stakeholders interests policies politics geographical boundaries economic implications impossible fully satisfy aspects time therefore scientific complexity diverse stakeholders natural resource management typically contentious united nations conference environment development unced held rio de janeiro nations subscribed new principles integrated management land water forests although program names vary nation nation express similar aims various approaches applied natural resource management include top command control community based natural resource management


adaptive management precautionary approach integrated natural resource management ecosystem management community based natural resource management '''community based natural resource management''' '''cbnrm''' approach combines conservation objectives generation economic benefits rural communities three key assumptions locals better placed conserve natural resources people conserve resource benefits exceed costs conservation people conserve resource linked directly quality life ref name thakadu local people 's quality life enhanced efforts commitment ensure future well resource

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Environmental management
Natural resource management


also enhanced regional community based natural resource management also based principle subsidiarity united nations advocates cbnrm convention biodiversity convention combat desertification unless clearly defined decentralised nrm result ambiguous socio legal environment local communities racing exploit natural resources eg forest communities central kalimantan indonesia problem cbnrm difficulty reconciling harmonising objectives socioeconomic development biodiversity protection sustainable resource utilisation concept conflicting interests cbnrm show motives behind participation


differentiated either people centred active participatory results truly empowering planner centred nominal results passive recipients understanding power relations crucial success community based nrm locals may reluctant challenge government recommendations fear losing promised benefits cbnrm based particularly advocacy nongovernmental organizations working local groups communities one hand national transnational organizations build extend new versions environmental social advocacy link social justice environmental management agendas direct indirect benefits observed including


share revenues employment diversification livelihoods increased pride identity ecological societal successes failures cbnrm projects documented cbnrm raised new challenges concepts community territory conservation indigenous worked politically varied plans programs disparate sites warner jones address strategies effectively managing conflict cbnrm capacity indigenous communities conserve natural resources acknowledged australian government caring country program caring country australian government initiative jointly administered australian government department agriculture


fisheries forestry department environment water heritage arts departments share responsibility delivery australian government 's environment sustainable agriculture programs traditionally broadly referred banner 'natural resource management' programs delivered regionally state government bodies successfully allowing regional communities decide natural resource priorities regions broadly research study based tanzania pacific researched motivates communities adopt cbnrm 's found aspects specific cbnrm program community adopted


program broader social ecological context together shape cbnrm 's adopted ref name ref however overall program adoption seemed mirror relative advantage cbnrm programs local villagers villager access external technical assistance ref name socioeconomic critiques cbnrm africa ecological effectiveness cbnrm measured wildlife population densities shown repeatedly tanzania governance seen key consideration delivering community based regional natural resource management state nsw catchment management authorities cmas overseen http nrcnswgovau natural resources commission


nrc responsible undertaking audits effectiveness regional natural resource management programs gender based natural resource management social capital gender factors impact community based natural resource management cbnrm including conservation strategies collaborations community members staff three months participant observation fishing camp san evaristo mexico ben siegelman learned fishermen build trust jokes fabrications emphasizes social capital process built accumulated practice intricate social norms siegelman notes playful joking connected masculinity often excludes


women stresses gender social capital performed furthermore san evaristo gendered network fishermen simultaneously social network nearly fishermen san evaristo men families lived generations men form intimate relationships spending hour work days together women spend time family managing domestic caretaking siegelman observes three categories lies amongst fishermen exaggerations deceptions jokes example fisherman may exaggerate success fishing particular spot mislead friends place hand scale turn


larger profit make sexual joke earn respect siegelman puts lies build trust siegelman saw division labor reproduced least part fact culture lying trust masculine activity unique fisherman similar ways culture lying excluded women social sphere fishing conservationists also excluded social arrangement thus able obtain trust needed work regulating fishing practices outsiders conservationists even male conservationists


able fit ideal masculinity considered trustable fishermen could convince implement participate conservation practices one instance researcher replied jokingly sea fisherman asked others fishing day vague response earned trust women excluded form social capital many jokes center around masculine exploits siegelman finishes asking female conservationists act excluded social capital role men play situation adaptive management primary


methodological approach adopted catchment management authorities cmas regional natural resource management australia adaptive management ref name referencea approach includes recognition adaption occurs process 'plan review act' also recognises seven key components considered quality natural resource management practice determination scale collection use knowledge information management monitoring evaluation risk management community engagement opportunities collaboration ref name referencea integrated natural resource management integrated natural resource management inrm process managing natural resources systematic way includes multiple aspects natural resource use biophysical socio political


g k 'command control pathology natural resource management conservation biology vol issue pages april ref inrm used extensively successful regional community based natural management ref name referenceb icarda sustainable agricultural development marginal dry areas international center agricultural research dry areas aleppo syria ref frameworks modelling various frameworks computer models developed assist natural resource management '''geographic information systems gis ''' gis powerful analytical tool capable overlaying datasets identify links bush regeneration scheme informed


overlay rainfall cleared land erosion australia metadata directories ndar provide data australian natural resources vegetation fisheries soils water limited potential subjective input data manipulation '''natural resources management audit frameworks''' nsw government australia published audit framework natural resource management assist establishment performance audit role governance regional natural resource management audit framework builds established audit methodologies including performance audit environmental audit internal audit audits undertaken using framework


provided confidence stakeholders identified areas improvement described policy expectations general public australian government established framework auditing greenhouse emissions energy reporting closely follows australian standards assurance engagements australian government also currently preparing audit framework auditing water management focussing implementation murray darling basin plan elements biodiversity conservation issue biodiversity conservation regarded important element natural resource management biodiversity biodiversity comprehensive concept description extent natural diversity gaston


spicer p nbsp point biodiversity variety life relate different kinds biodiversity organization according gray p nbsp first widespread use definition biodiversity put forward united nations involving different aspects biological diversity precautionary biodiversity management threats wreaking havoc biodiversity include habitat fragmentation putting strain already stretched biological resources forest deterioration deforestation invasion alien species climate change p nbsp since threats received increasing attention environmentalists public precautionary management biodiversity becomes


important part natural resources management according cooney material measures carry precautionary management biodiversity natural resource management concrete policy tools cooney claims policy making dependent evidences relating high standard proof forbidding special activities information monitoring requirements making policy precaution categorical evidence needed potential menace activities regarded critical irreversible endangerment activities forbidden example since explosives toxicants serious consequences endanger human natural environment


south africa marine living resources act promulgated series policies completely forbidding catch fish using explosives toxicants administration guidelines according cooney four methods manage precaution biodiversity natural resources management ecosystem based management including risk averse precautionary management given prevailing uncertainty regarding ecosystem structure function inter specific interactions precaution demands ecosystem rather single species approach management adaptive management management approach expressly tackles uncertainty dynamism complex systems environmental impact assessment exposure ratings decrease uncertainties


precaution even though deficiencies protectionist approaches frequently links biodiversity conservation natural resources management land management order sustainable environment understanding using appropriate management strategies important terms understanding young emphasises important points land management comprehending processes nature including ecosystem water soils using appropriate adapting management systems local situations cooperation scientists knowledge resources local people knowledge skills dale et al study shown five fundamental helpful ecological principles


land manager people need ecological principles relate time place species disturbance landscape interact many ways suggested land managers could follow guidelines examine impacts local decisions regional context effects natural resources plan long term change unexpected events preserve rare landscape elements associated species avoid land uses deplete natural resources retain large contiguous connected areas contain critical habitats minimize introduction spread non native species avoid compensate effects development


black white rendition yale babylonian collection 's tablet ybc c bce showing babylonian approximation square root w sexagesimal context pythagoras' theorem isosceles triangle tablet also gives example one side square resulting diagonal '''computational mathematics''' involves mathematical research mathematics well areas science computation plays central essential role emphasizes algorithms numerical methods symbolic computations ref name nsf national science foundation division

Formal science
Mathematics
Computational mathematics


mathematical science https wwwnsfgov funding pgm summjsppims id program description pd computational mathematics retrieved april ref computational applied mathematics consists roughly using mathematics allowing improving computer computation applied mathematics computational mathematics may also refer use computers mathematics includes use computers mathematical computations computer algebra study cannot computerized mathematics effective methods computations may done present technology complexity theory proofs done computers proof assistants areas computational mathematics computational mathematics emerged distinct part


applied mathematics early currently computational mathematics refer include computational science also known scientific computation computational engineering solving mathematical problems computer simulation opposed analytic methods applied mathematics numerical methods used scientific computation example numerical linear algebra numerical solution partial differential equations stochastic methods monte carlo methods representations uncertainty scientific computation mathematics scientific computation ref name directions future directions computational mathematics algorithms scientific software report panel chaired r rheinbold http wwwsiamorg science publicationsphp distributed siam ref particular numerical


analysis theory numerical methods computational complexity computer algebra computer algebra systems computer assisted research various areas mathematics logic automated theorem proving discrete mathematics combinatorics number theory computational algebraic topology cryptography computer security involve particular research primality testing factorization elliptic curves mathematics blockchain computational linguistics use mathematical computer techniques natural languages computational algebraic geometry computational group theory computational geometry computational number theory computational topology computational statistics algorithmic information theory algorithmic game theory mathematical economics use mathematics economics finance certain


extents accounting experimental mathematics references reading external links http focm societyorg foundations computational mathematics non profit organization http wwwjournal eu indexhtm international journal computer discovered mathematics applied mathematics computational science


'''combat''' cricket bat made aluminium subject incident waca cricket ground perth december australia playing england first test trouble end first day score dennis lillee second day play began lillee emerged onto field carrying traditional willow bat cricket bat made aluminium bat manufactured company lillee 's good friend graeme monaghan intended

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Combat


captain greg chappell thought ball gone four instructed twelfth man rodney hogg deliver conventional wooden bat lillee happening english captain mike brearley complained umpires max o'connell weser metallic bat damaging soft leather cricket ball although umpires told lillee change bat lillee instructed hogg n't going assumed posture face next delivery brearley lillee umpires held animated discussion almost ten minutes chappell decided


game would held things continued emerged onto ground took one willow bats hogg instructed lillee quiet use bat lillee threw aluminium bat away disgust throwing offending lump metal fully yards towards pavilion grudgingly took wooden bat lillee censured disciplined incident umpires australian cricket board decided let lillee warning wisden cricketers' almanack said lillee 's 'unsavoury' behaviour partly overshadowed individual performances


keeping spirit game commented incident served blacken lillee 's reputation damage image game well eventually australian authorities reluctance take effective disciplinary action ref name almanac http content wwwcricinfocom wisdenalmanack content story html cricinfo ref game sales bat skyrocketed months monaghan giving lillee small cut profits lasted months laws cricket amended state blade bat made wood law actual bat


lillee used still possession match ended signed teams brearley realising sales stunt saw one simply signed bat good luck sales match described wisden enthralling ref name almanac ended overs remaining last day 's play geoff boycott carrying wooden bat innings ending marooned ref name almanac australia match runs references external links http content wwwcricinfocom columns content story html heavy metal waca cricinfocom https wwwyoutubecom watchv pak l rhc search lillee video


incident youtube cricket controversies banned sports tactics aluminum objects


comply violation local international laws regarding conflict examples rules include geneva conventions covering treatment people war medieval chivalry marquess queensberry rules covering boxing several forms combat sports ''naval combat iquique may '' oil canvas painting thomas somerscales th century hand hand combat hand hand combat melee combat close range attacking opponent body striking kicking strangling etc melee weapon knives swords batons etc opposed ranged weapon hand hand combat


divided three sections depending distance positioning combatants clinch fighting ground fighting stand fighting military combat military combat always two opposing military forces warfare military combat situations involve multiple groups involving guerilla groups insurgents domestic foreign governments military conflict known either battle war depending size fighting exactly geographical areas war battle occurs combat effectiveness always demanded personnel maintain strategic preparedness sufficiently trained armed equipped


funded carry combat operations unit assigned warfare falls laws war govern purposes conduct protect rights combatants non combatants references sources martin van creveld changing face war lessons combat marne turkey maine new england reading wong leonard http afssagepubcom cgi content abstract combat motivation today soldiers us army war college strategic studies institute ''armed forces society'' vol pp nbsp gifford brian http afssagepubcom cgi content abstract combat casualties race learn iraq conflict


society'' vol pp nbsp military operations type


'''biomolecular engineering''' application engineering principles practices purposeful manipulation molecules biological origin biomolecular engineers integrate knowledge biological processes core knowledge chemical engineering order focus molecular level solutions issues problems life sciences related environment agriculture energy industry food production biotechnology medicine biomolecular engineers purposefully manipulate carbohydrates proteins nucleic acids lipids within framework relation structure see nucleic acid structure carbohydrate chemistry protein structure function see protein function properties relation applicability

Natural science
Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Bioengineering
Biomolecular engineering


areas environmental remediation crop livestock production biofuel cells biomolecular diagnostics thermodynamics kinetics molecular recognition enzymes antibodies dna hybridization bio conjugation bio immobilization bioseparations studied attention also given rudiments engineered biomolecules cell signaling cell growth kinetics biochemical pathway engineering bioreactor engineering timeline history world war ii need large quantities penicillin acceptable quality brought together chemical engineers microbiologists focus penicillin production created right conditions start chain reactions lead creation field


biomolecular engineering biomolecular engineering first defined us national institutes health research interface chemical engineering biology emphasis molecular level although first defined research biomolecular engineering since become academic discipline field engineering practice herceptin humanized mab breast cancer treatment became first drug designed biomolecular engineering approach approved us fda also ''biomolecular engineering'' former name journal ''new biotechnology'' future bio inspired technologies future help explain biomolecular engineering


looking moore 's law prediction future quantum biology based processors big technologies use biomolecular engineering way processors work manipulated order function sense biological cell work biomolecular engineering potential become one important scientific disciplines advancements analyses gene expression patterns well purposeful manipulation many important biomolecules improve functionality research field may lead new drug discoveries improved therapies advancement new bioprocess


technology increasing knowledge biomolecules rate finding new high value molecules including limited antibodies enzymes vaccines therapeutic peptides continue accelerate biomolecular engineering produce new designs therapeutic drugs high value biomolecules treatment prevention cancers genetic diseases types metabolic diseases also anticipation industrial enzymes engineered desirable properties process improvement well manufacturing high value biomolecular products much lower production cost using recombinant technology new antibiotics active resistant


strains also produced basic biomolecules biomolecular engineering deals manipulation many key biomolecules include limited proteins carbohydrates nucleic acids lipids molecules basic building blocks life controlling creating manipulating form function many new avenues advantages available society since every biomolecule different number techniques used manipulate one respectively proteins proteins polymers made amino acid chains linked peptide bonds four distinct levels


structure primary secondary tertiary quaternary primary structure refers amino acid backbone sequence secondary structure focuses minor conformations develop result hydrogen bonding amino acid chain protein contains intermolecular hydrogen bonds said fibrillar majority secondary structure beta sheets however majority orientation contains intramolecular hydrogen bonds protein referred globular mostly consists alpha helices also conformations consist mix


alpha helices beta sheets well beta helixes alpha sheets tertiary structure proteins deal folding process overall molecule arranged finally quaternary structure group tertiary proteins coming together binding levels proteins wide variety places manipulated adjusted techniques used affect amino acid sequence protein site directed mutagenesis folding conformation protein folding single tertiary protein within


quaternary protein matrix proteins main focus manipulation typically enzymes proteins act catalysts biochemical reactions manipulating catalysts reaction rates products effects controlled enzymes proteins important biological field research specific divisions engineering focusing proteins enzymes carbohydrates carbohydrates another important biomolecule polymers called polysaccharides made chains simple sugars connected via glycosidic bonds monosaccharides consist five six carbon ring


contains carbon hydrogen oxygen typically ratio respectively common monosaccharides glucose fructose ribose linked together monosaccharides form disaccharides oligosaccharides polysaccharides nomenclature dependent number monosaccharides linked together common dissacharides two monosaccharides joined together sucrose maltose lactose important polysaccharides links many monosaccharides cellulose starch chitin cellulose polysaccharide made beta linkages repeat glucose monomers abundant source sugar nature major part paper


industry starch also polysaccharide made glucose monomers however connected via alpha linkage instead beta starches particularly amylase important many industries including paper cosmetic food chitin derivation cellulose possessing acetamide group instead oh one carbons acetimide group deacetylated polymer chain called chitosan cellulose derivatives major source research biomedical food industries shown assist blood clotting antimicrobial properties


genetic code nucleotides nucleosides phosphorylated specific kinases via phosphodiester bond ref name slabaugh ref nucleotides repeating structural units nucleic acids nucleotides made nitrogenous base pentose ribose rna deoxyribose dna three phosphate groups see site directed mutagenesis recombinant dna elisas lipids lipids biomolecules made glycerol derivatives bonded fatty acid chains glycerol simple polyol formula c sub sub h sub sub oh sub sub fatty acids long carbon chains carboxylic acid group end


carbon chains either saturated hydrogen every carbon bond occupied hydrogen atom single bond another carbon carbon chain unsaturated namely double bonds carbon atoms chain common fatty acids include lauric acid stearic acid oleic acid study engineering lipids typically focuses manipulation lipid membranes encapsulation cellular membranes biological membranes typically consist phospholipid bilayer membrane derivative thereof along study cellular membranes lipids


also important molecules energy storage utilizing encapsulation properties thermodynamic characteristics lipids become significant assets structure energy control engineering molecules molecules recombinant dna recombinant dna dna biomolecules contain genetic sequences native organism 's genome using recombinant techniques possible insert delete alter dna sequence precisely without depending location restriction sites recombinant dna used wide range applications method creating recombinant dna plasmid cleaved restriction enzymes ligases insert foreign dna fragments


corresponding sticky ends foreign dna fragments creating recombinant dna plasmid advances genetic engineering made modification genes microbes quite efficient allowing constructs made weeks worth time also made possible modify organism 's genome specifically use genes bacteriophage lambda used recombination mechanism known recombineering utilizes three proteins exo beta gam created genes exo bet gam respectively exo double stranded dna exonuclease


activity cuts double stranded dna leaving overhangs beta protein binds single stranded dna assists homologous recombination promoting annealing homology regions inserted dna chromosomal dna gam functions protect dna insert destroyed native nucleases within cell applications recombinant dna engineered wide variety purposes techniques utilized allow specific modification genes making possible modify biomolecule engineered laboratory purposes used analyze genes


given organism pharmaceutical industry proteins modified using recombination techniques proteins include human insulin recombinant insulin synthesized inserting human insulin gene ''e coli'' produces insulin human use ref name pmid ref proteins human growth hormone ref name pmid ref factor viii hepatitis b vaccine produced using similar means recombinant dna also used diagnostic methods involving use elisa method makes possible engineer antigens well enzymes attached recognize different substrates modified bioimmobilization recombinant dna


also responsible many products found agricultural industry genetically modified food golden rice engineered increased production vitamin use societies cultures dietary vitamin scarce properties engineered crops include herbicide resistance ref name pmid ref insect resistance site directed mutagenesis site directed mutagenesis technique around since early days research field yielded discoveries potential certain chemicals bisulfite aminopurine change certain bases gene research continued


processes developed create certain nucleotide sequences gene use restriction enzymes fragment certain viral strands use primers bacterial plasmids modern method developed michael smith uses oligonucleotide complementary bacterial plasmid single base pair mismatch series mismatches ref name hutchison et al ref general procedure site directed mutagenesis valuable technique allows replacement single base oligonucleotide gene basics technique involve preparation primer


antibiotic medium bacteria successfully mutated survive medium mutated bacteria easily cultured animation shows basic steps site directed mutagenesis x desired base pair replacement applications site directed mutagenesis useful many different reasons single base pair replacement could change codon thus replace amino acid protein useful studying way certain proteins behave also useful enzymes purposefully manipulated changing certain amino acids


amino acid changed close proximity active site kinetic parameters may change drastically enzyme might behave different way another application site directed mutagenesis exchanging amino acid residue far active site lysine residue cysteine residue amino acids make easier covalently bond enzyme solid surface allows enzyme use use enzymes continuous processes sometimes amino acids non natural functional groups ketones azides added proteins ref name bertozzi sdm peng wua wenqing shuia brian


l carlsona nancy hua david rabukaa julia leea carolyn r bertozzi site specific chemical modification recombinant proteins produced mammalian cells using genetically encoded aldehyde tag pnas ref additions may ease bioconjugation study effects amino acid changes form function proteins coupling site directed mutagenesis pcr utilized reduce interleukin activity cancerous cells bacteria ''bacillus subtilis'' often used site directed mutagenesis ref name bacillus ref bacteria secretes enzyme called subtilisin cell wall biomolecular engineers purposely


manipulate gene essentially make cell factory producing whatever protein insertion gene codes bio immobilization bio conjugation bio immobilization bio conjugation purposeful manipulation biomolecule 's mobility chemical physical means obtain desired property immobilization biomolecules allows exploiting characteristics molecule controlled environments example immobilization glucose oxidase calcium alginate gel beads used bioreactor resulting product need purification remove enzyme remain linked beads column examples


types biomolecules immobilized enzymes organelles complete cells biomolecules immobilized using range techniques popular physical entrapment adsorption covalent modification physical entrapment use polymer contain biomolecule matrix without chemical modification entrapment lattices polymer known gel entrapment within micro cavities synthetic fibers known fiber entrapment examples include entrapment enzymes glucose oxidase gel column use bioreactor important characteristic entrapment biocatalyst remains structurally unchanged


creates large diffusion barriers substrates adsorption immobilization biomolecules due interaction biomolecule groups support physical adsorption ionic bonding metal binding chelation techniques performed mild conditions relatively simple although linkages highly dependent upon ph solvent temperature examples include enzyme linked immunosorbent assays covalent modification involves chemical reactions certain functional groups matrix method forms stable complex biomolecule matrix suited mass production due formation chemical bond functional groups loss activity


occur examples chemistries used dcc coupling pdc coupling edc nhs coupling take advantage reactive amines biomolecule 's surface immobilization restricts biomolecule care must given ensure functionality entirely lost variables consider ph temperature solvent choice ionic strength orientation active sites due conjugation enzymes conjugation lower kinetic rate due change dimensional structure care must taken ensure functionality lost bio immobilization used technologies diagnostic bioassays biosensors


elisa bioseparations interleukin il also bioimmobilized biosensors ability observe changes il levels important diagnosing illness cancer patient elevated il level monitoring levels allow physician watch disease progress direct immobilization il surface biosensor offers fast alternative elisa polymerase chain reaction polymerase chain reaction three main steps involved pcr first step double stranded dna strands melted denatured forming single stranded dna next primers


designed target specific gene sequence dna anneal single stranded dna lastly dna polymerase synthesizes new dna strand complementary original dna three steps repeated multiple times desired number copies made polymerase chain reaction pcr scientific technique used replicate piece dna molecule several orders magnitude pcr implements cycle repeated heated cooling known thermal cycling along addition dna primers dna polymerases selectively replicate dna fragment interest


common method primer synthesis phosphoramidite method method includes biomolecular engineering number molecules attain desired primer sequence prominent biomolecular engineering technique seen primer design method initial bioimmobilization nucleotide solid support step commonly done via formation covalent bond hydroxy group first nucleotide primer solid support material ref name ocorr ref furthermore dna primer created certain functional groups nucleotides added growing primer


test presence certain substances three main types elisa tests indirect elisa sandwich elisa competitive elisa rely fact antibodies affinity one specific antigen furthermore antigens antibodies attached enzymes react create colorimetric result indicating presence antibody antigen interest enzyme linked immunosorbent assays used commonly diagnostic tests detect hiv antibodies blood samples test hiv human chorionic gonadotropin molecules urine indicate pregnancy mycobacterium


tuberculosis antibodies blood test patients tuberculosis furthermore elisa also widely used toxicology screen test people 's serum presence illegal drugs techniques involved elisa although three different types solid state enzyme linked immunosorbent assays three types begin bioimmobilization either antibody antigen surface bioimmobilization first instance biomolecular engineering seen elisa implementation step performed number ways including covalent linkage surface may coated protein


another substance bioimmobilization also performed via hydrophobic interactions molecule surface many different types elisas used many different purposes biomolecular engineering step requires varies depending specific purpose elisa another biomolecular engineering technique used elisa development bioconjugation enzyme either antibody antigen depending type elisa much consider enzyme bioconjugation avoiding interference active site enzyme well antibody


binding site case antibody conjugated enzyme bioconjugation commonly performed creating crosslinks two molecules interest require wide variety different reagents depending nature specific molecules interleukin il signaling protein known present immune response use sandwich type elisa quantifies presence cytokine within spinal fluid bone marrow samples applications fields industry graph showing number biotech companies per country ref name oecdorg organization economic co operation development key


biotechnology indicators biotechnology firms http wwwoecdorg document en html accessed april ref graph showing percentages biotech firms application biomolecular engineering extensive discipline applications many different industries fields difficult pinpoint general perspective biomolecular engineering profession biotechnology industry however provides adequate representation biotechnology industry biotech industry encompasses firms use biotechnology produce goods services perform biotechnology research development ref name oecdorg way encompasses many industrial applications biomolecular engineering discipline examination


biotech industry gathered principal leader industry united states followed france spain ref name oecdorg also true focus biotechnology industry application biomolecular engineering primarily clinical medical people willing pay good health money directed towards biotech industry stays health related ventures scale scaling process involves using data experimental scale operation model pilot plant design large scaled unit commercial size scaling crucial


achieve homogeneous mixing also assume lab scale crystallizer geometric similarity large scale crystallizer therefore p v n sub sub sup sup sub sub sup sup br sub sub crystallizer impeller diameter br n sub sub impeller rotation rate related industries bioengineering broad term encompassing engineering applied life sciences field study utilizes principles biology along engineering principles create marketable products bioengineering applications include biomimetics study development synthetic systems mimic form function natural biologically produced substances processes bioprocess engineering study development process


equipment optimization aids production many products food pharmaceuticals industrial microbiology implementation microorganisms production industrial products food antibiotics another common application industrial microbiology treatment wastewater chemical plants via utilization certain microorganisms biochemistry biochemistry study chemical processes living organisms including limited living matter biochemical processes govern living organisms living processes field biochemistry seeks understand manipulate processes biochemical engineering biocatalysis chemical transformations using enzymes


bioseparations separation biologically active molecules thermodynamics kinetics chemistry analysis reactions involving cell growth biochemicals bioreactor design analysis design reactors performing biochemical transformations biotechnology biomaterials design synthesis production new materials support cells tissues genetic engineering purposeful manipulation genomes organisms produce new phenotypic traits bioelectronics biosensor biochip engineered devices systems measure monitor control biological processes bioprocess engineering design maintenance cell based enzyme based processes production fine chemicals pharmaceuticals bioelectrical engineering bioelectrical


engineering involves electrical fields generated living cells organisms examples include electric potential developed muscles nerves body discipline requires knowledge fields electricity biology understand utilize concepts improve better current bioprocesses technology bioelectrochemistry chemistry concerned electron proton transport throughout cell bioelectronics field research coupling biology electronics biomedical engineering biomedical engineering sub category bioengineering uses many principles focuses medical applications various engineering developments


medical diagnosis treatment rehabilitation engineering design devices systems used aid disabled man machine interfacing control surgical robots remote diagnostic therapeutic systems using eye tracking voice recognition muscle brain wave controls human factors ergonomics design systems improve human performance wide range applications chemical engineering chemical engineering processing raw materials chemical products involves preparation raw materials produce reactants chemical reaction reactants controlled conditions separation products recycle byproducts


disposal wastes step involves certain basic building blocks called unit operations extraction filtration distillation unit operations found chemical processes biomolecular engineering subset chemical engineering applies principles processing chemical substances made living organisms education programs newly developed offered undergraduate programs across united states often coupled chemical engineering program allow students achieve bs degree according abet accreditation board engineering technology biomolecular engineering curricula must provide thorough grounding basic sciences including chemistry


physics biology content advanced level engineering application basic sciences design analysis control chemical physical biological processes ref name abet ref common curricula consist major engineering courses including transport thermodynamics separations kinetics additions life sciences courses including biology biochemistry including specialized biomolecular courses focusing cell biology nano biotechnology biopolymers etc ref name program curriculum ref see also biomimetics biopharmaceuticals bioprocess engineering list biomolecules molecular engineering references reading http wwwsciencedirectcom science article pii x biomolecular engineering interfaces article http onlinelibrarywileycom doi bp pdf recent progress biomolecular engineering biomolecular sensors alk paper external


links http icbeaicheorg aiche international conference biomolecular engineering biological processes biotechnology


'''digital journalism''' also known '''online journalism''' contemporary form journalism editorial content distributed via internet opposed publishing via print broadcast constitutes digital journalism debated scholars however primary product journalism news features current affairs presented solely combination text audio video interactive forms like newsgames disseminated digital media technology fewer barriers entry lowered distribution costs diverse computer networking technologies led widespread practice digital journalism democratized flow

Journalism, media studies and communication


information previously controlled traditional media including newspapers magazines radio television asserted greater degree creativity exercised digital journalism compared traditional journalism traditional media ref name kawamoto ref digital aspect may central journalistic message remains extent within creative control writer editor publisher ref name kawamoto acknowledged reports growth tended exaggerated ref name ref fact pew survey showed decline time spent online news


sites since ref name overview absolute agreement constitutes digital journalism mu lin argues web mobile platforms demand us adopt platform free mindset inclusive production approach create digital contents first distribute via appropriate platforms repurposing print content online audience sufficient others require content created digital medium 's unique features like hypertextuality fondevila gasc n adds multimedia interactivity complete digital journalism essence deuze online journalism functionally differentiated kinds journalism


technological component journalists consider creating displaying content ref name auto deuze p ref digital journalistic work may range purely editorial content like cnn produced professional journalists online public connectivity websites like slashdot communication lacking formal barriers entry difference digital journalism traditional journalism may reconceptualised role reporter relation audiences news organizations ref name auto wall p ref expectations society instant information important evolution digital journalism however likely exact nature roles digital


journalism fully known time ref name auto researchers even argue free distribution online content online advertisement new way recipiencts use news could undermine traditional business model mass media distributors based single copy sales subscriptions selling advertisement space history first type digital journalism called teletext invented uk teletext system allowing viewers choose stories wish read see immediately information provided teletext brief instant similar information


seen digital journalism today information broadcast frames television signal called vertical blanking interval vbi american journalist hunter thompson relied early digital communication technology beginning using fax machine report us presidential campaign trail documented book fear loathing campaign trail invention teletext invention videotex prestel world 's first system launching commercially various british newspapers financial times lining


''computer gaming world'' september broke news electronic arts' acquisition origin systems prodigy next issue went press ref name wilson ref online news websites began proliferate early adopter ''the news observer'' raleigh north carolina offered online news nando steve yelvington wrote poynter institute website nando owned n saying nando evolved first serious professional news site world wide web originated early nando land believed major


increase digital online journalism occurred around time first commercial web browsers netscape navigator internet explorer ref name auto scott p ref news outlets online presence although journalistic content repurposed original text video audio sources without change substance could consumed different ways online form toolbars topically grouped content intertextual links twenty four hour news cycle new ways user journalist interaction web boards among features unique digital format later portals aol yahoo news aggregators


sites collect categorize links news sources led news agencies associated press supplying digitally suited content aggregation beyond limit client news providers could use past ref name auto also ''salon'' founded ''american journalism review'' called ''salon'' internet 's preeminent independent venue journalism first time americans reported getting national international news internet rather newspapers young people aged primarily get news via internet according pew research


center report ref name auto ref audiences news sites continued grow due launch new news sites continued investment news online conventional news organizations continued growth internet audiences overall ref name pew ref sixty five percent youth primarily access news online ref name auto mainstream news sites widespread form online newsmedia production ref name auto vast majority journalists western world use internet regularly daily work ref name auto addition mainstream news sites digital journalism found index category sites sites without much


original content many links existing news sites meta comment sites sites newsmedia issues like media watchdogs share discussion sites sites facilitate connection people like slashdot blogs also another digital journalism phenomenon capable fresh information ranging personal sites audiences hundreds thousands digital journalism involved cloud journalism phenomenon constant flow contents broadband society prior industry hoped publishing news online would prove lucrative enough fund costs conventional newsgathering


however online advertising began slow little progress made towards development new business models ref name pew pew project excellence journalism describes report state news media sixth bleakest ever despite uncertainty online journalists report expanding newsrooms believe advertising likely best revenue model supporting production online news many news organizations based media also distribute news online amount use new medium varies news organizations use web exclusively


secondary outlet content online news association founded largest organization representing online journalists members whose principal livelihood involves gathering producing news digital presentation internet challenges traditional news organizations several ways newspapers may lose classified advertising websites often targeted interest instead geography organizations concerned real perceived loss viewers circulation internet hyperlocal journalism journalism within small community hyperlocal journalism like types digital journalism convenient reader


offers information former types journalism free inexpensive reports facebook interfering journalism acknowledged facebook invested heavily news sources purchasing time local news media outlets ref name facebookbust ref ref name nbcreports tech crunch journalist josh constine even stated february company stole news business used sponsorship make many news publishers ghostwriters ref name facebookbust january founder mark zuckerberg announced spend million local news buys three year period ref name nbcreports ref impact readers digital journalism allows


connection discussion levels print offer people comment articles start discussion boards discuss articles internet spontaneous discussion readers never met impossible process discussing news item big portion makes digital journalism people add story connect people want discuss topic digital journalism creates opportunity niche audiences allowing people options view read digital journalism opens new


ways storytelling technical components new medium digital journalists provide variety media audio video digital photography regarding affects users changes usage news research finds different layout presentation news perceived drastic difference remembering processing news digital journalism represents revolution news consumed society online sources able provide quick efficient accurate reporting breaking news matter seconds providing


society synopsis events occur throughout development event journalists able feed online sources information keeping readers date mere seconds speed story posted affect accuracy reporting way n't usually happen print journalism emergence digital journalism printing process took much time allowing discovery correction errors news consumers must become web literate use critical thinking evaluate credibility sources possible anyone


ca n't always catch quickly new technologies st century goals print digital journalism although different tools needed function interaction writer consumer new credited digital journalism many ways get personal thoughts web disadvantages however main one factual information pressing need accuracy digital journalism find way press accuracy still face criticism one major dispute regards


credibility online news websites digital journalism credibility study performed online news association compares online public credibility ratings actual media respondent credibility ratings looking variety online media sources study found overall public saw online media credible actually effects digital journalism evident worldwide form journalism pushed journalists reform evolve older journalists tech savvy felt blunt force recent months number older journalists pushed


younger journalists brought lower cost ability work advanced technology settings impact publishers many newspapers ''the new york times'' created online sites remain competitive taken advantage audio video text linking remain top news consumers' lists news enthusiasm reach base hand held devices smartphones tablets etc hence audio video backing definite advantage newspapers rarely break news stories websites reporting breaking news cable


news channels digital journalism allows reports start vague generalized progress better story newspapers tv cable disadvantage generally put together stories ample amount detail information available often newspapers wait next day even two days later late breaking story able publish newspapers lose lot ground online counterparts ad revenue shifting internet subscription printed paper decreasing people able


find news want want without leave homes pay receive news even though still people willing pay online journalistic content many people viewed digital journalism death journalism according communication scholar nicole cohen four practices stand putting pressure traditional journalism production outsourcing unpaid labour metrics measurement automation ref name cohen ref free advertising websites craigslist transformed people publicize internet created faster cheaper way people


get news thus creating shift ad sales standard newspapers internet substantial effect digital journalism media newspaper industry creation new business models possible contemplate time near future major towns longer newspaper magazines network news operations employ handful reporters many newspapers individual print journalists forced business popularity digital journalism newspapers


willing forced business attempted survive saving money laying staff shrinking size publications eliminating editions well partnering businesses share coverage content one study concluded journalists ready compete digital world journalists believe transition print digital journalism newsroom moving slowly highly specialized positions publishing industry become obsolete growth digital journalism near collapse economy also led


downsizing industry students wishing become journalists need familiar digital journalism order able contribute develop journalism skills must journalist analyze audience focus effective communication quick news websites able update stories within minutes news event skills may include creating website uploading information using basic programming skills critics believe digital journalism made easier individuals qualified journalists misinform general public many believe


form journalism created number sites credible information sites perezhiltoncom criticized blurring lines journalism opinionated writing critics believe newspapers switch solely internet based format instead keep component print well digital digital journalism allows citizens readers opportunity join threaded discussions relating news article read public offers excellent source writers reporters decide important


omitted future threads provide useful information writers digital journalism future articles pruned improved possibly create better article next time around implications traditional journalism digitization currently causing many changes traditional journalistic practices labor journalists general becoming increasingly dependent digital journalism scholars outline change execution journalism conception part labor process ref name rnebring ref also contend simply de skilling skills


skilling others ref name rnebring theory contention notion technological determinism negatively effecting journalism understood changing traditional skill set ref name rnebring communication scholar nicole cohen believes several trends putting pressure traditional skill set outsourcing algorithms automation ref name cohen although cohen believes technology could used improve journalism feels current trends digital journalism far affecting practice negative way ref name cohen also impact


digital journalism influencing uprising citizen journalism digital journalism takes place online contributed mostly citizens user generated content sites competition growing two citizen journalism allows anyone post anything journalists forced employers publish news content often means rushing news stories failing verify source information work outside traditional press internet also given rise participation people normally journalists indy media max perez bloggers write


web logs blogs traditional journalists often consider bloggers automatically journalists standards professional practices medium instance crowdsourcing crowdfunding journalism attracts amateur journalists well ambitious professionals restrained boundaries set traditional press however implication types journalism disregards professional norms journalistic practices ensures accuracy impartiality content blogging generally gained least attention led effects mainstream journalism


essence defence succinct style however traditional media rapidly complemented new ways communicating matters public interest many online involve journalists new disseminators news information absent good reasons exclusion subject laws established media outlets agree lord hoffmann new defence available anyone publishes material public interest medium jameel para significant tools line journalism internet forums discussion boards chats especially representing


internet version official media widespread use internet world created unique opportunity create meeting place sides many conflicts israeli palestinian conflict first second chechen wars often gives unique chance find new alternative solutions conflict often internet turned battlefield contradicting parties creating endless online battles internet radio podcasts growing independent media based internet blogs rise digital media move traditional journalist


opinionated news talk open environment blogs allow comments news outlets due need constantly monitor posted allowing comments reader interact story instead absorbing words screen according one study read blogs read news however many blogs highly opinionated bias verified true federal trade commission ftc established guidelines mandating bloggers disclose free goods


services receive third parties response question integrity product service reviews online community development blogging communities partly resulted lack local news coverage spread misinformation manipulation news blogging platforms often used mediums spread ideas connect others similar mentalities anonymity lives within platforms circulates different perspectives postulated blogs usage public opinions facts gained status creditability memes often shared


blogs due social phenomenon relation existing subcultures often attain high engagement traditional journalism helped set foundation blogs frequently used question mainstream media reported journalist citizen journalism digital journalism 's lack traditional editor given rise citizen journalism early advances digital age offered journalism faster research easier editing conveniences faster delivery time articles internet broadened effect digital age journalism popularity internet people access


add forms journalism information network allows anyone wants share something deem important happened community individuals professional journalists present news blogs websites often referred citizen journalists one need degree citizen journalist citizen journalists able publish information may reported otherwise public greater opportunity informed companies use information citizen journalist relays access certain situations


people narrower exposure news seeking commentators already agree march wikinews rewrites articles news organizations original reporting remains challenge internet burdens verification legal risks especially plaintiff friendly jurisdictions like bc remain high absence net wide approach defamation see also online newspaper open source journalism wikinews toons mag user generated content references sources bentley clyde h citizen journalism back future ''geopolitics history international relations'' p nbsp ff deuze mark


web journalisms considering consequences different types newsmedia online ''new media society'' fondevila gasc n joan francesc el papel decisivo de la banda ancha en el espacio iberoamericano del conocimiento ''revista iberoamericana de ciencia tecnolog sociedad cts'' n pp nbsp fondevila gasc n joan francesc el cloud journalism un nuevo concepto de producci n para el periodismo del siglo xxi ''observatorio obs journal'' v n pp nbsp fondevila gasc n joan francesc del olmo arriaga josep llu sierra nchez javier new communicative markets new business models digital press


''tr podos'' extra vi international conference communication reality life without media universitat ramon llull pp nbsp kawamoto kevin ''digital journalism emerging media changing horizons journalism'' lanham md rowman littlefield http wwwojrorg ojr future php online journalism review third wave online journalism online journalism review http journalismaboutcom od citizenjournalism hyperlocalhtm rogers tony hyperlocal journalism sites focus areas often ignored larger news outlets aboutcom accessdate september scott ben contemporary history digital journalism ''television new media'' wall melissa blogs war weblogs news ''journalism'' digital


media types journalism citizen journalism technology society citizen media new media


title page ''coelum stellatum christianum'' julius schiller print published richard blome 's gentleman 's recreation shows diverse ways cosmography applied '''celestial cartography''' '''uranography''' '''astrography''' '' 'star cartography''' aspect astronomy branch cartography concerned mapping stars galaxies astronomical objects celestial sphere measuring position light charted objects requires variety instruments techniques techniques developed angle measurements quadrants unaided eye sextants combined lenses light magnification

Social science
Geography
Cartography
Celestial cartography


current methods include computer automated space telescopes uranographers historically produced planetary position tables star tables star maps use amateur professional astronomers recently computerized star maps compiled automated positioning telescopes uses databases stars astronomical objects etymology word uranography derived greek koine greek '' '' sky heaven '' '' write latin '' uranographia '' renaissance times ''uranographia'' used book title various celestial atlases th century uranography defined description


stars accuracy ''bonner durchmusterung'' friedrich wilhelm argelander collaborators circa stars star atlases naked eye th century bc ceiling tomb tt egyptian architect minister senenmut served queen hatshepsut adorned large extensive star chart c ce ''poeticon astronomicon'' allegedly gaius julius hyginus ''xin yi xiang fa yao'' su song horological treatise earliest existent star maps printed form su song 's star maps also featured corrected position pole


star deciphered due efforts astronomical observations su 's peer polymath scientist shen kuo first european printed star charts published nuremberg germany engraved albrecht rer ''uranometria'' johann bayer first western modern star map based tycho brahe 's johannes kepler 's ''tabulae rudolphinae'' julius schiller published star atlas ''coelum stellatum christianum'' replaced pagan constellations biblical early christian figures jan janssonius' th volume ''atlas maior'' featured ''harmonia macrocosmica'' andreas cellarius ''firmamentum sobiescanum sive uranometria'' johannes


hevelius star map updated many new star positions based hevelius'es ''prodromus astronomiae'' stars telescopic ''atlas coelestis'' john flamsteed ''uranographia'' johann elert bode ''uranometria nova'' friedrich wilhelm argelander photographic ''franklin adams charts'' john franklin adams early photographic atlas ''the falkau atlas'' hans vehrenberg stars magnitude ''atlas stellarum'' hans vehrenberg stars magnitude ''true visual magnitude photographic star atlas'' christos papadopoulos stars magnitude ''the cambridge photographic star atlas'' axel mellinger ronald stoyan stars magnitude natural color cm modern ''bright


magnitude ''atlas coeli skalnate pleso'' atlas heavens anton n v stars magnitude clusters galaxies nebulae ''skyatlas '' second edition wil tirion roger sinnott stars magnitude ''uranometria deep sky atlas'' wil tirion barry rappaport remaklus stars magnitude selected close ups ''herald bobroff astroatlas'' david herald peter bobroff stars magnitude main charts selected sections ''millennium star atlas'' roger sinnott michael perryman stars magnitude ''field guide stars planets''


jay pasachoff wil tirion charts stars magnitude ''skygx'' still preparation christopher watson stars magnitude ''the great atlas sky'' piotr brych stars magnitude galaxies magnitude computerized https starschromeexperimentscom stars cartes du ciel celestia http www dgalaxymapcom galaxy map http wwwcyberskycom cybersky http wwwgosoftworkscom goskywatch goskywatchhtml goskywatch planetarium google sky kstars stellarium sky maporg http wwwskymaponlinenet skymap online worldwide telescope xephem unix like systems stellarmapcom online map stars star walk kepler explorer openlab celestial cartography apps smartphones free printable files http wwwuves jrtorres triatlashtml triatlas project http wwwgeocitiesjp toshimi taki toshimi


taki star atlases http wwwdeepskywatchcom deep sky hunter atlashtml deepsky hunter star atlas https archiveorg details mag star atlas andrew johnson mag see also star chart astrometry cosmography cheonsang yeolcha bunyajido history cartography planetarium pp references external links http wwwianridpathcom startales startales ahtml star maps ian ridpath 's ''star tales'' website http wwwcloudynightscom itemphpitem id mag star atlas project http wwwstaffscienceuunl gent celestia celestiahtm historical celestial atlases web http wwwatlascoelestiscom index catalogo newhtm felice stoppa 's atlas coelestis extensive collection star maps astronomy related books stored multitude images http astroclubtauacil skymaps monthly monthly star maps every location earth http skymapscom easy use monthly star maps northern southern hemispheres helpful target


lists naked eye binocular telescope viewing http contentdmlindahallorg cdm browsephpcisoroot fstar atlas collection rare star atlases charts maps available full digital facsimile linda hall library http wwwstellarmapcom navigable online map stars stellarmapcom digital collections linda hall library include http lhldigitallindahallorg cdm search collection astro atlas astronomy star atlases charts maps collection star atlas volumes http lhldigitallindahallorg cdm search collection astro images astronomy selected images collection high resolution star map images http lhldigitallindahallorg cdm search collection cosmology history cosmology views stars high resolution scans prints relating study structure cosmos works astronomy el


'''arts administration''' alternatively '''arts management''' field arts sector facilitates programming within cultural organizations arts administrators responsible facilitating day day operations organization well long term goals fulfilling vision mission mandate arts management became present arts culture sector organizations include professional non profit referred profit canada entities examples theaters museums symphonies jazz organizations opera houses ballet companies many smaller professional non professional profit arts related organizations eg auction houses art galleries music companies etc

Humanities
Performing arts
Arts Administration


duties arts administrator include staff management marketing budget management public relations fundraising program development evaluation board relations duties roles arts administrators art administrators alternatively '''arts managers''' work arts cultural organizations theatres symphonies art galleries museums arts festivals arts centers arts councils regional arts boards dance companies community arts organizations disability arts organizations heritage buildings ref name prospectsacuk http wwwprospectsacuk cms showpage home page explore types jobs types job p eipalstate showocc idno pageno arts administrator job description activities ref employers arts administrators may profit organizations profit organizations government agencies arts administrators take variety job duties include developing budgets


arts organization may responsible buildings facilities creative staff eg performers artists administrative staff public relations marketing writing proposals reports senior level arts administrator may advise board directors senior managers strategic planning management decisions effective arts administrator must also knowledgeable local state federal public policy relates human resources health insurance labor laws volunteer risk management ref name prospectsacuk arts administrators ability create administer necessary professional development fine arts teachers professional development arts often subpar due


member pools organization although good arts administrator constantly monitors manages change must also remain aware overall direction mood organization helping people day day jobs arts organizations part economic system experience effects expansion contractions local regional national world economies many arts organizations struggle difficult economic times increasingly aaae association arts administration educators membership become interested proactive responding key issues arts offering help arts organizations management


policy governance fund development financial issues result new commitment research program growing amount quality history advocacy arts canada largely represented canadian artists' representation le front des artistes canadiens carfac non profit corporation serves national voice canada 's professional visual artists ref name ref organization 's active involvement advocacy lobbying research public education behalf artists canada defined carfac integral representative body artists across canada ref name carfac successful


lobbying exhibition fees artists ref name ref result canada council made payment fees living canadian artists requirement eligibility program assistance grants public art galleries ref name carfac advocacy artists resulted creation federal copyright act amendment ref name act recognizes artists primary producers culture gives artists legal entitlement exhibition fees ref name arts administrators throughout canada actively refer carfac 's artist fee requirements hiring professional artists government funding granting bodies


country models agencies fund arts canada arts funded canadian government department canadian heritage province ministry funds arts culture depending governmental party power amount funds available arts culture vary ontario ministry funds arts ministry heritage sport tourism culture industries canada federal provincial municipal granting bodies fund arts granting bodies arms length funding agencies meaning work separately


government canada council arts federal granting body created fulfilled requirements massey commission canada council arts funds artists collectives arts organizations provinces territories canada cca funds circus arts dance deaf disability arts digital arts indigenous arts inter arts literature media arts multidisciplinary activities music sound theatre visual arts discipline arts cca granted arts canada ontario ontario arts council provides grants ontario based individual artists arts professionals ad hoc groups collectives


organizations oac provides two types grants project grants one time grants specific projects available individual artists ad hoc groups collectives organizations operating grants ongoing support ontario based profit arts organizations profit book magazine publishers united states arts system variety government subsidies composing roughly percent nation total investment profit arts groups ref name national endowment arts independent federal agency created united states america nea role make sure americans access


municipal budgets private donations ref name ref arts united kingdom funded department digital culture media sport department united kingdom government dcms supported agencies public bodies england arts council england non departmental public body department digital culture media sport united kingdom charity called art fund years supported museums galleries helped buy display great works art everyone enjoy art


fund funding acquisitions training development tours exhibitions art fund also advocates campaigns important causes like free entry national museums uk recently tax incentives encourage philanthropy planned giving planned giving also known legacy giving form philanthropy common practice arts sector planned giving donor leaves endowment assets portion last testament organization end lifetime strategic charitable gift planning donor centred


process planning current future charitable gifts way meets donor philanthropic goals balances personal family tax considerations legacy giving considered highest charitable gift organization receive often takes many years establish kind relationship donor academic programs arts administration programs available number universities colleges us uk canada australia united states programs began several schools meetings national endowment arts next


generations arts leaders would educated academic units offer certificate programs practitioners seeking continuing education professional development education programs arts administration draw many elements related administration fields business administration also include specialized courses administering non profit arts cultural organizations arts administration programs award range credentials including certificates diplomas bachelor 's degrees master 's degrees programs usually blend curriculum elements existing administration programs public administration business administration arts law management institutions arts administration may concentration within


school 's master business administration mba program arts administration program columbia university program ties together curriculum elements public private management administration law business finance ivy league university many arts administration programs include practicum student volunteers works arts cultural organization gain practical experience universities similar programs called arts management eg american university performing arts management eg depaul university 's undergraduate music program arts leadership eg depaul university 's graduate program university southern california 's master science


arts leadership program universities american wisconsin indiana among many others offer programs students arts disciplines others specialized towards particular discipline depaul 's undergraduate graduate theatre programs theatre oriented undergraduate music program music oriented master 's degree schools mba universities offer mfa mpa degrees largely depending program housed example american university program part department performing arts whereas indiana university part


school public environmental affairs another program differentiator note mfa considered terminal degree field allowing graduates apply teach university level full time professor though curricula may similar atmosphere programs may differ variances programs may often revolve around centrality arts versus centrality business skills curriculum programs provide balance management skills business arts like online graduate certificate arts leadership cultural management https artsleadershiponlineuconnedu university connecticut


programs ohio state indiana increasingly american strongly rooted cultural policy another program differentiator amount time spent field applying academic principles existing arts organizations practicum internship experiences http wwwseattleuedu artsci mfa seattle university 's mfa arts leadership degree program requires students spend time quarter working local arts organization practicum believe emphasis real world interaction helps reinforce classwork helps build network arts professionals serves resource upon graduation george mason university arts management


college visual performing arts arlington va http artsmanagementgmuedu one largest enrolled programs usa less hours internship required least two different arts organizations institution faculty required academically experientially qualified many current senior arts managers washington dc 's area prominent visual performing arts centers programs require two years residence though http wwwdrexelcom online degrees business degrees arts administration indexaspx drexel university http universitycollegeduedu mals degree masters arts development program management online degreeid university denver goucher college offer online options limited residency http fineartsukyedu arts administration program university kentucky


http www kutztownedu arteducation artsadministration program overviewhtml kutztown university pennsylvania offer fully online degrees arts administration order accommodate full time employment provide strong networking opportunities many teamwork opportunities programs http wwwseattleuedu artsci mfa seattle university adopted cohort model offer classes evenings weekends programs offer dual degrees example university cincinnati offers mba program conjunction cincinnati college conservatory music uc ccm graduate arts administration program like others exists prepare train students become successful ceos senior managers non profit arts cultural institutions


combining business administration real world experience italy http wwwiededu istituto europeo di design venice offers http wwwiededu venice management school master courses business administration arts cultural events cmg e master business administration arts cultural events provides advanced knowledge entrepreneurial skills necessary understand operate multifarious world arts universit cattolica del sacro cuore milan offers year specializing master program arts management similar course held bologna university bologna called innovation organization culture arts http corsiuniboit gioca pages defaultaspx offering double degree opportunity together carnegie mellon 's master arts management turin


st john international university http wwwsjiuit offers master arts international arts administration new innovative program based concept artwork 'information' integrate recording cataloging communication management fruition program led faculty high level practitioners heritage srl programs may offer single degree includes coursework two colleges carnegie mellon 's master arts management mam program one example tying college fine arts heinz college 's school public policy management heinz college provides core management coursework college fine arts supports


mam program coursework specific arts institutions another example two year mba program southern methodist university offering master arts arts administration meadows school arts master business administration cox school business programs housed within university 's music theater dance department like one colorado state university fort collins colorado http leapcolostateedu masters leap institute arts master arts leadership administration residential online programs another example university southern california 's https musicuscedu departments arts leadership master science arts leadership master


science arts leadership housed within usc thornton school music accepts thought leaders artistic discipline including music theatre dance film fine art several universities offer concentrations media film television music new media etc management drexel university carnegie mellon columbia college chicago examples carnegie mellon offers separate degree film television management new york university 's arts administration program allows students choose visual arts performing arts focus references external links http wwwartsmanagementnet arts management network international information service arts administration http wwwartsadministrationorg association arts


administration educators international association degree granting programs arts cultural management http wwwencatcorg european network cultural administration training centres academic disciplines arts occupations management occupations occupations music


'''conceptual system''' system composed non physical objects ie ideas concepts context system taken mean interrelated interworking set objects overview conceptual system conceptual model systems may related topic formal science individual imagination conceptual systems may found within human mind works art fiction within academic world indeed article may understood conceptual system includes set interrelated concepts broadly conceptual system includes

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Conceptual systems


range values ideas beliefs conceptual system said view world psychology social work conceptual system may refer individual 's mental model world humans conceptual system may understood kind metaphor world science many forms conceptual systems including laws theories models conceptual systems may developed inductive reasoning deductive reasoning empirical analysis idea human mind might contain conceptual systems goes back least far kelly 's personal construct theory


recently many scholars discuss conceptual systems importance understanding cf bateson luhmann senge quine eco umpleby http projectfastorg wallis personal level human mind generally held contain wide range conceptual systems although well organized indeed minds full conflicting mental models makes decision making unreliable particularly large scale complex situations within academic literature theory may understood conceptual system conceptual systems generally held greater value useful based research


systemically interrelated generally validity may also described terms internal coherence correspondence conceptual system systems eg social systems physical systems coherence may tested integrative complexity individuals http journalsisssorg indexphp proceedings th article viewfile integrative propositional analysis academic theories correspondence generally tested empirical analysis conditions falsifiability conceptual system may said model physical social system serve guide individual behavior academic research examples examples conceptual systems include assumptions business decision


map entity relationship model ethics laws science metalogic mind map model object oriented programming allows conceptual systems defined robust manner policy schema strategic plan theory unified modeling language values see also closed system concept concept object concept learning concept map conceptual art conceptual blending conceptual clustering conceptual combination conceptual framework conceptual object conceptual schema formal concept analysis metaphysics meta system open system physical system physical object simulated reality virtual reality references reading lawrence w barsalou continuity conceptual system across species ''trends cognitive sciences'' vol iss


july pp nbsp harold brown ''conceptual systems'' routledge uk dec george lakoff conceptual system willis f overton david stuart palermo eds ''the nature ontogenesis meaning'' stuart umpleby http wwwgwuedu umpleby conceptual systemstxt ''the cybernetics conceptual systems'' paper prepared institute advanced studies vienna austria external links https webarchiveorg web http icbsberkeleyedu language conceptual systemsphp language conceptual systems berkeleyedu


'''biocultural anthropology''' defined numerous ways scientific exploration relationships human biology culture ref name ref instead looking underlying biological roots human behavior biocultural anthropology attempts understand culture affects biological capacities limitations ref name history physical anthropologists throughout first half th century viewed relationship racial perspective assumption typological human biological differences lead cultural differences ref name biocult syn ref world war ii emphasis began shift toward effort explore role culture

Social science
Archaeology
Biocultural anthropology


plays shaping human biology shift towards understanding role culture human biology led development dual inheritance theory relation following development dual inheritance theory biocultural evolution introduced first used key research biocultural approaches human biology utilized since least american biological anthropologist frank b livingstone contributed early research explaining linkages among population growth subsistence strategy distribution sickle cell gene liberia ref name ref human adaptability research focused


two biocultural approaches fatigue functional differentiation skeletal muscles associated various movements human adaptability modern living involving different work types 's cultural biocultural research written william w dressler connects cultural perspective biocultural anthropology cultural consonance defined model assess approximation individuals behavior compared guiding awareness culture ref name ref research used examine outcomes blood pressure depressive symptoms body composition dietary habits ref name dr romendro khongsdier 's approach study human variation


evolution ref name ref building new biocultural synthesis alan h goodman thomas l leatherman ref name biocult syn new directions biocultural anthropology edited molly zuckerman debra martin uses various case studies around world understand biocultural anthropology used understand relationship biology culture past present populations contemporary biocultural anthropology biocultural methods focus interactions humans environment understand human biological adaptation variation ref name ref contemporary biocultural anthropologists view culture several key roles human biological variation culture major


human adaptation permitting individuals populations adapt widely varying local ecologies characteristic human biological biobehavioral features large frontal cortex intensive parenting compared primates viewed part adaptation complex social relations created culture ref name geary flinn ref culture shapes political economy thereby influencing resources available individuals feed shelter protect disease otherwise maintain health ref name biocult syn culture shapes way people think world altering biology influencing behavior eg food choice directly


psychosomatic effects eg biological effects psychological stress ref name hruschka et al ref biocultural anthropologists found many academic anthropology departments usually minority faculty certain departments placed considerable emphasis biocultural synthesis historically included emory university university alabama umass amherst especially biocultural bioarchaeology http wwwumassedu bioarchaeology https webarchiveorg web http wwwumassedu anthro faculty permanenthtml university washington https webarchiveorg web http deptswashingtonedu anthweb programs bioculturalphp built phd programs around biocultural anthropology binghamton university ms program biomedical anthropology oregon state university university kentucky others paul baker anthropologist penn state whose work focused upon


human adaptation environmental variations credited popularized concept biocultural anthropology distinct subcategory anthropology general ref name bindon ref khongsdier argues biocultural anthropology future anthropology serves guiding force towards greater integration subdisciplines ref name khongsdier ref controversy anthropologists biological cultural criticized biocultural synthesis generally part broader critique four field holism us anthropology see anthropology main article typically criticisms rest belief biocultural anthropology imposes holism upon biological cultural subfields without adding


value even destructively instance contributors edited volume ''unwrapping sacred bundle reflections disciplining anthropology'' ref name sacred bundle introduction http pzacadpitzeredu edsegal theory yanasegalpdf reviews http wwwanthrosourcenet doi abs jlat http wwwanthrosourcenet doi abs journalcode https wwwdoiorg j x http musejhuedu loginuri journals anthropological quarterly v songpdf ref argued biocultural synthesis anthropological holism generally artifacts th century social evolutionary thought inappropriately impose scientific positivism upon cultural anthropology departments anthropology fully split usually dividing scientific humanistic anthropologists stanford 's highly publicized division departments cultural social anthropology anthropological sciences underscoring continuing controversy split reversed


objections faculty departments harvard distinct biological sociocultural anthropology wings designed foster cross subdisciplinary interchange biocultural research shown contain challenges researcher general much experienced measuring biological cultural also difficult precisely define meant constructs socioeconomic status poverty rural urban operationalizing key variables measured ways enthnographically valid well replicable defining measuring multiple causal pathways ref name see


also biocultural evolution cultural neuroscience evolutionary anthropology sociobiology references external links https webarchiveorg web http spotcoloradoedu kelso essays http bioculturalanthropologyblogspotcom prof jack kelso anthropology sociobiology


'''clandestine operation''' intelligence military operation carried way operation goes unnoticed general population specific enemy forces clandestine operations primarily political nature generally aimed assisting groups nations favored sponsor examples include us intelligence involvement german japanese war criminals world war ii today operations numerous include technology related clandestine operations bulk clandestine operations related gathering intelligence typically people clandestine human intelligence hidden sensors placement

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Clandestine operation


' 'stealth'' refers broad set tactics aimed providing preserving element surprise reducing enemy resistance also used describe set technologies stealth technology aid tactics secrecy stealthiness often desired clandestine covert operations terms ' 'secret'' ' 'stealthy'' used formally describe types missions operations may clandestine covert aspects use concealed remote sensors human observers direct artillery attacks airstrikes attack obviously overt coming attack


could also spotted clandestine human patrol harassing interdiction h free fire zone rules also cause target hit purely random reasons see also black operation covert operation fifth column special activities division references external links international society intelligence research http wwwisironlineorg homepage https wwwgovinfogov content pkg gpo ic html gpo ic html ic intelligence community st century staff study permanent select committee intelligence house representatives one hundred fourth congress ix clandestine service executive summary intelligence operations type clandestine operations


institutional aspects knowledge creation management use within context organization 's mandate business model social knowledge policies balance progress knowledge economy promote global competitiveness social values equity unity well citizens technological perspective thomas jefferson noted laws institutions must keep pace progress human mind institutions must advance new discoveries made new truths discovered opinions circumstances change fast forwarding late th century martin stated society

Applied science
Public administration
Knowledge policy


high level automation must frame laws safeguards computers police computers tim berners lee noted policy technology must designed understanding implications finally sparr points rules emerge cyberspace even frontier pioneers need property rights standards rules fair play protect pirates government entity enforce rules could developed others rate change point view mcgee


difficult monitor regulate cyberspace negroponte uses metaphor limiting freedom bit radiation like romans attempting stop christianity even though early data broadcasters may eaten washington lions brown questions whether even possible governments monitor compliance regulations face exponentially increasing encrypted traffic within private networks cybernetic environments become central commercial activity monitoring electronic markets become increasingly problematic corporate point view flynn notes employee use corporate computer resources poses


liability risks jeopardizes security organization afford engage electronic communications e commerce unprepared key attribute cyberspace virtual rather real place thus growing share social commercial electronic activity national physical location cozel raising key question whether legislatures even set national policies coordinate international policies similarly berners lee explains key criterion trademark law separation location market work world wide web domain names internet


crosses geographic boundaries concept market area organizational perspective simard states traditional policies applied directly digital environment canadian forest service could become marginalized dynamic knowledge based economy consequently cfs developed implemented access knowledge policy fosters migration cfs towards providing free open access knowledge assets recognizing need cost recovery need impose restrictions access cases simard policy comprises framework objectives guiding principles


staff responsibilities policy directives directives include ownership use roles rights responsibilities levels access accessibility service clients cost access see also cybernetics cyberspace digital economy electronic business electronic commerce e government information market information society internet economy knowledge economy knowledge management knowledge market knowledge organization viable system model references berners lee tim weaving web harper collins new york ny p brown david cybertrends penguin books london uk p cozel diane weightless world mit press cambridge p flynn nancy


epolicy handbook american management association p hearn g rooney eds knowledge policy challenges twenty first century cheltenham edward elgar jefferson thomas letter samuel kercheval july martin james information processing systems management hussain richard irwin homewood il p martin james cybercorp new business revolution american management association new york ny p mcgee james lawrence prusak managing information strategically john wiley sons new york ny p negroponte nicholas digital random house new york ny p rooney hearn g


mandeville joseph r public policy knowledge based economies foundations frameworks cheltenham edward elgar rooney hearn g ninan eds handbook knowledge economy cheltenham edward elgar simard albert managing knowledge canadian forest service natural resources canada canadian forest service ottawa p https webarchiveorg web http bookstorecfsnrcangcca home ephptest http wwwslidesharenet alsimard knowledge management program canadian forest service http wwwslidesharenet alsimard knowledge management putting puzzle together one piece time simard albert canadian forest service access knowledge policy natural resources canada canadian forest service ottawa p https webarchiveorg web http bookstorecfsnrcangcca home ephptest http wwwslidesharenet alsimard access knowledge policy sparr debora ruling waves harcourt inc new york ny p knowledge management business terms information society


''the creation adam'' sistine chapel context christian theology '''christian anthropology''' study human anthropos relates god differs social science anthropology primarily deals comparative study physical social characteristics humanity across times places one aspect studies innate nature constitution human known ''nature humankind'' concerned relationship notions body soul spirit together form person based descriptions bible

Humanities
Theology
Theological Anthropology


three traditional views human constitution trichotomism dichotomism monism sense anthropology early christian writers gregory nyssa reference source gregory 's anthropology treatise ''de opificio hominis'' concept man founded ontological distinction created uncreated man material creation thus limited infinite immortal soul indefinite capacity grow closer divine gregory believed soul created simultaneous creation body opposition origen speculated


mateo seco p ref gregory stark contrast thinkers age saw great beauty fall adam 's sin two perfect humans would eventually arise myriad ref name brill augustine hippo augustine hippo one first christian ancient latin authors clear anthropological vision saw human perfect unity two substances soul body much closer anthropological view aristotle plato ref name mas massuti e p ref late treatise care dead sec


descartes going much details efforts explain metaphysics soul body union sufficed admit metaphysically distinct human composite soul body soul superior body latter statement grounded hierarchical classification things merely exist exist live exist live intelligence reason according n blasquez augustine 's dualism substances body soul n't stop


seeing unity body soul substance ref name mas following ancient philosophers defined man ''rational mortal animal'' ''animal rationale mortale'' terms components body body greek ' 'soma'' corporeal physical aspect human christians traditionally believed body resurrected end age rudolf bultmann states following ref name bultmann english translation ''theology new testament'' vols london scm ref ' 'soma'' belongs inseparably constitutively human existence clearly evident


spirit dead word usually designates person whole physical life septuagint ''nepes'' mostly translated ''psyche'' exceptionally book joshua ''empneon'' breathing new testament follows terminology septuagint thus uses word ''psyche'' manner performatively similar hebrew semantic domain invisible power ever platonists immortal immaterial gives life motion body responsible attributes patristic thought


towards end nd century ''psyche'' understood greek hebrew way contrasted body rd century influence origen establishing doctrine inherent immortality soul divine nature origen also taught transmigration souls preexistence views officially rejected fifth ecumenical council inherent immortality soul accepted among western eastern theologians throughout middle ages reformation evidenced


westminster confession hand number modern protestant scholars adopted views similar conditional immortality including edward fudge clark pinnock however majority adherents hold traditional doctrine last six decades conditional immortality better immortality grace ''kata charin athanasia'' soul also widely accepted among eastern orthodox theologians returning views late nd century immortality still considered gift granted value jesus' death resurrection seventh day adventist church held conditional immortality since


mid th century spirit spirit hebrew ''ruach'' greek ''pneuma'' also mean breath likewise immaterial component often used interchangeably soul ''psyche'' although trichotomists believe spirit distinct soul paul speaks ''pneuma'' man mean higher principle within special intellectual spiritual faculty simply self questions whether self regarded particular aspect called ''pneuma'' first place apparently regarded


way called ''psyche'' viz self lives man 's attitude orientation charles taylor argued ''sources self making modern identity'' attempt reduce spirit soul self anachronistic project claiming historical precedence reality modern western secular reading scriptures constitution nature person christian theologians historically differed issue many distinct components constitute human two parts dichotomism


popular view affirmed large number lay faithful theologians many christian traditions human formed two components material body flesh spiritual soul spirit soul spirit departs body death reunited body resurrection three parts trichotomism significant minority theologians across denominational theological spectrum east west held human beings made three distinct components body flesh soul spirit known technically trichotomism


biblical texts typically used support position ref name milne ref one part monism modern theologians increasingly hold view human indissoluble unity ref name milne known holism monism body soul considered separate components person rather two facets united whole argued accurately represents hebrew thought whereas body soul dualism characteristic classical greek platonist cartesian thought monism official position seventh day adventist church adheres


doctrine soul sleep monism also appears consistent certain physicalist interpretations modern neuroscience indicated called higher functions mind dependent upon emergent brain structure independent workings immaterial soul previously thought influential exponent view liberal theologian rudolf bultmann oscar cullmann influential popularizing origin humanity bible teaches book genesis humans created god christians believe must involved miraculous creative act others