languages faroe islands iceland furthermore minority finland ethnically scandinavian speak swedish natively scandinavian studies exist separate field within scandinavia nordic countries scope would considered far broad treated meaningfully within single discipline closest related field scandinavia would narrow discipline ''nordic linguistics'' covers north germanic languages major focus scandinavian studies teaching scandinavian languages especially three large languages danish norwegian swedish overview scandinavian studies principally focuses danish


norwegian swedish philology especially linguistics history cultural studies denmark norway sweden form scandinavia according definition prevalent scandinavia majority peoples scandinavians ethnic sense speak scandinavian languages linguistic sense scandinavian studies usually also covers icelandic faroese philology philology relates swedish minority finland field also home research related scandinavian diaspora well regions affected scandinavian colonialism germany scandinavian studies ''skandinavistik'' defined subfield germanic languages covering danish norwegian swedish

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Scandinavian studies


university edinburgh home extant full departments scandinavian studies uk institutions university aberdeen specialized research institutions scandinavian studies universities united states scandinavian studies placed department baltic studies although baltic states cultures languages unrelated scandinavia scandinavian languages english contrast baltic studies commonly grouped together slavic eastern european studies scandinavian universities university oslo regarded completely


unrelated scandinavian studies references external links http scandinavianbyuedu brigham young college humanities scandinavian studies brigham young university http wwwskandinavistikorg fachverband skandinavistik germany http wwwskandinavistikeucor uniorg kompetenznetzwerk skandinavistik germany http wwwetudes nordiquesfr association pour les tudes nordiques france http sveaeltehu department scandinavian studies e tv lor nd university budapest hungary https webarchiveorg web http wwwuni sofiabg indexphp bul fakulteti fakultet po klasicheski novi filologii specialnosti bakalav rski programi fakultet po klasicheski novi filologii skandinavistika department new classical phiolologies sofia university bulgaria http sisljuridicumsuse stockholm institute scandinavian law university stockholm http wwwscandinavianstudiescom department linguistics scandinavian studies university oslo http wwwuclacuk scandinavian studies department scandinavian studies university college london http wwwabdnacuk cfss centre scandinavian studies university aberdeen http wwwcssluse centre scandinavian studies copenhagen lund http wwwlunduniversityluse lund university


http wwwkudk english university copenhagen http wwwedacuk schools departments literatures languages cultures delc scandinavian studies scandinavian studies university edinburgh http wwwskandinavistikaflfvult centre scandinavian studies vilnius university lithuania http skandinavistikafilbgacrs department scandinavian studies belgrade university serbia http deptswashingtonedu scand department scandinavian studies university washington http wwwscandinavianuclaedu department scandinavian studies university california los angeles http scandinavianberkeleyedu department scandinavian studies university california berkeley http scandinavianwiscedu department scandinavian studies university wisconsin madison https gustavusedu scand studies department scandinavian studies gustavus adolphus college https wwwmnsuedu languages scanstudies scandinavian studies minnesota state university mankato https webarchiveorg web http wwwaugustanaedu academics majors areas study scandinavian studies scandinavian studies augustana college illinois http wwwpluedu scan scandinavian area studies pacific lutheran university http wwwgermanicillinoisedu scandinavian scandinavian program university illinois urbana champaign https germanicosuedu scandinavian swedish scandinavian


swedish ohio state university https webarchiveorg web http uwmedu foreign languages literature undergraduate swedish scandinavian studies swedish scandinavian studies university wisconsin milwaukee https wwwconcordiacollegeedu academics departments programs norwegian scandinavian studies norwegian scandinavian studies concordia college moorhead minnesota http wpstolafedu norwegian department norwegian st olaf college http gerscanuoregonedu department german scandinavian university oregon http gsdumnedu department german scandinavian dutch university minnesota http wwwcolumbiaedu cu german department germanic languages columbia university http germanfasharvardedu department germanic languages literatures harvard university http wwwfinlandiaedu finnish studies minor programhtml finnish studies finlandia university http wwwlutheredu nordic studies nordic studies luther college iowa http wwwcoloradoedu gsll nordic nordic studies university colorado boulder https uofaualbertaca modern languages cultural studies undergraduate program information areas scandinavian studies scandinavian studies university alberta http wwwaugustanaualbertaca disciplines scandinavian scandinavian studies university alberta augustana faculty http cenesubcca undergraduate scandinavian baltic studies scandinavian


baltic studies university british columbia https wwwhelsinkifi en programmes master european nordic studies european nordic studies university helsinki germanic studies


'''caribbean literature''' literature various territories caribbean region literature english former british west indies may referred '''anglo caribbean''' historical contexts '''west indian literature''' territories become independent nations since though retain colonial ties united kingdom share apart english language number political cultural social ties make useful consider literary output single category wide ranging term caribbean literature generally refers literature caribbean territories

Humanities
Languages and literature
West Indian Literature


regardless language whether written english spanish french hindustani dutch one numerous creoles literature caribbean exceptional language subject themes innocence exile return motherland resistance endurance engagement alienation self determination caribbean literature provides powerful platform post colonial studies caribbean literatures importance context literature caribbean literature vs west indian literature scholarship expands debate correct term use literature comes region terms often used interchangeably despite different origins


referring slightly different groups people since much caribbean identity linked insidious racism justification slave labor usual refer author piece identity preference ref name jstororg safa helen popular culture national identity race caribbean nieuwe west indische gids new west indian guide vol jan pp https wwwjstororg stable ref west indian defined coming west indies includes islands caribbean used first indigenous population subsequently settlers


historically oppressed people ref name jstororg spanish caribbean islands include cuba puerto rico dominican republic panama well islands venezuela caribbean coast colombia territories included category west indian literature anguilla antigua barbuda aruba cura ao bahamas barbados belize british virgin islands cayman islands dominica grenada guyana jamaica montserrat saint martin st kitts nevis st lucia st vincent grenadines suriname trinidad tobago turks caicos us virgin islands would normally considered belong wider category west


indian literature development concept west indian literature term west indies first began achieve wide currency writers samuel selvon john hearne edgar mittelholzer v naipaul george lamming began published united kingdom sense single literature developing across islands also encouraged bbc radio programme ''caribbean voices'' featured stories poems written west indian authors recorded london direction founding producer una marson later henry swanzy broadcast back


islands magazines ''kyk al'' guyana ''bim'' barbados ''focus'' jamaica published work writers across region also encouraged links helped build audience many perhaps west indian writers found necessary leave home territories base united kingdom united states canada order make living work cases spending greater parts careers away territories birth critics adopted territories might argue instance v naipaul ought considered british


various local variations language adopted colonial powers britain spain portugal france netherlands modified years within country developed blend unique country many caribbean authors writing switch liberally local variation commonly termed nation language standard form language two west indian writers nobel prize literature derek walcott born st lucia resident mostly trinidad ' partly united states since v


darkness antiguan marie elena john lasana sekou saint martin island themes migration landscape nature caribbean lands seas depicted paradise earth foreign artists writers ref name ref scholars writers postcolonial studies researched published cultural phenomenon empty island racist implications fantasy void local people cultures caribbean classic novels jean rhys 's wide sargasso sea inspired films stories poems artists seek decolonize relationship people landscapes ref name


caribbean novelists imbue island landscape bustling life locals migrants migration caribbean workers panama canal often used narrative foundation maryse cond novel ''tree life'' discusses involvement family ties people seek improve lot life working build panama canal another contemporary classic migrant cultures isramabai espinet novel ''the swinging bridge'' explores trauma displacement indian indentureship phenomena invisibility relating women caribbean stories poems ripe references storms hurricanes natural


disasters derek walcott 's wrote sea history dramatized impact tropical storms hurricanes locals caribbean writing deploys agricultural symbolism represent complexities colonial rule intrinsic values lands native fruits vegetables appear colonized decolonizing discourse derek walcott describes complications colonialism using local fruit metaphors star apples poetry connote complexity acidity sweetness giannina braschi 's postcolonial work united states banana imagines political economic deal china puerto rico exchange


bowl rice bowl beans lychee quenepa poetry caribbean poetry vast rapidly evolving field poetry written people caribbean region diaspora caribbean poetry generally refers myriad poetic forms spanning epic lyrical verse prose poems dramatic poetry oral poetry composed caribbean territories regardless language often however written english spanish spanglish french hindustani dutch number creoles poetry english former british west indies referred anglo caribbean poetry


west indian poetry since mid caribbean poetry gained increasing visibility publication britain north america several anthologies decades canon shifted expanded drawing oral literary traditions including women poets politically charged works caribbean writers performance poets newspaper poets singer songwriters created popular art form poetry heard audiences world caribbean oral poetry shares vigour written tradition among prominent caribbean poets whose works widely studied translated languages derek walcott


identity migration afro caribbean history decolonization revolution queer theory among countless topics major novelists include maryse conde guadeloupe merle hodge trinidad paul marshall barbadian american cynthia mcleod suriname elizabeth nunez trinidad american tiphanie yanique virgin islands rosario ferre puerto rico michelle cliff jamaica poets include mahadai das guyana lenelle mo se haiti pamela mordecai jamaica lorna goodison jamaica julia de burgos puerto rico giannina braschi puerto rico merle collins grenada shara mccallum jamaica oliver senior jamaica playwrights include una marson wrote english ina c saire martinique simone schwarz bart france guadeloupe write french


epics many epic stories plays poems written caribbean dating th century juan de castellanos 's ''elegy illustrious gentlemen indies '' epic verse traces columbus 's arrival conquest cuba jamaica trinidad margarita ref name ref work relates juan ponce de leon 's colonization puerto rico search mythic fountain youth ref name later epics spanish west indies include manuel de jesus galvan 's national epic sword cross relates myths histories


greek roman american culture including racism slavery parts story occur walcott 's native island st lucia also time travels ancient greece rome well travels modern day lisbon london dublin toronto giannina braschi 's empire dreams postmodern epic composed six books poetry blend elements eclogues epigrams lyrics prose poem diary jingles puerto rican folklore political manifesto work traces history spanish language medieval times contemporary puerto rico cuban chicano nuyorican culture braschi 's later epic written


english united states banana geopolitical tragic comedy fall american empire liberation puerto rico realignment powers among caribbean nations mixing elements poetry lyric essay caribbean songs socratic dialogues epic tackles subjects global debt financial terrorism decolonization trinidadian playwright novelist earl lovelace 's work described performative epics mix rhythms steelband calypso complex narratives black power political spiritual psychic struggles decolonization best known works ''the dragon dance''


''salt'' commonwealth book prize literary festivals many parts caribbean begun recent years host literary festivals including anguilla anguilla lit fest trinidad tobago ngc bocas lit fest ref name bocaslitfest ref jamaica calabash international literary festival ref name calabashfestival ref saint martin sint maarten st martin book fair ref name st martin book fair ref barbados bim literary festival ref name bimlitfest ref dominica nature island literary festival book fair ref name dominicalitfest ref alliouagana festival word ref name litfest ref montserrat antigua barbuda literary festival ref name facebook ref prizes casa de las


ricas prize ocm bocas prize caribbean literature grand prize caribbean literature association caribbean writers guadeloupe notable west indian writers grouped territory birth upbringing antigua marie elena john jamaica kincaid joanne c hillhouse bahamas robert antoni marion bethel barbados francis woodbine blackman kamau brathwaite austin clarke frank collymore geoffrey drayton anthony kellman george lamming paule marshall andrea stuart cynthia wilson belize colville young zee edgell bonaire cola debrot cuba antonio benitez rojo guillermo cabrera infante alejo carpentier roberto fern ndez retamar nicol guill n jorge enrique gonz lez pacheco jos lezama lima dulce mar loynaz jos mart carlos moore


writer nancy morejon leonardo padura fuentes virgilio pi era emilio jorge rodr guez guillermo rosales severo sarduy cura ao frank martinus arion hemayel martina tip marugg dominica phyllis shand allfrey lennox honychurch elma napier jean rhys dominican republic julio vega battle raquel cepeda junot diaz julia alvarez blas jim nez grenada jacob ross tobias buckell merle collins gus john guadeloupe maryse cond saint john perse gis le pineau max rippon simone schwarz bart guyana john agard gaiutra bahadur e r braithwaite jan carew martin carter cyril dabydeen david dabydeen fred d'aguiar r dathorne beryl gilroy wilson harris roy k heath ruel johnson oonya kempadoo


peter kempadoo sharon maas mark mcwatt pauline melville edgar mittelholzer grace nichols gordon rohlehr j seymour jan shinebourne eric walrond denis williams haiti edwidge danticat ren depestre marie vieux chauvet myriam j chancy dany laferri dimitry elias l ger jacques roumain emeric bergeaud frank tienne beaubrun ardouin emile nau ignace nau lyonel trouillot ren philoct te jamaica louise bennett coverley james berry erna brodber margaret cezair thompson colin channer michelle cliff kwame dawes jean d'costa herbert de lisser ferdinand dennis marcia douglas gloria escoffery john figueroa honor ford smith lorna goodison richard hart john hearne l hendriks nalo hopkinson marlon james linton kwesi johnson


roger mais una marson claude mckay alecia mckenzie anthony mcneill mervyn morris mutabaruka rex nettleford orlando patterson geoffrey philp velma pollard patricia powell claudia rankine barry reckord v reid joan riley trevor rhone leone ross andrew salkey dennis scott olive senior g smith mikey smith anthony c winkler sylvia wynter martinique marie magdeleine carbet aim c saire patrick chamoiseau frantz fanon edouard glissant rapha l confiant montserrat howard fergus e markham yvonne weekes puerto rico giannina braschi lola rodr guez de ti rosario ferr juan carlos quintero herencia eugenio mar de hostos luis pal matos julia de burgos aurora levins morales


manuel ramos otero luis rafael nchez esmeralda santiago mayra santos febres ana lydia vega jos luis vega francisco arrivi ren marqu st kitts nevis caryl phillips st lucia kendel hippolyte jane king vladimir lucien derek walcott saint martin lasana sekou st vincent grenadines shake keane suriname clark accord albert helman cynthia mcleod ismene krishnadath trinidad tobago james christopher aboud lauren k alleyne michael anthony robert antoni kevin baldeosingh dionne brand lennox brown wayne brown vahni capildeo anna levi ralph de boissi ramabai espinet albert gomes cecil gray rosa guy errol hill merle hodge c l r


letters'' virgin islands ''interviewing caribbean letters visual arts'' jamaica see also american poetry caribbean poetry creole languages cuban literature dub poetry haitian literature postcolonial literature postcolonial studies references joseph margaret paul ''caliban exile outsider caribbean fiction'' greenwood press external links http dloccom see many works caribbean literature openly available digital library caribbean https scholarworkswmichedu cgi viewcontentcgiarticle context masters theses bibliographical survey west indian novel master 's thesis western michigan university ruta mara sani african diaspora literature north american literature


behavior geomarketing direct impact development modern trade reorganization retail types site selection becomes automated based scientific procedures saves time money geomarketing uses key facts good base map whois data layers consumer profiling success fail criteria gps tracking gsm localization used obtain actual position travelling customer software gis software used display data linked geographic region area used recommend nearby social events ref name qr determine customers

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Marketing geography


rest country software used includes geoconcept sales marketing portal mapinfo arcgis esri regiograph gfk wigeoweb wigeogis assorted open source like mapwindow diva normally used bio diversity creates visually pleasing density maps grass works linux windows environments geoedge tracking local ads pages several software available indeed google earth provides excellent set images always useful applications different content choice location based social media marketing uses geo specific tools draw imaginary perimeters display social content posted users


particular area typical example different web content location fedex website fedexcom users choice select country geo location first presented different site article content depending selection automated different content individuals deliver different content internet marketing paid organic search results based geographical geolocation targeted audiences applications solve problems regarding location new retail outlet map consumer demand trends best distribute products advertising links trade zone management scope digital advertising


towards individual consumers producers research consumer shopping patterns observe traffic within shopping centers retail outlets also helps visualisation market research findings help improve overall planning ability organisations improve customer cooperation creation sales territories define geo marketing strategy mechanism provides valuable information helps process making business decisions using geographical information functions search evaluate marketing opportunities analyzing geographical information location residential areas topography also analyzes demographic information age genre annual income


lifestyle information segmented primary data sub segmented secondary data addition helps us develop successful promotional campaigns achieving marketing goals also works retail chain stores sales industry real estate renewable energy among others geomarketing general data company changes specific regarding customers market trends allows companies use secondary data wisely providing excellent results low cost compared traditional market research methods data acquired accurately gps equipment geographical information software


data acquired information processed professionals field geomarketing helped companies acquire valuable information transit behaviors visited places areas etc information help companies deliver right message promotion right time place companies use mobile apps obtain information mobile apps became sophisticated using gps bluetooth also social networks obtain market information information helps improve promotional campaigns according comscore percent internet activities us originates mobile


devices half total internet traffic flows mobile apps one example geo location google maps search google maps restaurants near show different options around location one important factor companies case restaurants must sure optimize business google 's directory list see also digital marketing geotargeting gsm localization local advertising location based advertising location based service location intelligence references bibliography amaduzzi ''geomarketing sistemi informativi territoriali sit gis supporto delle aziende e della pubblica amministrazione'' roma epc editore


https webarchiveorg web http wwwamaduzziit geomarketing maguire kouyoumjian v smith r ''the business benefits gis roi approach'' esri press peterson k ''the power place advanced customer location analytics market planning'' integras cliquet g ''geomarketing methods strategies spatial marketing'' iste external links


fashion designers dresden '''fashion design''' art applying design aesthetics clothing construction natural beauty clothing accessories influenced culture different trends varied time place fashion designer creates clothing including dresses suits pants skirts accessories like shoes handbags consumers specialize clothing accessory jewelry design may work one areas fashion designers typically use runway models showcase work fashion designers '''fashion designers''' work

Applied science
Architecture and design
Fashion design


variety different ways designing pieces accessories rings bracelets necklaces time required bring garment onto market designers must times anticipate changes consumer desires fashion designers responsible creating looks individual garments involving shape color fabric trimming ref name ref nbsp fashion designers play major role world talent vision play big role people present influence society way choose express ref name designers conduct research fashion trends interpret


audience specific designs used manufacturers essence designer 's role however variation within determined buying merchandising approach product quality example budget retailers use inexpensive fabrics interpret trends high end retailers ensure best available fabrics used fashion designers attempt design clothes functional well aesthetically pleasing consider likely wear garment situations worn work within wide range


although would help become successful associates bachelors degree fashion design would aid success fashion design major take classes color textiles sewing tailoring pattern making fashion history computer aided design cad learn different types clothing menswear footwear ref name ref receiving education help new fashion designers understand every important detail fashion designing clothes footwear also beneficial new fashion designers complete internship give new fashion designers good experiences


assisting fashion designer help new fashion designers get feel industry help see still want pursue occupation structure fashion designers may work full time one fashion house 'in house designers' owns designs work alone part team freelance designers work selling designs fashion houses directly shops clothing manufacturers garments bear buyer 's label fashion designers set labels designs marketed fashion designers


self employed design individual clients high end fashion designers cater specialty stores high end fashion department stores designers create original garments well follow established fashion trends fashion designers however work apparel manufacturers creating designs men 's women 's children 's fashions mass market large designer brands 'name' brand abercrombie fitch justice juicy likely designed team individual designers direction design director designing garment fashion designers work different ways


sketch ideas paper others drape fabric dress form another term mannequine designer completely satisfied fit ''toile'' muslin consult professional pattern maker makes finished working version pattern card via computerized system finally sample garment made tested model make sure operational outfit history ch ruit salon place vend paris fashion design generally considered started th century charles


studied academics costume design clothing created considered fashion design period many design houses began hire artists sketch paint designs garments images shown clients much cheaper producing actual sample garment workroom client liked design ordered resulting garment made money house thus tradition designers sketching garment designs instead presenting completed garments models customers began economy types fashion garments


produced clothing manufacturers fall three main categories although may split additional specific categories haute couture fashion clothing predominately designed manufactured made measure haute couture basis french high sewing garment created specific client couture garment made order individual customer usually made high quality expensive fabric sewn extreme attention detail finish often using time consuming hand executed techniques look fit take priority cost materials time takes make


due high cost garment haute couture makes little direct profit fashion houses important prestige publicity ready wear pr porter ready wear pr porter clothes cross haute couture mass market made individual customers great care taken choice cut fabric clothes made small quantities guarantee exclusivity rather expensive ready wear collections usually presented fashion houses season period known fashion week takes place citywide basis occurs


make able workshop hirscher niinimaki found personal involvement garment making process created meaningful narrative user established person product attachment increased sentimental value final product ref name hirnim otto von busch also explores half way garments fashion co design thesis fashion able hacktivism engaged fashion design mass market currently fashion industry relies mass market sales mass market caters wide range customers producing ready wear garments using trends set famous names fashion often wait around season make sure style


lowest percent earned less highest percent earned median annual earnings apparel piece goods notions industry employing largest numbers fashion designers fashion designer 's median annual salary high end designers earn around people counted fashion designers united states world fashion industry garment district new york fashion today global industry major countries fashion industry seven countries established international reputation


fashion france italy united kingdom united states japan germany belgium big four fashion capitals fashion industry paris milan new york city london paris often considered world 's fashion capital united states fashion show fashion designing college us fashion houses united states based new york city high concentration centered garment district neighborhood us west coast also significant number fashion houses los angeles substantial percentage high fashion clothing manufactured


united states actually made beverly hills particularly rodeo drive globally renowned fashion design prestigious shopping burgeoning industries miami chicago dallas especially san francisco developed well semi annual event held every february september new york fashion week oldest four major fashion weeks held throughout world parsons new school design located greenwich village neighborhood lower manhattan new york city considered one top fashion schools world numerous fashion magazines published united


states distributed global readership examples include vogue harper bazaar cosmopolitan american fashion design highly diverse reflecting enormous ethnic diversity population largely dominated clean cut urban hip aesthetic often favors casual style reflecting athletic health conscious lifestyles suburban urban middle classes famous american brands designers include calvin klein ralph lauren coach nike vans marc jacobs tommy hilfiger dkny tom ford caswell massey michael kors levi strauss co est e lauder revlon kate spade alexander wang vera wang victoria secret tiffany co converse oscar


de la renta john varvatos anna sui prabal gurung bill blass halston carhartt brooks brothers stuart weitzman diane von furstenberg j crew american eagle outfitters steve madden abercrombie fitch juicy couture thom browne guess supreme timberland company belgium late early belgian fashion designers brought new fashion image mixed east west brought highly individualised personal vision fashion well known belgian designers antwerp six ann demeulemeester dries van noten dirk bikkembergs dirk van saene walter van beirendonck marina yee well maison martin margiela


raf simons kris van assche bruno pieters anthony vaccarello united kingdom london long capital united kingdom fashion industry wide range foreign designs integrated modern british styles typical british design smart innovative yet recently become unconventional fusing traditional styles modern techniques vintage styles play important role british fashion styling industry stylists regularly 'mix match' old new gives british style unique bohemian aesthetic many fashion capitals try imitate


irish fashion design styling also heavily influenced fashion trends britain well known british designers thomas burberry alfred dunhill paul smith vivienne westwood stella mccartney john galliano john richmond alexander mcqueen matthew williamson gareth pugh hussein chalayan france chanel haute couture fall winter fashion show french fashion houses paris capital french fashion traditionally french fashion chic stylish defined sophistication cut smart accessories french fashion internationally acclaimed spain madrid barcelona main fashion cities spain spanish fashion often


conservative traditional also 'timeless' fashion cultures spaniards known take great risks dressing ref name gq ref nonetheless many fashion brands designers coming spain notable luxury houses loewe balenciaga famous designers include manolo blahnik elio berhanyer crist bal balenciaga paco rabanne adolfo dom nguez manuel pertegaz jes del pozo felipe varela agatha ruiz de la prada spain also home large fashion brands zara massimo dutti bershka pull bear mango desigual pepe jeans camper germany berlin centre fashion germany prominently displayed


berlin fashion week sseldorf holds europe 's largest fashion trade fairs ''igedo'' important centres scene munich hamburg cologne german fashion famed elegant lines well unconventional young designs great variety styles italy red carpet fashion italian actors gabriel garko laura torrisi wearing designer formal wear venice film festival milan italy 's fashion capital older italian couturiers rome however milan florence italian fashion capitals exhibition venue collections italian fashion features


casual glamorous elegance italy mailan fashion week takes places twices week february september milan fashion week puts fashion spotlight celebrates heart milan fashion lovers buyers media japan japanese fashion houses tokyo japanese look loose unstructured often resulting complicated cutting colours tend sombre subtle richly textured fabrics famous japanese designers include kenzo takada issey miyake yohji yamamoto rei kawakubo china hong kong clothing brand shanghai tang 's design concept inspired chinese clothing set


rejuvenate chinese fashion modern twist st century usage bright colours soviet union fashion soviet union largely followed general trends western world however state 's socialist ideology consistently moderated influenced trends addition shortages consumer goods meant general public ready access pre made fashion switzerland swiss fashion houses z rich swiss look casual elegant luxurious slight touch quirkiness additionally greatly influenced


dance club scene mexico development mexican indigenous dress fabrication determined materials resources available specific regions impacting fabric shape construction people 's clothing textiles created plant fibers including cotton agave class status differentiated fabric worn mexican dress influenced geometric shapes create silhouettes huipil blouse characterized loose sleeveless tunic made two three joined webs cloth sewn lengthwise important historical garment often seen today spanish conquest


el mundo ilustrado circulated mexico became significant movement informed large cities mexico city european fashions encouraged founding department stores changing existent pace fashion access european fashion dress high social status relied adopting elements distinguish rest juana catarina romero successful entrepreneur pioneer movement malaysia malaysia kuala lumpur major fashion production city malaysia fashion week fashion design terms fashion designer conceives garment combinations line


proportion color texture sewing pattern making skills beneficial pre requisite successful fashion design fashion designers formally trained apprenticed technical designer works design team factories overseas ensure correct garment construction appropriate fabric choices good fit technical designer fits garment samples fit model decides fit construction changes make mass producing garment pattern maker ''also referred pattern master or'' ''pattern cutter'' drafts shapes sizes garment 's pieces may done


formally trained apprentices school stylist co ordinates clothes jewelry accessories used fashion photography catwalk presentations stylist may also work individual client design coordinated wardrobe garments many stylists trained fashion design history fashion historical costume high level expertise current fashion market future market trends however simply strong aesthetic sense pulling great looks together fashion buyer selects buys mix clothing available retail shops department stores chain stores


fashion buyers trained business fashion studies seamstress sews ready wear mass produced clothing hand sewing machine either garment shop sewing machine operator factory may skills make design cut garments fit model dressmaker specializes custom made women 's clothes day cocktail evening dresses business clothes suits trousseaus sports clothes lingerie fashion forecaster predicts colours styles shapes popular trend garments sale


stores model wears displays clothes fashion shows photographs fit model aids fashion designer wearing commenting fit clothes design pre manufacture fit models need particular size purpose fashion journalist writes fashion articles describing garments presented fashion trends magazines newspapers see also fashion fashion accessory fashion design copyright haute couture history fashion design history western fashion list fashion designers list fashion education programs list fashion topics runway fashion sustainable fashion textile design


western dress codes references bibliography breward christopher ''the culture fashion new history fashionable dress'' manchester manchester university press hollander anne ''seeing clothes'' berkeley university california press hollander anne ''sex suits evolution modern dress'' new york knopf hollander anne ''feeding eye essays'' new york farrar straus giroux hollander anne ''fabric vision dress drapery painting'' london national gallery kawamura yuniya ''fashion ology introduction fashion studies'' oxford new york berg lipovetsky gilles translated catherine porter ''the empire fashion dressing modern


democracy'' woodstock princeton university press mcdermott kathleen ''style fashion invented kings belongs us illustrated history '' many hand drawn color illustrations extensive annotated bibliography reading guide mckay rosenberg dawn fashion designer job description salary skills retrieved may nowiki https wwwthebalancecareerscom fashion designer nowiki perrot philippe translated richard bienvenu ''fashioning bourgeoisie history clothing nineteenth century'' princeton nj princeton university press steele valerie ''paris fashion cultural history'' ed rev updated oxford berg steele valerie ''fifty years fashion new


look now'' new yale university press steele valerie ''encyclopedia clothing fashion'' detroit thomson gale strijbos bram may news milan fashion week fashionunited retrieved may nowiki https fashionweekwebcom milan fashion week nowiki sterlacci francesca nd fashion designer retrieved may nowiki https fashion historylovetoknowcom fashion clothing industry fashion designer nowiki design occupations arts occupations


'''''sport management''''' field business dealing sports recreation sports management involves combination skills correspond planning organizing directing controlling budgeting leading evaluating organization business within sports field sport management strictly teaches individual`s properly lead organization within sports industry ratio sports management jobs applicants competition super intense top tier employment within sports industry sports management programs often develop valuable hard soft skills students equip future careers sports management

Human physical performance and recreation


long sports formal academic discipline recognized unique area research study recent history england birthplace modern sport sports management however james mason first funder sports management developed first sport management programs united states ohio university year years alter different universities starting brand james mason creation knowledge north american society sport management formed academic year next journal


sport management first published address sport management context management theory practice goal journal go depth sectors used population today focused specifically sport exercise dance play however today sports management evolved enormously due technology knowledge obtain shifts sports industry impacting athletes team owners fans society today key factor fact technology advances training coaching introduces new methods performance enhancement fields bachelor 's master 's


degrees sport management offered many colleges universities master business administration shows commitment excellence ongoing pursuit knowledge mastery field master science sports management prepares career levels management including recreational juvenile interscholastic amateur collegiate professional master science sports medicine much focuses health care issues athletes including prevention assessment management rehabilitation injuries number classes outside sport management may relevant field including classes management marketing business


administration economics accounting work experiences internships relates managing type sport organization sports management degree position students become elite agents team marketing directors athletic department supervisors coaches fitness center supervisors team managers allow take sports industry sports management jobs joining professional organization open lot doors students looking expand networks america jobs sport management include working professional programs like nfl nba mlb nhl mls professional non professional sport leagues terms


marketing health promotions sports management jobs consist variety options include following athletic coach athlete development specialist athletic director business development coordinator contract administrator contract negotiation manager event coordinator facilities manager financial analyst fitness manager fraud manager marketing consultant marketing coordinator operations manager public relations manager sales coordinator sport agent sport lawyer references reading drayer joris stephen l shapiro seoki lee dynamic ticket pricing sport agenda research practice sport marketing quarterly barr lisa hums carol masteralexis mary principles practice sport management th edition management


'''police science''' study research deals police work studies research criminology forensic science psychiatry psychology jurisprudence community policing criminal justice correctional administration penology come umbrella term 'police science' thus includes physical social sciences scope united kingdom uk developed police national computer sophisticated intelligence tool holds extensive data criminals vehicles property accessible matter seconds terminals across country pito reports national fingerprint dna database developed containing million dna

Applied science
Public administration
Police science


profiles providing police average matches month matches police use wide range technologies curb road traffic offences like speeding drunk driving including breathalyser devices bus lane enforcement cameras immobilisation devices light signals devices speed measuring devices '''bangladesh''' department criminology police science cps launched mawlana bhashani science technology university see also crime science ''polizeiwissenschaft'' references external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwhomeofficegovuk documents policest part pdfview binary uk moots year strategy pdf law enforcement theory


'''consumer economics''' branch economics broad field principally concerned microeconomic analysis behavior units consumers families individuals contrast traditional economics primarily government business units sometimes also encompasses family financial planning policy analysis term largely describes commonly called home economics past history traditional economists little interest analyzing family units economic theory insufficient explain phenomenon women starting enter labor force ''en masse'' consumer economics gained attention received important

Social science
Economics
Consumer economics


contributions economic theorists major theoretical cornerstones include gary becker 's household production model time allocation models stigler 's information search theory consumer economics concludes family unit economists strongly influenced recent consumer era modern consumer movement connection consumer economics consumer related politics overt although strength connection varies universities individuals many facets consumer economics measured regularly federal reserve system bureau economic analysis available public number indicators published regularly


academic sources personal income total household debt consumer leverage ratio effect consumer economics economy another field study economics called consumer economy term known hazlitt 's economics one lesson see also consumer leverage ratio family consumer science references bryant k zick c economic organization household cambridge university press http wwwfcsugaedu hace indexhtml department housing consumer economics university georgia family economics


'''user experience ux design''' uxd ued xd process creating evidence based interaction designs human users products websites design decisions ux design driven research data analysis test results rather aesthetic preferences opinions unlike user interface design focuses solely design computer interface ux design encompasses aspects user 's perceived experience product website usability usefulness desirability brand perception overall performance ux design also element customer experience cx encompasses aspects

Applied science
Architecture and design
User experience design


stages customer 's experience interaction company history field user experience design conceptual design discipline roots human factors ergonomics field since late focused interaction human users machines contextual environments design systems address user 's experience proliferation workplace computers early user experience started become positive insight designers donald norman professor researcher design usability cognitive science coined term user experience brought


wider audience ref debate occurring experience design community regarding focus provoked part design scholar practitioner norman norman claims designers describe people customers consumers users designers risk diminishing ability good design elements research user experience design draws design approaches like human computer interaction user centered design includes elements similar disciplines like interaction design visual design information architecture user research others second part research understanding end user purpose application though might


symbols convey message audience fundamentals gestalt psychology visual perception give cognitive perspective create effective visual communication information architecture information architecture art science structuring organizing information products services support usability findability context information architecture information separate knowledge data lies nebulously information objects objects range websites software applications images et al also concerned metadata terms used describe represent content


objects documents people process organizations information architecture also encompasses pages navigation structured interaction design well recognized component interaction design essential part user experience ux design centering interaction users products goal interaction design create product produces efficient delightful end user experience enabling users achieve objectives best way possible current high emphasis user centered design strong focus enhancing user experience made interaction designers critical conceptualizing


products match user expectations meet standards latest ui patterns components last years role interaction designer shifted focused specifying ui components communicating engineers situation designers freedom design contextual interfaces based helping meet user 's needs therefore user experience design evolved multidisciplinary design branch involves multiple technical aspects motion graphics design animation programming usability usability extent product used specified


users achieve specified goals effectiveness efficiency satisfaction specified context use usability attached tools used humans extended digital non digital devices thus subset user experience wholly contained section usability intersects user experience design related humans' ability use system application good usability essential positive user experience alone guarantee accessibility accessibility system describes ease reach use understanding terms user experience design


also related overall comprehensibility information features helps shorten learning curve associated system accessibility many contexts related ease use people disabilities comes usability addition accessible design concept services products facilities designers accommodate consider needs people disabilities according web content accessibility guidelines wcag content must follow four main principles pour perceivable operable understandable robust wcag compliance web


content accessibility guidelines wcag covers wide range recommendations making web content accessible makes web content usable users general making content usable readily accessible types users enhances user 's overall user experience human computer interaction human computer interaction concerned design evaluation implementation interactive computing systems human use study major phenomena surrounding getting ready design research designer uses modeling users environments user modeling personas composite archetypes based behavior


patterns uncovered research personas provide designers precise way thinking communicating groups users behave think want accomplish created personas help designer understand users' goals specific contexts particularly useful ideation validating design concepts types models include workflow models artifact models physical models design designer firm grasp user 's needs goals begin sketch interaction framework also known wireframes stage defines high level structure


screen layouts well product 's flow behavior organization many kinds materials involved iterative phase whiteboards paper prototypes interaction framework establishes overall structure product behavior parallel process focused visual industrial designs visual design framework defines experience attributes visual language visual style solid stable framework established wireframes translated sketched storyboards full resolution screens depict user interface pixel level point 's critical programming team


collaborate closely designer input necessary create finished design built remaining true concept test iterate usability testing carried giving users various tasks perform prototypes issues problems faced users collected field notes notes used make changes design reiterate testing phase aside monitoring issues questions asked users also noted order identify potential points confusion usability testing core


ux designers produce part job include wireframes prototypes user flow diagrams specification tech docs websites applications mockups presentations personas user profiles videos lesser degree reports documenting design decisions form annotated wireframes gives developer necessary information may need successfully code project follow project launch requires user testing usability testing b testing information architecture sitemaps user flows additional wireframing result test results fine tuning ux stakeholders user experience designer considered ux practitioner along


following job titles user experience researcher information architect interaction designer human factors engineer business analyst consultant creative director interaction architect usability specialist interaction designers interaction designers ixd responsible understanding specifying product behave work overlaps work visual industrial designers couple important ways designing physical products interaction designers must work industrial designers early specify requirements physical inputs understand behavioral impacts mechanisms behind interaction designers cross paths visual designers throughout project


good content according industry expectations next writing good content also crucial design good experiences around content ref name technical communicators must consider different platforms social media apps well different channels like web mobile ref name user interface designers user interface ui design process making interfaces software computerized devices focus looks style designers aim create designs users find easy use pleasurable ui design typically refers graphical user interfaces also includes


others voice controlled ones visual designers visual designer ensures visual representation design effectively communicates data hints expected behavior product time visual designer responsible conveying brand ideals product creating positive first impression responsibility shared industrial designer product involves hardware essence visual designer must aim maximum usability combined maximum desirability visual designer need good artistic skills must deliver theme


desirable manner user experience video games video games run user experience design tactics key success user experience improved gaming providing people higher picture resolution quality past original nintendo gaming systems blurry distorted graphics provide users clear screen graphical content users game developers wanted distorted image control platform new desires give gamers better user experience user interface creation new game


designing came addition imagery systems gave designers new usability options allowed players games explore around virtual map like mario bros new animation spark would light fire advancement graphical content come also resulted realistic real world oriented game imaging consoles released user interface graphics greatly increases consoles playstation xbox one latest next generation consoles portray realistic graphics results giving players


exciting user experience games include high level graphics ''grand theft auto v'' ''nba k '' ''madden nfl '' ''madden'' ''nba'' users play real life favorite sports players almost look exactly picture games even captures tattoos certain distinct facial features found videogame characters' real life version furthermore storyline enhancements resulted user interfaces video games gaining popular feedback fans contribute achievement game whole ref name autogenerated ref according robin burks playing video game involves interaction watching


leaves tough decision testing design usability testing common method used designers test designs basic idea behind conducting usability test check whether design product brand works well target users carrying usability testing two things tested whether design product successful successful improved designers testing testing design user also every design evolving designers carry


usability testing every stage design process see also action research activity centered design customer experience design thinking paper prototyping participatory design process centered design user experience evaluation references reading human computer interaction user interfaces design web design software development process


'''private defense agency''' '''pda''' theoretical enterprise would provide personal protection military defense services individuals would pay services pdas advocated anarcho capitalism way enforcing system private property pda distinguished private contractor employed state usually subsidized instead agencies would theory voluntarily financed primarily competing insurance security companies theory benjamin tucker gustave de molinari first explicitly proposed private defense agencies concept later advanced expanded upon anarcho capitalists

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Private defense agency


consider state illegitimate therefore believe defense something provided determined privately individuals firms competing free market mises institute published book essays entitled ''the myth national defense essays theory history security production'' murray rothbard ''for new liberty libertarian manifesto'' david friedman ''the machinery freedom'' expand substantially idea hold pda would part privatized system law police courts insurance companies arbitration agencies responsible


service leading wide customer base rather ability extract funds via force law customers markets would thus dictate pdas minimize offensive tendencies militarization favor pure defense anarcho capitalists believe privatization decentralization defense would eliminate credibility popular support state private firm offering individually determined defense pda provides model entirely private defense would work free market john frederic kosanke argues need large scale defense minimized direct inverse


proportion extent domestic control state believes since greater number proprietors makes surrender costly aggressor relatively authoritarian region vulnerability attack less likely furthermore believes since individuals minding business pose little threat neighboring regions official ideological justification neighbors attacking also proportionately diminished lack monopoly power hans hoppe believes contradiction beliefs philosophers economists reference national defense according argument generally


hold monopoly bad consumers shielded potential new entrants area production price product x higher quality lower otherwise yet says simultaneously hold security must undertaken government territorial monopoly law order ultimate decision maker enforcer hoppe holds two propositions clearly incompatible essay ''the production security'' molinari concluded ref tyler cowen argues allowing private defense agencies would necessarily prevent monopoly defense services


defense providers would concentrate comparatively lower cost defense security technology rather relatively costly offensive weaponry order maintain lower premiums service charges company 's offensive capabilities would also readily exposed aggressor 's competitors state subsidized militaries contrast granted distinct offensive advantage resulting proportionately greater tendency toward monopolization aggression abuses private defense agencies randall g holcombe argues firms might prey competitors' customers competing mafia groups show customers current protective firm job thus


induce switch protection firms action seems profit maximizing strategy hence protection firms prey noncustomers may survive holcombe states mafias offers protection fee also uses resources predation thus profit maximizing firms could expected employ dual roles protection predation peter leeson edward stringham rebut argument claiming unless firm overwhelmingly powerful prey could incur substantial costs risks attempting extract wealth force argue


potential even small state inflict losses larger state explains violent confrontations states less common individuals new york city 's central park words size group question matters since either case aggressor likely bring undesirable risks diminution resources ''the market liberty'' linda morris tannehill argue private defense agency would unlikely engage aggression would become target retaliatory force would


aggression employees leaders agency well could face personal civil liability involvement agency would shielded sovereign immunity high quality employees would presumably less willing involved organization also argue defense company would less likely abuse power impose tyranny noting could n't extract taxes government doesa market relationship free relationship customer n't like company 's service mistrusts goals free take business


elsewhere start competitive company without service provide himselfthe objection tyrant might take actually devastating argument government rothbard makes similar point arguing course private defense agencies become criminal people become criminal point stateless society would regular ''legalized'' channel crime aggression government apparatus control provides secure monopoly invasion person propertyto create instrument ' 'de novo''


difficult indeed almost impossible historically took state rulers centuries create functioning state apparatus alexander villacampa argued defense agency instead invading business decides invade worthwhile target gold warehouse left much complicated problem gold warehouse owned entrepreneur defense agency gold warehouse also owners hired respective defense agencies essence defense agency deal wrath warehouse owner


warehouse owner 's defense agency defense agencies owners gold warehouse ref name villacampa ref robert p murphy opines given privatization services anarcho capitalist society must consider environment law abiding majority would sorts mechanisms disposal beyond physical confrontation private judges ruled particular rogue agency private banks could freeze assets amount fines levied arbitrators addition private utility companies could shut electricity water agency headquarters


accordance standard provisions contracts argument customers able hire competing firm protect rogue defense agency critiqued jonathan bond 's essay ''the price private law'' argues two defense firms engaged truly local dispute remaining firms convinced either interests affected systemic destabilization result conflict continues costs intervening ending inter agency war could presumably bar third parties stepping crossfire bond


also argues firms may concerned risk alienating clients clientele may consist small number even one enormous multinational corporations bond argues pdas may reduce risk retaliation carrying anonymous sabotage terrorist attacks villacampa argues consumers large amounts wealth would likely pay private defense stating reason someone void valuable assets hire defense agency meant protect assets oneself involuntary government payment


demanded services regardless whether use argues alliance aggressor private defense agencies would likely unprofitable chances high mobilization mass army defense agencies cost individual gain gold land divided equally amongst region attacked large stashes valuable goods likely effective defense agencies stronger defense agencies valuable assets logical thus fight invading defense agencies inflict cost upon


rothbard 's solution simply say cares comes issue free riders points free riders commonplace aspects economy asking hypothetically critical one person benefits someone 's actionsin short taxed enjoying view neighbor 's well kept garden notes free riders past would living primitive society efforts ancestors free riders present


tend pay bulk defense costs since stand lose event attack would pass costs customers costs defense would spread among whole population landowner seeking establish community may sell lease land provisions written deed lease agreement requiring new owner tenant pay defense permanent basis technique already neighborhoods ensure residents pay private streets shared


common true homeowners today everyone would responsible buying otherwise covered aggression insurance order protect catastrophic loss foreign attack event invasion claim would filed right subrogation insurer would hire private defense company collect aggressor argument method funding aggression insurers n't pay defense would still benefit reduced risk attack customers area effect


becoming free riders could drive altruistic insurer business however private defense agency 's activity need limited defensive retaliatory measures funded insurer could also go aggressor effort obtain restitution including reasonable collection costs perhaps ransom capture enemy assets privateers th th centuries letters marque reprisal prisoners war also used shadow prices ransoms source income victorious forces represents another potential alternative taxation sometimes arguments


historical examples think forms private defense agencies medieval iceland th century interpretation althing icelandic commonwealth authors david friedman roderick long believe features anarcho capitalist society private defense agencies according david friedman medieval icelandic institutions several peculiar interesting characteristics might almost invented mad economist test lengths market systems could supplant government fundamental functions ref name friedman friedman david http wwwdaviddfriedmancom academic iceland icelandhtml private creation enforcement law


essentially private system ref name friedman american old west according research terry l anderson p j hill old west united states period similar anarcho capitalism private agencies provided necessary basis orderly society property protected conflicts resolved common popular perception old west chaotic little respect property rights incorrect since squatters claim western lands federal law extra legal organizations formed fill void


benson explains ref according anderson defining anarcho capitalist mean minimal government property rights developed bottom western frontier anarcho capitalistic people frontier invented institutions fit resource constraints faced see also insurance libertarianism united states mercenary panarchism pinkerton national detective agency polycentric law private governance private military company right libertarianism security guard references external links http wwwdaviddfriedmancom libertarian machinery freedom moff chapter html police courts law market chapter machinery freedom david friedman http wikiseasteadingorg indexphp las portadas las portadas underwriting arbitration government interface


'''foxhole''' may refer foxhole type defensive fighting position constructed military context foxholes hertford eastern suburb hertford foxholes north yorkshire village civil parish northern england foxhole cornwall village mid cornwall foxhole scotland hamlet scottish highlands foxhole band post rock band bowling green america ''foxhole'' video game sandbox massively multiplayer online game see also ''foxhole cairo'' british war film ''foxhole'' film american war film foxhole radio radio built gis world war ii foxhole heath

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Foxhole


area heathland near village eriswell suffolk ''dugout foxhole'' book written rick van blair ''the empty foxhole'' album american jazz saxophonist ornette coleman foxhole conversion aphorism used argue times extreme stress fear people believe hope higher power magic foxhole unpublished short story jd salinger


'''developmental systems theory''' '''dst''' overarching theoretical perspective biological development heredity evolution ref name cycles contingency ref emphasizes shared contributions genes environment epigenetic factors developmental processes dst unlike conventional scientific theories directly used help make predictions testing experimental results instead seen collection philosophical psychological scientific models development evolution whole models argue inadequacy modern evolutionary synthesis roles genes natural selection principal explanation living structures developmental systems theory embraces large

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems theory
Developmental systems theory


range positions expand biological explanations organismal development hold modern evolutionary theory misconception nature living processes overview versions developmental systems theory espouse view biological processes including evolution development operate continually assembling new structures structure transcends structures arose systematic characteristics information functions laws conversely structure ultimately irreducible lower higher level structure described explained terms furthermore major processes


vigorous resistance widespread assumptions one legitimately speak genes specific phenotypic characters adaptation consists evolution shaping less passive species opposed adaptation consisting organisms actively selecting defining shaping often creating niches ref name lewontin ref developmental systems theory topics six themes dst ref name cycles contingency joint determination multiple causes development product '''multiple interacting sources''' context sensitivity contingency development depends


'''current state''' organism extended inheritance organism inherits '' 'resources environment''' addition ''genes'' development process construction organism helps shape environment way beaver builds dam raise water level build lodge distributed control idea '''no single source influence central control''' organism 's development evolution construction evolution


'''entire developmental system''' including whole ecosystems given organisms parts changes particular population computing metaphor adopt computing metaphor reductionists developmental systems theory opposes assume causal factors divided processes data harvard computer architecture data inputs resources content required processes must often fall within certain limits process question normal outcome however data alone helpless create outcome process


may satisfied considerable range alternative data developmental systems theory contrast assumes process data distinction best misleading worst completely false may helpful specific pragmatic theoretical reasons treat structure process datum always risk reductionists routinely succumb methodological convenience promoted ontological conclusion fact proponents dst either structures process data depending context even radically


structure either fundamental asymmetry reductionists fundamental asymmetry different causal factors whereas dst asymmetries justified specific purposes argue many generally unspoken purposes generally exaggerated asymmetries put scientifically illegitimate thus developmental systems theory many widely applied asymmetric entirely legitimate distinctions biologists draw say genetic factors create potential environmental factors select outcomes genetic factors determination environmental factors realisation obtain legitimacy conceptual clarity


specificity applied tapped profound irreducible ontological truth biological causation one problem might solved reversing direction causation correctly identified another parity treatment especially important comparing evolutionary developmental explanations one character organism dst approach one upshot approach developmental systems theory also argues inherited generation generation good deal simply genes even items fertilised zygote


also sometimes conceded result much conceptual framework justifies selfish gene models regarded developmental systems theory merely weak actually false major elements environment built inherited materially gene active modifications environment organism example termite mound beaver dam demonstrably become major environmental factors future adaptation addressed thus termites begun build monumental nests demands living nests future generations


termite must adapt inheritance may take many forms operate many scales multiplicity systems inheritance complementing genes position maternal effects gene expression epigenetic inheritance active construction intergenerational transmission enduring niches ref name lewontin development systems theory argues inheritance evolution whole understood taking account far wider range reproducers inheritance systems genetic epigenetic behavioural symbolic neo darwinism atomic genes gene like replicators dst regards every level biological


structure susceptible influence structures surrounded direction proposition throws question popular professional biology central celebrated claims least central dogma mendelian genetics direct determination phenotype genotype notion aspect biological psychological higher form activity experience capable direct exhaustive genetic evolutionary explanation developmental systems theory plainly radically incompatible neo darwinism information processing theory whereas


neo darwinism defines evolution terms changes gene distribution possibility evolutionarily significant change may arise sustained without directly corresponding change gene frequencies elementary assumption developmental systems theory neo darwinism explanation phenomena terms reproductive fitness regarded fundamentally shallow even widespread mechanistic equation gene specific dna sequence thrown question analogous interpretations evolution adaptation ref name levins lewontin levins lewontin ref likewise wholly generic functional anti developmental models offered information processing theory


comprehensively challenged dst evidence nothing explained without explicit structural developmental analysis appropriate levels result qualifies information depends wholly content context information arises within translated applied criticism philosopher neven sesardi dismissive developmental systems theory argues proponents forget role levels interaction ultimately empirical issue cannot settled ''a priori'' speculation sesardi observes emergence lung cancer highly


complicated process involving combined action many factors interactions unreasonable believe smoking effect developing lung cancer therefore though developmental processes highly interactive context dependent extremely complex incorrect conclude main effects heredity environment unlikely found messiness sesardi argues idea changing effect one factor always depends happening factors empirical claim well false one example bacterium bacillus thuringiensis produces protein toxic


caterpillars genes bacterium placed plants vulnerable caterpillars insects proceed die eat part plant consume toxic protein thus developmental approaches must assessed case case basis sesardi 's view dst offer much posed general terms hereditarian psychologist linda gottfredson differentiates fallacy called interactionism technical use ''gene environment interaction'' denote non additive environmental effect conditioned upon genotype interactionism 's generalization cannot render attempts identify genetic environmental contributions meaningless behavioural


genetics attempts determine portions ''variation'' accounted genetics environmental developmentalistics like dst attempt determine ''typical'' course human development erroneously conclude common theme readily changed another sesardi argument counters another dst claim impossibility determining contribution trait influence genetic vs environment necessarily follows trait cannot causally attributed environment genes environment inseparable dst yet dst critical genetic heritability advocates developmentalist research environmental effects logical inconsistency barnes et al made similar criticisms observing innate human capacity language deeply


genetic determine specific language spoken contextually environmental effect principle possible separate effects genes environment similarly steven pinker argues genes environment could n't actually separated speakers deterministic genetic disposition learn specific native language upon exposure though seemingly consistent idea gene environment interaction pinker argues nonetheless absurd position since empirical evidence shows ancestry effect language acquisition environmental effects often separable genetic ones related theories developmental systems theory narrowly defined


nc duke university press edelman gm ''neural darwinism theory neuronal group selection'' new york basic books edelman gm tononi g ''consciousness mind becomes imagination'' london penguin goodwin bc ''how leopard changed spots'' london orion goodwin bc saunders p ''theoretical biology epigenetic evolutionary order complex systems'' baltimore johns hopkins university press jablonka e lamb mj ''epigenetic inheritance evolution lamarckian dimension'' london oxford university press kauffman sa ''the origins order self organization selection evolution'' oxford oxford university press levins r lewontin


r ''the dialectical biologist'' london harvard university press neumann held em gene dead long live gene conceptualizing genes constructionist way p koslowski ed sociobiology bioeconomics theory evolution economic biological thinking pp nbsp berlin springer waddington ch ''the strategy genes'' london allen unwin reading depew dj weber bh ''darwinism evolving system dynamics genealogy natural selection'' cambridge massachusetts mit press eigen ''steps towards life'' oxford oxford university press gray rd selfish genes developmental systems singh rs krimbas


cb paul db beatty j ''thinking evolution historical philosophical political perspectives'' cambridge university press cambridge koestler smythies jr ''beyond reductionism'' london hutchinson lehrman ds critique konrad lorenz theory instinctive behaviour ''quarterly review biology'' thelen e smith lb ''a dynamic systems approach development cognition action'' cambridge massachusetts mit press external links william bechtel http mechanismucsdedu bill teaching philbiology developmentalsystemstheorypdf developmental systems theory beyond presentation winter biological systems systems theory evolutionary biology


'''central asian studies''' discipline studying culture history languages central asia roots central asian studies social science discipline goes th century anglo russian great game th century central asia became subject systematical information collection organization thanks numerous travels made british russian agents soldiers scholars region british royal geographical society russian geographical society published dozens travel books region contemporary central asian studies developed pioneers nicholas poppe denis sinor ilse laude cirtautas

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Central Asian studies


alexandre bennigsen edward allworth yuri bregel hasan bulent paksoy among others several american research universities programs central asia mongolian altaic studies program within far eastern russian institute university washington uw established poppe 's direction became early prototype central asian studies central asian studies program later formed cirtautas uw department central eurasian studies indiana university leading research teaching programs many scholars involved central asia studies belong central eurasian studies society


published central asian research centre association st antony 's college oxford university editor geoffrey wheeler wheeler left central asian research center following year central asian review incorporated journal ''mizan'' published center ref name opc ref ref name myer myer ''islam colonialism western perspective soviet asia'' london routledgecurzon p ref ''central asian survey'' began publication united kingdom continues publish day ''journal central inner asian dialogue'' jciad along supplementary newsletter


asian society'' title changed ''asian affairs'' focus contents shifted central asia south asia east asia see also history central asia geopolitics central asia history east asia indo aryan migration hypothesis turkic migration references https webarchiveorg web http wwweumednet entelequia pdf b pdf tengri mars http atonttuedu central asian literature texas tech university http centralasiagroupcamacuk cambridge central asia programme jesus college university cambridge asian studies


'''complexity economics''' application complexity science problems economics sees economy system equilibrium one motion perpetually constructing anew ref name beinhocker beinhocker eric origin wealth evolution complexity radical remaking economics boston massachusetts harvard business school press ref uses computational mathematical analysis explore economic structure formed reformed continuous interaction adaptive behavior 'agents' economy models nearly archetypal example artificial stock market model created santa

Social science
Economics
Complexity economics


fe institute ref name rosser model shows two different outcomes one agents search much predictors convergence homogeneous rational expectations outcome another kinds technical trading strategies appearing remaining periods bubbles crashes occurring ref name rosser another area studied prisoner 's dilemma network agents play amongst nearest neighbors network agents make mistakes time time evolve strategies ref name rosser models results show system displays pattern constantly


changing distributions strategies ref name rosser generally complexity economics models often used study non intuitive results macro level system emerge simple interactions micro level avoids assumptions representative agent method attributes outcomes collective systems simple sum rational actions individuals measures economic complexity index mit physicist c sar hidalgo harvard economist ricardo hausmann introduced spectral method measure complexity country 's economy inferring structure network connecting countries


products export measure combines information country 's diversity positively correlated country 's productive knowledge measures product ubiquity number countries produce export product ref name hidalgohausmannpnas ref ref name complexityatlas ref concept known product space developed mit 's observatory economic complexity atlas economic complexity ref name complexityatlas relevance economic complexity index eci introduced hidalgo hausmann ref name hidalgohausmannpnas ref name complexityatlas highly predictive future gdp per capita growth hausmann hidalgo et al ref name complexityatlas


complexity product must bounded producers slowest fitness broad pareto like distribution metrics iteration method refines information change meaning iterated variables shrink information metrics country fitness product complexity used report ref name fitnessmtricsbcg ref boston consulting group sweden growth development perspectives features brian arthur steven n durlauf david lane describe several features complex systems argue deserve greater attention economics '''dispersed interaction''' economy interaction


complexity economics '''cross cutting hierarchical organization''' economy many levels organization interaction units given level behaviors actions strategies products typically serve building blocks constructing units next higher level overall organization hierarchical many sorts tangling interactions associations channels communication across levels '''ongoing adaptation''' behaviors actions strategies products revised frequently individual agents accumulate experience '''novelty niches''' niches associated new markets new technologies new behaviors new institutions act filling niche may provide new niches


result ongoing novelty '''out equilibrium dynamics''' new niches new potentials new possibilities continually created economy functions without attaining optimum global equilibrium improvements occur regularly contemporary trends economics complexity economics complex relation previous work economics sciences contemporary economics complexity theoretic thinking understand economic problems present since inception academic disciplines research shown two separate micro events completely isolated ref name afc na albert l szl barab si unfolding science behind idea six degrees separation ref relationship forms macroeconomic


non technical introduction complexity economics comparison economic theories applied markets organizations applications theory complex dynamic systems applied diverse fields economics decision sciences applications include capital theory ref name rosser ref ref name ahmad ahmad syed ''capital economic theory neo classical cambridge chaos'' brookfield edward elgar ref game theory ref name sato ref dynamics opinions among agents composed multiple selves ref name krause krause ulrich collective dynamics faustian agents ''economic theory economic thought essays honour ian steedman'' ed john vint et al routledge ref macroeconomics ref name flaschel ref


voting theory methods symbolic dynamics applied donald g saari ref name saari saari donald g ''chaotic elections mathematician looks voting'' american mathematical society ref complexity economics attracted attention historians economics ref name bausor bausor randall qualitative dynamics economics fluid mechanics comparison recent applications ''natural images economic thought markets read tooth claw'' ed philip mirowski cambridge cambridge university press ref ben ramalingam 's aid edge chaos includes numerous applications complexity economics relevant foreign aid testing literature usually chaotic


models proposed calibrated real data tested however attempts made recently fill gap instance chaos could found economics means recurrence quantification analysis fact orlando et al means called recurrence quantification correlation index able detect hidden changes time series technique employed detect transitions laminar ie regular turbulent ie chaotic phases well differences macroeconomic variables highlight hidden features economic dynamics finally chaos could help modeling economy


describe ref ref name col b modern economics involves broader world view far eclectic neoclassical terminology allows ref diverse ref name chr view interesting story economics past decades increasing variance acceptable views ref ref name chr b work edge ideas previously considered central economics modified broadened process changing nature economics ref ref name chr c certain members existing elite become open new ideas openness allows new ideas expand develop integrate profession alternative channels


allow mainstream expand evolve include wider range approaches understandings believe already occurring economics ref pluralistic ref name dav despite increasing pluralism mainstream nbsp economics research nbsp frontier ref state contemporary mainstream economics moving away strict adherence holy trinity rationality selfishness equilibrium citing complexity economics along recursive economics dynamical systems contributions trends ref name chr ref classify complexity economics mainstream non orthodox ref name chr e second santa fe conference saw different outcome atmosphere first


longer mainstream economists defensively adhering general equilibrium orthodoxy mainstream accepted many methods approaches associated complexity approach distinguish orthodox mainstream economics ref ref name dav b ref criticism publications ''scientific american'' journalist john horgan ridiculed movement fourth ''c'' among failed fads complexity chaos catastrophe cybernetics ref name rosser horgan wrote approach created potent metaphors butterfly effect fractals artificial life edge chaos self organized criticality told


us anything world concrete truly surprising either negative positive sense ref name rosser ref rosser granted horgan hard identify concrete surprising discovery rather mere metaphor arisen due emergence complexity analysis discussion journal american economic association ''journal economic perspectives'' ref name rosser surveying economic studies based complexity science rosser wrote findings rather surprising confirmed already observed facts ref name rosser rosser wrote little work empirical techniques testing


dispersed nbsp agent complexity nbsp models ref name rosser nonetheless rosser wrote strain common perspective accumulating four c 's cybernetics catastrophe chaos complexity emerged may reaching critical mass terms influencing thinking economists broadly ref name rosser see also agent based computational economics econophysics list countries economic complexity complexity theory organizations notes references springerlink series dynamic modeling econometrics economics finance year volume url https linkspringercom book editorsandaffiliations language en gb doi isbn goodwin richard ''chaotic economic dynamics'' oxford clarendon press rosser j barkley jr ''from catastrophe chaos general theory


economic discontinuities'' boston dordrecht kluwer academic benhabib jess editor ''cycles chaos economic equilibrium'' princeton university press waldrop mitchell ''complexity emerging science edge order chaos'' new york touchstone saari donald complexity simple economics ''notices ams'' v n feb ormerod paul ''butterfly economics new general theory social economic behavior'' new york pantheon sytse douma hein schreuder ''economic approaches organizations'' th edition harlow pearson external links http wwwsantafeedu santa fe institute center complexity science https webarchiveorg web http wwwsantafeedu research publications workingpapers pdf policymakers


telecommunications engineer working maintain london 's phone service world war '''telecommunications engineering''' engineering discipline centered electrical computer engineering seeks support enhance telecommunication systems work ranges basic circuit design strategic mass developments telecommunication engineer responsible designing overseeing installation telecommunications equipment facilities complex electronic switching systems plain old telephone service facilities optical fiber cabling ip networks microwave transmission systems telecommunications engineering also overlaps broadcast engineering telecommunication diverse field engineering connected

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Electrical Engineering
Telecommunications engineering


electronic civil systems engineering ultimately telecom engineers responsible providing high speed data transmission services use variety equipment transport media design telecom network infrastructure common media used wired telecommunications today twisted pair coaxial cables optical fibers telecommunications engineers also provide solutions revolving around wireless modes communication information transfer wireless telephony services radio satellite communications internet wi fi broadband technologies history telecommunication systems generally designed telecommunication engineers sprang technological improvements telegraph industry late th century


radio telephone industries early th century today telecommunication widespread devices assist process television radio telephone common many parts world also many networks connect devices including computer networks public switched telephone network pstn radio networks television networks computer communication across internet one many examples telecommunication telecommunication plays vital role world economy telecommunication industry 's revenue placed gross world product telegraph telephone


alexander graham bell 's big box telephone one first commercially available telephones national museum american history samuel morse independently developed version electrical telegraph unsuccessfully demonstrated september soon joined alfred vail developed register mdash telegraph terminal integrated logging device recording messages paper tape demonstrated successfully three miles five kilometres january eventually forty miles sixty four kilometres washington dc baltimore may patented invention proved lucrative


telegraph lines united states spanned miles kilometres first successful transatlantic telegraph cable completed july allowing transatlantic telecommunication first time earlier transatlantic cables installed operated days weeks failed international use telegraph sometimes dubbed victorian internet first commercial telephone services set sides atlantic cities new london alexander graham bell held master patent


telephone needed services countries technology grew quickly point inter city lines built telephone exchanges every major city united states mid despite transatlantic voice communication remained impossible customers january connection established using radio however cable connection existed tat inaugurated september providing telephone circuits bell co inventor charles sumner tainter conducted world 's first wireless telephone call via modulated lightbeams projected photophones scientific principles


invention would utilized several decades first deployed military fiber optic communications radio television marconi crystal radio receiver several years starting italian inventor guglielmo marconi built first complete commercially successful wireless telegraphy system based airborne electromagnetic waves radio transmission december would go established wireless communication britain newfoundland earning nobel prize physics shared karl braun reginald fessenden able wirelessly transmit human voice march


scottish inventor john logie baird publicly demonstrated transmission moving silhouette pictures london department store selfridges october baird successful obtaining moving pictures halftone shades accounts first true television pictures ref name baird television website http wwwbairdtelevisioncom baird television website ref led public demonstration improved device january selfridges baird 's first devices relied upon nipkow disk thus became known mechanical television formed basis semi experimental broadcasts done british broadcasting corporation beginning september


satellite first us satellite relay communications project score used tape recorder store forward voice messages used send christmas greeting world us president dwight eisenhower nasa launched echo satellite aluminized pet film balloon served passive reflector radio communications courier b built philco also launched world 's first active repeater satellite satellites days used many applications uses gps television internet telephone


uses telstar first active direct relay commercial communications satellite belonging part multi national agreement bell telephone laboratories nasa british general post office french national ptt post office develop satellite communications launched nasa cape canaveral july first privately sponsored space launch relay launched december became first satellite broadcast across pacific november ref name nasa sp ref first historically important application communication satellites intercontinental long distance telephony


nonexistent example antarctica plus large regions australia south america africa northern canada china russia greenland commercial long distance telephone service established via communication satellites host commercial telecommunications also adapted similar satellites starting including mobile satellite phones satellite radio satellite television satellite internet access earliest adaption services occurred pricing commercial satellite transponder channels continued drop significantly computer networks internet symbolic representation arpanet september september george


stibitz able transmit problems using teleprinter complex number calculator new york receive computed results back dartmouth college new hampshire configuration centralized computer mainframe computer remote dumb terminals remained popular throughout however researchers started investigate packet switching technology allows chunks data sent different computers without first passing centralized mainframe four node network emerged december network soon became arpanet


would consist nodes arpanet 's development centered around request comment process april rfc published process important arpanet would eventually merge networks form internet many communication protocols internet relies upon today specified request comment process september rfc introduced internet protocol version ipv rfc introduced transmission control protocol tcp thus creating tcp ip protocol much internet relies upon today optical fiber optical fiber


successfully developed corning glass works attenuation low enough communication purposes db km time gaas gallium arsenide semiconductor lasers developed compact therefore suitable transmitting light fiber optic cables long distances period research starting first commercial fiber optic communications system developed operated wavelength around nbsp used gaas semiconductor lasers first generation system operated bit rate nbsp mbps repeater spacing nbsp km soon april general telephone electronics sent


first live telephone traffic fiber optics mbit throughput long beach california first wide area network fibre optic cable system world seems installed rediffusion hastings east sussex uk cables placed ducting throughout town subscribers used time transmission television channels available local reception problems first transatlantic telephone cable use optical fiber tat based desurvire optimized laser amplification technology went operation


using relatively low amounts power another example physical medium optical fiber emerged commonly used transmission medium long distance communications optical fiber thin strand glass guides light along length absence material medium vacuum may also constitute transmission medium electromagnetic waves light radio waves receiver receiver information sink receives converts signal back required information radio communications radio receiver electronic device receives radio waves converts information carried


usable form used antenna information produced receiver may form sound audio signal images video signal digital data wireless communication tower cell site wired communication wired communications make use underground communications cables less often overhead lines electronic signal amplifiers repeaters inserted connecting cables specified points terminal apparatus various types depending type wired communications used wireless communication wireless communication involves transmission information distance without help wires cables forms electrical


conductors wireless operations permit services long range communications impossible impractical implement use wires term commonly used telecommunications industry refer telecommunications systems eg radio transmitters receivers remote controls etc use form energy eg radio waves acoustic energy etc transfer information without use wires ref name fs c ref information transferred manner short long distances roles telecom equipment engineer telecom equipment engineer electronics engineer designs equipment routers switches multiplexers specialized computer electronics


equipment designed used telecommunication network infrastructure network engineer network engineer computer engineer charge designing deploying maintaining computer networks addition oversee network operations network operations center designs backbone infrastructure supervises interconnections data center central office engineer central office installation central office engineer responsible designing overseeing implementation telecommunications equipment central office co short also referred wire center telephone exchange co engineer responsible integrating new technology existing network


assigning equipment 's location wire center providing power clocking digital equipment alarm monitoring facilities new equipment co engineer also responsible providing power clocking alarm monitoring facilities currently enough available support new equipment installed finally co engineer responsible designing massive amounts cable distributed various equipment wiring frames throughout wire center overseeing installation turn new equipment sub roles structural engineers co engineers responsible


equipment placed wire center overall co engineers seen new challenges emerging co environment advent data centers internet protocol ip facilities cellular radio sites emerging technology equipment environments within telecommunication networks important consistent set established practices requirements implemented installation suppliers sub contractors expected provide requirements products features services services might associated installation new expanded equipment well removal existing equipment several factors must considered regulations


safety installation removal hazardous material commonly used tools perform installation removal equipment outside plant engineer engineers working cross connect box also known serving area interface outside plant osp engineers also often called field engineers frequently spend much time field taking notes civil environment aerial ground ground osp engineers responsible taking plant copper fiber etc wire center distribution point destination point directly distribution point design used cross connect box placed