isolation using current means ref name amann ref microbiologists often rely molecular biology tools dna sequence based identification example rrna gene sequence used bacteria identification viruses variably classified organisms considered either simple microorganisms complex molecules prions never considered microorganisms investigated virologists however clinical effects traced originally presumed due chronic viral infections virologists took search discovering infectious proteins existence microorganisms predicted many centuries first observed example


hypothesized existence microorganisms existence microorganisms hypothesized many centuries actual discovery existence unseen microbiological life postulated jainism based mahavira teachings early th century bce paul dundas notes mahavira asserted existence unseen microbiological creatures living earth water air fire jain scriptures describe nigodas sub microscopic creatures living large clusters short life said pervade every part universe even tissues plants flesh animals roman marcus terentius varro made


references microbes warned locating homestead vicinity swamps bred certain minute creatures cannot seen eyes float air enter body mouth nose thereby cause serious diseases persian scientists hypothesized existence microorganisms avicenna book ''the canon medicine'' ibn zuhr also known avenzoar discovered scabies mites al razi gave earliest known description smallpox book ''the virtuous life'' al hawi girolamo fracastoro proposed epidemic diseases


caused transferable seedlike entities could transmit infection direct indirect contact vehicle transmission antonie van leeuwenhoek henry baker ref name chungliu chung king thom liu jong kang ''pioneers microbiology human side science'' world scientific publishing may fairly call leeuwenhoek first microbiologist first individual actually culture see describe large array microbial life actually measured multiplication bugs amazing published discoveries ref martinus beijerinckis often considered founder virology antonie van leeuwenhoek


lived life delft netherlands observed bacteria microorganisms using single lens microscope design ref name nicklane rs ref ref name brock considered father microbiology pioneered use simple single lensed microscopes design ref name nicklane rs van leeuwenhoek often cited first observe microbes robert hooke made first recorded microscopic observation fruiting bodies moulds however suggested jesuit priest called athanasius kircher first observe microorganisms ref name pmid ref kircher among first design magic


lanterns projection purposes must well acquainted properties lenses ref name pmid wrote concerning wonderful structure things nature investigated microscope stating would believe vinegar milk abound innumerable multitude worms also noted putrid material full innumerable creeping animalcules published ''scrutinium pestis'' examination plague stating correctly disease caused microbes though saw likely red white blood cells rather plague agent ref name pmid birth


bacteriology innovative laboratory glassware experimental methods developed louis pasteur biologists contributed young field bacteriology late th century field bacteriology later subdiscipline microbiology founded th century ferdinand cohn botanist whose studies algae photosynthetic bacteria led describe several bacteria including ''bacillus'' ''beggiatoa'' cohn also first formulate scheme taxonomic classification bacteria discover endospores louis pasteur robert koch contemporaries cohn often considered fathers


criteria become known koch 's postulates koch one first scientists focus isolation bacteria pure culture resulting description several novel bacteria including ''mycobacterium tuberculosis'' causative agent tuberculosis ref name brock pasteur koch often considered founders microbiology work accurately reflect true diversity microbial world exclusive focus microorganisms direct medical relevance late th century work martinus beijerinck sergei winogradsky true breadth


microbiology revealed ref name brock beijerinck made two major contributions microbiology discovery viruses development enrichment culture techniques work tobacco mosaic virus established basic principles virology development enrichment culturing immediate impact microbiology allowing cultivation wide range microbes wildly different physiologies winogradsky first develop concept chemolithotrophy thereby reveal essential role played microorganisms geochemical processes responsible first isolation description


extend beyond traditional scope microbiology pure research branch microbiology termed cellular microbiology applications fear microbes due association microbes various human diseases many microbes also responsible numerous beneficial processes industrial fermentation eg production alcohol vinegar dairy products antibiotic production act molecular vehicles transfer dna complex organisms plants animals scientists also exploited knowledge microbes produce biotechnologically important enzymes taq polymerase reporter genes use genetic systems novel


biodegradation use mixture bacterial fungal species strains specific biodegradation one types contaminants ref name diaz ref symbiotic microbial communities confer benefits human animal hosts health including aiding digestion producing beneficial vitamins amino acids suppressing pathogenic microbes benefit may conferred eating fermented foods probiotics bacteria potentially beneficial digestive system prebiotics substances consumed promote growth probiotic microorganisms ref name tannockpro ref ways microbiome influences human animal health well methods influence microbiome active areas


research research suggested microorganisms could useful treatment cancer various strains non pathogenic clostridia infiltrate replicate within solid tumors clostridial vectors safely administered potential deliver therapeutic proteins demonstrated variety preclinical models ref name mengesha ref bacteria used study fundamental mechanism example model bacteria used study motility production polysaccharides development ''myxococcus xanthus'' see also biosafety ''microbes man'' professional organizations american society microbiology federation european microbiological societies http wwwsfamorguk society applied microbiology


society general microbiology journals critical reviews microbiology international journal systematic evolutionary microbiology journal bacteriology nature reviews microbiology references reading kreft j u nbsp plugge c nbsp grimm v prats c nbsp leveau j h j nbsp https wwwpnasorg content tab article info mighty small observing modeling individual microbes becomes big science nbsp nbsp ''proceedings national academy sciences'' nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp p g nbsp doi pnas issn pmc pmc pmid madigan mt martinko jm dunlap p v clark dp brock biolog de los microorganismos pearson educaci n madrid pp nbsp external links naturecom http wwwnaturecom subjects microbiology latest research reviews news microbiology http wwwmicrobesinfo microbesinfo microbiology information portal containing


'''oncology''' branch medicine deals prevention diagnosis treatment cancer medical professional practices oncology ''oncologist'' name 's etymological origin greek word '' ngkos'' meaning burden volume mass barb greek word ''logos'' meaning study neoclassical term ''oncology'' used initially neo greek cognizance galen 's work abnormal tumors ''de tumoribus pr ter naturam'' cancer survival improved due three main components improved prevention efforts reduce exposure risk factors eg tobacco

Applied science
Medicine and health
Internal medicine
Oncology


number strategies spikes delivering bad news risk factors tobacco tobacco exposure leading cause cancer death smoking tobacco strongly associated increased risk cancers lung larynx mouth esophagus throat brain bladder kidney liver stomach pancreas colon rectum cervix acute myeloid leukemia smokeless tobacco snuff chewing tobacco associated increased risks cancers mouth esophagus pancreas alcohol alcohol consumption increases risk cancers mouth throat esophagus larynx liver breast risk cancer much higher


drink alcohol also use tobacco obesity obese individuals increased risk cancer breast colon rectum endometrium esophagus kidney pancreas gallbladder age advanced age risk factor many cancers median age cancer diagnosis years cancer causing substances cancer caused changes certain genes alter way cells function result environmental exposures damage dna exposures may include substances chemicals tobacco smoke radiation ultraviolet rays sun


right upper abdomen pancreatic cancer weight loss jaundice skin cancer non healing ulcer growth mole sudden increase size irregular border induration pain kidney cancer blood urine abdominal lump bladder cancer blood urine prostate cancer urgency hesitancy frequency passing urine bony pain testis cancer swelling testis back pain dyspnoea bone cancer pain swelling bones lymphoma fever weight loss body weight preceding months drenching night sweats constitutes b symptoms lump neck axilla


groin blood cancer bleeding manifestations including bleeding gums bleeding nose blood vomitus blood sputum blood stained urine black coloured stools fever lump neck axilla groin lump upper abdomen ref name information diagnosis staging diagnostic staging investigations depend size type malignancy blood cancer blood investigations including hemoglobin total leukocyte count platelet count peripheral smear red cell indices bone marrow studies including aspiration flow cytometry cytogenetics fluorescent situ hybridisation molecular studies lymphoma excision biopsy lymph node histopathological examination immunohistochemistry molecular


studies blood investigations include lactate dehydrogenase ldh serum uric acid kidney function tests imaging tests computerised tomography ct scan positron emission tomography pet ct bone marrow biopsy solid tumors biopsy histopathology immunohistochemistry imaging tests like x ray ultrasonography computerised tomography ct magnetic resonance imaging mri pet ct endoscopy including nasopharyngoscopy direct indirect laryngoscopy upper gastrointestinal endoscopy colonoscopy cystoscopy tumor markers including alphafetoprotein afp ref name bassetto ref beta human chorionic gonadotropin hcg ref name bassetto carcinoembionic antigen cea ca prostate specific antigen psa treatment treatment depends size type


cancer solid tumors breast cancer treatment options include surgery radiation chemotherapy hormonal therapy targeted therapy neu inhibitors ref name national cancer institute us ref cervix cancer treatment options include radiation surgery chemotherapy endometrial cancer treatment options include surgery radiation chemotherapy ovary cancer treatment options include surgery chemotherapy targeted therapy vegf inhibitors lung cancer treatment options include surgery robot assisted surgery radiation chemotherapy targeted therapy egfr alk inhibitors head neck cancer treatment options include surgery radiosurgery radiation chemotherapy targeted therapy egfr inhibitors brain cancer treatment


options include surgery radiosurgery cyberknife system radiation chemotherapy targeted therapy vegf inhibitors ref name national cancer institute us thyroid cancer treatment options include surgery radioactive iodine oesophageal cancer treatment options include radiation chemotherapy surgery stomach cancer treatment options include chemotherapy surgery radiation targeted therapy neu inhibitors colon cancer treatment options include surgery chemotherapy targeted therapy egfr vegf inhibitors rectum cancer treatment options include chemotherapy radiation surgery liver cancer treatment options include surgery trans arterial chemotherapy tace radio frequency ablation rfa multi kinase sorafenib pancreas cancer treatment options


include surgery radiation chemotherapy skin cancer treatment options include surgery radiation targeted therapy braf mek inhibitors immunotherapy ctla pd inhibitors chemotherapy kidney cancer treatment options include surgery multi kinase inhibitors targeted therapy mtor vegf inhibitors bladder cancer treatment options include surgery radiation chemotherapy prostate cancer treatment options include surgery radiation chemotherapy anti androgens immunotherapy testis cancer treatment options include surgery chemotherapy radiation bone cancer treatment options include surgery chemotherapy radiation lymphoma includes hodgkin lymphoma hl non hodgkin lymphoma nhl hodgkin lymphoma


hl chemotherapy abvd beacopp regimen involved field radiation therapy ifrt non hodgkin lymphoma nhl chemo immunotherapy r chop b cell lymphomas chemotherapy chop cell lymphomas blood cancer includes acute chronic leukemias acute leukemias includes acute lymphoblastic leukemia acute myeloid leukemia aml chronic leukemias include chronic lymphocytic leukemia cll chronic myeloid leukemia cml acute lymphoblastic leukemia intensive chemotherapy phase initial months maintenance chemotherapy years prophylactic cranial stem cell transplantation high risk patients acute myeloid leukemia aml induction chemotherapy daunorubicin cytarabine


focuses cancers brain ocular oncology focuses cancers eye head neck oncology focuses cancers oral cavity nasal cavity oropharynx hypopharyx larynx thoracic oncology focuses cancers lung mediastinum oesophagus pleura breast oncology focuses cancers breast gastrointestinal oncology focuses cancers stomach colon rectum anal canal liver gallbladder pancreas bone musculoskeletal oncology focuses cancers bones soft tissue dermatological oncology focuses medical surgical treatment skin hair sweat gland nail cancers genitourinary oncology focuses cancers genital urinary system gynecologic


oncology focuses cancers female reproductive system pediatric oncology concerned treatment cancer children adolescent young adult aya oncology hemato oncology focuses cancers blood stem cell transplantation preventive oncology focuses epidemiology prevention cancer geriatric oncology focuses cancers elderly population pain palliative oncology focuses treatment end stage cancer help alleviate pain suffering molecular oncology focuses molecular diagnostic methods oncology nuclear medicine oncology focuses diagnosis treatment cancer radiopharmaceuticals psycho oncology focuses psychosocial issues diagnosis treatment


cancer patients veterinary oncology focuses treatment cancer animals emerging specialties cardiooncology branch cardiology addresses cardiovascular impact cancer treaments computational oncology example primage four year eu funded horizon project launched december project proposes cloud based platform support decision making clinical management malignant solid tumours offering predictive tools assist diagnosis prognosis therapies choice treatment follow based use novel imaging biomarkers silico tumour growth simulation advanced visualisation predictions weighted confidence scores machine learning


breast bowel project nsabp medical research council mrc european organisation research treatment cancer eortc national cancer institute nci contributed significantly improvement survival see also american cancer society american cancer society cancer action network american cancer society center american society clinical oncology canadian cancer society cancer research uk comparative oncology national cancer institute national comprehensive cancer network oncometabolism programme action cancer therapy tumour heterogeneity warburg effect oncology references reading external links esmo url http wwwesmoorg website wwwesmoorg access date


'''medical toxicology''' subspecialty medicine focusing toxicology providing diagnosis management prevention poisoning adverse effects due medications occupational environmental toxicants biological agents ref name acmt intro ref medical toxicologists involved assessment treatment wide variety problems including acute chronic poisoning adverse drug reactions adrs drug overdoses envenomations substance abuse industrial accidents chemical exposures medical toxicology officially recognized medical subspecialty american board medical specialties ref name acmt intro practitioners physicians whose primary specialization generally emergency medicine occupational medicine

Applied science
Medicine and health
Medical toxicology


pediatrics medical toxicology closely related clinical toxicology latter discipline encompassing non physicians well generally pharmacists scientists professional services venues emergency departments intensive care units inpatient units medical toxicologists provide direct treatment bedside consultation acutely poisoned adults children ref name acmt intro outpatient clinics offices job sites medical toxicologists evaluate health impact acute chronic exposure toxic substances workplace home general environment ref name acmt intro regional poison control centers medical toxicologists provide advice ref name acmt intro medical schools universities clinical training sites medical toxicologists


teach research provide advanced evidence based patient care ref name acmt intro industry commerce medical toxicologists contribute pharmaceutical research drug safety ref name acmt intro government agencies centers disease control prevention food drug administration ref name acmt intro medical toxicologists help health policy settings medical toxicologists employed help physicians prepare dealing aftermath crimes bioterrorism war crimes chemical warfare biological warfare clinical laboratories forensic laboratories medical toxicologists analyze interpret diagnostic tests forensic studies ref name acmt intro see


also overdose toxicology american college medical toxicology american association poison control centers american academy clinical toxicology journal medical toxicology references reading toxicology


'''''drug safety''''' peer reviewed medical journal covering pharmacoepidemiology pharmacovigilance established '''''medical toxicology''''' renamed '''''medical toxicology adverse drug experience''''' obtained current name published springer nature adis reprint official journal international society pharmacovigilance editor chief nitin joshi according ''journal citation reports'' journal impact factor references external links drug safety pharmacology journals publications established springer science business media academic journals english language journals academic


'''material theory''' formally mathematical theory inventory production sub specialty within operations research operations management concerned design production inventory systems minimize costs studies decisions faced firms military connection manufacturing warehousing supply chains spare part allocation provides mathematical foundation logistics '''inventory control problem''' problem faced firm must decide much order time period meet demand products problem modeled using mathematical techniques

Applied science
Transportation
Operations research
Inventory theory


optimal control dynamic programming network optimization study models part inventory theory issues one issue infrequent large orders vs frequent small orders large orders increase amount inventory hand costly may benefit volume discounts frequent orders costly process resulting small inventory levels may increase probability stockouts leading loss customers principle factors calculated mathematically optimum found second issue related changes demand predictable random


product example needed merchandise hand order make sales appropriate buying season classic example toy store christmas items shelves cannot sold wholesale market perfect' considerable delays particularly popular toys entrepreneur business manager buy speculatively another example furniture store six week delay customers receive merchandise sales lost


example restaurant considerable percentage sales value added aspects food preparation presentation rational buy store somewhat reduce chances running key ingredients situation often comes two key questions confidence merchandise selling benefits accruing third issue comes view inventory also serves function decoupling two separate operations example work process inventory often accumulates two departments consuming producing department


many features added model including multiple products denoted math x ik math upper bounds inventory inventory models based different assumptions nature demand constant deterministically time varying stochastic costs variable versus fixed flow time discrete versus continuous lead time deterministic stochastic time horizon finite versus infinite presence absence back ordering production rate infinite deterministic random presence absence quantity discounts imperfect quality capacity infinite limited products one many location one many echelons one many classic models although number models


described literature immense following list classics infinite fill rate part produced economic order quantity model aka wilson eoq model constant fill rate part produced economic production quantity model orders placed regular intervals fixed time period model demand random one replenishment classical newsvendor model demand random continuous replenishment base stock model continuous replenishment backorders qr model demand varies deterministically time dynamic lot size model wagner whitin model demand varies deterministically time silver meal heuristic several products produced machine economic


porteus evan l foundations stochastic inventory theory stanford ca stanford university press silver edward david f pyke rein peterson inventory management production planning scheduling rd ed hoboken nj wiley simchi levi david xin chen julien bramel logic logistics theory algorithms applications logistics management nd ed new york springer verlag tempelmeier horst inventory management supply networks rd edition norderstedt books demand zipkin paul h foundations inventory management boston mcgraw hill sethi sp yan h zhang h https wwwspringercom us book ''inventory supply chain management


forecast updates'' series international series operations research management science springer ny ny pages beyer cheng f sethi sp taksar mi https wwwspringercom us book ''markovian demand inventory models'' series international series operations research management science springer new york ny pages inventory optimization


'''systems theory anthropology''' interdisciplinary non representative non referential non cartesian approach brings together natural social sciences understand society complexity basic idea system theory social science solve classical problem duality mind body subject object form content signifier signified structure agency system theory suggests instead creating closed categories binaries subject object system stay open allow free flow process interactions way binaries dissolved complex systems nature example ecosystems involve dynamic interaction many variables eg animals plants insects

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems theory in anthropology


bacteria predators prey climate seasons weather etc interactions adapt changing conditions maintain balance various parts whole balance maintained homeostasis br human societies complex systems human ecosystems early humans hunter gatherers recognized worked within parameters complex systems nature lives circumscribed realities nature could n't explain complex systems recent centuries need arise define complex systems scientifically


br complex systems theories first developed math late th century biology explain ecosystems deal artificial intelligence cybernetics etc br anthropologist gregory bateson influential earliest founder system theory social sciences result macy conferences immediately recognized application human societies many variables flexible sustainable balance maintain bateson describes system unit containing feedback structure therefore competent process information thus open


system allows interaction concepts materiality subject environment abstract real natural science systems theory widely used approach austrian biologist karl ludwig von bertalanffy developed idea general systems theory gst gst multidisciplinary approach system analysis main concepts systems theory non representational non referential one central elements systems theory move away representational system non representation things means instead imposing mental concepts reduce complexity


materiality limiting variations malleability onto objects one trace network things according gregory bateson ethos eidos sociology economics cultural structure social structure rest words refer scientists' ways putting jigsaw puzzle tracing rather projecting mental images bring sight material reality obscured universalizing concepts non cartesian since european enlightenment western philosophy placed individual indispensable category center universe ren descartes' famous aphorism 'i think therefore am' proves


person rational subject whose feature thinking brings human existence cartesian subject therefore scientific individual imposes mental concepts things order control nature simply exists outside mind subject centered view universe reduced complex nature universe one biggest challenges system theory thus displace de center cartesian subject center universe rational idea make human beings supreme entity rather situate


universe humans thinking cartesian subject dwell alongside nature brings back human original place introduces nature equation systems theory therefore encourages non unitary subject opposition cartesian subject complexity cartesian individual dissolved social sciences move away subject centered view world challenge non represent empirical reality without reducing complexity system put simply instead representing things us let things


defined system exchange matter environment presenting import export building breaking material components example living organism closed systems hand considered isolated environment instance thermodynamics applies closed systems tracing systems theory anthropology marx weber debates although term 'system theory' never mentioned work karl marx max weber fundamental idea behind systems theory penetrate deeply understanding social reality one easily see challenges


marx weber faced work breaking away hegelian speculative philosophy marx developed social theory based historical materialism arguing consciousness determines fact social determines consciousness specifically human beings' social activity labor causes shapes informs human thinking based labor marx develops entire social theory specifically questions reified bourgeois capitalism labor class conflict commodity value surplus value bourgeoisie proletariat thus central concepts marxian social theory contrast cartesian pure rational subjectivity marx introduced


interpretive understanding social action order arrive causal explanation course effects word course signifies weber 's non deterministic approach phenomenon social actions subjective meanings understood given context weber 's interpretive approach understanding meaning action relation environment delineated contextualized social framework cultural relativism since exist webs significance objective analysis would detach us concrete reality part weber suggested ideal types analytical conceptual construct formed


assist social scientists selecting culturally significant elements larger whole contrasted demonstrate interrelationship patterns formation similar societal functions weber 's selected ideal types bureaucracy religion capitalism culturally significant variables demonstrated show multiple functionalities social behavior similarly weber emphasizes marxist laws also ideal types concept class economy capitalism proletariat bourgeoisie revolution state along marxian models heuristic tools understanding society context thus according weber marxist ideal types could prove fruitful


used access given society however weber warns dangerousness perniciousness relation marxist ideal types seen empirical reality reason marxist practitioners imposed analytical concepts ahistorical universal categories reduce concrete process activities polymorphous actions simplified phenomenon renders social phenomena ahistorical also devoid spatio temporal rigour decontextualized categorizes chaos ruptures general label bourgeoisie exploitation fact history emerged metanarrative class struggle moving chronological order future anticipated revolutionary overthrow


sharp contrast scholars' arguments taking williams point discussion criticizes mechanistic approach marxism encourages close reading marxian concepts concepts consciousness class capital labor labor power commodity economy politics etc closed categories rather interactive engaging open practices praxis althusser hand proposes overdetermination' multiple forces rather isolated single force modes production however argues economy determinant last instance closed systems anthropology term 'system' used widely


critique concept modern race culture political implications racial politics united states chapter race problem modern society one feel boas' intellectual effort toward separating natural social sciences setting space genuine political solutions race relations structural functionalism r radcliffe brown developed structural functionalism approach anthropology believed concrete reality sort entity process process social life radcliffe brown emphasized learning social form especially kinship


system primitive societies way one study pattern life conceptually delineating relation determined kinship marriage give general analytical description constituting system systems consist structure referred sort ordered arrangement parts components intervening variable processes structure function three concepts process structure function thus components single theory scheme interpretation human social systems importantly function


part plays contribution makes life organism whole thus functionality part system works together maintain harmony internal consistency british anthropologist e r leach went beyond instrumentalist argument radcliffe brown 's structural functionalism approached social norms kinship etc functionalist terms rather social fields arenas contestation according leach nicely ordered ranking lineage seniority conceals vicious element competition fact leach sensitive essential difference ritual description structural relations


anthropologist 's scientific description instance book leach argues question whether particular community gumlao gumsa necessarily ascertainable realm empirical facts question part rate attitudes ideas particular individuals particular time thus leach separated conceptual categories empirical realities structural anthropology swiss linguist ferdinand de saussure search discovering universal laws language formulated general science linguistic bifurcating language langue abstract system language parole utterance


speech phonemes fundamental unit sound basic structure language linguistic community gives social dimension language moreover linguistic signs arbitrary change comes time individual drawing structural linguistics claude l vi strauss transforms world text thus subjected social phenomena linguistic laws formulated saussure instance primitive systems kinship magic mythologies rituals scrutinized similar linguistic dichotomies abstract normative system objective utterance subjective division split social actions


systems like langue parole distinctions language kinship system consists system terminology vocabulary relationships expressed system attitudes psychological social functions social cohesion elaborate dynamic interdependence systems terminology attitudes l vi strauss rejected radcliffe brown 's idea system attitudes merely manifestation system terminology affective level turned concept avunculate part whole consists three types relationship consanguinity affinity descent thus l vi strauss identified complex avuncular relationships contrary


multiplicities meaning expressed hidden society influential essay thick description towards interpretive theory culture geertz argues man animal suspended webs significance spun practice theory french sociologist pierre bourdieu challenges duality phenomenology subjective structuralism objective theory practice idea precisely challenges reductive approach economism places symbolic interest opposition economic interests similarly also rejects subjected centered view world bourdieu attempts close gap developing concept symbolic


completed circuits relevant emphasis concept completed communicational circuit implicit theory expectation units containing completed circuits show mental characteristics mind words immanent circuitry accustomed thinking mind somehow contained within skin organism circuitry contained within skin blockquote influences poststructuralism bateson 's work influenced major poststructuralist scholars especially gilles deleuze f lix guattari fact word 'plateau' deleuze


guattari 's magnum opus ''a thousand plateaus'' came bateson 's work balinese culture wrote gregory bateson uses word plateau designate something special continuous self vibrating region intensities whose development avoids orientation toward culmination point external end bateson pioneered interdisciplinary approach anthropology coined term ecology mind demonstrate goes one 's head one 's behavior interlocked constitutes network guattari wrote blockquote gregory bateson clearly shown calls ecology ideas cannot contained within domain


religion culture violence numerous posthumanist turn however art ethnographic writing suffered serious challenges anthropologists thinking experimenting new style writing instance writing natives multiple authorship see also complex systems open closed system social science social systems systems science systems theory references reading john tresch heredity open system gregory bateson descendant ancestor ''anthropology today'' vol dec pp nbsp gregory bateson sacred unity steps ecology mind ludwig


von bertalanaffy general system theory foundations development applications revised edition new york george braziller rosi braidotti nomadic subjects embodiment sexual difference contemporary feminist theory new york columbia transpositions nomadic ethics cambridge uk malden polity georges canguilhem normal pathological trans carolyn r fawcett new york zone lilie chouliaraki norman fairclough discourse late modernity rethinking critical discourse analysis edinburgh edinburgh manuel de landa thousand years nonlinear history new


york zone books new philosophy society assemblage theory social complexity new york continuum gilles deleuze f lix guattari anti dipus capitalism schizophrenia minneapolis u minnesota p thousand plateaus minneapolis u minnesota p j rgen habermas theory communicative action vol trans thomas mccarthy boston beacon theory communicative action vol trans thomas mccarthy boston beacon stuart hall ed representation cultural representations signifying practices thousand oaks


ca sage donna haraway cyborg manifesto simians cyborgs women reinvention nature new york routledte julia kristeva system speaking subject kristeva reader ed toril moi oxford basil blackwell see also http wwwkristevafr http wwwphillwebbnet history twentiethcentury continental post structuralisms structuralistpsychoanalysis kristeva kristevahtm ervin laszlo systems view world holistic vision time new york hampton press bruno latour reassembling social introduction actor network theory new york oxford niklas luhmann art social system trans eva


knodt stanford ca stanford social systems stanford ca trans john bednarz jr dirk baecker stanford nina lykke rosi braidotti eds monsters goddesses cyborgs feminist confrontations science medicine cyberspace london zed books hugo maturana bernhard poerksen origins biology cognition trans wolfram karl koeck alison rosemary koeck heidelberg carl auer verlag hugo r maturana f j varela autopoiesis cognition realization living


new york springer moretti franco graphs maps trees abstract models literary history london new york verso paul r samson david pitt eds biosphere noosphere reader global environment society change london new york routledge ebook online ut library vladimir vernadsky biosphere trans david b langmuir new york copernicus springer verlag external links http wwwnecsiedu new england complex system institute http wwwcsiroau science complexsystemssciencehtml commonwealth scientific industrial research organisation csiro anthropology


'''agricultural chemistry''' study chemistry especially organic chemistry biochemistry relate agriculture agricultural production processing raw products foods beverages environmental monitoring remediation studies emphasize relationships plants animals bacteria environment branch agricultural science agricultural chemistry studies chemical compositions reactions involved production protection use crops livestock basic science aspects embrace addition test tube chemistry life processes humans obtain food fiber feed animals applied


distinct discipline common thread ties together genetics physiology microbiology entomology numerous sciences impinge agriculture chemical materials developed assist production food feed fiber include scores herbicides insecticides fungicides pesticides plant growth regulators fertilizers animal feed supplements chief among groups commercial point view manufactured fertilizers synthetic pesticides including herbicides supplements feeds latter include nutritional supplements example mineral nutrients medicinal compounds prevention control disease agricultural chemistry often aims preserving


increasing fertility soil maintaining improving agricultural yield improving quality crop agriculture considered ecology sustainablility operation considered modern agrochemical industry gained reputation maximising profits violating sustainable ecologically viable agricultural principles eutrophication prevalence genetically modified crops increasing concentration chemicals food chain eg persistent organic pollutants consequences naive industrial agriculture history johan gottschalk wallerius publishes pioneering work '''' '''' humphry davy publishes ''elements agricultural


chemistry'' justus von liebig publishes ''animal chemistry organic chemistry applications physiology pathology'' j ns jacob berzelius publishes '''' vols jean baptiste boussingault publishes '''' vols nd ed samuel william johnson publishes ''how crops grow'' w johnson publishes ''how crops feed treatise atmosphere soil related nutrition agricultural plants'' karl heinrich ritthausen publishes ''protein bodies grains legumes linseed contributions physiology seeds cultivation nutrition fodder'' see also agronomy fertilizer notes


man reading newspaper '''newspaper''' periodical publication containing written information current events often typed black ink white gray background newspapers cover wide variety fields politics business sports art often include materials opinion columns weather forecasts reviews local services obituaries birth notices crosswords editorial cartoons comic strips advice columns newspapers businesses pay expenses mixture subscription revenue newsstand sales advertising revenue journalism organizations publish newspapers often metonymically

Journalism, media studies and communication


called newspapers newspapers traditionally published print usually cheap low grade paper called newsprint however today newspapers also published websites online newspapers even abandoned print versions entirely newspapers developed th century information sheets merchants early th century many cities europe well north south america published newspapers newspapers high editorial independence high journalism quality large circulation viewed newspapers record overview front page ''the new york times'' armistice day november


newspapers typically published daily weekly news magazines also weekly magazine format general interest newspapers typically publish news articles feature articles national international news well local news news includes political events personalities business finance crime weather natural disasters health medicine science computers technology sports entertainment society food cooking clothing home fashion arts usually paper divided sections major groupings labelled b c pagination prefixes yielding page numbers


b b c c traditional papers also feature editorial page containing editorials written editor paper 's editorial board expressing opinion public issue opinion articles called op eds written guest writers typically section editorial columns express personal opinions columnists usually offering analysis synthesis attempts translate raw data news information telling reader means persuading concur papers also include articles byline articles


written staff writers wide variety material published newspapers besides aforementioned news information opinions include weather forecasts criticism reviews arts including literature film television theater fine arts architecture local services restaurants obituaries birth notices graduation announcements entertainment features crosswords horoscopes editorial cartoons gag cartoons comic strips advice columns food columns radio television listings program schedules newspapers may also provide information new movies tv shows available streaming video services like


netflix newspapers classified ad sections people businesses buy small advertisements sell goods services huge increase internet websites selling goods craigslist ebay led significantly less classified ad sales newspapers newspapers businesses pay expenses mixture subscription revenue newsstand sales advertising revenue businesses individuals pay place advertisements pages including display ads classified ads online equivalents newspapers government run least government funded reliance advertising revenue


profitability less critical survival editorial independence newspaper thus always subject interests someone whether owners advertisers government newspapers high editorial independence high journalism quality large circulation viewed newspapers record many newspapers besides employing journalists payrolls also subscribe news agencies wire services associated press reuters agence france presse employ journalists find assemble report news sell content various newspapers way avoid duplicating expense reporting


around world circa approximately daily newspaper titles world selling nbsp million print copies day us titles selling nbsp million copies late early global recession combined rapid growth free web based alternatives helped cause decline advertising circulation many papers retrench operations stanch losses worldwide annual revenue approached nbsp billion plunged worldwide financial crisis revenue fell nbsp billion hurting every major publisher efforts gain


articles many online newspapers sources influences flow web traffic increasing paywalling online newspapers may counteracting effects oldest newspaper still published ''ordinari post tijdender'' established stockholm definitions newspapers typically meet four criteria public accessibility contents reasonably accessible public traditionally paper sold distributed newsstands shops libraries since made available internet online newspaper websites online newspapers increased access newspapers people internet access people without internet


computer access eg homeless people impoverished people people living remote rural regions may able access internet thus able read online news literacy also factor prevents people cannot read able benefit reading newspapers paper online periodicity published regular intervals typically daily weekly ensures newspapers provide information newly emerging news stories events currency information date publication schedule allows degree date ness print


newspaper limited need time print distribute newspaper major cities may morning edition later edition day 's paper later edition incorporate breaking news occurred since morning edition printed online newspapers updated frequently new information becomes available even several times per day means online editions date universality newspapers covers range topics political business news updates science technology arts culture entertainment history gazettes


bulletins ancient rome ''acta diurna'' government announcement bulletins produced carved metal stone posted public places china early government produced news sheets called dibao circulated among court officials late han dynasty second third centuries ad ''kaiyuan za bao'' bulletin court chinese tang dynasty published government news handwritten silk read government officials first reference privately published newssheets beijing late ming dynasty ref name brook xxi ref early modern europe


increased cross border interaction created rising need information met concise handwritten news sheets government venice first published monthly ''notizie scritte'' cost one ''gazetta'' small coin ref name wan timeline ref avvisi handwritten newsletters used convey political military economic news quickly efficiently italian cities sharing characteristics newspapers though usually considered true newspapers however none publications fully met classical criteria proper newspapers typically intended general public restricted certain range topics


newspapers europe relation'' earliest newspaper josef danhauser ''newspaper readers'' first mechanical movable type printing allowed mass production printed books invented johann gutenberg around years gutenberg started printing estimated books circulation printed presses across continent gutenberg 's invention simple device launched revolution marked repeated advances technology result popularization ideals liberty freedom information exchange emergence new media th century


nb generally thought either nathaniel butter nicholas bourne thomas archer first newspaper france published ''la gazette'' originally published ''gazette de france'' ref name wan timeline first newspaper italy accordance oldest issue still preserved ''di genova'' published genoa ref name far ref first newspaper portugal ''a gazeta da restaura o'' published lisbon first spanish newspaper gaceta de madrid published ''post och inrikes tidningar'' founded ''ordinari post tijdender'' first published sweden


oldest newspaper still existence though publishes solely online ''opregte haarlemsche courant'' haarlem first published oldest paper still printed forced merge newspaper ''haarlems dagblad'' germany occupied netherlands since ''haarlems dagblad'' appeared subtitle ''oprechte haerlemse courant '' ''merkuriusz polski ordynaryjny'' published krak w poland first successful english daily ''the daily courant'' published ref name stephens collier 's americas boston benjamin harris published ''publick occurrences forreign domestick''


considered first newspaper american colonies even though one edition published paper suppressed government governor allowed ''the boston news letter'' published became first continuously published newspaper colonies soon weekly papers began published new york philadelphia early newspapers followed british format usually four pages long mostly carried news britain content depended editor 's interests ''pennsylvania evening post'' became first american daily john bushell published


united kingdom portugal brazil algarves since produced official press service portuguese crown ending ban private newspaper circulation appears first non imperial printed publication ''di rio rio de janeiro'' though existed already ''correio braziliense'' published hip lito jos da costa time ''gazeta'' london forcefully advocated political critical ideas aiming expose administration 's flaws first newspaper peru ''el peruano'' established october still published today


irishman james augustus hicky used means criticize british rule journalism ''jobo'' discussed annals joseon dynasty published privately run commercial newspaper printed daily covered range topics including weather constellations current affairs korean monk claimed discovered extant copy ''jobo'' middle east history middle eastern newspapers goes back th century many editors journalists also writers philosophers politicians unofficial journals


intellectuals encouraged public discourse politics ottoman persian empires literary works genres serialized published press well first newspapers ottoman empire owned foreigners living wanted make propaganda western world earliest printed palais de france pera indigenous middle eastern journalism started muhammad ali khedive egypt ordered local establishment gazette ''vekayi misriye'' ''egyptian affairs'' first paper written ottoman turkish arabic opposite pages later


end world war one earliest women sign articles arab press female medical practitioner galila tamarhan contributed articles medical magazine called ''ya'asub al tib'' leader medicine industrial revolution front page ''helsingin sanomat'' helsinki times july early th century many cities europe well north south america published newspaper type publications though developed way content vastly shaped regional cultural preferences advances printing technology related


newspapers appealed wider audience including less educated lower income people ref name bird bird elizabeth ''for enquiring minds cultural study supermarket tabloids'' knoxville university tennessee press ref france mile de girardin started la presse introducing cheap advertising supported dailies france august zang austrian knew girardin paris returned vienna introduce methods die presse named frankly copied girardin 's publication categories newspapers aimed broad spectrum readers usually geographically defined focus groups readers


defined interests location example daily weekly business newspapers eg ''the wall street journal india today'' sports newspapers specialist still weekly newspapers usually free distributed within limited regional areas may serve communities specific certain immigrant populations local gay community indie rock enthusiasts within city region frequency daily '' 'daily newspaper''' printed every day sometimes exception sundays occasionally saturdays major holidays saturday exist sunday editions daily newspapers


tend larger include specialized sections eg arts films entertainment advertising inserts cost typically majority newspapers' staff members work monday friday sunday monday editions largely depend content made advance content syndicated daily newspapers sold morning afternoon evening papers common scarce aimed commuters office workers practice though may vary according country morning newspaper available early editions midnight night cover


date editions printed distributed night later editions include breaking news first revealed day morning edition already printed previews tomorrow 's newspapers often feature late night news programs ''newsnight'' united kingdom first daily newspaper appeared ''einkommende zeitung'' published timotheus ritzsch leipzig germany united kingdom commonwealth countries unlike countries daily newspapers publish sundays past independent sunday newspapers nowadays publisher often


produces sunday newspaper distinct many ways daily usually related name eg ''the times'' ''the sunday times'' distinct newspapers owned company article published latter would never credited ''the times'' cases sunday edition expanded version newspaper publisher cases particularly britain may separate enterprise eg ''the observer'' affiliated daily newspaper founding acquired ''the guardian'' usually


specially expanded edition often several times thickness weight weekday editions contain generally special sections found weekday editions sunday comics sunday magazines ''the new york times magazine'' ''the sunday times magazine'' countries daily newspapers published christmas day weekly newspapers would change day eg sunday newspapers published saturday december christmas eve christmas day falls sunday semi weekly newspapers published two times week known semi weekly publications triweekly name suggests


city part large city almost every market one two newspapers dominate area large metropolitan newspapers often large distribution networks found outside normal area sometimes widely sometimes fewer sources national newspaper stand salta argentina nations least one newspaper circulates throughout whole country '''national newspaper''' national newspapers ''financial times'' ''the wall street journal'' specialised examples financial matters many national newspapers united kingdom united


states canada canada ''the globe mail'' sold throughout country united states addition national newspapers ''the new york times'' available throughout country international newspapers sale paris france also small group newspapers may characterized '''international newspapers''' ''the new york times international edition'' formerly international herald tribune always focus others repackaged national newspapers international editions national large metropolitan newspapers cases articles might interest wider


range readers omitted international editions others interest expatriates significant national news retained english became international language business technology many newspapers formerly published non english languages also developed english language editions places varied jerusalem mumbai newspapers printed local international english speaking public tourists advent internet also allowed non english language newspapers put scaled english version give newspaper global outreach similarly many countries large foreign language speaking population many tourists newspapers


languages national language published locally imported example newspapers magazines many countries locally published newspapers many languages ready found news stands central london us state florida many tourists french speaking canadian province quebec visit long stays winter snowbirds newsstands stores sell french language newspapers ''le droit'' subject matter general newspapers cover topics different emphasis least mentioning topics might good coverage international events importance


subscribed british newspapers newspapers delivered subscribers homes businesses paper 's delivery people sent via mail sold newsstands grocery stores convenience stores delivered libraries bookstores newspaper organizations need large distribution system deliver papers different distributors typically involves delivery trucks delivery people recent years newspapers media adapted changing technology environment starting offer online editions cater needs public future trend towards electronic delivery news


continue emphasis internet social media electronic delivery methods however method delivery changing newspaper industry still niche world online virtually major printed newspapers produced online editions distributed internet depending country may regulated journalism organizations press complaints commission uk publishers find print based models increasingly unsustainable web based newspapers also started appear ''southport reporter'' uk ''seattle post intelligencer''


stopped publishing print years march became online paper since uk regional newspapers closed resulting decline number regional journalists study king 's college london found towns lost local newspapers receded democratic values experienced loss public faith authorities new trend newspaper publishing introduction personalization demand printing technologies online news aggregator websites like google news customized newspapers allow reader


create individual newspaper selection individual pages multiple publications best approach allows revival print based model opens new distribution channel increase coverage beneath usual boundaries distribution customized newspapers online offered myyahoo google crayon icurrentcom kibbokocom twitter times many others online newspapers reader select much section politics sports arts etc wish see news organization personnel newsroom gazeta lubuska zielona g ra poland office building ''tyrv n sanomat'' sastamala


finland ''the telegraph'' printing house macon georgia circa united states overall manager chief executive newspaper publisher small newspapers owner publication largest shareholder corporation owns publication usually publisher although rarely perhaps never writes stories publisher legally responsible contents entire newspaper also runs business including hiring editors reporters staff members title less common outside us equivalent position film industry


television news shows executive producer newspapers four main departments devoted publishing newspaper editorial production printing circulation advertising although frequently referred variety names well non newspaper specific departments also found businesses comparable size accounting marketing human resources throughout english speaking world person selects content newspaper usually referred editor variations title editor chief executive editor common small newspapers single editor may responsible


content areas large newspapers senior editor overall charge publication less senior editors may focus one subject area local news sports divisions called news bureaus desks supervised designated editor newspaper editors copy edit stories part newspaper may share workload proofreaders fact checkers newsboy selling ''toronto telegram'' canada reporters journalists primarily report facts gathered write longer less


news oriented articles may called feature writers photographers graphic artists provide images illustrations support articles journalists often specialize subject area called beat sports religion science columnists journalists write regular articles recounting personal opinions experiences printers press operators physically print newspaper printing outsourced many newspapers partly cost offset web press common kind press used print newspapers also small newspaper 's print run might require less hour operation meaning


newspaper press would sit idle time newspaper offers information online webmasters web designers may employed upload stories newspaper 's website staff circulation department liaise retailers sell newspaper sell subscriptions supervise distribution printed newspapers mail newspaper carriers retailers vending machines free newspapers sell subscriptions still circulation department responsible distributing newspapers sales staff advertising department sell ad space clients


local businesses also help clients design plan advertising campaigns members advertising department may include graphic designers design ads according customers' specifications department 's policies advertising free newspaper advertising department zoned editions israeli daily newspaper ''haaretz'' seen hebrew english language editions newspapers often refine distribution ads news zoning editioning zoning occurs advertising editorial content change reflect location product delivered editorial content often may change merely reflect changes


advertising quantity layout affects space available editorial may contain region specific news rare instances advertising may change one zone another different region specific editorial content content vary widely zoned editions often produced parallel editioning occurs main sections news updated throughout night advertising usually edition exception zoned regionals often 'b' section local news undergoes advertising changes edition represents latest


news available next press run editions produced linearly one completed edition copied updated next edition previous edition always copied maintain newspaper record fall back quick correction needed press example ''the new york times'' ''the wall street journal'' offer regional edition printed local contractor featuring locale specific content journal 's global advertising rate card provides good example editioning ''see also los angeles times suburban sections'' format the''yomiuri shimbun''


broadsheet japan credited largest newspaper circulation world modern newspapers one three sizes broadsheets generally associated intellectual newspapers although trend towards compact newspapers changing examples include ''the daily telegraph'' united kingdom tabloids half size broadsheets often perceived sensationalist contrast broadsheets examples include ''the sun'' ''the national enquirer'' ''the star magazine'' ''new york post'' ''chicago sun times'' ''the globe'' microdaily infrequently used refer tabloid sized free daily newspaper offers lower ad


rates broadsheet competitors content microdaily range intense local news coverage combination local national stories berliner midi used european papers ''le monde'' france ''la stampa'' italy ''el pa s'' spain ''the guardian'' united kingdom newspapers usually printed cheap white paper known newsprint since newspaper industry largely moved away lower quality letterpress printing higher quality four color process offset printing addition desktop computers word processing software graphics software digital cameras


latter promoted major cycling races newsprint colours reflected colours jerseys used denote race leader example leader giro d'italia wears pink jersey circulation readership number copies distributed either average day particular days typically sunday called newspaper 's circulation one principal factors used set advertising rates circulation necessarily copies sold since copies newspapers distributed without cost readership figures may higher circulation figures


many copies read one person although offset number copies distributed read especially distributed free united states alliance audited media maintains historical current data average circulation daily weekly newspapers periodicals according ''guinness book records'' daily circulation soviet newspaper ''trud'' exceeded soviet weekly ''argumenty fakty'' boasted circulation according united nations data japan three daily papers ''yomiuri shimbun'' ''asahi


shimbun'' ''mainichi shimbun'' circulations well nbsp million germany 's ''bild'' circulation nbsp million paper category united kingdom ''the sun'' top seller around nbsp million copies distributed daily us ''the wall street journal'' daily circulation approximately nbsp million making widely distributed paper country paid readership print newspapers steadily declining developed oecd nations rising chief developing nations brazil india indonesia china south africa whose paid daily circulation exceeded


developed nations first time india ''the times india'' largest circulation english newspaper nbsp million copies daily according indian readership survey ''dainik jagran'' read local language hindi newspaper nbsp million readers according tom standage ''the economist'' india currently daily newspaper circulation nbsp million copies common measure newspaper 's health market penetration expressed percentage households receive copy newspaper total number households paper 's market area national


basis us daily newspapers achieved market penetration percent meaning average us household received newspapers media began compete newspapers printing became easier less expensive giving rise greater diversity publications market penetration began decline n't early however market penetration dipped percent percent still falling many paid newspapers offer variety subscription plans example someone might want sunday paper perhaps sunday saturday maybe


workweek subscription perhaps daily subscription newspapers provide content internet either cost fee cases free access available matter days weeks certain number viewed articles readers must register provide personal data cases free archives provided gallery widths px heights px file newspaper vendorjpg newspaper vendor paddington london february file usa today newsrackswebm attempting buy newspaper gallery advertising newspaper typically generates revenue advertising remainder sales


subscriptions ref name business model ref portion newspaper advertising called ''editorial content'' ''editorial matter'' simply ''editorial'' although last term also used refer specifically articles newspaper guest writers express opinions distinction however developed time nbsp early publishers like girardin france zang austria always distinguish paid items editorial content business model advertising subsidize cost printing distributing newspapers always hoped making profit rather subscribers cover full cost


first done seems ''the sun'' daily paper published new york city rather charging cents per copy price typical new york daily time charged cent depended advertising make difference newspapers countries easy access web hurt decline many traditional advertisers department stores supermarkets could relied upon past buy pages newspaper advertisements due industry consolidation much less likely additionally


newspapers seeing traditional advertisers shift new media platforms classified category shifting sites including craigslist employment websites auto sites national advertisers shifting many types digital content including websites rich media platforms mobile recent years advertorial emerged advertorials commonly recognized opposite editorial third parties pay fee included paper advertorials commonly advertise new products techniques new design golf equipment new form laser surgery weight loss drugs tone usually closer


press release objective news story articles often clearly distinguished editorial content either design layout page label declaring article advertisement however growing concern blurring line editorial advertorial content gallery widths px heights px file c speciale mantel aanbiedingjpg dutch newspaper advertisement women 's clothing sold c stores file naa newspaper ad revenuesvg us newspaper advertising revenue newspaper association america published data ref name naadata ref gallery journalism editorial staff newspaper ''severnyi kray'' yaroslavl russia since


newspapers began journal record current events profession involved making newspapers began called ''journalism'' yellow journalism era th century many newspapers united states relied sensational stories meant anger excite public rather inform restrained style reporting relies fact checking accuracy regained popularity around world war ii criticism journalism varied sometimes vehement credibility questioned anonymous sources errors facts spelling grammar real perceived bias scandals involving


plagiarism fabrication past newspapers often owned called press barons used gaining political voice major newspapers became parts chains run large media corporations gannett mcclatchy company hearst corporation cox enterprises landmark media enterprises llc morris communications tribune company hollinger international news corporation swift communications etc newspapers modern world played important role exercise freedom expression whistle blowers leak stories corruption political circles often choose inform newspapers mediums


corrections policies communicating processes rationale readers asking sources review articles publication impact television internet newspaper press limoges france late availability news via hour television channels subsequent availability online journalism posed ongoing challenge business model newspapers developed countries paid newspaper circulation declined advertising revenue bulk newspapers' income shifting print social media news websites resulting general decline one challenges number online news websites


free access online news sites paywall require paid subscription access less developed countries cheaper printing distribution increased literacy growing middle class factors compensated emergence electronic media newspaper circulation continues grow april ''the american reporter'' became first daily internet based newspaper paid reporters original content future newspapers countries high levels internet access widely debated industry faced soaring newsprint prices slumping ad sales loss much classified advertising


percentage millennials get news social media websites many traditional newspapers begun offering digital editions accessible via computers mobile devices online advertising allows news websites show catered ads based visitor 's interests see also list newspaper comic strips list online newspaper archives lists newspapers stone notes references reading ''willings press guide'' th ed vol comprehensive guide world press vol uk vol europe vol world ''editor publisher international year book'' th ed comprehensive


guide american newspapers kevin g barnhurst john nerone ''the form news history'' https booksgooglecom booksisbn excerpt text search bleyer willard grosvenor '' https wwwgutenbergorg ebooks newspaper writing editing '' houghton mifflin company pp conley david stephen lamble ''the daily miracle introduction journalism'' rd ed pp global viewpoint harrower tim ''the newspaper designer 's handbook'' th ed https wwwamazoncom dp excerpt text search jones alex ''losing news future news feeds democracy'' sousa jorge pedro sousa coord maria carmo castelo branco rio pinto sandra tuna gabriel silva eduardo zilles borba


nica delicato carlos duarte nair silva patr cia teixeira '' http wwwlivroslabcomubipt book gazeta da restaura primeiro peri dico portugu uma lise discurso vol ii nbsp reprodu es '' walravens hartmut ed ''newspapers central eastern europe'' pp williams kevin ''read history british newspaper'' https wwwamazoncom dp excerpt text search external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwnewstornadocom map newstornado worldwide newspaper circulation map http starslibraryucfedu ahistoryofcentralfloridapodcast print culture http starslibraryucfedu ahistoryofcentralfloridapodcast history central florida podcast https wwwfacebookcom vanessaotero posts chart real fake news vanessa otero https webarchiveorg web http wwwallgeneralizationsarefalsecom p basis https boingboingnet attempt chart new sourcehtml mark frauenfelder http wwwjournalismorg political polarization media habits pj mediapolarization chart real fake news http wwwpewresearchorg pj mediapolarization pew research center newspaper archives


formal algunas propuestas ''educaci cultura'' ref coombs informal education potential satisfy learning demands individuals collectivities unlike formal traditional education rigid contents programs flexible planning designing educational activities takes consideration local variations culture economy society counteracts tendency developing countries imitate education models developed countries work written coombs conjunction ahmed informal education defined organized educational activity outside established formal

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Museum education


system whether operating separately important feature broader activity intended serve identifiable learning clienteles learning objective afterwards coombs ahmed add idea non formal education systematic educative activity organized outside official framework facilitate educative experiences people regardless age genre nationality social economic health situation ref name throughout career coombs encouraged impulsed professional development people responsible non formal education determining development professionalization educative areas institutions devoted non formal education beginnings


art museums united states turn twentieth century art museums new institutions average visitor seen wandering clear direction galleries clear idea appreciate study exhibitions architect j randolph coolidge jr appointed temporary director boston museum fine arts experimented guiding system galleries help visitors orient throughout walk across exhibitions ref name burnham rika elliot kai kee ''teaching art museum interpretation


experience'' en ingl j paul getty museum los angeles ref art museum volunteers museum educators article published june bulletin museum fine arts boston features one first uses term docent description functions said ref conclusion wwii art museums' priorities shifted increased focus education schools across country began making field trips museums educational programs time greater emphasis placed collecting volunteerism emphasis volunteerism


combined increase student attendance led greater level importance given museum education museum educators museum leaders like otto wittmann associate director toledo museum art advocating use volunteers docents development museum educator training expanding education programs ref name speaking conceptualization perfect museum volunteer educator candidate wittmann said blockquote married woman thirty thirty five years old one two children school husband executive position attended exhibitions


quite regularly several years time brought children classes special events years college education always graduate seldom formal training related volunteer job may developed useful skills activities works well hands likes people especially children ease talks easily important curiosity imagination enthusiasm believes importance organization community ref name blockquote museum education workers


unpaid labor titles museum educators important two reasons one reason evidence field struggle vocabulary define museum educators second reason job titles may reflect differences positions growing differences roles education departments across museums including director chair education director education public programs curator education education interpretation supervisor head interpretation participatory experiences director education curator public practices etc growing number graduate programs museum education


surveyed museums reported needing cut back education programming public service due budget shortfalls staff reductions due covid pandemic almost museums worldwide close doors least part arts organizations kinds us cancel events due forced closures interest abiding pandemic safety guidelines museums began turning digital realm programming educational efforts many museums created added onto virtual education programs including zoom


video conferenced events new social media channels groups take home art activities virtual tours theory practice museum pedagogy influenced constructivism postmodernism critical multiculturalism museum educators employ different teaching strategies including visual thinking strategies vts dialogical model art interpretation pedagogical strategies include feldman model art criticism aesthetic scanning ftc palette publications ''excellence practice museum education principles standards'' developed education committee american association museums help guide inform practice museum education ''the journal museum education'' jme


journal covering theory training practice museum education field museum education roundtable articles written museum education research professionals ''the museum education monitor'' monthly email newsletter tracked recorded research resources museum education worldwide publication ''the museum education monitor'' ended ''art museum teaching'' digitally published resource collaborative online forum reflecting issues teaching learning experimental practice field art museum education ''viewfinder reflecting museum education'' peer reviewed digital publication national art education


association ''studies art education'' quarterly journal reports quantitative qualitative historical philosophical research art education ''journal cultural research art education'' ''jcrae'' annual publication united states society education art completely accessible online professional organizations museum education division national art education association naea members across north america working regional representatives task forces division also hosts museum education preconvention naea annual conference https wwwmuseumeduorg museum education roundtable provides scholarship professional learning museum


educators regional networks producing publication ''the journal museum education'' american alliance museums aam international council museums icom open membership museum professionals aam icom maintain codes ethics museums detail expectations professional conduct see also museology museums art education art museums galleries united states state references external links http wwwmuseum edorg museum ed online organization devoted meeting needs museum educators providing tools resources museum education community http museumeducationinfo museum education roundtable publisher


museums' education professional network edcom committee museum education works advance purpose museums places lifelong learning serves advocate diverse audiences educators promotes professional standards excellence practice museum education museology cultural education


volunteers sort catalog library collection national library cambodia creating documentation collections providing safe storage conditions important aspects collections management '''collections management''' involves development storage preservation cultural property well objects contemporary culture including contemporary art literature technology documents museums libraries archives private collections primary goal collections management meet needs individual collector collecting institution 's mission statement also ensuring long term safety sustainability cultural objects within collector 's care collections management

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Collection Management Policy


consists primarily administrative responsibilities associated collection development closely related collections care physical preservation cultural heritage professions influenced collections management include collection managers registrars archivists definition jean nickolaus tretter collection gay lesbian bisexual transgender studies staff outfront minnesota collection cultural property collections require great deal care protection order ensure safety external loss damage also require depth documentation assist tracking life object within holding institution accommodate needs


collectors adhere collections management collections care standards practices serve create safe environment collection objects clear precise accompanying documentation collections care addresses physical actions necessary prevent delay damages cultural heritage collection management defined process information gathering communication coordination policy formulation evaluation planning processes influence decisions records management collections management policy outlines protocols collection scope collections care emergency planning response collections management systems collection management systems cms software programs designed aid


archiving cataloging objects collection within libraries archives museums although every cms program unique several features considered standard ''cataloging'' feature includes fields object identification purposes permanent identification numbers object name artist creator name object description dimensions object components materials condition provenance exhibition preservation history current location image object ''acquisitions'' feature includes fields relevant donor purchase history object date acquisition donor seller name contact information assigned accession


also includes conservation reports detailing conservation restoration treatments performed object ''security'' feature allows database administrator restrict access database giving specific individuals access view edit object records ''copyright'' copyright feature allows institution input relevant intellectual property restrictions objects order prevent illegal distribution reproduction object ''multimedia'' multimedia feature function allows digital materials image video audio content associated object attached object record feature typically allows input associated


metadata inventories according smithsonian institution record official recorded information regardless medium characteristics created received maintained individual collector institution every object within collection must accompanying documentation records management functions primary focus collections management covers wide range documentation policy standards topics covered umbrella records management include collection information management systems collections accession deaccession policies collection management policies cataloging curation lack appropriate record keeping systems museums compromises security museum collections


threatens role museums information centers planned systematized management records improves programs activities museums thereby leading effective governance operation museum cataloging cataloging process entering informational data object collection catalog database process involves assigning unique identification numbers individual objects within collection attaching relevant accompanying documentation item curatorial worksheets photographs condition assessments accession deaccession information ref name amnh ref catalog meant serve systematic written digital record every object within


future research education ref name amnh modern collectors institutions utilize cms streamline catalog process effective data entry standards must utilized data structure data values data content form basis set tools lead good descriptive cataloguing consistent documentation shared records increased end user access curation curation defined collecting organizing preserving displaying information specific object collection topic role curating performed individuals known curators many cases


sound photographs well analog items digitized ie cataloged digital form still maintaining original physical analog form digital curation like content curation also involves development design exhibitions based objects within collection case often involves website maintenance online exhibits whether born digital digitized many modern collections contain form digital collection content must maintained much way physical objects preservation digital assets involves creation metadata improve accessibility object tracking preventing technical obsolescence data


loss due mismanagement performing routine audits technical software digital catalogs ensure data remains uncorrupted applying authorization standards protect data unauthorized alterations managing content purposes research exhibition collections management policy collection management policy lays foundation institution handles situations pertaining collection defined detailed written statement explains institution operation goes business policy articulates institution 's professional standards regarding items left care serves guide


staff since institutions often faced questions deal objects acquire handle removing loaning items collection standards care items imperative well written policy help prevent possible issues institution 's end prevention best approach dealing operations objects collection therefore policy important document looked almost like boundaries set place help insure museum stays true mission also providing best


care collection primary focus collections management document standards practices necessary develop care make available use collection objects within collector institution 's care accomplish collections management policy created detailed information provided explain specific needs collection based type age location etc collection management policies specific collection holding institution policies lay terms personnel responsible individual tasks involving collection object acquired


removed collection within institution access collection preventive care needs object within collection ref name mrm ref given almost every decision museum makes done mission statement mind important included policy mission statement addresses museum 's focus terms purpose roles responsibilities public collections statement helps determine everything museum referenced regular basis ensure


decisions still line museum 's original goal museum mission statements adhere standards american alliance museums addition mission statement policies typically include section outlines scope collection useful part policy reviews history collection considers strengths weaknesses current uses states museum collect '''collections policy''' '' 'selection criteria''' library archive museum collection statement institution 's priorities apply


acquisition new materials collections policies guide process collection development even largest best funded famous libraries library congress british library stanford university cannot acquire house catalogue maintain works policy set criteria required selecting acquired generally collections policy related mission purpose library example national libraries collect materials related nation published nation 's territory academic libraries generally collect materials used teaching research institution


serve public libraries collect materials expected satisfy demands public serve sample collections policies include collections policy statements library congress organised field collection policy statement b davis schwartz memorial library long island university collections policy national library new zealand integrated digital physical policy collection preservation policy sunsite digital library well setting priorities purchasing materials collections policies also serve guide libraries offered gifts materials endowments acquisition materials less


costly processing sorting cataloguing etc long term storage costs many materials even ''free'' gifts libraries usually associated costs institutions 's policy may also look include history institution legal ethical considerations addition general care standards collection management policy also governed local international legal restrictions placed certain cultural heritage objects management needs associated countless laws books specify antiquities archaeological findings ethnic pieces must handled maintained ensure physical


safety well ethical considerations unique collection objects must address examples local laws within united states america include ''act preservation american antiquities'' june antiquities act usc authorizes president united states declare national monuments enforces regulations protecting archaeological sites excavated objects ''museum properties management act '' usc sect f explains responsibilities actions may performed united states secretary interior national park service include accepting donations bequests


money purchasing museum objects collections making exchanges museum objects collections accepting making loans museum objects collections ''native american graves protection repatriation act nagpra '' usc identifies ownership control rights native american cultural items examples international legislation include ''the hague convention protection cultural property event armed conflict'' adopted may international treaty focused protecting cultural heritage architectural monuments archaeological locations works art objects deemed artistic historic scientific significance ''convention


means prohibiting preventing illicit import export transfer ownership cultural property'' paris november international agreement oppose practices illicit importing exporting transferring ownership cultural property order better preserve cultural property countries world ''convention safeguarding intangible cultural heritage'' paris october international agreement designed safeguard intangible cultural heritage also raising awareness appreciation thereof intangible cultural heritage includes practices representations expressions knowledge skills well instruments objects artefacts


cultural spaces associated therewith communities groups cases individuals recognize part cultural heritage collections policy written subsection overarching collection management policy collectors cultural institutions utilize collections policy selection criteria policy outlined purpose collection serves types objects considered relevant collection policy lays scope collection relevance institution 's mission statement serving broad description institution 's collections explanation


employed ref name mrm ref name aam accessioning accessioning defined process creating permanent record object assemblage lot received one source one time institution custody right title assigning unique control number said object assembly lot part collection scope policy collectors institutions must lay acquisition terms ensure relevant objects successfully accessioned collection portion policy discusses within institution authorized make decisions whether


name aam deaccessioning deaccessioning opposite accessioning involves permanent removal object associated records collector 's institution 's collection like accession portion collection policy deaccession section lays terms object may considered removal well individuals authority approve process additionally section lays legal restrictions associated removal object types disposal appropriate based reason deaccession ref name mrm many reasons


object may removed collection including object deemed longer relevant collection holder 's mission permanent collection scope condition object deteriorated damaged extent collection holder cannot implement restoration repairs object poses health risk institution personnel institution longer possess means maintain object adequate environment due financial budgeting concerns loss personnel lack equipment etc institution already possesses similar objects within collection causes unnecessary redundancy


object deemed fake forgery authentic longer relevant overall collection collection holder position deaccessioning object improve quality care function remaining collection loans temporary custody objects collectors collecting institutions sometimes transfer objects collections temporary periods time part loan temporary custody agreements loans help share disseminate information different communities prove mutually beneficial collection holding individuals institutions ref name aam loans occur


variety reasons policy purposes loans may defined stationary traveling exhibition loans exchange loans study loans promised gifts fractional interest gifts donor 's remaining interest partial gift long term loans policies loans may also applied acquisitions processing period unsolicited objects return arranged collection objects objects found abandoned unclaimed ownership unclear ref name aam ref name mrm l ref wi thin collections scope section collections management policy typically area dedicated discussing procedures loan approval


acceptance associated acquisition fees required documentation specific insurance requirements monitoring instructions temporary holdings section may also include information old loans works restrictions governing allowed leave holding institution ref name aam loan policy address incoming outgoing loans thoroughly explained written procedures ref name mrm l risk assessment collections management focuses heavily planning response standards lays practices documents detailing staff responsible care collection address various hazards collection ref name national park


service ref risk management plan risk mitigation strategy section policy identifying potential hazards collection based region collection located including fires earthquakes criminal activity flooding addition damages repairs building failure improper collections care neglectto inform risk management plans significance assessment risk assessment collection condition assessment conducted preventive conservation visual storage facilities victoria albert museum london england insect specimen storage drawers upper silesian museum bytom poland collections care


transport integrated pest management display storage housing objects held within collection either storage display exhibit primary concern continued safety collection accomplish collector holding institution must take consideration proper housing containers well environmental conditions necessary prevent damages collections management policy collection contain sections display storage housing needs objects addressed full consultation conservator restorer may necessary fully address topics terms


addressing temperature impossible control external weather however policy standards aim set temperature ranges optimized type objects preserved collector 's institution 's energy financial restrictions well human comfort levels within exhibit galleries storage facilities ref name erhardt ref ''relative humidity'' like temperature rh standards also allow fluctuations although policies take account excessive moisture sudden dramatic shifts relative humidity harmful almost cultural heritage materials may cause issues corrosion mold growth cracking warping embrittlement ref


name erhardt ''light'' two types light ultraviolet uv visual light perceived human eye need addressed within collections management care effects visual light exposure cumulative visual light necessary view safely handle objects within collection means standards established limit time intensity levels visual light exposure without risking visitor staff safety ref name michalski ref uv light hand necessary viewing handling collections eliminated


much possible use filters order prevent damage yellowing disintegration ref name michalski ''contaminants'' contaminants take variety forms gases liquids solids pose threats collection also individuals come close contact pollutants ensure safety personnel objects necessary collection management policy specify proper methods documenting researching objects risk bringing contaminants collection well explaining precautions


must taken prevent accidental contamination result human error chemical breakdown collection objects contaminated objects may show signs disintegration discoloration corrosion ref name mrm g packing transport objects within collection ideally handled little possible since every time handled increased risk damage proper display storage housing help mitigate risks accidental damage important create implement high standards routine care handling well packing


transporting collection objects ref name npschp ref extremely important ensure staff aware educated standard practices handling objects hand washing protocols appropriate use cotton latex gloves established practices identifying structural weaknesses may require special care accepted modes transportation objects within holding institution ie flatbeds carts tote pans pads tissue papers sometimes collector institution need move objects outside exhibit storage locations collection management policy discusses proper procedures loans acquisitions must


therefore also address proper packing transport protocols ensure objects arrive destination safely ensure safe transport safe handling techniques must combined individual packing requirements specific object shipped ideally object packaged shipping container provides protection shock vibration sudden climate changes mishandling collection management policies advise staff best address issues object 's fragility shipping method climate objects travel climate object 's destination ref name npschp packing


damages collection examples types pests addressed include insects mold mice rats birds bats ref name npschp ref collection management aspect ipm involves creating implementing policies routine inspection objects housing facilities authorized trapping procedures documentation inspections trapping programs utilized within facility policies called cultural controls physical techniques utilized part collections care known mechanical controls ref name npschp specific cultural controls may documented within collections management policy include standards inspection


new materials brought collection areas including new acquisitions loans storage packing materials defined practices daily collections maintenance general housekeeping collection holding facilities restrictions areas within building food drinks smoking allowed prohibited documentation showing careful monitoring plants placed around outside building special attention paid proximity live plants mulch building addition banning live dried plants within building policies standard collections care including relative humidity storage housing guidelines ref


name npschp us navy personnel move damaged antique plane lone star flight museum disaster recovery hurricane ike galveston texas september security policy physical security systems protected facilities generally intended ref name security engineering ref deter potential intruders eg warning signs security lighting perimeter markings '''risk prevention''' detect intrusions monitor record intruders eg intruder alarms cctv systems '''risk mitigation''' trigger appropriate incident responses eg security guards police '''emergency preparedness''' security designers architects analysts balance security controls risks taking


account costs specifying developing testing implementing using managing monitoring maintaining controls along broader issues aesthetics human rights health safety societal norms conventions emergency management created conjunction collection management policy collecting institutions also possess disaster preparedness emergency response policy outlines procedures taken prevent injury loss life personnel building visitors well minimize damages loss collection ref name national park service plan outline protocols handle


disaster starting chain command within emergency response team well individual responsibilities member staff emergency response team include managing official responsible notifying members team disaster overseeing implementation emergency response tasks staff members typically trained proper collection handling protocols disaster preparedness emergency response plan also include detailed instructions explaining type disaster handled including initial threat assessment response evacuation procedures appropriate damage mitigation plans


salvage priorities post damage inventories recovery procedures sustainability policy sustainability defined use development protection resources meet current future generation needs collection sustainability policies collection institution specific balance collections economic social context collections environmental impact ensuring compliance local national legislation sustainability action plan used identify unsustainable practices outline target goal completion timeframe assign responsibilities sustainability policies sustainability action plans consider sustainability lens economic resource use considering cost benefit