explaining abnormal behaviour people tried explain control abnormal behavior thousands years historically three main approaches abnormal behavior supernatural biological psychological traditions ref name barlow abnormal psychology revolves around two major paradigms explaining mental disorders ''psychological'' paradigm ''biological'' paradigm psychological paradigm focuses humanistic cognitive behavioral causes effects psychopathology biological paradigm includes theories focus physical factors genetics neurochemistry supernatural explanations


first supernatural tradition also called demonological method abnormal behaviors attributed agents outside human bodies according model abnormal behaviors caused demons spirits influences moon planets stars stone age trepanning performed mental illness literally cut evil spirits victim 's head conversely ancient chinese ancient egyptians hebrews believed evil demons spirits advocated exorcism time greeks romans mental illnesses thought caused imbalance


four humors leading draining fluids brain medieval period many europeans believed power witches demons spirits caused abnormal behaviors people psychological disorders thought possessed evil spirits exorcised religious rituals exorcism failed authorities advocated steps confinement beating types torture make body uninhabitable witches demons spirits belief witches demons spirits responsible abnormal behavior continued th century ref name barlow swiss alchemist astrologer


physician paracelsus hand rejected idea abnormal behaviors caused witches demons spirits suggested people 's mind behaviors influenced movements moon stars ref name barlow tradition still alive today people especially developing countries followers religious sects developed countries continue believe supernatural powers influence human behaviors western academia supernatural tradition largely replaced biological psychological traditions ref name barlow '''supernatural traditions''' throughout time societies


proposed several explanations abnormal behavior within human beings beginning hunter gatherer societies animists believed people demonstrating abnormal behavior possessed malevolent spirits idea associated trepanation practice cutting hole individual 's skull order release malevolent spirits although difficult define abnormal psychology one definition includes characteristics statistical infrequency formalized response spiritual beliefs abnormality practice exorcism performed religious authorities exorcism thought another way release evil spirits cause pathological


behavior within person instances individuals exhibiting unusual thoughts behaviors exiled society worse perceived witchcraft example punished death two catholic inquisitors wrote ''malleus maleficarum'' latin hammer witches used many inquisitors witch hunters contained early taxonomy perceived deviant behavior proposed guidelines prosecuting deviant individuals biological explanations biological tradition psychological disorders attributed biological causes psychological tradition disorders attributed faulty psychological development social context ref name barlow


medical biological perspective holds belief abnormal behavior attributed medical factor assuming psychological disorders diseases ref name purgatory perspectives medical ref greek physician hippocrates considered father western medicine played major role biological tradition hippocrates associates wrote hippocratic corpus bc suggested abnormal behaviors treated like disease hippocrates viewed brain seat consciousness emotion intelligence wisdom believed disorders involving functions would logically


located brain ref name barlow ideas hippocrates associates later adopted galen roman physician galen extended ideas developed strong influential school thought within biological tradition extended well th century medical kendra cherry states medical approach abnormal psychology focuses biological causes mental illness perspective emphasizes understanding underlying cause disorders might include genetic inheritance related physical disorders infections chemical imbalances medical treatments often pharmacological nature although medication often used


ethnicity gender influence development abnormal behaviour multiple causality number different theoretical perspectives field psychological abnormality made difficult properly explain psychopathology attempt explain mental disorders theory leads reductionism explaining disorder complex phenomena using single idea perspective ref name hansell ref mental disorders composed several factors one must take account several theoretical perspectives attempting diagnose explain particular behavioral abnormality mental disorder explaining mental disorders


combination theoretical perspectives known multiple causality diathesis stress model emphasizes importance applying multiple causality psychopathology stressing disorders caused precipitating causes predisposing causes precipitating cause immediate trigger instigates person 's action behavior predisposing cause underlying factor interacts immediate factors result disorder causes play key role development psychological disorder ref name hansell example high neuroticism antedates types psychopathology ref name neuroticismma ref recent concepts abnormality ''statistical abnormality'' nbsp


circumstances even individual defined psycho metrically 'abnormal' tells us little actual condition problems furthermore one takes end iq spectrum deviation points mean generally considered abnormal indicate presence mental health problems ''deviant behavior'' nbsp always sign mental illness mental illness occur without deviant behavior behavior may occur absence mental illness ''combinations'' nbsp including distress dysfunction distorted psychological processes inappropriate responses given situations causing risking


harm oneself examples wide range mental disorders considered forms abnormal psychology include limited '''schizophrenia''' schizophrenia described disorder causes extreme loss touch reality psychotic nature schizophrenia manifests delusions well auditory visual hallucinations schizophrenia known genetic etiology well biological components brain disruptions prenatal development period ref name phares ref '''attention deficit hyperactivity disorder''' attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adhd characterized


one individual multiple personalities described multiple selves consciousness awareness ref name boysen ref two main etiologies post traumatic socio cognitive models ref name boysen post traumatic model states caused inescapable past trauma child abuse child dissociates forms alternate personalities coping mechanism response current trauma even trauma ends personalities continue disrupt person 's life longitudinally socio cognitive model states people implicitly act multiple personalities


done align cultural norms ref name boysen '''social anxiety disorder''' social anxiety disorder sad intense fear social situations fear stems belief person evaluated negatively embarrass ref name mcenery ref sad also considered one disabling mental disorders symptoms disorder include fear social situations ref name mcenery sad develop traumatic embarrassing experience occurred person observed people ref name phares '''generalized anxiety disorder''' generalized


heights ref name ipser '''post traumatic stress disorder''' post traumatic stress disorder ptsd described failure overcome traumatic experiences ptsd manifest large variety symptoms including limited nightmares flashbacks avoidance physiological reactions related stimuli regarding trauma shame guilt anger hypervigilance social withdrawal ref name kube ref ptsd symptoms arise due various experiences involve actual threatened violence injury death firsthand experience witnessing learning traumatic experiences possibly lead development ptsd ref name kube approaches ''somatogenic'' nbsp abnormality seen result biological disorders


brain approach led development radical biological treatments eg lobotomy ''psychogenic'' nbsp abnormality caused psychological problems psychoanalytic freud cathartic hypnotic humanistic psychology carl rogers abraham maslow treatments derived paradigm approach well led esoteric treatments franz mesmer used place patients darkened room music playing enter wearing flamboyant outfit poke infected body areas stick classification dsm standard abnormal psychology psychiatry reference book north america diagnostic statistical manual


american psychiatric association current version book known dsm lists set disorders provides detailed descriptions constitutes mental disorder ref name dsm dsm identifies three key elements must present constitute mental disorder elements include ref name dsm symptoms involve disturbances behavior thoughts emotions symptoms associated personal distress impairment symptoms stem internal dysfunctions ie specifically biological psychological roots dsm uses three main sections organize contents sections include iii iii section includes


introduction use basics dsm section ii includes diagnostic criteria codes section iii includes emerging measures models ref name dsm ref section dsm basics section dsm briefly prefaces purpose content structure use ref name dsm includes basics introductions cautionary statements forensic use ref name dsm information also given revision review processes well dsm 's goals harmonize icd explanation regarding change previous multi axial classification system current three section system also included ref name dsm


section ii diagnostic criteria codes section ii dsm contains wide range diagnostic criteria codes used establishing diagnosing vast amount abnormal psychological constructs ref name dsm sections replaced bulk axis system previous dsm versions includes following categories ref name dsm diagnostic criteria codes ref name dsm neurodevelopmental disorders ref name dsm schizophrenia spectrum psychotic disorders ref name dsm bipolar related disorders ref name dsm depressive disorders ref name dsm anxiety disorders ref name dsm obsessive compulsive related disorders ref name dsm trauma stressor related disorders ref name dsm


emerging measures models section iii dsm contains various methods strategies used make clinical decisions understand culture explore emerging diagnoses ref name dsm icd major international nosologic system classification mental disorders found international classification diseases th revision icd icd used world health organization member states since chapter five covers mental behavioral disorders icd 's chapter five influenced apa 's dsm iv great deal concordance two beginning


january icd replace icd member states maintains free access https wwwwhoint classifications icd en icd online main categories disorders '''f f ''' organic including symptomatic mental disorders ref name icd '''f f ''' mental behavioral disorders due psychoactive substance use ref name icd '''f f ''' schizophrenia schizotypal delusional disorders ref name icd '''f f ''' mood affective disorders ref name icd '''f f ''' neurotic stress related somatoform disorders ref name icd '''f f ''' behavioral syndromes associated physiological disturbances physical factors ref name icd '''f f ''' disorders adult personality behavior ref name icd '''f f ''' mental retardation ref name icd '''f f ''' disorders


stress ref name icd ''' b b z''' dissociative disorders ref name icd ''' b b z''' feeding eating disorders ref name icd ''' c c z''' elimination disorders ref name icd ''' c c z''' disorders bodily distress bodily experience ref name icd disorders due substance use addictive behaviors ref name icd ''' c c z''' impulse control disorders ref name icd ''' c c z''' disruptive behavior dissocial disorders ref name icd ''' e ''' personality disorders related traits ref name icd ''' z''' paraphilic disorders ref name icd ''' z''' factitious disorders ref name icd ''' e z''' neurocognitive disorders ref name icd ''' e e z''' mental behavioral disorders associated pregnancy childbirth puerperium ref name icd ''' e e z''' e psychological behavioral factors affecting disorders


diseases classified elsewhere ref name icd ''' e e z''' secondary mental behavioral syndromes associated disorders diseases classified elsewhere ref name icd perspectives abnormal psychology psychologists may use different perspectives try get better understanding abnormal psychology may concentrate single perspective professionals prefer combine two three perspectives together order get significant information better treatments behavioral nbsp perspective focus observable behaviors medical nbsp perspective focus biological causes mental illness cognitive nbsp perspective focus internal thoughts perceptions reasoning contribute psychological


disorders cause genetics investigated family studies mainly monozygotic identical dizygotic fraternal twins often context adoption monozygotic twins likely dizygotic twins disorder share genetic material whereas dizygotic twins share many disorders exactly research shows given monozygotic twins share genetic material may expected disorders time fact disorders time studies


cultural group experiences child physical sexual abuse ref name kube ref encounters environments involve actual threatened death ref name kube systemic factors family systems ref name barbato negatively expressed emotion playing part schizophrenic relapse anorexia nervosa biopsychosocial factors illness dependent stress triggers therapies psychoanalysis freud psychoanalytic theory heavily based theory neurologist sigmund freud ideas often represented repressed emotions memories patient 's childhood according psychoanalytic theory repressions cause disturbances people experience daily lives finding source


disturbances one able eliminate disturbance accomplished variety methods popular ones free association hypnosis insight goal methods induce catharsis emotional release patient indicate source problem tapped helped freud 's psychosexual stages also played key role form therapy would often believe problems patient experiencing due becoming stuck fixated particular


stage dreams also played major role form therapy freud viewed dreams way gain insight unconscious mind patients often asked keep dream journals bring discussion next therapy session many potential problems associated style therapy including resistance repressed memory feeling negative transference onto therapist psychoanalysis carried many freud including daughter ana freud jacques lacan many others gone elaborate freud 's original


theory add take defense mechanisms dream analysis psychoanalysis fallen favor modern forms therapy still used clinical psychologists varying degrees behavioral therapy wolpe behavior therapy relies principles behaviorism involving classical operant conditioning behaviorism arose early th century due work psychologists james watson b f skinner behaviorism states behaviors humans stimulus reinforcement reinforcement normally


good behavior also occur maladaptive behavior therapeutic view patients maladaptive behavior reinforced cause maladaptive behavior repeated goal therapy reinforce less maladaptive behaviors time adaptive behaviors become primary ones patient humanistic therapy rogers humanistic therapy aims achieve self actualization carl rogers style therapy therapist focus patient opposed problem patient afflicted goal therapy


treat patient humanistic therapy used people ages however popular among children variant known play therapy ref name lin cognitive behavioural therapy ellis beck cognitive behavioural therapy cbt aims influence thought cognition beck form therapy relies components behavioral therapy mentioned also elements cognitive psychology ref name phares relies clients behavioral problems could arisen conditioning also negative schemas distorted perceptions world


around negative schemas may cause distress life patient example schemas may give unrealistic expectations well perform job look physically expectations met often result maladaptive behaviors depression obsessive compulsions anxiety cbt goal change schemas causing stress person 's life replace realistic ones negative schemas replaced hopefully cause remission


patients symptoms cbt considered particularly effective treatment depression even used lately group settings felt using cbt group setting aids giving members sense support decreasing likelihood dropping therapy treatment time work properly cbt found effective treatment many patients even diseases disorders typically thought psychiatric ones example patients disease multiple sclerosis found


lot help using cbt treatment often helps patients cope disorder adapt new lives without developing new problems depression negative schemas according rand therapies difficult provide patients need lack funding understanding symptoms provides major roadblock easily avoided individual symptoms responses treatments vary creating disconnect patient society care givers professionals '''play therapy humanistic ''' children often sent therapy due outbursts


school home setting theory treating child setting similar area disruptive behavior child likely learn therapy effective outcome play therapy clinicians play client usually toys tea party playing typical behavior child therefore playing therapist come natural response child playing together clinician ask patient questions


due setting questions seem less intrusive therapeutic like normal conversation help patient realize issues confess therapist less difficulty may experience traditional counselling setting play therapy involves therapist observing child child plays toys interacts surrounding environment therapist plays observational well interactional role intervention process allows child enact problems play speak comfortably therapist ref name phares


relations multiple people involved specific families via therapeutic intervention best effect recommended entire family included therapy treatments include family management skill development child parent attachment development interventions help improve family functioning ref name phares '''family management skill development family systems therapy ''' family management skills taught family therapists include methods improving supervision disciplinary practices creating environments allow positive interactions parents children ref name phares '''child parent attachment development family systems therapy ''' child parent attachment development involves altering creating


relationships parents children attempts create secure bases child facilitate trust independence positive perceptions family relationships ref name barbato ref goals often achieved creating understanding regarding behaviors creating opportunities attachment increasing family 's ability think history relationships ref name barbato see also notes references reading external links https webarchiveorg web http minnaycom products abnormal psychology students practice resources https webarchiveorg web http english successru upload books pdf psychology terms page dictionary pdf https webarchiveorg web http ccvillagebuffaloedu abpsy course abnormal psychology clinical psychology behavioural sciences


recreation mounted warrior mongol empire mongol empire second largest empire history military highly respected feared '''warrior ''' person specializing combat warfare institutionalized professionalized career especially within context tribal clan based warrior culture society recognizes separate warrior aristocracies class caste history samurai member japanese warrior caste th century knight pippo spano member order dragon warriors seem present earliest pre state societies

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basic weapons used warriors appeared rise hierarchical systems bows arrows clubs spears swords edged weapons widespread use however new findings metallurgy aforementioned weapons grown effectiveness first hierarchical systems evolved years ago gap rulers ruled increased making war extend outreach territories rulers often forced men lower orders society military role first use professional soldiers distinct difference warrior communities warrior


ethic many societies later became preserve ruling class egyptian pharaohs would depict war chariots shooting enemies smashing others clubs fighting considered prestigious activity associated status power european mounted knights would often feel contempt foot soldiers recruited lower classes mesoamerican societies pre columbian america elite aristocratic soldiers remained separated lower classes stone throwers ref name auto ref samurai hereditary military nobility officer caste japan th late th century contrast


belief caste clan based warrior saw war place attain valor glory warfare practical matter could change course history history always showed men lower orders would almost always outfight warrior elites individualistic humble approach war provided practically organized equipped approach roman legions incentive promotion well strict level discipline europe 's standing armies th th centuries developed discipline core


training officers role transforming men viewed lower class become reliable fighting men ref name auto anglo saxon warrior overseeing faestendic joyden 's wood kent england ''roman warrior'' painting jacques louis david detroit institute arts inspired ancient greek ideals 'citizen soldier' many european societies renaissance began incorporate conscription raise armies general populace change attitude noted well officers told treat soldiers moderation respect example men fought american civil


war often elected officers mobilization citizens armies sometimes reaching millions societies often made efforts order maintain revive warrior spirit trend continues modern day due heroic connotations term warrior metaphor especially popular publications advocating recruiting country 's military warrior communities ahir akinji al haras amazons anglo saxon apache armatoloi ref name pappas ref ashigaru assassin aswaran batavi berserker bogatyr boxers boyars carthaginian cataphract celts cheyenne comanche comitatus condottieri cossacks crusader ref name auto ref curetes dacians dog soldier druzhina eagle warrior eso ikoyi eight banners


gabiniani gargareans ghazi gladiator gurkha hajduks harii hashashin hersir herules hessian highlander hippeis hird hoplite hospitaller ref name auto housecarl hulubalang huns hyksos hwarang immortals zulu 's impi jaguar warrior ref name sanchez nchez murillo r la palabra universal ''ricardo nchez murillo'' retrieved september http ricardosmcom la palabra del universo link ref janissary jat jinyiwei jund karaiyar karava kassites khalsa kheshig kipchaks klephts ref name pappas knights knights templar ref name auto kshatriya kshetri leidang maccabees maharlika mangudai mamluk maravar maratha maryannu maurya kushwaha maori mongols morlachs moro people medjay meenas mesedi mingghan mukkuvar nair nakh peoples ninja kunoichi normans numerus batavorum onna musha optimatoi pirates quilombo rajput red lantern sect reddy romans ror rus' people


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'''planktology''' study plankton various small drifting plants animals microorganisms inhabit bodies water planktology topics include primary production energy flow carbon cycle plankton drive biological pump process ocean ecosystem transports carbon surface euphotic zone ocean 's depths processes vital carbon dioxide sinks one several possibilities countering global warming modern planktology includes behavioral aspects drifting organisms engaging modern ''in situ'' imaging devices planktology projects allow public participate online long term ecosystem observatory notable planktologists

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