focuses improving social functioning human flourishing ref name gyekye hand social welfare mere aggregate individual welfare rather collective social good embodying values everyone wants like peace stability ref name gyekye general african ethics social collectivistic rather individualistic united ideology ref name gyekye cooperation altruism considered crucial ref name gyekye african ethics places weight duties prosocial behaviour rights per se contrast western ethics ref name gyekye list african philosophers list


notable philosophers theorize african tradition chinua achebe linda mart n alcoff anita l allen william b allen anton wilhelm amo kwame anthony appiah molefi kete asante nana asma'u obafemi awolowo james baldwin yosef ben jochannan robert bernasconi jean godefroy bidima steven biko carole boyce davies aim c saire john henrik clarke anna julia cooper kimberl williams crenshaw tommy j curry l damas angela davis martin delany jacques depelchin souleymane bachir diagne cheikh anta diop frederick douglass nah dove john langalibalele dube w e b du bois emmanuel chukwudi eze kocc barma fall frantz fanon grant farred ant firmin william fontaine

Humanities
Philosophy
Philosophical traditions and schools
African philosophy


shelby john olubi sodipo wole soyinka al hajj salim suwari kenneth allen taylor ng g wa thiong'o laurence thomas mpho tshivhase ernest wamba dia wamba booker washington cornel west john edgar wideman kwasi wiredu zera yacob list scholarly academic journals philosophia africana see also african philosophers references reading amo antin wilhelm amo '' https globaloupcom academic product anton wilhelm amos philosophical dissertations mind body cc lang en anton wilhelm amo 's philosophical dissertations mind body '' edited translated stephen menn justin e h smith oxford university press kc anyanwu ea ruch ''african philosophy introduction'' catholic book agency mubabinge bilolo ''contribution l'histoire de la reconnaissance


de philosophie en afrique noire traditionnelle'' kinshasa facult catholiques de kinshasa licence en philosophie et religions africaines mubabinge bilolo ''les cosmo th ologies philosophiques de l' gypte antique probl matiques pr misses herm neutiques et probl mes majeurs'' academy african thought sect vol kinshasa munich libreville african university studies peter bodunrin ''philosophy africa trends perspectives'' university ife press babajide dasaolu demilade oyelakun '' https webarchiveorg web http philosophy ecom concept evil yoruba igbo thoughts comparisons ''the concept evil yoruba igbo thoughts comparisons'' '' http philosophy ecom philosophia e journal philosophy culture emmanuel chukwudi eze ed '' https wwwwileycom en us african philosophy anthology p african philosophy anthology '' blackwell publishers christian b n gade


https wwwamazoncom discourse african philosophy transitional perspectives dp ref mt hardcover encoding utf ''a discourse african philosophy new perspective on'' ubuntu ''and transitional justice south africa'' lexington books dag herbj rnsrud https aeonco essays yacob amo africas precursors locke hume kant ''the african enlightenment'' aeon december dag herbj rnsrud https blogapaonlineorg radical philosophy egypt forget god family write ''the radical philosophy egypt forget god family write '' blog american philosophical association december paulin j hountondji ''african philosophy myth reality'' bloomington indiana university press samuel oluoch imbo ''an introduction african philosophy'' rowman littlefield janheinz jahn ''muntu african culture western world'' grove weidenfeld bruce b janz https webarchiveorg web http pegasusccucfedu janzb papers afphilpdf ''african philosophy'' pdf alexis kagame ''la philosophie bantu rwandaise


de l' tre'' johnson reprint gyekye kwame ''an essay african philosophical thought akan conceptual scheme'' temple university press safro kwame ''reading african philosophy akan collection'' university press america uzodinma nwala ''igbo philosophy'' joseph omoregbe ''african philosophy yesterday today'' bodunrin references reprint e c eze nowiki ed nowiki ''african philosophy anthology'' oxford blackwell h odera oruka ed ''sage philosophy'' volume ''philosophy history culture'' ej brill issn tsenay serequeberhan ed ''african philosophy essential readings'' paragon house placide tempels ''la


robert bernasconi https booksgooglecom booksid wkef rvxb ic printsec frontcover dq african american philosophy ei zdi szw lijwnogcwxu ppr ''a companion african american philosophy'' tommy l lott john pittman https booksgooglecom booksid r ec h bk c printsec frontcover dq african american philosophy ei kec sfvybimumu lsq ppp ''african american perspectives philosophical traditions'' john p pittman https booksgooglecom booksid lfixrwjcw c printsec frontcover dq blacks social justice ''blacks social justice'' bernard r boxill https booksgooglecom booksid dghwnio fkwc dq reflections anthology african american philosophy printsec frontcover source hl en sa x oi book result resnum ct result ''african american philosophers'' george yancy ''black skin white masks'' frantz fanon ''philosophies africaines'' jean godefroy bidima ed coll ge international de philosophie journal https webarchiveorg web http wwwruedescartesorg numero revue philosophies africaines traversees des experiences ''rue descartes'' outlaw jr l africana philosophy origins prospects kwasi wiredu ed ''a companion african philosophy'' malden blackwell pp nbsp external links https platostanfordedu entries africana africana philosophy stanford encyclopedia philosophy https philpapersorg browse africanafricana philosophy collection articles


africana philosophy philpapers https webarchiveorg web http wwwtempleedu isrst events cpaasp caribbean philosophical association jonathan chimakonam http wwwieputmedu afric hi history african philosophy internet encyclopedia philosophy gail presbey http wwwieputmedu afr sage african sage philosophy internet encyclopedia philosophy http igwebuikepediainfo igwebuikepedia internet encyclopedia african philosophy https webarchiveorg web http wwwascleidennl library webdossiers africanphilosophyaspx african philosophy mdash african studies centre https historyofphilosophynet africana philosophy africana philosophy series history philosophy without gaps podcast philosophy philosophy culture philosophers


'''agrology''' greek ''agros'' field tilled land '' logia'' branch soil science dealing production crops use term active canada use term outside canada sporadic significant term appears especially well established russia china agrologists university faculty lists agrology curricula agrology synonymous agricultural science used canada nearly synonymous us term ''agronomy'' meaning related agricultural soil science used outside canada canada term agrologist


bioresource sciences provide knowledge advice support development agriculture sector health society environment economy outside canada outside canada term agrology synonymous soil science common usage english speaking countries agrology soil science society glossaries two national member societies canadian american international union soil sciences iuss maintain publish glossaries scientific terms soil science societies defer american glossary term agrology use edaphology crop edaphology combination soil management


would preferred approach used soil scientists concisely describe soil science applies crop production agrology dictionary definitions dictionary definition agrology yet consistent canadian use term dictionary definitions fall one four categories agrology defined synonymous soil science root agr represented meaning soil agrology defined synonymous soil science context implies soil science subdiscipline agricultural science agrology defined subdiscipline soil science


applies crop production would make agrology synonymous term crop edaphology agrology defined subdiscipline agronomy considers influence soil see also list soil topics references soil science glossaries https webarchiveorg web http wwwtiscalicouk reference dictionaries difficultwords data html soil science society america http sisagrgcca cansis glossary canadian soil science society https webarchiveorg web http resagrca cansis glossary canadian soil science society mirror dictionaries https webarchiveorg web http wwwwebsters online dictionaryorg websters online dictionary rosetta edition http dictionaryreferencecom dictionarycom https webarchiveorg web http wwwbartlebycom american heritage dictionary english language https webarchiveorg web http wwwtiscalicouk reference dictionaries difficultwords data html free internet lexicon encyclopedia agrology faculty curricula non canadian http wwwcnshbru aw cshowasppage edu cuv altay state agrarian university russia huazhong


agricultural university china http englishneigaecascn northeast institute geography agricultural ecology china http wwwbciacom british columbia institute agrologists http unstatsunorg unsd environmentgl gesformaspgetitem glossary definition agrology agronomy agricultural soil science zh


'''person centered therapy''' also known '''person centered psychotherapy''' '''person centered counseling''' '''client centered therapy''' '''rogerian psychotherapy''' form psychotherapy developed psychologist carl rogers beginning extending person centered therapy seeks facilitate client 's self actualizing tendency inbuilt proclivity toward growth fulfillment via acceptance ''unconditional positive regard'' therapist ''congruence'' genuineness empathic understanding history influences person centered therapy developed carl rogers ref name prochaska norcross ref brought public awareness largely highly influential book ''client centered therapy'' published recognized

Social science
Social work
Person-centered therapy


one major types psychotherapy theoretical orientations along psychodynamic psychotherapy psychoanalysis classical adlerian psychology cognitive behavioral therapy existential therapy others ref name prochaska norcross underlying theory arose results empirical research first theory therapy driven empirical research rogers pains reassure theorists facts always friendly originally called non directive therapy offered viable coherent alternative freudian psychotherapy nbsp rogers redefined therapeutic relationship different freudian authoritarian pairing person centered therapy often described


person rogers coined term ''counselling'' time psychologists legally permitted provide psychotherapy us medical practitioners allowed use term ''psychotherapy'' describe work rogers affirmed individual personal experience basis standard living therapeutic effect ref name prochaska norcross emphasis contrasts dispassionate position may intended therapies particularly behavioral therapies living present rather past future organismic trust naturalistic faith one 's thoughts accuracy one 's feelings


norcross shown effective treatment necessary sufficient conditions rogers stated six necessary sufficient conditions required therapeutic change ref name prochaska norcross ''therapist client psychological contact'' relationship client therapist must exist must relationship person 's perception important ''client incongruence'' congruence exists client 's experience awareness ''therapist congruence genuineness'' therapist congruent within therapeutic relationship therapist deeply involved acting


draw experiences self disclosure facilitate relationship ''therapist unconditional positive regard'' therapist accepts client unconditionally without judgment disapproval approval facilitates increased self regard client begin become aware experiences view self worth distorted denied ''therapist empathic understanding'' therapist experiences empathic understanding client 's internal frame reference accurate empathy part therapist helps client believe therapist 's unconditional regard ''client perception'' client perceives least minimal degree


therapist 's unconditional positive regard empathic understanding core conditions believed important factor successful therapy relational climate created therapist 's attitude client therapist 's attitude defined three conditions focused therapist often called core conditions six conditions ''congruence'' therapist willing transparently relate clients without hiding behind professional personal facade ''unconditional positive regard'' therapist offers acceptance prizing client without conveying disapproving


external referencing rogers prescriptive telling clients believed answers clients' questions within client therapist accordingly therapist 's role create facilitative empathic environment wherein client could discover answers see also humanistic psychology critical psychology human potential movement eliza references bibliography external links http wwwpce worldorg world association person centered experiential psychotherapy counseling http wwwpca onlinenet person centered website http counsellingresourcecom types person centred introduction person centred counselling counsellingresourcecom https webarchiveorg web http pca onlinenet rogershtm carl rogers bibliography online https webarchiveorg web http wwwallanturnercouk bookshtml person centered bibliography https webarchiveorg web http wwwbiblioconceptcom themes approche centree sur la personnehtm person centered bibliography


french http wwwpctscotlandcouk association person centered therapy scotland http wwwadpcaorg association development person centered approach http wwwpce europeorg network european associations person centered experiential psychotherapy counseling http wwwbapcaorguk british association person centered approach types psychotherapy


falaise argentan pocket mortain counterattack august '''counterattack''' tactic employed response attack term originating war games ref name dod ref general objective negate thwart advantage gained enemy attack specific objectives typically seek regain lost ground destroy attacking enemy may take form opposing sports team military units ref name dod saying attributed napoleon bonaparte illustrate tactical importance counterattack greatest danger occurs moment victory

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Counter-attack


spirit battle studies ardant du pic noticed general mere captain employs every one storming position sure seeing retaken organised counter attack four men corporal counterattack military tactic occurs one side successfully defends enemy attack begins push enemy back attack order perform successful counterattack defending side must quickly decisively strike enemy defending objective shocking overwhelming enemy ref


name ref main concept counterattack catch enemy surprise ref name many historical counterattacks successful enemy guard expecting counterattack ref name analyzing historical counterattacks past many notable counterattacks changed course war specific operation bagration battle austerlitz good examples proper execution counterattack operation bagration map shows point attack operation bagration counterattack executed operation bagration world


war ii one largest counterattacks military history summer assault around million red army soldiers successfully put red army offensive eastern front nazi germany operation barbarossa captured territory soviet union summer soviet counterattack focused belorussia prior counterattack starting soviet union fooled nazi military leaders believing attack take place south near ukraine ref name ref aid deception red army established fake army camps


rest belorussia operation bagration huge soviet success opened direct route berlin fall belorussia leading red army beginning take territory taken wehrmacht three years ref name battle austerlitz map depicting famous counterattack took place battle austerlitz another military battle utilized counterattack tactic battle austerlitz december fighting austrian russian armies napoleon purposely made seem men weak


fighting several cases ref name ref napoleon men retreat attempt lure allies battle ref name purposely left right flank open vulnerable ref name deceived allies attacking allies fell napoleon 's trap ref name allied troops went attack napoleon right flank napoleon quickly filled right flank attack effective ref name however allied side large gap left open middle allied front line due troops leaving attack


french right flank ref name noticing large hole middle allied lines napoleon attacked middle forces also flank around sides eventually surrounding allies ref name allies completely surrounded battle ref name battle austerlitz successful counterattack french army defended allied attack quickly defeated allies ref name napoleon deceived allies ref name made men seem weak near defeat ref name battle st vith '''battle st vith''' part


battle bulge began december represented right flank advance german center th ''panzer armee'' armored army toward ultimate objective antwerp given task countering german advance us general bruce c clarke decided mobile defense best solution knowing german army aiming objective far behind battle line decided could afford lose kilometers day idea slowing advance good stopping


outright since germans limited time mobile defense used st vith involved use tank destroyers acting base fire resist oncoming german armored thrust slowing enough counter attack force sherman tanks artillery infantry involved process combined arms force key engage germans pitched battle slow advance enough ruin offensive timetable counter attacks ensured german forces could break


screenplay john howard lawson starring paul muni music louis gruenberg cinematography james wong howe editing al clark br charles nelson studio columbia pictures distributor columbia pictures released runtime minutes country


united states language english budget gross '''''counter attack''''' american war film directed zoltan korda starring paul muni marguerite chapman two russians trapped collapsed building seven enemy german soldiers world war ii adapted broadway play ''counterattack'' janet philip stevenson turn based play


''pobyeda'' mikhail ruderman ilya vershinin plot nazi germany soviet union gathering forces supplies one particular sector eastern front major attack night soviets secretly constructing bridge across river avoid detection built underwater mm inches surface attempt find germans plan strike colonel semenov george macready small paratrooper unit dropped behind enemy lines attack divisional headquarters hopefully take officer prisoner interrogation local


partisans led wily kostyuk roman bohnen provide guide lisa elenko marguerite chapman attack succeeds first alexei kulkov paul muni one paratroopers takes seven germans prisoner basement elenko brings message german artillery hits building causing part collapse trapped spacious cellar kulkov hurry dig though prisoners rank higher sergeant convinced one officer disguise based monogrammed pistol monocle found


begins questioning men one one rules ex miner stillman rudolph anders former magician philip van zandt cannot pinpoint man meanwhile kulkov 's dog sniffs master buried starts digging alerts one kulkov 's comrades communicates tapping metal pipe code told kulkov caught officer leaves get help eighth german soldier thought dead wakes attacks struggle lone lantern extinguished elenko stabbed shoulder however


kulkov kills man regains control situation oddly elenko certain one germans tried help darkness kulkov decides try ploy orders magician go around corner main room sight others knocks german fires one round making rest think exacted revenge attack repeats charade defiant sergeant ivan triesault third man kulkov picks admits major erich von sturmer harro meller stillman cannot hide


anger major allowing two men shot revealing identity cat mouse game ensues kulkov von sturmer try extract enemy 's plans finally make deal confident rescued side reveal knows kulkov cleverly tells truth way von sturmer believe heated exchange kulkov reveals secret bridge elenko weakens kulkov guard prisoners


without rest urges kill immediately kulkov refuses hoping find came finally dozes awakened shout stillman joins russians given rifle shown end bullets stand guard though kulkov careful stay behind digging heard kulkov 's dismay hears german voices von sturmer taunts revealing truth german attack boasting earlier lie rushes blocked entrance kulkov shoots


prepares kill everyone else delight dog first opening rubble germans digging prisoners soviets launched offensive reached building kulkov passes along vital information obtained von sturmer colonel semenov falling asleep cast paul muni alexei kulkov marguerite chapman lisa elenko larry parks kirichenko harro meller ernemann major erich von sturmer roman bohnen kostyuk george macready colonel semenov erik rolf vassilev ludwig donath corporal professor ller rudolph anders stillman


philip van zandt galkronye frederick giermann ludwig weiler wolfgang zilzer krafft paul andor ivan triesault sergeant johann grillparzer louis adlon huebsch darren mcgavin paratrooper uncredited reception ''counter attack'' critical success box office failure probably war ended europe soon released cold war developed fact soviet union depicted sympathetically began seen inappropriate suspicious three writers one actor production supervisor movie blacklisted due suspected communist affiliations references external links films american


films american black white films eastern front world war ii films american films based plays films directed zolt n korda world war ii films made wartime columbia pictures films american war films war films


bookmobile ottawa public library particular model based saf liner hdx chassisa '''bookmobile''' '''mobile library''' vehicle designed use library known many names throughout history including traveling library library wagon book wagon book truck library wheels book auto service ref name bashaw ref bookmobiles expand reach traditional libraries transporting books potential readers providing library services people otherwise underserved locations remote areas circumstances residents retirement homes bookmobile services materials internet access large

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Bookmobile


british workman'' reported perambulating library operating circle eight villages cumbria victorian merchant philanthropist george moore created project diffuse good literature among rural population warrington perambulating library set another early british mobile library horse drawn van operated warrington mechanics' institute aimed increase lending books enthusiastic local patrons late women 's clubs began advocating bookmobiles state texas throughout united states kate rotan women club


waco texas first advocate bookmobiles president texas federation women 's clubs tfwc time women 's clubs encouraged promote bookmobiles embraced ideas missions receiving much support promotion traveling libraries increased numbers around united states state new york number bookmobiles increased united states women clubs became primary advocate th century book mobile serving children blount county tennessee united states photograph mrs


create commissions traveling libraries hoped commissions would boost managers bookmobile library sprit unfortunately texas library association tla could provide type service already provided state libraries bookmobiles video bibliobus serving small villages netherlands one earliest mobile libraries united states mule drawn wagon carrying wooden boxes books created people 's free library chester county south carolina served rural areas another early mobile library service developed


mary lemist titcomb ref name wieganddavis ref librarian washington county maryland titcomb concerned library reaching people could annual report listed branches collection books case placed store post office throughout county realizing even reach rural residents washington county free library began book wagon taking library materials directly people 's homes remote parts county rise motorized transport america


pioneering librarian named sarah byrd askew began driving specially outfitted model provide library books rural areas new jersey ref name past ref automobile remained rare however minneapolis hennepin county public library operated horse drawn book wagon starting ref name minnpost ref following great depression united states wpa effort called pack horse library project covered remote coves mountainsides kentucky nearby appalachia bringing books similar supplies foot hoof could make trip


called country typically used rural outlying areas however world war ii one traveling library found popularity city london air raids blackouts patrons visit metropolitan borough saint pancras 's physical libraries much war meet needs citizens borough borrowed traveling library van hastings created war time library wheels saint pancras borough abolished became part london borough camden saint pancras traveling library consisted


van mounted six wheel chassis powered ford engine traveling library could carry books open access shelves ran length van books arranged dewey order patrons could fit van one time browse check materials staff enclosure rear van van lighted windows roof fitted black curtains case german bombing raid van could even used night


fitted electric roof lamps could access electrical current nearby lamp standard civil defense post traveling library selection fiction non fiction works even children section fairy tales non fiction books kids mayor borough christened van speech saying people without books like houses without windows even heavy night bombings germans readers visited saint pancras traveling library worst bombed areas st century video bibliob serving small towns catalonia


bookmobiles still use st century operated libraries schools activists organizations although feel bookmobile outmoded service citing reasons like high costs advanced technology impracticality ineffectiveness others cite ability bookmobile cost efficient building branch libraries would high use among patrons support continuation meet growing demand greener bookmobiles deliver outreach services patrons bookmobile manufacturers introduced significant advances reduce carbon footprint solar battery solutions lieu


traditional generators electric hybrid electric chassis bookmobiles also taken updated form form ''m libraries'' also known ''mobile libraries'' patrons delivered content electronically internet archive runs bookmobile print copyright books demand ref name schnappbattles ref project spun similar efforts elsewhere developing world free black women 's library mobile library brooklyn founded ola ronke akinmowo bookmobile features books written black women titles available exchange titles written black female authors ref name atwell ref


national bookmobile day us american library association sponsors national bookmobile day april year wednesday national library week celebrate nations bookmobiles dedicated library professionals provide service communities february american library association ala association bookmobile outreach services abos association rural small libraries arsl agreed rebrand national bookmobile day recognition outreach library professional within communities instead libraries across country observe national library outreach day april


formerly known national bookmobile day communities celebrate invaluable role library professionals libraries continuous play bringing library services need countries africa kenya camel mobile library service funded national library service kenya book aid international operates garissa wajir near border somalia service started three camels october delivering books english somali swahili masha hamilton used service background novel ''the camel bookmobile'' ref


name hamilton ref donkey drawn electro communication library carts employed zimbabwe centre electric electronic communication radio telephone fax e mail internet ref name ifla ref asia lincolnshire mobile library covering small villages english county mobile idea store london cape may county library bookmobile cape may court house new jersey bangladesh bishwo shahitto kendro pioneeredthe concept mobile library mobile library introduced bangladesh service limited dhaka chattogram khulna rajshahi service available districts country


registered users library mobile libraries together gives service small libraries localities country brunei mobile libraries known operated dewan bahasa dan pustaka brunei government body manages public libraries country service introduced indonesia ridwan sururi horse luna started mobile library called ''kudapustaka'' meaning horse library indonesian goal improve access books villagers region illiterate adults duo travel


villages central java books balanced luna 's back sururi also visits schools three times week thailand mobile libraries taking several unique forms ref name mobile section ref elephant libraries bringing books well information technology equipment services remote villages hills northern thailand project awarded unesco international literacy prize floating library two book boats one outfitted computers three car library train homeless children parked siding near railway police compound joint project


railway police initiative keep homeless children crime exploitation channeling constructive activities train replicated slum community bangkok would include library car classroom car computer music car book houses shipping containers fitted libraries books original book houses popular another units already planned india boat library services operated auspices andhra pradesh library association vijayawada andhra pradesh statepaturi nagabhushanam initiated boat libraries


inculcate interest reading books libraries among rural public october extended activity andhra pradesh library movement run service seven years benefit villagers travelling boats major travel transportation facility available days libraries facilitated telugu literary journals books australia first bookmobile state victoria operated heidelberg library yarra plenty regional library city heidelberg melbourne europe sastamala town 's bookmobile book fair


turku finland glasgow scotland mobilemeet gathering mobile libraries held annually ifla mobiles sweden holland ireland england course scotland big vans edinburgh small vans highlands many vans proudly carrying awards previous meets ref name mobile section since libraries community madrid spain operated '''' program books dvds cds library materials available checkout ref name madrid ref floating library aboard ship ''epos'' begun serves many small


communities coast western norway estonia bookmobile katarina jee running since serving patrons suburbs tallinn finland first mobile library established vantaa currently bookmobiles finland operating across country north america street books nonprofit book service founded portland oregon travels via bicycle powered cart lend books people living outside books bikes ref name spl ref program begun seattle public library uses customized bicycle trailer pulled pedal power


'''land management''' process managing use development urban rural settings mostly managed urban places land resources land resources used variety purposes may include organic agriculture reforestation water resource management eco tourism projects land management positive negative effects terrestrial ecosystems land misused degrade reduce productivity disrupt natural equilibriums see also acreage reduction program arp conservation grazing environmental management scheme habitat conservation holistic management land allocation decision support system land change science land

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Environmental management
Land management


registration sustainable agriculture wildlife management references reading dale pd mclaughlin jd ''land information management'' clarendon press oxford larsson g ''land management public policy'' university press america united nations department economic social affairs agenda https webarchiveorg web http wwwunorg esa sustdev documents agenda english agenda tochtm management type


'''preservation''' may refer heritage conservation preservation library archival science activities aimed prolonging life record making changes possible ''preservation'' magazine published national trust historic preservation historic preservation endeavor preserve conserve protect buildings objects landscapes artifacts conservation restoration cultural heritage protection care tangible cultural heritage mathematics computer science type preservation property type system evaluation expressions cause type change case preservation computer storage preserves distinction

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Preservation


upper lower case digital preservation endeavor ensure digital information continuing value remains accessible usable arts entertainment ''preservation'' novel historical fiction jock serong wreck ''sydney cove ship '' ''preservation'' film horror thriller film ''preservation act '' album kinks ''preservation act '' album kinks preservation song non album single kinks preservation hall jazz venue new orleans louisiana uses preservation island tasmania australia preservation islets group small granite islands northwest preservation


'''oral maxillofacial surgery''' surgical specialty focusing reconstructive surgery face facial trauma surgery oral cavity head neck mouth jaws well facial cosmetic surgery specialty oral maxillofacial surgeon regional specialist surgeon treats entire craniomaxillofacial complex anatomical area mouth jaws face skull head neck well associated structures depending upon national jurisdiction oral maxillofacial surgery may require degree medicine dentistry subspecialties us oral maxillofacial surgeons whether possessing

Applied science
Medicine and health
Dentistry
Oral and maxillofacial surgery


single dual degree may specialize residency undergoing additional one two year sub specialty oral maxillofacial surgery fellowship training following areas cosmetic facial surgery including eyelid blepharoplasty nose rhinoplasty facial lift brow lift laser resurfacing cranio maxillofacial trauma including zygomatic cheek bone orbital eye socket mandibular nasal fractures well facial soft tissue lacerations penetrating neck injuries craniofacial surgery pediatric maxillofacial surgery including cleft lip palate surgery trans cranial craniofacial surgery including fronto orbital advancement remodelling foar total vault remodelling head neck cancer microvascular reconstruction free flap surgery


maxillofacial regeneration formation facial region advanced stem cell technique regulation oral maxillofacial surgery internationally recognized surgical specialty oral maxillofacial surgery formally designated either medical dental dual medical dental specialty united kingdom europe countries uk europe recognised specialty medicine degree medicine additional degree dentistry compulsory scope practice mainly head neck cancer microvascular reconstruction craniofacial surgery cranio maxillofacial trauma skin cancer facial


deformity cleft lip palate craniofacial surgery tmj surgery cosmetic facial surgery uk europe maxillofacial surgery specialty royal college surgeons england royal college surgeons edinburgh intercollegiate board certification provided jcie plastic surgery ent general surgery orthopaedics paediatric surgery neurosurgery cardiothoracic surgery frcs fellowship royal college surgeons specialist exam end surgical training required work consultant surgeon maxillofacial surgery united states america


united states oral maxillofacial surgery recognized surgical specialty formally designated dental specialty professional dental degree required qualification medicine may undertaken optionally residency training respect oral maxillofacial surgery ' 'sui generis'' among surgical specialties oral maxillofacial surgery requires extensive year surgical residency training covering us specialty 's scope practice surgery oral cavity dental implant surgery dentoalveolar surgery surgery temporomandibular joint general surgery reconstructive surgery face head neck mouth jaws facial cosmetic surgery facial deformity craniofacial


surgery facial skin cancer head neck cancer microsurgery free flap reconstruction facial trauma facial trauma surgery uniquely administration general anesthesia deep sedation norm among surgical specialists oral maxillofacial surgery residents typically serve chief resident final year following residency training oral maxillofacial surgeons whether single dual degree option undergoing year surgical sub specialty fellowship training head neck cancer microvascular reconstruction cosmetic facial surgery craniofacial surgery cranio maxillofacial trauma board certification board certification us governed


american board oral maxillofacial surgery aboms oral maxillofacial surgery among fourteen surgical specialties recognized american college surgeons oral maxillofacial surgeons united states whether single dual degree may become fellows american college surgeons facs fellow american college surgeons professional organizations american association oral maxillofacial surgeons aaoms chief professional organization representing roughly oral maxillofacial surgeons united states american association oral maxillofacial surgeons publishes peer reviewed journal oral


maxillofacial surgery american college oral maxillofacial surgeons voluntary professional organization board certified oral maxillofacial surgeons anesthesia us oral maxillofacial surgeons required undergo five months intensive general anesthesia training additional month pediatric anesthesia training also required american society anesthesiologists published ''statement anesthesia care team'' specifies qualified anesthesia personnel practitioners anesthesiologists anesthesiology fellows anesthesiology residents oral maxillofacial surgery residents unique among surgical specialists us oral maxillofacial surgeons trained administer


american medical history morton invited massachusetts general hospital demonstrate technique painless surgery morton induced anesthesia dr john collins warren founding member massachusetts general hospital hospital 's first surgeon first dean harvard medical school removed tumor neck patient edward gilbert abbott demonstration performed surgical amphitheater called ether dome harvard massachusetts general hospital views demonstration among institution 's significant claims fame upon successful completion dr morton 's demonstration dr warren famously proclaimed


crowded astonished elated amphitheater would become likely famous words modern medicine gentlemen humbug indeed event marked beginning modern anesthesia surgical practice immediately following demonstration congratulatory letter dr william thomas green morton polymath later harvard medical school dean oliver wendell holmes sr father justice oliver wendell holmes jr supreme court united states proposed naming state produced anesthesia procedure anesthetic ref name fenster pp ref holmes wrote morton everybody wants hand great discovery


give hint two names name applied state produced agent state think called 'anaesthesia' signifies insensibility particularly objects touch holmes added poetically new term repeated ''tongues'' every civilized member mankind dr ferdinand hasbrouck new york oral surgeon graduate university pennsylvania school dental medicine among first practitioners succeed regular commercial use anesthesia private surgical


practice us president grover cleveland diagnosed intraoral tumor president chose dr hasbrouck serve among team surgeons simultaneously ''the'' anesthesiologist procedure political reasons cleveland want public know condition operation performed secret yacht ''oneida'' long island sound ny dr hasbrouck induced president cleveland nitrous oxide extracted teeth corpus tumor cleveland recovered nitrous oxide dr hasbrouck began administration ether remainder procedure


university st louis organization became american association plastic surgeons ref name plasticsurgerywustledu https plasticsurgerywustledu history legacy vilray blair history american association oral plastic surgery presently american society plastic surgeons asps ref harvard university oral maxillofacial surgeon dr varaztad kazanjian pioneered plastic surgery considered founder ''the'' founder modern practice plastic surgery graduated harvard school dental medicine dr kazanjian professor clinical oral surgery harvard named harvard 's first professor plastic surgery dr


surgeon dr robert h ivy university pennsylvania school dental medicine graduate developed surgical treatment cleft lip cleft palate inter maxillary fixation technique ''ivy loop'' named ivy considered pioneer father modern practice plastic surgery ivy influenced dr vilray blair washington university st louis school medicine ref name plasticsurgerywustledu ivy founded ''journal plastic reconstructive surgery'' plastic surgery 's premier peer reviewed academic journal american association oral plastic surgeons served president new


medicine graduate preceptor surgery columbia college school medicine nephew charles reich became law professor yale wald 's partner new york university oral maxillofacial surgeon dr james f hasbrouck interested development surgical specialty new york among founders columbia university college dental oral surgery keeping ideals american association oral plastic surgeons first two years coursework new college fully unified columbia 's college physicians surgeons ref name columbia alumni news ref


traced plenary role development modern medicine surgery state licensure professional dental degree ''ie'' dds dmd mandatory us oral maxillofacial surgeons may possess various doctoral degree combinations ''eg'' dds dmd dds md dmd md dmd phd dds phd still completion oral maxillofacial residency training program corresponding certificate specialty training confers surgical specialty status board eligibility surgeon 's professional degree degree combination analogously certificate specialty training board eligibility satisfies state


licensure requirements administer general anesthesia deep sedation surgeon 's professional degree degree combination dds doctor dental surgery dmd doctor medicine dentistry doctor dental medicine degrees dmd dds represent education letters used function university discretion degrees represent identical curriculum set educational requirements level educational attainment health insurance portability accountability act taxonomy oral maxillofacial surgery assigned health care provider taxonomy code e x australia new zealand australia new


zealand oral maxillofacial surgery recognised specialty medicine dentistry degrees medicine dentistry compulsory prior accepted surgical training scope practice broad ability undertake subspecialty fellowships areas head neck surgery microvascular reconstruction canada asia scandinavia canada asia scandinavia sweden finland denmark norway oral maxillofacial surgery also recognized dental specialty requires degree dentistry prior surgical residency training canadian model


model used united states america globally countries oral maxillofacial surgery specialty exists different forms work sometimes performed single dual qualified specialist depending country 's regulations training opportunities available several countries oral maxillofacial surgery specialty recognized professional association case dental council india american dental association royal college surgeons england royal college surgeons edinburgh royal college dentists canada royal australasian college surgeons brazilian


federal council odontology cfo surgical procedures united states globally treatments may performed craniomaxillofacial complex mouth jaws face neck skull include cosmetic surgery head neck rhytidectomy facelift browlift blepharoplasty asian blepharoplasty otoplasty rhinoplasty septoplasty cheek augmentation chin augmentation genioplasty oculoplastics neck liposuction hair transplantation lip enhancement injectable cosmetic treatments like botox fillers platelet rich plasma stem cells chemical peel mesotherapy orthognathic surgery surgical treatment correction dentofacial deformity well management facial trauma sleep apnea oncology head neck surgery free flap microvascular reconstruction cutanous malignancy skin


cancer surgery head neck surgery skin grafts local flaps diagnosis treatment benign pathology cysts tumors etc malignant pathology oral head neck cancer ablative reconstructive surgery microsurgery cutaneous malignancy skin cancer lip reconstruction congenital craniofacial malformations cleft lip palate cranial vault malformations craniosynostosis craniofacial surgery chronic facial pain disorders temporomandibular joint tmj disorders orthognathic literally straight bite reconstructive surgery orthognathic surgery maxillomandibular advancement surgical correction facial asymmetry soft hard tissue trauma oral maxillofacial region jaw fractures cheek bone fractures nasal fractures


lefort fracture skull fractures eye socket fractures dentoalveolar surgery surgery remove impacted teeth difficult tooth extractions extractions medically compromised patients bone grafting preprosthetic surgery provide better anatomy placement implants dentures dental prostheses surgery insert osseointegrated bone fused dental implants maxillofacial implants attaching craniofacial prostheses bone anchored hearing aids occupation oral maxillofacial surgery intellectually physically demanding among highly compensated surgical specialties united states average annual income popularity oral


maxillofacial surgery career persons whose first degree medicine dentistry seems increasing least one program exists allows highly qualified candidates whose first degree medicine earn required dental degree qualify entrance oral maxillofacial residency training programs ultimately achieve board eligibility certification surgical specialty education training uk europe oral maxillofacial surgery one ten medical specialties requiring mrcs frcs examinations us australia south africa oral maxillofacial surgery


one ten dental specialties recognized american dental association royal college dentists canada royal australasian college dental surgeons oral maxillofacial surgery requires four six years formal university training dental school ''ie'' dds bdent dmd bds residency training programs either four six years duration united states four year residency programs grant certificate specialty training oral maxillofacial surgery six year programs granting optional md degree emerged early united states typically six year residency programs


maxillofacial surgeon years undergraduate study bs ba equivalent degrees years dental study dmd bdent dds bds years residency trainingsome programs integrate additional degree master 's degree ms mds msc mclindent mscdent mdent doctoral degree phd dmsc dclindent dsc medical degree mbbs md mbchb mdcm completion surgical training undertake final specialty examinations us board certified aboms australia nz fracds canada frcdc colleges offer membership fellowships oral maxillofacial surgery moralsurg rcs oms rcps ffd rcsi febos facoms ffd rcs fams fcdshk fcmfos sa single


dual qualified oral maxillofacial surgeons may obtain fellowship american college surgeons facs surgical sub specialty fellowship training addition single dual qualified graduates oral maxillofacial surgery training programs pursue post residency sub specialty fellowships typically years length following areas head neck cancermicrovascular reconstruction cosmetic facial surgery facelift rhinoplasty etc craniofacial surgery pediatric maxillofacial surgery cleft lip palate repair surgery craniosynostosis etc cranio maxillofacial trauma soft tissue skeletal injuries face head neck charities number notable philanthropic organizations provide humanitarian oral


maxillofacial surgery around globe smile train created charles wang focusing childhood facial deformity operation smile focuses correcting cleft lips palates children aboutface created paul stanley rock band kiss born facial deformity focuses craniofacial disfiguration see also references external links http wwwiaomsorg international association oral maxillofacial surgeons https wwwbaomsorguk british association oral maxillofacial surgeons https wwwfacsorg education resources medical students faq specialties american college surgeons https wwwaaomsorg american association oral maxillofacial surgeons https wwwabomsorg american board oral maxillofacial surgeons https wwwjomsorg journal


oral maxillofacial surgery surgical specialties medical specialties


example page screenplay formatted feature length film '''screenwriting''' '' 'scriptwriting''' art craft writing scripts mass media feature films television productions video games often freelance profession screenwriters responsible researching story developing narrative writing script screenplay dialogues delivering required format development executives screenwriters therefore great influence creative direction emotional impact screenplay arguably finished film screenwriters either pitch original ideas producers hope

Humanities
Languages and literature
Screenwriting


optioned sold commissioned producer create screenplay concept true story existing screen work literary work novel poem play comic book short story types act screenwriting takes many forms across entertainment industry often multiple writers work script different stages development different tasks course successful career screenwriter might hired write wide variety roles common forms screenwriting jobs include spec script writing spec scripts


feature film television show scripts written speculation sale without commission film studio production company tv network content usually invented solely screenwriter though spec screenplays also based established works real people events spec script hollywood sales tool vast majority scripts written year spec scripts small percentage make screen spec script usually wholly original work also adaptation television writing spec script


sample teleplay written demonstrate writer 's knowledge show ability imitate style conventions submitted show 's producers hopes hired write future episodes show budding screenwriters attempting break business generally begin writing one spec scripts although writing spec scripts part writer 's career writers guild america forbids members write speculation distinction spec script written sample writer forbidden


writing script specific producer without contract addition writing script speculation generally advised write camera angles directional terminology likely ignored director may write shooting script script guides team order carry director 's vision script look director may ask original writer co write rewrite script satisfies director producer


hugely impact whether producer picks spec script commission commissioned screenplay written hired writer concept usually developed long screenwriter brought often multiple writers work script given green light plot development usually based highly successful novels plays tv shows even video games rights legally acquired feature assignment writing scripts written assignment screenplays created contract studio production company producer


common assignments sought screenwriting screenwriter get assignment either exclusively open assignments screenwriter also approached offered assignment assignment scripts generally adaptations existing idea property owned hiring company also original works based concept created writer producer rewriting script doctoring produced films rewritten extent development process frequently rewritten original writer script many established screenwriters well new writers whose work


shows promise lacks marketability make living rewriting scripts script 's central premise characters good script otherwise unusable different writer team writers contracted entirely new draft often referred page one rewrite small problems remain bad dialogue poor humor writer hired polish punch depending size new writer 's contributions screen credit may may given instance american film industry credit rewriters given


write one episodes existing television show episode submitted rewriting polishing may required staff writer tv show generally works house writing rewriting episodes staff writers mdash often given titles story editor producer mdash work group individually episode scripts maintain show 's tone style characters plots television show creators write television pilot bible new television series responsible creating managing aspects show 's characters style plots frequently creator remains responsible


show 's day day creative decisions throughout series run showrunner head writer story editor writing daily series process writing soap operas telenovelas different used prime time shows due part need produce new episodes five days week several months one example cited jane espenson screenwriting sort three tiered system ref name jane http wwwjaneespensoncom archives php soapy scenes jane progress blog aspiring screenwriters jane espenson ref top writers craft overall story arcs mid level writers work


notes show airs daily characters decades history behind voices necessitates writing staff without distinctive voice sometimes present prime time series ref name jane writing game shows game shows feature live contestants still use team writers part specific format ref name wga http wwwwgaorg content defaultaspxid writers guild america reality game show writers ref may involve slate questions even specific phrasing dialogue part host writers may script dialogue used contestants work


producers create actions scenarios sequence events support game show 's concept video game writing continued development increased complexity video games many opportunities available employ screenwriters field video game design video game writers work closely game designers create characters scenarios dialogue structural theories several main screenwriting theories help writers approach screenplay systematizing structure goals techniques writing script common kinds theories structural screenwriter william goldman widely quoted saying


screenplays structure three act structure according approach three acts setup setting characters mood confrontation obstacles resolution culminating climax nouement two hour film first third acts last thirty minutes middle act lasting hour nowadays many films begin confrontation point segue immediately setup begin resolution return setup ''writing drama'' french writer director yves lavandier shows slightly different approach theorists


maintains every human action whether fictitious real contains three logical parts action action action since climax part action lavandier maintains second act must include climax makes much shorter third act found screenwriting theories besides three act structure also common use four five act structure screenplay screenplays may include many twenty separate acts hero 's journey hero 's journey also referred


'''achieving goal boon ''' often results important self knowledge '''a return ordinary world''' hero succeed fail '''application boon''' hero gained used improve world later screenwriter christopher vogler refined expanded hero 's journey screenplay form book ''the writer 's journey mythic structure writers'' syd field 's paradigm syd field introduced new theory called paradigm introduced idea ''plot point'' screenwriting theory defined plot point


story part story page screenplay act sixty pages length twice length acts field noticed successful movies important dramatic event usually occurs middle picture around page sixty action builds event everything afterward result event called event ''centerpiece'' ''midpoint'' suggested middle act actually two acts one three act structure notated b


resulting aristotle three acts divided four pieces approximately thirty pages field defined two plot points near middle acts b called ''pinch i'' ''pinch ii'' occurring around pages screenplay respectively whose functions keep action track moving forward either toward midpoint plot point ii sometimes relationship pinch pinch ii kind story connection according field ''inciting incident'' occurs near middle act called sets story


motion first visual representation key incident inciting incident also called ' 'dramatic hook'' leads directly plot point field referred ''tag'' epilogue action act chronological list major plot points congruent field 's paradigm class wikitable characterization example ''star wars episode iv new hope'' '''opening image''' first image screenplay summarize entire film especially tone screenwriters often go back redo final task submitting


script outer space near planet tatooine imperial star destroyer pursues exchanges fire rebel ''tantive iv'' spaceship '''exposition''' provides background information audience plot characters' histories setting theme status quo ''ordinary world'' protagonist established settings space planet tatooine shown rebellion empire described many main characters introduced c po r princess leia organa darth vader luke skywalker protagonist ben kenobi obi wan kenobi luke 's status quo life


protagonist 's life forces confront opponent protagonist passes one way door cannot go back status quo luke 's uncle aunt killed home destroyed empire home go back joins rebels opposing darth vader luke 's goal point help princess '''pinch i''' reminder scene way script halfway act brings central


death star luke knows princess new goal rescue '''pinch ii''' another reminder scene way script halfway act b somehow linked pinch reminding audience central conflict surviving garbage masher luke companions clash stormtroopers death star en route millennium falcon scenes remind us empire 's opposition using stormtrooper attack motif unifies pinches '''plot point ii''' dramatic reversal ends


act begins act luke leia companions arrive rebel base princess successfully rescued luke 's new goal assist rebels attacking death star '''moment truth''' also known ' 'decision point'' ' 'second doorway return'' ' 'second turning point'' point midway act protagonist must make decision story part main character decides moment truth right choice leads success wrong choice


story giving audience closure also known denouement films recent decades longer denouements films made earlier leia awards luke han medals heroism sequence approach sequence approach screenwriting sometimes known eight sequence structure system developed frank daniel head graduate screenwriting program usc based part fact early days cinema technical matters forced screenwriters divide stories sequences length


character category '''hero''' main character whose outer motivation drives plot forward primary object identification reader audience screen time '''nemesis''' character stands way hero achieving outer motivation '' 'reflection''' character supports hero 's outer motivation least basic situation beginning screenplay '''romance''' character sexual romantic object least part


way character achieving inner motivation conflict always originates within character prevents achieving self worth inner motivation format fundamentally screenplay unique literary form like musical score intended interpreted basis artists' performance rather serving finished product enjoyment audience reason screenplay written using technical jargon tight spare prose describing stage directions unlike novel short story screenplay


transitions scripts written master scene format divided scenes unit story takes place specific location time scene headings slugs indicate location following scene take place whether interior exterior time day appears conventionally capitalized may underlined bolded production drafts scene headings numbered next action lines describe stage direction generally written present tense focus seen heard audience character


names caps centered middle page indicate character speaking following dialogue characters speaking screen voice indicated suffix os vo respectively parentheticals provide stage direction dialogue follows often indicate dialogue performed example angry also include small stage directions example picking vase overuse parentheticals discouraged dialogue blocks offset page 's margin left justified dialogue spoken two characters


screen format dialogue description imagery imagery used many metaphoric ways ''the talented mr ripley'' title character talked wanting close door sometime end pathetic fallacy also frequently used rain express character feeling depressed sunny days promote feeling happiness calm imagery used sway emotions audience clue happening imagery well defined ''city god'' opening image sequence sets tone entire film


film opens shimmer knife 's blade sharpening stone drink prepared knife 's blade shows juxtaposed shot chicken letting loose harness feet symbolising 'the one got away' film life favelas rio sprinkled violence games ambition dialogue since advent sound film talkies dialogue taken central place much mainstream cinema cinematic arts audience understands story see hear


action music sound effects dialogue many screenwriters way audiences hear writer 's words characters' dialogue led writers diablo cody joss whedon quentin tarantino become well known dialogue stories bollywood indian film industries use separate dialogue writers addition screenplay writers plot plot according aristotle 's ''poetics'' refers sequence events connected cause effect story story series events conveyed chronological order plot series


university arts europe united kingdom extensive range ba screenwriting courses including london college communication bournemouth university edinburgh university goldsmiths college university london schools offer non degree screenwriting programs thefilmschool international film television school fast track ucla professional http writersuclaextensionedu extension programs screenwriting new york film academy offers degree non degree educational systems campuses around world many screenwriters choose pursue screenwriting independently free online educational resources screencraft keanewords nofilmschool draft zero podcast


paper team podcast write along podcast film daily black list john august craig mazin 's scriptnotes podcast julie gray 's effing entertain history first true screenplay thought george melies' film ''a trip moon'' movie silent screenplay still contains specific descriptions action lines resemble modern day script time went films became longer complex need screenplay became prominent industry introduction movie theaters also impacted development screenplays


audiences became widespread sophisticated stories well first non silent movie released screenwriting became hugely important position within hollywood studio system heightened importance studio heads wanted productivity thus blueprint continuity screenplay film beforehand became extremely optimal around spec script first created changed industry writers forever screenwriting television teleplays considered difficult competitive writing feature films portrayed film screenwriting focus


number films ''crashing hollywood'' mdash screenwriter collaborates gangster movie real life gangster film released mob n't like accurate movie ''sunset boulevard'' mdash actor william holden portrays hack screenwriter forced collaborate screenplay desperate fading silent film star played gloria swanson ''in lonely place'' mdash humphrey bogart washed screenwriter gets framed murder ''paris sizzles'' mdash william holden plays drunk screenwriter wasted months partying two days finish script hires audrey


hepburn help ''barton fink'' mdash john turturro plays na new york playwright comes hollywood high hopes great ambition meets one writing idols celebrated novelist past become drunken hack screenwriter character based william faulkner ''mistress'' mdash comedy written barry primus j f lawton robert wuhl screenwriter director 's got integrity vision serious script mdash career martin landau sleazy producer introduces wuhl robert de niro danny aiello eli wallach three


guys willing invest movie one catch one wants mistress star ''the player'' mdash satire hollywood system tim robbins plays movie producer thinks 's blackmailed screenwriter whose script rejected ''adaptation'' mdash nicolas cage portrays real life screenwriter charlie kaufman well fictional brother donald kaufman struggles adapt esoteric book susan orlean real life nonfiction work ''the orchid thief'' action filled hollywood screenplay ''dreams spec'' mdash documentary follow aspiring screenwriters struggle turn


scripts movies film also features wisdom established scribes like james l brooks nora ephron carrie fisher gary ross ''seven psychopaths'' mdash satire written directed martin mcdonagh colin farrell plays screenwriter struggling finish screenplay ''seven psychopaths'' finds unlikely inspiration best friend steals shih tzu owned vicious gangster ''trumbo'' mdash highly successful hollywood screenwriter dalton trumbo played biopic bryan cranston targeted house un american activities committee socialist views sent federal prison refusing cooperate blacklisted


working hollywood yet continues write subsequently wins two academy awards using pseudonyms copyright protection united states united states completed works may copyrighted ideas plots may document written us automatically copyrighted even without legal registration notice however library congress formally register screenplay us courts accept lawsuit alleging defendant infringing plaintiff 's copyright work plaintiff registers plaintiff 's claim copyrights copyright office means


exist registering screenplays protection teleplays formats well screenplays may registered instant proof authorship third party assurance vendors line precedent several states including california new york allows idea submission claims based notion submission screenplay even mere pitch one studio particular sets factual circumstances could potentially give rise implied contract pay ideas embedded screenplay even alleged derivative work actually infringe screenplay author 's copyright ref name biederman ref unfortunate


side effect precedents supposed protect screenwriters much harder break screenwriting naturally motion picture television production firms responded categorically declining read ''all'' unsolicited screenplays unknown writers ref name rosman ref accepting screenplays official channels like talent agents managers attorneys forcing screenwriters sign broad legal releases screenplays actually accepted read considered ref name biederman turn agents managers attorneys become extremely powerful gatekeepers behalf major film studios media networks ref name rosman one symptom


hard break screenwriting result case law universal resisted construction bike path along los angeles river next studio lot would worsen existing problem desperate amateur screenwriters throwing copies work studio wall see also actantial model closet screenplay list film related topics list screenwriting awards film outline film prelap storyboard references specific references general references paperback paperback paperback external links http wwwbaftaorg access areas screenwriting screenwriters lectures screenwriters screenwriting series http wwwbaftaorg


bafta http wwwwgaorg writers guild america http wwwamericanscreenwriterscom american screenwriters association drama film video terminology filmmaking film production hollywood performing arts plot narrative television terminology writing


le nove porcelain bowl cover painted ruins soft paste porcelain front side cross lothair ''c'' classic example ars sacra ''wine pot'' ca th century china https commonswikimediaorg wiki file chinese wine pot walters side cropped jpg walters art museum '' 'decorative arts''' arts crafts whose object design manufacture objects beautiful functional includes arts making objects interiors buildings interior design usually architecture ceramic art metalwork furniture jewellery fashion various forms textile arts glassware major groupings

Applied science
Architecture and design
Decorative arts


applied arts largely overlaps decorative arts modern making applied art usually called design decorative arts often categorized distinction fine arts namely painting drawing photography large scale sculpture generally produce objects solely aesthetic quality capacity stimulate intellect distinction fine arts mughal th century ce national museum new delhi distinction decorative fine arts essentially arose post renaissance art west distinction part meaningful distinction much less meaningful considering


goldsmith work cast metals bronze techniques ivory carving large scale wall paintings much less regarded crudely executed rarely mentioned contemporary sources probably seen inferior substitute mosaic period must considered fine art though recent centuries mosaics tended considered decorative similar fate befallen tapestry late medieval renaissance royalty regarded magnificent artform certainly expensive term ars sacra sacred arts sometimes used medieval christian art executed


metal ivory textiles valuable materials rarer secular works period northern song dynasty th th century porcelaneous pottery celadon glaze view decoration 'lesser art' formally challenged writers art historians like amy goldin anne swartz argument singular narrative art lost traction close th century post modernist irony increasing curatorial interest street art ethnic decorative traditions 'pattern decoration movement' new york galleries


though short lived opened way inclusive evaluation value art objects influence different materials modern understanding art many cultures tends distorted modern privileging fine visual arts media others well different survival rates works different media works metal precious metals liable recycled soon fall fashion often used owners repositories wealth melted extra money needed illuminated manuscripts


much higher survival rate especially hands church little value materials easy store renaissance attitudes promotion fine arts decorative european thought largely traced renaissance italian theorists vasari promoted artistic values exemplified artists high renaissance placed little value cost materials amount skilled work required produce work instead valued artistic imagination individual touch hand supremely


gifted master michelangelo raphael leonardo da vinci reviving extent approach antiquity european art middle ages produced different set values expensive materials virtuoso displays difficult techniques highly valued china approaches co existed many centuries ink wash painting mostly landscapes large extent produced scholar bureaucrats literati intended expression artist 's imagination major fields art including


important chinese ceramics produced effectively industrial conditions produced according completely different set artistic values arts crafts movement arts crafts movement artichoke wallpaper morris co lower status given works decorative art contrast fine art narrowed rise arts crafts movement aesthetic movement second half th century born england inspired william morris john ruskin movement represented beginning greater appreciation decorative arts throughout europe appeal


arts crafts movement new generation led english architect designer arthur h mackmurdo organize century guild craftsmen championing idea meaningful difference fine decorative arts many converts professional artists' ranks among intellectual class whole helped spread ideas movement influence arts crafts movement led decorative arts given greater appreciation status society soon reflected changes law enactment


copyright act works fine art protected unauthorised copying act extended definition artistic work include works artistic craftsmanship mass production customization electric lamp shape turtle context mass production consumerism individuals attempt create maintain lifestyle construct identity forced accept mass produced identical objects life according campbell piece craft consumer done selecting goods specific intentions mind


http hearthlibrarycornelledu home economics archive tradition research history hearth cornell university https webarchiveorg web http wwwvamacuk collections indexhtml victoria albert museum http wwwmnadorg argentine decorative art museum http digitallibrarywiscedu dl dldecarts digital library decorative arts material culture electronic resources http wwwmetmuseumorg works art departmentaspdep metropolitan museum art american decorative arts collection https webarchiveorg web http wwwngagov collection gallery decartsshtm national gallery art decorative arts collection http wwwmuseobagattivalsecchiorg bagatti valsecchi museum milan italy https collectionmobiliernationalculturegouvfr recherche mobilier national collection french decorative arts paris https webarchiveorg web http wwwmcnyorg collections html museum city new york decorative arts collection visual arts genres visual arts media interior design architectural elements gardening aids design


logicians mathematicians alonzo church alan turing church first showed existence algorithmically unsolvable problems using notion lambda definability turing gave first compelling analysis called mechanical procedure kurt g del asserted found turing 's analysis perfect addition major areas theoretical overlap logic computer science g del 's incompleteness theorem proves logical system powerful enough characterize arithmetic contain statements neither proved disproved within system direct application theoretical issues

Formal science
Computer science
Logic in computer science


relating feasibility proving completeness correctness software frame problem basic problem must overcome using first order logic represent goals state artificial intelligence agent curry howard correspondence relation logical systems software theory established precise correspondence proofs programs particular showed terms simply typed lambda calculus correspond proofs intuitionistic propositional logic category theory represents view mathematics emphasizes relations structures intimately tied many aspects computer


science type systems programming languages theory transition systems models programming languages theory programming language semantics computers assist logicians one first applications use term artificial intelligence logic theorist system developed allen newell j c shaw herbert simon one things logician take set statements logic deduce conclusions additional statements must true laws logic example given logical system states humans


mortal socrates human valid conclusion socrates mortal course trivial example actual logical systems statements numerous complex realized early kind analysis could significantly aided use computers logic theorist validated theoretical work bertrand russell alfred north whitehead influential work mathematical logic called ''principia mathematica'' addition subsequent systems utilized logicians validate discover new logical theorems proofs logic applications computers


always strong influence mathematical logic field artificial intelligence ai beginning field realized technology automate logical inferences could great potential solve problems draw conclusions facts ron brachman described first order logic fol metric ai knowledge representation formalisms evaluated general powerful known method describing analyzing information fol reason fol simply used computer language actually expressive sense


fol easily express statements computer matter powerful could ever solve reason every form knowledge representation sense trade expressivity computability expressive language closer fol likely slower prone infinite loop example rules used expert systems approximate limited subset fol rather arbitrary formulas full range logical operators starting point simply logicians refer modus


ponens result rule based systems support high performance computation especially take advantage optimization algorithms compilation another major area research logical theory software engineering research projects knowledge based software assistant programmer 's apprentice programs applied logical theory validate correctness software specifications also used transform specifications efficient code diverse platforms prove equivalence implementation specification formal transformation driven approach often far effortful traditional software development however specific domains appropriate


formalisms reusable templates approach proven viable commercial products appropriate domains usually weapons systems security systems real time financial systems failure system excessively high human financial cost example domain large scale integrated vlsi design process designing chips used cpus critical components digital devices error chip catastrophic unlike software chips ca n't patched updated result commercial justification using formal methods prove


implementation corresponds specification another important application logic computer technology area frame languages automatic classifiers frame languages kl one rigid semantics definitions kl one directly mapped set theory predicate calculus allows specialized theorem provers called classifiers analyze various declarations sets subsets relations given model way model validated inconsistent definitions flagged classifier also infer new information example define new sets based existing information change


logic computer science lics alwen tiu http videolecturesnet ssll tiu intlo introduction logic video recording lecture anu logic summer school ' aimed mostly computer scientists formal methods


cover page conference proceedings featured artwork entitled ''irrational tiling logical quantifiers'' alvy ray smith since year ''kleene award'' given best student paper addition since ''lics test time award'' given annually one among twenty year old lics papers best met test time lics awards test time award year since lics test time award recognizes articles lics proceedings years earlier become influential leo bachmair nachum dershowitz jieh


hsiang orderings equational proofs e allen emerson chin laung lei efficient model checking fragments propositional mu calculus extended abstract moshe vardi pierre wolper automata theoretic approach automatic program verification preliminary report samson abramsky domain theory logical form robert harper furio honsell gordon plotkin framework defining logics martin abadi leslie lamport existence refinement mappings eugenio moggi computational lambda calculus monads rajeev alur costas courcoubetis david l dill model checking real time systems jerry r burch edmund clarke kenneth l


mcmillan david l dill james hwang symbolic model checking states beyond max dauchet sophie tison theory ground rewrite systems decidable peter freyd recursive types reduced inductive types patrice godefroid pierre wolper partial approach model checking joshua hodas dale miller logic programming fragment intuitionistic linear logic dexter kozen completeness theorem kleene algebras algebra regular events thomas henzinger xavier nicollin joseph sifakis sergio yovine symbolic model checking real time systems jean pierre talpin pierre jouvelot type effect discipline


leo bachmair harald ganzinger uwe waldmann set constraints monadic class andr joyal mogens nielson glynn winskel bisimulation open maps benjamin c pierce davide sangiorgi typing subtyping mobile processes martin hofmann thomas streicher groupoid model refutes uniqueness identity proofs dale miller multiple conclusion meta logic igor walukiewicz completeness kozen 's axiomatisation propositional mu calculus parosh abdulla karlis cerans bengt jonsson yih kuen tsay general decidability theorems infinite state systems iliano cervesato frank pfenning linear logical framework richard


blute jos e desharnais abbas edalat prakash panangaden bisimulation labelled markov processes daniele turi gordon plotkin towards mathematical operational semantics mart n abadi c dric fournet georges gonthier secure implementation channel abstractions samson abramsky kohei honda guy mccusker fully abstract game semantics general references marcelo p fiore gordon plotkin daniele turi abstract syntax variable binding murdoch gabbay andrew pitts new approach abstract syntax involving binders luca de alfaro thomas henzinger concurrent omega regular games hiroshi nakano modality recursion


aaron stump clark w barrett david l dill jeremy r levitt decision procedure extensional theory arrays hongwei xi dependent types program termination verification kleene award conference kleene award honour sc kleene given best student paper see also list computer science conferences contains academic conferences computer science notes external links http licssiglogorg lics home page theoretical computer science conferences logic conferences logic computer science ieee conferences


mohenjo daro significant symbol sindhology '''sindhology''' field study academic research covers history society culture literature sindh province pakistan subject first brought academic circles establishment institute sindhology sindh university since developed discipline covers aspects history archaeology indus valley civilization modern sindhi society subject also received wider attention international levels academic expert specialises sindhology called

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Sindhology


'''sindhologist''' history term ''sindhology'' denote subject knowledge sindh first coined establishment institute sindhology objective time promote study broader research sindh develop repository archives books manuscripts research papers another wider objective promote knowledge sindh various national regional languages pakistan well international languages arabic english persian urdu subject actually developed patterns egyptology indology study area


encompassed multidisciplinary research land shaped years old indus valley civilization well indus river locally known ''sindhu darya'' enables scope study cover antiquities relics culture traditions literature unique forms music art poetry prevailed ancient modern sindh organisations institute sindhology pakistan indian institute sindhology american institute sindhology prominent sindhologists first major attempt bring together leading sindhologists international seminar 'sindh


centuries' held karachi spring auspices government sindh prominent names sindhology include ali asani dr nabi bux khan baloch hassam ud din rashidi ahmad hasan dani annemarie schimmel allama kazi asko parpola dr ghulam ali allana jean fran ois jarrige n g majumdar k r malkani muhammad usman diplai ghulam rabbani agro muhammad qasim maka see also institute sindhology encyclopedia sindhiana university sindh sindhi literature sindhi adabi board jamshoro list museums pakistan notes references government sindh ''sind


centuries'' proceedings international seminar held karachi spring department culture government sind oxford university press karachi external links http wwwsindhologycompk institute sindhology https webarchiveorg web http wwwusindhedupk university sindh http wwwsindhologyorg indian institute sindhology education pakistan indology pakistan studies


modern western societies social stratification typically defined terms three social classes upper class middle class lower class turn class subdivided upper stratum middle stratum lower stratum ref name saunders ref moreover social stratum formed upon bases kinship clan tribe caste four categorization people social stratum occurs clearly complex state based polycentric feudal societies latter based upon socio economic relations among classes nobility classes peasants historically whether hunter gatherer tribal

Social science
Sociology
Social stratification


band societies defined socially stratified social stratification otherwise began agriculture large scale means social exchange remains debated matter social sciences determining structures social stratification arises inequalities status among persons therefore degree social inequality determines person 's social stratum generally greater social complexity society social stratification exists way social differentiation ref name grusky ref overview definition usage social stratification term used social sciences describe relative social position persons given social


social stratification often used interpreted differently within specific theories sociology example proponents action theory suggested social stratification commonly found developed societies wherein dominance hierarchy may necessary order maintain social order provide stable social structure conflict theories marxism point inaccessibility resources lack social mobility found stratified societies many sociological theorists criticized fact working classes often unlikely advance socioeconomically wealthy tend hold political power use exploit


proletariat laboring class talcott parsons american sociologist asserted stability social order regulated part universal values values identical consensus indeed impetus social conflict case multiple times history parsons never claimed universal values satisfied functional prerequisites society indeed constitution society represents much complicated codification emerging historical factors theorists ralf dahrendorf alternately note tendency toward enlarged middle class modern western societies due


qualitative beliefs attitudes social status ref name grusky complexity although stratification limited complex societies complex societies exhibit features stratification complex society total stock valued goods distributed unequally wherein privileged individuals families enjoy disproportionate share income power valued social resources term stratification system sometimes used refer complex social relationships social structures generate observed inequalities key components systems social institutional processes define certain types goods valuable


desirable b rules allocation distribute goods resources across various positions division labor eg physician farmer housewife c social mobility processes link individuals positions thereby generate unequal control valued resources ref name grusky ref social mobility social mobility movement individuals social groups categories people layers within stratification system movement intragenerational intergenerational mobility sometimes used classify different systems social stratification open stratification systems allow mobility typically placing value


achieved status characteristics individuals societies highest levels intragenerational mobility considered open malleable systems stratification ref name grusky systems little mobility even intergenerational basis considered closed stratification systems example caste systems aspects social status ascribed one 's social position birth persists throughout one 's lifetime ref name grusky karl marx pyramid capitalist system cartoon example socialist critique capitalism social stratification marxist theory


modern mode production consists two main economic parts base superstructure base encompasses relations production employer employee work conditions technical division labour property relations social class according marx determined one 's relationship means production exist least two classes class based society owners means production sell labor owners means production times marx almost hints ruling classes seem working class


labor power 'wage labor' offer powerful order survive relations fundamentally determine ideas philosophies society additional classes may form part superstructure ideology ruling class throughout much history land owning aristocracy false consciousness promoted political non political institutions also arts elements culture aristocracy falls bourgeoisie become owners means production capitalist system marx predicted capitalist mode would eventually give way


internal conflict revolutionary consciousness development egalitarian communist societies marx also described two classes petite bourgeoisie lumpenproletariat petite bourgeoisie like small business class never really accumulates enough profit become part bourgeoisie even challenge status lumpenproletariat underclass little social status includes prostitutes beggars homeless untouchables given society neither subclasses much influence marx 's two major classes helpful know marx recognize differences


within classes according marvin harris tim ingold ref name ingold tim p ingold tim social relations hunter gatherer band richard b lee richard h daly eds ''the cambridge encyclopedia hunters gatherers'' p new york cambridge university press ref lewis henry morgan 's accounts egalitarian hunter gatherers formed part karl marx' friedrich engels' inspiration communism morgan spoke situation people living community pooled efforts shared rewards efforts fairly equally called communism living


marx expanded ideas still emphasized economically oriented culture property defining fundamental relationships people yet issues ownership property arguably less emphasized hunter gatherer societies ref name gowdy ref combined different social economic situations hunter gatherers may account many difficulties encountered implementing communism industrialized states ingold points notion communism removed context domesticity harnessed support project social engineering large scale industrialized states populations millions eventually came mean something quite different


morgan intended namely principle redistribution would override ties personal familial nature cancel effects ref name ingold tim p counter argument marxist 's conflict theory theory structural functionalism argued kingsley davis wilbert moore states social inequality places vital role smooth operation society davis moore hypothesis argues position bring power prestige draws high income rather draws high income functionally important available personnel


one reason another scarce high income jobs difficult require high level education perform compensation motivator society people strive achieve max weber max weber strongly influenced marx 's ideas rejected possibility effective communism arguing would require even greater level detrimental social control bureaucratization capitalist society moreover weber criticized dialectical presumption proletariat revolt maintaining unlikely instead develops three component theory stratification concept life chances weber held


class divisions marx suggested taking different concepts functionalist marxist theories create system emphasizes difference class status power treats separate related sources power different effects social action working half century later marx weber claims four main social classes upper class white collar workers petite bourgeoisie manual working class weber 's theory closely resembles contemporary western class structures although economic status currently seem depend strictly earnings


differs marx see supreme factor stratification weber notes corporate executives control firms typically marx would placed people proletariat despite high incomes virtue fact sell labor instead owning capital '''status''' person 's prestige social honor popularity society weber notes political power rooted capital value solely also one 's individual status poets saints example extensive influence society despite material resources '''power'''


person 's ability get way despite resistance others particularly ability engage social change example individuals government jobs employee federal bureau investigation member united states congress may hold little property status still wield considerable social power c wright mills c wright mills drawing theories vilfredo pareto gaetano mosca contends imbalance power society derives complete absence countervailing powers corporate leaders power elite ref name doob ref ref name mills ref mills incorporated


decisions peace war two atomic bombs dropped japan name united states neither anyone knew consulted ref name doob mills explains power elite embody privileged class whose members able recognize high position within society ref name doob order maintain highly exalted position within society members power elite tend marry one another understand accept one another also work together ref name doob ref name mills sup pp nbsp sup crucial aspect power elite 's existence


lays within core education ref name doob youthful upper class members attend prominent preparatory schools open doors elite universities harvard yale princeton also universities' highly exclusive clubs memberships turn pave way prominent social clubs located major cities serving sites important business contacts ref name doob ref name mills sup p nbsp sup examples elite members attended prestigious universities members highly exclusive clubs seen george w bush john kerry bush kerry members skull


three branches power elite political leadership military circle corporate elite ref name doob '''the political leadership ''' mills held prior end world war ii leaders corporations became prominent within political sphere along decline central decision making among professional politicians ref name doob '''the military circle ''' increasing concerns warfare resulted top military leaders issues involving defense funding military personnel training becoming top priority within united states prominent politicians corporate leaders strong proponents


greater breadth interests colleagues prominent bankers financiers mills considered 'almost professional go betweens economic political military affairs' also members elite 's inner core ref name doob ref name mills sup pp sup anthropological theories anthropologists dispute universal nature social stratification holding standard among societies john gowdy writes assumptions human behaviour members market societies believe universal humans naturally competitive acquisitive social stratification natural apply many hunter gatherer peoples ref name gowdy


non stratified egalitarian acephalous headless societies exist little concept social hierarchy political economic status class even permanent leadership kinship orientation anthropologists identify egalitarian cultures kinship oriented appear value social harmony wealth status cultures contrasted economically oriented cultures including states status material wealth prized stratification competition conflict common kinship oriented cultures actively work prevent social hierarchies developing believe stratification could lead conflict instability reciprocal altruism one process


accomplished good example given richard borshay lee account khoisan practice '' insulting meat '' whenever hunter makes kill ceaselessly teased ridiculed friendly joking fashion prevent becoming proud egotistical meat distributed evenly among entire social group rather kept hunter level teasing proportional size kill lee found purchased entire cow gift group living teased


weeks afterward since obtaining much meat could interpreted showing another example australian aboriginals groote eylandt bickerton island coast arnhem land arranged entire society spiritually economically around kind gift economy called ' 'renunciation'' according david h turner arrangement every person expected give ''everything'' resource person needs lacks time benefit largely eliminating social problems like theft relative poverty however misunderstandings obviously arise


attempting reconcile aboriginal ' 'renunciative economics'' competition scarcity oriented economics introduced australia european colonists variables theory research social status variables underlying social stratification based social perceptions attitudes various characteristics persons peoples many variables cut across time place relative weight placed variable specific combinations variables differ place place time one task research identify accurate mathematical models explain many variables combine produce stratification given society grusky provides


good overview historical development sociological theories social stratification summary contemporary theories research field ref name grusky b ref many variables contribute understanding social stratification long identified models variables role constituting social stratification still active topic theory research general sociologists recognize pure economic variables social factors integral economic value however variables posited affect social stratification loosely divided economic social factors


economic strictly quantitative economic variables useful describing social stratification explaining social stratification constituted maintained income common variable used describe stratification associated economic inequality society ref name grusky however distribution individual household accumulation surplus wealth tells us variation individual well income alone wealth variables also vividly illustrate salient variations well groups stratified societies gross domestic product gdp especially ''per capita'' gdp sometimes used describe economic inequality stratification


international global level social social variables quantitative qualitative typically provide explanatory power causal research regarding social stratification either independent variables intervening variables three important social variables include gender race ethnicity least intervening effect social status stratification places throughout world ref name hill ref additional variables include describe ascribed achieved characteristics occupation skill levels age education level education level parents geographic area variables may causal intervening effects social


pervasive prevalent social characteristics people use make social distinctions individuals gender distinctions found economic kinship caste based stratification systems social role expectations often form along sex gender lines entire societies may classified social scientists according rights privileges afforded men women especially associated ownership inheritance property patriarchal societies rights privileges normatively granted men women matriarchal societies opposite holds true sex gender based division labor historically found annals


societies divisions increased advent industrialization sex based wage discrimination exists societies men typically receive higher wages women type work differences employment men women lead overall gender based pay gap many societies women category earn less men due types jobs women offered take well differences number hours worked women gender related values affect distribution income wealth property given


social order race racism consists prejudice discrimination based social perceptions observable biological differences peoples often takes form social actions practices beliefs political systems different races perceived ranked inherently superior inferior based presumed shared inheritable traits abilities qualities given society share racial characteristics socially perceived undesirable typically represented positions social power ie become minority category society minority members society often subjected