civilization 's survival ceremony third dynasty ur sumerian city state lagash said sixty two lamentation priests accompanied vocalists instrumentalists cosmology sumerians envisioned universe closed dome surrounded primordial saltwater sea ref name firmament ref underneath terrestrial earth formed base dome existed underworld freshwater ocean called abzu deity dome shaped firmament named earth named ki first underground world believed extension goddess ki


wind rain storm ref name kramer enlil separated ki carried earth domain carried sky ref name kramer heaven ancient mesopotamians regarded sky series domes usually three sometimes seven covering flat earth ref name nemet ref dome made different kind precious stone ref name nemet lowest dome heaven made jasper home stars ref name lambert ref middle dome heaven made ' 'saggilmut'' stone abode igigi ref name lambert highest outermost dome


heaven made ''lulud n tu'' stone personified god sky ref name lambert celestial bodies equated specific deities well ref name nemet planet venus believed inanna goddess love sex war ref name black ref ref name nemet sun brother utu god justice ref name nemet moon father nanna ref name nemet ordinary mortals could go heaven abode gods alone ref name wright ref instead person died soul went kur later known irkalla dark shadowy


underworld located deep surface earth ref name wright ref name choksi ref afterlife ancient sumerian cylinder seal impression showing god dumuzid tortured underworld ''galla'' demons devotional scene temple sumerian afterlife dark dreary cavern located deep ground ref name choksi ref name barret ref inhabitants believed continue shadowy version life earth ref name choksi bleak domain known kur ref name black believed ruled goddess ereshkigal ref name choksi ref name nemet souls went afterlife ref name choksi person 's actions life effect


person would treated world come ref name choksi souls kur believed eat nothing dry dust ref name black family members deceased would ritually pour libations dead person 's grave clay pipe thereby allowing dead drink ref name black nonetheless assumptions according treasures wealthy graves intended offerings utu anunnaki deceased would receive special favors underworld ref name barret third dynasty ur believed person 's treatment


afterlife depended buried ref name black given sumptuous burials would treated well ref name black given poor burials would fare poorly believed haunt living ref name black entrance kur believed located zagros mountains far east ref name black seven gates soul needed pass ref name choksi god neti gatekeeper ref name nemet ref name black ereshkigal 's ' 'sukkal'' messenger god namtar ref name black ref name nemet ''galla'' class demons believed reside


underworld ref name black primary purpose appears drag unfortunate mortals back kur ref name black frequently referenced magical texts ref name black texts describe seven number ref name black several extant poems describe ''galla'' dragging god dumuzid underworld ref name black later mesopotamians knew underworld east semitic name irkalla akkadian period ereshkigal 's role ruler underworld assigned nergal god death ref name choksi ref name nemet akkadians attempted harmonize dual rulership underworld making nergal


co operative creative ordering middle third millennium bc sumerian society became urbanized ref name nemet result sumerian deities began lose original associations nature became patrons various cities ref name nemet sumerian city state specific patron deity ref name nemet believed protect city defend interests ref name nemet lists large numbers sumerian deities found order importance relationships deities examined study cuneiform tablets late bc sumerians


conquered akkadians ref name nemet akkadians syncretized gods sumerian ones ref name nemet causing sumerian religion take semitic coloration ref name nemet male deities became dominant ref name nemet gods completely lost original associations natural phenomena ref name nemet people began view gods living feudal society class structure ref name nemet powerful deities enki inanna became seen receiving power chief god enlil ref name nemet major deities akkadian cylinder seal sometime around bc thereabouts depicting deities inanna utu enki isimud ref name kramer


majority sumerian deities belonged classification called ''anunna'' offspring whereas seven deities including enlil inanna belonged group underworld judges known ''anunnaki'' offspring ki third dynasty ur sumerian pantheon said include sixty times sixty deities ref name nemet enlil god air wind storm ref name davidson ref also chief god sumerian pantheon ref name davidson patron deity city nippur ref name schneider ref primary consort ninlil goddess south wind


one matron deities nippur believed reside temple enlil ref name ninlil ref ninurta son enlil ninlil worshipped god war agriculture one sumerian wind gods patron deity girsu one patron deities lagash enki god freshwater male fertility knowledge ref name black important cult center e abzu temple city eridu ref name black patron creator humanity ref name black sponsor human culture ref name black


marriage inanna dumuzid priestesses ref name black accounts parentage vary ref name black myths usually presented daughter nanna ningal ref name wolkstein stories daughter enki along unknown mother ref name black sumerians myths deity ref name wolkstein ref name kramer ref many myths involving revolve around attempts usurp control deities' domains utu god sun whose primary center worship e babbar temple sippar ref name utu ref utu principally regarded


dispenser justice ref name nemet believed protect righteous punish wicked ref name nemet nanna god moon wisdom father utu one patron deities ur ref name nanna ref may also father inanna ereshkigal ningal wife nanna ref name ningal ref well mother utu inanna ereshkigal ereshkigal goddess sumerian underworld known kur ref name nemet inanna 's older sister later myth husband god nergal ref name nemet


systems mostly lost history sumerian deities developed akkadian counterparts remained virtually later babylonian assyrian rule sumerian god example developed akkadian counterpart anu sumerian god enki became ea gods ninurta enlil kept original sumerian names babylonians amorite babylonians gained dominance southern mesopotamia mid th century bc old babylonian period sumerian akkadian languages retained religious purposes majority sumerian mythological literature known historians today comes old babylonian period ref name etcsl either


form transcribed sumerian texts notably babylonian version ''epic gilgamesh'' form sumerian akkadian influences within babylonian mythological literature notably ''en eli '' sumerian akkadian pantheon altered notably introduction new supreme deity marduk sumerian goddess inanna also developed counterpart ishtar old babylonian period hurrians hurrians adopted akkadian god anu pantheon sometime later bc sumerian akkadian deities adapted hurrian pantheon include ayas hurrian counterpart ea shaushka hurrian


counterpart ishtar goddess ninlil ref name hurrians ref whose mythos drastically expanded babylonians parallels stories recorded older parts hebrew bible bear strong similarities stories sumerian mythology example biblical account noah great flood bears striking resemblance sumerian deluge myth recorded sumerian tablet discovered nippur ref name kramer ref judaic underworld sheol similar description sumerian kur ruled goddess ereshkigal well babylonian underworld irkalla sumerian scholar samuel noah kramer also noted


similarities many sumerian akkadian proverbs later hebrew proverbs many featured book proverbs ref name kramer ref genealogy sumerian deities ''see also list mesopotamian deities'' see also religions ancient near east ancient semitic religion babylonian religion mes mesopotamian mythology sumerian literature zuism references external links http oraccmuseumupennedu amgg ancient mesopotamian gods goddesses oracc transcription book https wwwthe ekurcom ekur sumerian reconstructionist ceremonial magick mesopotamian religion rd millennium bc religion archaeology iraq polytheism sumer


field also differs field animal communication also interprets signs communicative traditional sense camouflage mimicry courtship behavior etc field also studies cross species communication example humans animals see also biosemiotics phytosemiotics references reading sebeok thomas ''perspectives zoosemiotics'' janua linguarum series minor hague mouton de gruyter martinelli dario lehto otto eds special issue zoosemiotics ''sign systems studies'' esp g kaplan animals music cultural definitions sensory evidence k kleisner stella monsters met

Natural science
Biology
Zoology
Zoosemiotics


thomas sebeok biology building biosemiotics ''cybernetics human knowing'' martinelli dario ''zoosemiotics proposal handbook'' helsinki acta semiotica fennica imatra international semiotics institute imatra martinelli dario ''a critical companion zoosemiotics people paths ideas'' biosemiotics berlin springer schuler werner zoosemiose roland posner klaus robering thomas sebeok eds ''ein handbuch zu den zeichentheoretischen grundlagen von natur und kultur handbook signtheoretic foundations nature culture'' berlin new york walter de gruyter sebeok thomas ''essays zoosemiotics'' monograph


series tsc toronto toronto semiotic circle victoria college university toronto smith w john zoosemiotics ethology theory signs ''current trends linguistics'' turovski aleksei zoosemiotics health disease ''sign systems studies'' animal communication


ethnobotanist richard evans schultes work amazon '''ethnobotany''' study region 's plants practical uses traditional knowledge local culture people ethnobotanist thus strives document local customs involving practical uses local flora many aspects life plants medicines foods intoxicants clothing ref name eplantscience ref richard evans schultes often referred father ethnobotany explained discipline way blockquote ethnobotany simply means investigating plants used societies various parts world blockquote since

Natural science
Biology
Botany
Ethnobotany


time schultes field ethnobotany grown simply acquiring ethnobotanical knowledge applying modern society primarily form pharmaceuticals ref name ethnopharmacology ref intellectual property rights benefit sharing arrangements important issues ethnobotany ref name ethnopharmacology history native american healers ojibwa man idea ethnobotany first proposed early th century botanist john william harshberger ref name auto ref harshberger perform ethnobotanical research extensively including areas north africa mexico scandinavia pennsylvania ref name auto richard evans schultes began


trips amazon ethnobotany become well known science however practice ethnobotany thought much earlier origins first century ad greek physician name pedanius dioscorides wrote extensive botanical text detailing medical culinary properties mediterranean plants named de materia medica ref name eplantscience historians note dioscorides wrote traveling often throughout roman empire including regions greece crete egypt petra obtained substantial knowledge local plants useful properties european botanical


knowledge drastically expanded new world discovered due ethnobotany expansion knowledge primarily attributed substantial influx new plants americas including crops potatoes peanuts avocados tomatoes french explorer jacques cartier learned cure scurvy tea made needles coniferous tree likely spruce local iroquois tribe medieval renaissance medieval period ethnobotanical studies commonly found connected monasticism notable time hildegard von bingen however botanical knowledge kept gardens physic


gardens attached hospitals religious buildings thought practical use terms culinary medical purposes ethnographic element studied modern anthropologist might approach ethnobotany today age reason carl linnaeus carried research expedition scandinavia asking sami people ethnological usage plants age enlightenment saw rise economic botanical exploration alexander von humboldt collected data new world james cook 's voyages brought back collections information plants south pacific time major botanical gardens


field aboriginal botany established study forms vegetable world aboriginal peoples use food medicine textiles ornaments development application modern science first individual study emic perspective plant world german physician working sarajevo end th century leopold gl ck published work traditional medical uses plants done rural people bosnia considered first modern ethnobotanical work scholars analyzed uses plants indigenous local perspective th century matilda coxe


stevenson zuni plants frank cushing zuni foods keewaydinoquay peschel anishinaabe fungi team approach wilfred robbins john peabody harrington barbara freire marreco tewa pueblo plants beginning ethonobotanical specimens studies reliable sometimes helpful botanists anthropologists always collaborate work botanists focused identifying species plants used instead concentrating upon plants fit people 's lives hand anthropologists interested cultural role plants treated scientific


aspects superficially early th century botanists anthropologists better collaborated collection reliable detailed cross disciplinary data began beginning th century field ethnobotany experienced shift raw compilation data greater methodological conceptual reorientation also beginning academic ethnobotany called father discipline richard evans schultes even though actually coin term ethnobotany today field ethnobotany requires variety skills botanical training identification preservation plant specimens anthropological training understand cultural


concepts around perception plants linguistic training least enough transcribe local terms understand native morphology syntax semantics mark plotkin studied harvard university yale school forestry tufts university contributed number books ethnobotany completed handbook tirio people suriname detailing medicinal plants ''tales shaman 's apprentice'' ''the shaman 's apprentice'' children 's book lynne cherry ''medicine quest search nature 's healing secrets'' plotkin interviewed ''south american explorer'' magazine release


''tales shaman 's apprentice'' imax movie amazonia book stated saw wisdom traditional western forms medicine blockquote medical system answers shaman 've worked equivalent polio vaccine dermatologist 've could cure fungal infection effectively inexpensively amazonian mentors n't doctor versus witch doctor best aspects medical systems ayurvedic herbalism homeopathic combined way makes health


care effective affordable blockquote great deal information traditional uses plants still intact tribal peoples native healers often reluctant accurately share knowledge outsiders schultes actually apprenticed amazonian shaman involves long term commitment genuine relationship ''wind blood mayan healing chinese medicine'' garcia et al visiting acupuncturists able access levels mayan medicine anthropologists could something share exchange cherokee medicine priest david winston describes


uncle would invent nonsense satisfy visiting anthropologists another scholar james w herrick studied ethnologist william n fenton work ''iroquois medical ethnobotany'' dean r snow editor professor anthropology penn state explains understanding herbal medicines traditional iroquois cultures rooted strong ancient cosmological belief system work provides perceptions conceptions illness imbalances manifest physical forms benign maladies serious diseases also includes large compilation herrick field work numerous iroquois authorities names uses preparations


plants various ailments traditional iroquois practitioners sophisticated perspective plant world contrast strikingly modern medical science researcher cassandra quave emory university used ethnobotany address problems arise antibiotic resistance quave notes advantage medical ethnobotany western medicine rests difference mechanism example elmleaf blackberry extract focuses instead prevention bacterial collaboration opposed directly exterminating issues many instances gender bias occurred ethnobotany creating risk drawing erroneous conclusions anthropologists would


often consult primarily men las pavas small farming community panama anthropologists drew conclusions entire community 's use plant conversations lessons mostly men consulted families women participated rarely interviews never joined field due division labor knowledge wild plants food medicine fibers among others left picture resulting distorted view plants actually important ethnobotanists also assumed ownership resource means familiarity


resource societies women excluded owning land ones work inaccurate data come interviewing owners issues include ethical concerns regarding interactions indigenous populations international society ethnobiology created code ethics guide researchers scientific journals ''journal ethnobiology ethnomedicine'' ''economic botany'' '' http ethnobotanyjournalorg indexphp era index ethnobotany research application '' ''journal ethnopharmacology'' '' http opniscairresin indexphp ijtk indian journal traditional knowledge ijtk ''latin american caribbean bulletin medicinal aromatic plants'' see also agroecology anthropology botany economic botany ethnobiology ethnomedicine ethnomycology history plant


systematics list ethnobotanists non timber forest product traditional ecological knowledge phytogeography plants culture references external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwsonomaedu asc projects warmsprings indexhtml warm springs dam history lake sonoma area california study information one first ethnobotanical mitigation projects undertaken usa http wwwbbccouk programmes b j j ''grow drugs'' bbc programme presented ethnobotanist james wong http wwwars gringov duke phytochemical ethnobotanical databases http wwwethnobotanybdcom ethnobotanical database bangladesh edb http herbumdumichedu native american ethnobotany http herbamsuru shipunov school biol nd ethnobotanyhtm north dakota ethnobotany database https webarchiveorg web http wwwethnovetwebcom ethnobotanyhtm websites ethnobotany plants http pubsiiedorg iiedhtml howard p major importance minor resources women plant biodiversity pharmacognosy traditional


art co interior grand concourse th street station philadelphia lobby hotel bristol warsaw historical example balliol college dining hall oxford '''interior design''' art science enhancing interior building achieve healthier aesthetically pleasing environment people using space '''interior designer''' someone plans researches coordinates manages enhancement projects interior design multifaceted profession includes conceptual development space planning site inspections programming research communicating stakeholders project construction management execution

Applied science
Architecture and design
Interior design


profession interior design separate distinct role ''interior decorator'' term commonly used us term less common uk profession interior design still unregulated therefore strictly speaking yet officially profession ancient india architects would also function interior designers seen references vishwakarma architect one gods indian mythology architects' design th century indian homes sculptures depicting ancient texts events seen inside palaces medieval times wall art


paintings common feature palace like mansions india commonly known havelis traditional homes demolished make way modern buildings still around havelis shekhawati region rajashtan display wall art paintings ancient egypt soul houses models houses placed tombs receptacles food offerings possible discern details interior design different residences throughout different egyptian dynasties changes ventilation porticoes columns loggias windows doors reconstructed roman triclinium dining room


three ''klinai'' couches painting interior walls existed least years examples found far north ness brodgar templated interiors seen associated skara brae settlement greeks later romans added co ordinated decorative mosaics floors templated bath houses shops civil offices castra forts temple interiors first millennia bc specialised guilds dedicated producing interior decoration formulaic furniture buildings constructed forms defined roman architects vitruvius de architectura libri decem ten books architecture throughout


offices hotels public buildings businesses became much larger complex employing builders joiners plasterers textile designers artists furniture designers well engineers technicians fulfil job firms began publish circulate catalogs prints different lavish styles attract attention expanding middle classes ref name wiley department stores increased number size retail spaces within shops furnished different styles examples customers one particularly effective advertising tool set model rooms national international exhibitions showrooms public see


pioneering firms regard waring gillow james shoolbred mintons holland sons traditional high quality furniture making firms began play important role advisers unsure middle class customers taste style began taking contracts design furnish interiors many important buildings britain type firm emerged america civil war herter brothers founded two german migr brothers began upholstery warehouse became one first firms furniture makers interior decorators


design office cabinet making upholstery workshops herter brothers prepared accomplish every aspect interior furnishing including decorative paneling mantels wall ceiling decoration patterned floors carpets draperies owen jones pivotal figure popularizing theories interior design middle class architect owen jones one influential design theorists nineteenth century jones' first project important responsible decoration joseph paxton gigantic crystal palace great exhibition also arrangement exhibits within chose


controversial palette red yellow blue interior ironwork despite initial negative publicity newspapers eventually unveiled queen victoria much critical acclaim significant publication ''the grammar ornament'' jones formulated key principles interior design decoration jones employed leading interior design firms day worked collaboration london firm jackson graham produce furniture fittings high profile clients including art collector alfred morrison well ismail pasha khedive


egypt london directory post office listed interior decorators distinguished companies period crace waring gillowm holland sons famous decorators employed firms included thomas edward collcutt edward william godwin charles barry gottfried semper george edmund street transition professional interior design interior designed john dibblee crace president institute british decorators established turn th century amateur advisors publications increasingly challenging monopoly large retail companies


interior design english feminist author mary haweis wrote series widely read essays derided eagerness aspiring middle class people furnished houses according rigid models offered retailers advocated individual adoption particular style tailor made individual needs preferences customer one strongest convictions one first canons good taste houses like fish shell bird nest ought represent individual taste habits'' move toward decoration


separate artistic profession unrelated manufacturers retailers received impetus formation institute british decorators john dibblee crace president represented almost decorators around country london directory listed individuals trading interior decorators women rhoda agnes garrett first women train professionally home decorators importance work design regarded time par william morris work ''suggestions house


american design instrumental development art courses women number major american cities considered national authority home design important influence new profession ''the decoration houses'' manual interior design written edith wharton architect ogden codman america book authors denounced victorian style interior decoration interior design especially rooms decorated heavy window curtains victorian bric brac overstuffed furniture argued rooms emphasized upholstery expense proper space planning


heavy red drapes upholstery dark wood intensely patterned wallpapers designs also practical eliminated clutter occupied victorian home enabling people entertain guests comfortably de wolfe commissioned interior design colony club madison avenue interiors garnered recognition almost night compiled ideas widely read book ''the house good taste'' ref name professionalization lees maffei g introduction professionalization focus interior design history journal design history vol spring ref england syrie maugham became


legendary interior designer credited designing first white room starting career early international reputation soon grew later expanded business new york city chicago born victorian era time characterized dark colors small spaces instead designed rooms filled light furnished multiple shades white mirrored screens addition mirrored screens trademark pieces included books covered white vellum cutlery white porcelain handles console tables plaster palm frond shell dolphin bases upholstered fringed sleigh beds fur carpets


dining chairs covered white leather lamps graduated glass balls wreaths expansion interior design profession became established world war ii onwards spending home increased interior design courses established requiring publication textbooks reference sources historical accounts interior designers firms distinct decorative arts specialists made available organisations regulate education qualifications standards practices etc established profession ref name professionalization interior design previously seen playing secondary role architecture also many connections design disciplines


involving work architects industrial designers engineers builders craftsmen etc reasons government interior design standards qualifications often incorporated professional organisations involved design ref name professionalization organisations chartered society designers established uk american designers institute founded governed various areas design later specific representation interior design profession developed us national society interior designers established uk interior decorators designers association established


adorning space decorative elements sometimes complemented advice practical assistance short interior designers may decorate decorators design interior designer interior designer implies emphasis planning functional design effective use space compared interior decorating interior designer fine line design undertake projects include arranging basic layout spaces within building well projects require understanding technical issues window door positioning acoustics lighting ref name autogenerated although interior designer may create


layout space may alter load bearing walls without designs stamped approval structural engineer interior designers often work directly architects engineers contractors interior designers must highly skilled order create interior environments functional safe adhere building codes regulations ada requirements go beyond selection color palettes furnishings apply knowledge development construction documents occupancy loads healthcare regulations sustainable design principles well management coordination professional services including mechanical electrical plumbing


life safety ensure people live learn work innocuous environment also aesthetically pleasing someone may wish specialize develop technical knowledge specific one area type interior design residential design commercial design hospitality design healthcare design universal design exhibition design furniture design spatial branding interior design creative profession relatively new constantly evolving often confusing public artistic pursuit relies research many fields provide well trained understanding people influenced


environments color interior design color powerful design tool decoration well interior design art composing coordinating colors together create stylish scheme interior architecture space essential interior designers acquire deep experience colors understand psychological effects understand meaning color different locations situations order create suitable combinations place ref name ref combining colors together could result creating state mind seen observer could


set design scenic design production design film television beyond interior designers particularly graduate education specialize healthcare design gerontological design educational facility design areas require specialized knowledge university programs offer graduate studies theses areas example cornell university university florida offer interior design graduate programs environment behavior studies profession installment l gargantini bolzano fair photo paolo monti fondo paolo monti beic education various paths one take become professional interior


designer paths involve form training working successful professional designer informal method training previously common method education many states however path alone cannot lead licensing professional interior designer training institution college art design school university formal route professional practice many countries several university degree courses available including interior architecture taking three four years complete formal education program particularly one accredited


developed professional organization interior designers provide training meets minimum standard excellence therefore gives student education high standard also university graduate phd programs available seeking training specific design specialization ie gerontological healthcare design wishing teach interior design university level working conditions wide range working conditions employment opportunities within interior design large tiny corporations often hire interior designers employees regular working hours designers smaller firms


online renovation platforms usually work contract per job basis self employed designers made interior designers usually work hours interior designers often work stress meet deadlines stay budget meet clients' needs cases licensed professionals review work sign submitting design approval clients construction permitting need licensed review signature varies locality relevant legislation scope work work involve significant travel visit different locations however technology development process contacting clients


communicating design alternatives become easier requires less travel ref name ibis world ref also renovate space satisfy specific taste client styles art deco terracotta art deco sunburst design front doors eastern columbia building los angeles built art deco style began europe early years th century waning art nouveau term art deco taken exposition internationale des arts decoratifs et industriels modernes world 's fair held paris ref name autogenerated tinniswood adrian art deco house avant garde house


watsonguptill publishing company new york ref art deco rejected many traditional classical influences favour streamlined geometric forms metallic color art deco style influenced areas design especially interior design first style interior decoration spotlight new technologies materials ref name autogenerated striner richard art deco polemics synthesis winterthur portfolio vol spring pp ref art deco style mainly based geometric shapes streamlining clean lines ref name autogenerated beusterien john rodriguez eduardoluis narciso g architectural avant garde art deco modern regionalism


journal decorative propaganda arts vol cuba theme issue pp ref ref name autogenerated stanley meisler art deco high style smithsonian nov vol issue pp ref style offered sharp cool look mechanized living utterly odds anything came ref name autogenerated bayer patricia art deco interiors decoration design classics thames hudson london ref art deco rejected traditional materials decoration interior design opting instead use unusual materials chrome glass stainless steel shiny fabrics mirrors aluminium lacquer inlaid wood sharkskin zebra


skin ref name autogenerated use harder metallic materials chosen celebrate machine age materials reflected dawning modern age ushered end first world war innovative combinations materials created contrasts popular time example mixing together highly polished wood black lacquer satin furs barber shop austin reed store london designed p j westwood soon regarded trendiest barber shop britain due use metallic materials ref


name autogenerated color themes art deco consisted metallic color neutral color bright color black white interior design cool metallic colors including silver gold metallic blue charcoal grey platinum tended predominate ref name autogenerated serge chermayeff russian born british designer made extensive use cool metallic colors luxurious surfaces room schemes showroom design british dressmaking firm silver grey background black mirrored glass wall panels ref name autogenerated black white also popular color scheme black white checkerboard tiles floors wallpapers


trendy time style developed bright vibrant colors became popular well art deco furnishings lighting fixtures glossy luxurious appearance use inlaid wood reflective finishes furniture pieces often curved edges geometric shapes clean lines ref name autogenerated ref name autogenerated art deco lighting fixtures tended make use stacked geometric patterns modern art modern design grew decorative arts mostly art deco early th century ref name sf gate access date ref one first introduce style frank


asir province saudi arabia adjoining parts yemen wall paintings arabesque form mural fresco show various geometric designs bright colors called 'nagash' arabic wall paintings mark pride woman house ref name yunis alia majlis painters http wwwsaudiaramcoworldcom issue themajlispaintershtm yunis alia majlis painters saudi aramco world magazine july august pages ref geometric designs heavy lines seem adapted area 's textile weaving patterns contrast sobriety architecture decoration rest arabia exuberant color ornamentation


characterize asir painting extends house walls doors staircases onto furniture house painted women community help finish job building displays shared taste knowledge mothers pass daughters artwork based geometry straight lines suggests patterns common textile weaving solid bands different colors certain motifs reappear triangular mihrab 'niche' palmette past paint produced mineral


vegetable pigments cloves alfalfa yielded green blue came indigo plant red came pomegranates certain mud paintbrushes created tough hair found goat 's tail today however women use modern manufactured paint create new looks become indicator social economic change women asir province often complete decoration painting house interior could tell family wealth paintings um abdullah says much money wife could paint motholath basic straight simple lines


patterns three six repetitions red green yellow brown women want paint walls could barter women would work several saudi women become famous majlis painters fatima abou gahas ref name yunis alia majlis painters interior walls home brightly painted women work defined patterns lines triangles squares diagonals tree like patterns large triangles represent mountains zigzag lines stand water also lightning small triangles especially widest


area top found pre islamic representations female figures small triangles found wall paintings asir called banat may cultural remnant long forgotten past ref name yunis alia majlis painters courtyards upper pillared porticoes principal features best nadjdi architecture addition fine incised plaster wood jiss painted window shutters decorate reception rooms good examples plasterwork often seen gaping ruins torn buildings effect light delicate airy usually around majlis


around coffee hearth along walls guests sat rugs cushions doughty wondered parquetting jis gypsum fretwork adorning unenclosed originated india however najd fretwork seems different seen eastern province oman linked indian traditions rather resembles motifs patterns found ancient mesopotamia rosette star triangle stepped pinnacle pattern dadoes ancient patterns found middle east antiquity al qassim province seems


home art normally worked hard white plaster though see usually begrimed smoke coffee hearth riyadh examples seen unadorned clay media popularization interior design become subject television shows united kingdom popular interior design decorating programs include '' minute makeover'' itv ''changing rooms'' bbc ''selling houses'' channel famous interior designers whose work featured programs include linda barker laurence llewelyn bowen united states tlc network aired popular program called ''trading


spaces'' show based uk program ''changing rooms'' addition hgtv diy network also televise many programs interior design decorating featuring works variety interior designers decorators home improvement experts myriad projects fictional interior decorators include sugarbaker sisters ''designing women'' grace adler ''will grace'' also another show called ''home made'' two teams two houses whoever designed made worst room according judges eliminated another show style network


hosted niecy nash ''clean house'' messy homes themed rooms clients would like shows include ''design dime'' ''designed sell'' ''the decorating adventures ambrose price'' show called ''design star'' become popular seasons already aired winners show end getting tv shows ''color splash'' hosted david bromstad ''myles style'' hosted kim myles ''paint '' hosted jennifer bertrand ''the antonio treatment'' hosted antonio ballatore finally ''secrets stylist''


hosted emily henderson bravo also variety shows explore lives interior designers include ''flipping out'' explores life jeff lewis team designers ''million dollar decorators'' explores lives interior designers nathan turner jeffrey alan marks mary mcdonald kathryn ireland martyn lawrence bullard interior design also become subject radio shows us popular interior design lifestyle shows include ''martha stewart living'' ''living large'' featuring karen mills famous interior designers whose work featured programs include bunny williams barbara barry


kathy ireland among others many interior design magazines exist offer advice regarding color palette furniture art elements fall umbrella interior design magazine often focus related subjects draw specific audience instance architecture primary aspect ''dwell'' ''veranda'' well known luxury living magazine ''lonny magazine'' newly relaunched ''domino magazine'' cater young hip metropolitan audience emphasize accessibility diy approach interior design gallery gallery widths px heights px perrow file gct blizzard jpg grand central terminal


midtown manhattan file hotel san domenico taormina sicilia italy creative commons gnuckx jpg hotel san domenico taormina file apothecary room arppeanum dsc jpg apothecary room file lenno villa balbianello wnetrze jpg villa del balbianello file johan zacharias blackstadius interi r salong med l sande flicka jpg lounge file bar de rotterdamzaaljpg bar rotterdam file balboa bay club photo ramey loganjpg balboa bay club file axel springer ralfr jpg berlin gallery notable interior decorators early interior decorators sibyl colefax dorothy draper pierre fran ois l onard fontaine syrie maugham margery hoffman smith elsie de wolfe arthur stannard vernay frank lloyd wright many famous designers decorators th century


formal training examples include sister parish robert denning vincent fourcade kerry joyce kelly wearstler st phane boudin georges geffroy emilio terry carlos de beistegui nina petronzio lorenzo mongiardino mary jean thompson david nightingale hicks notable interior designers world today include scott salvator troy adams jonathan adler michael smith martin brudnizki mary douglas drysdale kelly hoppen kelly wearstler nina campbell david collins nate berkus sandra espinet jo hamilton nicky haslam see also decor american society interior designers blueprint british institute interior design chartered society designers environmental psychology experiential interior design


fuzzy architectural spatial analysis interior architecture interior design psychology interior design regulation united states japanese interior design primitive decorating wall decals window treatment references external links http libmmacontentdmoclcorg cdm compoundobject collection p coll id candace wheeler art enterprise american design full text exhibition catalog metropolitan museum art includes great deal content early interior design architectural design decorative arts home economics


'''cheminformatics''' also known '''chemoinformatics''' refers use physical chemistry theory computer information science techniques called ''in silico'' techniques application range descriptive prescriptive problems field chemistry including applications biology related molecular fields ''in silico'' techniques used example pharmaceutical companies academic settings aid inform process drug discovery instance design well defined combinatorial libraries synthetic compounds assist structure based drug design methods also used chemical allied

Natural science
Chemistry
Cheminformatics


industries fields environmental science pharmacology chemical processes involved studied history cheminformatics active field various guises since earlier activity academic departments commercial pharmaceutical research development departments term chemoinformatics defined application drug discovery fk brown ref name brown see also ref blockquote chemoinformatics mixing information resources transform data information information knowledge intended purpose making better decisions faster area drug lead identification optimization blockquote since


terms cheminformatics chemoinformatics used although lexicographically cheminformatics appears frequently used despite academics europe declaring variant chemoinformatics prominent springer journal field journal cheminformatics founded transatlantic executive editors giving yet impetus shorter variant background cheminformatics combines scientific working fields chemistry computer science information science example areas topology chemical graph theory information retrieval data mining chemical space ref name gasteiger ref ref name varnek ref ref name bunin ref cheminformatics also applied data


analysis various industries like paper pulp dyes allied industries applications storage retrieval primary application cheminformatics storage indexing search information relating chemical compounds efficient search stored information includes topics dealt computer science data mining information retrieval information extraction machine learning related research topics include digital libraries unstructured data structured data mining mining structured data database mining graph mining molecule mining sequence mining tree mining file formats ''in silico'' representation chemical structures


uses specialized formats simplified molecular input line entry specifications smiles xml based chemical markup language representations often used storage large chemical databases formats suited visual representations two three dimensions others suited studying physical interactions modeling docking studies virtual libraries chemical data pertain real virtual molecules virtual libraries compounds may generated various ways explore chemical space hypothesize novel compounds desired properties virtual libraries classes compounds drugs natural products diversity oriented


synthetic products recently generated using fog fragment optimized growth algorithm done using cheminformatic tools train transition probabilities markov chain authentic classes compounds using markov chain generate novel compounds similar training database virtual screening contrast high throughput screening virtual screening involves computationally screening ''in silico'' libraries compounds means various methods docking identify members likely possess desired properties biological activity given target cases combinatorial chemistry used


coupled qsar model order identify activity cliff ref name prediction driven matched molecular pairs interpret qsars aid molecular optimization process ref see also bioinformatics chemical file format chemicalizeorg cheminformatics toolkits chemogenomics computational chemistry information engineering journal chemical information modeling journal cheminformatics materials informatics molecular conceptor molecular design software molecular graphics molecular informatics molecular modelling nanoinformatics software molecular modeling worldwide molecular matrix molecular descriptor references references reading external links computational chemistry drug discovery computational fields study applied statistics


research people read misread various types visualizations helping determine types features visualizations understandable effective conveying information ref name mason ref ref name o'donoghue ref history charles minard 's flow map napoleon 's march one earliest examples three dimensional scientific visualisation maxwell 's thermodynamic surface sculpted clay james clerk maxwell prefigured modern scientific visualization techniques use computer graphics notable early two dimensional examples include flow map napoleon 's march moscow produced charles joseph minard ref name mf coxcombs used florence nightingale

Formal science
Computer science
Computer graphics
Scientific visualization


part campaign improve sanitary conditions british army ref name mf dot map used john snow visualise broad street cholera outbreak ref name mf data visualization methods two dimensional data sets scientific visualization using computer graphics gained popularity graphics matured primary applications scalar fields vector fields computer simulations also measured data primary methods visualizing two dimensional scalar fields color mapping drawing contour lines vector fields visualized using glyphs streamlines line


integral convolution methods tensor fields often resolved vector field using one two eigenvectors represent tensor point field visualized using vector field visualization methods three dimensional data sets scalar fields primary methods volume rendering isosurfaces methods visualizing vector fields include glyphs graphical icons arrows streamlines streaklines particle tracing line integral convolution lic topological methods later visualization techniques hyperstreamlines developed visualize tensor fields topics maximum intensity projection


mip whole body pet scan solar system image main asteroid belt trojan asteroids scientific visualization fluid flow surface waves water chemical imaging simultaneous release sf sub sub nh sub sub topographic scan glass surface atomic force microscope computer animation computer animation art technique science creating moving images via use computers becoming common created means computer graphics though computer graphics still widely used stylistic low bandwidth faster real time rendering


needs sometimes target animation computer sometimes target another medium film also referred cgi computer generated imagery computer generated imaging especially used films applications include medical animation commonly utilized instructional tool medical professionals patients computer simulation computer simulation computer program network computers attempts simulate abstract model particular system computer simulations become useful part mathematical modelling many natural systems physics computational physics chemistry


biology human systems economics psychology social science process engineering new technology gain insight operation systems observe behavior simultaneous visualization simulation system called visulation computer simulations vary computer programs run minutes network based groups computers running hours ongoing simulations run months scale events simulated computer simulations far exceeded anything possible perhaps even imaginable using traditional paper pencil mathematical modeling years ago desert battle


simulation one force invading another involved modeling tanks trucks vehicles simulated terrain around kuwait using multiple supercomputers dod high performance computing modernization program ref name jplsim http wwwjplnasagov releases militaryhtml researchers stage largest military simulation ever news jet propulsion laboratory caltech december ref information visualization information visualization study visual representation large scale collections non numerical information files lines code software systems library bibliographic databases networks relations internet forth ref name mf information visualization focused creation approaches conveying abstract


information intuitive ways visual representations interaction techniques take advantage human eye 's broad bandwidth pathway mind allow users see explore understand large amounts information key difference scientific visualization information visualization information visualization often applied data generated scientific inquiry examples graphical representations data business government news social media interface technology perception interface technology perception shows new interfaces better understanding underlying perceptual issues create new opportunities scientific


produce final video output important rendering techniques scanline rendering rasterisation high level representation image necessarily contains elements different domain pixels elements referred primitives schematic drawing instance line segments curves might primitives graphical user interface windows buttons might primitives rendering triangles polygons space might primitives ray casting ray casting primarily used realtime simulations used computer games cartoon animations detail important


'ambience' indoor scene classic example way shadows 'hug' corners rooms ray tracing ray tracing extension technique developed scanline rendering ray casting like handles complicated objects well objects may described mathematically unlike scanline casting ray tracing almost always monte carlo technique one based averaging number randomly generated samples model volume rendering volume rendering technique used display projection discretely sampled data


set typical data set group slice images acquired ct mri scanner usually acquired regular pattern eg one slice every millimeter usually regular number image pixels regular pattern example regular volumetric grid volume element voxel represented single value obtained sampling immediate area surrounding voxel volume visualization according rosenblum volume visualization examines set techniques allows viewing object without mathematically representing


surface initially used medical imaging volume visualization become essential technique many sciences portraying phenomena become essential technique clouds water flows molecular biological structure many volume visualization algorithms computationally expensive demand large data storage advances hardware software generalizing volume visualization well real time performances developments web based technologies browser rendering allowed simple volumetric presentation cuboid changing frame reference show volume mass density data ref name lr applications section give series


examples scientific visualization applied today natural sciences gallery image star formationjpg ''star formation'' image gravitywavesjpg ''gravitational waves'' image massive star supernovae explosionsjpg ''massive star supernovae explosions'' image molecular renderingjpg ''molecular rendering'' gallery ''star formation'' featured plot volume plot logarithm gas dust density enzo star galaxy simulation regions high density white less dense regions blue also transparent ''gravitational waves'' researchers used globus toolkit harness power multiple supercomputers simulate gravitational effects black hole collisions ''massive star supernovae explosions'' image


three dimensional radiation hydrodynamics calculations massive star supernovae explosions djehuty stellar evolution code used calculate explosion sn model three dimensions ''molecular rendering'' visit 's general plotting capabilities used create molecular rendering shown featured visualization original data taken protein data bank turned vtk file rendering geography ecology gallery image terrain renderingjpg ''terrain rendering'' image climate visualizationjpg ''climate visualization'' image atmospheric anomaly times squarejpg ''atmospheric anomaly times square'' gallery ''terrain visualization'' visit read several file formats common field geographic


pressure orange blue tubes represent rising falling airflow around tornado ''climate visualization'' visualization depicts carbon dioxide various sources advected individually tracers atmosphere model carbon dioxide ocean shown plumes february ''atmospheric anomaly times square'' image results samrai simulation framework atmospheric anomaly around times square visualized view cube projected orthogonal projection left perspective projection right mathematics scientific visualization mathematical structures undertaken


purposes building intuition aiding forming mental models domain coloring higher dimensional objects visualized form projections views lower dimensions particular dimensional objects visualized means projection three dimensions lower dimensional projections higher dimensional objects used purposes virtual object manipulation allowing objects manipulated operations performed objects interactions performed complex analysis functions complex plane inherently dimensional natural geometric projection lower dimensional visual representations


instead colour vision exploited capture dimensional information using techniques domain coloring formal sciences gallery image curve plotsjpg ''curve plots'' image image annotationsjpg ''image annotations'' image scatter plotjpg ''scatter plot'' gallery ''computer mapping topographical surfaces'' computer mapping topographical surfaces mathematicians test theories materials change stressed imaging part work nsf funded electronic visualization laboratory university illinois chicago ''curve plots'' visit plot curves data read files used extract plot curve data higher dimensional datasets using


earlier image annotations used include material enhances visualization auxiliary plots images experimental data project logos etc ''scatter plot'' visit 's scatter plot allows visualizing multivariate data four dimensions scatter plot takes multiple scalar variables uses different axes phase space different variables combined form coordinates phase space displayed using glyphs colored using another scalar variable applied sciences gallery image porsche model imported nastran bulk data filejpg ''porsche model'' image yf aircraft plotjpg ''yf


slice velocity field ''city rendering'' esri shapefile containing polygonal description building footprints read polygons resampled onto rectilinear grid extruded featured cityscape ''inbound traffic measured'' image visualization study inbound traffic measured billions bytes nsfnet backbone month september traffic volume range depicted purple zero bytes white billion bytes represents data collected merit network inc organizations important laboratories field electronic


graphics siam journal scientific computing visualization handbook software amira avizo baudline bitplane datacopia dataplot mevislab ncar command language orange paraview tecplot tomviz vapor vis visad visit vtk free data visualization software references reading charles hansen christopher r johnson eds ''the visualization handbook'' elsevier bruce h mccormick thomas defanti maxine brown eds ''visualization scientific computing'' acm press gregory nielson hans hagen heinrich ller https booksgooglecom booksid dvwhaaaacaaj dq scientific visualization lr ''scientific visualization overviews methodologies techniques'' ieee computer society clifford pickover ed ''frontiers scientific visualization'' new


york john willey inc lawrence j rosenblum ed ''scientific visualization advances challenges'' academic press schroeder ken martin bill lorensen '' https wwwamazoncom dp visualization toolkit '' kitware inc leland wilkinson https booksgooglecom booksid krx loffgqc dq grammar graphics psp source gbs summary cad ''the grammar graphics'' springer external links http mathnistgov mcsd savg vis indexhtml national institute standards technology scientific visualizations overview applications http wwwccgatechedu scivis tutorial tutorialhtml scientific visualization tutorials georgia tech http svsgsfcnasagov nasa scientific visualization studio facilitate scientific inquiry outreach within nasa programs visualization http wwwsubunitstudioscom subunit studios scientific molecular visualization studio scientific illustration animation services scientists scientists http wwwsciencevizcom sciencevizcom scientific vizualisation


simulation cg animation universities architects engineers articles containing video clips


soviet military advisers planning operations angolan civil war proxy conflict involving ussr united states '''proxy war''' armed conflict two states non state actors act instigation behalf parties directly involved hostilities ref name un ref order conflict considered proxy war must direct long term relationship external actors belligerents involved ref name hughes ref aforementioned relationship usually takes form funding military training arms forms material assistance assist

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Proxy war


belligerent party sustaining war effort ref name hughes history classical antiquity middle ages many non state proxies external parties introduced internal conflict aligned belligerent gain influence interests region ref name williams ref ref name medieval ref proxies could introduced external local power commonly took form irregular armies used achieve sponsor 's goals contested region ref name medieval medieval states like byzantine empire used proxy warfare foreign policy tool deliberately cultivating


intrigue among hostile rivals backing went war ref name hughes states regarded proxy wars merely useful extension pre existing conflict france england hundred years' war initiated longstanding practice supporting privateers targeted 's merchant shipping ref name heeb holm ref ottoman empire likewise used barbary pirates proxies harass western european powers mediterranean sea ref name watson ref frequent application term proxy war indicates prominent place academic researches international relations separate implementation soft power


hard power proved unsuccessful recent years accordingly great failures classic wars increased tendencies towards proxy wars since early th century proxy wars commonly taken form states assuming role sponsors non state proxies essentially using fifth columns undermine adversarial powers ref name hughes type proxy warfare includes external support faction engaged civil war terrorists national liberation movements insurgent groups assistance national revolt foreign occupation ref name hughes example british government partially organized instigated arab


soviet union would result nuclear holocaust rendered use ideological proxies safer way exercising hostilities soviet government found supporting parties antagonistic americans western nations cost effective way combat nato 's influence compared direct military engagement ref name prof cj ep fall soviet empire prof cj july mp file ref besides proliferation televised media impact public perception made us public especially susceptible war weariness skeptical risking life abroad encouraged american practice arming insurgent forces


funneling supplies mujahideen soviet afghan war ref name b editors encyclop dia britannica soviet invasion afghanistan encyclop dia britannica encyclop dia britannica inc nd web april http wwwbritannicacom ebchecked topic soviet invasion afghanistan ref examples proxy war korea war ref name p ref vietnam war ref name x ref abstract southern front prepares launch bgm tow syrian army position southern syria december significant disparity belligerents' conventional military strength may motivate weaker party begin continue conflict allied nations non state actors situation arose arab israeli


conflict continued series proxy wars following israel 's decisive defeat arab coalitions arab israeli war six day war yom kippur war coalition members upon failure achieve military dominance via direct conventional warfare since resorted funding armed insurgent paramilitary organizations hezbollah engage irregular combat israel ref name masters jonathan zachary laub hezbollah aka hizbollah hizbullah council foreign relations council foreign relations january web april http wwwcfrorg lebanon hezbollah k hizbollah hizbullah p ref ref name e laub zachary hamas council foreign relations council


foreign relations august web april http wwwcfrorg israel hamas p ref iran israel proxy conflict involves threats hostility iran 's leaders israel additionally governments nations particularly liberal democracies may choose engage proxy warfare despite military superiority citizens oppose declaring entering conventional war ref name ref featured prominently us strategy following vietnam war called vietnam syndrome extreme war weariness among american population also significant factor motivating us enter conflicts syrian civil war


state rival nations may perceive intervention weakened position security may respond attempting undermine efforts often backing parties favorable interests directly indirectly control sympathetic cause ideologically aligned case one rivals come believe favored faction disadvantage often respond escalating military financial support counterpart perceiving material threat desiring avoid appearance weakness defeat follow suit proxy war


ensues two powers major factor many proxy wars cold war united states soviet union well ongoing series conflicts saudi arabia iran especially yemen syria effects contra rebels nicaragua proxy wars huge impact especially local area proxy war significant effects occurred united states soviet union vietnam war particular bombing campaign operation rolling thunder destroyed significant amounts infrastructure making life


difficult north vietnamese also unexploded bombs dropped campaign killed tens thousands since war ended vietnam also cambodia laos also significant soviet afghan war see operation cyclone cost thousands lives billions dollars bankrupting soviet union contributing collapse ref name proxy war middle east saudi arabia iran another example destructive impact proxy wars conflict resulted among things syrian civil war rise islamic state


iraq levant current civil war yemen emergence taliban since died iraq since died syria ref name c syria civil war fast facts cnn turner broadcasting system inc april web april http wwwcnncom world meast syria civil war fast facts indexhtml ref yemen died one month afghanistan killed since pakistan killed since general lengths intensities scales armed conflicts often greatly increased belligerents' capabilities


augmented external support belligerents often less likely engage diplomatic negotiations peace talks less likely bear fruit damage infrastructure many times greater ref name stay ref ref name matter ref see also grey zone international relations china north korea relations examples ref yemeni civil war insurgency jammu kashmir western sahara war angolan civil war reading tom stevenson grey zone review eli berman david lake ''proxy wars suppressing violence local agents'' cornell tyrone l groh ''proxy war least bad option'' stanford andreas krieg jean marc


''final fantasy record keeper'' archivist surveying unprocessed collection materials surveying commonly done determine priorities preservation conservation materials archivist begins arrangement description '''archivist''' information professional assesses collects organizes preserves maintains control provides access records archives determined long term value records maintained archivist consist variety forms including letters diaries logs personal documents government documents sound picture recordings digital files physical objects description richard pearce moses wrote determining records

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Archivist


enduring value challenging archivists must also select records valuable enough justify costs storage preservation plus labor intensive expenses arrangement description reference service theory scholarly work underpinning archives practices called archival science common related occupations librarians museum curators records managers occupation archivist distinct librarian two occupations separate courses training adhere separate distinct principles represented separate professional organizations general librarian tends deal published media metadata


author title date publication may readily apparent presented standardized form whereas archivist deals unpublished media different challenges metadata always immediately apparent containing complications variety likely depend provenance society american archivists saa also notes professions preserve collect make materials accessible librarians often obtain new copies worn lost books records archival collections unique irreplaceable saa distinguishes libraries archives based materials keep


accessed patrons ref name differences ref archival records frequently unique archivists may much concerned preservation custody information carrier ie physical document informational content sense archivist may common museum curator librarian saa states museum curators archivists sometimes overlap duties curators often collect interpret three dimensional objects archivists deal paper electronic audiovisual records ref name whatare even archival selections sometimes exhibited museums occupation


archivist also frequently distinguished records manager although case distinction less absolute archivist predominantly concerned records deemed worthy permanent preservation whereas records manager concerned records current administrative importance ref name whatare ref saa additionally notes historians archivists long standing partnership archivists preserve identify make records accessible historians use records research duties work environment archivists' duties include acquiring appraising new collections arranging describing records providing reference service preserving materials arranging records archivists apply


two important principles provenance original order ref name differences provenance refers creation records keeping different records separate order maintain context many entities create records including governments businesses universities individuals original order applied keeping records order established maintained creator provenance original order closely related concept ' 'respect des fonds'' states records one corporate body mixed records another two aspects arrangement intellectual physical aspects follow principle original


created went arranging moreover provenance authenticity records may lost however original order always best way maintain collections archivists must use experience current best practices determine correct way preserve collections mixed media lacking clear original arrangement archivists' work encompasses range ethical decisions may thought falling three broad intertwined areas legal requirements professional standards accountability society selecting preserving documentary materials serve


primary source knowledge influence collective memory identity negotiating ethical conflicts arise work archivists guided codes ethics society american archivists first adopted https www archivistsorg groups committee ethics professional conduct code ethics history code ethics ref name horn horn david e http americanarchivistorg doi abs aarc nk j development ethics archival practice ''the american archivist'' p based earlier statement produced training programs national archives archivist united states wayne c grover published http babelhathitrustorg cgi ptid mdp view image page root size seq num archivist 's code ''american archivist'' vol p ref


valuable researchers exhibitors genealogists others also work collections large family even individual archivists often educators well unusual archivist employed university college lecture subject related collection archivists employed cultural institutions local government frequently design educational outreach programs ability archive users understand access information collections might include varied activities exhibitions promotional events community engagement even media coverage advent


encoded archival description ead along increasing demand materials made available online required archivists become tech savvy past decade many archivists acquiring basic xml skills order make finding aids available researchers online skills varied nature job within different organizations work environments archivists need wide range skills work reference access oriented positions good customer services skills help patrons research basic knowledge conservation needed help


extend life cultural artifacts many types media photographs acidic papers unstable copy processes deteriorate stored maintained properly although many archival collections consist solely paper records increasingly archivists must confront new challenges posed preservation electronic records need forward looking technologically proficient educational preparation educational preparation archivists varies country country australia australian society archivists professional body archivists responsible accreditation various university courses ref name auto ref first university offer


archival training university new south wales starting course closed courses offered curtin university charles sturt university monash university university south australia undergraduate postgraduate levels course edith cowan university phased ref name auto brazil profession regulated since many universities brazil federal university santa maria ufsm federal university esp rito santo ufes federal university amazonas ufam thirteen universities offer degree archivology roughly translates archival science


canada various institutions offer archival science degree one institutions university british columbia colombia servicio nacional de aprendizaje sena chain training tecnol gico de antioquia tecnol gico de antioquia offers archival science degree france france oldest archivist school '' cole des chartes'' founded prestigious ''grande cole'' literally grand schools offers diploma archivist paleography created three year curriculum ref name lediplome ref many graduates become curators archives museums libraries become researchers universities ref name lediplome universities like


university angers jean moulin university lyon versailles saint quentin en yvelines university offer master 's degree archival science burgundy course history degree focusing archives th st century europe republic ireland republic ireland school history university college dublin ucd offers masters arts degree archives records management providing recognized course ireland training professional archivists accredited archives records association ucd also offers certificates archives management records management new


zealand victoria university wellington tertiary institution new zealand provides postgraduate archival courses victoria information studies qualifications arcr endorsement recognized records information management professionals australasia open polytechnic new zealand undergraduate course archives management united kingdom united kingdom currently postgraduate courses archives administration management aberystwyth university university college dublin university dundee university glasgow university liverpool university college london recognised archives records association united kingdom ireland ref name aracareers ref students expected


relevant paid voluntary work experience obtaining place uk courses professional certification qualifying pursued via registration scheme offered archives records association united states common types advanced degrees held archivists archival science public history history library science library information science also possible archivists earn doctorate library information science archivists phd often work teaching faculty deans directors archival programs society american archivists published guidelines


graduate program archival studies also promotes disseminates code ethics undergone several revisions since first adopted ref name horn academy certified archivists offers supplemental archival training means certification program first established critics aca certification objected annual membership fees theoretical versus practical nature tests need members certify every five years however decades since agreed requirements comparable certification programs professions


certification strengthens professional standards individual competencies positions archives require certification many employers view certification preferred required employers united states approximately archivists certified aca history women archival professions detailed committee status women political social cultural context feminism lasting effect field professional organizations continuing education many archivists belong professional organization society american archivists association canadian archivists archives records


association uk ireland colombian college archivists cca australian society archivists well number local regional associations organizations often provide ongoing educational opportunities members interested practitioners addition formal degrees apprenticeships many archivists take part continuing education opportunities available professional associations library school programs new discoveries fields media preservation emerging technologies require continuing education part archivist 's job order stay current profession history profession


first predecessors archival science west jacob von rammingen 's manuals baldassare bonifacio 's ''de archivis libris singularis'' french archivist gabriel richou published first western text archival theory entitled ''trait th orique et pratique des archives publiques'' ''treaty theory practice public archives'' systematized archival theory ' 'respect des fonds'' first published natalis de wailly three dutch archivists samuel muller johan feith robert fruin published ''handleiding voor het ordenen en beschrijven van archieven'' ''manual


acquisition administrator decided kept destroyed schellenberg argued active approach archivists appraisal primary administrative secondary research value model management appraisal records archives allowed government archivists greater control influx material faced second world war result widespread adoption schellenberg 's methods especially united states america modern records management separate related discipline born ernst posner published ''archives ancient world'' posner 's work emphasized


archives new inventions existed many different societies throughout recorded history due role development american archival theory practice sometimes called dean american archivists norton promoted establishment archives profession separate history library science developed american archival tradition emphasize administrator archivist rather historian archivist encouraged learning experimentation practical usage community discussion ref name jimerson ref editor ''the american archivist'' emphasized technical rather scholarly issues believing archival records useful ways


scholarly research ref name lawrimore ref internet archives archivists like librarians taking advantage web technologies blogs wikis well open access open source philosophies archives extension participatory online repository true form established entity although fallen considerably behind web overall acceptance archivists archives may refer implementing new technologies also way engaging archives effort promote openness flexibility archival materials achieved community participation archives


'unmeasurable' results iterative products 'perfect' products innovation flexibility adhering tradition technology savvy technology phobic value knowing confident lobbying resources hesitant beggars technological tools archives provide foundational platforms help change working archives dedicated upholding standards focus shifted onto user experience archives ref name internet libraries archivists operate public libraries accessible internet examples include illegal shadow libraries library genesis humanity 's


largest library books sci hub humanity 's largest public library scientific articles ref name karaganis ref proponents two libraries made use bittorrent ipfs technologies make sites decentralized uncensorable also projects instance archive digital games make accessible via internet keep content defunct websites accessible comprehensive public archive internet internet archive provides free public access collections digitized materials including websites via wayback machine software applications games music movies videos moving images books


april internet archive holds million books texts million movies videos tv shows software programs audio files million images billion web pages notes see also archival science list archives list archivists howard henry peckham john clement fitzpatrick archivists early american history ''the archivist'' novel references external links http wwwarchivistsorg society american archivists website humanities occupations social science occupations archival science


'''pulmonology''' latin ''pulm nis'' lung greek suffix study '''pneumology''' built greek lung medical specialty deals diseases involving respiratory tract ref name acp http wwwacponlineorg patients families internal medicine subspecialties pulmonology acp pulmonology internal medicine subspecialty acponlineorg retrieved ref also known '' 'respirology''' '' 'respiratory medicine''' '''chest medicine''' countries areas pulmonology considered branch internal medicine related intensive care medicine pulmonology often involves managing patients need life support mechanical ventilation pulmonologists specially trained diseases conditions

Applied science
Medicine and health
Internal medicine
Pulmonology


chest particularly pneumonia asthma tuberculosis emphysema complicated chest infections journals pulmonology american association respiratory care american college chest physicians american lung association american thoracic society british thoracic society european respiratory society history pulmonology one first major discoveries relevant field pulmonology discovery pulmonary circulation originally thought blood reaching right side heart passed small 'pores' septum left side oxygenated theorized galen however discovery pulmonary circulation disproves


theory previously accepted since nd century thirteenth century anatomist physiologist ibn al nafis accurately theorized 'direct' passage two sides ventricles heart believed blood must passed pulmonary artery lungs back heart pumped around body believed many first scientific description pulmonary circulation although pulmonary medicine began evolve medical specialty william welch william osler founded 'parent' organization american thoracic


society national association study prevention tuberculosis care treatment study tuberculosis lung recognised discipline right phthisiology specialty begin evolve several discoveries made linking respiratory system measurement arterial blood gases attracting physicians researchers developing field pulmonology relevance medical fields surgery respiratory tract generally performed specialists cardiothoracic surgery thoracic surgery though minor procedures may performed pulmonologists pulmonology


closely related critical care medicine dealing patients require mechanical ventilation result many pulmonologists certified practice critical care medicine addition pulmonary medicine fellowship programs allow physicians become board certified pulmonary critical care medicine simultaneously interventional pulmonology relatively new field within pulmonary medicine deals use procedures bronchoscopy pleuroscopy treat several pulmonary diseases interventional pulmonology increasingly recognized specific medical specialty diagnosis pulmonologist begins diagnostic process general review


plus response bronchodilators lung volumes diffusion capacity latter measure lung oxygen absorptive area bronchoscopy bronchoalveolar lavage bal endobronchial transbronchial biopsy epithelial brushing chest x rays ct scan scintigraphy methods nuclear medicine positron emission tomography especially lung cancer polysomnography sleep studies commonly used diagnosis sleep apnea surgical procedures major surgical procedures heart lungs performed thoracic surgeon pulmonologists often perform specialized procedures get samples inside chest inside lung use


radiographic techniques view vasculature lungs heart assist diagnosis treatment therapeutics medication important treatment diseases pulmonology either inhalation bronchodilators steroids oral form antibiotics leukotriene antagonists common example usage inhalers treatment inflammatory lung conditions asthma chronic obstructive pulmonary disease oxygen therapy often necessary severe respiratory disease emphysema pulmonary fibrosis insufficient patient might require mechanical ventilation pulmonary rehabilitation defined multidimensional continuum services


directed persons pulmonary disease families usually interdisciplinary team specialists goal achieving maintaining individual 's maximum level independence functioning community pulmonary rehabilitation intended educate patient family improve overall quality life prognosis patient interventions include exercise education emotional support oxygen noninvasive mechanical ventilation optimization airway secretion clearance promoting compliance medical care reduce numbers exacerbations hospitalizations returning work active emotionally satisfying life goals appropriate


patients diminished respiratory reserve whether due obstructive intrinsic pulmonary diseases oxygenation impairment neuromuscular weakness ventilatory impairment pulmonary rehabilitation team may include rehabilitation physician pulmonary medicine specialist physician assistant allied health professionals including rehabilitation nurse respiratory therapist physical therapist occupational therapist psychologist social worker among others additionally breathing games used motivate children perform pulmonary rehabilitation education training pulmonologist united states pulmonologists physicians receiving medical degree md complete


residency training internal medicine followed least two additional years subspeciality fellowship training pulmonology satisfactorily completing fellowship pulmonary medicine physician permitted take board certification examination pulmonary medicine passing exam physician board certified pulmonologist pulmonologists complete three years combined subspecialty fellowship training pulmonary medicine critical care medicine pediatric pulmonologist united states pediatric pulmonologists physicians receiving medical degree md mbbs mbbch etc complete residency training pediatrics followed


'''social philosophy''' examines questions foundations social institutions social behavior interpretations society terms ethical values rather empirical relations social philosophers emphasize understanding social contexts political legal moral cultural questions development novel theoretical frameworks social ontology care ethics cosmopolitan theories democracy natural law human rights gender equity global justice subdisciplines often considerable overlap questions addressed social philosophy ethics value theory forms social philosophy include political philosophy jurisprudence largely


concerned societies state government functioning social philosophy ethics political philosophy share intimate connections disciplines social sciences turn social sciences focal interest philosophy social science philosophy language social epistemology subfields overlap significant ways social philosophy relevant issues topics dealt social philosophy agency free power accountability speech acts situational ethics modernism postmodernism individualism crowds property rights authority ideologies cultural criticism social philosophers list


philosophers concerned although exclusively social philosophy theodor adorno giorgio agamben hannah arendt alain badiou mikhail bakunin jean baudrillard walter benjamin jeremy bentham judith butler chanakya rabbi manis friedman cornelius castoriadis noam chomsky confucius simone de beauvoir guy debord vincenzo di nicola mile durkheim terry eagleton friedrich engels julius evola michel foucault sigmund freud erich fromm giovanni gentile henry george erving goffman j rgen habermas georg wilhelm hegel martin heidegger thomas hobbes max horkheimer ivan illich carl jung ibn khaldun peter kropotkin jacques lacan r laing henri lefebvre emmanuel levinas john locke


georg luk cs herbert marcuse everett dean martin karl marx terence mckenna marshall mcluhan john stuart mill huey p newton friedrich nietzsche antonie pannekoek plato fred poch karl raimund popper pierre joseph proudhon john rawls jean jacques rousseau sheila rowbotham bertrand russell jean paul sartre alfred schmidt arthur schopenhauer socrates pitirim sorokin herbert spencer charles taylor thiruvalluvar adolfo nchez v zquez max weber john zerzan slavoj ek see also outline sociology social simulation social theory sociological theory sociology references interdisciplinary subfields sociology


public administration academic discipline field practice latter depicted picture united states federal public servants meeting '''public administration''' implementation government policy also academic discipline studies implementation prepares civil employees working public service field inquiry diverse scope whose fundamental goal advance management policies government function various definitions offered term management public programs translation


emerges idea administration public administration centrally concerned organization government policies programs well behavior officials usually non elected formally responsible conduct many non elected public employees considered public administrators including heads city county regional state federal departments municipal budget directors human resources hr administrators city managers census managers state mental health directors cabinet secretaries ref name kettldonald public administrators public employees working public departments agencies levels government united states civil employees academics


woodrow wilson promoted civil service reform moving public administration academia ref name wilson wilson woodrow june study administration ''political science quarterly'' ref however mid th century dissemination german sociologist max weber 's theory bureaucracy much interest theory public administration field multidisciplinary character one various proposals public administration 's sub fields sets six pillars including human resources organizational theory policy analysis statistics budgeting ethics ref name shafritz shafritz jm ac hyde ''classics public administration'' wadsworth boston ref definitions access date ref pictured


stephen c dunn deputy comptroller us navy paul h appleby defined public administration public leadership public affairs directly responsible executive action democracy leadership executive action terms respect contribute dignity worth potentials citizen one year later gordon clapp chairman tennessee valley authority defined public administration public instrument whereby democratic society may completely realized implies must relate concepts justice liberty fuller


economic opportunity human beings thus concerned people ideas things according james carroll alfred zuck publication woodrow wilson essay study administration generally regarded beginning public administration specific field study drawing democracy theme discarding link executive branch patricia shields asserts public administration deals stewardship implementation products living democracy key term product refers items constructed


explain define ref name thecanadianencyclopedia ref public administration field study ie discipline occupation much disagreement whether study public administration properly called discipline largely debate whether public administration sub field political science sub field administrative science latter outgrowth roots policy analysis evaluation research ref name thecanadianencyclopedia scholar donald kettl among view public administration sub field within political science ref name h net ref according lalor society public authority provides


least one public good said public administration whereas absence either ''a fortiori'' public authority provision least one public good implies absence public administration argues public administration public provision public goods demand function satisfied less effectively politics whose primary tool rhetoric providing public goods supply function satisfied less efficiently public management whose primary tools speech acts producing public goods moral purpose


public administration implicit acceptance role maximization opportunities public satisfy wants north american industry classification system definition public administration naics sector states public administration comprises establishments primarily engaged activities governmental nature enactment judicial interpretation laws pursuant regulations administration programs based includes legislative activities taxation national defense public order safety immigration services foreign affairs international assistance administration government programs activities


purely governmental nature academic perspective national center education statistics nces united states defines study public administration program prepares individuals serve managers executive arm local state federal government focuses systematic study executive organization management includes instruction roles development principles public administration management public policy executive legislative relations public budgetary processes financial management administrative law public personnel management professional ethics research methods history india bce neat


prosperous civilisations harappa mohenjo daaro must disciplined benevolent uncorrupt cadre public servants support many references brihaspati 's works laws governance interesting extract aaine akbari voliii tr h barrett pp written abul fazl famous historian akbar 's court mentions symposium philosophers faiths held akbar 's instance sounds credible context akbar 's restless desire find truth reflected launching new religion called din e elaahi account advisement given


well known historian vincent smith article titled jain teachers akbar charvaka thinkers said participated symposium heading naastika abul fazl referred good work judicious administration welfare schemes emphasised charvaka law makers somadeva also mentioned charvaka method defeating enemies nation referred thirteen enemies remain disguised kingdom selfish interests may contain relatives king subsidiary rulers spared rigorously


punished like opponent kautilya already mentioned given detailed scheme remove enemies garb friends charvaka stalwart brihaspati much ancient kautilya somadeva appears contemporaneous harappa mohenjo daaro culture central point traditional religious ritual earn ready money perpetrators unproductive barren rites designed various moments human life starting several months prior birth extending several years beyond death form annual sraddha many current


even today channels feed priests unreal imagined wasteful unreal imagined wasteful feeding real cunning paradox realised charvaka real worth wanted financial causes produce financial results imagined causes produced imagined results real ones antiquity th century dating back antiquity pharaohs kings emperors required pages treasurers tax collectors administer practical business government prior th century staffing public administrations rife nepotism favouritism political patronage


often referred spoils system public administrators long eyes ears rulers medieval times abilities read write add subtract dominated educated elite public employment consequently need expert civil servants whose ability read write formed basis developing expertise necessary activities legal record keeping paying feeding armies levying taxes european imperialist age progressed militarily powers extended hold continents people need sophisticated public


sinologist herrlee g creel scholars find influence chinese administration europe th century example fredrick ii 's promulgations characterized birth certificate modern bureaucracy thomas taylor meadows britain 's consul guangzhou argued ''desultory notes government people china'' long duration chinese empire solely altogether owing good government consists advancement men talent merit british must reform civil service making institution meritocratic ref name bodde influenced


ancient chinese imperial examination northcote trevelyan report recommended recruitment basis merit determined competitive examination candidates solid general education enable inter departmental transfers promotion achievement rather preferment patronage purchase ref name bodde ref led implementation majesty 's civil service systematic meritocratic civil service bureaucracy like british development french bureaucracy influenced chinese system voltaire claimed chinese perfected moral science fran ois quesnay advocated economic political system modeled


chinese french civil service examinations adopted late th century also heavily based general cultural studies features likened earlier chinese model ref name rung ref though chinese administration cannot traced one individual emphasizing merit system figures fa jia like th century bc reformer shen buhai bc may influence might considered founder valuable rare pre modern example abstract theory administration creel writes shen buhai seeds civil service


examination one wishes exaggerate would doubt possible translate shen buhai 's term shu technique 'science' argue first political scientist though creel care go far eighteenth century noble king frederick william prussia created professorates cameralism effort train new class public administrators universities frankfurt der oder university halle prussian institutions emphasizing economic social disciplines goal societal reform johann heinrich gottlob justi well known professor


cameralism thus western european perspective classic medieval enlightenment era scholars formed foundation discipline come called public administration lorenz von stein german professor vienna considered founder science public administration many parts world time von stein public administration considered form administrative law von stein believed concept restrictive von stein taught public administration relies many preestablished disciplines sociology political science administrative law public finance called public administration


integrating science stated public administrators concerned theory practice argued public administration science knowledge generated evaluated according scientific method modern american public administration extension democratic governance justified classic liberal philosophers western world ranging aristotle john locke thomas jefferson woodrow wilson united states america woodrow wilson considered father public administration first formally recognized public administration article entitled study administration future president wrote


object administrative study discover first government properly successfully secondly proper things utmost possible efficiency least possible cost either money energy ref name wilson wilson influential science public administration von stein primarily due article wilson wrote advocated four concepts separation politics administration comparative analysis political private organizations improving efficiency business like practices attitudes toward daily operations improving effectiveness public


methods based scientific study tasks scientifically select train develop employee rather passively leaving train provide detailed instruction supervision worker performance worker 's discrete task montgomery divide work nearly equally managers workers managers apply scientific management principles planning work workers actually perform tasks taylor precise ideas introduce system approach enforced standardization methods enforced adoption best implements working conditions


enforced cooperation faster work assured duty enforcing adoption standards enforcing cooperation rests management alone american society public administration aspa leading professional group public administration founded aspa sponsors journal public administration review founded us luther gulick expert public administration separation politics administration advocated wilson continues play significant role public administration today however dominance dichotomy challenged second generation


scholars beginning luther gulick 's fact value dichotomy key contender wilson 's proposed politics administration dichotomy place wilson 's first generation split gulick advocated seamless web discretion interaction luther gulick lyndall urwick two second generation scholars gulick urwick new generation administrators built work contemporary behavioural administrative organizational scholars including henri fayol fredrick winslow taylor paul appleby frank goodnow willam willoughby new generation organizational theories longer relied upon logical assumptions generalizations human nature like classical enlightened theorists gulick developed


comprehensive generic theory organization emphasized scientific method efficiency professionalism structural reform executive control gulick summarized duties administrators acronym posdcorb stands planning organizing staffing directing coordinating reporting budgeting fayol developed systematic point treatment private management second generation theorists drew upon private management practices administrative sciences single generic management theory bleeding borders private public sector thought possible general theory administrative theory could focused governmental organizations mid theorists challenged wilson gulick politics administration dichotomy


remained centre criticism united states experienced prolonged prosperity solidified place world leader public administration experienced kind heyday due successful war effort successful post war reconstruction western europe japan government popular president eisenhower government came fire ineffective inefficient largely wasted effort costly american intervention vietnam along domestic scandals including bugging democratic party headquarters watergate scandal two examples