different customer order decoupling points codp meaning work progress wip cycle stock levels practically nonexistent regarding operations located codp except wip due queues see order fulfillment concept production systems expanded service sector world keeping mind services fundamental differences respect material goods intangibility client always present transformation processes stocks finished goods services classified according service process matrix degree labor intensity volume vs degree customization variety high degree labor


intensity mass services eg commercial banking bill payments state schools professional services eg personal physicians lawyers low degree labor intensity service factories eg airlines hotels service shops eg hospitals auto mechanics systems described ideal types real systems may present hybrids categories consider example production jeans involves initially carding spinning dyeing weaving cutting fabric different shapes assembling parts pants jackets combining fabric thread zippers

Applied science
Business
Operations management


buttons finally finishing distressing pants jackets shipped stores beginning seen process production middle part production end process production 's unlikely single company keep stages production single roof therefore problem vertical integration outsourcing arises products require ''from supply chain perspective'' process production part production metrics efficiency effectiveness operations strategy concerns policies plans use firm productive resources aim supporting long term competitive strategy metrics


operations management broadly classified efficiency metrics effectiveness metrics effectiveness metrics involve price actually fixed marketing lower bounded production cost purchase price use costs maintenance costs upgrade costs disposal costs quality specification compliance time productive lead time information lead time punctuality flexibility mix capacity change proportions quantities produced system volume capacity increase system output gamma capacity expand product family system stock availability ecological soundness biological environmental impacts system study recent approach


introduced terry hill involves distinguishing competitive variables order winner order qualifiers defining operations strategy order winners variables permit differentiating company competitors order qualifiers prerequisites engaging transaction view seen unifying approach operations management marketing see segmentation positioning productivity standard efficiency metric evaluation production systems broadly speaking ratio outputs inputs assume many specific forms example machine productivity workforce productivity raw material productivity warehouse productivity inventory turnover also useful


break productivity use u productive percentage total time yield ratio produced volume productive time better evaluate production systems performances cycle times modeled manufacturing engineering individual operations heavily automated manual component prevalent one methods used include time motion study predetermined motion time systems work sampling abc cumulated curve typically one curve constructed revenue consumption another inventory stock abc analysis method analyzing inventory based pareto distribution posits since revenue items


transfer lines makes sense speak bottleneck since univocally associated specific station line leads problem define capacity measures estimation maximum output given production system capacity utilization overall equipment effectiveness oee defined product system availability cycle time efficiency quality rate oee typically used key performance indicator kpi conjunction lean manufacturing approach configuration management designing ''configuration production systems'' involves technological organizational variables


choices production technology involve dimensioning capacity fractioning capacity capacity location outsourcing processes process technology automation operations trade volume variety see hayes wheelwright matrix choices organizational area involve defining worker skills responsibilities team coordination worker incentives information flow ''production planning'' basic distinction push approach pull approach later including singular approach time pull means production system authorizes production based inventory level push means production occurs based demand forecasted present purchase orders individual


production system push pull example activities codp may work pull system activities codp may work push system classic eoq model trade ordering cost blue holding cost red total cost green admits global optimum traditional pull approach inventory control number techniques developed based work ford w harris ref name jstor came known economic order quantity eoq model model marks beginning inventory theory includes wagner within procedure


newsvendor model base stock model fixed time period model models usually involve calculation cycle stocks buffer stocks latter usually modeled function demand variability economic production quantity epq differs eoq model assumes constant fill rate part produced instead instantaneous refilling eoq model typical mrpii construct general planning top concerned forecasts capacity planning inventory levels programming middle concerned calculation workloads rough cut capacity planning mps capacity requirements planning traditional mrp planning control


bottom concerned scheduling joseph orlickly others ibm developed push approach inventory control production planning known material requirements planning mrp takes input master production schedule mps bill materials bom gives output schedule materials components needed production process mrp therefore planning tool manage purchase orders production orders also called jobs mps seen kind aggregate planning production coming two fundamentally opposing varieties plans try chase demand


level plans try keep uniform capacity utilization many models proposed solve mps problems analytical models eg magee boodman model exact optimization algorithmic models eg lp ilp heuristic models eg aucamp model mrp briefly described procedure sum different orders split lots shift time according item lead time avoid explosion data processing mrp number boms required input planning bills family bills super bills useful since allow rationalization input data common codes mrp


notorious problems infinite capacity fixed lead times influenced successive modifications original software architecture form mrp ii enterprise resource planning erp advanced planning scheduling aps context problems scheduling sequencing production loading tools use part type selection parts work applications operations research significant role play lean manufacturing approach production arose toyota end world war ii seventies comes mainly ideas taiichi ohno toyoda sakichi


centered complementary notions time autonomation jidoka aimed reducing waste usually applied pdca style additional elements also fundamental production smoothing heijunka capacity buffers setup reduction cross training plant layout heijunka production smoothing presupposes level strategy mps final assembly schedule developed mps smoothing aggregate production requirements smaller time buckets sequencing final assembly achieve repetitive manufacturing ''if conditions met'' expected throughput equaled inverse takt time besides volume heijunka also means attaining mixed model


cross training important element autonomation toyota cross trained employees rotation served element production flexibility holistic thinking reducing boredom layout u shaped lines cells common lean approach since allow minimum walking greater worker efficiency flexible capacity introducing kanbans real production systems attaining unitary lot start maybe unfeasible therefore kanban represent given lot size defined management series tools developed mainly objective replicating toyota success common implementation involves small cards


known kanbans also come varieties reorder kanbans alarm kanbans triangular kanbans etc classic kanban procedure one card parts kept containers respective kanbans downstream station moves kanban upstream station starts producing part downstream station upstream operator takes urgent kanban list compare queue discipline queue theory produces attach respective kanban two card kanban procedure differs bit downstream operator takes production kanban list required parts available


removes move kanban places another box otherwise chooses another production card produces part attach respective production kanban periodically mover picks move kanbans upstream stations search respective parts found exchanges production kanbans move kanbans move parts downstream stations since number kanbans production system set managers constant number kanban procedure works wip controlling device given arrival rate per little 's law works lead time controlling


device value stream mapping representation materials information flows inside company mainly used lean manufacturing approach calculation time line bottom usually involves using little 's law derive lead time stock levels takt time toyota tps represented philosophy production set specific lean tools latter would include smed method reducing changeover times value stream mapping graphical method analyzing current state designing future state lot size reduction elimination time batching rank order clustering algorithm groups


machines product families together used designing manufacturing cells single point scheduling opposite traditional push approach multi process handling one operator responsible operating several machines processes poka yoke mechanism lean manufacturing helps equipment operator avoid ''yokeru'' mistakes ''poka'' describes organize work space efficiency effectiveness identifying storing items used maintaining area items sustaining new order backflush accounting product costing approach costing delayed goods finished seen broadly jit include methods


product standardization modularity group technology total productive maintenance job enlargement job enrichment flat organization vendor rating jit production sensitive replenishment conditions heavily automated production systems production planning information gathering may executed via control system attention paid however avoid problems deadlocks lead productivity losses project production management ppm applies concepts operations management execution delivery capital projects viewing sequence activities project production system operations managements principles variability reduction management


applied buffering combination capacity time inventory service operations service industries major part economic activity employment industrialized countries comprising percent employment gdp us operations management services distinct manufacturing developing since publication unique practices academic research please note section particularly include professional services firms professional services practiced expertise specialized training education within according fitzsimmons fitzsimmons bordoloi differences manufactured goods


services follows ''simultaneous production consumption'' high contact services eg health care must produced presence customer since consumed produced result services cannot produced one location transported another like goods service operations therefore highly dispersed geographically close customers furthermore simultaneous production consumption allows possibility self service involving customer point consumption eg gas stations low contact services produced backroom eg check clearing provided away customer ''perishable'' since services perishable


cannot stored later use manufacturing companies inventory used buffer supply demand since buffering possible services highly variable demand must met operations demand modified meet supply ''ownership'' manufacturing ownership transferred customer ownership transferred service result services cannot owned resold ''tangibility'' service intangible making difficult customer evaluate service advance case manufactured good customers see evaluate assurance quality service often


done licensing government regulation branding assure customers receive quality service four comparisons indicate management service operations quite different manufacturing regarding issues capacity requirements highly variable quality assurance hard quantify location facilities dispersed interaction customer delivery service product process design differences also many similarities example quality management approaches used manufacturing baldrige award six sigma widely applied services likewise lean service principles practices


also applied service operations important difference customer system service provided needs considered applying practices one important difference service recovery error occurs service delivery recovery must delivered spot service provider waiter restaurant spills soup customer 's lap recovery could include free meal promise free dry cleaning another difference planning capacity since product cannot stored


service facility must managed peak demand requires flexibility manufacturing location facilities must near customers scale economics lacking scheduling must consider customer waiting line queuing theory devised assist design service facilities waiting lines revenue management important service operations since empty seats airplane lost revenue plane departs cannot stored future use mathematical modeling queue networks systems single queues connected routing network image


servers represented circles queues series rectangles routing network arrows study queue networks one typically tries obtain equilibrium distribution network illustration simplex method classical approach solving lp optimization problems also integer programming ex branch cut technique mainly used push approach ref name r b chase fr jacobs n aquilano operations management competitive advantage mcgraw hill ref also production system configuration ref name portpozz interior surface green polytope geometrically represent feasible region red


line indicates optimally chosen sequence pivot operations used reach optimal solution also fields mathematical theory found applications field operations management operations research mainly mathematical optimization problems queue theory queue theory employed modelling queue processing times production systems mathematical optimization draws heavily multivariate calculus linear algebra queue theory based markov chains stochastic processes computations safety stocks usually based modeling demand normal distribution mrp inventory problems


formulated using optimal control analytical models enough managers may resort using simulation simulation traditionally done discrete event simulation paradigm simulation model possesses state change discrete event happens consists clock list events recent transaction level modeling paradigm consists set resources set transactions transactions move network resources nodes according code called process process output variable modeled probability density function statistic


market demands safety risk maintenance important management problems involve maintenance policies see also reliability engineering maintenance philosophy safety management systems see also safety engineering risk management facility management supply chain integration organizations following organizations support promote operations management association operations management apics supports ''production inventory management journal'' european operations management association euroma supports international journal operations production management production operations management society poms supports journal ''production operations management'' institute operations research management sciences informs manufacturing


service operations management society msom informs supports journal manufacturing service operations management institute operations management uk association technology management applied engineering atmae journals following high ranked academic journals concerned operations management issues ''management science'' ''manufacturing service operations management'' ''operations research'' ''international journal operations production management'' ''production operations management'' ''transportation research part e'' ''journal operations management'' ''european journal operational research'' ''annals operations research'' see also apics benchmarking business process management business process mapping cause effect analysis change management failure mode effects analysis industrial technology


inventory management software national institute industrial engineering performance metrics project management project production management requirements engineering root cause analysis silver meal heuristic work breakdown structure references reading daniel wren ''the evolution management thought'' rd edition new york wiley w hopp spearman ''factory physics'' rd ed waveland press https booksgooglecom booksid tfcwaaaaqbaj printsec frontcover hl source gbs ge summary r cad v onepage q f false online part contains description critical evaluation historical development field r b chase f r jacobs n jaquilano ''operations management competitive advantage'' th edition mcgraw hill askin r g cr standridge ''modeling analysis manufacturing systems'' john wiley


sons new york j buzacott j g shanthikumar ''stochastic models manufacturing systems'' prentice hall c montgomery ''statistical quality control modern introduction'' th edition r g poluha ''the quintessence supply chain management really need know manage processes procurement manufacturing warehousing logistics quintessence series '' first edition springer heidelberg new york dordrecht london business terms manufacturing management type production economics supply chain management


'''integrated library system''' '''ils''' also known '''library management system''' '''lms''' enterprise resource planning system library used track items owned orders made bills paid patrons borrowed ils usually constituted relational database software interact database two graphical user interfaces one patrons one staff ilses separate software functions discrete programs called modules integrated unified interface examples modules might include acquisitions ordering receiving invoicing materials cataloging classifying indexing materials circulation lending materials

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Integrated library system


patrons receiving back serials tracking magazine journals newspaper holdings online public access catalog opac public user interface patron item unique id database allows ils track activity history pre computerization prior computerization library tasks performed manually independently one another selectors ordered materials ordering slips cataloguers manually catalogued sources indexed card catalog system bibliographic data kept single index card fines collected local bailiffs users signed books manually indicating name


clue cards kept circulation desk early mechanization came university texas began using punch card system manage library circulation ref name wallace ref punch card system allowed efficient tracking loans library services far integrated library task affected change influence computer technologies next big innovation came advent marc standards coincided growth computer technologies ''library automation'' born ref name wallace point


onwards libraries began experimenting computers starting late continuing bibliographic services utilizing new online technology shared marc vocabulary entered market included oclc research libraries group since merged oclc washington library network became western library network also part oclc ref name wallace ref early integrated library system dynix menu characterized improvements computer storage well telecommunications ref name wallace result advances turnkey systems microcomputers known commonly


ils finally appeared systems included necessary hardware software allowed connection major circulation tasks including circulation control overdue notices ref name kochtanek ref technology developed library tasks could accomplished ils well including acquisition cataloguing reservation titles monitoring serials growth internet evolution internet throughout ilss began allowing users actively engage libraries opacs online web based portals users could log library accounts reserve renew


books well authenticate access library subscribed online databases inevitably time ils market grew exponentially ils industry averaged sales approximately us million annually compared us million ref name kochtanek mid present increasing costs customer dissatisfaction mid late ils vendors increased number services offered also prices leading dissatisfaction among many smaller libraries time open source ils early stages testing libraries began turning open source ilss


koha evergreen common reasons noted avoid vendor lock avoid license fees participate software development ref name ganseman ref freedom vendors also allowed libraries prioritize needs according urgency opposed vendor offer ref name hamby ref libraries moved open source ils found vendors likely provide quality service order continue partnership since longer power owning ils software tying libraries strict contracts ref name hamby case sclends consortium following


success evergreen georgia pines library consortium south carolina state library along local public libraries formed sclends consortium order share resources take advantage open source nature evergreen ils meet specific needs ref name hamby october years sclends began operations public library systems across counties already joined consortium addition south carolina state library librarytechnologyorg annual survey libraries noted surveyed used open source ils


number increased libraries polled adopted open source ilss following year 's survey published april reported increase stating open source ils products including evergreen koha continue represent significant portion industry activity contracts reported public academic arena percent support services open source systems present rise cloud based solutions use cloud based library management systems increased drastically since rise cloud


technology started ref name mitchell ref ref name breeding ref ref name bilal subsections site software hosting cloud software hosting software service saas single tenant software hosting remote software hosting ref according nist cloud computing include variety characteristics eg self service resource pooling elasticity management models eg service platform infrastructure focus deployment models eg public private ref name mitchell also true cloud based library systems ref name mitchell ref name breeding ref name bilal software criteria distributed software vs web service library computer systems tend fall two categories software purchased perpetual license purchased subscription service software service distributed


software customer choose self install system installed vendor hardware customer responsible operation maintenance application data customer choose supported vendor annual maintenance contract vendors charge upgrades software customers subscribe web hosted service upload data vendor 's remote server internet may pay periodic fee access data data entry assistance based isbn many applications reduce major


portion manual data entry populating data fields based upon entered isbn using marc standards technology via internet bar code scanning printing software users eliminate manual entry using bar code scanner software designed extended additional module integrate scanner functionality software vendors provide type scanner integration print bar code labels comparison class wikitable sortable style font size smaller text align center width auto style width em software developer year release year latest stable release


written main purpose license wikipedia article w issues koha koha community perl ils gpl later pmb pmb development team php ils cecill newgenlib verus solutions java ils gpl evergreen georgia public library service gpls perl c xul ils gpl later openbiblio openbiblio development team php


ils gpl later see also database management system public library ratings references reading external links https wwwlocgov marc marcsysvendhtml marc records systems tools network development marc standards office library congress http helibtechcom higher education library technology helibtech wiki covers many aspects library technology lists technologies use uk higher education http wwwlibrarytechnologyorg automationhistorypl key resources field library automation library automation


''the church auvers'' oil painting vincent van gogh '''visual arts''' art forms painting drawing printmaking sculpture ceramics photography video filmmaking design crafts architecture many artistic disciplines performing arts conceptual art textile arts also involve aspects visual arts well arts types also included within visual arts applied arts industrial design graphic design fashion design interior design decorative art current usage term visual arts includes fine art well applied decorative arts


crafts always case arts crafts movement britain elsewhere turn th century term 'artist' centuries often restricted person working fine arts painting sculpture printmaking decorative arts craft applied visual arts media distinction emphasized artists arts crafts movement valued vernacular art forms much high forms art schools made distinction fine arts crafts maintaining craftsperson could


western hierarchy genres reflected similar attitudes education training training visual arts generally variations apprentice workshop systems europe renaissance movement increase prestige artist led academy system training artists today people pursuing career arts train art schools tertiary levels visual arts become elective subject education systems drawing drawing means making image illustration graphic using wide variety tools


techniques available online offline generally involves making marks surface applying pressure tool moving tool across surface using dry media graphite pencils pen ink inked brushes wax color pencils crayons charcoals pastels markers digital tools including pens stylus apple pencil simulate effects also used main techniques used drawing line drawing hatching crosshatching random hatching shading scribbling stippling blending artist excels drawing referred ' 'draftsman'' ' 'draughtsman'' drawing painting goes back tens


common europe th century drawing adopted masters sandro botticelli raphael michelangelo leonardo da vinci sometimes treated drawing art right rather preparatory stage painting sculpture painting mosaic battle issus nefertari isis painting taken literally practice applying pigment suspended carrier medium binding agent glue surface support paper canvas wall however used artistic sense means use activity combination


drawing composition aesthetic considerations order manifest expressive conceptual intention practitioner painting also used express spiritual motifs ideas sites kind painting range artwork depicting mythological figures pottery sistine chapel human body history origins early history like drawing painting documented origins caves rock faces finest examples believed years old chauvet lascaux caves southern france shades red brown yellow black paintings


walls ceilings bison cattle horses deer spasimo'' paintings human figures found tombs ancient egypt great temple ramses ii nefertari queen depicted led isis greeks contributed painting much work lost one best remaining representations hellenistic fayum mummy portraits another example mosaic battle issus pompeii probably based greek painting greek roman art contributed byzantine art th century bc


initiated tradition icon painting renaissance apart illuminated manuscripts produced monks middle ages next significant contribution european art italy 's renaissance painters giotto th century leonardo da vinci raphael beginning th century richest period italian art ''chiaroscuro'' techniques used create illusion space night watch'' painters northern europe influenced italian school jan van eyck belgium pieter bruegel elder netherlands


hans holbein younger germany among successful painters times used glazing technique oils achieve depth luminosity le jeuner sur l herbe'' dutch masters th century witnessed emergence great dutch masters versatile rembrandt especially remembered portraits bible scenes vermeer specialized interior scenes dutch life baroque baroque started renaissance late th century late th century main artists baroque included caravaggio made heavy use


new freely brushed style painting often choosing paint realistic scenes modern life outside rather studio achieved new expression aesthetic features demonstrated brush strokes impression reality achieved intense colour vibration using pure unmixed colours short brush strokes movement influenced art dynamic moving time adjusting newfound techniques perception art attention detail became less priority achieving whilst exploring biased view landscapes nature artists eye paul gauguin ''the vision


sermon'' edvard munch ''the scream'' post impressionism towards end th century several young painters took impressionism stage using geometric forms unnatural colour depict emotions striving deeper symbolism particular note paul gauguin strongly influenced asian african japanese art vincent van gogh dutchman moved france drew strong sunlight south toulouse lautrec remembered vivid paintings night life paris district montmartre symbolism expressionism cubism edvard munch norwegian artist developed


symbolistic approach end th century inspired french impressionist manet ''the scream'' famous work widely interpreted representing universal anxiety modern man partly result munch 's influence german expressionist movement originated germany beginning th century artists ernst kirschner erich heckel began distort reality emotional effect parallel style known cubism developed france artists focused volume space sharp structures within composition pablo picasso georges


braque leading proponents movement objects broken analyzed assembled abstracted form style developed surrealism dali magritte printmaking ancient chinese engraving female instrumentalists printmaking creating artistic purposes image matrix transferred two dimensional flat surface means ink another form pigmentation except case monotype matrix used produce many examples print albrecht rer ''melancholia i'' historically major techniques also called media


involved woodcut line engraving etching lithography screen printing serigraphy silk screening many others including modern digital techniques normally print printed paper mediums range cloth vellum modern materials european history prints western tradition produced known old master prints europe around ad woodcut used master prints paper using printing techniques developed byzantine islamic worlds michael wolgemut improved german woodcut erhard reuwich dutchman first


use cross hatching end century albrecht rer brought western woodcut stage never surpassed increasing status single leaf woodcut chinese origin practice chinese ''diamond sutra'' world 's oldest printed book ce china art printmaking developed years ago illustrations alongside text cut woodblocks printing paper initially images mainly religious song dynasty artists began cut landscapes ming qing dynasties technique perfected religious artistic engravings


development japan hokusai ''red fuji'' ''thirty six views mount fuji'' woodblock printing japan japanese moku hanga technique best known use ukiyo e artistic genre however also used widely printing illustrated books period woodblock printing used china centuries print books long advent movable type widely adopted japan edo period although similar woodcut western printmaking regards moku hanga differs greatly water based inks


light representation means lines drawing traditionally product photography called photograph term ''photo'' abbreviation many people also call ''pictures'' digital photography term ''image'' begun replace ''photograph'' term ''image'' traditional geometric optics architecture architecture process product planning designing constructing buildings structures architectural works material form buildings often perceived cultural symbols works art historical civilizations often identified surviving architectural achievements earliest


surviving written work subject architecture ''de architectura'' roman architect vitruvius early st century ad according vitruvius good building satisfy three principles firmitas utilitas venustas commonly known original translation firmness commodity delight equivalent modern english would durability building stand robustly remain good condition utility suitable purposes used beauty aesthetically pleasing building first evolved dynamics needs shelter security


worship etc means available building materials attendant skills human cultures developed knowledge began formalized oral traditions practices building became craft architecture name given highly formalized respected versions craft filmmaking filmmaking process making motion picture initial conception research scriptwriting shooting recording animation special effects editing sound music work finally distribution audience refers broadly creation types films embracing documentary strains theatre literature


film poetic experimental practices often used refer video based processes well computer art desmond paul henry picture drawing machine c visual artists longer limited traditional visual arts media computers used ever common tool visual arts since uses include capturing creating images forms editing images forms including exploring multiple compositions final rendering printing including printing '''computer art''' computers played role production


display art image sound animation video cd rom dvd video game website algorithm performance gallery installation many traditional disciplines integrating digital technologies result lines traditional works art new media works created using computers blurred instance artist may combine traditional painting algorithmic art digital techniques result defining computer art end product difficult nevertheless type art beginning appear art museum exhibits though yet prove legitimacy


form unto technology widely seen contemporary art tool rather form painting hand computer based artworks belong new conceptual postdigital strand assuming technologies social impact object inquiry computer usage blurred distinctions illustrators photographers photo editors modelers handicraft artists sophisticated rendering editing software led multi skilled image developers photographers may become digital artists illustrators may become animators handicraft may computer aided use computer generated imagery


template computer clip art usage also made clear distinction visual arts page layout less obvious due easy access editing clip art process paginating document especially unskilled observer plastic arts '''plastic arts''' term art forms involve physical manipulation plastic medium moulding modeling sculpture ceramics term also applied ''all visual non literary non musical arts'' materials carved shaped stone wood concrete steel also included


narrower definition since appropriate tools materials also capable modulation use term plastic arts confused piet mondrian 's use movement termed french english neoplasticism sculpture sculpture three dimensional artwork created shaping combining hard plastic material sound text light commonly stone either rock marble clay metal glass wood sculptures created directly finding carving others assembled built together fired welded molded cast sculptures often painted person


creates sculptures called sculptor sculpture involves use materials moulded modulated considered one plastic arts majority public art sculpture many sculptures together garden setting may referred sculpture garden sculptors always make sculptures hand increasing technology th century popularity conceptual art technical mastery sculptors turned art fabricators produce artworks fabrication artist creates design pays fabricator produce allows


sculptors create larger complex sculptures material like cement metal plastic would able create hand sculptures also made printing technology us copyright definition visual art united states law protecting copyright piece visual art gives restrictive definition visual art blockquote work visual art br painting drawing print sculpture existing single copy limited edition copies fewer signed consecutively numbered


author case sculpture multiple cast carved fabricated sculptures fewer consecutively numbered author bear signature identifying mark author br still photographic image produced exhibition purposes existing single copy signed author limited edition copies fewer signed consecutively numbered author br br work visual art include br poster map globe chart technical


drawing diagram model applied art motion picture audiovisual work book magazine newspaper periodical data base electronic information service electronic publication similar publication br nbsp nbsp ii merchandising item advertising promotional descriptive covering packaging material container br nbsp nbsp iii portion part item described clause ii br b work made hire br c work subject copyright protection title blockquote see also art materials asemic writing collage crowdsourcing creative work collage environmental art found object graffiti history art illustration installation art interactive art


oliver grau ed ''mediaarthistories'' mit press cambridge rudolf arnheim barbara stafford sean cubitt w j mitchell lev manovich christiane paul peter weibel ao http wwwdonau uniacat de department bildwissenschaft forschung publikationen indexphp rezensionen laban r v ''the language movement guidebook choreutics'' boston plays la farge ''plastic prayers dances southwestern indians'' np restany p ''plastics arts'' paris new york np university pennsylvania ''plastics new art'' philadelphia falcon pr external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwartlexcom artlex online dictionary visual art terms http calendarforartistscom calendar artists calendar listing visual art festivals http wwwmetmuseumorg toah art history


large quantities first commercial oil well set two years first oil refinery set industry grew late demand products petrochemical industry grew world war ii demand synthetic materials increased rising demand met replacing costly sometimes less efficient products synthetic materials caused petrochemical processing develop major industry petrochemical industry tentative sector various experiments could carried industry used basic materials synthetic rubbers

Natural science
Chemistry
Petrochemistry


bakelite first petrochemical derived plastic first petrochemical solvents polystyrene period industry produced materials large variety areas household goods kitchen appliances textile furniture medicine heart pacemakers transfusion bags leisure running shoes computers highly specialized fields like archaeology crime detection crude oil basics crude oil crude oils compounds mainly consist many different hydrocarbon compounds vary appearance composition average crude oil composition carbon hydrogen sulphur less


nitrogen oxygen metals salts crude oils distinguished ' 'sweet'' ' 'sour'' depending upon sulphur content present crude oils high sulphur content may form hydrogen sulphides called ' 'sour'' less sulphur called ' 'sweet'' operation process called fractional distillation separates crude oil various segments fractions top lower boiling points fractions bottom bottom fractions heavy thus cracked lighter useful products directly well raw unprocessed crude oil useful


though light sweet oil used directly burner fuel lighter fragments form explosive vapors fuel tanks thus dangerous oil must separated various parts refined used fuels lubricants byproducts form materials plastics detergents solvents elastomers fibers nylon polyesters procedure crude oil natural gas extracted ground land oceans oil wells ships trains pipelines transport extracted oils gasses refineries refineries execute processes cause various


physical chemical changes crude oil natural gas involves extremely specialized manufacturing processes one important process distillation ie separation heavy crude oil lighter groups called fractions hydrocarbons two processes distillation cdu process vdu process objective cdu process distill separate valuable distillates naphtha kerosene diesel atmospheric gas oil ago crude feedstock technique used carry process called complex distillation hand objective vdu process recover valuable


gas oils reduced crude via vacuum distillation two fractions distillation fuel oil naphtha familiar consumers fuel oil used heating diesel fuel automotive applications naphtha used gasoline also used primary source petrochemicals refining processing one complex mixture hydrocarbons number complex mixtures hydrocarbons refining job oil industry stops petrochemical industry starts raw materials used petrochemistry industry known feedstocks obtained


refinery naphtha components natural gas butane products oil refining processes ethane propane feedstocks undergo processing operation called cracking cracking defined process breaking heavy oil molecules lighter valuable fractions two kinds steam cracking catalytic cracking steam cracking high temperatures used catalytic cracking catalyst used plant operations conducted called 'cracker' operations complete new products obtained serve building blocks


german kindergarten teacher instructs pupils singing '''music education''' field practice educators trained careers elementary secondary music teachers school music conservatory ensemble directors music education also research area scholars original research ways teaching learning music music education scholars publish findings peer reviewed journals teach undergraduate graduate education students university education music schools training become music teachers music education touches learning domains including psychomotor domain development

Humanities
Performing arts
Music
Music education


skills cognitive domain acquisition knowledge particular affective domain learner 's willingness receive internalize share learned including music appreciation sensitivity many music education curriculums incorporate usage mathematical skills well fluid usage understanding secondary language culture consistency practicing skills shown benefit students multitude academic areas well improving performance standardized tests act sat music training preschool post secondary education common involvement music


eurhythmics developed early th century swiss musician educator mile jaques dalcroze kod ly method emphasizes benefits physical instruction response music orff schulwerk approach music education leads students develop music abilities way parallels development western music suzuki method creates environment learning music person learning native language gordon music learning theory provides music teacher method teaching musicianship ''audiation'' gordon 's term hearing music mind ''with understanding'' conversational solf ge


immerses students musical literature culture case american carabo cone method involves using props costumes toys children learn basic musical concepts staff note duration piano keyboard concrete environment specially planned classroom allows child learn fundamentals music exploring touch ref name madeleine ref mmcp manhattanville music curriculum project aims shape attitudes helping students see music personal current evolving popular music pedagogy systematic teaching learning rock music forms popular music inside


outside formal classroom settings suggested certain musical activities help improve breath body voice control child overview elementary music teacher instructing child netherlands primary schools european countries children often learn play instruments keyboards recorders sing small choirs learn elements music history music countries india harmonium used schools instruments like keyboards violin also common students normally taught basics indian raga music


primary secondary schools students may often opportunity perform type musical ensemble choir orchestra school band concert band marching band jazz band secondary schools additional music classes may also available junior high school equivalent music usually continues required part curriculum ref name hdom randel ed education united states '''''the new harvard dictionary music''''' pp london cambridge belknap press harvard university press ref university level students arts humanities programs


west africa indonesia eg gamelan music mexico eg mariachi music zimbabwe marimba music well popular music music education also takes place individualized lifelong learning community contexts amateur professional musicians typically take music lessons short private sessions individual teacher instructional methodologies instructional strategies determined music teacher music curriculum area many teachers rely heavily one many instructional methodologies emerged recent generations developed rapidly latter half th century major international music education methods


human brain therefore deeply connected american proponents dalcroze method include ruth alperson ann farber herb henke virginia mead lisa parker martha sanchez julia schnebly black many active teachers dalcroze method trained dr hilda schuster one students dalcroze kod ly method depiction curwen 's solf ge hand signs version includes tonal tendencies interesting titles tone zolt n kod ly prominent hungarian music educator philosopher composer highlighted benefits sensory perception physical instruction response music reality


educational method innovative system literacy musical training proposes music begins early age development mother tongue music educational tool social transformation addition proposes every human access music use senses voice corporal expression teachings within creative fun educational framework built solid understanding auditory intuitive physical auditory visual sensory perception thereby laying foundations listening musical expression reading writing


musical theory occurs several stages songs give rhythmic melodic harmonic patterns musical elements aural oral verbal auditory visual recognition reading writing creativity theoretical understanding kod ly 's main goal instill students lifelong love music felt duty child 's school provide vital element education characteristic teaching tools kod ly use hand signs solfa rhythmic syllables stick notation mobile c verbalization important thing methodology belongs


everyone music available everyone countries used folk community music traditions build instructional sequence united states hungarian sequence primarily used work denise bacon katinka daniel john feierabend jean sinor jill trinka others brought kodaly 's ideas forefront music education america orff schulwerk selection instruments used orff music education method carl orff prominent german composer orff schulwerk considered approach music education begins student 's innate abilities engage


rudimentary forms music using basic rhythms melodies orff considers whole body percussive instrument students led develop music abilities way parallels development western music approach fosters student self discovery encourages improvisation discourages adult pressures mechanical drill carl orff developed special group instruments including modifications glockenspiel xylophone metallophone drum percussion instruments accommodate requirements schulwerk courses bar instruments able removed allow different scales formed orff 's instruments build


motor skills visually kinesthetically younger children might abilities built yet instruments experts shaping american style orff approach include jane frazee arvida steen judith thomas suzuki method group suzuki method students performing violin suzuki method developed shinichi suzuki japan shortly world war ii uses music education enrich lives moral character students movement rests double premise children well educated music learning play music


high level also involves learning certain character traits virtues make person 's soul beautiful primary method achieving centered around creating environment learning music person learning native language 'ideal' environment includes love high quality examples praise rote training repetition time table set student 's developmental readiness learning particular technique suzuki method quite popular internationally within japan influence less significant yamaha method founded genichi kawakami association yamaha music


discrimination learning ability determine whether two elements using aural oral verbal association partial synthesis symbolic association composite synthesis inference learning students take active role education learn identify create improvise unfamiliar patterns skills content sequences within audiation theory help music teachers establish sequential curricular objectives accord teaching styles beliefs also learning theory newborns young children types stages preparatory audiation outlined world music pedagogy growth


cultural diversity within school age populations prompted music educators onward diversify music curriculum work ethnomusicologists artist musicians establish instructional practices rooted musical traditions 'world music pedagogy' coined patricia shehan campbell describe world music content practice elementary secondary school music programs pioneers movement especially barbara reeder lundquist william anderson schmid influenced second generation music educators including j bryan burton mary goetze ellen mccullough brabson mary shamrock design deliver curricular models music teachers


stages students move hearing singing music decoding creating music using spoken syllables standard written notation rather implementing kod ly method directly method follows kod ly 's original instructions builds america 's folk songs instead hungarian folk songs carabo cone method early childhood approach sometimes referred sensory motor approach music developed violinist madeleine carabo cone approach involves using props costumes toys children learn basic musical concepts staff note duration piano keyboard concrete environment


community music activities fully institutionalized school music ensembles manhattanville music curriculum project manhattanville music curriculum project developed response declining student interest school music creative approach aims shape attitudes helping students see music static content mastered personal current evolving rather imparting factual knowledge method centers around student learns investigation experimentation discovery teacher gives group students specific problem solve together allows freedom create perform improvise conduct


research investigate different facets music spiral curriculum mmcp viewed forerunner projects creative music composition improvisation activities schools history music education united states th century preaching reverend thomas symmes first singing school created boston purposes improving singing music reading church singing schools gradually spread throughout colonies music education continued flourish creation academy music boston reverend john tufts published ''an introduction


singing psalm tunes using non traditional notation'' regarded first music textbook colonies tune books would published authors samuel holyoke francis hopkinson william billings oliver holden music began spread curricular subject school districts soon music expanded grade levels teaching music reading improved music curriculum grew include several activities addition music reading end public school music spread throughout country th century


introduced public schools united states boston school committee approved inclusion music curriculum lowell mason became first recognized supervisor elementary music later years luther whiting mason became supervisor music boston spread music education levels public education grammar primary high school middle th century boston became model many cities across united states included shaped public school music education programs music methodology teachers course


first introduced normal school potsdam concept classroom teachers school taught music direction music supervisor standard model public school music education century see also ''music education united states'' women discouraged composing th century later accepted women would role music education became involved fieldto degree women dominated music education later half th century well th century ref name parlorsongscom early


th century united states teaching colleges four year degree programs developed normal schools included music oberlin conservatory first offered bachelor music education degree osbourne g mccarthy american music educator introduced details studying music credit chelsea high school notable events history music education early th century also include founding music supervisor 's national conference changed music educators national conference later menc national association music education currently http nafmeorg national association music education


seminar federally supported development arts education focusing quality music classroom literature juilliard project leads compilation publication musical works major historical eras elementary secondary schools national endowment arts federal financial support recognition value music society tanglewood symposium establishment unified eclectic philosophy music education specific emphasis youth music special education music urban music electronic music go project objectives listed menc quality


united states multicultural symposium music education growing awareness increasing diversity american school population three day symposium music teachers co sponsored menc society ethnomusicology smithsonian institution order provide models materials methods teaching music world 's cultures school children youth national standards music education much call educational reform accountability curricular subjects led national standards music


education introduced menc menc standards adopted states states produced standards largely eschewed standards movement housewright symposium vision examined changing philosophies practices predicted american music education look year tanglewood ii charting future reflected years change music education since first tanglewood symposium developing declaration regarding priorities next forty years revised national standards


music education national standards created revised emphasis musical literacy instead content standards artistic processes create perform respond connect anchor standards per process music course offerings even entire degree programs online music education developed first decade st century various institutions fields world music pedagogy popular music pedagogy also seen notable expansion late th early st centuries social aspects teaching learning music came


fore emerged praxial music education critical theory feminist theory importance colloquia journals mayday group international think tank music educators aims identify critique change taken granted patterns professional activity polemical approaches method philosophy educational politics public pressures threaten effective practice critical communication music education new focus social aspects music education scholars analyzed critical aspects music race gender class institutional belonging sustainability europe music prominent subject schools


learning institutions europe many centuries early institutions sistine chapel choir vienna boys choir offered important early models choral learning paris conservatoire later became influential training wind band instruments several instructional methods developed europe would later impact parts world including affiliated zoltan kodaly carl orff mile jaques dalcroze abrsm name notable professional organizations continent include europe regional branch international society music education european association conservatoires


recent decades central southern eastern europe tended successfully emphasize classical music heritage nordic countries especially promoted popular music schools india institutional music education started colonial india rabindranath tagore founded visva bharati university present universities faculty music universities specially dedicated fine arts indira kala sangeet university swathi thirunal college music rabindra bharati universityindian classical music based guru shishya parampara system teacher known guru transmit musical knowledge student shyshya


still main system used india transmit musical knowledge although european art music became popularized schools throughout much world twentieth century east asia latin america oceania africa india remains one highly populated nations non european indigenous music traditions consistently received relatively greater emphasis said certainly much western influence popular music associated bollywood film scores java indonesian island java known rich musical culture centered around gamelan music two oldest gamelan instrument sets dating


twelfth century housed kratons palaces cities yogyakarta surakarta gamelan music integral part javanese culture part religious ceremonies weddings funerals palace activities national holidays local community gatherings recent years increasing market gamelan associated tourism several companies arrange visits tourists wishing participate learn gamelan gamelan music distinct pedagogical approach term ''maguru panggul'' translated means teaching mallet describes master apprentice approach used often teaching music


teacher demonstrates long passages music time without stopping student demonstrate comprehension passage western music pedagogy teacher student frequently sit opposite sides drum mallet instrument play provides teacher easy way demonstrate student study mimic teacher 's actions teacher trains kendang player leader ensemble teacher works one one repeats parts many times necessary


piece rhythmically stylistically accurate kendang player sometimes relied transmit music fellow gamelan members africa south african department education ilam music heritage project sa teach african music using western musical framework ilam 's ''listen learn'' students unique teaching curriculum requirements western music using recordings traditional african music time africa colonized indigenous music arts taught schools rare occurrence african national congress anc attempted repair neglect indigenous knowledge


teachers told would incorporate music subject areas colleges teaching programs included instrumental programs held greater emphasis music theory history western music western music notation less making music college syllabi include training indigenous south african music african cultures music seen community experience used social religious occasions soon children show sign able handle music musical instrument allowed participate


adults community musical events traditional songs important many people stories histories indigenous peoples latin american musical traditions historical aspects music education among aztecs great variety instruments used two main purposes curate play religious music purview specialized priests perform court music played daily aztec ruling class ref name ref education aztecs social ranks conducted schools called ''calmecac telpochcalli'' ''cuicacalli'' requirement


people emphasizes great importance music dance played lives aztecs ref name mayan culture musicians occupied space elite common people music played prominent role professional musicians using variety wind instruments drums rattles celebrate military victories music also played prominent role funeral rites elite bonampak temple murals room musicians spanish portuguese colonization music began influenced european ideas principlesthe catholic church used music education means


spread christianity local indigenous populations ref name ref one example early educator esteban salas considered first cuban native born art music composer developed santiago de cuba center music excellence country ref name ref salinas influence development cuban music includes collection music compositions established initiator cuban art music tradition ref name legacy continues modern day cuba esteban salas early music festival held every year havana festival attracts classical music artists around world perform


teach music following tradition esteban salinas since music taught general public rote nineteenth twentieth centuries people knew read music played instruments ref name development music latin america mainly followed european development ref name choirs formed sing masses chants psalms secular music also became prevalent seventeenth eighteenth centuries beyond music education today today music education latin america places large emphasis folk music masses orchestral music many


schools teach choirs sing native language well english several latin american schools specifically puerto rico haiti believe music important subject working expanding programs puerto rico official music education policy governing early childhood music instruction outside school many communities form musical groups organizations performances popular local audiences well known latin american choral groups el coro de madrigalistas mexico famous choral group tours around mexico showing


students around country professional choral ensemble sounds like also evidence positive impact participation youth orchestras academic achievement resilience chile benefits music education music education improve academic results children colombia medellin music school network operation two decades demonstrated students involved music program better academic achievement less inclined participate violence music program increases chances graduation participants music education indigenous cultures beyond


traditional choral music young latin american artists using hip hop way promote revitalization indigenous languages celebrate traditions originated spanish conquest ref name ref hip hop latin america acts voice oppressed establishing form music expression social revolution ref name hip hop empowerment voices el alto bolivia authors ariana tarifasource informationjune volume issue pages p international journal qualitative studies education ref throughout latin america young indigenous artists using hip hop way express struggle poverty


injustice ref name alborada peruvian band new music coming latin america shows influences go back ancient indigenous traditions ref name https wwwyoutubecom watchv koqj rna xy uchpa https wwwyoutubecom watchv qbha jrtta alborada two successful peruvian bands celebrated indigenous roots chile jaas newen 's song https wwwyoutubecom watchv ew gogf knu inche kay che calls defense traditional indigenous culture song https wwwyoutubecom watchv ibafjlzxt koangagua brazilian group br mc examines indigenous modern brazilian cultures come together music https wwwyoutubecom watchv npfj pbdwsg presente combativo parce mc mugre sur sap n celebrates life bolivian rapper


clave african drumming expose students new sounds teach compare cultures music different music start make comfortable exploring sounds standards assessment achievement standards curricular statements used guide educators determining objectives teaching use standards became common practice many nations th century much existence curriculum music education united states determined locally individual teachers recent decades significant move toward adoption regional


national standards menc national association music education created nine voluntary content standards called ''national standards music education'' standards call singing alone others varied repertoire music performing instruments alone others varied repertoire music improvising melodies variations accompaniments composing arranging music within specified guidelines reading notating music listening analyzing describing music evaluating music music performances understanding relationships music arts disciplines outside arts understanding music relation


history culture many states school districts adopted standards music education integration subjects children primary school assembling organ orgelkids schools organizations promote integration arts classes music subjects math science english believing integrating different curricula help subject build one another enhancing overall quality education one example kennedy center 's changing education arts program ceta defines arts integration finding natural connection one art


forms dance drama theater music visual arts storytelling puppetry creative writing one curricular areas science social studies english language arts mathematics others order teach assess objectives art form subject area allows simultaneous focus creating performing responding arts still addressing content subject areas european union lifelong learning programme funded three projects use music support language learning lullabies europe pre school early learners folkdc primary recent popullar secondary


addition artined project also using music subject areas significance number researchers music education advocates argued studying music enhances academic achievement william earhart former president music educators national conference claimed music enhances knowledge areas mathematics science geography history foreign language physical education vocational training ref name morrison steven j ref researchers university wisconsin suggested students piano keyboard experience performed higher tests measure spatial temporal lobe activity part brain


used mathematics science engineering experiment wanda wallace setting text melody suggested music may aid text recall ref name wallace w ref created three verse song non repetitive melody verse different music second experiment created three verse song repetitive melody verse exactly music third experiment studied text recall without music found repetitive music produced highest amount text recall suggesting music serve mnemonic device ref name wallace w smith studied


background music word lists one experiment involved memorizing word list background music participants recalled words hours later another experiment involved memorizing word list background music participants also recalled words hours later participants memorized word lists background music recalled words demonstrating music provides contextual cues citing studies support music education 's involvement intellectual development academic achievement united states congress passed resolution declaring music education enhances intellectual development enriches academic environment children ages music educators


greatly contribute artistic intellectual social development american children play key role helping children succeed school bobbett suggests public school music programs changed since inception turn last century educational climate conducive continuance historically conceived social needs habits people require completely different kind band program study conducted kathleen kerstetter journal band research found increased non musical graduation requirements block scheduling increased number non traditional


programs magnet schools testing emphases created child left behind act concerns facing music educators teachers students increased time restrictions dr patricia powers states unusual see program cuts area music arts economic issues surface indeed unfortunate lose support area especially since music art programs contribute society many positive ways ref name morrison steven j comprehensive music education programs average per pupil according


study funded national association music merchants namm foundation texas commission drugs alcohol abuse report noted students participated band orchestra reported lowest lifetime current use substances including alcohol tobacco illicit drugs non musical benefits studies shown music education used enhance cognitive achievement students united states estimated students struggle reading reported specific learning disability linked reading using intensive music curriculum intervention paired alongside regular classroom activities


research shows students involved music curriculum show increases reading comprehension word knowledge vocabulary recall word decoding according national association music education study done participated musical activities scored higher sat students scored average points higher reading writing points higher math student singing melody text using multiple areas brain multitask music effects language development increases iq spatial temporal skills improves test scores music education also


instruction music education also noted ability increase someone 's overall iq especially children peak development years ref name schellenberg ref spatial ability verbal memory reading mathematic ability seen increased alongside music education primarily learning instrument ref name schellenberg researchers also note correlation general attendance iq increases evident due students involvement music education general attendance rates increase along iq fine motor skills social behaviors emotional well also increased music music education learning


instrument increases fine motor skills students physical disabilities emotional well increased students find meaning songs connect everyday life social interactions playing groups like jazz concert bands students learn socialize linked emotional mental well evidence positive impacts participation youth orchestras academic achievement resilience chile according international association evaluation educational achievement iaeea world 's top academic countries place high value music education hungary netherlands


japan required music training elementary middle school levels instrumental vocal several decades contrast previous experimental studies meta analysis published found lack evidence support claim musical training positively impacts children cognitive skills academic achievements authors concluding researchers optimism benefits music training empirically unjustified stems misinterpretation empirical data possibly confirmation bias music advocacy communities even entire national education systems music provided little support academic subject


music education seeks means equitable pedagogy across students regardless race ethnicity socioeconomic circumstance mozart effect particularly controversial initial study suggested listening mozart positively impacts spatial temporal reasoning later studies either failed replicate results suggested effect iq spatial ability suggested music mozart could substituted music children enjoy term called enjoyment arousal another study suggested even listening mozart may temporarily enhance student 's spatial temporal abilities learning play instrument much likely


improve student performance achievement educators similarly criticized national anthem project promoting educational use music tool non musical goals also links nationalism militarism contemporary music scholars assert effective music advocacy uses empirically sound arguments transcend political motivations personal agendas music education philosophers bennett reimer estelle jorgensen david j elliott john paynter keith swanwick support view yet many music teachers music organizations schools apply line reasoning music advocacy arguments researchers


effective advocacy involves shying away dumbing values aims slogans misleading data energy better focused engaging potential supporters active music making musical affective experiences actions recognizing music music making inherent human culture behavior distinguishing humans species ref name yudkin j p yudkin j understanding music p upper saddle river nj pearson prentice hall ref role women music teacher leading music ensemble elementary school music critics argued women composers lacked innate creativity compose good


music due biological predisposition ref name parlorsongscom ref later accepted women would role music education became involved field degree women dominated music education later half th century well th century ref name parlorsongscom traditional accounts history music education us often neglected contributions women texts emphasized bands top leaders hierarchical music organizations ref name sandra wieland howe dr sandra wieland howe women music educators united states history ''gems gender


education music society '' line journal gender research music education vol ref looking beyond bandleaders top leaders women many music education roles home community churches public schools teacher training institutions writers patrons volunteer work organizations ref name sandra wieland howe despite limitations imposed women 's roles music education th century women accepted kindergarten teachers deemed private sphere women also taught music privately girl 's schools sunday schools trained musicians


school music programs turn th century women began employed music supervisors elementary schools teachers normal schools professors music universities women also became active professional organizations music education women presented papers conferences woman frances clarke founded music supervisors national conference small number women served president music supervisors national conference following renamed versions organization next century early th century two female presidents


p ossibly reflects discrimination however leadership roles women organization opened five female presidents organization ref name slidesharenet ref women music educators outnumber men two one teaching general music choir private lessons keyboard instruction ref name slidesharenet men tend hired band education administration jazz jobs men work colleges universities ref name slidesharenet according dr sandra wieland howe still glass ceiling women music education careers stigma associated women


leadership positions men outnumber women administrators ref name slidesharenet notable music educators jamey aebersold stefan ammer ysaye barnwell leonard bernstein edward bailey birge nadia boulanger allen britton patricia shehan campbell f melius christiansen frances elliott clark satis n coleman julia crane john curwen max deutsch duilio dobrin peter w dykema earhart jacob eisenberg david j elliott sarah ann glover edwin gordon lucy green philip c hayden david g hebert paul hindemith jere humphreys mile jaques dalcroze dmitry kabalevsky zolt n kod ly paul r lehman charles leonhard joseph e maddy michael mark ellis marsalis jr wynton marsalis lowell mason luther whiting


mason lin manuel miranda james mursell carl orff john paynter bennett reimer r murray schafer christopher small shinichi suzuki lennie tristano john tufts thomas tyra heitor villa lobos professional organizations american choral directors association american orff schulwerk association american string teachers association international association jazz education international society music education international society philosophy music education national association music education us based also called nafme previously menc music teachers national association nordic network music education nnme see also ''basic concepts music education'' colored music notation musical futures music education young children music school musicology research


journal music education practice '' kertz welzel alexandra ''every child music musikp dagogik und musikunterricht den usa'' musikwissenschaft musikp dagogik der blauen eule essen germany verlag die blaue eule machover tod http webmediamitedu tod media pdfs machovermycellopdf cello turkle sherry editor ''evocative objects things think with'' cambridge mass mit press pete moser george mckay eds ''community music handbook'' russell house publishing ''national standards arts education'' reston va music educators national conference menc neurological research vol february ratey john j md user 's


arts learning musica research notes spring reading barrett margaret cultural psychology music education new york oxford university press kertz welzel alexandra piano improvisation develops musicianship ''orff echo'' xxxvii mcpherson gary child musician new york oxford university press mcpherson gary graham welch oxford handbook research music education new york oxford university press schafer r murray ''the composer classroom'' toronto bmi canada p serenko student satisfaction canadian music programs application


american customer satisfaction model higher education http wwwaserenkocom papers student satisfaction acsi publishedpdf assessment evaluation higher education woodall laura brenda ziembroski http wwwsongsforteachingcom lb literacymusichtm promoting literacy music external links occupations music sociomusicology


glovebox '''radiochemistry''' chemistry radioactive materials radioactive isotopes elements used study properties chemical reactions non radioactive isotopes often within radiochemistry absence radioactivity leads substance described ''inactive'' isotopes ' 'stable'' much radiochemistry deals use radioactivity study ordinary chemical reactions different radiation chemistry radiation levels kept low influence chemistry radiochemistry includes study natural man made radioisotopes main decay modes radioisotopes unstable isotopes elements undergo nuclear

Natural science
Chemistry
Radiochemistry


decay emit form radiation radiation emitted several types including alpha beta gamma radiation proton neutron emission along neutrino antiparticle emission decay pathways alpha radiation emission alpha particle contains protons neutrons atomic nucleus occurs atom 's atomic mass decrease units atomic number decrease beta radiation transmutation neutron electron proton happens electron emitted nucleus electron cloud


gamma radiation emission electromagnetic energy gamma rays nucleus atom usually occurs alpha beta radioactive decay three types radiation distinguished difference penetrating power alpha stopped quite easily centimetres air piece paper equivalent helium nucleus beta cut aluminium sheet millimetres thick electrons gamma penetrating three massless chargeless high energy photon gamma radiation requires


appreciable amount heavy metal radiation shielding usually lead barium based reduce intensity activation analysis neutron irradiation objects possible induce radioactivity activation stable isotopes create radioisotopes basis neutron activation analysis one interesting objects studied way hair napoleon 's head examined arsenic content series different experimental methods exist designed enable measurement range different elements different matrices reduce effect


matrix common use chemical extraction wanted element ''and or'' allow radioactivity due matrix elements decay measurement radioactivity since matrix effect corrected observing decay spectrum little sample preparation required samples making neutron activation analysis less susceptible contamination effects series different cooling times seen hypothetical sample contains sodium uranium cobalt ratio subjected short pulse thermal neutrons


initial radioactivity would dominated sup sup na activity half life h increasing time sup sup np half life formation parent sup sup u half life min finally sup sup co activity yr would predominate biology applications one biological application study dna using radioactive phosphorus experiments stable phosphorus replaced chemically identical radioactive p resulting radioactivity used analysis molecules behaviour another example work done methylation elements sulfur selenium tellurium polonium


living organisms shown bacteria convert elements volatile compounds thought methylcobalamin vitamin b sub sub alkylates elements create dimethyls shown combination cobaloxime inorganic polonium sterile water forms volatile polonium compound control experiment contain cobalt compound form volatile polonium compound sulfur work isotope sup sup used polonium sup sup po used related work addition sup sup co bacterial culture followed isolation


get converted electrical signal machine analyze environmental radiochemistry also includes study behaviour radioisotopes environment instance forest grass fire make radioisotopes become mobile experiments fires started exclusion zone around chernobyl radioactivity air downwind measured important note vast number processes able release radioactivity environment example action cosmic rays air responsible formation radioisotopes sup sup c


sup sup p decay sup sup ra forms sup sup rn gas diffuse rocks entering buildings dissolve water thus enter drinking water addition human activities bomb tests accidents normal releases industry resulted release radioactivity chemical form actinides environmental chemistry radioactive elements plutonium complicated fact solutions element undergo disproportionation result many different oxidation states coexist work done identification oxidation


state coordination number plutonium actinides different conditions https fasorg sgp othergov doe lanl pubs pdf includes work solutions relatively simple complexes work colloids two key matrixes soil rocks concrete systems chemical properties plutonium studied using methods exafs xanes https webarchiveorg web http wwwwmsymorg abstracts proceedings b pdf http wwwlanlgov orgs nmt nmtdo aqarchive spring synchrotronhtml movement colloids binding metal surfaces soil particles prevent movement layer soil possible particles soil bear radioactive metal migrate colloidal particles soil


thermoanaerobacter use chromium vi iron iii cobalt iii manganese iv uranium vi electron acceptors acetate glucose hydrogen lactate pyruvate succinate xylose act electron donors metabolism bacteria way metals reduced form magnetite fe sub sub sub sub siderite feco sub sub rhodochrosite mnco sub sub uraninite uo sub sub researchers also worked fixing uranium using bacteria http wwwphysorgcom news html http biologyplosjournalsorg perlserv request get document doi fjournalpbio http wwwpnlgov news releaseaspid francis r livens ''et al'' working manchester suggested reason ''geobacter sulfurreducens'' reduce cations uranium dioxide bacteria reduce uranyl cations undergoes


disproportionation form uo sub sub reasoning based least part observation converted insoluble neptunium oxide bacteria education despite growing use nuclear medicine potential expansion nuclear power plants worries protection nuclear threats management nuclear waste generated past decades number students opting specialize nuclear radiochemistry decreased significantly past decades many experts fields approaching retirement age action needed avoid


workforce gap critical fields example building student interest careers expanding educational capacity universities colleges providing specific job training nuclear radiochemistry nrc mostly taught university level usually first master phd degree level europe substantial effort done harmonize prepare nrc education industry 's society 's future needs effort coordinated projects funded coordinated action supported european atomic energy community 's th framework program cinch ii project cooperation education


training nuclear chemistry references references external links http pubsacsorg doi abs ac acs radioelectrochemistry nuclear chemistry radioactivity


microbiologist examining cultures dissecting microscope '''medical microbiology''' large subset microbiology applied medicine branch medical science concerned prevention diagnosis treatment infectious diseases addition field science studies various clinical applications microbes improvement health four kinds microorganisms cause infectious disease bacteria fungi parasites viruses one type infectious protein called prion medical microbiologist studies characteristics pathogens modes transmission mechanisms infection growth academic qualification

Applied science
Medicine and health
Clinical laboratory sciences
Clinical microbiology


clinical medical microbiologist hospital medical research centre generally requires masters microbiology along phd life sciences biochem micro biotech genetics etc medical microbiologists often serve consultants physicians providing identification pathogens suggesting treatment options using information treatment devised tasks may include identification potential health risks community monitoring evolution potentially virulent resistant strains microbes educating community assisting design health practices may also assist preventing controlling


epidemics outbreaks disease medical microbiologists study microbial pathology study common non pathogenic species determine whether properties used develop antibiotics treatment methods epidemiology study patterns causes effects health disease conditions populations important part medical microbiology although clinical aspect field primarily focuses presence growth microbial infections individuals effects human body methods treating infections respect entire field applied science conceptually


louis pasteur also designed vaccines several diseases anthrax fowl cholera rabies well pasteurization food preservation ref name brock ref joseph lister considered father antiseptic surgery sterilizing instruments diluted carbolic acid using clean wounds post operative infections reduced making surgery safer patients years robert koch provided much insight infectious diseases one first scientists focus isolation bacteria pure culture gave


rise germ theory certain microorganism responsible certain disease developed series criteria around become known koch 's postulates major milestone medical microbiology gram stain hans christian gram developed method staining bacteria make visible differentiated microscope technique widely used today paul ehrlich tested multiple combinations arsenic based chemicals infected rabbits syphilis ehrlich found arsphenamine found effective syphilis spirochetes arsphenamines made available


known salvarsan ref name ref alexander fleming developed commonly used antibiotic substance time penicillin gerhard domagk found prontosil red protected mice pathogenic streptococci staphylococci without toxicity domagk received nobel prize physiology medicine discovery sulfa drug ref name dna sequencing method developed walter gilbert frederick sanger caused rapid change development vaccines medical treatments diagnostic methods include synthetic insulin produced using recombinant dna


first genetically engineered vaccine created hepatitis b team institute genomic research sequenced first bacterial genome ''haemophilus influenzae'' months later first eukaryotic genome completed would prove invaluable diagnostic techniques commonly treated infectious diseases bacterial streptococcal pharyngitis ref name shaikh ref chlamydia ref name vos ref typhoid fever ref name ref tuberculosis ref name viral rotavirus ref name pmid ref hepatitis c ref name ref human papillomavirus hpv ref name dunne ref parasitic malaria ref name ref ''giardia lamblia'' ref name kappus ref ''toxoplasma gondii'' ref name cdc ref fungal candida''' ref name cdc ref histoplasmosis ref name cdc ref dandruff causes transmission infectious diseases infections may


caused bacteria viruses fungi parasites pathogen causes disease may exogenous acquired external source environmental animal people eg influenza endogenous normal flora eg candidiasis ref name baron ref site microbe enters body referred portal entry ref name bittar ref include respiratory tract gastrointestinal tract genitourinary tract skin mucous membranes ref name rhinehart ref portal entry specific microbe normally dependent travels natural habitat host ref name bittar various ways disease


transmitted individuals include ref name bittar direct contact touching infected host including sexual contact indirect contact touching contaminated surface droplet contact coughing sneezing fecal oral route ingesting contaminated food water sources airborne transmission pathogen carrying spores vector transmission organism cause disease transmits infection conveying pathogens one host another fomite transmission inanimate object substance capable carrying infectious germs parasites environmental hospital acquired infection nosocomial infections like pathogens viruses use methods transmission enter


body viruses differ must also enter host 's actual cells virus gained access host 's cells virus' genetic material rna dna must introduced cell replication viruses greatly varied depends type genes involved dna viruses assemble nucleus rna viruses develop solely cytoplasm ref name baron ref mechanisms infection proliferation persistence virus cells host crucial survival example diseases measles employ


strategy whereby must spread series hosts forms viral infection illness often treated body 's immune response therefore virus required disperse new hosts destroyed immunological resistance host death ref name hilleman ref contrast infectious agents feline leukemia virus able withstand immune responses capable achieving long term residence within individual host whilst also retaining ability spread successive hosts ref name greggs ref diagnostic tests identification infectious


agent minor illness simple clinical presentation gastrointestinal disease skin infections order make educated estimate microbe could causing disease epidemiological factors need considered patient 's likelihood exposure suspected organism presence prevalence microbial strain community diagnosis infectious disease nearly always initiated consulting patient 's medical history conducting physical examination detailed identification techniques involve microbial culture microscopy biochemical tests genotyping less common techniques


x rays cat scans pet scans nmr used produce images internal abnormalities resulting growth infectious agent microbial culture four nutrient agar plates growing colonies common gram negative bacteria microbiological culture primary method used isolating infectious disease study laboratory tissue fluid samples tested presence specific pathogen determined growth selective differential medium main types media used testing ref name nester ref solid culture solid surface created using


cells technique used identifying viruses microscopy culture techniques often use microscopic examination help identification microbe instruments compound light microscopes used assess critical aspects organism performed immediately sample taken patient used conjunction biochemical staining techniques allowing resolution cellular features electron microscopes fluorescence microscopes also used observing microbes greater detail research biochemical tests fast relatively simple biochemical tests


used identify infectious agents bacterial identification use metabolic enzymatic characteristics common due ability ferment carbohydrates patterns characteristic genus species acids alcohols gases usually detected tests bacteria grown selective liquid solid media mentioned order perform tests en masse automated machines used machines perform multiple biochemical tests simultaneously using cards several wells containing different dehydrated chemicals microbe interest react chemical specific way


aiding identification serological methods highly sensitive specific often extremely rapid laboratory tests used identify different types microorganisms tests based upon ability antibody bind specifically antigen antigen usually protein carbohydrate made infectious agent bound antibody allowing type test used organisms bacteria binding sets chain events easily definitively observed depending test complex serological techniques known immunoassays using similar


basis described immunoassays detect measure antigens either infectious agents proteins generated infected host response infection ref name nester polymerase chain reaction polymerase chain reaction pcr assays commonly used molecular technique detect study microbes ref name mackay ref compared methods sequencing analysis definitive reliable accurate fast ref name viljoen ref today quantitative pcr primary technique used method provides faster data compared standard pcr assay instance traditional pcr techniques require use gel electrophoresis visualize amplified


dna molecules reaction finished quantitative pcr require detection system uses fluorescence probes detect dna molecules amplified ref name tang ref addition quantitative pcr also removes risk contamination occur standard pcr procedures carrying pcr product subsequent pcrs ref name mackay another advantage using pcr detect study microbes dna sequences newly discovered infectious microbes strains compared already listed databases turn helps increase understanding


organism causing infectious disease thus possible methods treatment could used ref name viljoen technique current standard detecting viral infections aids hepatitis treatments infection diagnosed identified suitable treatment options must assessed physician consulting medical microbiologists infections dealt body 's immune system serious infections treated antimicrobial drugs bacterial infections treated antibacterials often called antibiotics whereas fungal viral infections treated antifungals antivirals respectively


broad class drugs known antiparasitics used treat parasitic diseases medical microbiologists often make treatment recommendations patient 's physician based strain microbe antibiotic resistances site infection potential toxicity antimicrobial drugs drug allergies patient antibiotic resistance tests bacteria culture left sensitive antibiotics contained white paper discs bacteria culture right resistant antibiotics addition drugs specific certain kind organism bacteria


deaths every year ref name ref whilst drug resistance typically involves microbes chemically inactivating antimicrobial drug cell mechanically stopping uptake drug another form drug resistance arise formation biofilms bacteria able form biofilms adhering surfaces implanted devices catheters prostheses creating extracellular matrix cells adhere provides stable environment bacteria disperse infect parts host additionally extracellular matrix dense outer layer bacterial cells


protect inner bacteria cells antimicrobial drugs medical microbiology diagnosing treating disease also involves study beneficial microbes microbes shown helpful combating infectious disease promoting health treatments developed microbes demonstrated alexander fleming 's discovery penicillin well development new antibiotics bacterial genus streptomyces among many others microorganisms source antibiotics may also act probiotics provide health benefits host providing better gastrointestinal health


inhibiting pathogens references external links https wwwe librarymecom medical microbiology patrick r murrayhtml medical microbiology microbiology clinical pathology pathology applied microbiology


'''child psychopathology''' refers scientific study mental disorders children adolescents oppositional defiant disorder attention deficit hyperactivity disorder autism spectrum disorder examples psychopathology typically first diagnosed childhood mental health providers work children adolescents informed research developmental psychology clinical child psychology family systems lists child adult mental disorders found international statistical classification diseases related health problems th edition icd published world health organization ''diagnostic statistical manual mental disorders'' fifth

Social science
Psychology
Psychopathology
Child psychopathology


edition dsm published american psychiatric association apa addition ''diagnostic classification mental health developmental disorders infancy early childhood'' dc r used assessing mental health developmental disorders children age five causes etiology child psychopathology many explanations differ case case many psychopathological disorders children involve genetic physiological mechanisms though still many without physical grounds absolutely imperative multiple sources data gathered ''diagnosing psychopathology children daunting influenced development


contest addition traditional sources interviews parents school etc inadequate either reports teachers direct observation professional critical'' author robert b bloom phd disorders physical biological mechanisms easier diagnose children often diagnosed earlier childhood however disorders matter mechanisms identified adulthood also reason believe co morbidity disorders one disorder present often another stress emotional stress trauma


parent child relationship tends cause child psychopathology first seen infants separation anxiety root parental child stress may lay foundations future disorders children direct correlation maternal stress child stress factored throughout adolescent development ref name schimizzi ref situation mother absent primary caregiver child could seen maternal relationship essentially child would bond primary caregiver may exude personality traits caregiver studies child two age groups pregnancy


five years fifteen years twenty years raposa colleagues studied impact psychopathology child maternal relationship mothers stress affected child child 's stress affected mother historically believed mothers suffered post partum depression might reason child suffers mental disorders earlier later development however correlation found reflect maternal depression child psychopathology also child psychopathology could reflect maternal depression ref name raposa ref children predisposition psychopathology may cause


higher stress relationship mother mothers suffer psychopathology may also cause higher stress relationship child child psychopathology creates stress parenting may increase severity psychopathology within child ref name raposa ref together factors push pull relationship thus causing higher levels depression adhd defiant disorder learning disabilities pervasive developmental disorder mother child outline summary study found looking child related stress number past child mental health diagnoses significantly predicted


going one step researchers found youth history one diagnosis well youth externalizing disorders eg conduct disorder highest number child related stressors highest levels mother child stress findings held potentially stressful variables economic worries past maternal depression controlled ref name raposa additionally siblings older younger genders factored etiology development child psychopathology longitudinal study maternal depression older male child


depression antisocial behaviors younger siblings adolescent mental health outcome study factored ineffective parenting sibling conflicts sibling rivalry younger female siblings directly affected maternal depression older brother depression anti social behaviors indirect effects place comparison younger male siblings showed comparison however older brother anti social younger child female male would exude higher anti social behaviors presence sibling conflict anti social behavior influential younger male children younger female children female