savings bank new south wales forced close melbourne premiers' conference agreed cut wages pensions part severe deflationary policy lang renounced plan grand opening sydney harbour bridge provided little respite growing crisis straining young federation multimillion pound debts mounting public demonstrations move counter move lang scullin lyons federal governments governor new south wales philip game examining lang 's instruction pay money federal treasury game judged illegal lang refused


withdraw order may dismissed governor game june elections lang labor 's seats collapsed may seen creation new conservative political force united australia party formed breakaway members labor party combining nationalist party federal elections december united australia party led former labor member joseph lyons easily office remained power september lyons government often credited steering recovery depression although much owed


policies remains contentious stuart macintyre also points although australian gdp grew nbsp million nbsp million real domestic product per head population still shillings greater year old bradman chaired cricket pitch scoring world record runs sporting success lifted australian spirits depression years australia recovered relatively quickly financial downturn recovery beginning around prime minister joseph lyons favoured tough economic


oral histories depression however david potts argues last thirty years historians period either uncritically accepted figure peak year including rounding 'a third' passionately argued third far low potts though suggested peak national figure per cent unemployed measurement difficult part great variation geographically age gender level unemployment statistics collected historian peter spearritt show per cent men per


cent women unemployed comfortable sydney suburb woollahra say per cent women working per cent women interested looking work unable find much lower figure maybe first thought many women stayed home job force years especially unable find work working class suburb paddington per cent men per cent women listed unemployed geoffrey spenceley stated apart


variation men women unemployment also much higher industries building construction industry comparatively low public administrative professional sectors country areas worst hit small farmers wheat belts far afield north east victoria western australia saw income absorbed interest payments extraordinary sporting successes something alleviate spirits australians economic downturn sheffield shield cricket match sydney cricket ground bradman young new south welshman


years age wrote name record books smashing previous highest batting score first class cricket runs minutes rising star 's world beating cricketing exploits provide australians much needed joy emerging great depression australia post world war ii recovery racehorse phar lap dominated australia 's racing industry one stage winning fourteen races row famous victories included melbourne cup following assassination attempt carrying stone pounds weight phar lap sailed


united states going win north america 's richest race agua caliente handicap soon cusp us success phar lap developed suspicious symptoms died theories swirled champion race horse poisoned devoted australian public went shock british empire games held sydney february timed coincide sydney 's sesqui centenary years since foundation british settlement australia indigenous policy following federation aboriginal affairs state responsibility although commonwealth became responsible


children mixed heritage particularly northern australia large indigenous south sea islander asian populations seen inconsistent white australia policy laws concerning aboriginal australians progressively tightened make easier officials remove aboriginal children mixed descent parents place reserves missions institutions employment white employers segregation aboriginal people reserves institutions never systematically accomplished due funding constraints differing policy priorities states territories resistance aboriginal people densely settled areas australia


per cent aboriginal people lived reserves majority lived camps fringes country towns small percentage lived cities great depression aboriginal people moved reserves missions food shelter almost half aboriginal population new south wales lived reserves northern australia majority employed aboriginal people worked pastoral industry lived camps often extended families many also camped margins towns reserves could avoid


controls imposed administrators reserves compounds missions native welfare conference state commonwealth officials endorsed policy biological absorption mixed descent aboriginal australians white community blockquote destiny natives aboriginal origin full blood lies ultimate absorption people commonwealth therefore recommends efforts directed end ref name broome richard pp ref blockquote officials saw policy aboriginal assimilation absorption white community progressive aimed eventually achieving civil economic


richard p broome richard p ref new south wales became first state introduce child welfare model whereby aboriginal children mixed descent removed families general welfare provisions court order jurisdictions introduced welfare model war ref name second world war defence policy prime minister robert menzies british prime minister winston churchill late defence significant issue australians elections political parties advocated increased defence spending context increased japanese


aggression china germany 's aggression europe however difference opinion defence spending allocated united australia party government emphasised co operation britain policy imperial defence lynchpin british naval base singapore royal navy battle fleet hoped would use time need defence spending inter war years reflected priority period totalled nbsp million royal australian navy nbsp million australian army nbsp million royal australian air force established


australia upon competence let alone readiness british statesmen send forces aid dangerous hazard upon found australia 's defence policy according john robertson british leaders also realised country could fight japan germany time never discussed candidly atmeeting australian british defence planners imperial conference september australian army numbered regulars recruiting campaign late led major general thomas blamey increased reserve militia almost


first division raised war designated th division nd aif militia divisions paper st aif first world war war australian troops milne bay papua australian army first inflict defeat imperial japanese army world war ii battle milne bay august september australian light machine gun team action near wewak papua new guinea june september prime minister robert menzies made national radio broadcast fellow australians


melancholy duty inform officially consequence persistence germany invasion poland great britain declared war upon result australia also war thus began australia 's involvement six year global conflict australians fight extraordinary variety locations withstanding advance hitler 's panzers siege tobruk turning back advance imperial japanese army new guinea campaign bomber missions europe mediterranean naval engagements facing japanese mini sub raids sydney harbour


devastating air raids city darwin recruitment volunteer military force service home abroad announced nd australian imperial force citizen militia organised local defence troubled britain 's failure increase defences singapore menzies cautious committing troops europe end june france norway denmark low countries fallen nazi germany britain stood alone dominions menzies called war increasing federal powers introducing conscription menzies' minority government came rely two independents


sworn prime minister ref name primeministersnaagovau eight weeks later japan attacked pearl harbor patrol th infantry battalion tobruk north africa awm siege tobruk saw australian garrison halt advance hitler 's panzer divisions first time since commencement war australian forces played prominent roles fighting mediterranean theatre including operation compass siege tobruk greek campaign battle crete syria lebanon campaign second battle el alamein garrison around australian


soldiers commanded lieutenant general leslie morshead besieged tobruk libya german italian army general erwin rommel april august nazi propagandist lord haw haw derided defenders 'rats' term soldiers adopted ironic compliment rats tobruk vital defence egypt suez canal siege saw advance german army halted first time provided morale boost british commonwealth standing alone hitler war came closer home lost


hands battle german raider ''kormoran'' november australia 's best forces committed fight hitler middle east japan attacked pearl harbor us naval base hawaii december eastern australia time british battleship battlecruiser sent defend singapore sunk soon afterwards australia ill prepared attack lacking armaments modern fighter aircraft heavy bombers aircraft carriers demanding reinforcements churchill december curtin published historic announcement ref name autogenerated ref australian government regards pacific struggle primarily one


united states australia must fullest say direction democracies' fighting plan without inhibitions kind make clear australia looks america free pangs traditional links kinship united kingdom us general douglas macarthur commander allied forces pacific prime minister john curtin british malaya quickly collapsed shocking australian nation british indian australian troops made disorganised last stand singapore surrendering february around australian soldiers became prisoners war curtin


predicted battle australia would follow february darwin suffered devastating air raid first time australian mainland ever attacked enemy forces following months australia attacked air almost times pows tarsau thailand australians captured japanese died pows two battle hardened australian divisions already steaming middle east singapore churchill wanted diverted burma curtin refused anxiously awaited return australia us president franklin roosevelt ordered commander


newcastle effort isolate australia japanese planned seaborne invasion port moresby australian territory new guinea may us navy engaged japanese battle coral sea halted attack battle midway june effectively defeated japanese navy japanese army launched land assault moresby north ref name referencea july november australian forces repulsed japanese attempts city way kokoda track highlands new guinea battle milne bay august


first allied defeat japanese land forces kaiapit new guinea meanwhile north africa axis powers driven allies back egypt turning point came july november australia 's th division played crucial role heaviest fighting first second battle el alamein turned north africa campaign favour allies battle buna gona november january set tone bitter final stages new guinea campaign persisted offensives


papua new guinea single largest series connected operations ever mounted australian armed forces may australian hospital ship ''centaur'' though clearly marked medical vessel sunk japanese raiders queensland coast killing including one nursing staff enraging popular opinion japan australian prisoners war time suffering severe ill treatment pacific theatre australian pows died constructing japan 's burma thailand railway japanese inflicted sandakan death march australian


british prisoners war survived single worst war crime perpetrated australians war macarthur largely excluded australian forces main push north philippines japan left australia lead amphibious assaults japanese bases borneo curtin suffered ill health strains office died weeks war ended replaced ben chifley australia 's wartime population seven million almost one million men women served branch services six years warfare war 's end gross enlistments


totalled men women australian army served overseas raaf ran killed died prisoners war died prisoners japanese australian home front australian women encouraged contribute war effort joining one female branches armed forces participating labour force bombing darwin february japanese air raids australia killed hundreds servicemen civilians axis naval activity australian waters threatened shipping


australian civilian population suffered less hands axis powers allied nations asia europe australia nevertheless came direct attack japanese naval forces aerial bombardments particularly resulting hundreds fatalities fuelling fear japanese invasion axis naval activity australian waters also brought war close home australians austerity measures rationing labour controls measures implemented assist war effort australian civilians dug air raid shelters trained civil defence first aid


australian ports cities equipped anti aircraft sea defences australian economy markedly affected world war ii expenditure war reached per cent gdp compared per cent expenditure total war expenditure nbsp million australian propaganda poster australia feared invasion imperial japan following invasion australian territory new guinea fall singapore early although peak army enlistments occurred june july enlisted curtin labor government formed october


largely responsible complete revision whole australian economic domestic industrial life ref name john robertson p john robertson p ref rationing fuel clothing food introduced although less severely britain christmas holidays curtailed brown outs introduced public transport reduced december government evacuated women children darwin northern australia refugees arrived south east asia japan advanced january manpower directorate set ensure organisation australians best possible way


three australian firms producing machine tools one hundred front line aircraft raaf become fourth largest allied air force number aircraft built licence australia war 's end notably beaufort beaufighter although majority aircraft britain later us boomerang fighter designed built four months emphasised desperate state australia found japanese advanced australia also created virtually


nothing significant female workforce engaged direct war production number women working factories rose dame enid lyons widow former prime minister joseph lyons became first woman elected house representatives joining robert menzies' new centre right liberal party australia formed election dorothy tangney became first woman elected senate post war boom menzies liberal dominance sir robert menzies founder liberal party australia prime minister australia uap


casualties amounted killed elizabeth ii inspecting sheep wagga wagga royal tour huge crowds met royal party across australia course korean war liberal government attempted ban communist party australia first legislation later referendum attempts unsuccessful international events defection minor soviet embassy official vladimir petrov added sense impending threat politically favoured menzies' liberal cp government labor party split concerns


influence communist party trade union movement tensions led another bitter split emergence breakaway democratic labor party dlp dlp remained influential political force often holding balance power senate preferences supported liberal country party labor party led hv evatt chifley 's death evatt served president united nations general assembly helped draft united nations universal declaration human rights evatt retired amid signs mental


cinema produced little content british hollywood studios produced string successful epics australian literature featuring home grown stars chips rafferty peter finch menzies remained staunch supporter links monarchy commonwealth nations formalised alliance united states also launched post war trade japan beginning growth australian exports coal iron ore mineral resources would steadily climb japan became australia 's largest trading partner menzies retired replaced liberal leader prime minister


harold holt holt drowned swimming surf beach december replaced john gorton william mcmahon post war immigration postwar migrants arriving australia world war ii australia population million populous urban centre oldest city sydney retained status australia 's largest city ever since following world war ii chifley labor government instigated massive programme european immigration minister immigration arthur calwell wrote experience


pacific war taught us one thing surely seven million australians cannot hold three million square miles earth 's surface indefinitely political parties shared view country must populate perish calwell stated preference ten british immigrants one countries however numbers british migrants fell short expected despite government assistance migration brought large numbers southern central europeans australia first time government leaflet assured readers unskilled non british migrants needed labour rugged projects


work generally acceptable australians british workers australian economy stood sharp contrast war ravaged europe newly arrived migrants found employment booming manufacturing industry government assisted programmes snowy mountains scheme hydroelectricity irrigation complex south east australia consisted sixteen major dams seven power stations constructed remains largest engineering project undertaken australia necessitating employment people countries many denotes birth multicultural australia ref name snowy mountains scheme ref nbsp million immigrants arrived


per cent came britain ireland novel ''they 're weird mob'' popular account italian migrating australia although written australian born author john o'grady australian population reached million sydney populous city may menzies government passed migration act replaced immigration restriction act 's arbitrarily applied dictation test entry permit system reflected economic skills criteria changes effectively ended white australia policy legally ended


economic growth suburban living tumut power station constructed part vast snowy mountains hydro electric scheme construction necessitated expansion australia 's immigration programme australia enjoyed significant growth prosperity increases living standards leisure time ref name susan something ref manufacturing industry previously playing minor part economy dominated primary production greatly expanded first holden motor car came general motors holden 's fisherman 's bend factory november car ownership rapidly increased owners every owners


every early four competitors holden set australian factories employing workers least four fifths migrants ref name geoffrey bolton ''the oxford history australia'' volume p oxford university press melbourne ref per cent australian manufacturing protected tariffs pressure business interests union movement ensured remained high historian geoffrey bolton suggests high tariff protection caused industries lapse lethargy neglecting research development search


new markets ref name csiro expected fulfil research development prices wool wheat remained high wool mainstay australia 's exports sheep numbers grew million nbsp million wool production increased tonnes period wheat wool minerals ensured healthy balance trade great housing boom post war period saw rapid growth suburbs major australian cities census per cent lived rural australia per


cent per cent lived farms virtual full employment meant high standards living dramatic increases home ownership sixties australia equitable spread income world beginning sixties australia wide mcnair survey estimated homes fridge telephone television washing machine vacuum cleaner addition households acquired car according one study one car every australians


might well worse surroundings historian peter cuffley recalled life child new outer suburb melbourne kind joyous excitement imaginations saved us finding life humdrum wild freedom able roam far wide different kinds neighbouring bushlandchildren suburbs found space backyards streets lanes playgrounds reserves menzies government formally announced introduction new two tiered tv system government funded service run abc two commercial services sydney


melbourne summer olympics melbourne major driving force behind introduction television australia ref name first ref colour tv began broadcasting indigenous assimilation child removal native welfare conference state commonwealth officials agreed policy cultural assimilation aboriginal australians paul hasluck commonwealth minister territories stated assimilation means practical terms course time expected persons aboriginal blood mixed blood australia live like white australians ref name ref name broome richard


p controls daily lives aboriginal people removal aboriginal children mixed descent continued policy assimilation although control largely exercised welfare boards removals justified welfare grounds number aboriginal people deemed wards state northern territory welfare laws doubled policy assimilation attracted increasing criticism aboriginal people supporters grounds negative effects aboriginal families denial aboriginal cultural autonomy removals aboriginal children


mixed descent families slowed late commonwealth adopted policy self determination indigenous australians human rights equal opportunity commission estimated per cent one third aboriginal children removed families regional studies indicate per cent aboriginal children removed new south wales figure victoria per cent ref name broome richard p ref robert manne estimates figure australia


whole closer per cent summarising policy assimilation forced removals aboriginal children mixed descent richard broome concludes even though children 's material conditions western education may improved removal even though removals necessary even though people thankful retrospect overall disasterit rupturing tens thousands aboriginal families aimed eradicating aboriginality nation cause homogeneity fear difference ref name alliances harold holt us president john f kennedy


oval office washington dc australian defence policy shifted britain us key ally early menzies government saw australia part triple alliance concert us traditional ally britain first australian leadership opted consistently pro british line diplomacy time looking opportunities involve us south east asia thus government committed military forces korean war malayan emergency hosted british nuclear tests australia


also commonwealth country offer support british suez crisis menzies oversaw effusive welcome queen elizabeth ii first visit australia reigning monarch made following remarks light hearted speech american audience new york way attend coronation australia course british may say boot heelsbut stand together people stand together till crack doom british influence declined south east asia us alliance


came greater significance australian leaders australian economy british investment australia remained significant late trade britain declined late australian army began equip using us military equipment us established naval communications station north west cape first several built next decade significantly australian army advisors sent help train south vietnamese forces developing conflict british part according diplomat alan renouf


australia 's position us ally emerging cold war ref name cambridge university press ref britain struggled enter common market australia saw historic ties mother country rapidly fraying canberra alarmed kept low profile wanting alienate london russel ward states implications british entry europe seemed shattering australians particularly older people conservatives carl bridge however points australia hedging british bets time anzus treaty australia 's decision enter


vietnam war involve britain japan australia 's leading export partner us largest source imports according bridge australia 's decision follow britain 's devaluation currency marked demise british australia ref name cambridge university press vietnam war raaf transport flight vietnam arrive south vietnam august australia increased size australian army training team vietnam aattv april government made sudden announcement close consultation united states battalion troops


sent south vietnam parliament menzies emphasised argument alliances made demands us alliance involved presumably southeast asia treaty organization seato australia providing military assistance south vietnam signatory seato apparently requested documents released indicated decision commit troops made australia us request south vietnam three australian army battalions one time st australian task force atf base nui dat addition advisors


aattv placed throughout vietnam personnel reached peak total almost comprising one third army 's combat capacity almost personnel served vietnam including ground troops naval forces air assets ref name elkins ashley elkins australian war memorial overview australian military involvement vietnam war http wwwawmgovau exhibitions impressions impressionsasp awmgovau ref july new prime minister harold holt expressed government 's support us role vietnam particular n't know people would choose look security country friendship


strength united states visit year us holt assured president lyndon b johnson hope corner mind heart takes cheer fact admiring friend staunch friend australia way lbj liberal cp government returned massive majority elections held december fought national security issues including vietnam opposition labor party advocated withdrawal conscripts vietnam deputy leader gough whitlam stated


labor government might maintain regular army troops arthur calwell leader labor party since retired favour whitlam months later despite holt 's sentiments government 's electoral success war became unpopular australia united states movements end australia 's involvement gathered strength tet offensive early compulsory national service selected ballot became increasingly unpopular elections government hung despite significant decline popularity moratorium marches held across australia mid


attracted large crowds melbourne march led labor mp jim cairns nixon administration proceeded vietnamization war began withdrawal troops australian government november st australian task force reduced two battalions november atf withdrawn vietnam last military advisors aattv withdrawn whitlam labor government mid december ref name elkins australian military presence vietnam lasted years purely human cost killed wounded


war cost australia nbsp million ref name elkins reform reaction whitlam government gough whitlam us president richard nixon whitlam government responsible significant reforms went dismissed controversial circumstances elected december years opposition labor office gough whitlam introducing significant reforms exanding federal budget welfare benefits extended payment rates increased national health insurance scheme introduced divorce laws liberalised commonwealth expenditure schools trebled two years mid


commonwealth assumed responsibility funding higher education abolishing tuition fees foreign affairs new government prioritised asia pacific region formally abolishing white australia policy recognising communist china enhancing ties indonesia conscription abolished remaining australian troops vietnam withdrawn australian national anthem changed god save queen advance australia fair imperial honours system replaced commonwealth level order australia queen elizabeth ii officially styled queen australia relations us however became strained government members criticised resumption


aboriginal land rights act ref name whitlam government control senate much legislation rejected amended labor elected reduced majority elections may senate remained obstacle political agenda government 's popularity also harmed deteriorating economic conditions series political scandals increased government spending rapid wage growth booming commodity prices first opec oil shock led economic instability unemployment rate reached post war high per cent late annual


kerr november opposition leader malcolm fraser installed caretaker prime minister pending election fraser government malcolm fraser us president jimmy carter federal elections december resulted landslide victory liberal country party coalition malcolm fraser continued prime minister coalition government subsequent elections making fraser second longest serving australian prime minister time ref name ref fraser government espoused policy administrative competence economic austerity leavened progressive humanitarian social environmental interventions government


enacted whitlam government 's land rights bill changes increased immigration resettled indochinese refugees promoted multiculturalism established special broadcasting service sbs multicultural broadcaster foreign policy government continued labor 's friendly relations china indonesia repaired frayed relationship us opposed white minority rule south africa rhodesia government also attempted use influence us china limit soviet expansionism environmental policies included banning resource development fraser island great barrier reef creating kakadu national park banning whaling


however government refused use commonwealth powers stop construction franklin dam tasmania resulting grassroots campaign dam contributed emergence influential environmental movement australia ref name economic front fraser government followed fight inflation first strategy centred budget cuts wage restraint welfare benefits restricted universal healthcare system partially dismantled university funding per student cut however early economic conditions deteriorating second oil shock increased inflation exacerbated


program deregulation micro economic reforms broke keynesian economics traditionally favoured labor party reforms included floating australian dollar deregulating capital markets allowing competition foreign banks business regulation competition policy streamlined tariffs quotas australian manufactured goods rural commodities gradually reduced number government enterprises services progressively privatised higher education system restructured significantly expanded partly funded reintroduction fees form student loans contributions hecs paul kelly concludes


labor non labor underwent internal philosophical revolutions support new set ideas faith markets deregulation reduced role government low protection creation new cooperative enterprise culture hawke government courted growing environmental movement series actions including using federal powers stop franklin dam development tasmania banning new uranium mines jabiluka proposing kakadu national park world heritage listing ref name foreign policy hawke government maintained strong relations us instrumental formation asia pacific economic


cooperation apec group australia contributed naval ships troops un forces gulf war iraq invaded kuwait ref name new parliament house australian bicentenary may government complemented consensus politics initiatives aimed fostering national unity australia act eliminated last vestiges british legal authority federal level australian bicentenary focus year long celebrations multicultural themes world expo held brisbane new parliament house canberra opened strong economic growth falling unemployment


unstable opposition bob hawke 's popularity public contributed election hawke government however economy went recession late unemployment rate risen per cent government 's popularity falling paul keating successfully challenged leadership became prime minister december ref name keating government 's first priority economic recovery february released one nation job creation package later legislated tax cuts corporations individuals boost economic growth unemployment reached per


cent highest since great depression australia liberal national opposition proposed ambitious plan economic reform take election including introduction goods services tax keating campaigned strongly tax returned office march paul keating indonesian president suharto may ambitious working nation jobs program introduced keating government also pursued number big picture issues throughout two terms including increased political economic engagement asia pacific region indigenous reconciliation australian republic


efficiency equity government engaged closely indonesian president suharto regional partners successfully campaigned increase role apec major forum strategic economic co operation council aboriginal reconciliation established following high court australia 's historic mabo decision first national native title legislation introduced regulate claims provide compensation loss native title keating established republic advisory committee examine options australia becoming republic government also introduced family payments superannuation guarantee compulsory


employer contributions hawke government annual migration intake doubled keating government responded community concerns pace immigration cutting immigration intake introducing mandatory detention asylum seekers arriving without valid visa immigration fell ref name foreign debt inflation unemployment still stubbornly high series ministerial resignations keating lost march election liberals' john howard ref name http ref australia globalised world present howard government


aboriginal dancers perform summer olympics opening ceremony sydney john howard liberal national party coalition served prime minister winning election become second longest serving prime minister menzies one first programs instigated howard government nationwide gun control scheme following mass shooting port arthur new government saw industrial relations taxation two key areas economic reform left undone hawke keating governments coalition introduced industrial relations reforms promoted


individual contracts enterprise bargaining controversially introduced workchoices legislation made easier small businesses terminate employment election howard treasurer peter costello proposed goods services tax gst successfully took electorate implemented july ref name autogenerated ref political concern new government significant public support pauline hanson later one nation party espoused populist policies including winding back free market reforms asian immigration programs indigenous australians government responded public messaging criticising elites


political correctness emphasising australian values coalition initially cut immigration intakes abolished office multicultural affairs multicultural agencies introduced citizenship tests migrants following sharp increase unauthorised arrivals asylum seekers boat government opened new mandatory detention centres remote areas australia issued temporary visas found refugees following children overboard affair tampa affair government introduced pacific solution involved detaining asylum seekers detention centres nauru papua new guinea refugee


status determined well policy turning back vessels intercepted sea indigenous affairs prime minister rejected calls treaty indigenous australians apology past actions harmed instead government pursued policy practical reconciliation involving specific measures improve indigenous education health employment housing response high court 's decision ''wik peoples v queensland'' howard government amended native title legislation limit native title claims following release little children sacred report detailing widespread abuse


john howard us president george w bush washington dc september australia led united nations force east timor help establish democracy independence nation following political violence period australia committed number peacekeeping stabilisation operations notably bougainville including operation bel isi well operation helpem fren australian led regional assistance mission solomon islands ramsi early east timorese crisis following september terrorist attacks us subsequent war


terror australia committed troops afghanistan war iraq war events along bali bombings terrorist incidents led creation national security committee anti terrorist legislation ref name autogenerated foreign affairs government advocated policy asia first asia emphasising traditional links commonwealth us relations indonesia became strained east timor generally improved bali bombings australia 's support us policy war terror followed australia united states free trade agreement


trade agreements singapore thailand also secured relations china improved australia joined us refusing ratify kyoto protocol greenhouse gas emissions arguing would harm australia 's economy would ineffective without participation china india initial cuts immigration intake increased bias towards skilled workers meet needs rapidly growing economy immigration intake also became increasingly diverse proportion immigrants south asia increasing per cent


per cent inbound tourism also grew helped sydney olympic games economy continued uninterrupted expansion since early recession record jobs growth lowest unemployment rates since exports imports grew value third australia 's economic output early per cent china became australia 's second largest trading partner japan foreign investment australia doubled coalition delivered budget surpluses years along proceeds government asset sales


notably telstra partly invested future fund reduce national debt income inequality private debt increased economy expanded biggest increase incomes accruing top per cent income earners howard government consistently trailing labor opposition opinion polls key issues rising interest rates unpopular work choices industrial relations reforms climate change policy government also hampered leadership tensions howard costello opinion polls indicating desire generational change leadership opposition


leader kevin rudd eighteen years younger howard widely seen vibrant labor november election swing per cent howard became second sitting prime minister lose seat election labor government kevin rudd julia gillard gillard went become australia 's first female prime ministerkevin rudd became prime minister december held office june replaced leader julia gillard australia 's first female prime minister following august federal election gillard formed


minority labor government support australian greens three independents gillard replaced prime minister rudd june labor lost subsequent september election ref name ref ref name ref first rudd government moved quickly ratify kyoto protocols dismantle previous government 's work choices industrial relations reforms issue apology aboriginal australians past policies particularly removal aboriginal children families ref name government soon confronted global financial crisis subsequent global recession responding series economic stimulus measures worth


electoral support greens government also lost public support proposed resources super profits tax following release henry tax review may resulting media campaign tax mining industry particularly affected labor 's support resource rich states queensland western australia australian special forces wait extraction war afghanistan asylum seeker policy proved another difficult issue government initially closed nauru processing centre abolished temporary protection visas took measures improve legal rights processing time


applicants asylum however unauthorised arrivals boat increased sharply number mandatory detention stretched capacity new leader opposition tony abbot promised coalition government would stop boats ref name grattan michelle kevin michael rudd p ref june government behind opposition polls rudd 's popularity rating falling labor caucus replaced rudd gillard leader ref name new leader able negotiate concessions new mining tax large mining companies failed reach agreement east timor proposed


migration processing centre following september election gillard government passed series legislation support greens held balance power senate included enabling legislation national broadband network carbon pricing scheme mining tax national disability insurance scheme school funding reforms ref name asylum seeker policy however remained politically sensitive issue government negotiated agreement malaysia process asylum seekers plan gain support opposition greens struck


high court number asylum seekers arriving boat continued climb government reopened offshore processing centres manus island nauru indigenous affairs government introduced modified policy northern territory 'stronger futures northern territory' year funding agreement new policy retained many features northern territory intervention broader scope involved collaboration indigenous stakeholders following mounting leadership speculation poor polling government rudd defeated gillard leadership ballot june returned prime


within abbott 's first term turnbull narrowly returned coalition office party dissatisfaction leadership saw replaced scott morrison abbott government prime minister tony abbott signing china australia free trade agreement president xi jinping november prime minister tony abbott 's liberal national coalition government began implementing policies unauthorised maritime arrivals including operation sovereign borders boat turnbacks reintroduction temporary protection visas resettlement third countries found refugees new policy strained relations indonesia number asylum seekers arriving


boat fell none government continued australia 's economic engagement asia signing trade agreements china south korea japan government also embraced intervention islamic state iraq syria joining air campaign sending special forces providing training iraqi army ref name ref government made cuts indigenous programs brought indigenous affairs portfolio cabinet established indigenous advisory council government 's may budget included measures deregulation university fees welfare cuts projected cuts funding


states health education proved unpopular perception involved breaking number election promises government secured passage legislation abolishing carbon tax july mining tax september ref name prime minister announced number decisions notably reintroduction knighthoods knighthood prince philip approved cabinet widely criticised media september government lost newspolls row malcolm turnbull successfully challenged leadership turnbull


foreign affairs australia signed refugee exchange deal us september allowing asylum seekers detention manus island nauru resettled us increased tension china australia 's criticism china 's policies south china sea australia 's new laws targeting foreign influence domestic politics ban national security grounds chinese companies supplying australia 's g communications network trade china however continued grow united states japan india australia agreed revive quadrilateral security dialogue order counter chinese


ambitions south china sea ref name power scmp ref australia signed modified trans pacific partnership trade agreement nations march us withdrew original agreement government lost five elections july august government sought introduce legislation national energy guarantee including commitment meet australia 's emissions target paris agreement number coalition members vowed vote bill resulting controversy harmed government already lost consecutive newspolls parliamentary liberal party elected scott morrison new


leader sworn prime minister morrison government present barricade coolangatta enforcing border closure queensland new south wales april implemented queensland government response covid pandemic morrison government committed remaining paris agreement promised greater focus reduction energy prices foreign affairs government signed indonesia australia comprehensive economic partnership agreement ia cepa march april treasurer delivered budget focusing tax cuts increased spending roads infrastructure


forecast return surplus government returned elections may three seat majority constitutional convention aboriginal torres strait islander delegates issued uluru statement heart calling recognition indigenous sovereignty makarrata truth telling agreement making commission constitutional recognition indigenous australians voice parliament government announced process develop options model ensure aboriginal torres strait islander people heard levels government within year government


confronted international covid pandemic subsequent recession australia 's first years february australia progressively closed borders foreign nationals recently visited high risk countries culminating march general ban entry foreign nationals march national cabinet including australian government state government territory government leaders created address crisis national cabinet announced series increasingly tighter restrictions non essential business travel gatherings people aim suppressing covid restrictions progressively eased early


may although individual states territories intermittently reimposed restrictions response particular outbreaks covid ref name ref australian government made provision billion economic stimulus measures billion health measures response covid result covid recession unemployment rate rose per cent february per cent july economy began recover second half unemployment rate fell per cent march hours worked returned pre recession levels ref name


april australia ranked countries number covid deaths per capita june australia united kingdom announced struck preliminary deal free trade agreement september government announced australia united kingdom united states agreed creation enhanced trilateral security partnership dubbed aukus first initiative aukus would australia acquire nuclear powered submarine technology result agreement australia cancelled contract diesel electric ''attack'' class submarine


french company naval group china condemned aukus agreement stating seriously undermines regional peace stability intensifies arms race france announced would withdraw ambassador australia protest lack consultation security agreement cancellation billion dollar contract french submarines society culture present social developments indigenous australians aboriginal affairs still regulated state governments northern territory australian government states aboriginal australians banned drinking alcohol freedom association movement


control property restricted queensland western australia northern territory banned aboriginal people voting queensland western australia controlled right marry aboriginals often subjected unofficial colour bars restricting access many goods services public facilities especially country towns official policy australian government state governments however assimilation aboriginal australians mainstream culture aborigines part aborigines expected eventually attain manner living australians live members single australian community enjoying


bark petition australian parliament asking recognition traditional land rights subsequently took case supreme court northern territory ruled september charles perkins helped organise freedom rides parts australia expose discrimination inequality gurindji people wave hill station commenced gurindji strike quest equal pay recognition land rights australian government gave aboriginal people rights social security benefits australians referendum called


holt government saw australians vote per cent majority change australian constitution include aboriginal australians national census allow federal parliament legislate behalf council aboriginal affairs established demands indigenous self determination preservation cultural identity increasingly promoted january aboriginal activists erected aboriginal tent embassy lawns parliament house canberra issued number demands including land rights compensation past loss land self determination leader opposition gough whitlam among visited


tent embassy discuss demands whitlam government came power december policy self determination aboriginal people ref name government also passed legislation racial discrimination established royal commission land rights northern territory formed basis fraser government 's aboriginal land rights act ref name uluru returned traditional owners land rights act applied northern territory aboriginal communities could also acquire land various state land rights acts legislation early aboriginal communities gained


regulate native title claims established native title tribunal hear claims subsequent wik decision high court found pastoral lease necessarily extinguish native title response howard government amended native title act provide better protection pastoralists others interest land march native titles tribunal determined indigenous communities established native title per cent australian continent one third exclusive title indigenous population grew faster


australian population whole increasingly lived urban areas aboriginal population per cent total population per cent living capital cities compared per cent population whole indigenous population per cent population third living major cities compared two thirds non indigenous australians growth due higher indigenous birth rate people indigenous descent also willing identify indigenous according richard broome


identification indigenous almost universal among claim due growing pride indigenous identity face stronger community acceptance despite drift large cities period also saw movement indigenous australians away towns settlements small outstations homelands particularly arnhem land central australia movement outstations associated wider trend revival traditional culture however expense providing infrastructure small remote communities seen pressure commonwealth state territory governments


redirect funding towards larger indigenous communities indicators indigenous employment median incomes home ownership education life expectancy improved although remained well level non indigenous australians council australian governments created targets closing gap inequality indigenous non indigenous australians number key areas education employment literacy child mortality outcomes indigenous australians improved areas however gap indigenous non indigenous australians widened child mortality school attendance targets closing


inequality gap met employment child literacy numeracy targets closing gap early childhood education year school attainment track high rates indigenous incarceration deaths custody highlighted report royal commission aboriginal deaths custody april keating government responded million new spending address recommendations report however indigenous incarceration rates deaths custody increased deaths custody continued average per year decade


richard broome concluded close gap indigenous australians inequality well take many years despairingly say generations compensation lost wages missing native title settlements removed one 's family kin remain unresolved women female police officer holmes pinto point domesticity motherhood still dominant conceptions femininity women made per cent employed australians twice many women described occupation home duties compared


paid employment fertility rate fell post war high less ref name holmes katie pinto sarah gender sexuality ''the cambridge history australia volume '' pp ref reforming drive increasing influence women 's movement led series legislative institutional changes included abolition marriage bar australian public service arbitration commission 's equal pay decisions introduction paid maternity leave australian public service


enactment federal sex discrimination act affirmative action act single mothers' benefits introduced family law act bought fault divorce increase government funding women 's refuges health centres rape crisis centres information services ref name australian government began funding child care child care act although state territory local government still main providers funding australian government introduced standardised fee relief child care funding


greatly expanded decision extend fee relief commercial child care centres according holmes pinto reliable birth control increased employment opportunities improved family welfare childcare provision increased opportunities women outside motherhood domesticity ref name women likely men hold bachelor 's degree higher qualification sixty eight per cent women aged years old participated labour force compared per cent men however per cent employed women working part time compared per cent men


bipartisan support galbally report migrant services recommended every person able maintain culture without prejudice disadvantage encouraged understand embrace cultures response report fraser government expanded funding settlement services established australian institute multicultural affairs aima funded multicultural community language education programs schools established multi lingual special broadcasting service sbs state territory government programs support multiculturalism followed late australia high migrant intake included significant numbers new


arrivals asian middle eastern countries leading public debate immigration policy historian geoffrey blainey called reduction asian immigration interests social cohesion opposition leader john howard called abandonment multiculturalism reduction asian immigration focus 'one australia' year government 's fitzgerald review immigration recommended sharper economic focus selection immigrants hawke government released ''national agenda multicultural australia'' endorsed respect cultural diversity need settlement


services indicated pluralism limited need overriding unifying commitment australia ref name koleth elsa pp ref multicultural programs continued expand emphasis addressing disadvantage migrant communities well settlement services recent migrants ref name james walter argues hawke keating governments also promoted high migration means improving australia 's competitive advantage globalised market pauline hanson newly elected independent member parliament called cut asian immigration end multiculturalism


one nation party gained per cent vote queensland elections howard government initially abolished number multicultural agencies reduced funding migrant services part general program budget cuts government adopted policy australian multiculturalism emphasis citizenship adherence australian values following september terrorist attacks us bali bombings terrorist incidents media political commentary sought link terrorism islam human rights equal


opportunity commission hreoc reported increase vilification violence australian muslims minority ethnic groups government increased funding multicultural citizenship settlement programs emphasis promotion social cohesion security annual immigration intake also increased substantially economy boomed proportion migrants selected skills increased per cent per cent ref name ref immigration continued grow labor government prime minister kevin rudd proclaiming big australia policy


immigration intake averaged around year level based research indicating optimum level increase economic output per head population india china became largest source countries new migrants immigration intake reduced state governments complained high immigration adding urban congestion opposition also linked high immigration low wages growth one nation party continued oppose high immigration proclaiming 's okay white per cent australian population born


overseas top five countries birth born overseas england china india new zealand philippines australia 's population encompassed migrants born almost every country world arts culture saw increased government support arts flourishing distinctively australian artistic works gorton government established australian council arts australian film development corporation afdc national film television training school whitlam government established australia council funding promote crafts aboriginal arts literature music visual arts theatre film


television television drama quota introduced requiring broadcasters show minutes locally produced drama week police series ''homicide'' became highest rating program family drama ''skippy bush kangaroo'' became local international success eight twelve popular television programs australian successes locally produced dramas became staple australian television notable examples include ''rush'' ''the sullivans'' ''neighbours'' present late new wave australian theatre emerged initially centred


small theatre groups pram factory la mama australian performing group melbourne jane street theatre nimrod theatre company sydney playwrights associated new wave included david williamson alex buzo jack hibberd john romeril features new wave extensive use australian colloquial speech including obscenities exploration australian identity critique cultural myths end new australian plays feature small large theatre companies states patrick white became first


australian win nobel prize literature support afdc australian film commission state funding bodies generous tax concessions investors introduced led large increase australian produced films almost produced notable films include ''the adventures barry mckenzie'' ''picnic hanging rock'' ''my brilliant career'' ''breaker morant'' ''gallipoli'' ''mad max'' trilogy ''crocodile dundee'' patrick white became first australian win nobel prize literature around


regions also developed distinctive styles based fusion modern art materials traditional stories iconography ref name indigenous writers oodgeroo noonuccal kath walker jack davis kevin gilbert produced significant work national black theatre established sydney early aboriginal islander dance theatre established bangarra dance theatre rock band yothu yindi drew traditional aboriginal music dance achieved commercial critical success music abc television 's popular music show ''countdown'' helped


promote australian music radio station jj later jjj sydney promoted live performances recordings australian independent artists record labels carter griffen foley state end widely shared sense australian culture independent longer troubled relationship britain ref name however commentators diverse p p mcguiness geoffrey serle complaining large increase artistic works led celebration mediocrity poet chris wallace crabbe questioned whether australia overcome former cultural cringe fall


name ref film number australian productions averaged per year grew per year per year number australian directors actors including baz luhrmann george miller peter weir kate blanchett nicole kidman geoffrey rush others able establish careers australia abroad technical expertise developed australian industry increasing number internationally successful australian directors actors encouraged foreign producers make films australia ref name major international productions made australia


past decade include ''mad max fury road'' ''the great gatsby'' carter griffen follet conclude australia longer dominion client state within closed imperial market medium sized player exporter well importer within globalised cultural industries markets historiography according stuart macintyre first australian histories william wentworth james macarthur polemical works written influence public opinion british government policy colony australian colonies became self governing colonial governments commissioned histories aimed promoting migration investment britain


beginning professional academic history australian universities saw dominance imperial framework interpreting australian history australia emerged successful transfer people institutions culture britain apogee imperial school australian history australian volume ''cambridge history british empire'' published military history received government support first world war prominently charles bean 's volume ''history australia war '' bean 's earlier work australia 's official war correspondent helped establish anzac


legend according mckenna immediately supplanted narratives nationhood march explorers advance settlement eureka federation australia 's record progressive democratic legislation radical nationalist interpretations australian history became prominent brian fitzpatrick published series histories sought demonstrate exploitative nature britain 's economic relationship australia role labour movement struggle social justice economic independence one influential works radical nationalist trend russel ward 's ''the australian legend''


development first two volumes ''history australia'' manning clark developed idiosyncratic interpretation australian history telling story epic tragedy explorers governors improvers perturbators vainly endeavoured impose received schemes redemption alien intractable setting according macintyre clark imitators successive volumes much greater impact public profession another notable big picture interpretation australian history period geoffrey blainey 's ''the tyranny distance'' saw number challenges


traditional imperial nationalist interpretations australian history humphrey mcqueen ''a new britannia'' attacked radical nationalist historical narratives marxist new left perspective anne summers ''damned whores god 's police'' miriam dixson ''the real matilda'' analysed role women australian history others explored history marginalised sexuality ethnicity oral history became increasingly prominent addition traditional archival sources number topic areas wendy lowenstein 's ''weevils flour'' social history great depression notable early example


relationship language meaning influential example greg dening 's ''mr bligh 's bad language'' '''' memory studies pierre nora 's ideas relationship memory history influenced work number fields including military history ethnographic history oral history historical work australian museums interdisciplinary histories drawing insights fields sociology anthropology cultural studies environmental studies become common since transnational approaches analyse australian history global regional context also flourished recent decades


technology sydney found per cent respondents engaged family history history related hobby developments along prevalence interdisciplinary histories led australian historians question boundaries history academic discipline macintyre questioned claim specialised procedures forms communication protect discipline natural impulses humanity popular history clark ashton stated accessibility history fundamentally changed perceive discipline raises important question anyone historian today historians also


questioned boundaries historical writing activities particularly argue groups marginalised academic histories peter reid states aboriginal history today takes form dance art novel biography autobiography oral history archival research family papers drama poetry film history wars history wars series public disputes interpretations australian history involving historians politicians media commentators occurred approximately roots revisionist histories political debates multiculturalism indigenous land rights stolen


generations national identity lecture geoffrey blainey made distinction three cheers view history saw australian history largely success black armband view claimed much australian history disgrace opined black armband view history might well represent swing pendulum position favourable self congratulatory opposite extreme even unreal decidedly jaundiced ref name ref three years later prime minister john howard referred back blainey 's speech stating profoundly


reject black armband view australian history believe balance sheet australian history generous benign one believe like nation black marks upon history amongst nations world remarkably positive history later defined black armband history view australian history since little disgraceful story imperialism exploitation racism sexism forms discrimination stated intention ensure history nation written definitively


o'farrell agreed john howard guilt school australian history gone far ref name august brisbane newspaper ''courier mail'' published series articles alleging manning clark died closely associated opposition labor party since agent influence soviet union newspaper explicitly linked allegations current political debates australia 's history john howard commented considered clark unduly pessimistic black armband historian press council later found newspaper insufficient evidence


allegation clark soviet agent national museum australia battlefront history wars human rights equal opportunities commission hreoc released ''bringing home'' report forced removal indigenous children families report found per cent per cent aboriginal children forcibly separated parents authors report stated policy forced removals amounted genocide called apology compensation victims prime minister


tested claims witnesses historical record government claimed maximum per cent aboriginal children separated parents policy lawful well intentioned number historians including janet mccalman anna haebich contributed political academic debate ref name ref name keith windschuttle published series articles argued claims frontier massacres aboriginal death toll frontier violence exaggerated historians subsequent book ''the fabrication aboriginal history''


windschuttle argued genocide aboriginal tasmanians historians systematically misrepresented evidence nature extent violence aboriginal tasmanians political reasons geoffrey blainey praised book sparked widespread often acrimonious academic media public debate settler violence indigenous australians windschuttle 's criticisms particular historians new battlefront history wars opened council national museum australia commissioned historian graeme davison review explanatory labels museum 's inaugural exhibition determine whether


ed ''the cambridge encyclopedia australia'' basset jan ''the oxford illustrated dictionary australian history'' davison graeme john hirst stuart macintyre eds ''the oxford companion australian history'' online many academic libraries galligan brian winsome roberts eds ''oxford companion australian politics'' online many academic libraries o'shane pat et al ''australia complete encyclopedia'' serle percival ed ''dictionary australian biography'' http gutenbergnetau ebooks hhtml online edition shaw john ed ''collins australian encyclopedia'' taylor peter ''the atlas australian history'' historical surveys atkinson alan ''the europeans australia history volume


''class structure australian history'' longman cheshire melbourne kelly paul ''the end certainty power politics business australia'' originally published ''the end certainty story s'' kingston beverley ''the oxford history australia volume glad confident morning'' kociumbas jan ''the oxford history australia volume possessions'' macintyre stuart ''the oxford history australia volume succeeding age'' https archiveorg details oxfordhistoryofa unse b online macintyre stuart ''a concise history australia'' nd ed excerpt text search martin w ''robert menzies life'' vol


online acls e books mcqueen humphrey ''a new britannia'' university queensland press brisbane megalogenis george ''the longest decade'' nd ed politics millar b ''australia peace war external relations '' https archiveorg details australiainpeace mill online pp schreuder deryck stuart ward eds ''australia 's empire'' oxford history british empire companion series excerpt text search doi acprof oso online taflaga marija ''a short political history australia'' peter j chen et al eds ''australian politics policy'' sydney https openresearch repositoryanueduau bitstream taflaga short political history pdf online welsh frank ''australia new history great southern


land'' white richard ''inventing australia'' routledge historiography early recorded history books anderson grahame ''the merchant zeehaen isaac gilsemans voyages abel tasman'' wellington te papa press ariese csilla ''databases people aboard voc ships batavia zeewijk analysis potential finding dutch castaways' human remains australia'' australian national centre excellence maritime archaeology department maritime archaeology western australian museum bonke h ''de zeven reizen van de jonge lieve biografie van een voc schip '' seven voyages jonge lieve


wlv vols lxxviii lxxix hague martinus nijhoff dutch drake brockman henrietta ''voyage disaster life francisco pelsaert covering indian report dutch east india company wreck ship 'batavia' coast western australia together full text journals concerning rescue voyages mutiny abrolhos islands subsequent trials mutineers'' translated dutch e drok sydney angus robertson duyker edward ''the dutch australia'' australian ethnic heritage series melbourne ae press duyker edward


ed ''the discovery tasmania journal extracts expeditions abel janszoon tasman marc joseph marion dufresne '' hobart st david 's park publishing tasmanian government printing office pp nbsp duyker edward ''mirror australian navigation jacob le maire facsimile 'spieghel der australische navigatie' account voyage jacob le maire willem schouten published amsterdam '' hordern house australian national maritime museum sydney pp edwards hugh ''islands angry ghosts murder mayhem mutiny story batavia'' originally published


new york william morrow co harpercollins edwards hugh ''the wreck half moon reef'' adelaide rigby limited fitzsimons peter ''batavia betrayal shipwreck murder sexual slavery courage spine chilling chapter australian history'' sydney random house australia gerritsen rupert cramer max slee colin ''the batavia legacy location first european settlement australia hutt river '' geraldton sun city print godard philippe ''the first last voyage batavia'' perth abrolhos green jeremy n ''treasures 'vergulde draeck' gilt dragon '' perth western australian museum green jeremy n ''the loss


verenigde oostindische compagnie jacht 'vergulde draeck' western australia historical background excavation report appendix similar loss fluit 'lastdrager' volumes '' oxford british archaeological reports green jeremy n ''the loss verenigde oostindische compagnie retourschip 'batavia' western australia excavation report catalogue artefacts'' oxford british archaeological reports heeres j e ''het aandeel der nederlanders de ontdekking van australi '' leiden brill dutch heeres j e ''the part borne dutch discovery australia '' published royal dutch geographical


abel tasman'' ships abel tasman hilversum uitgeverij verloren dutch kenny john ''before first fleet european discovery australia '' kangaroo press pp leys simon ''the wreck batavia true story'' new york thunder 's mouth press mchugh evan '' epic adventure'' sydney university new south wales press mundle rob ''great south land dutch sailors found australia english pirate almost beat captain cook'' abc books murdoch priscilla ''duyfken first discoveries australia'' artarmon nsw antipodean publishers mutch ''the first


discovery australia account voyage duyfken career captain willem jansz'' sydney reprinted journal royal australian historical society vol xxviii part v nichols robert woods martin eds ''mapping world terra incognita australia'' canberra national library australia pelsaert francisco ''the batavia journal francisco pelsaert '' edited translated marit van huystee fremantle wa western australian maritime museum peters nonja ''the dutch '' nedlands university western australia press playford phillip ''the wreck zuytdorp


western australian coast '' nedlands royal western australian historical society playford phillip ''carpet silver wreck zuytdorp'' nedlands university western australia press playford phillip ''voyage discovery terra australis willem de vlamingh '' includes journal willem vlamingh translated early th century manuscript held archives nationales de france perth western australian museum pearson michael ''great southern land maritime exploration terra australis'' canberra department environment heritage quanchi max robson john ''historical dictionary discovery exploration pacific islands''


lanham md oxford scarecrow press richards michael o'connor maura eds ''changing coastlines putting australia world map '' canberra national library australia robert willem c h ''the explorations australia willem de vlamingh extracts two log books concerning voyage explorations coast western australia documents relating voyage'' original dutch texts amsterdam philo press robert willem c h ''the dutch explorations north northwest coast australia extracts journals log books documents relating voyages'' original dutch


texts amsterdam philo press ryan simon ''the cartographic eye explorers saw australia'' cambridge cambridge university press schilder g nter ''australia unveiled share dutch navigators discovery australia'' translated german olaf richter amsterdam theatrum orbis terrarum schilder g nter ''voyage great south land willem de vlamingh '' translated c de heer sydney royal australian historical society schilder g nter ''in steps tasman de vlamingh important cartographic document discovery australia'' amsterdam nico israel schilder g nter kok hans ''sailing east


history catalogue manuscript charts vellum dutch east india company voc '' brill sharp andrew ''the discovery australia'' new york oxford university press sharp andrew ''the voyages abel janszoon tasman'' oxford clarendon press shaw lindsey wilkins wendy eds ''dutch connections years australian dutch maritime links '' sydney australian national maritime museum sigmond j p zuiderbaan l h ''dutch discoveries australia shipwrecks treasures early voyages west coast'' adelaide rigby sigmond j p zuiderbaan l h ''nederlanders ontdekken australi scheepsarcheologische vondsten op het zuidland'' amsterdam


de bataafsche leeuw dutch stapel fw ''de oostindische compagnie en australi '' amsterdam van kampen dutch stein stephen k ''the sea world history exploration travel trade'' santa barbara california abc clio su rez thomas ''early mapping pacific epic story seafarers adventurers cartographers mapped earth 's greatest ocean'' singapore periplus editions tasman abel ''the journal abel jansz tasman documents relating exploration australia '' edited gh kenihan adelaide australian heritage press tasman abel ''het journaal van abel tasman '' eds vibeke roeper


diederick wilderman hague nationaal archief dutch van duivenvoorde wendy ''the batavia shipwreck archaeological study early seventeenth century dutch east indiaman'' phd diss texas university dept anthropology van zanden henry '' discovery australia'' perth rio bay enterprises veth peter sutton peter neale margo ''strangers shore early coastal contacts australia'' canberra national museum australia press walker james backhouse ''abel janszoon tasman life voyages discovery van diemen 's land '' hobart government printer journal articles scholarly papers essays broomhall susan


'emotional encounters indigenous peoples dutch east india company 's interactions south lands' australian historical studies pp nbsp broomhall susan ' quite indifferent things role emotions conversion dutch east india company 's interactions south lands' journal religious history broomhall susan 'dishes coins pipes epistemological emotional power voc material culture australia' ''the global lives things material culture connections early modern world'' edited anne gerritsen giorgio riello london routledge pp nbsp broomhall susan


'fire smoke ashes communications power emotions dutch east india company crews australian continent' ''fire stories'' edited g moore new york punctum books broomhall susan 'shipwrecks sorrow shame great southland use emotions seventeenth century dutch east india company communicative ritual' ''emotion ritual power europe family state church'' edited bailey k barclay basingstoke palgrave macmillan pp nbsp broomhall susan 'dirk hartog 's sea chest affective archaeology voc objects australia' ''feeling things objects emotions history''


edited stephanie downes sally holloway sarah randles oxford oxford university press pp nbsp donaldson bruce 'the dutch contribution european discovery australia' nonja peters ed ''the dutch '' crawley university western australia press gaastra femme 'the dutch east india company reluctant discoverer' great circle journal australian association maritime history gentelli liesel 'provenance determination silver artefacts voc wreck batavia using la icp ms' journal archaeological science reports gerritsen rupert 'the evidence cohabitation indigenous australians


itinerario ketelaar eric 'exploration archived world de vlamingh 's plate digital realities' archives manuscripts mccarthy 'dutch place names australia' nonja peters ed ''the dutch '' crawley university western australia press mccarthy 'the dutch australian shores zuytdorp tragedy unfinished business' l shaw w wilkins eds ''dutch connections years australian dutch maritime links '' sydney australian national maritime museum pp nbsp mutch 'the first discovery australia account voyages


duyfken career william jansz' jrahs schilder g nter 'organisation evolution dutch east india company 's hydrographic office seventeenth century' imago mundi schilder g nter 'new holland dutch discoveries' glyndwr williams alan frost eds ''terra australis australia'' melbourne oxford university press pp nbsp schilder g nter 'the dutch conception new holland seventeenth early eighteenth centuries' globe journal australian map circle schilder g nter 'from secret common knowledge dutch discoveries' john hardy


alan frost eds ''studies terra australis australia'' canberra schilder g nter 'a continent takes shape dutch mapping australia' ''changing coastlines'' edited michael richards maura o'connor canberra national library australia pp nbsp sheehan colin 'strangers servants company united east india company dutch voyages australia' peter veth margo neale et al eds ''strangers shore early coastal contacts australia'' canberra national museum australia press sigmond peter 'cultural heritage piece pewter' l shaw w wilkins


eds ''dutch connections years australian dutch maritime links '' sydney australian national maritime museum van duivenvoorde wendy kaiser bruce megens luc van bronswijk wilhelm 'pigments zuiddorp zuytdorp ship sculpture red white blue' post medieval archaeology yahya padillah gaudieri silvana franklin daniel 'dna analysis human skeletal remains associated batavia mutiny ' records western australian museum primary sources clark cmh ed ''select documents australian history'' vol kemp rod marion stanton eds ''speaking australia parliamentary speeches shaped nation'' allen


australis australia state library new south wales https webarchiveorg web http wwwcultureandrecreationgovau articles australianhistory european discovery colonisation australia australian government http wwwabcnetau local audio htm looking blackfellas point history european settlement relations aboriginal people south eastern australia australian broadcasting corporation http wwwrahsorgau royal australian historical society


meshid ops othercodes hcpcslevel '''dental surgery''' number medical procedures involve artificially modifying dentition words surgery teeth gums jaw bones types common '''endodontic''' surgery involving pulp root tooth root canal treatment pulpotomy mdash opening pulp chamber tooth allow infection drain usually precursor root canal pulpectomy mdash removal

Applied science
Medicine and health
Dentistry
Dental surgery


pulp pulp chamber temporarily relieve pain usually precursor root canal apicoectomy mdash root end resection occasionally root canal alone enough relieve pain end tooth called apex removed entering gingiva surgically extracting diseased material '''prosthodontics''' dental prosthetics crown caps mdash artificial covering tooth made variety biocompatible materials including cmc pmc ceramic porcelain metal composite gold tin aluminum mixture underlying tooth must reshaped accommodate fixed restorations veneers mdash artificial coverings


similar except cover forward labial buccal surface tooth usually aesthetic purposes bridge mdash fixed prothesis two crowns connected together replace missing tooth teeth bridge typically used extraction implant mdash procedure titanium implant surgically placed bone mandible maxilla allowed heal months later artificial tooth connected implant cement retained screw dentures false teeth mdash partial complete


set dentition either attach neighboring teeth use metal plastic grasps gingival palatal surface use adhesive implant supported prosthesis mdash combination dentures implants bases placed bone allowed heal metal appliances fixed gingival surface following dentures placed atop fixed place '''orthodontic''' treatment implants implant supported prosthesis mdash also orthodontic treatment involves bones apicoectomy mdash also orthodontic treatment part underlying bone structure must removed extraction mdash procedure


diseased redundant problematic tooth removed either pulling cutting procedure done local general anesthesia common mdash many people wisdom teeth removed become problematic fiberotomy mdash procedure sever fibers around tooth preventing relapsing '''periodontics''' '''oral maxillofacial surgery''' surgical specialty usually requires dental medical qualification professional dental care dental hygienist polishing patient 's teeth frequent usual cleaning examination may necessary treatment many different dental oral disorders


due recent surgical procedures dental implants american dental association ada stresses frequency dental visits necessary dependent upon needs individual able go twice year others needing go often may include yearly select dental x rays see also dental plaque identification procedure removal dental instruments restorative materials tooth capping dental anesthesia dentists inject anesthetic block sensory transmission alveolar nerves superior alveolar nerves usually anesthetized directly difficult approach


needle reason maxillary teeth usually anesthetized locally inserting needle beneath oral mucosa surrounding teeth inferior alveolar nerve probably anesthetized often nerve body anesthetize nerve dentist inserts needle somewhat beyond patient 's last molar see also dentistry oral maxillofacial surgery surgery dental extraction wisdom tooth references dentistry procedures surgical specialties dentistry


onlyinclude '''computational sociology''' branch sociology uses computationally intensive methods analyze model social phenomena using computer simulations artificial intelligence complex statistical methods analytic approaches like social network analysis computational sociology develops tests theories complex social processes bottom modeling social interactions ref name mw ref involves understanding social agents interaction among agents effect interactions social aggregate ref name sfss ref although subject matter methodologies social science differ natural science computer science several approaches used contemporary

Social science
Sociology
Social transformation
Computational sociology


social simulation originated fields physics artificial intelligence ref name artificial societies ref ref name cooperation ref approaches originated field imported natural sciences measures network centrality fields social network analysis network science relevant literature computational sociology often related study social complexity social complexity concepts complex systems non linear interconnection among macro micro process emergence entered vocabulary computational sociology practical well known example construction computational model form


artificial society researchers analyze structure social system ref name sfss ref name generative ref onlyinclude history historical map research paradigms associated scientists sociology complexity science background past four decades computational sociology introduced gaining popularity used primarily modeling building explanations social processes depending emergence complex behavior simple activities ref name eacics salgado mauricio nigel gilbert http epubssurreyacuk emergence communication v pdf emergence communication computational sociology journal theory social behaviour ref idea behind emergence


aspects unexplainable epstein put claim emergentism says precisely generative sufficiency parts constitutes whole 's explanation ref name eacics agent based models historical influence computational sociology models first came around used simulate control feedback processes organizations cities etc application introduced use individuals main units analyses used bottom strategies modeling behaviors last wave occurred


time models still bottom difference agents interact interdependently ref name eacics systems theory structural functionalism post war era vannevar bush 's differential analyser john von neumann 's cellular automata norbert wiener 's cybernetics claude shannon 's information theory became influential paradigms modeling understanding complexity technical systems response scientists disciplines physics biology electronics economics began articulate general theory systems natural physical phenomena manifestations interrelated elements system common patterns properties following mile durkheim 's call


analyze complex modern society ' 'sui generis'' post war structural functionalist sociologists talcott parsons seized upon theories systematic hierarchical interaction among constituent components attempt generate grand unified sociological theories agil paradigm ref name bailey ref sociologists george homans argued sociological theories formalized hierarchical structures propositions precise terminology propositions hypotheses could derived operationalized empirical studies ref name blackwell ref computer algorithms programs used early test validate mathematical theorems four color theorem


scholars anticipated similar computational approaches could solve prove analogously formalized problems theorems social structures dynamics macrosimulation microsimulation late early social scientists used increasingly available computing technology perform macro simulations control feedback processes organizations industries cities global populations models used differential equations predict population distributions holistic functions systematic factors inventory control urban traffic migration disease transmission although simulations social systems received substantial attention mid club rome published reports predicting policies promoting


exponential economic growth would eventually bring global environmental catastrophe inconvenient conclusions led many authors seek discredit models attempting make researchers appear unscientific ref name sfss hoping avoid fate many social scientists turned attention toward micro simulation models make forecasts study policy effects modeling aggregate changes state individual level entities rather changes distribution population level however micro simulation models permit individuals interact adapt intended basic theoretical research ref name mw cellular automata agent based modeling


also time physicists mathematicians attempting model analyze simple component units atoms give rise global properties complex material properties low temperatures magnetic materials within turbulent flows using cellular automata scientists able specify systems consisting grid cells cell occupied finite states changes states solely governed states immediate neighbors along advances artificial intelligence microcomputer power methods contributed development chaos theory complexity theory


turn renewed interest understanding complex physical social systems across disciplinary boundaries ref name sfss research organizations explicitly dedicated interdisciplinary study complexity also founded era santa fe institute established scientists based los alamos national laboratory bach group university michigan likewise started mid cellular automata paradigm gave rise third wave social simulation emphasizing agent based modeling like micro simulations models emphasized bottom designs adopted four key assumptions diverged microsimulation autonomy interdependency simple rules adaptive


statistical techniques analyze large scale computer databases electronic proxies behavioral data electronic records email instant message records hyperlinks world wide web mobile phone usage discussion usenet allow social scientists directly observe analyze social behavior multiple points time multiple levels analysis without constraints traditional empirical methods interviews participant observation survey instruments continued improvements machine learning algorithms likewise permitted social scientists entrepreneurs use novel techniques identify latent meaningful patterns social interaction evolution large


electronic datasets doi access free ref automatic parsing textual corpora enabled extraction actors relational networks vast scale turning textual data network data resulting networks contain thousands nodes analysed using tools network theory identify key actors key communities parties general properties robustness structural stability overall network centrality certain nodes automates approach introduced quantitative narrative analysis whereby subject verb object triplets identified pairs actors linked action pairs


formed actor object ref name referencea computational content analysis content analysis traditional part social sciences media studies long time automation content analysis allowed big data revolution take place field studies social media newspaper content include millions news items gender bias readability content similarity reader preferences even mood analyzed based text mining methods millions documents analysis readability gender bias topic bias demonstrated flaounas et al showing different topics different gender biases


handled meaningfully make maximum impact society levels interactions society formed tends one level exists tendencies interactions across levels levels need micro level macro level nature intermediate levels society exists say groups networks communities etc ref name mcss question however arises identify levels come existence existence interact within


spread false information societies tracing back sources finding ownership information difficult culture modeling evolution networks levels society brings cultural diversity thought arises however people tend interact become accepting cultures beliefs diversity still persists convergence major challenge model diversities external factors like mass media locality societies etc influence evolution persistence cultural diversities experimentation evaluation


study modelling combined experimentation needs able address questions asked computational social science deals large scale data challenge becomes much evident scale grows would one design informative simulations large scale even large scale simulation brought evaluation supposed performed model choice model complexities another challenge identifying models would best fit data complexities models models would help us predict societies might evolve time


provide possible explanations things work generative models generative models helps us perform extensive qualitative analysis controlled fashion model proposed epstein agent based simulation talks identifying initial set heterogeneous entities agents observe evolution growth based simple local rules local rules one identify set heterogeneous agents evaluation impact rules state whole new set difficulties heterogeneous ensemble models integrating simple models perform better individual tasks form


hybrid model approach looked models offer better performance understanding data however trade identifying deep understanding interactions simple models arises one needs come one combined well performing model also coming tools applications help analyse visualize data based hybrid models another added challenge impact computational sociology bring impacts science technology society ref name mcss impact science order study computational sociology


well balanced decision process see also ''journal artificial societies social simulation'' artificial society simulated reality social simulation agent based social simulation social complexity computational economics computational epidemiology cliodynamics predictive analytics references external links http cresssocsurreyacuk ss line book simulation social scientist nigel gilbert klaus g troitzsch second edition http jassssocsurreyacuk jassshtml journal artificial societies social simulation https webarchiveorg web http cmolnbidk models agent based models social networks interactive java applets https webarchiveorg web http wwwpersonalkentedu bcastel sociology complexity science website journals academic publications https webarchiveorg web http wwwccsruiucedu web journals journalshtml complexity research journal list uiuc il https webarchiveorg web http wwwccsruiucedu web groups groupshtml related research groups uiuc


il associations conferences workshops http wwwcasoscscmuedu naacsos north american association computational social organization sciences http wwwessaeuorg essa european social simulation association academic programs departments degrees http mediapatternsenmbrisacuk university bristol mediapatterns project http wwwcoscscmuedu carnegie mellon university http wwwcasoscscmuedu phd program computation organizations society cos http wwwuchicagoedu university chicago https macssuchicagoedu certificate phd computational social sciences http wwwgmuedu george mason university phd program http cssgmuedu css computational social sciences program http maisgmuedu programs la mais css master 's interdisciplinary studies css emphasis http wwwpdxedu sysc program systems science phd program portland state phd program systems science http wwwpdxedu sysc program systems science masters program portland state ms program systems science http wwwucdie university college dublin


phd program http wwwucdie geary postgraduatetraining cscs complex systems computational social science msc https siswebucdie usis w hu menup publishp tag prog majr w social data analytics bsc https wwwmyucdie courses social sciences computational social science computational social science https archivetoday http hcsuclaedu courseshtm ucla minor human complex systems https webarchiveorg web http wwwcsuclaedu cyber ucla major computational systems biology including behavioral sciences http cscsumichedu education undergrad undergradhtml univ michigan minor complex systems http wwwpdxedu sysc resources systems science programs systems sciences programs list portland state list worldwide related programs centers institutes north america http cnetsindianaedu center complex networks systems research indiana university bloomington usa https webarchiveorg web http wwwccsruiucedu center complex systems research university illinois urbana champaign il usa http socialcomplexitygmuedu center social complexity george mason


university fairfax va usa http wwwasuedu clas csdc center social dynamics complexity arizona state university tempe az usa http wwwcscsumichedu center study complex systems university michigan ann arbor mi usa http hcsuclaedu human complex systems university california los angeles los angeles ca usa http wwwiqharvardedu institute quantitative social science harvard university boston usa http wwwniconorthwesternedu northwestern institute complex systems nico northwestern university evanston il usa http wwwsantafeedu santa fe institute santa fe nm usa duke network analysis center duke university durham nc usa south america http www eachuspbr mestrado academico em modelagem de sistemas complexos modelagem de sistemas complexos university paulo paulo


computational sociology gecs brescia italy computational sociology complex systems theory methods sociology computational fields study


literature present old yiddish literature first edition bovo bukh printed first non religious yiddish book popular chivalric romance yiddish name later passed popular phrase bubbe meise grandmother 's tale yiddish literature began translations commentary religious texts see article yiddish language full description texts important writer old yiddish literature elijah levita known elye bokher translated adapted chivalric romance bevis hampton via italian version buovo antona levita

Humanities
Languages and literature
Yiddish Literature


version called bovo d'antona later known title ''bovo bukh'' circulated manuscript published isny germany work illustrates influence european literary forms emerging yiddish literature subject form stanzas rhyme scheme adaptation italian ottava rima nonetheless levita altered many features story reflect judaic elements though rest uneasily essentially christian nature chivalry discussion tension christian jewish elements bovo bukh see chapter two michael


wex ''born kvetch'' number yiddish epic poems appeared th centuries important works genre ''shmuel bukh'' ''mlokhim bukh'' nbsp ndash chivalric romances king david biblical heroes stanzaic form poems resembles ''nibelungenlied'' following example european epics ''shmuel bukh'' simply recited sung chanted musical accompaniment melody widely known jewish communities far rhymed adaptations bible old yiddish epic poems fused biblical midrashic material european courtly poetry thus


women weekly parashot rabbi jacob ben isaac ashkenazi ''tseno ureno'' remains ubiquitous book yiddish homes day women wrote old yiddish literature infrequently several collections tkhines personal prayers part liturgy written women sara bas tovim sarah rebekah rachel leah horowitz th century extensive text woman era memoir th th century glikl hameln family document published hasidic haskalah literature hasidic


stories jewish philosopher martin buber first publicise hasidism wider non jewish world influential focus stories criticised gershom scholem leaving aside scholarship adapting neo hasidic existentialism rise hasidic popular mysticism th century gave rise specific kind literary work alongside scholarly thought hagiographic stories venerating leadership gave storytelling new centrality rabbinic judaism form worship spread movement 's appeal anecdotal miraculous stories personified new hasidic doctrines saintly


intermediary divine omnipresence hidden value common folk one master related visit dov ber mezeritch went see maggid tied shoelaces story baal shem tov hasidic founder represents blockquote saintly prayers baal shem tov close circle unable lift harsh heavenly decree perceived one new year extending prayers beyond time danger remained unlettered shepherd boy entered deeply envious could read holy day 's prayers said


god n't know pray make noises animals field great feeling cried cock doodle god mercy immediately joy overcame baal shem tov hurried finish prayers afterwards explained heartfelt words shephard boy opened gates heaven decree lifted blockquote hebrew reserved torah study prayer vernacular yiddish stories different masters compiled yiddish hebrew writing beginning shivchei habesht praise baal shem tov