communities southern california example plants leaves coated flammable oils encourage intense fire heat causes fire activated seeds germinate example dormancy young plants capitalize lack competition burnt landscape plants smoke activated seeds fire activated buds cones lodgepole pine ''pinus contorta'' conversely pyriscent sealed resin fire melts away releasing seeds ref name usdafs usda forest service ref many plant species including shade intolerant giant sequoia ''sequoiadendron giganteum'' require fire make gaps


plants large fire activated seed banks germinate grow mature rapidly following fire order reproduce renew seed bank next fire ref name kramp ref name knoxclarke knox clarke ref seeds may contain receptor protein kai activated growth hormones karrikin released fire ref name salk ref fire tolerance typical regrowth australian bushfire fire tolerance fire tolerant species able withstand degree burning continue growing despite damage fire plants sometimes referred resprouters ecologists shown species resprouters store extra energy

Applied science
Public administration
Fire ecology


roots aid recovery growth following fire ref name kramp ref name knoxclarke example australian bushfire mountain grey gum tree ''eucalyptus cypellocarpa'' starts producing mass shoots leaves base tree way trunk towards top making look like black stick completely covered young green leaves fire resistance fire resistant plants suffer little damage characteristic fire regime include large trees whose flammable parts high surface fires mature ponderosa pine ''pinus ponderosa'' example tree species suffers virtually


crown damage naturally mild fire regime sheds lower vulnerable branches matures ref name kramp ref name pyne pyne ref animals birds microbes mixed flock hawks hunting around bushfire like plants animals display range abilities cope fire differ plants must avoid actual fire survive although birds may vulnerable nesting generally able escape fire indeed often profit able take prey fleeing fire recolonize burned areas quickly


afterwards fact many wildlife species globally dependent recurring fires fire dependent ecosystems create maintain habitat anthropological ethno ornithological evidence suggests certain species fire foraging raptors may engage intentional fire propagation flush prey mammals often capable fleeing fire seeking cover burrow amphibians reptiles may avoid flames burrowing ground using burrows animals amphibians particular able take refuge water wet mud ref name kramp arthropods also take shelter fire although


ecosystems fire creates mosaic different habitat patches areas ranging burned untouched fire many years form ecological succession freshly burned site progress continuous directional phases colonization following destruction caused fire ref name begon p begon ''et al'' pg ref ecologists usually characterize succession changes vegetation successively arise fire first species colonize seeds already present soil


seeds able travel burned area quickly generally fast growing herbaceous plants require light intolerant shading time passes slowly growing shade tolerant woody species suppress herbaceous plants ref name begon p begon ''et al'' pg ref conifers often early successional species broad leaf trees frequently replace absence fire hence many conifer forests dependent upon recurring fire ref name keddy keddy chapter ref different species plants animals microbes specialize exploiting different stages process succession creating


canopy independently ground fuel support active crown fire high severity fire creates complex early seral forest habitat snag forest high levels biodiversity forest burns frequently thus less plant litter build ground soil temperatures rise slightly lethal roots lie deep soil ref name debano although characteristics forest influence impact fire upon factors climate topography play important role determining fire severity fire extent ref name beatytaylor beaty taylor ref fires spread widely


initial fire size intensity cause habitat evolve differentially afterwards influence vertebrate species able use burned areas ref name bunnell shrublands lightning sparked wildfires frequent occurrences shrublands grasslands nevada shrub fires typically concentrate canopy spread continuously shrubs close enough together shrublands typically dry prone accumulations highly volatile fuels especially hillsides fires follow path least moisture greatest amount dead fuel material surface ground soil temperatures burn


factor association species south african fynbos shrublands fynbos shrublands occur small belt across south africa plant species ecosystem highly diverse yet majority species obligate seeders fire cause germination seeds plants begin new life cycle plants may coevolved obligate seeders response fire nutrient poor soils ref name wisheu wisheu ''et al'' ref fire common ecosystem soil limited nutrients efficient plants


underlying soil even cases high intensity grassland ecosystems fire primary mode decomposition making crucial recycling nutrients ref name debano grassland systems fire became primary mode decomposition disappearance large migratory herds browsing grazing megafauna driven predator pressure absence functional communities large migratory herds herbivorous megafauna attendant predators overuse fire maintain grassland ecosystems may lead excessive oxidation loss carbon desertification susceptible climates grassland ecosystems respond poorly fire ref


name usfs ref north american grasslands north america fire adapted invasive grasses ''bromus tectorum'' contribute increased fire frequency exerts selective pressure native species concern grasslands western united states ref name usfs less arid grassland presettlement fires worked concert grazing create healthy grassland ecosystem indicated accumulation soil organic matter significantly altered fire tallgrass prairie ecosystem flint hills eastern kansas oklahoma responding positively current use fire combination grazing south african savanna savanna


south africa recently burned areas new growth provides palatable nutritious forage compared older tougher grasses new forage attracts large herbivores areas unburned grazed grassland kept short constant grazing unburned lawns plant species adapted heavy grazing able persist distraction provided newly burned areas allows grazing intolerant grasses grow back lawns temporarily abandoned allowing species persist within ecosystem ref name archibald archibald et al ref longleaf pine savannas yellow pitcher plant


dependent upon recurring fire coastal plain savannas flatwoods much southeastern united states open longleaf pine forest rich understory grasses sedges carnivorous plants orchids ecosystems highest fire frequency habitat per decade less without fire deciduous forest trees invade shade eliminates pines understory typical plants associated fire include yellow pitcher plant rose pogonia abundance diversity plants closely related fire frequency rare animals gopher tortoises


prairies peat bogs floodplains prairie marshes flatwoods ref name keddy keddy p ref since wetlands store large amounts carbon peat fire frequency vast northern peatlands linked processes controlling carbon dioxide levels atmosphere phenomenon global warming ref name vitt vitt et al ref dissolved organic carbon doc abundant wetlands plays critical role ecology florida everglades significant portion doc dissolved charcoal indicating fire play critical role wetland ecosystems fire suppression fire serves many


important functions within fire adapted ecosystems fire plays important role nutrient cycling diversity maintenance habitat structure suppression fire lead unforeseen changes ecosystems often adversely affect plants animals humans depend upon habitat wildfires deviate historical fire regime fire suppression called uncharacteristic fires chaparral communities fire engine approaching smoldering brush tumbleweed fire near los angeles july southern california witnessed powerful chaparral wildfires hundreds homes hundreds thousands acres land went flames


extreme fire weather low humidity low fuel moisture high winds accumulation dead plant material eight years drought contributed catastrophic outcome although maintained fire suppression contributed unnatural buildup fuel loads ref name minnich minnich ref detailed analysis historical fire data showed may case ref name keeley keeley ''et al'' ref fire suppression activities failed exclude fire southern california chaparral research showing differences fire size frequency southern california baja used imply larger


fires north border result fire suppression opinion challenged numerous investigators longer supported majority fire ecologists one consequence fires increased density invasive non native plant species quickly colonized burned areas especially already burned previous years shrubs communities adapted particular historical fire regime altered fire regimes may change selective pressures plants favor invasive non native species better able


exploit novel post fire conditions ref name keeley keeley ''et al'' ref fish impacts boise national forest us national forest located north east city boise idaho following several uncharacteristically large wildfires immediately negative impact fish populations observed posing particular danger small isolated fish populations ref name burton burton ref long term however fire appears rejuvenate fish habitats causing hydraulic changes increase flooding lead silt removal deposition favorable habitat substrate leads larger post fire populations fish able


recolonize improved areas ref name burton although fire generally appears favorable fish populations ecosystems intense effects uncharacteristic wildfires combination fragmentation populations human barriers dispersal weirs dams ''will'' pose threat fish populations fire management tool prescribed burn oak savannah iowa restoration ecology name given attempt reverse mitigate changes humans caused ecosystem controlled burning one tool currently receiving considerable attention means


restoration management applying fire ecosystem may create habitats species negatively impacted fire suppression fire may used way controlling invasive species without resorting herbicides pesticides however debate state managers aim restore ecosystems especially whether natural means pre human pre european native american use fire natural fires historically maintained diversity savannas north america ref name williams ref managers use fire management tool subject debate


plant nutrient uptake shortgrass prairies ref name brockwayet brockway et al ref managers must also take account however invasive non native species respond fire want restore integrity native ecosystem example fire control invasive spotted knapweed ''centaurea maculosa'' michigan tallgrass prairie summer time knapweed 's life cycle important reproductive growth mixed conifer forests us sierra nevada mixed conifer forests united states sierra nevada used fire return intervals ranged


years years depending local climate lower elevations frequent fire return intervals whilst higher wetter elevations saw much longer intervals fires native americans tended set fires fall winter land higher elevation generally occupied native americans summer ref name anderson ref finnish boreal forests decline habitat area quality caused many species populations red listed international union conservation nature according study forest management finnish boreal forests improving habitat quality


areas outside reserves help conservation efforts endangered deadwood dependent beetles beetles various types fungi need dead trees order survive old growth forests provide particular habitat however fennoscandian boreal forested areas used timber therefore unprotected use controlled burning tree retention forested area deadwood studied effect endangered beetles study found first year management number species increased abundance richness compared pre fire treatment abundance beetles


continued increase following year sites tree retention high deadwood abundant correlation forest fire management increased beetle populations shows key conserving red listed species australian eucalypt forests much old growth eucalypt forest australia designated conservation management forests important species like ''eucalyptus grandis'' rely fire survive eucalypt species lignotuber root swelling structure contains buds new shoots sprout fire lignotuber helpful


reestablishment plant eucalypts particular mechanism forest fire management helpful creating rich soil killing competitors allowing seeds released management policies united states fire policy united states involves federal government individual state governments tribal governments interest groups general public new federal outlook fire policy parallels advances ecology moving towards view many ecosystems depend disturbance diversity proper maintenance natural processes although human safety still number one


priority fire management new us government objectives include long term view ecosystems newest policy allows managers gauge relative values private property resources particular situations set priorities accordingly ref name usdafs one primary goals fire management improve public education order suppress smokey bear fire suppression mentality introduce public benefits regular natural fires see also crown sprouting evolutionary history plants fire history peat bog fire pyrophyte keystone species reintroduction sufficient native keystone grazing species grasslands promote


tree growth reducing wildfire likelihood references bibliography archibald wj bond wd stock dhk fairbanks shaping landscape fire grazer interactions african savanna ecological applications begon jl harper cr townsend ''ecology individuals populations communities'' third edition blackwell science ltd cambridge massachusetts usa debano lf dg neary pf ffolliot ''fire effects ecosystems'' john wiley sons inc new york new york usa keddy pa '' https wwwamazoncom plants vegetation origins processes consequences dp plants vegetation origins processes consequences '' cambridge university press cambridge uk p keddy pa '' https wwwamazoncom wetland ecology conservation paul keddy dp wetland ecology principles conservation '' nd edition cambridge


university press cambridge uk p keeley je bond wj bradstock ra pausas jg rundel pw ''fire mediterranean ecosystems ecology evolution management'' cambridge university press http wwwuves jgpausas fire bookhtm link kramp ba dr patton ww brady run wild wildlife habitat relationships us forest service southwestern region pyne sj plants use fire used pbs nova online january https wwwpbsorg wgbh nova fire plantshtml allan savory jody butterfield november holistic management third edition commonsense revolution restore environment island press united states department fish agriculture usda forest service wwwfsfedus federal


makes nutrient poor mediterranean heathlands rich plant diversity evolutionary ecology research external links http wwwfsfedus database feis plants shrub roswoo allhtml us forest service fire ecology https wwwnpsgov yell learn nature firehtm yellowstone national park fire ecology https webarchiveorg web http wwwtncfireorg nature conservancy 's web site fire practitioners fire ecology https wwwnatureorg en us priorities protect water land land water stories work fire nature conservancy work fire https wwwpublishcsiroau wf ''international journal wildland fire'' https fireecologyorg fire ecology journal ''fire ecology'' journal http wwwfsfedus pnw fera indexshtml fire environmental research applications https wordspycom indexphpword pyrogeography word spy pyrogeography forest ecology ecological succession ecology terminology fire wildfires wildfire suppression wildfire prevention environmental terminology habitat


tribuwan university nepal '''feminist sociology''' interdisciplinary exploration gender power throughout society uses conflict theory theoretical perspectives observe gender relation power level face face interaction reflexivity within social structures large focuses include sexual orientation race economic status nationality history charlotte perkins gilman 's work helped formalize feminist theory growing went traditional holds placed society focusing reading learning concepts different women taught housewives

Social science
Sociology
Feminist sociology


argued furthermore traditional division labor biologically driven instead forced upon women based structure society since nineteenth century society played big role women actions daily lives gilman described ' 'sociobiological'' tragedy women disregarded part ideology survival fittest instead females thought soft weak individuals good productive purposes depicted emotional frail beings born serve husbands children family without living


gilman conducted research time women engaged science unheard women barred voting research helped create ripple effect along female sociologists helped pave way feminism concepts related feminist theory study sociology mostly androcentric sociological thinking began shift focus women equal pay act signed law john f kennedy outlawed wage disparity based sex grady ref name grady ref equal pay act


one first ways united states began shift mentality women 's rights women treated workplace society large equal pay act focused solely equal pay equal work regardless sex title vii civil rights act passed fight discrimination kind workplace major form discrimination many women face workplace sexual harassment sexual harassment form illegal discrimination based abuse power range inappropriate


jokes outright sexual assault conley sexual harassment form discrimination uniquely faced women occurs workplace often involves subordination women male superior coworker many women fought right dictate happens body establishing legal abortions well making forced sterilization illegal grady ref name grady shifted americans saw women country began changing allow women control bodies starting early several instances


sexual harassment abuse became well known started push women open encounters harassment allegations anita young justice clarence thomas sexually harassed one instances thomas confirmed justice supreme court regardless allegations women began speak surveys taken hearings reported percent women claim experienced sexual harassment job sapiro social shift led change attitude bodily autonomy


boundaries within workplace throughout life beginning mid women began come forward sexual harassment complaints sexual assault allegations male counterparts led movement drastically increased numbers women taking stance sexual violence leading society recognizing fundamental problem concerning sexual harassment grady ref name grady turn led another movement recent years called movement led many women coming forward stories encounters showing sexual harassment affects women across world feminism


race many feminist sociologists argue intersectionality women especially comes race longer ignored growing feminist movement due increase popularity outlook rise transnational feminists stressing idea feminism seen exclusively western centric idea must able adapt order incorporate context complications individual cultures traditions ref name ref relationship feminism race largely overlooked second wave feminists produced greater literature topic


'black feminism' second wave feminists incorporated new feminist theory known including race gender class explain oppression women color face intersectionalist approach feminist sociology allows type marriage gender race class dynamic rather excluding individuals different races ethnicities nationalities social classes gender sexual orientation factors women suffer oppression due race may find double bind relationship feminism race largely overlooked second wave feminists produced greater literature topic 'black


feminism' historically feminist movement sociological feminist movement led middle upper class women predominantly white backgrounds causing social trends movement largely pass issues faced women fit tropes disregarding issues intersectional women throughout history feminist movement due largely ignorance issues women face assumption problems white women within middle upper class homes problems women ongoing debate portions transnational


feminism surrounds question solidarity specifically regards general representation women global south ref name ref question posed movement opposing single minded outlook second wave feminism called third world feminism feminist movements primarily led operated western women sought define relation 'other' oppressed women non western countries consequently rendered women global south mere objects systems institutions victims never changing primitive force known culture effectively erasing struggles


replaced instead voices western feminists want save ref name however several african american women within field feminist theory crucial revolutionizing field work instrumental contribution field kimberl crenshaw 's seminal paper demarginalizing intersection race sex black feminist critique antidiscrimination doctrine feminist theory antiracist politics crenshaw outlines manner black women erased feminist pedagogy black women must understood multiple identities intersect reinforce one another


two key experiences black women furthermore black women suffer racist sexist fronts marginalized larger systems oppression existing feminist discourse disregards intersectionality crenshaw 's work integral understanding feminist sociology advocated black feminist thought set building blocks future feminist sociologists patricia hill collins anna julia cooper ida bell wells barnett african american women instrumental conducting much research making valuable contributions field black feminism cooper wells barnett consciously


drew lived experiences african american women develop systematic consciousness society social relations women foreshadow development feminist sociological theory based interests women colour feminism stratification different models attempt describe relationship gender stratification one model sex differences model discusses differences behavior attitude called labels male female ref name ferree ref attempting locate true difference socialization removed ref name american economic review ref


inequalities exist due many processes essential normal socialization however processes removed another model sex roles model employs socialization rather ignoring attempt uncover differences gender people choose identify discover gender roles ref name american economic review sociologists agree sex roles approach fall normal sociological understanding social roles express connection oneself people ref name ferree however sex roles approach discusses two polarized


internally persistent sets predispositions ref name baker ref theorists gender agree one comprehensive theory stratification ref name ferree also feminist analyses developed gender parallels critiques models race fail address inequality function something difference ref name baker many different sociologists argue gender organized differently whites blacks within race ref name ferree theorists continue argue gender also significantly impacts race differently men women similarly gender also impacts organization class class impacts


extending boundaries include queer theory would develop new innovative theoretical approaches research address inequality within society mccann feminist critiques multiculturalism debates within ethnic relations particularly regarding opposing perspectives assimilationism multiculturalism led accusation feminism incompatible multiculturalist policy feminists many critics favor idea multiculturalism critics believe feminists push views cultures forces western ideas others feminists around world argue men mistreating women countries


male elites around world would justify infringement women 's rights passing part culture moller okin people feminist ideals care backlash get world leaders countries believe violations women 's rights prohibited around world mission rid cultural excuses women 's oppression moller okin remit multiculturalism allow distinct cultures reside western societies separate societies general one possible consequence certain religious traditional practices


may negate western feminist ideals central debates include topics arranged marriage female genital mutilation others argued debates stem western orientalism general political reluctance accept foreign migrants types feminism anarcha feminism liberal feminism cultural feminism feminist existentialism ecofeminism radical feminism marxist feminism sex positive feminism socialist feminism psychoanalytic feminism postmodern feminism black feminism islamic feminism criticism feminist sociology feminism fair share criticism men women support feminist ideas higher set identification feminist tendency


media feminists ported negatively feminists less often associated day day work leisure activities regular women feminists negative portrayal men women belief trying place women top everything feminists jean bethke elshtain daphne patai camille paglia oppose certain aspects feminism opposed elevation woman 's interests men 's opposite feminism stands also believe radical feminism harmful men women pits groups


women handle also arguments women 's right join labor unions entry labor force sit juries birth control control sexuality feminism gender historically feminism traditionally feminine role america feminist negative connotation toward least first wave feminism started women feminist called ugly men haters always angry stereotypes associated women common us men feminists well


feminist movement started way grant gender equality women limited women men also feminist believe women deserve equal rights well ref name conlin ref gender social construct derived norms society implemented based believe male female would represent third wave feminism started notion connecting racial sexual gender identities gender different people fall line individual 's sex well


gender different people interpretation feminism way individual chooses feminist interpretation well women feminine manners brought light gender tried explain women unequal positions power men leads misogynistic views calling women weak femininity female flaw words used describe women used insult compliment men example woman assertive aggressive bold labeled


bossy feminists continuously tried shifting away narrative feminine women men cannot feminists ref name conlin research shown men mad roles creating change respecting feminist movements ref name conlin references reading sociology gender feminism conflict theory


'''educational technology''' commonly abbreviated '''edutech''' '''edtech''' combined use computer hardware software educational theory practice facilitate learning referred abbreviation edtech often referring industry companies create educational technology addition practical educational experience educational technology based theoretical knowledge various disciplines communication education psychology sociology artificial intelligence computer science encompasses several domains including learning theory computer based training online learning learning mobile technologies used definition association educational communications technology aect defined

Applied science
Education
Educational Technology


term edtech educational technology learning management systems lms tools student curriculum management education management information systems emis educational technology back office management training management systems logistics budget management learning record store lrs learning data storage analysis educational technology educational subject courses may called computer studies information communications technology ict related terms early th century abacus used danish elementary school educational technology inclusive term material tools processes theoretical foundations supporting learning


teaching educational technology restricted high technology anything enhances classroom learning utilization blended face face online learning educational technologist someone trained field educational technology educational technologists try analyze design develop implement evaluate process tools enhance learning term ''educational technologist'' used primarily united states ''learning technologist'' synonymous used uk well canada modern electronic educational technology important part society today ref name selwyn educational technology encompasses e learning instructional technology


information communication technology ict education edtech learning technology multimedia learning technology enhanced learning tel computer based instruction cbi computer managed instruction computer based training cbt computer assisted instruction computer aided instruction cai internet based training ibt flexible learning web based training wbt online education digital educational collaboration distributed learning computer mediated communication cyber learning multi modal instruction virtual education personal learning environments networked learning virtual learning environments vle also called learning platforms learning ubiquitous learning digital education numerous terms advocates point potential distinctive features ref name moore however many terms concepts educational technology


defined nebulously example fiedler 's review literature found complete lack agreement components personal learning environment moreover moore saw terminologies emphasizing particular features digitization approaches components delivery methods rather fundamentally dissimilar concept principle ref name moore example learning ''emphasizes'' mobility allows altered timing location accessibility context learning nevertheless purpose conceptual ''principles'' educational technology ref name moore practice technology advanced particular narrowly defined terminological aspect initially emphasized name blended


general field educational technology ref name moore initially virtual learning narrowly defined semantic sense implied entering environmental simulation within virtual world example treating posttraumatic stress disorder ptsd practice virtual education course refers instructional course least significant portion delivered internet virtual used broader way describe course taught classroom face face substitute mode conceptually associated virtually classroom teaching means people


go physical classroom learn accordingly virtual education refers form distance learning course content delivered various methods course management applications multimedia resources videoconferencing virtual education simulated learning opportunities games dissections offer opportunities students connect classroom content authentic situations ref name educational content pervasively embedded objects around learner may even conscious learning process ref name teaching english second foreign language ubiquitous learning environment guide esl efl instructors ref combination adaptive


learning using individualized interface materials accommodate individual thus receives personally differentiated instruction ubiquitous access digital resources learning opportunities range places various times termed smart learning ref name hwang hwang g j definition framework research issues smart learning environments context aware ubiquitous learning perspective smart learning environments ref ref name kinshuk ref smart learning component smart city concept history th century classroom auckland helping people children learn ways easier faster accurate less expensive traced back


emergence early tools paintings cave walls ref name molenda molenda historical foundations j spector merrill j merrienboer p driscoll eds ''handbook research educational communications technology'' third pp new york ny lawrence earlbaum associates ref various types abacus used writing slates blackboards used least millennium introduction books pamphlets held prominent role education early twentieth century duplicating machines mimeograph gestetner stencil devices used produce short copy


runs typically copies classroom home use use media instructional purposes generally traced back first decade th century ref name saettler saettler p ''the evolution american educational technology'' englewood co libraries unlimited ref introduction educational films sidney pressey 's mechanical teaching machines first multiple choice large scale assessment army alpha used assess intelligence specifically aptitudes world war military recruits large scale use technologies employed training soldiers wwii using films


mediated materials overhead projectors concept hypertext traced description memex vannevar bush cuisenaire rods slide projectors widely used educational institutional settings cuisenaire rods devised saw widespread use late mid stanford university psychology professors patrick suppes richard c atkinson experimented using computers teach arithmetic spelling via teletypes elementary school students palo alto unified school district california stanford 's education program gifted youth descended


early experiments online education originated university illinois although internet would created another decade students able access class information linked computer terminals online learning emerged western behavioral sciences institute la jolla california opened school management strategic studies school employed computer conferencing new jersey institute technology 's electronic information exchange system eies deliver distance education program business executives starting connected education offered first totally online masters degree media studies new


school new york city also via eies computer conferencing system ref name ref ref name new scientist ref ref name netweaver ref subsequent courses offered electronic university network dos commodore computers mit began providing online classes free charge approximately million students taking least one class online currently one three college students takes least one online course college devry university students earning bachelor 's degree earn two thirds requirements online also million students


technology well developments university guelph canada ref name mason r mason r kaye ''mindweave communication computers distance education'' oxford uk pergamon press ref uk council educational technology supported use educational technology particular administering government 's national development programme computer aided learning microelectronics education programme mid accessing course content became possible many college libraries computer based training cbt computer based learning cbl learning interaction student computer drills micro world simulations digitized communication


use web based training online distance learning online discussion students ref name eurodl ref practitioners harasim put heavy emphasis use learning networks advent world wide web teachers embarked method using emerging technologies employ multi object oriented sites text based online virtual reality systems create course websites along simple sets instructions students first online high school founded graziadei described criteria evaluating products developing technology based courses include portable replicable scalable affordable


high probability long term cost effectiveness ref name graziadei graziadei w et al http horizonuncedu projects monograph cd technological tools graziadeihtml building asynchronous synchronous teaching learning environments exploring course classroom management system solution ref improved internet functionality enabled new schemes communication multimedia webcams national center education statistics estimate number k students enrolled online distance learning programs increased percent greater flexibility ease communication teacher student quick lecture assignment feedback according study conducted us department education academic year


postsecondary public private schools participating student financial aid programs offered distance learning courses records show enrollment credit courses online component council europe passed statement endorsing e learning 's potential drive equality education improvements across eu computer mediated communication cmc learners instructors mediated computer contrast cbt cbl usually means individualized self study learning cmc involves educator tutor facilitation requires scenarization flexible learning activities addition modern ict provides education tools sustaining learning communities associated knowledge management tasks


students growing digital age extensive exposure variety media major high tech companies funded schools provide ability teach students technology first year private nonprofit organizations enrolled online students profits although public universities still enrolled highest number online students fall million students enrolled least one online course due covid pandemic many schools across world forced close left grade school students participating


remote learning university level students enrolling online courses enforce distance learning organizations unesco enlisted educational technology solutions help schools facilitate distance education pandemic 's extended lockdowns focus distance learning attracted record breaking amounts venture capital ed tech sector united states alone ed tech startups raised billion venture capital spanning deals compared billion theory various pedagogical perspectives learning theories may considered designing interacting educational technology e learning theory examines approaches theoretical perspectives grouped


three main theoretical schools philosophical frameworks behaviorism cognitivism constructivism behaviorism theoretical framework developed early th century based animal learning experiments ivan pavlov edward thorndike edward c tolman clark l hull bf skinner many psychologists used results develop theories human learning modern educators generally see behaviorism one aspect holistic synthesis teaching behaviorism linked training emphasizing animal learning experiments since behaviorism consists view teaching people something rewards punishments related


training people bf skinner wrote extensively improvements teaching based functional analysis verbal behavior wrote technology teaching attempt dispel myths underlying contemporary education well promote system called programmed instruction ogden lindsley developed learning system named celeration based behavior analysis substantially differed keller 's skinner 's models cognitivism cognitive science underwent significant change point described period cognitive revolution particularly reaction behaviorism ref name ref retaining empirical framework


behaviorism cognitive psychology theories look beyond behavior explain brain based learning considering human memory works promote learning refers learning processes sensory input transformed reduced elaborated stored recovered used human mind ref name atkinson shiffrin memory model baddeley 's working memory model established theoretical frameworks computer science information technology major influence cognitive science theory cognitive concepts working memory formerly known short term memory long term memory facilitated research technology field


learner ref name constructivism educational psychologists distinguish several types constructivism individual psychological constructivism piaget 's theory cognitive development social constructivism form constructivism primary focus learners construct meaning new information interact reality learners bring different perspectives constructivist learning environments require students use prior knowledge experiences formulate new related adaptive concepts learning termos framework role teacher becomes facilitator providing guidance learners


construct knowledge constructivist educators must make sure prior learning experiences appropriate related concepts taught jonassen suggests well structured learning environments useful novice learners ill structured environments useful advanced learners educators utilizing constructivist perspective may emphasize active learning environment may incorporate learner centered problem based learning project based learning inquiry based learning ideally involving real world scenarios students actively engaged critical thinking activities illustrative discussion example found deployment constructivist cognitive learning computer


literacy involved programming instrument learning ref name rosenberg ref ''logo'' programming language embodied attempt integrate piagetan ideas computers technology ref name rosenberg initially broad hopeful claims including perhaps controversial claim would improve general problem solving skills across disciplines ref name rosenberg however ''logo'' programming skills consistently yield cognitive benefits ref name rosenberg concrete advocates claimed privileged one form reasoning others difficult apply thinking activity non ''logo'' based activities late ''logo'' similar programming languages lost


novelty dominance gradually de emphasized amid criticisms practice extent e learning assists replaces learning teaching approaches variable ranging continuum none fully online distance learning ref name bates bates poole g effective teaching technology higher education san francisco jossey bass john wiley ref variety descriptive terms employed somewhat inconsistently categorize extent technology used example hybrid learning blended learning may refer classroom aids laptops may refer approaches traditional classroom time reduced


eliminated replaced online learning distributed learning may describe either e learning component hybrid approach fully online distance learning environments ref name bates synchronous asynchronous e learning may either synchronous asynchronous synchronous learning occurs real time participants interacting time asynchronous learning self paced allows participants engage exchange ideas information without dependency participants involvement time synchronous learning refers exchange ideas information one participants period examples


face face discussion online real time live teacher instruction feedback skype conversations chat rooms virtual classrooms everyone online working collaboratively time since students working collaboratively synchronized learning helps students become open minded actively listen learn peers synchronized learning fosters online awareness improves many students' writing skills asynchronous learning may use technologies learning management systems email blogs wikis discussion boards well web supported textbooks hypertext documents audio video courses social networking using web professional educational level


training may include virtual operating rooms asynchronous learning beneficial students health problems child care responsibilities opportunity complete work low stress environment within flexible time frame ref name eurodl ''asynchronous'' online courses students allowed freedom complete work pace non traditional student manage daily life school still social aspect asynchronous collaborations allow student reach help needed provides helpful guidance depending long takes


complete assignment many tools used courses limited videos class discussions group projects online courses students earn diplomas faster repeat failed courses without class younger students students access incredible variety enrichment courses online learning still participate college courses internships sports work still graduate class linear learning computer based training cbt refers self paced learning activities delivered computer handheld device tablet smartphone cbt initially delivered content


via cd rom typically presented content linearly much like reading online book manual ref name patent reason cbt often used teach static processes using software completing mathematical equations computer based training conceptually similar web based training wbt delivered via internet using web browser assessing learning cbt often assessments easily scored computer multiple choice questions drag drop radio button simulation interactive means assessments easily scored recorded via online software providing immediate end user feedback completion status


users often able print completion records form certificates ref name patent ref cbts provide learning stimulus beyond traditional learning methodology textbook manual classroom based instruction cbts good alternative printed learning materials since rich media including videos animations embedded enhance learning ref name patent however cbts pose learning challenges typically creation effective cbts requires enormous resources software developing cbts often complex subject matter expert teacher able use ref name patent lack human interaction limit


type content presented type assessment performed may need supplementation online discussion interactive elements collaborative learning computer supported collaborative learning cscl uses instructional methods designed encourage require students work together learning tasks allowing social learning cscl similar concept terminology e learning networked collaborative learning ncl web advances sharing information multiple people network become much easier use increased ref name patent ref name crane crane b using web tools k classroom neal schuman


publishers inc ref one main reasons usage states breeding ground creative engaging educational endeavors ref name crane learning takes place conversations content grounded interaction problems actions collaborative learning differs instruction instructor principal source knowledge skills ref name patent neologism e learning refers direct instruction used early computer based learning training systems cbl contrast linear delivery content often directly instructor 's material cscl uses social software blogs social media wikis


podcasts cloud based document portals discussion groups virtual worlds phenomenon referred long tail learning ref name minds fire ref advocates social learning claim one best ways learn something teach others ref name minds fire social networks used foster online learning communities around subjects diverse test preparation language education mobile assisted language learning mall use handheld computers cell phones assist language learning collaborative apps allow students teachers interact studying apps designed games


provide fun way revise experience enjoyable students become engaged games also usually come sense progression help keep students motivated consistent trying improve classroom refers online multi user virtual environments muves connect schools across geographical frontiers known etwinning computer supported collaborative learning cscl allows learners one school communicate learners another would get know otherwise enhancing educational outcomes cultural integration many researchers distinguish collaborative cooperative approaches group learning example roschelle


teasley argue cooperation accomplished division labour among participants activity person responsible portion problem solving contrast collaboration involves mutual engagement participants coordinated effort solve problem together social technology social media specifically provides avenues student learning would available otherwise example provides ordinary students chance exist room share dialogue researchers politicians activists vaporizes geographical barriers


professional networks facilitate work technical level flipped classroom instructional strategy computer assisted teaching integrated classroom instruction students given basic essential instruction lectures class instead class instructional content delivered outside classroom often online class delivery includes streaming video reading materials online chats resources frees classroom time teachers actively engage learners technologies teaching slide rule compared normal sized model educational media tools used task structuring support help


task procedures processes access knowledge bases help user find information needed alternate forms knowledge representation multiple representations knowledge eg video audio text image data numerous types physical technology currently used digital cameras video cameras interactive whiteboard tools document cameras electronic media lcd projectors combinations techniques include blogs collaborative software eportfolios virtual classrooms current design type applications includes evaluation tools cognitive analysis allow identify elements optimize use platforms audio video preparation


training teachers subject wikipedia center educational technology video technology included vhs tapes dvds well demand synchronous methods digital video via server web based options streamed video webcams telecommuting connect speakers experts interactive digital video games used k higher education institutions radio offers synchronous educational vehicle streaming audio internet webcasts podcasts asynchronous classroom microphones often wireless enable learners educators interact clearly screencasting allows users share


screens directly browser make video available online viewers stream video directly presenter thus ability show ideas flow thoughts rather simply explain simple text content combination audio video educator mimic one one experience classroom learners ability pause rewind review pace something classroom cannot always offer webcams webcasting enabled creation virtual classrooms virtual learning environment webcams also used


counter plagiarism forms academic dishonesty might occur e learning environment computers tablets mobile devices teaching learning online collaborative learning group based learning approach learners mutually engaged coordinated fashion achieve learning goal complete learning task recent developments smartphone technology processing powers storage capabilities modern mobiles allow advanced development use apps many app developers education experts exploring smartphone tablet apps medium collaborative learning computers tablets enable learners


educators access websites well applications many mobile devices support learning mobile devices clickers smartphones used interactive audience response feedback mobile learning provide performance support checking time setting reminders retrieving worksheets instruction manuals ref name terras ref devices ipads used helping disabled visually impaired multiple disabilities children communication development well improving physiological activity according istimulation practice report computers classroom shown increase rates engagement interest computers smart devices utilized educationally


classrooms collaborative social learning group webpages blogs wikis twitter allow learners educators post thoughts ideas comments website interactive learning environment ref name courts b courts b tucker j using technology create dynamic classroom experience journal college teaching learning tlc ref social networking sites virtual communities people interested particular subject communicate voice chat instant message video conference blogs national school boards association found students online access used social networking technologies


talk online schoolwork social networking encourages collaboration engagement motivational tool self efficacy amongst students combination whiteboard bulletin board whiteboards interactive whiteboard three types whiteboards ref name carpenter carpenter http searchnetworkingtechtargetcom definition whiteboard ''definition whiteboard'' techtarget ref initial whiteboards analogous blackboards date late term whiteboard also used metaphorically refer virtual whiteboards computer software applications simulate whiteboards allowing writing drawing common feature groupware virtual meetings collaboration instant messaging interactive whiteboards allow learners instructors write


touch screen screen markup either blank whiteboard computer screen content depending permission settings visual learning interactive participatory including writing manipulating images interactive whiteboard ref name carpenter virtual classroom virtual learning environment vle also known learning platform simulates virtual classroom meetings simultaneously mixing several communication technologies web conferencing software enables students instructors communicate via webcam microphone real time chatting group setting participants raise hands answer polls take tests students


whiteboard screencast given rights instructor sets permission levels text notes microphone rights mouse control virtual classroom provides opportunity students receive direct instruction qualified teacher interactive environment learners direct immediate access instructor instant feedback direction virtual classroom provides structured schedule classes helpful students may find freedom asynchronous learning overwhelming besides virtual classroom provides social learning environment replicates traditional brick


mortar classroom virtual classroom applications provide recording feature class recorded stored server allows instant playback class course school year extremely useful students retrieve missed material review concepts upcoming exam parents auditors conceptual ability monitor classroom ensure satisfied education learner receiving higher education especially virtual learning environment vle sometimes combined management information system mis create


managed learning environment aspects course handled consistent user interface throughout institution physical universities newer online colleges offer select academic degrees certificate programs via internet programs require students attend campus classes orientations many delivered completely online several universities offer online student support services online advising registration e counseling online textbook purchases student governments student newspapers due covid pandemic many schools forced move online april estimated high income


countries offering remote learning low income countries offering augmented reality augmented reality ar provides students teachers opportunity create layers digital information including virtual world real world elements interact within real time ar technology plays important role future classroom human ai co orchestration takes place seamlessly students would switch individual collaborative learning dynamically based learning pace teachers help ar monitor classroom provide necessary interventions cases computer systems


yet designed handle vision technology 's role enhance rather replace human teachers' capabilities learning management system learning management system learning management system lms software used delivering tracking managing training education tracks data attendance time task student progress educators post announcements grade assignments check course activity participate class discussions students submit work read respond discussion questions take quizzes ref name courts b lms may allow teachers administrators students permitted additional parties


curricular goals giving students choice pace order information learned ref name blackboard used k education higher education business government collaboration moodle free download open source course management system provides blended learning opportunities well platforms distance learning courses learning content management system learning content management system lcms software author content courses reusable content objects lcms may solely dedicated producing publishing content hosted lms host content aviation industry computer based training


committee aicc specification provides support content hosted separately lms recent trend lcmss address issue crowdsourcing cfslidewiki computer aided assessment computer aided assessment e assessment ranges automated multiple choice tests sophisticated systems systems feedback geared towards student 's specific mistakes computer navigate student series questions adapting student appears learned learned formative assessment sifts incorrect answers questions explained teacher learner practices slight variations


sifted questions process completed summative assessment using new set questions cover topics previously taught training management system training management system training resource management system software designed optimize instructor led training management similar enterprise resource planning erp back office tool aims streamlining every aspect training process planning training plan budget forecasting logistics scheduling resource management financials cost tracking profitability reporting sales profit training providers training management system used schedule instructors


venues equipment graphical agendas optimize resource utilization create training plan track remaining budgets generate reports share data different teams training management systems focus managing instructor led training complete lms situation lms manage e learning delivery assessment training management system manage ilt back office budget planning logistics reporting standards ecosystem learning objects content content design architecture issues include pedagogy learning object use one approach looks five aspects fact unique data eg symbols excel formula


parts make learning objective concept category includes multiple examples eg excel formulas various types theories instructional design process flow events activities eg spreadsheet works five phases addie procedure step step task eg entering formula spreadsheet steps followed within phase addie strategic principle task performed adapting guidelines eg financial projection spreadsheet using framework designing learning environments pedagogical elements human respiratory system pedagogical pedagogical elements


tagged keywords metadata often stored xml file format creating course requires putting together sequence learning objects proprietary open non commercial commercial peer reviewed repositories learning objects merlot repository sharable content object reference model scorm collection standards specifications applies certain web based e learning specifications schools interoperability framework allow transporting learning objects categorizing metadata lom artificial intelligence artificial intelligence artificial intelligence ai becomes prominent age


big data also widely adopted k classrooms one prominent class ai enhanced educational technology intelligent tutoring systems itss designed provide immediate personalized feedbacks students incentive develop comes educational studies showing individual tutoring much effective group teaching addition need promoting learning larger scale years combination cognitive science theories data driven techniques greatly enhanced capabilities allowing model wide range students' characteristics knowledge affect task behavior


wheel spinning ample evidence itss highly effective helping students learn itss used keep students zone proximal development zpd space wherein students may learn guidance systems guide students tasks slightly ability level recent works also focused developing ai enhanced learning tools support human teachers coordinating classroom activities ref name ref teacher support students way ai cannot unable process large amount real time data analytics provided computer system hand


although parents report positive experience impact use systematically assessed ref name rideout preschool activity age given child might start using particular technology cellphone computer might depend matching technological resource recipient 's developmental capabilities age anticipated stages labeled swiss psychologist jean piaget parameters age appropriateness coherence sought values concurrent entertainment educational aspects suggested choosing media preschool level technology introduced several ways basic use


preschool children include starfall abc mouse ref name earlychildhoodteacherorg pbs kids video teachme montessori crosswords educational technology form electronic books offer preschool children option store retrieve several books one device thus bringing together traditional action reading along use educational technology educational technology also thought improve hand eye coordination language skills visual attention motivation complete educational tasks allows children experience things otherwise would several keys making educational use introducing technology preschool


level technology must used appropriately allow access learning opportunities include interaction parents adults preschool children developmentally appropriate ref name techedgov ref allowing access learning opportunities especially allowing disabled children access learning opportunities giving bilingual children opportunity communicate learn one language bringing information stem subjects bringing images diversity may lacking child 's immediate environment ref name techedgov primary secondary teacher showing primary school students work program primary


school santa fe mexico city e learning utilized public k schools united states well private schools e learning environments take place traditional classroom others allow students attend classes home locations several states utilizing virtual school platforms e learning across country continue increase virtual school enables students log synchronous learning asynchronous learning courses anywhere internet connection world vision higher secondary college wikipedia education program e learning increasingly utilized students may want


go traditional brick mortar schools due severe allergies medical issues fear school violence school bullying students whose parents would like homeschool feel qualified online schools create students receive quality education almost completely avoiding common problems online charter schools also often limited location income level class size way brick mortar charter schools student attending online class kerala covid pandemic e learning also rising supplement


traditional classroom students special talents interests outside available curricula use e learning advance skills exceed grade restrictions online institutions connect students instructors via web conference technology form digital classroom national private schools also available online provide benefits e learning students states charter online schools available also may allow students greater flexibility exemption state testing schools available high school level offer college prep courses students virtual education k schooling often


refers virtual schools higher education virtual universities virtual schools cybercharter schools ref name cavanaugh ref innovative administrative models course delivery technology ref name cavanaugh education technology also seems interesting method engaging gifted youths stimulated current educational program achieved school programs even technologically integrated curricula example virtual reality integrated courses vric developed course order give stimulation printing integrated courses dpic also give youths stimulation need educational journey universit de montr al 's projet


seur collaboration coll ge mont royal la variable heavily developing field higher education wikimedia taiwan anniversary conference combining education wikimedia taiwan taking higher education example online college course enrolment seen increase enrolment nearly one third college students estimated million students currently enrolled online classes percent post secondary students usa taking courses online projected rise percent although large proportion


profit higher education institutions offer online classes half private non profit schools private institutions may become involved line presentations costs decrease properly trained staff must also hired work students online staff members need understand content area also highly trained use computer internet online education rapidly increasing online doctoral programs even developed leading research universities although massive open online courses moocs may limitations preclude fully replacing college education programs


deliver mandatory compliance training updates regulatory compliance soft skills skills training continuing professional development cpd valuable workplace skills companies spread distribution chains use e learning delivering information latest product developments corporate e learning asynchronous delivered managed via learning management systems big challenge corporate e learning engage staff especially compliance topics periodic staff training mandated law regulations government public important need recent reliable high quality health information made available


outcomes addition health systems implemented mhealth programs facilitate emergency medical responses point care support health promotion data collection low middle income countries mhealth frequently used one way text messages phone reminders promote treatment adherence gather data benefits effective technology use deploys multiple evidence based strategies concurrently eg adaptive content frequent testing immediate feedback etc effective teachers ref name ross ref using computers forms technology give students practice core content skills teacher work others conduct assessments perform tasks ref name ross


use educational technology education able individualized student allowing better differentiation allowing students work mastery pace modern educational technology improve access education ref name cfp ref including full degree programs ref name zameer ref enables better integration non full time students particularly continuing education ref name zameer ref name cfp improved interactions students instructors ref name dalsgaard ref learning material used long distance learning accessible wider audience ref name cfp course materials easy access ref name num ref ref name cfp american family households access


internet according canadian radio television telecommunications commission canada homes access internet students access engage numerous online resources home using online resources help students spend time specific aspects may learning school home schools like massachusetts institute technology mit made certain course materials free online although aspects classroom setting missed using resources helpful tools add additional support educational system necessity


pay transport educational facility removed students appreciate convenience e learning report greater engagement face face learning environments colleges universities working towards combating issue utilizing web technologies well incorporating mentorships students faculty members according james kulik studies effectiveness computers used instruction students usually learn less time receiving computer based instruction like classes develop positive attitudes toward computers computer based classes students independently solve problems ref name dalsgaard intrinsic age based restrictions


difficulty level ie students go pace students editing written work word processors improve quality writing according studies students better critiquing editing written work exchanged computer network students know ref name num studies completed computer intensive settings found increases student centric cooperative higher order learning writing skills problem solving using technology addition attitudes toward technology learning tool parents students teachers also improved employers' acceptance online education risen time ref name shrmorg ref


human resource managers shrm surveyed august report said two candidates level experience applying job would kind effect whether candidate 's obtained degree acquired online traditional school seventy nine percent said employed candidate online degree past months however said candidates get degrees online seen positively job applicants traditional degrees ref name shrmorg use educational apps generally positive effect learning pre


post tests revealed use educational apps mobile devices reduces achievement gap struggling average students educational apps improve group work allowing students receive feedback answers promoting collaboration solving problems benefits app assisted learning exhibited age groups kindergarten students use ipads show much higher rates literacy non users medical students university california irvine utilized ipad academically reported score higher national exams previous classes disadvantages globally factors like change management


technology obsolescence vendor developer partnership major restraints hindering growth educational technology market us state federal government increased funding well private venture capital flowing education sector however none looking technology return investment roi connect expenditures technology improved student outcomes new technologies frequently accompanied unrealistic hype promise regarding transformative power change education better allowing better educational opportunities reach masses examples include silent film broadcast radio television none


maintained much foothold daily practices mainstream formal education technology necessarily result fundamental improvements educational practice ref name lai ref focus needs learner 's interaction technology technology needs recognized ecological rather additive subtractive ecological change one significant change create total change ref name postman n ref according branford et al technology guarantee effective learning inappropriate use technology even hinder ref name ref university washington study infant


people speaking babies going get linguistic experience dr dimitri chistakis another surveyor reported evidence mounting baby dvds value may harmful adaptive instructional materials tailor questions student 's ability calculate scores encourages students work individually rather socially collaboratively kruse social relationships important high tech environments may compromise balance trust care respect teacher student massively open online courses moocs although quite popular discussions technology education developed countries


us major concern developing low income countries one stated goals moocs provide less fortunate populations ie developing countries opportunity experience courses us style content structure however research shows registrants low income countries although many courses thousands registered students complete course attributed lack staff support course difficulty low levels engagement peers moocs also implies certain curriculum teaching methods superior


could eventually wash possibly washing local educational institutions cultural norms educational traditions internet social media using educational apps makes students highly susceptible distraction sidetracking even though proper use shown increase student performances distracted would detrimental another disadvantage increased potential cheating one method done creating multiple accounts survey questions gather information assimilated master account able fill correct answers smartphones easy hide use inconspicuously


especially use normalized classroom disadvantages managed strict rules regulations mobile phone use stimulation electronic devices cellphones computers facilitate rapid access stream sources may receive cursory attention michel rich associate professor harvard medical school executive director center media child health boston said digital generation brains rewarded staying task jumping next thing worry 're raising generation kids front


screens whose brains going wired differently ref name ritchel matt students always faced distractions computers cellphones particular challenge stream data interfere focusing learning although technologies affect adults young people may influenced developing brains easily become habituated switching tasks become unaccustomed sustaining attention ref name ritchel matt much information coming rapidly overwhelm thinking technology rapidly profoundly altering brains ref name small high exposure levels stimulate brain cell alteration release neurotransmitters


causes strengthening neural pathways weakening others leads heightened stress levels brain first boost energy levels time actually augment memory impair cognition lead depression alter neural circuitry hippocampus amygdala prefrontal cortex brain regions control mood thought unchecked underlying structure brain could altered ref name ritchel matt ref ref name small stimulation due technology may begin young children exposed age seven important developmental tasks may delayed bad learning habits


might develop deprives children exploration play need develop media psychology emerging specialty field embraces electronic devices sensory behaviors occurring use educational technology learning sociocultural criticism according lai learning environment complex system interplay interactions many things impact outcome learning technology brought educational setting pedagogical setting changes technology driven teaching change entire meaning activity without adequate research validation technology monopolizes activity students begin


develop sense life would scarcely thinkable without technology ref name winner l ref leo marx considered word technology problematic susceptible reification phantom objectivity conceals fundamental nature something valuable insofar benefits human condition technology ultimately comes affecting relations people notion obfuscated technology treated abstract notion devoid good evil langdon winner makes similar point arguing underdevelopment philosophy technology leaves us overly simplistic


reduction discourse supposedly dichotomous notions making versus uses new technologies narrow focus use leads us believe technologies neutral moral standing ref name winner l critiques would us ask maximize role advancement technology education rather social human consequences adopting particular technology winner viewed technology form life aids human activity also represents powerful force reshaping activity


meaning ref name winner l example use robots industrial workplace may increase productivity also radically change process production thereby redefining meant work setting education standardized testing arguably redefined notions learning assessment rarely explicitly reflect strange notion number say could accurately reflect person 's knowledge world according winner recurring patterns everyday life tend become unconscious process learn


seymour papert p nbsp points good example bad choice become strongly fixed social habit material equipment choice use qwerty keyboard qwerty arrangement letters keyboard originally chosen efficient typing early typewriters prone jam adjacent keys struck quick succession typing become digital process longer issue qwerty arrangement lives social habit one difficult change neil postman


endorsed notion technology impacts human cultures including culture classrooms consideration even important considering efficiency new technology tool teaching ref name postman n regarding computer 's impact education postman writes p nbsp blockquote need consider computer nothing efficiency teaching tool need know ways altering conception learning conjunction television undermines old idea school blockquote assumption technology


inherently interesting must helpful education based research daniel willingham always case argues necessarily matter technological medium whether content engaging utilizes medium beneficial way digital divide x px concept digital divide gap access digital technologies ref name wei l ref access may associated age gender socio economic status education income ethnicity geography ref name wei l ref name jenkins h jenkins


h ''confronting challenges participatory culture media education st century'' cambridge mit press ref data protection according report electronic frontier foundation large amounts personal data children collected electronic devices distributed schools united states often far information necessary collected uploaded stored indefinitely aside name date birth information include child 's browsing history search terms location data contact lists well behavioral information ref name alim frida alim nate cardozo gennie gebhart karen gullo amul kalia https wwwefforg files student privacy reportpdf


spying students school issued devices student privacy april executive summary ref parents informed informed little choice ref name alim according report constant surveillance resulting educational technology warp children 's privacy expectations lead self censor limit creativity ref name alim public service announcement fbi warned widespread collection student information educational technologies including web browsing history academic progress medical information biometrics created potential privacy safety threats data compromised exploited x px transition person learning


distance education higher education due covid pandemic led enhanced extraction student data enabled complex data infrastructures infrastructures collect information learning management system logins library metrics impact measurements teacher evaluation frameworks assessment systems learning analytic traces longitudinal graduate outcomes attendance records social media activity copious amounts information collected quantified marketization higher education employing data means demonstrate compare student performance across institutions attract prospective students mirroring capitalistic notion ensuring efficient market functioning constant improvement


measurement desire data fueled exploitation higher education platform companies data service providers outsourced institutions services monetization student data order integrate corporate models marketization pushes higher education widely regarded public good privatized commercial sector teacher training since technology end goal education rather means accomplished educators must good grasp technology advantages disadvantages teacher training aims effective integration classroom technology


x px evolving nature technology may unsettle teachers may experience perpetual novices ref name harris j ref finding quality materials support classroom objectives often difficult random professional development days inadequate ref name harris j according jenkins rather dealing technology isolation would better take ecological approach thinking interrelationship among different communication technologies cultural communities grow around activities support ref name jenkins h jenkins also suggested traditional school curriculum guided teachers train students autonomous problem solvers ref


name jenkins h however today 's workers increasingly asked work teams drawing different sets expertise collaborating solve problems ref name jenkins h learning styles methods collecting information evolved students often feel locked worlds described textbooks depersonalized abstract prose used describe ref name jenkins h twenty first century skills attained incorporation engagement technology changes instruction use technology also promote higher level learning among students different types intelligence assessment


two distinct issues assessment assessment ''of'' educational technology ref name jenkins h assessment ''with'' technology ref name fletcher ref assessments ''of'' educational technology included ''follow through'' project educational assessment ''with'' technology may either formative assessment summative assessment instructors use types assessments understand student progress learning classroom technology helped teachers create better assessments help understand students trouble material issues formative assessment difficult perfect form ongoing allows students show learning


different ways depending learning styles technology helped teachers make formative assessments better particularly use classroom response systems crs ref name ref crs tool students handheld device partners teacher 's computer instructor asks multiple choice true false questions students answer device ref name depending software used answers may shown graph students teacher see percentage students gave answer teacher


focus went wrong summative assessments common classrooms usually set easily graded take form tests projects specific grading schemes one huge benefit tech based testing option give students immediate feedback answers students get responses able know class help push improve give confidence well ref name ref technology also allows different kinds summative assessment digital presentations


videos anything else teacher students may come allows different learners show learned effectively ref name teachers also use technology post graded assessments online students better idea good project electronic assessment uses information technology encompasses several potential applications may teacher student oriented including educational assessment throughout continuum learning computerized classification testing computerized adaptive testing student testing grading exam e marking examiner led activity closely related e assessment activities e testing e learning


student led e marking allows markers mark scanned script online response computer screen rather paper restrictions types tests use e marking e marking applications designed accommodate multiple choice written even video submissions performance examinations e marking software used individual educational institutions also rolled participating schools awarding exam organisations e marking used mark many well known high stakes examinations united kingdom include levels gcse exams us


includes sat test college admissions ofqual reports e marking main type marking used general qualifications united kingdom scottish qualifications authority sqa announced national question papers would e marked june odisha state government india announced planned use e marking plus ii papers analytics importance self assessment tools made available educational technology platforms growing self assessment education technology relies students analyzing strengths weaknesses areas improvement possible


set realistic goals learning improve educational performances track progress ref name nzqa ref ref name unsw ref one unique tools self assessment made possible education technology analytics analytics data gathered student 's activities learning platform drawn meaningful patterns lead valid conclusion usually medium data visualization graphs learning analytics field focuses analyzing reporting data student 's activities order facilitate learning expenditure five key sectors e learning industry consulting content technologies services support worldwide e learning


estimated billion according conservative estimates commercial growth brisk ref name docebo ref worldwide commercial market activity estimated billion venture capital past five years ref name docebo self paced learning generating billion ref name docebo north american e learning generated billion revenue growth rate cloud based authoring tools learning platforms ref name docebo careers educational technologists psychologists apply basic educational psychological research evidence based applied science technology learning instruction research professions typically require


graduate degree master 's doctorate phd dphil field related educational psychology educational media experimental psychology cognitive psychology purely fields educational instructional human performance technology instructional design industry educational technology utilized train students employees wide range learning communication practitioners including instructional designers technical trainers technical communication professional communication specialists technical writers course primary school college teachers levels transformation educational technology cottage industry profession discussed shurville et al ref name shurville


see also references ref ref name januszewski al januszewski molenda michael educational technology definition commentary ref ref name lowenthal ref ref name moore ref ref name richey ref ref name selwyn selwyn n education technology key issues debates london continuum international publishing group ref ref name shurville ref ref name small ref external links https americanarchiveorg catalog cpb aacip mk kh c schools future learning line documentary ketc technology society education terminology


sin require special revelation ref name peterson aspects christian ethics represented movements social gospel liberation theology may combined fourth area sometimes called prophetic ethics ref name wilkins ref christian ethics derives metaphysical core bible seeing god ultimate source power evidential reformed volitional epistemology three common forms christian epistemology variety ethical perspectives bible led repeated disagreement defining basic christian ethical principles least seven major principles undergoing perennial debate reinterpretation christian


separated theology eighteenth nineteenth centuries scholars twenty first century christian ethics fits niche theology one side social sciences secularism significant influence modern christian ethics definition sources christian ethics also referred moral theology branch theology history ref name foster ref becoming separate field study separated theology eighteenth nineteenth century enlightenment according christian ethicist waldo beach st century scholars become discipline


reflection analysis lies theology one side social sciences ref name meyer ref name beach ref christian ethics virtue ethic focuses developing ethical character beginning obedience set rules laws seen divine commands reflecting behaviors morally required forbidden permitted although virtue ethics deontological ethics normally seen contrasting one another combined christian ethics ref name ridlehoover ref claire brown peterson calls christian ethic natural law ethic ref name peterson ref according peterson new testament contains expectation humans


capable knowing much live apart explicit divine instructions nbsp thus gentiles lack revelation scripture said law 'written hearts' romans legitimately held accountable violate capable seeing right ref name peterson wilkins says view primary moral laws universally known discernible reason innate people therefore binding practice contributes individual community well ref name wilkins elements theories


challenge christian ethical theories ref name wilkins anabaptism early incorporation prophetic model reaching back radical reformation differed reformation groups saw church unique type human organization problems theological ethical failures rooted entanglement politics anabaptism began among dispossessed persecuted isolationist tendencies whereas modern versions social gospel movement turned toward cultural engagement ref name wilkins post colonial thought black feminist liberation theologies examples christian ethic engaging sinfulness


social order ref name wilkins according servais pinckaers moral theologian roman catholic priest sources christian ethics scriptures holy spirit gospel law natural law ref name pinckaers ref four sources wesleyan theology bible tradition reason christian experience experience decisive adoption christianity christian ethics takes bible normative rules focusing conduct basic understanding natural law patterns moral reasoning focus character ideals community built social justice ref name olson ref ref name wilkins philip wogaman writes christian ethics


name wogaman council jerusalem reported chapter acts apostles may held ad council 's decrees abstain blood sexual immorality meat sacrificed idols meat strangled animals considered generally binding christians several centuries still observed greek orthodox church early christian writings give evidence hostile social setting roman empire prompted christians think aspects roman society christian terms ref name wogaman christian ethics sought moral instruction specific problems practices


sophisticated ethical analyses simple applications teachings example jesus issues role women sexuality slavery ref name wogaman christianity became legal th century roman empire range sophistication christian ethics expanded figures augustine hippo christian ethical teachings defined christian thought several centuries ref name kenney example augustine 's ethic concerning jews meant marked exception visigothic spain seventh century jews latin christendom lived relatively peacefully christian neighbors middle ages


crusades products renewed spirituality high middle ages ethic living apostolic life chivalry began form ref name riley smith ref middle ages renaissance saw number models sin listing seven deadly sins virtues opposed inaccurate latin translations classical writings replaced twelfth century accurate ones led intellectual revolution called ' 'scholasticism'' effort harmonize aristotle 's thoughts christian thought ref name humanities ref response dilemmas effort created thomas aquinas


wrote one outstanding achievements high middle ages ''summa theologica'' positions eventually developed school thought known ''thomism'' contains many ethical teachings continue used especially within roman catholic church ref name humanities reformation counter reformation christian humanism martin luther classic treatise ''on freedom christian'' argued moral effort response grace ethically humans made good things made good god 's love impelled


good things ref name wogaman john calvin adopted systematized luther 's main ideas grounding everything sovereignty god ref name wogaman calvin 's view humans vocation ''calling'' guiding measure value simply whether impedes furthers god 's gives sacredness mundane ordinary actions leading development protestant work ethic ref name wogaman reformers huldrych zwingli regarded church state identical calvin separated church state stating god worked church spiritually directly world


discipline ethics protestant universities late seventeenth century fifty protestant commentaries published nicomachean ethics max weber asserted correlation ethics reformers predominantly protestant countries modern capitalism modern democracy developed first ref name wogaman secular ideologies age enlightenment followed shortly heels reformation influence christian ethics j philip wogaman pastor professor christian ethics asks whether enlightenment ideas would successful absence


bible church tradition foundations church authority bible sola scriptura protestants asserted vulgate official bible versions rejected salvation faith ''and'' works faith alone seven sacraments reaffirmed according matthews dewitt moral doctrinal disciplinary results council trent laid foundations roman catholic policies thought right present ref name humanities christian humanism taught radical new idea christian pure humble heart could pray directly god without


intervention priest ref name humanities matthews dewitt write outstanding figure among northern humanists possibly outstanding figure among humanists dutch scholar desiderius erasmus ref name humanities ethical views included advocating humble virtuous life study classics honoring dignity individual promoted christian ethic expressed sermon mount matthew ref name humanities modern christian ethics separating theology primary concern nineteenth century christian ethicists study human nature beginning rise christian social


theory nineteenth century theologian john carman says christian ethics became heavily oriented toward discussion nature society wealth work human equality ref name carman carman adds nineteenth twentieth centuries appeal inner experience renewed interest human nature influence social conditions upon ethical reflection introduced new directions christian ethics ref name carman carman adds question christian church relates surrounding world led development three distinct types modern christian ethics church sect mystical types ref name carman ref


church type ie roman catholicism mainstream protestantism christian ethic lived within world marriage family work living within participating respective towns cities nations ethic meant permeate every area life ethic sect ie amish mennonites monastic orders works opposite direction practiced withdrawing non christian world minimizing interaction world living outside ''above'' world communities separated municipalities mystical type ie monastic orders parts charismatic movement


evangelicalism advocates ethic purely inward experience personal piety spirituality often includes asceticism ref name meyer late twentieth century differences contributed creation new varieties christian ethics ref name wilkins anabaptists social gospel movement postcolonialism black theology feminist theology liberation theology focus first foremost social justice kingdom ideals jesus recognize community based dimension sin critical traditional theories christian ethics ref name wilkins early twenty first century professor philosophy religion maryville william j meyer asserts


christian ethicists often find one side discussion ethics advocating secular worldview denies god anything transcendent opponents side says discussions divided beliefs claims ought addressed since sides assume polarity human reason authority scripture tradition ref name meyer ref meyer asserts answer difficulty lies modern christian ethics embracing secular standards rationality coherence continuing refuse secular worldview premises conclusions ref name meyer


meyer describes effort affirm religion within context modern secularity critical fault line contemporary world ref name meyer philosophical core gustafson sets four basic points asserts theologically grounded ethic must address metaphysics concepts beliefs rest metaphysics existence defined god relation humans epistemology humans know distinguish justified belief mere opinion human experience community nature man 's place ethics system principles used persons moral


speaks ref name olson mark smith explains metaphysical language power lesser beings participates power identified god ref name mark smith ref humanity highest level development creation humans still creatures ref name beach view asserts humans reflect relational nature god ref name olson christian metaphysic humans free relative restricted freedom beach says christian ''voluntarism'' points ''will'' core self within human nature core defined


love determines direction moral action ref name beach humans reflect nature ultimate reality therefore seen basic dignity value treated immanuel kant said end means end ref name olson humans capacity reason free enable making rational choices natural capacity distinguish right wrong often called conscience natural law guided reason conscience grace humans develop virtues laws christian metaphysics


according beach ''eternal law'' transcendent blueprint whole order universe ''natural law'' enactment god 's eternal law created world discerned human reason ref name beach paul older scholarship saw paul 's moral instruction separate theology saying ethic adopted hellenist philosophy therefore specifically christian ethic ref name richard hays ref modern scholarship broken old paradigms ref name troels engberg pedersen ref christianity began existence one among several competing jewish sects movements judaism one thing either judea galilee


diaspora boundaries among varieties judaism fixed impermeable ref name troels engberg pedersen paul 's writings reflect mix hellenism judaism christianity ref name troels engberg pedersen called hebrew hebrews fluent greek avoided high atticistic greek style rhetoric invented style rhetoric making recognizable sophisticated original use strategies common greco roman orators ref name troels engberg pedersen employed jewish strategies interpretation used traditions reading jewish scriptures including apocalyptic ones sectarian would


later rabbinic also aware greco roman philosophical discussions day mixed things modern scholars seen unmixable ref name troels engberg pedersen changing key elements within given jewish hellenist paradigm transforming elements something uniquely christian ref name troels engberg pedersen paul 's theological apocalyptic views form foundation ethical views foundation paul 's theology cross christ ref name schreiner ref corinthian church begins fighting paul responds saying abandoned core teachings cross centrality god themes formed


foundation paul 's preaching ref name schreiner cross informs paul 's ethic theologically eschatologically christologically reconciling people god also summoning service ref name h h drake williams iii ref paul say human nature ethical behavior early christian author ref name troels engberg pedersen paul holds cross motivation ethical conduct practicing cross living self crucified associated corinthians ephesians christian unity self sacrifice christian 's future hope cross increasingly recognized providing general foundation christian ethics ref name h h


drake williams iii epistemology christian ethics asserts possible humans know recognize truth moral good application reason revelation ref name beach observation reasoned deduction personal experiences includes grace means knowledge ref name brosnan hickey ref rabbinic scholar michael fishbane goes add human knowledge god understood language arguably one judaism 's greatest contributions history religions assert divine reality communicated mankind words ref name michael fishbane ref evidentialism epistemology


advocated richard swinburne says person must awareness evidence belief justified holding belief ref name taliaferro ref people hold many beliefs difficult evidentially justify philosophers adopted form reliabilism instead reliablilism person seen justified belief long belief produced reliable means even know evidence ref name taliaferro alvin plantinga nicholas wolterstorff advocate reformed epistemology taken reformer john calvin 's teaching


contends god christianity exists god would evident persons simply curious would instead become evident process involving moral spiritual transformation process might involve persons accepting jesus christ redeemer calls persons radical life loving compassion even loving enemies willfully subjecting oneself commanding love god person filial relationship god christ may experience change character self centeredness serving others person 's character


christian knowing engages affections takes form sense gratitude ref name gustafson gustafson sees trust aspect knowing underneath science trust identifiable order discoverable principles beneath disarray complex data comparable trust christian faith unity order form meaning cosmos divine making ref name beach gustafson adds knowledge conditions relative particular communities human knowledge based experiences cultures within live ref name beckley ref basic


ethical principles christian ethic asserts ontological nature moral norms god also accountable standards rationality coherence must make way ideal possible ref name beach thus beach asserts principles seen authoritative others spirit letter biblical laws becomes normative ref name beach diversity bible means single ethical perspective instead variety perspectives given rise disagreements defining foundational principles christian