spread invasive species discharge ballast water transport organisms accumulated part fouling community hulls vessels demersal zone supports many animals feed benthic organisms seek protection predators seabed provides range habitats surface substrate used creatures adapted conditions tidal zone periodic exposure dehydrating air home barnacles molluscs crustaceans neritic zone many organisms need light flourish among


algal encrusted rocks live sponges echinoderms polychaete worms sea anemones invertebrates corals often contain photosynthetic symbionts live shallow waters light penetrates extensive calcareous skeletons extrude build coral reefs important feature seabed provide biodiverse habitat reef dwelling organisms less sea life floor deeper seas marine life also flourishes around seamounts rise depths fish animals congregate spawn feed close seabed live demersal fish feed largely pelagic organisms

Applied science
Military sciences
Battlespace
Sea


benthic invertebrates exploration deep sea submersibles revealed new world creatures living seabed scientists previously known exist like detrivores rely organic material falling ocean floor others cluster round deep sea hydrothermal vents mineral rich flows water emerge seabed supporting communities whose primary producers sulphide oxidising chemoautotrophic bacteria whose consumers include specialised bivalves sea anemones barnacles crabs worms fish often found nowhere else ref name stow dead whale sinking bottom ocean provides food assembly


organisms similarly rely largely actions sulphur reducing bacteria places support unique biomes many new microbes lifeforms discovered humans sea history navigation exploration austronesians beginning around bc humans travelled seas since first built sea going craft mesopotamians using bitumen caulk reed boats little later masted sails ref name drcarter carter robert ''a companion archaeology ancient near east'' ch watercraft pp ff wiley blackwell ref c bc austronesians taiwan


begun spreading maritime southeast asia ref name matrilineality ref subsequently austronesian lapita peoples displayed great feats navigation reaching bismarck archipelago far away fiji tonga samoa ref name belwood ref descendants continued travel thousands miles tiny islands outrigger canoes process found many new islands including hawaii easter island rapa nui new zealand ref name kayser ref ancient egyptians phoenicians explored mediterranean red sea egyptian hannu reaching arabian peninsula african coast around bc st millennium bc


phoenicians greeks established colonies throughout mediterranean black sea around bc carthaginian navigator hanno left detailed periplus atlantic journey reached least senegal possibly mount cameroon early mediaeval period vikings crossed north atlantic even reached northeastern fringes north america novgorodians also sailing white sea since th century meanwhile seas along eastern southern asian coast used arab chinese traders chinese ming dynasty fleet ships men


reached newfoundland italian amerigo vespucci america named explored south american coastline voyages made discovering mouth amazon river ref name stow portuguese navigator ferdinand magellan led spanish magellan elcano expedition would first sail around world ref name stow gerardus mercator 's world map coastline old world quite accurately depicted unlike americas regions high latitudes arctic antarctic greatly enlarged projection history navigational instrument compass first used


ancient greeks chinese show north lies direction ship heading latitude angle ranges equator poles determined measuring angle sun moon specific star horizon use astrolabe jacob 's staff sextant longitude line globe joining two poles could calculated accurate chronometer show exact time difference ship fixed point greenwich meridian


john harrison clockmaker designed instrument james cook used voyages exploration ref name navhist nowadays global positioning system gps using thirty satellites enables accurate navigation worldwide ref name navhist ref regards maps vital navigation second century ptolemy mapped whole known world fortunatae insulae cape verde canary islands eastward gulf thailand map used christopher columbus set voyages discovery subsequently gerardus mercator made practical map world


map projection conveniently making rhumb lines straight ref name stow eighteenth century better maps made part objective james cook voyages map ocean scientific study continued depth recordings ''tuscarora'' oceanic research challenger voyages work scandinavian seamen roald amundsen fridtjof nansen michael sars expedition german meteor expedition antarctic survey work ''discovery ii'' others since ref name jenkins furthermore international hydrographic organization iho


set constitutes world authority hydrographic surveying nautical charting fourth edition draft published far several naming disputes one sea japan prevented ratification history oceanography deep sea exploration scientific oceanography began voyages captain james cook describing pacific unprecedented precision degrees south degrees north ref name stow john harrison 's chronometers supported cook 's accurate navigation charting two voyages permanently improving standard attainable


subsequent work ref name stow expeditions followed nineteenth century russia france netherlands united states well britain ref name stow hms ''beagle'' provided charles darwin ideas materials book ''on origin species'' ship 's captain robert fitzroy charted seas coasts published four volume report ship 's three voyages ref name stow edward forbes 's book ''distribution marine life'' argued life could exist around metres feet proven wrong british biologists w b


carpenter c wyville thomson discovered life deep water dredging ref name stow wyville thompson became chief scientist challenger expedition effectively created science oceanography ref name stow journey round globe ''hms challenger'' discovered new marine species made deep sea soundings bottom dredges open water trawls serial water temperature observations southern atlantic carl chun ''valdivia'' brought many new life forms surface depths first observations deep sea


animals natural environment made william beebe otis barton descended spherical steel bathysphere ref name jrank ref lowered cable self powered submersible trieste developed jacques piccard took piccard walsh deepest part earth 's oceans mariana trench pacific reaching record depth feat repeated james cameron piloted deepsea challenger similar depths atmospheric diving suit worn deep sea operations new world record


set us navy diver descended one articulated pressurized suits great depths light penetrates water layers pressure extreme deep sea exploration necessary use specialist vehicles either remotely operated underwater vehicles lights cameras manned submersibles battery operated mir submersibles three man crew descend feet nbsp viewing ports watt lights video equipment manipulator arms collecting samples placing probes pushing vehicle across sea bed thrusters


would stir excessive sediment bathymetry mapping study topography ocean floor methods used measuring depth sea include single multibeam echosounders laser airborne depth sounders calculation depths satellite remote sensing data information used determining routes undersea cables pipelines choosing suitable locations siting oil rigs offshore wind turbines identifying possible new fisheries ongoing oceanographic research includes marine lifeforms conservation marine environment chemistry ocean studying modelling climate dynamics


air sea boundary weather patterns ocean resources renewable energy waves currents design development new tools technologies investigating deep whereas research could focus taxonomy basic biology attention shifted larger topics climate change researchers make use satellite based remote sensing surface waters research ships moored observatories autonomous underwater vehicles study monitor parts sea ref name noc ref law freedom seas principle international law dating seventeenth century


stresses freedom navigate oceans disapproves war fought international waters ref name history ref today concept enshrined united nations convention law sea unclos third version came force article states high seas open states whether coastal land locked article f gives non exhaustive list freedoms including navigation overflight laying submarine cables building artificial islands fishing scientific research ref name history safety shipping regulated international maritime organization objectives include developing


maintaining regulatory framework shipping maritime safety environmental concerns legal matters technical co operation maritime security unclos defines various areas water internal waters landward side baseline foreign vessels right passage territorial waters extend nbsp nautical miles nbsp kilometres nbsp miles coastline waters coastal state free set laws regulate use exploit resource contiguous zone extending nbsp nautical miles allows hot pursuit vessels suspected infringing laws four specific areas customs taxation immigration pollution


exclusive economic zone extends nbsp nautical miles nbsp kilometres nbsp miles baseline within area coastal nation sole exploitation rights natural resources continental shelf natural prolongation land territory continental margin 's outer edge nautical miles coastal state 's baseline whichever greater coastal nation exclusive right harvest minerals also living resources attached seabed ref name history war naval warfare ''the explosion spanish flagship battle gibraltar april '' cornelis claesz van


wieringen formerly attributed hendrik cornelisz vroom control sea important security maritime nation naval blockade port used cut food supplies time war battles fought sea years bc suppiluliuma ii king hittites defeated burned fleet alashiya modern cyprus decisive bc battle salamis greek general themistocles trapped far larger fleet persian king xerxes narrow channel attacked


vigorously destroying persian ships loss greek vessels end age sail british royal navy led horatio nelson broke power combined french spanish fleets battle trafalgar steam industrial production steel plate came greatly increased firepower shape dreadnought battleships armed long range guns japanese fleet decisively defeated russian fleet travelled battle tsushima dreadnoughts fought inconclusively first world war battle


jutland royal navy 's grand fleet imperial german navy 's high seas fleet second world war british victory battle taranto showed naval air power sufficient overcome largest warships foreshadowing decisive sea battles pacific war including battles coral sea midway philippine sea climactic battle leyte gulf dominant ships aircraft carriers submarines became important naval warfare world war german submarines known u boats sank nearly allied merchant ships


including rms lusitania helped bring united states war world war ii almost allied ships sunk u boats attempting block flow supplies britain allies broke blockade battle atlantic lasted whole length war sinking u boats since several nations maintained fleets nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines vessels equipped launch ballistic missiles nuclear warheads sea kept permanently patrol travel sailing ships packets carried mail


knots nbsp km h twenty years hales trophy another award fastest commercial crossing atlantic ''united states'' crossing took three days ten hours forty minutes great liners comfortable expensive fuel staff age trans atlantic liners waned cheap intercontinental flights became available regular scheduled air service new york paris taking seven hours doomed atlantic ferry service oblivion one one vessels laid scrapped others became


cruise ships leisure industry still others floating hotels trade shipping routes showing relative density commercial shipping around world maritime trade existed millennia ptolemaic dynasty developed trade india using red sea ports first millennium bc arabs phoenicians israelites indians traded luxury goods spices gold precious stones phoenicians noted sea traders greeks romans commerce continued thrive collapse roman empire european trade dwindled continued flourish among


kingdoms africa middle east india china southeastern asia th th centuries period years nbsp million africans shipped across atlantic sold slaves americas part atlantic slave trade ref name martin ref large quantities goods transported sea especially across atlantic around pacific rim major trade route passes pillars hercules across mediterranean suez canal indian ocean straits malacca much trade also passes english channel


shipping lanes routes open sea used cargo vessels traditionally making use trade winds currents percent world 's container traffic conveyed top twenty trade routes increased melting arctic ice since enables ships travel northwest passage weeks summertime avoiding longer routes via suez canal panama canal shipping supplemented air freight expensive process mostly used particularly valuable perishable cargoes seaborne trade carries us trillion worth goods year bulk cargo


form liquids powder particles carried loose holds bulk carriers include crude oil grain coal ore scrap metal sand gravel cargo manufactured goods usually transported within standard sized lockable containers loaded purpose built container ships dedicated terminals ref name sauerbier ref rise containerization goods loaded transported unloaded piecemeal break bulk cargo containerization greatly increased efficiency decreased cost moving goods sea major factor leading rise globalization exponential increases


international trade mid late th century food long fish fishery products among widely consumed sources protein essential nutrients ref name faofisheries world 's intake animal protein protein consumed came fish ref name faofisheries order fulfill need coastal countries exploited marine resources exclusive economic zone although fishing vessels increasingly venturing afield exploit stocks international waters ref name greenfacts ref total world production fish including aquaculture estimated nbsp million


tonnes human consumption ref name faofisheries ref harvesting wild fish accounted nbsp million tonnes annually increasing aquaculture contributes rest ref name faofisheries north west pacific far productive area million tonnes percent global marine catch ref name faofisheries addition number fishing vessels reached million whereas number people employed primary sector fish production year amounted million ref name faofisheries modern fishing vessels include fishing trawlers small crew stern trawlers


purse seiners long line factory vessels large factory ships designed stay sea weeks processing freezing great quantities fish equipment used capture fish may purse seines seines trawls dredges gillnets long lines fish species frequently targeted herring cod anchovy tuna flounder mullet squid salmon overexploitation become serious concern cause depletion fish stocks also substantially reduce size predatory fish populations ref name myers estimated industrialized fisheries typically reduced community biomass


within years exploitation ref name myers ref order avoid overexploitation many countries introduced quotas waters however recovery efforts often entail substantial costs local economies food provision fishing boat sri lanka artisan fishing methods include rod line harpoons skin diving traps throw nets drag nets traditional fishing boats powered paddle wind outboard motors operate near shore waters food agriculture organization encouraging development local fisheries provide food security coastal communities help alleviate poverty aquaculture nbsp million tonnes


long tons short tons food non food products produced aquaculture time high six hundred species plants animals cultured use seeding wild populations animals raised included finfish aquatic reptiles crustaceans molluscs sea cucumbers sea urchins sea squirts jellyfish ref name faofisheries integrated mariculture advantage readily available supply planktonic food ocean waste removed naturally various methods employed mesh enclosures finfish suspended open seas cages used


sheltered waters ponds refreshed water high tide shrimps reared shallow ponds connected open sea ropes hung water grow algae oysters mussels oysters reared trays mesh tubes sea cucumbers ranched seabed captive breeding programmes raised lobster larvae release juveniles wild resulting increased lobster harvest maine least species seaweed red green brown algae eaten worldwide long farmed


japan asian countries great potential additional algaculture maritime flowering plants widely used food one example marsh samphire eaten raw cooked major difficulty aquaculture tendency towards monoculture associated risk widespread disease aquaculture also associated environmental risks instance shrimp farming caused destruction important mangrove forests throughout southeast asia leisure use sea leisure developed nineteenth century became significant industry twentieth century maritime leisure activities


varied include self organized trips cruising yachting powerboat racing fishing commercially organized voyages cruise ships trips smaller vessels ecotourism whale watching coastal birdwatching scuba diver face mask fins underwater breathing apparatus sea bathing became vogue europe th century dr william buchan advocated practice health reasons surfing sport wave ridden surfer without surfboard marine water sports include kite surfing power kite propels manned board across water windsurfing


power provided fixed manoeuvrable sail water skiing powerboat used pull skier beneath surface freediving necessarily restricted shallow descents pearl divers dive baskets collect oysters human eyes adapted use underwater vision improved wearing diving mask useful equipment includes fins snorkels scuba equipment allows underwater breathing hence longer time spent beneath surface ref name usn ref depths reached divers length time


stay underwater limited increase pressure experience descend need prevent decompression sickness return surface recreational divers restrict depths beyond danger nitrogen narcosis increases deeper dives made specialised equipment training ref name usn industry power generation sea offers large supply energy carried ocean waves tides salinity differences ocean temperature differences harnessed generate electricity ref name oes ref forms sustainable marine energy include tidal power ocean thermal


energy wave power ref name oes electricity power stations often located coast beside estuary sea used heat sink colder heat sink enables efficient power generation important expensive nuclear power plants particular tidal power nbsp km rance tidal power station brittany generates gw tidal power uses generators produce electricity tidal flows sometimes using dam store release seawater rance barrage long near st malo brittany opened generates


gw followed similar schemes ref name stow large highly variable energy waves gives enormous destructive capability making affordable reliable wave machines problematic develop small mw commercial wave power plant osprey built northern scotland nbsp metres nbsp ft offshore soon damaged waves destroyed storm ref name stow offshore wind power captured wind turbines placed sea advantage wind speeds higher land though wind farms costly construct offshore


first offshore wind farm installed denmark installed capacity worldwide offshore wind farms reached gw mainly situated europe extractive industries seabed contains large reserves minerals exploited dredging advantages land based mining equipment built specialised shipyards infrastructure costs lower disadvantages include problems caused waves tides tendency excavations silt washing away spoil heaps risk coastal erosion environmental damage minerals precipitated


near hydrothermal vent seafloor massive sulphide deposits potential sources silver gold copper lead zinc trace metals since discovery form geothermally heated water emitted deep sea hydrothermal vents known black smokers ores high quality prohibitively costly extract large deposits petroleum oil natural gas rocks beneath seabed offshore platforms drilling rigs extract oil gas store transport land offshore oil gas production difficult due remote


plentiful excess heat generated power stations brine produced product contains toxic materials returned sea indigenous sea peoples several nomadic indigenous groups maritime southeast asia live boats derive nearly need sea moken people live coasts thailand burma islands andaman sea bajau people originally sulu archipelago mindanao northern borneo sea gypsies accomplished free divers able descend depths though many adopting


dangerous ref name stow place literature art poetry film theatre classical music mythology dream interpretation ref name westerdahl ref ancients personified believing control needed appeased symbolically perceived hostile environment populated fantastic creatures leviathan bible scylla greek mythology isonade japanese mythology kraken late norse mythology dutch golden age painting ''the amsterdam seen mosselsteiger mussel pier '' ludolf bakhuizen ref name slive sea ships depicted


art ranging simple drawings walls huts lamu ref name westerdahl seascapes joseph turner dutch golden age painting artists jan porcellis hendrick dubbels willem van de velde elder son ludolf bakhuizen celebrated sea dutch navy peak military prowess ref name slive ref japanese artist katsushika hokusai created colour prints moods sea including ''the great wave kanagawa'' ref name stow music inspired ocean sometimes composers lived worked near shore


saw many different aspects sea shanties songs chanted mariners help perform arduous tasks woven compositions impressions music created calm waters crashing waves storms sea ref name ref oceanids naiads sea painting gustave dor c symbol sea centuries played role literature poetry dreams sometimes gentle background often introduces themes storm shipwreck battle hardship disaster dashing hopes death ref name


epic poem ''odyssey'' written th century bc ref name odyssey ref homer describes ten year voyage greek hero odysseus struggles return home across sea 's many hazards war described ''iliad'' sea recurring theme haiku poems japanese edo period poet matsuo bash works psychiatrist carl jung sea symbolizes personal collective unconscious dream interpretation depths sea symbolizing depths unconscious mind ref name jung ref environmental issues human activities affect marine life


marine habitats overfishing habitat loss introduction invasive species ocean pollution ocean acidification ocean warming impact marine ecosystems food webs may result consequences yet unrecognised biodiversity continuation marine life forms acidification seawater slightly alkaline average ph past million years ref name natgeo ref recently climate change resulted increase carbon dioxide content atmosphere added co sub sub absorbed oceans forming carbonic acid lowering ph


ref name natgeo process called ocean acidification ref name feely ref ref name zeebe ref ref name gattusohansson ref ph expected reach representing fold increase hydrogen ion concentration year significant change century ref name aboutantarctica ref ref one important element formation skeletal material marine animals calcium calcium carbonate becomes soluble pressure carbonate shells skeletons dissolve compensation depth ref name pinet ref calcium carbonate also becomes soluble lower ph ocean acidification likely profound effects marine organisms calcareous shells


oysters clams sea urchins corals ref name pmel ref ability form shells reduced ref name orr ref carbonate compensation depth rise closer sea surface affected planktonic organisms include snail like molluscs known pteropods single celled algae called coccolithophorids foraminifera important parts food chain diminution numbers significant consequences tropical regions corals likely severely affected becomes difficult build calcium carbonate skeletons ref name cohen ref turn adversely impacting reef dwellers ref name aboutantarctica


current rate ocean chemistry change appears without precedent earth 's geological history making unclear well marine ecosystems able adapt shifting conditions near future ref name h nisch ref particular concern manner combination acidification expected additional stressors higher temperatures lower oxygen levels impact seas ref name gruber ref marine pollution many substances enter sea result human activities combustion products transported air deposited sea precipitation industrial outflows sewage contribute heavy


metals pesticides pcbs disinfectants household cleaning products synthetic chemicals become concentrated surface film marine sediment especially estuarine mud result contamination largely unknown large number substances involved lack information biological effects heavy metals greatest concern copper lead mercury cadmium zinc may bio accumulated marine organisms passed food chain much floating plastic rubbish biodegrade instead disintegrating time eventually breaking molecular level rigid plastics may


float years centre pacific gyre permanent floating accumulation mostly plastic waste similar garbage patch atlantic foraging sea birds albatross petrel may mistake debris food accumulate indigestible plastic digestive systems turtles whales found plastic bags fishing line stomachs microplastics may sink threatening filter feeders seabed oil pollution sea comes cities industry ref name wwf ref oil dangerous marine animals clog feathers


sea birds reducing insulating effect birds' buoyancy ingested preen attempt remove contaminant marine mammals less seriously affected may chilled removal insulation blinded dehydrated poisoned benthic invertebrates swamped oil sinks fish poisoned food chain disrupted short term oil spills result wildlife populations decreased unbalanced leisure activities affected livelihoods people dependent sea devastated marine environment self cleansing properties naturally occurring bacteria


created dead zones baltic sea gulf mexico ref name wwf algal blooms caused cyanobacteria make shellfish filter feed toxic harming animals like sea otters ref name nationalgeographic ref nuclear facilities pollute irish sea contaminated radioactive caesium former sellafield nuclear fuel processing plant nuclear accidents may also cause radioactive material seep sea disaster fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant dumping waste including oil noxious liquids sewage garbage sea governed


international law london convention united nations agreement control ocean dumping ratified countries june marpol convention minimize pollution seas ships may maritime nations ratified marpol see also list seas bay gulf notes references external links http wwwnoaagov oceanhtml national oceanic atmospheric administration bodies water coastal oceanic landforms lists landforms


zealand radio station sea fm australian radio network uses arts entertainment media sea advertisement advertising campaign promote smirnoff vodka ''svensk exegetisk rsbok'' se annual peer reviewed academic journal biblical studies book reviews companies brands sea limited singaporean internet services company soci d'etudes ronautiques aircraft manufacturers svensk elektrobil ab swedish company made electric vehicles system enhancement associates american software developer known arc file compression organizations investigation bureau railway funicular boat accidents ''service d'enqu te sur les accidents des transports publics'' sea education association


ocean science sailing program scientists engineers america pro science political advocacy group service des essences des arm es french army supply corps sistema el ctrico de ays n power grid chile slovenian environment agency socialist environmental alliance political party northern ireland society economic anthropology southern economic association sports exhibition authority pittsburgh allegheny county state education agency swaziland environment authority former name eswatini environment authority syrian electronic army group computer hackers supporting government bashar al assad since science technology sea stuffit expander archive application schoof elkies atkin


algorithm search engine advertising also referred search engine marketing statistical energy analysis sustainable experience architecture platform modular electric vehicle platform developed geely mini sea mini social cognition emotional assessment neuropsychological battery transportation ss ''sea'' american steamship uses sea suf primordial sea cosmology mandaeism secondary entrance assessment single european act first major revision treaty rome strategic environmental assessment common abbreviation us city seattle washington major professional sports teams seattle seahawks city 's national football league team seattle mariners


city 's major league baseball team seattle kraken city 's national hockey league team see also list seas seah disambiguation seas disambiguation see disambiguation sea disambiguation


elevation max ft elevation max point hkakabo razi population rd density gdp nominal trillion exchange rate ref name imf gdp ppp trillion ref name acif ref gdp per capita exchange rate ref name imf hdi


unrecognized dependencies andaman nicobar islands india australia australia languages '''austronesian''' '''creoles''' '''dravidian''' '''great andamanese''' '''indo european''' '''ongan''' '''tai kadai''' '''sino tibetan''' languages asia languages asia time titlestyle


bangkok tho da nang cebu city davao city denpasar depok george town ha noi hai phong ho chi minh city jakarta kuala lumpur johor bahru makassar manila medan palembang quezon city semarang singapore surabaya tangerang yangon yogyakarta


code code south eastern asia br code code asia br code code world footnotes '''southeast asia''' also spelled '''south east asia''' '''south east asia''' also known ''' southeastern asia''' or''' sea''' geographical southeastern subregion asia consisting regions south china south east indian subcontinent north west australia southeast asia bordered north east asia west south asia bay bengal east oceania


pacific ocean south australia indian ocean apart british indian ocean territory two atolls maldives south asia southeast asia subregion asia lies partly within southern hemisphere majority subregion still northern hemisphere east timor southern portion indonesia parts south equator contemporary definition southeast asia consists two geographic regions mainland southeast asia also known indochinese peninsula historically


''indochina'' comprising cambodia laos myanmar peninsular malaysia thailand vietnam maritime southeast asia also known malay archipelago historically ''nusantara'' comprising andaman nicobar islands india brunei christmas island australia cocos keeling islands australia east malaysia east timor indonesia philippines singapore region lies near intersection geological plates heavy seismic volcanic activities sunda plate main plate region featuring almost southeast asian countries except myanmar northern thailand northern laos northern vietnam northern luzon philippines mountain ranges myanmar


thailand peninsular malaysia part alpide belt islands philippines part pacific ring fire seismic belts meet indonesia causing region relatively high occurrences earthquakes volcanic eruptions covers asia earth 's total land area total population e million world 's population third populous geographical region asia south asia east asia region culturally ethnically diverse hundreds languages


spoken different ethnic groups ten countries region members association southeast asian nations asean regional organization established economic political military educational cultural integration amongst members definitions states regions southeast asia region together part south asia well known europeans east indies simply indies th century chinese sources referred region ''nanyang'' literally means southern ocean mainland section southeast asia referred indochina european geographers due location


malcolm included mainland section excluded maritime section definition southeast asia term officially used midst world war ii allies formation south east asia command seac seac popularised use term southeast asia although constituted southeast asia fixed example seac excluded philippines large part indonesia including ceylon however late roughly standard usage term southeast asia territories encompasses emerged ref name emmerson although


cultural linguistic perspective definitions southeast asia may vary common definitions nowadays include area represented countries sovereign states dependent territories listed ten eleven states southeast asia members association southeast asian nations asean east timor observer state papua new guinea stated might join asean currently observer sovereignty issues exist islands south china sea political divisions sovereign states class sortable wikitable style text align right scope col state scope col area br


r round style text align left dili scope row style text align left ref name ciagov id ref r round style text align left jakarta scope row style text align left ref name ciagov la ref r round style text align left vientiane scope row style text align left ref name ciagov ref r round style text align left kuala lumpur scope row style text align left ref name ciagov mm ref r round


style text align left nay pyi taw scope row style text align left ref name ciagov ph ref r round style text align left manila scope row style text align left ref name ciagov sg ref r round scope row style text align left singapore scope row style text align left ref name ciagov th ref r round style text align left bangkok scope row style text align left ref name cia gov vn ref r round style text align left


hanoi administrative centre putrajaya un statistics division asia based convenience rather implying assumption regarding political affiliation countries territories political map southeast asia geographical divisions southeast asia geographically divided two subregions namely mainland southeast asia indochinese peninsula maritime southeast asia similarly defined malay archipelago mainland southeast asia includes cambodia laos myanmar burma peninsular malaysia thailand vietnam maritime southeast asia includes brunei east malaysia east timor indonesia philippines singapore although peninsular malaysia geographically situated mainland southeast asia also shares


many similar cultural ecological affinities surrounding islands thus serves bridge two subregions geographically andaman nicobar islands india also considered part maritime southeast asia eastern bangladesh northeast india strong cultural ties mainland southeast asia sometimes considered transregional areas south asia southeast asia east hong kong sometimes regarded part southeast asia similarly christmas island cocos keeling islands strong cultural ties maritime southeast asia sometimes considered transregional areas southeast asia australia oceania


occasions sri lanka considered part southeast asia cultural religious ties mainland southeast asia ref name emmerson ref eastern half island new guinea part indonesia namely papua new guinea sometimes included part maritime southeast asia guam northern mariana islands palau parts spanish east indies strong cultural linguistic ties region specifically philippines east timor eastern half indonesia east wallace line


region wallacea considered geographically associated oceania due distinctive faunal features geologically island new guinea surrounding islands considered parts australian continent connected via sahul shelf christmas island cocos keeling islands located australian plate south java trench even though geographically closer maritime southeast asia mainland australia two australian external territories geologically associated asia none actually sunda plate united nations geoscheme classified


island territories parts oceania australia new zealand australasia subregion history prehistory megalithic statue found tegurwangi sumatra indonesia ce region already inhabited ''homo erectus'' approximately years ago middle pleistocene age ref name ref distinct ''homo sapien'' groups ancestral east eurasian east asian related populations south eurasian papuan related populations reached region bc bc arguing earlier ref name ncbinlmnihgov ref rock art parietal art dating years ago currently world 's oldest discovered caves borneo ''homo floresiensis'' also lived


area least years ago became extinct much time present day islands western indonesia joined single landmass known sundaland due lower sea levels ancient remains hunter gatherers maritime southeast asia one holocene hunter gatherer south sulawesi ancestry south eurasian lineage represented papuans aboriginal australians east eurasian lineage represented east asians hunter gatherer individual approximately basal east asian ancestry positioned modern east asians papuans oceania authors concluded


east asian related ancestry expanded mainland southeast asia maritime southeast asia much earlier previously suggested early bc long expansion austroasiatic austronesian groups distinctive basal east asian east eurasian ancestry recently found originated mainland southeast asia bc expanded multiple migration waves southwards northwards respectively geneflow east eurasian ancestry maritime southeast asia oceania could estimated bc possibly also earlier pre neolithic south eurasian populations maritime southeast asia largely replaced expansion various east eurasian populations beginning bc bc years


rapidly spread northern mariana islands borneo bc island melanesia bc rest indonesia malaysia southern vietnam palau bc ref name bellwood ref ref name hill serjeanston ref often settled along coastal areas replacing assimilating diverse preexisting peoples ref name matsumura ref ref name ncbinlmnihgov austronesian peoples southeast asia seafarers thousands years spread eastwards micronesia polynesia well westwards madagascar becoming ancestors modern day malagasy people micronesians melanesians polynesians ref name ref passage indian ocean aided colonisation madagascar well


commerce western asia eastern coast india chinese southern coast ref name gold sumatra thought reached far west rome pliny elder wrote natural history chryse argyre two legendary islands rich gold silver located indian ocean vessels vinta capable sail across ocean magellan 's voyage records much maneuverable vessels compared european ships ref name bergreenl magellan laurence bergreen edge world magellan 's terrifying circumnavigation globe harpercollins publishers hardcover


pages ref slave sulu sea believed used magellan 's voyage translator studies presented human genome organisation hugo genetic studies various peoples asia show empirically single migration event africa whereby early people travelled along south coast asia first entered malay peninsula years ago orang asli particular semang show negrito characteristics direct descendants earliest settlers southeast asia early people diversified travelled slowly northwards china


populations southeast asia show greater genetic diversity younger population china ref name ref solheim others shown evidence ''nusantao'' maritime trading network ranging vietnam rest archipelago early bc ad bronze age dong son culture flourished northern vietnam bc bc influence spread parts southeast asia region entered iron age era bc iron forged also northern vietnam still dong son due frequent interactions neighboring


status fellow chief counterparts facilitate trade south asian states periodically invited indian brahmins realms began gradual process indianisation region ref name ref ref name vanaik ref ref name montgomery ref shaivism dominant religious tradition many southern indian hindu kingdoms first century spread southeast asia via bay bengal indochina malay archipelago leading thousands shiva temples islands indonesia well cambodia vietnam co evolving buddhism region ref name bisschopoup peter bisschop http wwwoxfordbibliographiescom view document obo obo xml shaivism oxford university press ref theravada buddhism entered


two indian religions confined adherents southeast asian indigenous beliefs remote inland areas maluku islands new guinea never indianised native people predominantly animists th century islam began spread areas vietnam buddhism never managed develop strong institutional networks due strong chinese influence present day southeast asia vietnam country folk religion makes plurality recently vietnamese folk religion undergoing revival support government elsewhere ethnic groups southeast asia resisted


conversion still retain original animist beliefs dayaks kalimantan igorots luzon shans eastern myanmar hindu buddhist kingdoms era spread hinduism south asia southeast asia left region came contact indian subcontinent circa bce began gradual process indianisation indian ideas religions cultures architectures political administrations brought traders religious figures adopted local rulers turn indian brahmins monks invited local rulers live realms


help transforming local polities become indianised blending indian indigenous traditions ref name ref ref name vanaik ref name montgomery sanskrit pali became elite language region effectively made southeast asia part indosphere region indianised first centuries philippines later indianised circa ninth century kingdom tondo established luzon ref name postma ref vietnam especially northern part never fully indianised due many periods chinese domination experienced first indian influenced polities established region pyu city states already existed circa


second century bce located inland myanmar served overland trading hub india china theravada buddhism predominant religion city states presence indian religions mahayana buddhism hinduism also widespread ref name mat aung thwin ref ref name mha htin aung ref first century funan states centered mekong delta established encompassed modern day cambodia southern vietnam laos eastern thailand became dominant trading power mainland southeast asia five centuries provided passage indian chinese goods assumed authority flow


commerce southeast asia ref name maritime southeast asia first recorded indianised kingdom salakanagara established western java circa second century ce hindu kingdom known greeks ''argyre'' land silver borobudur temple central java indonesia fifth century ce trade networking east west concentrated maritime route foreign traders starting use new routes malacca sunda strait due development maritime southeast asia change resulted decline funan new maritime powers srivijaya tarumanagara


medang emerged srivijaya especially became dominant maritime power centuries controlling strait malacca sunda strait ref name dominance started decline srivijaya invaded chola empire dominant maritime power indian subcontinent ref name c majumdar pp r c majumdar overseas expeditions king r jendra cola artibus asiae pp artibus asiae publishers ref invasion reshaped power trade region resulted rise new regional powers khmer empire kahuripan continued commercial contacts chinese empire


highly indianised hindu kingdom vietnamese launched massive conquest cham people vietnamese invasion champa ransacking burning champa slaughtering thousands cham people forcibly assimilating vietnamese culture th century ce region experienced mongol invasions affected areas vietnamese coast inland burma java mongols tried invade vi champa invasions unsuccessful yet dai viet champa agreed become tributary states yuan dynasty avoid conflicts mongols also invaded


pagan kingdom burma resulted fragmentation kingdom rise smaller states ruled local chieftains nominally submitted yuan dynasty however new local power emerged myinsaing kingdom became real ruler central burma challenged mongol rule resulted second mongol invasion burma repulsed myinsaing mongols would later withdrawn burma mongols sent envoys singhasari kingdom java ask submission mongol rule singhasari rejected proposal injured


envoys enraged mongols made sent large invasion fleet java unbeknownst singhasari collapsed due revolt kadiri one vassals mongols arrived java local prince named raden wijaya offered service assist mongols punishing kadiri kadiri defeated wijaya turned mongol allies ambushed invasion fleet forced immediately leave java departure mongols wijaya established majapahit empire eastern java majapahit would soon grow regional power


greatest ruler hayam wuruk whose reign marked empire 's peak kingdoms southern malay peninsula borneo sumatra bali came influence various sources nagarakertagama also mention influence spanned parts sulawesi maluku areas western new guinea southern philippines making one largest empire ever exist southeast asian history ref name miksic ref th century ce however majapahit 's influence began wane due many war successions experienced rise new islamic states


samudera pasai malacca sultanate around strategic strait malacca majapahit collapsed around last major hindu kingdom last regional power region arrival europeans spread islam wapauwe old mosque oldest surviving mosque indonesia second oldest southeast asia built islam began make contacts southeast asia eighth century ce umayyads established trade region via sea routes however spread region happened centuries later th century turbulent period


occurred history maritime southeast asia indian chola navy crossed ocean attacked srivijaya kingdom sangrama vijayatungavarman kadaram kedah capital powerful maritime kingdom sacked king taken captive along kadaram pannai present day sumatra malaiyur malayan peninsula attacked soon king kedah phra ong mahawangsa became first ruler abandon traditional hindu faith converted islam sultanate kedah established samudera pasai converted islam king malacca


parameswara married princess pasai son became first sultan malacca soon malacca became center islamic study maritime trade rulers followed suit indonesian religious leader islamic scholar hamka wrote development islam indonesia malaya intimately related chinese muslim admiral zheng several theories islamization process southeast asia another theory trade expansion trade among west asia india southeast asia helped spread religion muslim traders southern yemen hadramout brought


pivotal role establishing islam southeast asia ref name toi ref trade colonisation strait malacca trade among southeast asian countries long tradition consequences colonial rule struggle independence cases war influenced economic attitudes policies country chinese nbsp bc ad northern vietnam chinese rule vietnam successfully governed series chinese dynasties including han eastern han eastern wu cao wei jin liu song southern qi liang sui tang southern han records magellan 's voyage show brunei possessed cannon european


ships chinese must trading ref name bergreenl magellan malaysian legend chinese ming emperor sent princess hang li po malacca retinue marry sultan mansur shah emperor impressed wisdom sultan han li po 's well constructed tourist attraction bukit cina retinue settled strategic value strait malacca controlled sultanate malacca th early th century go unnoticed portuguese writer duarte


british strait settlements th century southeast asian countries colonised except thailand duit coin minted voc kas duit european explorers reaching southeast asia west east regular trade ships sailing east indian ocean south mainland asia provided goods return natural products honey hornbill beaks islands archipelago eighteenth nineteenth century europeans mostly interested expanding trade links majority populations country


comparatively little interaction europeans traditional social routines relationships continued life subsistence level agriculture fishing less developed civilizations hunting gathering still hard europeans brought christianity allowing christian missionaries become widespread thailand also allowed western scientists enter country develop education system well start sending royal members thai scholars get higher education europe russia japanese world war ii imperial japan invaded former western colonies sh wa occupation regime committed violent actions civilians


manila massacre implementation system forced labour one involving million ''romusha'' indonesia later un report stated four million people died indonesia result famine forced labour japanese occupation allied powers defeated japan south east asian theatre world war ii contended nationalists occupation authorities granted independence indian gujarat india flourishing trade relationship southeast asia th th centuries ref name toi trade relationship gujarat declined


portuguese invasion southeast asia th century ref name toi american united states took philippines spain internal autonomy granted independence contemporary history countries region enjoy national autonomy democratic forms government recognition human rights taking root asean provides framework integration commerce regional responses international concerns china asserted broad claims south china sea based nine dash line built artificial islands attempt bolster claims china also


asserted exclusive economic zone based spratly islands philippines challenged china permanent court arbitration hague ''philippines v china'' court ruled favor philippines rejected china 's claims geography relief map southeast asia indonesia largest country southeast asia also largest archipelago world size according cia world factbook geologically indonesian archipelago one volcanically active regions world geological uplifts region also produced impressive mountains


culminating puncak jaya papua indonesia island new guinea place ice glaciers found southeast asia highest mountain southeast asia hkakabo razi found northern burma sharing range parent peak mount everest south china sea major body water within southeast asia philippines vietnam malaysia brunei indonesia singapore integral rivers flow south china sea mayon volcano despite dangerously active holds record world 's


tropical hot humid year round plentiful rainfall northern vietnam mountainous parts laos myanmar regions southeast asia feature subtropical climate milder winter maxima low majority southeast asia wet dry season caused seasonal shifts winds monsoon tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall monsoon season rainforest second largest earth amazon rainforest largest exceptions rainforest climate vegetation mountain areas


humid tropics climate generally characterised monsoonal animals southeast asia diverse islands borneo sumatra orangutan asian elephant malayan tapir sumatran rhinoceros bornean clouded leopard also found six subspecies binturong ''bearcat'' exist region though one endemic island palawan classed vulnerable tigers three different subspecies found island sumatra sumatran tiger peninsular malaysia malayan tiger indochina indochinese tiger


endangered species komodo dragon largest living species lizard inhabits islands komodo rinca flores gili motang indonesia philippine eagle philippine eagle national bird philippines considered scientists largest eagle world endemic philippines' forests wild asian water buffalo various islands related dwarf species ''bubalus'' anoa widespread southeast asia nowadays domestic asian water buffalo common across region remaining relatives rare endangered


mouse deer small tusked deer large toy dog cat mostly found sumatra borneo indonesia palawan islands philippines gaur gigantic wild ox larger even wild water buffalo found mainly indochina little scientific information available regarding southeast asian amphibians birds green peafowl drongo live subregion far east indonesia babirusa four tusked pig found indonesia well hornbill prized beak used trade china horn


rhinoceros part skull prized china well indonesian archipelago split wallace line line runs along known tectonic plate boundary separates asian western species australasian eastern species islands java borneo papua form mixed zone types occur known wallacea pace development accelerates populations continue expand southeast asia concern increased regarding impact human activity region 's environment significant portion southeast asia however changed


greatly remains unaltered home wildlife nations region exceptions become aware need maintain forest cover prevent soil erosion preserve diversity flora fauna indonesia example created extensive system national parks preserves purpose even species javan rhinoceros face extinction handful animals remaining western java wallace 's hypothetical line divides indonesian archipelago types fauna australasian southeast asian fauna deepwater


lombok strait islands bali lombok formed water barrier even lower sea levels linked separated islands landmasses either side shallow waters southeast asian coral reefs highest levels biodiversity world 's marine ecosystems coral fish molluscs abound according conservation international marine surveys suggest marine life diversity raja ampat indonesia highest recorded earth diversity considerably greater area sampled coral triangle composed indonesia philippines papua new guinea coral


triangle heart world 's coral reef biodiversity verde passage dubbed conservation international world 's center center marine shorefish biodiversity whale shark world 's largest species fish species sea turtles also found south china sea pacific ocean territories philippines trees plants region tropical countries mountains tall enough temperate climate vegetation found rainforest areas currently logged especially borneo southeast asia rich


flora fauna southeast asia facing severe deforestation causes habitat loss various endangered species orangutan sumatran tiger predictions made animal plant species southeast asia could wiped st century time haze regular occurrence two worst regional hazes multiple countries covered thick haze mostly caused slash burn activities sumatra borneo reaction several countries southeast asia signed asean


pepper ginger cloves nutmeg spice trade initially developed indian arab merchants also brought europeans region first spaniards manila galleon sailed americas kingdom portugal dutch finally british french became involved enterprise various countries penetration european commercial interests gradually evolved annexation territories traders lobbied extension control protect expand activities result dutch moved indonesia british malaya parts borneo french


indochina spanish us philippines economic effect imperialism shift production commodities example rubber plantations malaysia java vietnam cambodia tin mining malaya rice fields mekong delta vietnam irrawaddy river delta burma response powerful market demands overseas chinese community played large role development economies region origins chinese influence traced th century chinese migrants southern china


settled indonesia thailand southeast asian countries ref name weidenbaum ref chinese populations region saw rapid increase following communist revolution forced many refugees emigrate outside china ref name weidenbaum ref region 's economy greatly depends agriculture rice rubber long prominent exports manufacturing services becoming important emerging market indonesia largest economy region newly industrialised countries include indonesia malaysia thailand philippines singapore brunei affluent developed economies rest southeast asia still heavily dependent agriculture vietnam


factor economic development many southeast asian countries especially cambodia according unesco tourism correctly conceived tremendous development tool effective means preserving cultural diversity planet since early even non asean nations cambodia laos vietnam burma income derived tourism low attempting expand tourism industries singapore regional leader tourism receipts relative gdp receipts dropped less gdp thailand lao pdr


increased receipts since cambodia surpassed asean countries generated almost gdp tourism furthermore vietnam considered rising power southeast asia due large foreign investment opportunities booming tourism sector despite trade embargo lifted indonesia member g major economies largest economy region indonesia 's estimated gross domestic product us billion nominal billion ppp per capita gdp us nominal ppp stock


markets southeast asia performed better bourses asia pacific region philippines' pse leading way percent growth followed thailand 's set percent indonesia 's jkse percent southeast asia 's gdp per capita us according international monetary fund estimates comparable south africa iraq georgia ref name class wikitable sortable country currency population br ref name population ref name census ref nominal gdp br billion ref name ref gdp per capita br ref name ref gdp growth br inflation br main industries '''b ''' brunei dollar style text align right


style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right petroleum petrochemicals fishing ''' ''' riel style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right clothing gold agriculture '''us ''' us dollar style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right petroleum coffee electronics '''rp''' rupiah style text align right ref name census style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right coal petroleum palm oil ''' ''' kip style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right


style text align right copper electronics tin '''rm''' ringgit style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right electronics petroleum palm oil '''k''' kyat style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right natural gas agriculture clothing ''' ''' peso style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right electronics timber automotive '''s ''' singapore dollar style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right electronics petroleum chemicals ''' '''


baht style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right electronics automotive rubber ''' ''' ng style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right style text align right electronics clothing petroleum demographics population distribution countries southeast asia indonesia split major islands southeast asia area approximately around e round million people live region fifth live million indonesian island java densely populated large island


world indonesia populous country e round million people also fourth populous country world distribution religions people diverse southeast asia varies country nbsp million overseas chinese also live southeast asia prominently christmas island indonesia malaysia philippines singapore thailand also hoa vietnam people southeast asian origins known southeast asians aseanites ethnic groups ati woman aklanthe negritos earliest inhabitants southeast asia ethnic mosaic southeast asia aslians


burma burmese account two thirds ethnic stock country indo aryan rohingya make significant minority rakhine state indonesia clearly dominated javanese sundanese ethnic groups hundreds ethnic minorities inhabited archipelago including madurese minangkabau bugis balinese dayak batak malays malaysia split half malays one quarter chinese also indian minority west malaysia however dayaks make majority sarawak kadazan dusun makes majority sabah east malaysia malays


warays hiligaynons ilocano bicolano moro mainly tausug maranao maguindanao central luzon mainly kapampangan pangasinan groups significant religion spirit houses common areas southeast asia animism held belief mother temple besakih one bali 's significant balinese hindu temples thai theravada buddhists chiang mai thailand prayer hall goddess mercy temple oldest taoist temple penang malaysia sultan omar ali saifuddin mosque brunei islamic country sharia rule roman catholic cathedral basilica immaculate conception metropolitan see archbishop


manila philippines protestant church indonesia indonesia largest protestant population southeast asia jewish surabaya synagogue indonesia demolished ref label islam value color green label buddhism value color gold label christianity value color dodgerblue label folk religion value color red label religion value color grey label hinduism value color darkorange label value color chartreuse countries southeast asia practice many different religions


population islam practised faith numbering approximately million adherents entire population concentrated indonesia brunei malaysia southern thailand southern philippines indonesia populous muslim majority country world approximately million buddhists southeast asia making second largest religion region islam approximately global buddhist population resides southeast asia buddhism predominant vietnam thailand laos cambodia myanmar singapore ancestor worship confucianism also widely practised vietnam singapore christianity predominant philippines


eastern indonesia east malaysia east timor philippines largest roman catholic population asia east timor also predominantly roman catholic due history indonesian ref name taylor jean gelman p ref portuguese rule october number christians catholic protestant southeast asia reached million million came philippines million came indonesia million came vietnam rest came malaysia myanmar east timor singapore laos cambodia brunei individual southeast asian country religiously homogeneous groups protected ' 'de


facto'' isolation rest world ref name indigenous https wwwcnncom asia andaman nicobar us missionary killed intl indexhtml cnn tribespeople believed 'killed' year old missionary trespassed remote island ref world 's populous muslim nation indonesia hinduism dominant islands bali christianity also predominates rest part philippines new guinea flores timor pockets hindu population also found around southeast asia singapore malaysia etc garuda phoenix mount ''vahanam'' vishnu national symbol thailand indonesia philippines gold images


influenced native animism strong emphasis ancestor worship religious composition country follows values taken ''cia world factbook'' class wikitable width country religions andaman nicobar islands '''hinduism''' christianity islam sikhism others '''islam''' buddhism christianity others indigenous beliefs etc '''buddhism''' islam christianity animism others '''roman catholicism''' protestantism islam hinduism buddhism '''islam''' protestantism roman catholicism hinduism buddhism confucianism others ref name 'indocia' https wwwciagov world factbook countries indonesia indonesia world


factbook ref ref name religion ref '''buddhism''' animism christianity others '''islam''' buddhism christianity hinduism animism '''buddhism''' islam christianity hinduism animism others '''roman catholicism''' islam evangelicals iglesia ni cristo church christ protestants buddhism animism others '''buddhism''' christianity islam taoism hinduism others '''buddhism''' islam christianity hinduism others '''vietnamese folk religion''' '''buddhism''' christianity unaffiliated languages languages influenced cultural pressures due


trade immigration historical colonization well nearly native languages region language composition country follows official languages '''bold''' class wikitable country region languages andaman nicobar islands '''bengali''' '''hindi''' '''english''' '''tamil''' '''telugu''' '''malayalam''' shompen pucikwar aka jeru aka bea aka bo aka cari aka kede aka kol aka kora aka bale jangil jarawa oko juwoi nge sentinelese camorta car chaura katchal nancowry southern nicobarese teressa width '''malay''' '''english''' indonesian chinese tamil indigenous bornean dialects iban murutic language lun bawang '''khmer''' english french teochew vietnamese cham mandarin others


'''tetum''' '''portuguese''' mambae makasae tukudede bunak galoli kemak fataluku baikeno others '''indonesian''' javanese sundanese batak minangkabau buginese banjar papuan dayak acehnese ambonese balinese betawi madurese musi manado sasak makassarese batak dairi karo mandailing jambi malay mongondow gorontalo ngaju kenyah nias north moluccan uab meto bima manggarai toraja sa 'dan komering tetum rejang muna sumbawa bangka malay osing gayo bungku tolaki languages moronene bungku bahonsuai kulisusu wawonii mori bawah mori atas padoe tomadino lewotobi tae' mongondow lampung tolaki ma'anyan simeulue gayo buginese mandar minahasan enggano ternate tidore mairasi east cenderawasih language lakes plain languages tor kwerba nimboran skou sko border languages senagi


pauwasi mandarin hokkien cantonese hakka teochew tamil punjabi bengali arabic indonesia languages islands across archipelago making indonesia second linguistically diverse country planet slightly behind papua new guinea official language indonesia indonesian bahasa indonesia widely used educational political economic formal situations daily activities informal situations indonesians speak local language details ' 'see languages indonesia'' '''lao''' french thai vietnamese hmong miao mien dao others '''malaysian''' '''english''' mandarin indonesian tamil kedah malay


ibanag pangasinan kapampangan bicolano sama bajaw maguindanao maranao chavacano philippines hundred native languages without official recognition national government spanish arabic voluntary optional basis malay bahasa malaysia bahasa indonesia mandarin lan nang hokkien cantonese hakka japanese korean also spoken philippines due immigration geographic proximity historical ties ''see languages philippines'' '''english''' '''malay''' '''mandarin chinese''' '''tamil''' hokkien teochew cantonese hakka telugu malayalam punjabi hindi sinhala javanese balinese singlish creole others '''thai''' isan northern khmer malay karen hmong teochew minnan


hakka yuehai burmese mien tamil bengali urdu arabic lue phutai mon others '''vietnamese''' khmer cantonese hmong tai cham others cities jabodetabek metro manila bangkok metropolitan region eastern economic corridor gerbangkertosusila greater kuala lumpur klang valley greater penang sijori triangle ho chi minh city metropolitan area hanoi capital region da nang city yangon region greater bandung metropolitan area metro cebu metro davao metro iloilo guimaras metro cagayan de oro phnom penh city vientiane prefecture brunei muara dili gallery


islamic western chinese cultures also brunei shows strong influence arabia vietnam singapore show chinese influence singapore although geographically southeast asian nation home large chinese majority vietnam china 's sphere influence much history indian influence singapore evident tamil migrants influenced extent cuisine singapore throughout vietnam 's history direct influence india contact thai khmer cham peoples moreover vietnam also categorized east


asian cultural sphere along china korea japan due large amount chinese influence embedded culture lifestyle paddy field vietnam rice paddy agriculture existed southeast asia millennia ranging across subregion dramatic examples rice paddies populate banaue rice terraces mountains luzon philippines maintenance paddies labour intensive rice paddies well suited monsoon climate region stilt houses found southeast asia thailand vietnam borneo luzon philippines


papua new guinea region diverse metalworking especially indonesia includes weaponry distinctive kris musical instruments gamelan influences region 's chief cultural influences combination islam india china diverse cultural influence pronounced philippines derived particularly period spanish american rule contact indian influenced cultures chinese japanese trading era rule peoples ate fingers likely influenced culture india example culture china


peoples ate chopsticks tea beverage found across region fish sauces distinctive region tend vary arts royal ballet cambodia paris france arts southeast asia affinity arts areas dance much southeast asia includes movement hands well feet express dance 's emotion meaning story ballerina going tell audience southeast asia introduced dance court particular cambodian royal ballet represented


early seventh century khmer empire highly influenced indian hinduism apsara dance famous strong hand feet movement great example hindu symbolic dance puppetry shadow plays also favoured form entertainment past centuries famous one wayang indonesia arts literature southeast asia quite influenced hinduism brought centuries ago indonesia despite conversion islam opposes certain forms art retained many forms hindu influenced practices culture art literature example wayang


kulit shadow puppet literature like ramayana wayang kulit show recognized unesco november masterpiece oral intangible heritage humanity pointed khmer indonesian classical arts concerned depicting life gods southeast asian mind life gods life peoples joyous earthy yet divine tai coming late southeast asia brought chinese artistic traditions soon shed favour khmer mon traditions


indications earlier contact chinese arts style temples especially tapering roof lacquerware music angklung masterpiece oral intangible heritage humanity traditional music southeast asia varied many ethnic cultural divisions main styles traditional music seen court music folk music music styles smaller ethnic groups music influenced genres outside geographic region court folk genres gong chime ensembles orchestras make majority exception lowland areas


vietnam ''gamelan'' ''angklung'' orchestras ''indonesia'' ''piphat'' ''pinpeat'' ensembles thailand cambodia ''kulintang'' ensembles southern philippines borneo sulawesi timor three main distinct styles musical genres influenced traditional musical styles region string instruments also popular region november unesco officially recognized angklung ''masterpiece oral intangible heritage humanity'' encourage indonesian people government safeguard transmit promote performances encourage craftsmanship angklung making writing thai manuscript th century writing system left


history southeast asia led wealth different authors within without writing region originally indians ones taught native inhabitants writing shown brahmic forms writing present region balinese script shown split palm leaf called ''lontar'' see image left magnify image see writing flat side decoration reverse side balinese latin script hindu temple bali antiquity form writing extends


malay language generally written latin script phenomenon present indonesian although different spelling standards utilised eg 'teksi' malay 'taksi' indonesian word 'taxi' use chinese characters past present evident vietnam recently singapore malaysia adoption ch h n vietnam dates back around bc occupied chinese vietnamese script called ch n used modified ch h n express vietnamese language ch h n ch n used


early th century however use chinese script decline especially singapore malaysia younger generations favour latin script sports association football popular sport region asean football federation region 's primary regulatory body formed january jakarta indonesia aff championship highest football competition region since inaugural thailand becoming title competition titles reigning winner vietnam defeated malaysia final


thailand numerous appearance afc asian cup highest ranked result asian cup southeast asian team second place myanmar iran indonesia southeast asian team played fifa world cup fifa world cup see also southeast asian games list southeast asian leaders northeast asia south asia southeast asia treaty organization tiger cub economies military build southeast asia asean list firsts southeast asia notes references citations


reading acharya amitav ''the making southeast asia international relations region'' cornell ang cheng guan ''southeast asia cold war contemporary history'' singapore nus press https hdiploorg e online review ang cheng guan ''southeast asia cold war interpretive history'' university hawai press https issforumorg roundtables pdf roundtable xx pdf online review barwise j nicholas j white ''a traveller 's history southeast asia'' https archiveorg details travellershistor jmba online cady john f ''southeast asia historical development'' mcgraw hill https archiveorg details southeastasiaits cady online cady john f ''the roots french imperialism eastern asia'' https archiveorg details rootsoffrenchimp cady online coedes george ''the


making south east asia'' nd ed u california press dutt ashok k ''southeast asia ten nation region'' https wwwamazoncom southeast asia nation region aug dp b e ref sr adv srch books submitx adv srch books submity dchild qid refinements p asoutheast asia ten nation region c books sr unfiltered excerpt embree ainslie ed ''encyclopedia asian history'' https archiveorg details encyclopediaofas unse page n mode vol online https archiveorg details encyclopediaofas unse page n mode vol online https archiveorg details encyclopediaofas unse l c page n mode vol online https archiveorg details encyclopediaofas embr vol online heidhues mary somers ''southeast asia concise history'' https archiveorg details southeastasiacon page n mode online leinbach thomas r richard ulack ''southeast asia diversity development'' prentice hall https archiveorg details southeastasiadiv thom online levinson david karen christensen eds ''encyclopedia modern asia'' vol charles scribner 's sons osborne milton ''region revolt focus


asia detail pdf https webarchiveorg web https wwwciagov library publications world factbook graphics ref maps pdf southeast asiapdf previous version http sealibniuedu southeast asia digital library northern illinois university http seasiavisionslibrarycornelledu southeast asia visions collection historical travel narratives cornell university library digital collection http wwwsoutheastasiaorg official website asean tourism association http libmmacontentdmoclcorg cdm compoundobject collection p coll id rec art island southeast asia full text exhibition catalogue metropolitan museum art regions asia asia pacific


home economics instructor giving demonstration seattle training class wittgenstein reifenstein schools '''home economics''' '''family consumer sciences''' today subject concerning human development personal family finance housing interior design food science preparation nutrition wellness textiles apparel consumer issues ref name faq home economics courses offered around world across multiple educational levels historically purpose courses professionalize housework provide intellectual fulfillment women emphasize value women 's work society prepare

Applied science
Family and consumer science


traditional roles sexes ref name ref ref name ref terminology family consumer sciences previously known united states home economics often abbreviated home ec various organizations including american association family consumer sciences adopted new term family consumer sciences fcs reflect fact field covers aspects outside home life wellness ref name faq ref field also known names many decades including human sciences home science domestic economy especially many decades ago domestic arts domestic sciences domestic arts


canada home economics taught general health education provided part physical education class high schools secondary schools specific home economics course students may choose related courses take family studies food nutrition health safety gallery mode packed heights file home economics jpg home economics class toronto ontario file home economics class receiving instructions cooking ottawa ontario jpg home economics class receiving instructions cooking ottawa ontario ontario renamed home economics family studies ministry education acknowledged roles


family members changing boys girls needed learn basic skills contribute towards family living textbooks still taught cooking sewing also taught self image make friends deal frustrating emotions books like life taught students develop personal values covered topics ranging dating sexual identity navigate conflicting values parents gallery germany gardening ofleiden reifenstein schools concept initiated ida von kortzfleisch prussian noble woman


state boards offer home science subject courses sometimes called human ecology family sciences indonesia home economics known indonesia '''family training welfare''' rooted conference home economics held bogor became state policy ireland home economics taught girls junior cycle secondary school th century added senior cycle leaving certificate time elimination school fees increasing participation subsequent decades new co educational community schools saw boys


studying subject increased third level education participation saw decline practical subjects favoured third level entry requirements including home economics class wikitable percentage leaving cert students sitting home economics exam year girls boys italy starting gentile reform home economics taught lower middle school new unified middle school established name


changed technical applications differentiated male female taught changed title technical education longer differed relation sex pupils south korea south korea field commonly known consumer science sobija hak field began schools taught western missionaries late th century first college level department family science established ewha womans university seoul sweden sweden home economics commonly known home consumer studies ''hem och konsumentkunskap''


subject mandatory middle years high school public private schools regarded one smallest subjects swedish school system many decades subject called hemkunskap strong focus traditional common tasks home family practical cooking cleaning swedish school reform curriculum restructured focus topics health economy environment includes consumer economics well consumer awareness united kingdom uk home economics gcse qualification


offered secondary school pupils since replaced course entitled food nutrition focuses nutritional side food economics scotland home economics replaced hospitality practical cooking national level health food technology national higher advanced higher awarding body sqa united states nineteenth century catharine beecher american educatorover years homemaking united states foundational piece education system particularly women homemaking courses called home economics


prevalent presence secondary higher education since th century definition home economics art science home management meaning discipline incorporates creative technical aspects teachings home economics courses often consist learning cook taxes perform child care tasks united states home economics courses key part learning art taking care household one first champion economics running home catherine beecher sister harriet beecher


stowe since nineteenth century schools incorporating home economics courses education programs united states teaching home economics courses higher education greatly increased morrill act signed abraham lincoln act granted land state territory america higher educational programs vocational arts specifically mechanical arts agriculture home economics land grants allowed people wider array social classes receive better education important trade skills home economics courses mainly taught students cook sew garden take


care children vast majority programs dominated women ref name plainshumanitiesunledu women higher education url http plainshumanitiesunledu encyclopedia doc egpedu access date website plainshumanitiesunledu ref home economics allowed women receive better education also preparing life settling chores taking care children husbands became breadwinners time homemaking accessible middle upper class white women whose families could afford secondary schooling ref name plainshumanitiesunledu late th century lake placid conferences took place conferences consisted group educators working together elevate discipline


managers moment american families began consume many goods services produced guide women transition professional home economics two major goals teach women assume new roles modern consumers communicate homemakers needs manufacturers political leaders development profession progressed origins educational movement identity source consumer expertise interwar period virtual disappearance additional goal field rationalize housework lend


social status profession based theory housework could intellectually fulfilling women engaged along emotional relational benefits ref name ellen swallow richards founded american home economics association called american association family consumer sciences ref name aafcs thirty bills discussed congress dealt issues american vocational education association home economics americans wanted opportunities young people learn vocational skills learn valuable home life skills however home economics


still dominated women women little access vocational trainings stated national education association nea distribution males females vocations one third menfolk agriculture one third non agricultural productive areas two thirds women vocation homemaking home economists kitchen seattle washington lady blue city light home economist mary norris died july practice homes added american universities early order model living situation although women team


time classwork requiring students configure intellectual home lives compatible one another according megan elias ideal domestic work important work done outside home performed teams equals rotated roles member team able live life outside home well inside home ideally one informed domestic work informed balance home wider world basic movement ref name


great need across united states continue improving vocational homemaking education systems demand work apparent world war ii therefore women 's groups political parties labor coalitions worked together order pass smith lever act smith hughes act smith lever act smith hughes act created federal funds vocational education agriculture trades industry homemaking created office home economics funding united states able create homemaking educational courses across


country throughout iowa state college later university program granting master science household equipment however program centered ideals women acquire practical skills scientifically based understanding technology household works example women required disassemble reassemble kitchen machinery could understand basic operations understand repair equipment iowa state effectively created culturally acceptable forms physics engineering women era pursuits generally accessible


throughout latter part twentieth century home economics courses became inclusive congress passed vocational education act granted even funds vocational education job training home economics courses started taught across nation boys girls way rise second wave feminism movement pushed gender equality leading equality education course became required men women starting home economics courses united states began referred family consumer sciences order make class


appear inclusive desegregation civil rights act men women backgrounds could equally learn sew cook balance checkbook domestic celebrities rose stardom celebrities martha stewart created television programs books magazines websites homemaking home economics attested continued importance independent experts commercial mass media organizations facilitating technological cultural change consumer products services industries twenty first century today fcs part broader career technical education umbrella career technical education


term applied programs specialize skilled trades applied sciences modern technologies career preparation traditional home economics focused preparing women care husband family consumer science continues adapt course offerings meet needs today students personal growth professional opportunities students take classes culinary arts education food science nutrition health wellness interior design child development personal finance textiles apparel retailing students take fcs classes also opportunity join student organization family career community leaders america since fccla


members making difference families careers communities addressing important personal work societal issues family consumer sciences education participating fcs fccla integrated events students develop st century skills applied academic skills critical thinking resource management information use interpersonal skills present day prevalence fcs cte courses help prepare students careers rather traditional courses prepare one university rather life skills also homemaking home economics courses developed negative connotation negative gender bias associated home


economics courses despite homemaking socially acceptable men women partake united states men women expected take care home children finances women pursuing higher education rather homemaking college students female opposed schools starting incorporate life skill courses back curriculum whole home economics courses major decline past century million students enrolled


fcs secondary programs decrease percent decade ref name aafcs estimates million students enrolled fcs programs see also consumer economics domestic technology ellen swallow richards euthenics family economics homemaker human ecology ''the secret history home economics'' references reading http wwwheiacomau images journal jheia pdf nutrition education making work dr janet reynolds http homeeccohort pbworkscom w file fetch vaines ref practicepiphepdf people practice international issues home economists elanour vaines doris badir dianne kieren http homeeccohort pbworkscom w file fetch thomas smithpdf toward ideal person educated home economics invitation dialogue jane


consumer science lesson plans https webarchiveorg web http wwwdoeingov octe facs nasafacs indexhtml national standards family consumer sciences education india http wwwfcclaincorg family career community leaders america fccla applied sciences domestic life euthenics family economics home life skills ta


'''doctrine''' meaning teaching instruction codification beliefs body teachings instructions taught principles positions essence teachings given branch knowledge belief system etymological greek analogue catechism often word ' 'doctrine'' specifically suggests body religious principles promulgated church ''doctrine'' may also refer principle law common law traditions established history past decisions religious usage examples religious doctrines include christian theology doctrines trinity virgin birth atonement

Applied science
Military sciences
Doctrine


salvation army ''handbook doctrine'' transubstantiation marian teachings roman catholic theology department roman curia deals questions doctrine called congregation doctrine faith distinctive calvinist doctrine double predestination methodist church great britain refers doctrines preachers methodist church pledged ' 'doctrinal standards'' christian doctrine ''yuga'' hinduism postulation ''sy dv da'' jainism four noble truths buddhism philosophical usage epicurus' principal doctrines first four make tetrapharmakos measure


religiosity according sociologist mervin verbit doctrine may understood one key components religiosity divides doctrine four categories content frequency degree may occupy person 's mind intensity centrality may vary one religion next within religious tradition sense doctrine similar charles glock 's belief dimension religiosity military usage term also applies concept established procedure complex operation warfare typical example tactical doctrine standard set maneuvers kinds


troops weapons employed default approach kind attack examples military doctrines include ''guerre de course'' hit run tactics mahanian late th mid th century manhunting doctrine assured individual destruction reagan doctrine cold war shock awe soviet deep battle world war ii trench warfare world war almost every military organization doctrine sometimes written sometimes unwritten military doctrines transmitted training programs recently modern peacekeeping operations involve civilian military operations comprehensive military doctrines


seen branch law contains various doctrines turn contain various ''rules'' ''tests'' test ''non occurrence crucial event'' part doctrine ''frustration'' part contract law doctrines grow branch law restitution considered branch law separate contract tort see also references external links belief dogmatism dogma


come encompass imaginary narratives expressed medium including writings also live theatrical performances films television programs radio dramas comics role playing games video games definition creation work fiction implies construction imaginary world typically fictionality work publicly acknowledged audience expects work deviate ways real world rather presenting factually accurate portrayals characters actual people ref name litfiction ref fiction generally understood fully adhere real world themes

Humanities
Languages and literature
Creative writing
Fiction


deliberate literary frauds falsely marketed nonfiction formats traditionally fiction includes novels short stories fables legends myths fairy tales epic narrative poetry plays including operas musicals dramas puppet plays various kinds theatrical dances however fiction may also encompass comic books many animated cartoons stop motions anime manga films video games radio programs television programs comedies dramas etc internet major impact creation distribution fiction calling question feasibility copyright means ensure royalties paid copyright holders also


different authors entire text revised anyone using wiki types literary fiction prose distinguished relative length include short story boundary long short story novella vague though short story commonly fewer words novella words long typical examples include robert louis stevenson 's ''strange case dr jekyll mr hyde'' joseph conrad 's ''heart darkness'' novel words length genre fiction fiction commonly broken variety


genres subsets fiction differentiated particular unifying tone style set narrative techniques archetypes tropes media content popularly defined criterion science fiction example predicts supposes technologies realities time work 's creation jules verne 's novel ''from earth moon'' published astronauts neil armstrong buzz aldrin became first persons land moon historical fiction places imaginary characters real historical events historical novel ''waverley'' sir walter scott 's fictional character edward waverley


meets figure history bonnie prince charlie takes part battle prestonpans works fiction slightly greatly imagined based originally true story reconstructed biography ref name role narrative fiction semi fiction organizational studies often even fictional story based fact may additions subtractions true story make interesting example tim o'brien 's ''the things carried'' series short stories vietnam war fictional works explicitly involve supernatural magical scientifically impossible


recent decades term sometimes used equate literary fiction literature accuracy debated neal stephenson suggested definition simplistic today general cultural difference literary genre fiction one hand literary authors nowadays frequently supported patronage employment university similar institution continuation positions determined book sales critical acclaim established literary authors critics hand suggests genre fiction writers tend


support book sales however interview john updike lamented category 'literary fiction' sprung recently torment people like set write books anybody wanted read terrific merrier i'm genre writer sort write literary fiction like spy fiction chick lit likewise ''the charlie rose show'' argued term applied work greatly limited expectations might come writing


written lyrical layered tone literary fiction darker genre fiction pacing literary fiction may slower popular fiction terrence rafferty notes literary fiction nature allows dawdle linger stray beauties even risk losing way realism realistic fiction typically involves story whose basic setting time location world real whose events could feasibly happen real world setting contrast speculative fiction typically involves story opposite


hand imagination well bring significant conclusions truth reality literary critic james wood argues fiction artifice verisimilitude meaning requires creative inventions well acceptable degree believability notion often encapsulated poet samuel taylor coleridge 's term willing suspension disbelief also infinite fictional possibilities signal impossibility fully knowing reality provocatively demonstrating criterion measure constructs reality ref name subversive see also cartoonist fiction writing history literature pseudohistory notes references ref


ref name subversive george w young ''subversive symmetry exploring fantastic mark '' brill leiden pp ref reading external links https webarchiveorg web http cleens lyonfr anglais kate colquhoun blurred boundaries fiction non fiction kjsprh cdl kate colquhoun blurred boundaries fiction non fiction http talkingsilencecom example serial blog short story magazine http philpapersorg archive chactdpdf subhasis chattopadhyay 'claiming domain literary mourning death reading fiction ''prabuddha bharata awakened india'' june genres


'''archaeology''' '''archeology''' study human activity recovery analysis material culture archaeological record consists artifacts architecture biofacts ecofacts sites cultural landscapes archaeology considered social science branch humanities ref name renfrew bahn europe often viewed either discipline right sub field disciplines north america archaeology sub field anthropology ref name haviland et al archaeologists study human prehistory history development first stone tools lomekwi east africa nbsp million years ago


recent decades archaeology distinct palaeontology study fossil remains archaeology particularly important learning prehistoric societies definition written records prehistory includes human past paleolithic advent literacy societies around world ref name renfrew bahn archaeology various goals range understanding culture history reconstructing past lifeways documenting explaining changes human societies time derived greek term ''archaeology'' literally means study ancient history discipline involves surveying excavation


eventually analysis data collected learn past broad scope archaeology relies cross disciplinary research archaeology developed antiquarianism europe th century since become discipline practiced around world archaeology used nation states create particular visions past since early development various specific sub disciplines archaeology developed including maritime archaeology feminist archaeology archaeoastronomy numerous different scientific techniques developed aid archaeological investigation nonetheless today archaeologists face many problems dealing pseudoarchaeology looting artifacts lack


book published shen kuo criticized contemporary chinese scholars attributing ancient bronze vessels creations famous sages rather artisan commoners attempting revive ritual use without discerning original functionality purpose manufacture antiquarian pursuits waned song period revived th century qing dynasty always considered branch chinese historiography rather separate discipline archaeology renaissance europe philosophical interest remains greco roman civilization rediscovery classical culture began late middle


ages flavio biondo italian renaissance humanist historian created systematic guide ruins topography ancient rome early th century called early founder archaeology antiquarians th century including john leland william camden conducted surveys english countryside drawing describing interpreting monuments encountered oed first cites archaeologist soon took usual term one major branch antiquarian activity archaeology onwards initially meant would call ancient history generally narrower


modern sense first seen first excavations early photograph stonehenge taken july one first sites undergo archaeological excavation stonehenge megalithic monuments england john aubrey pioneer archaeologist recorded numerous megalithic field monuments southern england also ahead time analysis findings attempted chart chronological stylistic evolution handwriting medieval architecture costume shield shapes excavations also carried spanish military engineer roque joaqu n de alcubierre ancient towns pompeii


herculaneum covered ash eruption mount vesuvius ad excavations began pompeii herculaneum began discovery entire towns complete utensils even human shapes well unearthing frescos big impact throughout europe however prior development modern techniques excavations tended haphazard importance concepts stratification context overlooked development archaeological method artifacts discovered bush barrow excavation sir richard colt hoare william cunnington


father archaeological excavation william cunnington undertook excavations wiltshire around funded sir richard colt hoare cunnington made meticulous recordings neolithic bronze age barrows terms used categorize describe still used archaeologists today one major achievements th century archaeology development stratigraphy idea overlapping strata tracing back successive periods borrowed new geological paleontological work scholars like william smith james hutton charles lyell application stratigraphy archaeology first took place


excavations prehistorical bronze age sites third fourth decades th century archaeologists like jacques boucher de perthes christian j rgensen thomsen began put artifacts found chronological order major figure development archaeology rigorous science army officer ethnologist augustus pitt rivers began excavations land england approach highly methodical standards time widely regarded first scientific archaeologist arranged artifacts type typologically


within types date chronologically style arrangement designed highlight evolutionary trends human artifacts enormous significance accurate dating objects important methodological innovation insistence ''all'' artifacts beautiful unique ones collected catalogued archaeological excavation stone age settlement glamilders l ngbergs da village saltvik land william flinders petrie another man may legitimately called father archaeology painstaking recording study artifacts egypt later palestine laid many


ideas behind modern archaeological recording remarked believe true line research lies noting comparison smallest details petrie developed system dating layers based pottery ceramic findings revolutionized chronological basis egyptology petrie first scientifically investigate great pyramid egypt also responsible mentoring training whole generation egyptologists including howard carter went achieve fame discovery tomb th century bc pharaoh tutankhamun mortimer wheeler pioneered systematic excavation