evaluation research goes explain clients informed technology used within practice workers article social workers literature critic stated novels social work rare ref name bounds ref recently another critic claimed difficulty finding novels featuring main character holding master social work degree ref name marek ref however social workers subject many novels including ref name marek basis movie ''precious'' smith ali ''there the'' hamish hamilton pantheon ref name bounds


''two men town'' ann gentry anjanette comer ''the baby'' dwight mercer mykelti williamson ''free willy'' willie tanner max wright ''alf'' mrs sellner anne haney ''mrs doubtfire'' mary bell angelina jolie ''pushing tin'' margaret lewin jessica lange losing isaiah dr sonia wick vanessa redgrave ''girl interrupted'' raquel leonor watling ''raquel busca su sitio'' cobra bubbles ving rhames ''lilo


stitch'' clare barker sally phillips ''clare community'' toby flenderson paul lieberstein ''the office'' pankaj pankaj kumar singh ''smile pinki'' emily jenkins ren e zellweger ''case '' bernie wilkins cheadle hotel dogs ms weiss mariah carey ''precious'' mark lilly matt oberg voice ''ugly americans tv series '' meera bhama ''janapriyan'' maxine


gray tyne daly ''judging amy'' sam healy michael harney ''orange new black'' david mailer patrick gilmore ''travelers'' yahya rahmani https wwwgooglecom searchq yahya rahmani client see also addiction medicine approved mental health professional clinical social work child welfare community development critical social work development studies education social work forensic social work gerontology humanistic social work human resource management human services ''international social work'' jocelyn hyslop mental health professional recreational therapy right adequate standard living social development social planning social psychology


social research ''social scientist'' social work groups urban development welfare references reading external links http whatcanidowiththismajorcom major social work social work wcidwtm university tennessee https securesswrorg resources social work evaluation research resources mental health occupations welfare agencies welfare service organizations academic disciplines health care occupations caregiving civil services


legion frontiersmen edmonton command nationalist paramilitary group officially affiliated canadian army ''generaloberst'' von falkenhorst sisters lotta sv rd finnish voluntary auxiliary paramilitary organisation women summer continuation war paramilitary forces usually tend wear similar different uniforms military instance gray urban camouflage '''paramilitary''' organization semi militarized force whose organizational structure tactics training subculture often function similar professional military part country 's armed forces ref name reference oed paramilitary ref paramilitary units

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Paramilitary


carry duties country 's military police forces unable sometimes unwilling handle although similar '''quasi military''' organisation near identical military aspects ''ie'' militia private army ''etc'' whereas paramilitary ''ie'' internal security swat ''etc'' legality law war state may incorporate paramilitary organization armed agency national police private volunteer militia combatant armed forces parties conflict notified thereof military compared paramilitary though paramilitary military force


usually equivalent military 's light infantry force terms intensity firepower organizational structure paramilitary may also commonly fall command military even despite part military play assisting role military times war paramilitary forces also include private military company missions types depending definition adopted paramilitaries may include irregular military irregular military forces militias resistance fighters guerrillas insurgents terrorists etc auxiliary forces auxiliary forces state 's military national guard presidential guard republican guard state defense force civil air patrol home


guard royal guard imperial guard police forces auxiliary police indonesia 's mobile brigade corps brimob detachment india 's assam rifles central reserve police force border security force hong kong police force bangladesh 's border guards bangladesh etc political armed semi militarized wings existing political parties weimar republic common period every political party strife torn germany examples include nazi party 's ''sturmabteilung'' ''schutzstaffel'' monarchist german national people 's party 's ''der stahlhelm'' communist party germany 's ''parteiselbstschutz'' sinn f 's irish republican army hamas 's izz ad din al qassam brigades


african national congress 's umkhonto sizwe bharatiya janata party associated hindu nationalist group rashtriya swayamsevak sangh part sangh parivar notable members organizations narendra modi law enforcement police departments many countries organized manner similar military forces semi militarized law enforcement personnel within normal police forces swat teams united states various police tactical units countries gendarmeries egyptian central security forces russia 's national guard border guards russia 's border guard service australian border


force india 's border security force bangladesh 's border guards bangladesh turkey 's village guards united states' federal protective forces nasa 's emergency response teams security forces ambiguous military status internal troops railroad guards railway troops government agencies cia special activities center sac specifically special operations group sog staffed paramilitary operations officers cia global response staff home guards volunteer defence corps volunteer defence corps thailand volunteer defence corps australia shanghai volunteer corps royal hong kong regiment civil defense fire departments many countries often organized manner


similar military police forces despite unarmed belgian civiele bescherming singapore civil defence force australian state emergency service examples paramilitary units list paramilitary organizations list defunct paramilitary organizations see also rebel militia groups internal troops security forces weimar paramilitary groups list serbian paramilitary formations paramilitarization militarization police gendarmerie panamanian public forces fourth generation warfare private army private military companies death squad violent non state actor list countries number military paramilitary personnel references reading golkar saeid http afssagepubcom content abstract paramilitarization economy case iran 's basij militia


armed forces society vol golkar saeid organization oppressed organization oppressing analysing role basij militia iran politics religion ideology dec doi external links http wwwglobalsecurityorg military world para indexhtml global security civil military relations paramilitary military terminology private security industry


huntsville unit texas department criminal justice huntsville texas prison component correctional system qur'anic education offenders central jail faisalabad faisalabad pakistan criminal justice particularly north america '''correction''' '''corrections''' '''correctional''' umbrella terms describing variety functions typically carried government agencies involving punishment treatment supervision persons convicted crimes ref name stohr ref functions commonly include imprisonment parole probation ref name black bryan garner editor ''black 's law dictionary'' th ed west group p

Applied science
Public administration
Corrections


p depending volume ref typical ''correctional institution'' prison ''correctional system'' also known ''penal system'' thus refers network agencies administer jurisdiction 's prisons community based programs like parole probation boards system part larger criminal justice system additionally includes police prosecution courts ref name cavadinodignan ref jurisdictions throughout canada us ministries departments respectively corrections correctional services similarly named agencies coporal punishment afghanistan days taliban corrections also name field academic


study concerned theories policies programs pertaining practice corrections object study includes personnel training management well experiences side fence unwilling subjects correctional process ref name stohr stohr colleagues write earlier scholars honest calling call corrections name penology means study punishment crime ref name stohr ref terminology idea corrective labor soviet russia dates back far december ussr


started using terminology corrective labor camps corrective labor colonies terminology change us academia penology corrections occurred driven new philosophy emphasizing rehabilitation accompanied concrete changes prisons like giving privileges inmates attempting instill communal atmosphere least nominally prisons became correctional institutions guards became correctional officers ref name whiteheadjones ref although corrections related terminology continued thereafter us correctional practice philosophical view offenders' treatment took opposite turn academics labeled


https heinonlineorg hol landingpagehandle heinjournals fedpro div id page get tough program https onlinelibrarywileycom doi abs j tb x new penology community based corrections us marshals prisoners onboard con air flight community based corrections sanctions imposed convicted adults adjudicated juveniles occur residential community setting outside jail prison sanctions enforced agencies courts legal authority adult juvenile offenders community based corrections focus adults juveniles attempting rehabilitate back community contrary tough crime mindset expresses harsh punishment community based


sanctions may include sentences halfway house community service program home confinement electronic monitoring additional sanctions may financial may include fines forfeiture restitution sometimes applied combination ref name caputo ref theories use sanctions either positive rewarding negative punishment basis criminal theory along main goals social control deterrence deviant behavior many facilities operating united states adhere particular correctional theories although often heavily modified theories determine nature facilities' design security operations two


primary theories used today traditional remote supervision contemporary direct supervision model ref name carlsongarrett ref remote supervision model officers observe inmate population remote positions eg towers secure desk areas direct supervision model positions prison officers within inmate population creating pronounced presence see also american correctional association death penalty deterrence individual rights national commission correctional health care national institute corrections national law enforcement corrections technology center national prison rape elimination commission social control united states bureau justice statistics juvenile corrections juvenile court juvenile delinquency juvenile


justice delinquency prevention act office juvenile justice delinquency prevention references reading criminal law penology


name ref whereas economic development policy intervention aiming improve well people economic growth phenomenon market productivity increases gdp economist amartya sen describes economic growth one aspect process economic development economists primarily focus growth aspect economy large whereas researchers community economic development concern socioeconomic development well definition terminology precise definition economic development contested economists th century viewed development primarily terms economic growth sociologists instead emphasized broader processes

Social science
Sociology
Social transformation
Economic development


change modernization development urban studies scholar karl seidman summarizes economic development process creating utilizing physical human financial social assets generate improved broadly shared economic well quality life community region daphne greenwood richard holt distinguish economic development economic growth basis economic development broadly based sustainable increase overall ' 'standard living'' individuals within community measures growth per capita income necessarily correlate improvements quality life economic development


wider concept qualitative dimensions economic development implies economic growth plus progressive changes certain important variables determine well peopleeg health education university iowa 's center international finance development states though concept 's origin uncertain scholars argue development closely bound evolution capitalism demise feudalism others link postcolonial state mansell wehn also state economic development understood non practitioners since world war ii involve economic growth namely increases per capita


income currently absent attainment standard living equivalent industrialized countries economic development also considered static theory documents state economy certain time according schumpeter backhaus changes equilibrium state document economic theory caused intervening factors coming outside history economic development originated post war period reconstruction initiated united states inaugural speech president harry truman identified development undeveloped areas


realize aspirations better life envisage program development based concepts democratic fair dealing greater production key prosperity peace key greater production wider vigorous application modem scientific technical knowledge several major phases development theory since alexander gerschenkron argued less developed country outset economic development relative others likely certain conditions occur hence countries progress similarly


state played large role promoting industrialization developing countries following idea modernization theory period followed brief period basic needs development focusing human capital development redistribution neoliberalism emerged pushing agenda free trade removal import substitution industrialization policies economics study economic development borne extension traditional economics focused entirely national product aggregate output goods services economic development concerned expansion


people 's entitlements corresponding capabilities morbidity nourishment literacy education socio economic indicators borne backdrop keynesian economics advocating government intervention neoclassical economics stressing reduced intervention rise high growth countries singapore south korea hong kong planned governments argentina chile sudan uganda economic development generally development economics emerged amidst mid th century theoretical interpretations economies prosper ref name development way ref also economist albert hirschman major contributor development economics asserted economic development grew concentrate poor regions world primarily africa asia


latin america yet outpouring fundamental ideas models also argued notably asian european proponents infrastructure based development systematic long term government investments transportation housing education healthcare necessary ensure sustainable economic growth emerging countries robert mcnamara 's years world bank introduced key changes notably shifting bank 's economic development policies toward targeted poverty reduction ref name prior tenure world bank poverty receive substantial attention part international national economic development focus development


industrialization infrastructure ref name poverty also came redefined condition faced people rather countries ref name according martha finnemore world bank mcnamara 's tenure sold states poverty reduction mixture persuasion coercion ref name economic development goals development country associated different concepts generally encompasses economic growth higher productivity political systems represent accurately possible preferences citizens extension rights social groups opportunities get proper


functionality institutions organizations able attend technically logistically complex tasks ie raise taxes deliver public services processes describe state 's capabilities manage economy polity society public administration ref name lant pritchett michael woolcock matt andrews looking like state techniques persistent failure state capability implementation ''the journal development studies'' doi ref generally economic development policies attempt solve issues topics mind economic development typically associated improvements variety areas indicators


prittchet woolcock andrews call premature load bearing ref name many times economic development goals specific countries cannot reached lack state 's capabilities example nation little capacity carry basic functions like security policing core service delivery unlikely program wants foster free trade zone special economic zones distribute vaccinations vulnerable populations accomplish goals something overlooked multiple international organizations aid programs even participating governments attempt carry best practices


places carbon copy manner little success isomorphic mimicry adopting organizational forms successful elsewhere hide institutional dysfunction without solving home country contribute getting countries stuck capability traps country advance development goals ref name example seen criticisms foreign aid success rate helping countries develop beyond incentive compatibility problems happen foreign aid donations foreign aid granting countries continue give


center global development ref documented countries abundant supply natural resources oil countries whose government budget consists largely foreign aid donations regular taxes less likely incentives develop effective public institutions ref name turn undermine country 's efforts develop economic development policies broadest sense policies economic development encompass three major areas governments undertaking meet broad economic objectives price stability high employment sustainable growth efforts include monetary fiscal policies regulation


financial institutions trade tax policies programs provide infrastructure services highways parks affordable housing crime prevention k education job creation retention specific efforts business finance marketing neighborhood development workforce development small business development business retention expansion technology transfer real estate development third category primary focus economic development professionals contractionary monetary policy tool used central banks slow country economic growth example would raising interest rates decrease lending united states use contractionary monetary policy


important becomes key competitive advantage international trade exchange rates key issue economic development currencies often either valued valued resulting trade surpluses deficits furthermore growth globalization linked economic development trends international trade participation global value chains gvcs international financial markets last financial crisis huge effect economies developing countries economist jayati ghosh states necessary make financial markets developing countries resilient providing variety financial institutions could also add


financial security small scale producers organization economic development evolved professional industry highly specialized practitioners practitioners two key roles one provide leadership policy making administer policy programs projects economic development practitioners generally work public offices state regional municipal level public private partnerships organizations may partially funded local regional state federal tax money economic development organizations function individual entities cases departments local governments role seek new economic opportunities


gdp per capita growing development population gdp per capita gross domestic product divided mid year population gdp sum gross value added resident producers economy plus product taxes minus subsidizes included value products calculated without making deductions depreciation fabricated assets depletion degradation natural resources modern transportation european development economists argued existence modern transportation networks high speed rail infrastructure constitutes significant indicator country 's economic advancement perspective


illustrated notably basic rail transportation infrastructure index known brti index related models modified rail transportation infrastructure index rti introduction gdi gem effort create indicator would help measure gender equality un created two measures gender related development index gdi gender empowerment measure gem indicators first introduced undp human development report gender empowerment measure gender empowerment measure gem focuses aggregating various indicators focus capturing economic political professional gains


made women gem composed three variables income earning power share professional managerial jobs share parliamentary seats gender development index gender development gdi measures gender gap human development achievements takes disparity men women account three variables health knowledge living standards see also constitutional economics critical juncture theory commerce development finance institution european free trade association european union education economics financial deepening gender development green development infrastructure international development international monetary fund north south divide organisation economic co operation development


'''computational biology''' involves development application data analytical theoretical methods mathematical modelling computational simulation techniques study biological ecological behavioural social systems ref name nih field broadly defined includes foundations biology applied mathematics statistics biochemistry chemistry biophysics molecular biology genetics genomics computer science ecology evolution ref name brown computational biology different biological computing subfield computer engineering using bioengineering biology build computers introduction computational biology includes many aspects bioinformatics much science using biological data develop

Natural science
Biology
Computational biology


algorithms models order understand biological systems relationships recently biologists access large amounts data data become commonplace particularly molecular biology genomics researchers able develop analytical methods interpreting biological information unable share quickly among colleagues ref name hogeweg ref bioinformatics began develop early considered science analyzing informatics processes various biological systems time research artificial intelligence using network models human brain order generate new algorithms


use biological data develop fields pushed biological researchers revisit idea using computers evaluate compare large data sets information shared among researchers use punch cards amount data shared began grow exponentially end required development new computational methods order quickly analyze interpret relevant information ref name hogeweg since late computational biology become important part developing emerging technologies field biology terms computational biology


original formulation computational anatomy generative model shape form exemplars acted upon via transformations ref name ref diffeomorphism group used study different coordinate systems via coordinate transformations generated via lagrangian eulerian velocities flow one anatomical configuration math mathbb r math another relates shape statistics morphometrics distinction diffeomorphisms used map coordinate systems whose study known diffeomorphometry computational biomodeling computational biomodeling field concerned building computer models biological systems computational biomodeling aims develop


use visual simulations order assess complexity biological systems accomplished use specialized algorithms visualization software models allow prediction systems react different environments useful determining system robust robust biological system one maintain state functions external internal perturbations ref name kitano bibcode natur k cid ref essential biological system survive computational biomodeling generates large archive data allowing analysis multiple users current techniques focus small biological systems


simulation ecological systems addition increasing application methods computational statistics ecological analyses computational evolutionary biology computational biology assisted field evolutionary biology many capacities includes using dna data reconstruct tree life computational phylogenetics fitting population genetics models either forward time backward time dna data make inferences demographic selective history building population genetics models evolutionary systems first principles order predict likely evolve computational genomics partially sequenced genome computational genomics field within genomics


studies genomes cells organisms sometimes referred computational statistical genetics encompasses much bioinformatics human genome project one example computational genomics project looks sequence entire human genome set data fully implemented could allow doctors analyze genome individual patient opens possibility personalized medicine prescribing treatments based individual 's pre existing genetic patterns project created many similar programs researchers looking sequence genomes animals plants bacteria


types life ref name koonin ref one main ways genomes compared sequence homology homology study biological structures nucleotide sequences different organisms come common ancestor research suggests genes newly sequenced prokaryotic genomes identified way ref name koonin field still development untouched project development computational genomics analysis intergenic regions studies show roughly human genome consists regions ref name koonin researchers


computational genomics working understanding functions non coding regions human genome development computational statistical methods via large consortia projects encode encyclopedia dna elements roadmap epigenomics project computational neuropsychiatry computational neuropsychiatry emerging field uses mathematical computer assisted modeling brain mechanisms involved mental disorders already demonstrated several initiatives computational modeling important contribution understand neuronal circuits could generate mental functions dysfunctions computational neuroscience computational neuroscience study brain function terms


brain model create possibility error occur models account parts cellular structure scientists know realistic brain models computationally heavy expensive implement ref name sejnowski ref simplifying brain models models look limit scope model order assess specific physical property neurological system allows intensive computational problems solved reduces amount potential error realistic brain model ref name sejnowski work computational neuroscientists


improve algorithms data structures currently used increase speed calculations computational oncology computational oncology sometimes also called cancer computational biology field aims determine future mutations cancer algorithmic approach analyzing data research field led use high throughput measurement high throughput measurement allows gathering millions data points using robotics sensing devices data collected dna rna biological structures areas focus include determining characteristics tumors analyzing molecules deterministic


accessible spreadsheet development led need computational pharmacology scientists researchers develop computational methods analyze massive data sets allows efficient comparison notable data points allows accurate drugs developed ref name walter ref analysts project major medications fail due patents computational biology necessary replace current drugs market doctoral students computational biology encouraged pursue careers industry rather take post doctoral positions direct result major pharmaceutical companies needing qualified analysts


large data sets required producing new drugs ref name walter software tools computational biologists use wide range software range command line programs graphical web based programs open source software open source software provides platform develop computational biological methods specifically open source means every person entity access benefit software developed research plos cites four main reasons use open source software including reproducibility allows researchers use exact methods used calculate relations biological data faster development developers


researchers reinvent existing code minor tasks instead use pre existing programs save time development implementation larger projects increased quality input multiple researchers studying topic provides layer assurance errors code long term availability open source programs tied businesses patents allows posted multiple web pages ensure available future conferences several large conferences concerned computational biology notable examples


intelligent systems molecular biology ismb european conference computational biology eccb research computational molecular biology recomb journals numerous journals dedicated computational biology notable examples include journal computational biology plos computational biology plos computational biology journal peer reviewed open access journal many notable research projects field computational biology provide reviews software tutorials open source software display information upcoming computational biology conferences related fields computational biology bioinformatics mathematical biology interdisciplinary approaches life sciences draw


quantitative disciplines mathematics information science nih describes computational mathematical biology use computational mathematical approaches address theoretical experimental questions biology contrast bioinformatics application information science understand complex life sciences data ref name nih specifically nih defines field distinct may significant overlap interface ref name nih see also references ref ref name brown ref external links http wwwbioinformaticsorg bioinformaticsorg bioinformatics computational fields study


'''queer studies''' '' 'sexual diversity studies''' '''lgbt studies''' study issues relating sexual orientation gender identity usually focusing lesbian gay bisexual transgender gender dysphoria asexual queer questioning intersex people cultures originally centered lgbt history literary theory field expanded include academic study issues raised biology sociology mental illness anthropology history science ref name yale ref philosophy psychology sexology political science ethics fields examination identity lives history perception queer people marianne lafrance former chair larry

Social science
Sociology
Sexology
Queer studies


sex sexuality sexual orientation ref name bostoncom currently certificate degree granting programs least five institutions united states offering undergraduate major growing number similar courses offered countries united states history early academic study queer community include lesbian researcher mildred berryman 's groundbreaking ref name study ref ref name mildred ref ''the psychological phenomena homosexual'' ref name dynamics ref lesbian women gay men met salt lake city bohemian club ref name berryman ref ref name stonewall ref study lesbian women gay men many


gay lesbian life also made way literature departments emphasis literary theory ref name yale queer theory soon developed challenging socially constructed categories sexual identity ref name yale first undergraduate course united states lgbtq studies taught university california berkeley spring ref name mcnaron mcnaron toni ah ''poisoned ivy lesbian gay academics confronting homophobia'' philadelphia temple university press ref followed similar courses fall southern illinois university edwardsville university nebraska lincoln unl ref name mcnaron


college establishing calls first gay lesbian studies department united states ref name ccsf department chair jonathan david katz first tenured faculty queer studies country ref name kramer initiative hobart william smith colleges upstate new york among first offer full fledged major lgbtq studies late currently one tenure lines specifically stand alone lgbt studies program period many absorbed women gender studies programs historians john boswell martin


duberman made yale university notable center lesbian gay studies late early ref name yale historian published several books gay history boswell held three biennial conferences subject university duberman sought establish center lesbian gay studies ref name yale however boswell died duberman left city university new york founded center lesbian gay studies ref name yale alumnus gift evolved faculty committee administered fund lesbian


gay studies developed listing courses relevant lesbian gay studies called pink book established small lending library named boswell committee began oversee series one year visiting professorships ref name yale yale kramer controversy writer aids activist larry kramer offered alma mater yale million personal papers endow permanent tenured professorship gay studies possibly build gay lesbian student center ref name nyt ref name nyt ref requirements specific yale use money solely


name nyt according kramer subsequently received letters institutions higher learning begging consider ref name nyt yale accepted million grant older brother money manager arthur kramer establish larry kramer initiative lesbian gay studies ref name yale ref name nyt ref five year program aimed bring visiting faculty host conferences lectures coordinate academic endeavors lesbian gay studies ref name yale ref name nyt jonathan david katz assumed role executive coordinator commented women 's studies african


american studies embraced american universities lesbian gay studies ref name yale blamed institutionalized fear alienating alumni private universities legislators fund public ones ref name yale five year program ended june harvard university announced establish endowed chair lgbt studies ref name bostoncom ref name nyt ref name fox ref believing post first professorship kind country ref name nyt harvard president drew g faust called important milestone ref name bostoncom ref name fox funded million gift


members supporters harvard gay lesbian caucus ref name hglc ref f matthiessen visiting professorship gender sexuality named mid th century gay harvard american studies scholar literary critic ref name bostoncom ref name fox chaired undergraduate program history literature ref name bostoncom harvard board overseers member mitchell l adams said extraordinary moment harvard 's history history rapidly emerging field harvard 's leadership academia world gift foster continued progress toward inclusive society ref name bostoncom


academic field queer studies concept perverse presentism often taught queer studies classes universities understanding lgbt history cannot analyzed contemporary perspectives ways find people historically identified include studying queer community archives recently ongoing discourse lengthening lgbt term either lgbtq adding queer also lgbtiq adding intersex field study grows queer studies initially emerged north american lesser extent european academy mostly relates western contexts


brazil many initiatives queers studies ufmg offers multidisciplinary program gender sexuality undergrad students forma transversal em g nero e sexualidade perspective queer lgbti https wwwufmgbr prograd arquivos docs cata cc logo formac cc cc es transversais pdf https wwwufmgbr prograd faculty law ranked amongst best country professor marcelo maciel ramos established ''diverso ufmg legal division gender sexual diversity'' http wwwdiversoufmgcom wwwdiversoufmgcom study group gender sexuality law led also professor pedro nicoli diverso ufmg organizes since congress gender sexual diversity congresso de diversidade sexual e de g nero http wwwcongressodiversocom


wwwcongressodiversocom become one biggest important academic events women lgbt studies brazil faculty philosophy social sciences professor marco aur lio ximo prado running since nuh ufmg human rights lgbt citizenship division successful initiative lgbt studies transversal training gender sexuality queer lgbti perspective exists objective bring students closer theoretical political methodological contributions organized queer lgbti experiences contemporary world considering transversality field studies political practices


strategies used protect course adverse reactions press authors especially take note effects course attendees wider gay community china authors note homosexual health social sciences described breakthrough ''south china morning post'' ''friends' correspondence'' periodical gay health intervention surveys given attendees class many responded class helped understand homosexual perspective better one student stated even cannot fully understand people need respect


basis real communication many course attendees admitted course changed lives one chinese police officer hiding sexuality entire life stated course really enhanced quality life another man prescribed treatment homosexuality years heard talk course newspaper expressed precious news relieved heart homosexual health social sciences developed interdisciplinary cover social sciences humanities public health interdependence different academic focuses achieved curriculum covering


theories homosexuality chinese reality homosexual sub culture men seeking men msm intervention human immunodeficiency virus hiv prevention addition reading literature gay characters themes taking field trips gay bar article goes describe attendance course significance clarifying official registration class low one student two officially registered students people attending classes though course open general public average attendance


rose gao gu also reveal precautions taken creators course shelter new class harsh criticism authors depict creators' fear attracting much negative attention chinese media could adversely affect course continuation coverage course fudan university delivered english beginning phenomenon explained one journalist china radio international homosexuality sensitive issue chinese culture discussing english distanced conservative chinese culture


university fort hare curated volume ''reclaiming afrikan queer perspectives sexual gender indentities'' co edited book ''queer africa lgbtqi identities citizenship activism'' see also gender studies group entity queer heterosexuality sexual diversity transgender studies women 's studies references reading dynes wayne r ed ''encyclopedia homosexuality'' new york london garland publishing halwani raja carol v quinn andy wible eds ''queer philosophy presentations society lesbian gay philosophy '' amsterdam new york ny rodopi mcruer robert crip theory


'''eastern philosophy''' '''asian philosophy''' includes various philosophies originated east south asia including chinese philosophy japanese philosophy korean philosophy vietnamese philosophy dominant east asia vietnam ref name source ref indian philosophy including hindu philosophy jain philosophy buddhist philosophy sikh philosophy dominant south asia southeast asia tibet mongolia indian philosophy valluvar tamil philosopher post sangam era indian philosophy refers ancient philosophical traditions 'world views' 'teachings' indian subcontinent jainism may roots dating back times indus valley

Humanities
Philosophy
Philosophical traditions and schools
Eastern philosophy


civilization major orthodox schools arose sometime start common era gupta empire hindu schools developed called hindu synthesis merging orthodox brahmanical unorthodox elements buddhism jainism hindu thought also spread east indonesian srivijaya empire cambodian khmer empire religio philosophical traditions later grouped label hinduism hinduism dominant religion way life etc discussion topic see establishing boundaries south asia includes shaivism vaishnavism shaktism among numerous traditions


reconfiguring indian society many centuries fusion aryan dravidian occurred complex process historians labeled indo aryan synthesis hinduism seen historically synthesis aryan beliefs harappan dravidian traditions developed many centuries synthesis period consolidation sometimes identified one hindu synthesis brahmanic synthesis orthodox synthesis takes place time late vedic upanishads c bce period gupta imperial ascendency c ce various indian cultures traditions diverse roots emphasis


status brahmans also religions indus valley civilisation sramana renouncer traditions north east india popular local traditions single founder earliest surviving philosophical texts upanishads later vedic period bce important indian philosophical concepts include dharma karma samsara moksha ahimsa indian philosophers developed system epistemological reasoning pramana logic investigated topics ontology metaphysics brahman atman sunyata anatta reliable means knowledge epistemology pramanas value system axiology topics indian philosophy also covered topics political


raghunatha siromani c founded tradition jayarama pancanana mahadeva punatamakara yashovijaya formulated jain response orthodox schools principal indian philosophical schools classified either orthodox heterodox stika n stika depending one three alternate criteria whether believes vedas valid source knowledge whether school believes premises brahman atman whether school believes afterlife devas six major schools orthodox indian hindu philosophy nyaya vaisheshika samkhya yoga vedanta five major heterodox schools jain buddhist ajivika


tradition based samkhyakarika c ce yoga school closely related tradition emphasizing meditation liberation whose major text yoga sutras c ce elements proto samkhya ideas however traced back period early upanishads one main differences two closely related schools yoga allowed existence god mkhya thinkers criticized idea mkhya epistemology accepts three six pramanas proofs reliable means gaining knowledge ''pratyak a'' perception ''anum a'' inference '' abda'' word testimony reliable


sources ref name referencea john grimes concise dictionary indian philosophy sanskrit terms defined english state university new york press p ref school developed complex theoretical exposition evolution consciousness matter mkhya sources argue universe consists two realities puru consciousness prak ti matter shown ''s khyapravacana tra'' c th century ce mkhya continued develop throughout medieval period ny ya ny ya school epistemology explores sources knowledge ''pram a'' based ''ny ya tras'' circa th century bce nd century ce ny ya holds


human suffering arises ignorance liberation arises correct knowledge therefore sought investigate sources correct knowledge epistemology ny ya traditionally accepts four ''pramanas'' reliable means gaining knowledge ''pratyak a'' perception ''anum a'' inference ''upam a'' comparison analogy '' abda'' word testimony past present reliable experts ref name referencea ny ya also traditionally defended form philosophical realism ''ny ya tras'' influential text indian philosophy laying foundations classical indian epistemological debates different philosophical schools includes example classic hindu rejoinders buddhist self anatta


arguments work also famously argues creator god ishvara debate became central hinduism medieval period vai e ika vai e ika naturalist school atomism accepts two sources knowledge perception inference philosophy held universe reducible ''param u'' atoms indestructible ''anitya'' indivisible special kind dimension called small ''a u'' whatever experience composite atoms vai e ika organized objects experience called ''pad rtha' 's literally 'the meaning word' included six categories ' 'dravya'' substance ''gu a'' quality


''karma'' activity ' 's nya'' generality ''vi e a'' particularity ' 'samav ya'' inherence later ''vai e ika' 's '' r dhara'' udayana '' iv ditya'' added one category ''abhava'' non existence first three categories defined ''artha'' perceived real objective existence last three categories defined ''budhyapek am'' product intellectual discrimination logical categories school ritual orthopraxy known hermeneutical study interpretation vedas ref name oliver leaman oliver leaman shruti ''encyclopaedia asian philosophy'' routledge p ref tradition study ' 'dharma''


ritual social duty paramount also held vedas eternal authorless infallible vedic injunctions mantras rituals prescriptive actions primary importance ref name oliver leaman focus textual study interpretation also developed theories philology philosophy language influenced indian schools primarily held purpose language correctly ''prescribe'' proper actions rituals correct dharma duty virtue also mainly atheistic holding evidence existence god insufficient gods


named vedas existence apart names mantras power key text school tra jaimini major scholars include prabh kara c th century kum rila bha fl roughly school strongly influenced ved nta also known ''uttara '' however emphasized ''karmak a'' study ritual actions using four early vedas ved nta schools emphasized ''j anak a'' study knowledge using later parts vedas like upani ads ref name oliver leaman ved nta adi shankara th century ce main


exponent advaita ved nta ved nta meaning end vedas ''uttara '' group traditions focus philosophical issues found prasthanatrayi three sources ''principal upanishads'' ''brahma sutras'' ''bhagavad gita'' ved nta sees vedas particularly upanishads reliable source knowledge central concern schools nature relationship ''brahman'' ultimate reality universal consciousness '' tman'' individual soul ''prakriti'' empirical world sub traditions ved nta include advaita non dualism vishishtadvaita qualified non dualism dvaita dualism bhedabheda difference non difference due


spho heterodox rama ic schools n stika heterodox schools associated non vedic rama ic traditions existed india since th century bce ref name reginaldray reginald ray buddhist saints india oxford university press pp ref rama movement gave rise diverse range non vedic ideas ranging accepting denying concepts atman atomism materialism atheism agnosticism fatalism free extreme asceticism strict ahimsa non violence vegetarianism notable philosophies arose rama ic movement jainism early buddhism c rv ka aj ana j vika jain philosophy jain philosophy deals extensively


problems metaphysics reality cosmology ontology epistemology divinity jainism essentially transtheistic religion ancient india continues ancient rama tradition co existed vedic tradition since ancient times distinguishing features jain philosophy include mind body dualism denial creative omnipotent god karma eternal uncreated universe non violence theory multiple facets truth morality based liberation soul jain philosophy attempts explain rationale existence nature universe constituents nature bondage means


achieve liberation often described ascetic movement strong emphasis self control austerities renunciation also called model philosophical liberalism insistence truth relative multifaceted willingness accommodate possible view points rival philosophies jainism strongly upholds individualistic nature soul personal responsibility one 's decisions self reliance individual efforts alone responsible one 's liberation contribution jains development indian philosophy significant jain philosophical concepts like ahimsa karma


moksa samsara like common indian religions like hinduism buddhism various forms ref name zydenbos ref jainism traces philosophy teachings mahavira tirthankaras various jain philosophers kundakunda umasvati ancient times yasovijaya shrimad rajchandra recent times contributed indian philosophical discourse uniquely jain ways c rv ka c rv ka lok yata atheistic philosophy scepticism materialism rejected vedas associated supernatural doctrines c rv ka philosophers like brihaspati extremely critical schools philosophy time c rv ka deemed vedas


perception primary source knowledge rejecting inference invalid primary texts c rv ka like barhaspatya sutras c bce lost j vika j vika founded makkhali gosala rama movement major rival early buddhism jainism original scriptures j vika school philosophy may existed currently unavailable probably lost theories extracted mentions ajivikas secondary sources ancient hindu indian literature particularly jainism buddhism polemically criticized ajivikas ref name basham al


project university cumbria united kingdom ref j vikas atheists rejected authority vedas believed every living '' tman'' central premise hinduism jainism aj ana aj ana rama school radical indian skepticism rival early buddhism jainism held impossible obtain knowledge metaphysical nature ascertain truth value philosophical propositions even knowledge possible useless disadvantageous final salvation seen sophists specialized refutation without propagating positive


doctrine jayar bha fl c author skeptical work entitled ''tattvopaplavasi ha'' lion devours categories upsetting principles seen important aj ana philosopher buddhist philosophies buddhist nalanda university monastery major center learning india th century ce c monks debating sera monastery tibet buddhist philosophy begins thought gautama buddha fl sixth fourth centuries bce preserved early buddhist texts generally refers philosophical investigations developed among various


buddhist schools india later spread throughout asia silk road buddhist thought trans regional trans cultural dominant philosophical tradition tibet southeast asian countries like sri lanka burma buddhism 's main concern soteriological defined freedom dukkha unease ignorance true nature things considered one roots suffering buddhist thinkers concerned philosophical questions related epistemology use reason ref name siderits mark page siderits mark buddhism philosophy p ref key buddhist concepts include four noble truths anatta self


critique fixed personal identity transience things anicca certain skepticism metaphysical questions buddhist thinkers india subsequently east asia covered topics varied phenomenology ethics ontology epistemology logic philosophy time later buddhist philosophical traditions developed complex phenomenological psychologies termed 'abhidharma' mahayana philosophers nagarjuna vasubandhu developed theories shunyata emptiness phenomena vijnapti matra appearance form phenomenology transcendental idealism dign ga c school pram promoted complex form epistemology buddhist logic tradition contributed


called epistemological turn indian philosophy work dharmakirti tradition buddhist logic become major epistemological system used tibetan buddhist philosophy debate disappearance buddhism india philosophical traditions continued develop tibetan buddhist east asian buddhist theravada buddhist traditions tibet indian tradition continued developed work thinkers like sakya pandita tsongkhapa ju mipham china new developments led thinkers xuangzang authored new works yogacara zhiyi founded


tiantai school developed new theory madhyamaka guifeng zongmi wrote huayan zen buddhist modernism hu shih dt suzuki visit china modern period saw rise buddhist modernism humanistic buddhism western influences development western buddhism influences modern psychology western philosophy important exponents buddhist modernism include anagarika dharmapala american convert henry steel olcott chinese modernists taixu yin shun zen scholar dt suzuki tibetan gend n ch phel buddhist modernism refers


forms buddhism emerged engagement dominant cultural intellectual forces modernity forces influenced modernists like dhammapala yin shun included enlightenment values western science neo buddhist movement founded influential indian dalit leader b r ambedkar emphasized social political reform buddhist modernism includes various movements like humanistic buddhism secular buddhism vipassana movement engaged buddhism chinese humanistic buddhism buddhism human life chinese pinyin r nsh ng f ji free supernatural beliefs also influential form


modern buddhism asia ref name mbingenheimernet bingenheimer marcus remarks usage renjian fojiao contribution venerable yinshun chinese buddhist modernism hsu mutsu chen jinhua meeks lori http mbingenheimernet publications bingenheimeryinshunrenjianfojiao pdf ''development practice humanitarian buddhism interdisciplinary perspectives'' pdf hua lien taiwan tzuchi university press pp ref sikh philosophy sikhism indian religion developed guru nanak punjab region mughal era main sacred text ''guru granth sahib'' fundamental beliefs include constant spiritual meditation god 's name guided guru instead yielding capriciousness


period hindu modernists presented single idealized united hinduism exemplified philosophy advaita vedanta also influenced western ideas first movements brahmo samaj ram mohan roy swami vivekananda influential developing hindu reform movements bringing worldview west work indians like vivekananda well westerners proponents theosophical society modern hindu thought also influenced western culture see also hinduism west political thought


hindu nationalism also another important current modern indian thought work mahatma gandhi deendayal upadhyaya rabindranath tagore aurobindo krishna chandra bhattacharya sarvepalli radhakrishnan large impact modern indian philosophy jainism also modern interpreters defenders virchand gandhi champat rai jain shrimad rajchandra well known spiritual guide mahatma gandhi east asian philosophies one main halls ''guozijian'' imperial college downtown beijing highest institution higher learning pre modern china chinese east asian philosophical thought began ancient china chinese


philosophy begins western zhou dynasty following periods fall hundred schools thought flourished th century bce ref name pe ref period characterized significant intellectual cultural developments saw rise major chinese philosophical schools confucianism legalism daoism well numerous less influential schools mohism school names school yin yang philosophical traditions developed metaphysical political ethical theories along chinese buddhism direct influence rest east asian cultural sphere buddhism began arriving china


humanistic values like familial social harmony filial piety ''xi o'' ''r n'' benevolence humaneness ''l '' system ritual norms determines person act harmony law heaven confucianism traditionally holds values based transcendent principle known heaven ''ti n'' also includes belief spirits gods ' 'sh n'' confucianism major ideology imperial state han dynasty bce ce revived neo confucianism tang dynasty later chinese dynasties like


shen buhai c bce another central figure shang yang bce leading statesman reformer transformed qin state dominant power conquered rest china bce shen 's successor han fei c bce synthesized thought legalists eponymous text ''han feizi'' one influential legalist texts used successive chinese statesmen rulers guide statesmanship bureaucratic organization imperial state mohism mohism ''m ji '' school mo founded mozi c bce students


individuals regardless actual relationship mo also advocated impartial meritocracy government based talent blood relations mozi confucian ritualism instead emphasizing pragmatic survival farming fortification statecraft tradition inconsistent human beings need extra traditional guide identify traditions acceptable moral guide must promote encourage social behaviors maximize general benefit motivation theory mozi brought ''will heaven'' rather religious philosophy parallels utilitarianism mohism also associated influenced


separate philosophical school known school names ''m ngji '' also known 'logicians' focused philosophy language definition logic taoism seven sages bamboo grove embroidery taoism daoism term various philosophies religious systems emphasize harmony ''tao'' chinese pinyin ''d o'' literally way seen principle source pattern substance everything exists taoism tends emphasize virtues ''wu wei'' effortless action ''ziran'' naturalness ''pu'' simplicity spontaneity placing less emphasis


key texts tradition first organized form taoism tianshi celestial masters' school arose nd century ce xuanxue deep learning also neo taoism major philosophical movement influenced confucian scholarship focused interpretation ''yijing'' ''daodejing'' ''zhuangzi'' flourished third sixth centuries ce important philosophers movement yan wang bi seven sages bamboo grove ge hong guo xiang thinkers like yan wang bi focused deep nature tao saw


best exemplified term wu nothingness non negativity schools rose prominence throughout chinese history shangqing school tang dynasty lingbao school song dynasty quanzhen school develop th th centuries yuan dynasty later taoist traditions also influenced chinese buddhism modern east asian philosophy chinese xiong shili circa modern chinese thought generally seen rooted classical confucianism ''jingxue'' neo confucianism ''lixue'' buddhism daoism ''xixue'' western learning arose late ming dynasty opium war


saw beginning western japanese invasions exploitation china humiliating chinese thinkers late th early th century saw chinese thinkers zhang zhidong looking western practical knowledge way preserve traditional chinese culture doctrine defined chinese learning substance western learning function ''zhongti xiyong'' traditionalists meanwhile sought revive fortify traditional chinese philosophical schools chinese buddhist thought promoted thinkers like yang rensan ou yang jingwu another influential movement new confucianism chinese pinyin ''x n


thought meirokusha philosophers like mori arinori nishi amane fukuzawa yukichi sought ways combine western ideas japanese culture values sh wa period saw rise state shinto japanese nationalism japanese buddhist philosophy influenced work kyoto school drew western philosophers especially german philosophy buddhist thought included kitaro nishida keiji nishitani hajime tanabe masao abe important trend japanese buddhist thought formation kyoto school critical buddhism argues several mahayana concepts buddha nature original enlightenment ref name mbingenheimernet


korean juche usually translated self reliance official political ideology north korea described regime kim il sung 's original brilliant revolutionary contribution national international thought ref name north korea state paranoia ref idea states individual master destiny ref name juche idea answers hundred questions ref north korean masses act masters revolution construction ref name juche idea answers hundred questions syntheses eastern western philosophy modern modern era many attempts integrate western eastern philosophical


traditions arthur schopenhauer developed philosophy essentially synthesis hinduism western thought anticipated ''upanishads'' primary hindu scriptures would much greater influence west however schopenhauer working heavily flawed early translations sometimes second degree translations many feel may necessarily accurately grasped eastern philosophies interested recent attempts incorporate western philosophy eastern thought include kyoto school philosophers combined phenomenology husserl insights zen buddhism watsuji tetsur th century japanese philosopher


attempted combine works ren kierkegaard nietzsche heidegger eastern philosophies claimed also definite eastern element within heidegger 's philosophy part made explicit within heidegger 's philosophy apart dialogue japanese inquirer heidegger spend time attempting translate tao te ching german working chinese student paul hsaio also claimed much heidegger 's later philosophy particularly sacredness bears distinct similarity taoist ideas clear parallels heidegger


end qing dynasty may fourth movement sought completely abolish old imperial institutions practices china old civil service system two major philosophical trends period one anti traditional promoted western learning ideas key figure anti traditional current yan fu translated various western philosophical works including smith 's wealth nations mill 's liberty also attempts incorporate western ideas democracy republicanism chinese political philosophy notably sun yat sen beginning


th century another influential modern chinese philosopher hu shih student john dewey columbia university promoted form pragmatism influence marxism modern chinese political thought vast especially work mao zedong famous thinker chinese marxist philosophy maoism chinese marxist philosophy based teachings th century communist party china revolutionary leader mao zedong based partially earlier theories marx lenin rejects urban proletariat leninist emphasis heavy industrialization favor


revolution supported peasantry decentralized agrarian economy based many collectively worked farms current government people 's republic china continues espouse pragmatic form socialism official party ideology calls socialism chinese characteristics communist party china took reign previous schools thought taoism confucianism except legalism denounced backward later purged violence cultural revolution saw many taoist buddhist temples institutions destroyed swiss psychologist carl jung deeply influenced


ching book changes ancient chinese text dates back bronze age shang dynasty c bce uses system yin yang places hexagrams purposes divination carl jung 's idea synchronicity moves towards oriental view causality states foreword richard wilhelm 's translation ching explains chinese view world based science west knows chance criticism western thinkers claim philosophy characteristic


western cultures german philosopher martin heidegger even reported said greek german languages suitable philosophizing ref name spiegel http wwwditextcom heidegger interviewhtml english translation william j richardson ref still commonplace western universities teach western philosophy ignore asian philosophy altogether consider newer western influenced asian thought proper philosophy carine defoort specialist chinese thought offered support family view philosophy rein raud presented argument offered flexible definition philosophy would include


western asian thought equal terms response ouyang min argues philosophy proper western cultural practice essentially different ''zhexue'' chinese even though ''zhexue'' originally ''tetsugaku'' actually neologism coined nishi amane describing western philosophy opposed traditional asian thought according british philosopher victoria harrison category eastern philosophy similarly asian philosophy oriental philosophy product th century western scholarship exist east asia india asia


single unified philosophical tradition single root various autonomous traditions come contact time see also middle eastern philosophy eastern religions notes references sources printed sources web sources external links https wwwutmedu staff jfieser class easternhtm jim fieser classical eastern philosophy https webarchiveorg web http wwwatmajyotiorg spirwritasp atmajyotiorg articles commentaries wide range topics related practical eastern philosophy http wwwkhepernet topics eastern kheper website eastern philosophy asian culture history asia articles containing video clips


negative violation expectations people expect friends relational partners even strangers truthful time people expected conversations untruthful talking communicating others would require distraction misdirection acquire reliable information significant amount deception occurs romantic relational partners ref name guerrero andersen afifi guerrero l anderson p afifi w close encounters communication relationships nd ed los angeles sage publications ref deceit dishonesty also form grounds civil litigation tort contract law known misrepresentation

Applied science
Military sciences
Strategy
Deception


acids' may misleading leads receiver believe sunflower oil benefit brain health foods fact sunflower oil relatively low omega fatty acids particularly good brain health claim technically true leads receiver infer false information deception intentionally managing verbal nonverbal messages message receiver believe way message sender knows false intent critical regard deception intent differentiates deception honest mistake


proposed three taxonomies distinguish motivations deception based interpersonal deception theory instrumental avoid punishment protect resources relational maintain relationships bonds identity preserve face self image appearance simulation consists exhibiting false information three simulation techniques mimicry copying another model example non poisonous snakes colours markings poisonous snakes fabrication making new model distraction offering alternative model mimicry biological world mimicry involves ''unconscious'' deception similarity another organism natural object animals


example may deceive predators prey visual auditory means fabrication make something appears something usually purpose encouraging adversary reveal endanger divert adversary 's resources ''ie'' decoy example world war ii common allies use hollow tanks made wood fool german reconnaissance planes thinking large armor unit move one area real tanks well hidden move location far


fabricated dummy tanks mock airplanes fake airfields also created distraction get someone 's attention truth offering bait something else tempting divert attention away object concealed example security company publicly announces ship large gold shipment one route reality take different route military unit trying maneuver dangerous position may make feint attack fake retreat make enemy think one thing fact another goal camouflage


wallaby adaptive colouration allows blend environment camouflage physical object often works breaking visual boundary object usually involves colouring camouflaged object colours background object hidden realm deceptive half truths camouflage realized 'hiding' truths military camouflage form visual deception part military deception allied navies world war ii used dazzle camouflage painting schemes confuse observers regarding naval vessel 's speed


heading breaking ship 's otherwise obvious silhouette nature defensive mechanisms octopuses eject black ink large cloud aid escape predators form camouflage disguise disguise appearance create impression somebody something else well known person also called incognito passing involves mere dress include hiding one 's real manner speech fictional detective sherlock holmes often disguised somebody else avoid recognized abstract sense 'disguise' may refer


act disguising nature particular proposal order hide unpopular motivation effect associated proposal form political spin propaganda covering matters rationalisation transfer within techniques propaganda generation example depicting act war attack peace mission spinning kidnapping protective custody seventeenth century story collection zhang yingyu 's ''the book swindles'' ca offers multiple examples bait switch fraud techniques involving stimulation greed ming dynasty china romantic


relationships ''the beguiling merlin'' edward burne jones deception particularly common within romantic relationships individuals admitting lying completely honest partner one time ref name cole ref three primary motivations deception relationships class wikitable reasons deceiving description '''partner focused motives''' using deception avoid hurting partner help partner enhance maintain self esteem avoid worrying partner protect partner 's relationship third party ref name ref ref name ref partner focused motivated deception sometimes viewed


caught previous deception ref name self focused deception generally perceived serious transgression partner focused deception deceiver acting selfish reasons rather good partner relationship '''relationship focused motives''' using deception limit relationship harm avoiding conflict relational trauma ref name relationally motivated deception beneficial relationship times harmful complicating matters deception may also used facilitate dissolution unwanted relationship ref name cole deception impacts perception


relationship variety ways deceiver deceived deceiver typically perceives less understanding intimacy relationship see partner less empathetic distant ref name ref act deception also result feelings distress deceiver become worse longer deceiver known deceived well longer term relationships discovered deception creates feelings detachment uneasiness surrounding relationship partners eventually lead partners becoming removed relationship deterioration


relationships dating commitment level length acquaintanceship often much lower ref name deception infidelity unique exclusive romantic relationships use deception form infidelity comes occurrence infidelity many individual difference factors impact behavior infidelity impacted attachment style relationship satisfaction executive function sociosexual orientation personality traits gender attachment style impacts probability infidelity research indicates people insecure attachment style anxious avoidant likely cheat compared individuals


secure attachment style especially avoidant men anxious women insecure attachment styles characterized lack comfort within romantic relationship resulting desire overly independent avoidant attachment style desire overly dependent partner unhealthy way anxious attachment style insecure attachment style characterized believing romantic partner support comfort effective way either stemming negative belief regarding anxious attachment style negative belief regarding romantic others avoidant attachment style women


everyday life ref name ref genders used strategy online dating profiles women men ref name additionally less attractive people likely lied objective measures physical attractiveness height weight ref name general men likely lie dating profiles one exception women likely lie weight ref name detection deception detection relational partners extremely difficult unless partner tells blatant obvious lie contradicts something partner knows


cognitive process based context message exchange interpersonal deception theory posits interpersonal deception dynamic iterative process mutual influence sender manipulates information depart truth receiver attempts establish validity message deceiver 's actions interrelated message receiver 's actions exchange deceiver reveal verbal nonverbal information deceit research found cues may correlated deceptive communication scholars frequently disagree effectiveness


many cues serve reliable indicators noted deception scholar aldert vrij even states nonverbal behavior uniquely associated deception ref name vrij vrij ref previously stated specific behavioral indicator deception exist however nonverbal behaviors found correlated deception vrij found examining cluster cues significantly reliable indicator deception examining single cue ref name vrij many people believe good deception though confidence often misplaced mark frank


proposes deception detected cognitive level lying requires deliberate conscious behavior listening speech watching body language important factors detecting lies response question lot disturbances less talking time repeated words poor logical structure person may lying vocal cues frequency height variation may also provide meaningful clues deceit fear specifically causes heightened arousal liars manifests frequent blinking pupil dilation speech disturbances higher pitched voice liars experience guilt shown


make attempts putting distance deceptive communication producing nonimmediacy cues verbal physical including speaking indirect ways showing inability maintain eye contact conversation partners another cue detecting deceptive speech tone speech streeter krauss geller olson apple assessed fear anger two emotions widely associated deception cause greater arousal grief indifference note amount stress one feels directly related frequency voice business people negotiate


feel tempted use deceit negotiation includes parties trust respect one another negotiations one party unaware going side thing needs negotiated deception negotiation comes many forms reaction gaspar et al ref name gaspar ref price reservation stating real budget price trying get misrepresentation interests getting interests buyer seems desperate fabrication facts immoral part person lies materials misleading information


law legal purposes deceit tort occurs person makes factual misrepresentation knowing false belief truth reckless whether true intending relied recipient recipient acts detriment reliance deceit may also grounds legal action contract law known misrepresentation deliberate fraudulent misrepresentation criminal prosecution basis fraud government use deception


government typically frowned upon unless 's reference military operations terms refer means governments employ deception subterfuge case disguise disguised movement secrecy fortification communications fortified concealing documents propaganda somewhat controversial label governments produce way controlled information message media documents communications fake news criminal investigations delivery information public deliberate transformation certain key details misinformation similar unconfined criminal


investigations military secret secrecy military operations false flag military operations deal deception main component religion deception common topic religious discussions sources focus religious texts deal deception sources focus deceptions created religions example ryan mcknight founder organization called faithleaks stated organizations goal reduce amount deception untruths unethical behaviors exist facets religion christianity islam taqiya islamic


juridical term cases muslim allowed sharia law lie main case deny faith faced persecution concept varies significantly among islamic sects scholars countries political regimes evoked critics islam portray faith dishonest philosophy deception recurring theme modern philosophy descartes published meditations introduced notion deus deceptor posited capable deceiving thinking ego reality notion used part hyperbolic


self consciousness might interfere distort actually behave outside research context would feel scrutinized example psychologist interested learning conditions students cheat tests directly asking often cheat might result high percent socially desirable answers researcher would case unable verify accuracy responses general unfeasible naive simply ask people directly often


researchers turn use deception distract participants true behavior interest example study cheating participants may told study intuitive process might given opportunity look secretly think another participant 's presumably highly intuitively correct answers handing conclusion research involving deception participants must told true nature study deception necessary called debriefing moreover


customary offer provide summary results participants conclusion research though commonly used allowed ethical guidelines american psychological association debate whether use deception permitted psychological research experiments deception object ethical methodological issues involved use dresser notes ethically researchers use subjects experiment subject given informed consent however nature researcher conducting deception


researcher unlikely behave normally would researcher 's control experiment compromised p nbsp object use deception note always constant struggle balancing need conducting research may solve social problems necessity preserving dignity rights research participant christensen p nbsp also note cases using deception way obtain certain kinds information prohibiting deception research would egregious consequence


deception study may underlying reason study using deception perceived unethical nature rather actual deception broder p nbsp christensen p nbsp social research methodologies social research especially psychology involve deception researchers purposely mislead misinform participants true nature experiment experiment conducted stanley milgram researchers told participants would participating scientific study memory learning reality study looked participants' willingness obey commands even involved


inflicting pain upon another person study subjects informed true nature study steps taken order ensure subjects left state well use deception raises many problems research ethics strictly regulated professional bodies american psychological association computer security see also references citations sources american psychological association http wwwapaorg ethics code indexaspxitem ethical principles psychologists code conduct retrieved february bassett rodney l basinger david livermore paul


'' retrieved february jstor database edelman murray ''constructing political spectacle'' kimmel j defense deception ''american psychologist '' retrieved february psychinfo database milgram behavioral study obedience ''the journal abnormal social psychology '' retrieved february psycarticles database ortmann hertwig r question remains deception acceptable ''american psychologist '' retrieved february psychinfo database shaughnessy j j zechmeister e b zechmeister j research methods psychology


seventh edition boston mcgraw hill bruce schneier ''secrets lies'' robert wright ''the moral animal way new science evolutionary psychology'' vintage reading town porsche englewood new jersey also known new perspective human deceit robert w thompson nicholas eds ''deception perspectives human nonhuman deceit'' new york state university new york press kopp carlo http wwwcssemonasheduau carlo infowar biologyhtml ''deception biology nature 's exploitation information win survival contests'' monash university october zhang yingyu ''the book swindles selections


late ming collection'' translated christopher rea bruce rusk new york ny columbia university press http wwwnbcnewscom id scientists pick human lie detectors nbcnewscom associated press barriers critical thinking communication human behavior psychology experiments


first burning hydrogen main sequence star helium horizontal branch star progressively burning higher elements however significantly alter abundances elements universe elements contained within star later life low mass star slowly eject atmosphere via stellar wind forming planetary nebula higher mass star eject mass via sudden catastrophic event called supernova term supernova nucleosynthesis used describe creation elements explosion massive star white dwarf advanced sequence

Natural science
Space science
Stellar astrophysics
Stellar nucleosynthesis


burning fuels driven gravitational collapse associated heating resulting subsequent burning carbon oxygen silicon however nucleosynthesis mass range silicon nickel actually caused upper layers star collapsing onto core creating compressional shock wave rebounding outward shock front briefly raises temperatures roughly thereby causing furious burning second final burning massive stars called ''explosive nucleosynthesis'' supernova nucleosynthesis final epoch stellar nucleosynthesis stimulus development theory


nucleosynthesis discovery variations abundances elements found universe need physical description already inspired relative abundances chemical elements solar system abundances plotted graph function atomic number element jagged sawtooth shape varies factors tens millions see history nucleosynthesis theory suggested natural process random second stimulus understanding processes stellar nucleosynthesis occurred th century realized


energy released nuclear fusion reactions accounted longevity sun source heat light ref name clayton ref history arthur eddington proposed stars obtained energy nuclear fusion hydrogen form helium also raised possibility heavier elements produced stars arthur eddington basis precise measurements atomic masses fw aston preliminary suggestion jean perrin proposed stars obtained energy nuclear fusion hydrogen form helium raised possibility


heavier elements produced stars preliminary step toward idea stellar nucleosynthesis george gamow derived called gamow factor quantum mechanical formula yielding probability two contiguous nuclei overcome electrostatic coulomb barrier approach closely enough undergo nuclear reaction due strong nuclear force effective short distances following decade gamow factor used atkinson houtermans later edward teller gamow derive rate nuclear reactions


would occur high temperatures believed exist stellar interiors nobel lecture entitled energy production stars hans bethe analyzed different possibilities reactions hydrogen fused helium defined two processes believed sources energy stars first one proton proton chain reaction dominant energy source stars masses mass sun second process carbon nitrogen oxygen cycle also considered carl friedrich von weizs cker important massive


main sequence stars works concerned energy generation capable keeping stars hot clear physical description proton proton chain cno cycle appears textbook bethe 's two papers address creation heavier nuclei however theory begun fred hoyle argument collection hot nuclei would assemble thermodynamically iron ref name hoyle ref hoyle followed paper describing advanced fusion stages within massive stars would synthesize elements carbon iron mass ref name hoyle hoyle 's theory extended


processes beginning publication review paper synthesis elements stars burbidge burbidge fowler hoyle commonly referred b sup sup fh paper ref name b fh review paper collected refined earlier research heavily cited picture gave promise accounting observed relative abundances elements enlarge hoyle 's picture origin primary nuclei much many assumed except understanding nucleosynthesis elements heavier iron neutron capture significant improvements made alastair


periodic table indicating origins including stellar nucleosynthesis elements important reactions stellar nucleosynthesis hydrogen fusion deuterium fusion proton proton chain carbon nitrogen oxygen cycle helium fusion triple alpha process alpha process fusion heavier elements lithium burning process found commonly brown dwarfs carbon burning process neon burning process oxygen burning process silicon burning process production elements heavier iron neutron capture r process process proton capture rp process p process photodisintegration hydrogen fusion hydrogen fusion nuclear fusion four protons form helium nucleus ref name jones dominant process


generates energy cores main sequence stars also called hydrogen burning confused chemical combustion hydrogen oxidizing atmosphere two predominant processes stellar hydrogen fusion occurs proton proton chain carbon nitrogen oxygen cno cycle ninety percent stars exception white dwarfs fusing hydrogen two processes cores lower mass main sequence stars sun dominant energy production process proton proton chain reaction creates helium nucleus sequence reactions begin


energy transfer core region remains radiative heat transfer rather convective heat transfer ref name deloore doom result little mixing fresh hydrogen core fusion products outward higher mass stars dominant energy production process cno cycle catalytic cycle uses nuclei carbon nitrogen oxygen intermediaries end produces helium nucleus proton proton chain ref name bohm vitense complete cno cycle nbsp mev energy released difference energy production cycle compared proton proton chain reaction


accounted energy lost neutrino emission ref name bohm vitense cno cycle temperature sensitive rise temperature would produce rise energy production cno cycle energy generation occurs within inner star 's mass hence strongly concentrated core ref name jeffrey results intense outward energy flux convective energy transfer becomes important radiative transfer result core region becomes convection zone stirs hydrogen fusion region keeps well mixed


surrounding proton rich region ref name karttunen oja core convection occurs stars cno cycle contributes total energy star ages core temperature increases region occupied convection zone slowly shrinks mass inner mass ref name jeffrey sun produces order energy cno cycle type hydrogen fusion process dominates star determined temperature dependency differences two reactions proton proton chain reaction starts temperatures ref


name reid hawley making dominant fusion mechanism smaller stars self maintaining cno chain requires higher temperature approximately thereafter increases rapidly efficiency temperature rises proton proton reaction ref name salaris cassini approximately cno cycle becomes dominant source energy temperature achieved cores main sequence stars least times mass sun ref name apj sun core temperature main sequence star ages core temperature rise resulting steadily increasing contribution


cno cycle ref name jeffrey helium fusion main sequence stars accumulate helium cores result hydrogen fusion core become hot enough initiate helium fusion helium fusion first begins star leaves red giant branch accumulating sufficient helium core ignite stars around mass sun begins tip red giant branch helium flash degenerate helium core star moves horizontal branch burns helium core massive stars ignite


helium core without flash execute blue loop reaching asymptotic giant branch star initially moves away agb toward bluer colours loops back called hayashi track important consequence blue loops give rise classical cepheid variables central importance determining distances milky way nearby galaxies despite name stars blue loop red giant branch typically blue colour rather yellow giants possibly cepheid variables fuse helium


protons capture helium nuclei elements odd numbers protons formed fusion pathways reaction rate reaction rate density species ''a'' ''b'' number densities ''n'' sub ''a''''b'' sub given math r n n b k math k reaction rate constant single elementary binary reaction composing nuclear fusion process math k langle sigma v v rangle math ''v'' cross section relative velocity ''v'' averaging performed velocities semi classically cross section proportional math pi lambda math math lambda h p math de


broglie wavelength thus semi classically cross section proportional math display inline frac e math however since reaction involves quantum tunneling exponential damping low energies depends gamow factor ''e'' sub g sub giving arrhenius equation math sigma e frac e e e sqrt frac e text g e math ''s'' ''e'' depends details nuclear interaction dimension energy multiplied cross section one integrates energies get total reaction rate using maxwell boltzmann distribution relation math frac r v n n b int infty frac e e e sqrt frac e text g e sqrt frac e pi kt e frac e kt sqrt frac e text r de math math text r frac math


reduced mass since integration exponential damping high energies form math sim e frac e kt math low energies gamow factor integral almost vanished everywhere except around peak called '''gamow peak''' ''e'' sub sub math frac partial partial e left sqrt frac e text g e frac e kt right math thus math e left frac kt sqrt e text g right frac math exponent approximated around ''e'' sub sub math e frac e kt sqrt frac e text g e approx e frac e kt exp left frac e e frac e kt right math reaction rate approximated math frac r v approx n n b frac sqrt sqrt text r sqrt e frac e kt e frac e kt math values ''s'' ''e'' sub sub


typically damped huge factor involving beta decay due relation intermediate bound state eg diproton half life beta decay half life proton proton chain reaction note typical core temperatures main sequence stars give ''kt'' order kev thus limiting reaction cno cycle proton capture ''s'' ''e'' sub sub ''s'' kev b limiting reaction proton proton chain reaction creation deuterium two protons much lower ''s'' ''e'' sub sub ''s'' sup sup kev b incidentally since former reaction


much higher gamow factor due relative abundance elements typical stars two reaction rates equal temperature value within core temperature ranges main sequence stars references notes citations ref ref name jones ref ref name bohm vitense ref ref name reid hawley ref ref name salaris cassini ref ref name deloore doom ref ref name karttunen oja ref ref name jeffrey ref ref name aaa ref reading external links https wwwnobelprizeorg prizes themes sun shines sun shines john n bahcall nobel prize site accessed january https webarchiveorg web http heliosgsfcnasagov nucleohtml nucleosynthesis nasa 's cosmicopia nucleosynthesis nuclear physics nucleosynthesis stellar astrophysics concepts astronomy


radiologist interpreting magnetic resonance imaging ''dr macintyre 's x ray film'' '''radiology''' medical discipline uses medical imaging diagnose treat diseases within bodies animals humans variety imaging techniques x ray radiography ultrasound computed tomography ct nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography pet fluoroscopy magnetic resonance imaging mri used diagnose treat diseases interventional radiology performance usually minimally invasive medical procedures guidance imaging technologies mentioned modern practice radiology involves several different healthcare professions working

Applied science
Medicine and health
Radiology


techniques produce medical images radiologist interpret depending individual 's training country practice radiographer may specialize one mentioned imaging modalities expanded roles image reporting diagnostic imaging modalities projection plain radiography radiography knee using dr machine projectional radiograph knee radiographs originally called roentgenographs named discoverer x rays wilhelm conrad r ntgen produced transmitting x rays patient x rays projected body onto detector image formed based rays


pass detected versus absorbed scattered patient thus detected r ntgen discovered x rays november received first nobel prize physics discovery film screen radiography x ray tube generates beam x rays aimed patient x rays pass patient filtered device called grid x ray filter reduce scatter strike undeveloped film held tightly screen light emitting phosphors light tight cassette film


due availability speed lower costs compared modalities radiography often first line test choice radiologic diagnosis also despite large amount data ct scans mr scans digital based imaging many disease entities classic diagnosis obtained plain radiographs examples include various types arthritis pneumonia bone tumors especially benign bone tumors fractures congenital skeletal anomalies certain kidney stones mammography dxa two applications low energy projectional radiography used evaluation breast cancer osteoporosis respectively fluoroscopy


fluoroscopy angiography special applications x ray imaging fluorescent screen image intensifier tube connected closed circuit television system ref name squires ref allows real time imaging structures motion augmented radiocontrast agent radiocontrast agents usually administered swallowing injecting body patient delineate anatomy functioning blood vessels genitourinary system gastrointestinal tract gi tract two radiocontrast agents presently common use barium sulfate baso sub sub given orally rectally evaluation gi tract iodine multiple proprietary forms


given oral rectal vaginal intra arterial intravenous routes radiocontrast agents strongly absorb scatter x rays conjunction real time imaging allow demonstration dynamic processes peristalsis digestive tract blood flow arteries veins iodine contrast may also concentrated abnormal areas less normal tissues make abnormalities tumors cysts inflammation conspicuous additionally specific circumstances air used contrast agent gastrointestinal system carbon dioxide used contrast agent venous system


cases contrast agent attenuates x ray radiation less surrounding tissues computed tomography ct scan brain ct imaging uses x rays conjunction computing algorithms image body ref name ref ref ct x ray tube opposite x ray detector detectors ring shaped apparatus rotate around patient producing computer generated cross sectional image tomogram ct acquired axial plane coronal sagittal images produced computer reconstruction radiocontrast agents often used ct enhanced delineation anatomy although radiographs provide higher spatial resolution ct detect subtle


variations attenuation x rays higher contrast resolution ct exposes patient significantly ionizing radiation radiograph spiral multidetector ct uses detectors continuous motion patient radiation beam obtain fine detail images short exam time rapid administration intravenous contrast ct scan fine detail images reconstructed three dimensional images carotid cerebral coronary arteries introduction computed tomography early revolutionized diagnostic radiology providing clinicians images real three dimensional anatomic structures


ct scanning become test choice diagnosing urgent emergent conditions cerebral hemorrhage pulmonary embolism clots arteries lungs aortic dissection tearing aortic wall appendicitis diverticulitis obstructing kidney stones continuing improvements ct technology including faster scanning times improved resolution dramatically increased accuracy usefulness ct scanning may partially account increased use medical diagnosis ultrasound medical ultrasonography uses ultrasound high frequency sound waves visualize soft tissue structures body real time ionizing radiation involved


quality images obtained using ultrasound highly dependent skill person ultrasonographer performing exam patient 's body size examinations larger overweight patients may decrease image quality subcutaneous fat absorbs sound waves results fewer sound waves penetrating organs reflecting back transducer resulting loss information poorer quality image ultrasound also limited inability image air pockets lungs bowel loops bone use medical imaging developed mostly within


last years first ultrasound images static two dimensional modern ultrasonography reconstructions observed real time effectively becoming ultrasound imaging techniques employ ionizing radiation generate images unlike radiography ct scans generally considered safer therefore common obstetrical imaging progression pregnancies thoroughly evaluated less concern damage techniques employed allowing early detection diagnosis many fetal anomalies growth assessed time important patients chronic disease pregnancy induced disease


thoracentesis small portable ultrasound devices replace peritoneal lavage trauma wards non invasively assessing presence internal bleeding internal organ damage extensive internal bleeding injury major organs may require surgery repair magnetic resonance imaging mri knee mri uses strong magnetic fields align atomic nuclei usually hydrogen protons within body tissues uses radio signal disturb axis rotation nuclei observes radio frequency signal generated nuclei return baseline states radio signals collected


small antennae called coils placed near area interest advantage mri ability produce images axial coronal sagittal multiple oblique planes equal ease mri scans give best soft tissue contrast imaging modalities advances scanning speed spatial resolution improvements computer algorithms hardware mri become important tool musculoskeletal radiology neuroradiology one disadvantage patient hold still long periods time noisy cramped space imaging performed claustrophobia fear closed spaces


severe enough terminate mri exam reported patients recent improvements magnet design including stronger magnetic fields teslas shortening exam times wider shorter magnet bores open magnet designs brought relief claustrophobic patients however magnets equivalent field strengths often trade image quality open design mri great benefit imaging brain spine musculoskeletal system use mri currently contraindicated patients pacemakers cochlear implants indwelling medication pumps certain types cerebral aneurysm clips metal fragments


eyes metallic hardware due powerful magnetic fields strong fluctuating radio signals body exposed areas potential advancement include functional imaging cardiovascular mri mri guided therapy nuclear medicine nuclear medicine imaging involves administration patient radiopharmaceuticals consisting substances affinity certain body tissues labeled radioactive tracer commonly used tracers technetium iodine iodine gallium indium thallium fludeoxyglucose sup sup f sup sup f fdg heart lungs thyroid liver brain gallbladder bones commonly evaluated particular conditions using techniques anatomical


detail limited studies nuclear medicine useful displaying physiological function excretory function kidneys iodine concentrating ability thyroid blood flow heart muscle etc measured principal imaging devices gamma camera pet scanner detect radiation emitted tracer body display image computer processing information displayed axial coronal sagittal images single photon emission computed tomography spect positron emission tomography pet modern devices nuclear medicine images fused


ct scan taken quasisimultaneously physiological information overlaid coregistered anatomical structures improve diagnostic accuracy positron emission tomography pet scanning deals positrons instead gamma rays detected gamma cameras positrons annihilate produce two opposite traveling gamma rays detected coincidentally thus improving resolution pet scanning radioactive biologically active substance often sup sup f fdg injected patient radiation emitted patient detected produce multiplanar images body metabolically active tissues cancer concentrate active substance


normal tissues pet images combined fused anatomic ct imaging accurately localize pet findings thereby improve diagnostic accuracy fusion technology gone combine pet mri similar pet ct pet mri fusion largely practiced academic research settings could potentially play crucial role fine detail brain imaging breast cancer screening small joint imaging foot technology recently blossomed passing technical hurdle altered positron movement strong magnetic field thus affecting resolution pet images attenuation correction interventional


radiology interventional radiology ir sometimes vir vascular interventional radiology subspecialty radiology minimally invasive procedures performed using image guidance procedures done purely diagnostic purposes eg angiogram others done treatment purposes eg angioplasty basic concept behind interventional radiology diagnose treat pathologies minimally invasive technique possible minimally invasive procedures currently performed ever procedures often performed patient fully awake little sedation required interventional radiologists interventional radiographers ref name intervention


extended role journey ref diagnose treat several disorders including peripheral vascular disease renal artery stenosis inferior vena cava filter placement gastrostomy tube placements biliary stents hepatic interventions radiographic images fluoroscopy ultrasound modalities used guidance primary instruments used procedure specialized needles catheters images provide maps allow clinician guide instruments body areas containing disease minimizing physical trauma patient peripheral interventions reduce infection rates recovery times well hospital stays trained