geothermal power field northern california total output nbsp mw geothermal power plants operate nbsp hours per day providing baseload capacity estimates world potential capacity geothermal power generation vary widely ranging gw much gw ref name ipcc geothermal fridleifsson ib r bertani e huenges j w lund ragnarsson l rybach http wwwiea giaorg documents fridleifssonetalipccgeothermalpaper finalrybach may pdf possible role contribution geothermal energy mitigation climate change hohmeyer trittin eds ipcc scoping meeting renewable energy sources proceedings luebeck germany


january p ref geothermal power capacity grew around gw almost gw ref name ipcc geothermal united states world leader terms installed capacity representing gw countries significant installed capacity include philippines gw indonesia gw mexico gw italy gw iceland gw japan gw new zealand gw ref name ipcc geothermal countries geothermal power accounts significant share total electricity supply philippines geothermal represented percent

Applied science
Public administration
Energy policy
Renewable energy policy


total power mix end geothermal ground source heat pumps represented estimated gwth installed capacity end direct uses geothermal heat ie space heating agricultural drying uses reaching estimated gwth least countries use direct geothermal energy form ref name renewables second generation technologies second generation technologies gone passion dedicated major economic sector countries germany spain united states japan many large industrial companies financial institutions


involved challenge broaden market base continued growth worldwide ref name iea ref name unep solar heating solar energy technologies solar water heaters located near buildings supply energy prime example soft energy technology solar heating systems well known second generation technology generally consist solar thermal collectors fluid system move heat collector point usage reservoir tank heat storage systems may used heat domestic hot water swimming pools


early photovoltaic modules used provide remote area power supply around industry efforts focused increasingly developing building integrated photovoltaics photovoltaic power stations grid connected applications many solar photovoltaic power stations built mainly europe ref name pv denis lenardic http wwwpvresourcescom en top pvphp large scale photovoltaic power plants ranking ''pvresourcescom'' ref july largest photovoltaic pv power plants world agua caliente solar project usa mw charanka solar park india mw golmud solar park china mw perovo solar park russia


mw sarnia photovoltaic power plant canada mw brandenburg briest solarpark germany mw solarpark finow tower germany mw montalto di castro photovoltaic power station italy mw eggebek solar park germany mw senftenberg solarpark germany mw finsterwalde solar park germany mw okhotnykovo solar park russia nbsp mw lopburi solar farm thailand mw rovigo photovoltaic power plant italy mw lieberose photovoltaic park germany nbsp mw ref name pv also many large plants construction desert sunlight solar farm construction riverside county california topaz solar farm built san luis


obispo county california mw solar parks use thin film solar photovoltaic modules made first solar ref name rew ref blythe solar power project mw photovoltaic station construction riverside county california california valley solar ranch cvsr nbsp megawatt mw solar photovoltaic power plant built sunpower carrizo plain northeast california valley mw antelope valley solar ranch first solar photovoltaic project construction antelope valley area western mojave desert due completed


mesquite solar project photovoltaic solar power plant built arlington maricopa county arizona owned sempra generation ref name pr ref phase nbsp nameplate capacity nbsp megawatts ref name sempra mesquite ref many plants integrated agriculture use innovative tracking systems follow sun 's daily path across sky generate electricity conventional fixed mounted systems fuel costs emissions operation power stations wind power wind power worldwide installed capacity ref name gwec market http wwwgwecnet indexphpid gwec global wind report annual market update ref landowners us typically receive


per year rental income wind turbine farmers continue grow crops graze cattle foot turbines ref name nine american wind energy association http wwwaweaorg publications reports awea annual wind report pdf annual wind industry report year ending pp ref second generation renewables wind power high potential already realised relatively low production costs ref name clean clean edge http wwwcleantechnologycomau pdf ctf slides ctf cleanedgepdf ''the clean tech revolution costs clean energy declining'' pdf p ref wind power could become cheaper nuclear power global wind power installations increased mw bringing


total installed capacity mw increase mw installed end increase represents investments totalling nbsp billion us nbsp billion first time half new wind power added outside traditional markets europe north america mainly driven continuing boom china accounted nearly half installations mw china mw wind power installed wind power accounts approximately electricity generated denmark spain portugal


wind farm current br capacity br mw country notes gansu wind farm ref name guardian watts jonathan huang cecily https wwwtheguardiancom world mar china windfarms renewable energy winds change blow china spending renewable energy soars ''the guardian'' march revised march retrieved january ref alta oak creek mojave ref name terragen http wwwterra genpowercom news terra gen power announces closing million aspx terra gen press release april ref jaisalmer wind park ref name jaisalmer http wwwbusiness standardcom india news suzlon creates country largest wind park started august jaisalmer based facility crossed mw capacity achieve


milestone ref shepherds flat wind farm ref name eo ref roscoe wind farm horse hollow wind energy center ref name drilling ref name tex http wwwaweaorg projects projectsaspxs texas awea us wind energy projects texas ref capricorn ridge wind farm ref name drilling http wwwrenewableenergyworldcom rea news article drilling projects made banner year wind power drilling projects made banner year wind power ref ref name tex f nt nele cogealac wind farm ref name cez http wwwcezcz en cez group media press releases html cez group largest wind farm europe goes trial operation ref fowler ridge


wind farm ref name ind http wwwaweaorg projects projectsaspxs indiana awea us wind energy projects indiana ref whitelee wind farm wind industry usa able produce power lower cost using taller wind turbines longer blades capturing faster winds higher elevations opened new opportunities indiana michigan ohio price power wind turbines built feet feet ground compete conventional fossil fuels like coal prices


fallen cents per kilowatt hour cases utilities increasing amount wind energy portfolio saying cheapest option solar thermal power stations solar towers left ps ps solar thermal power stations include nbsp megawatt mw solar energy generating systems power plant us solnova solar power station spain nbsp mw andasol solar power station spain nbsp mw nevada solar one usa nbsp mw ps solar power tower spain nbsp mw ps solar power tower spain nbsp mw mw ivanpah solar power facility located california 's mojave


desert world 's largest solar thermal power plant project currently construction ref name woody todd woody http e yaleedu content featuremspid california 's mojave desert solar thermal projects take ''yale environment '' october ref many plants construction planned mainly spain usa ref name global ren http wwwworldwatchorg files pdf renewables pdf renewables global status report pdf p ref developing countries three world bank projects integrated solar thermal combined cycle gas turbine power plants egypt mexico morocco approved ref name global modern forms bioenergy neat ethanol left gasoline right g


filling station brazil global ethanol production transport fuel tripled nbsp billion nbsp billion litres biodiesel expanded tenfold less nbsp billion almost nbsp billion litres biofuels provide world 's transport fuel recent estimates indicate continued high growth main producing countries transport biofuels us brazil eu brazil one largest renewable energy programs world involving production ethanol fuel sugar cane ethanol provides percent country 's automotive fuel result


exploitation domestic deep water oil sources brazil years import large share petroleum needed domestic consumption recently reached complete self sufficiency liquid fuels information pump california nearly gasoline sold united states today mixed percent ethanol mix known e motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed run much higher ethanol blends ford daimlerchrysler gm among automobile companies sell flexible fuel cars trucks minivans use gasoline ethanol blends ranging


pure gasoline ethanol e challenge expand market biofuels beyond farm states popular date energy policy act calls biofuels used annually also help expand market ref name world worldwatch institute center american progress http images americanprogressorg il web americanenergynow americanenergypdf ''american energy renewable path energy security'' pdf ref growing ethanol biodiesel industries providing jobs plant construction operations maintenance mostly rural communities according renewable fuels association ethanol industry created


almost us jobs alone boosting household income nbsp billion also contributed nbsp billion tax revenues local state federal levels ref name world third generation technologies third generation renewable energy technologies still development include advanced biomass gasification biorefinery technologies hot dry rock geothermal power ocean energy third generation technologies yet widely demonstrated limited commercialization many horizon may potential comparable renewable energy technologies still depend attracting sufficient attention research development funding ref name iea new bioenergy technologies


class wikitable floatright selected commercial cellulosic ethanol plants br us company location feedstock abengoa bioenergy hugoton ks wheat straw bluefire ethanol irvine ca multiple sources gulf coast energy mossy head fl wood waste mascoma lansing mi wood poet llc emmetsburg ia corn cobs sunopta little falls mn wood chips xethanol auburndale fl citrus peels colspan according


forms renewable energy derived sea including wave energy tidal energy river current ocean current energy offshore wind salinity gradient energy ocean thermal gradient energy ref name oe http oceanenergyepricom ''ocean energy'' epri ocean energy web page ref rance tidal power station mw world 's first tidal power station facility located estuary rance river brittany france opened november currently operated lectricit de france largest tidal power station world terms installed capacity first proposed thirty years ago


systems harvest utility scale electrical power ocean waves recently gaining momentum viable technology potential technology considered promising especially west facing coasts latitudes degrees ref name je jeff scruggs paul jacob harvesting ocean wave energy ''science'' vol february p ref blockquote united kingdom example carbon trust recently estimated extent economically viable offshore resource twh per year current national demand across europe technologically achievable resource estimated least twh


per year us electric power research institute epri estimated viable resource united states twh per year demand ref name je blockquote currently nine projects completed development coasts united kingdom united states spain australia harness rise fall waves ocean power technologies current maximum power output mw reedsport oregon development underway mw coos bay oregon ref name opt http wwwoceanpowertechnologiescom projectshtml ''projects'' ocean power technologies projects ref enhanced geothermal systems geothermal power development way


countries partially attributable development new technologies enhanced geothermal systems ref name renewables ren http wwwren net pdf gsr updatepdf renewables global status report update pp ref development binary cycle power plants improvements drilling extraction technology may enable enhanced geothermal systems much greater geographical range traditional geothermal systems demonstration egs projects operational us australia germany france united kingdom advanced solar concepts beyond already established solar photovoltaics solar thermal power technologies advanced solar concepts solar updraft tower


space based solar power concepts yet ever commercialized '''the solar updraft tower sut ''' renewable energy power plant generating electricity low temperature solar heat sunshine heats air beneath wide greenhouse like roofed collector structure surrounding central base tall chimney tower resulting convection causes hot air updraft tower chimney effect airflow drives wind turbines placed chimney updraft around chimney base produce electricity plans scaled versions demonstration models allow significant power generation may allow


development applications water extraction distillation agriculture horticulture view study solar updraft tower affects click advanced version similarly themed technology vortex engine ave aims replace large physical chimneys vortex air created shorter less expensive structure '''space based solar power''' '''sbsp''' concept collecting solar power space using sps solar power satellite satellite power system use earth research since early sbsp


would differ current solar collection methods means used collect energy would reside orbiting satellite instead earth 's surface projected benefits system higher collection rate longer collection period due lack diffusing atmosphere night time space renewable energy industry vestas wind turbine monocrystalline solar cell total investment renewable energy reached nbsp billion nbsp billion top countries investment china germany united states italy brazil ref name ren


continued growth renewable energy sector expected promotional policies helped industry weather economic crisis better many sectors ref name obama joel makower ron pernick clint wilder http wwwcleanedgecom reports pdf trends pdf ''clean energy trends '' clean edge pp ref wind power companies vestas denmark world 's top wind turbine manufacturer terms percentage market volume sinovel china second place together vestas sinovel delivered mw new wind power capacity market share percent ge energy usa


third place closely followed goldwind another chinese supplier german enercon ranks fifth world followed sixth place indian based suzlon photovoltaic market trends solar pv market growing past years according solar pv research company pvinsights worldwide shipment solar modules around gw shipment year year growth around top solar module players turns suntech first solar yingli trina sungen top solar module companies possessed market share


south korea kyocera japan ja solar china colspan pv industry seen drops module prices since late factory gate prices crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules dropped w mark w installed cost often regarded pv industry marking achievement grid parity pv reductions taken many stakeholders including industry analysts surprise perceptions current solar power economics often lags behind reality stakeholders still


japan align right align center italy align right align center united states align right align center france align right align center spain align right align center uk align right align center australia align right align center belgium align right style width px align center


align right align center south africa align right align center india align right colspan style font size padding px px data iea pvps ''snapshot global pv '' report march ref name iea pvps snapshot ref br ''also see section deployment country complete continuously updated list'' non technical barriers acceptance many energy markets institutions policies developed support production use fossil fuels ref name jacob ref newer cleaner technologies may offer social environmental


benefits utility operators often reject renewable resources trained think terms big conventional power plants ref name epsov consumers often ignore renewable power systems given accurate price signals electricity consumption intentional market distortions subsidies unintentional market distortions split incentives may work renewables ref name epsov benjamin k sovacool rejecting renewables socio technical impediments renewable electricity united states ''energy policy'' november p ref benjamin k sovacool argued surreptitious yet powerful impediments facing renewable energy energy efficiency


united states ''culture'' ''institutions'' engineering science obstacles widespread commercialization renewable energy technologies primarily political technical many studies identified range non technical barriers renewable energy use ref name ieapress ref name nrel national renewable energy laboratory ''nontechnical barriers solar energy use review recent literature'' technical report nrel tp september pages ref ref name grems united nations department economic social affairs http wwwppreuni oldenburgde download downloads global report pdf increasing global renewable energy market share recent trends perspectives final report ref barriers impediments put renewable energy


even technology commercially viable applies distributed generation grids suited receive electricity many small sources large scale renewables may also encounter problems sited areas far existing grids ref name stern blockquote hm treasury http wwwhm treasurygovuk independent reviews stern review economics climate change stern review reportcfm ''stern review economics climate change'' p nbsp ref blockquote lack government policy support includes lack policies regulations supporting deployment renewable energy technologies presence policies regulations hindering renewable energy development supporting conventional energy development examples include subsidies fossil fuels insufficient consumer based renewable


energy incentives government underwriting nuclear plant accidents complex zoning permitting processes renewable energy lack information dissemination consumer awareness higher capital cost renewable energy technologies compared conventional energy technologies inadequate financing options renewable energy projects including insufficient access affordable financing project developers entrepreneurs consumers imperfect capital markets includes failure internalize costs conventional energy eg effects air pollution risk supply disruption failure internalize benefits renewable energy eg cleaner air energy security inadequate workforce skills training includes lack


overcome different types barriers ref name grems policy framework must created level playing field redress imbalance traditional approaches associated fossil fuels policy landscape must keep pace broad trends within energy sector well reflecting specific social economic environmental priorities resource rich countries struggle move away fossil fuels failed thus far adopt regulatory frameworks necessary developing renewable energy eg russia public policy landscape public policy role play renewable energy commercialization free


market system fundamental limitations stern review points blockquote liberalised energy market investors operators consumers face full cost decisions case many economies energy sectors many policies distort market favour existing fossil fuel technologies ref name stern blockquote international solar energy society stated historical incentives conventional energy resources continue even today bias markets burying many real societal costs use fossil fuel energy systems different production transmission end use costs


characteristics renewable energy systems new promotional policies needed ensure renewable systems develop quickly broadly socially desirable ref name jacob lester brown states market incorporate indirect costs providing goods services prices value nature 's services adequately respect sustainable yield thresholds natural systems ref name br also favors near term long term thereby showing limited concern future generations ref name br brown lr http wwwearth policyorg books pb pb ch pdf ''plan b rescuing planet stress civilization


trouble'' ww norton co pp ref tax subsidy shifting help overcome problems ref name brown brown lr http wwwearth policyorg books pb pb ch pdf ''plan b rescuing planet stress civilization trouble'' ww norton co pp ref though also problematic combine different international normative regimes regulating issue shifting taxes tax shifting widely discussed endorsed economists involves lowering income taxes raising levies environmentally destructive activities order create responsive market example tax coal included increased health care


subsidies need tax shifting also need subsidy shifting subsidies inherently bad thing many technologies industries emerged government subsidy schemes stern review explains key innovations past nbsp years one funded entirely private sector nine totally publicly funded terms specific examples internet result publicly funded links among computers government laboratories research institutes combination federal tax deduction robust


state tax deduction california helped create modern wind power industry ref name brown lester brown argued world facing prospect economically disruptive climate change longer justify subsidies expand burning coal oil shifting subsidies development climate benign energy sources wind solar biomass geothermal power key stabilizing earth 's climate ref name brown international solar energy society advocates leveling playing field redressing continuing inequities public subsidies energy technologies r fossil fuel nuclear


power receive largest share financial support countries eliminating reducing climate disrupting subsidies belgium france japan phased subsidies coal germany reducing coal subsidy subsidy dropped nbsp billion nbsp billion process germany lowered coal use nbsp percent china cut coal subsidy nbsp million nbsp million recently imposed high sulfur coal tax ref name brown however united states increasing support fossil fuel nuclear industries ref name brown


november iea report entitled ''deploying renewables '' said subsidies green energy technologies yet competitive justified order give incentive investing technologies clear environmental energy security benefits iea 's report disagreed claims renewable energy technologies viable costly subsidies able produce energy reliably meet demand ref name henning fair efficient imposition subsidies renewable energies aiming sustainable development however require coordination regulation global level subsidies granted one country easily disrupt


industries policies others thus underlining relevance issue world trade organization renewable energy targets setting national renewable energy targets important part renewable energy policy targets usually defined percentage primary energy electricity generation mix example european union prescribed indicative renewable energy target percent total eu energy mix percent electricity consumption national targets individual eu member states also set meet overall target


developed countries defined national regional targets include australia canada israel japan korea new zealand norway singapore switzerland us states ref name unep united nations environment program http wwwren net pdf ren cc rapportpdf ''changing climates role renewable energy carbon constrained world'' pp ref national targets also important component renewable energy strategies developing countries developing countries renewable energy targets include china india indonesia malaysia philippines thailand brazil egypt mali south africa targets set many developing countries quite modest compared industrialized countries ref name unep renewable


energy targets countries indicative nonbinding assisted government actions regulatory frameworks united nations environment program suggested making renewable energy targets legally binding could important policy tool achieve higher renewable energy market penetration ref name unep levelling playing field iea identified three actions allow renewable energy clean energy technologies effectively compete private sector capital first energy prices must appropriately reflect true cost energy eg carbon pricing positive negative impacts energy production


consumption fully taken account example new uk nuclear plants cost mwh ref name bbcstrike ref ref name telestrike ref whereas offshore wind farms uk supported mwh price falling per mwh denmark price mwh second inefficient fossil fuel subsidies must removed ensuring citizens access affordable energy third governments must develop policy frameworks encourage private sector investment lower carbon energy options green stimulus programs response global financial crisis late world 's major


governments made green stimulus programs one main policy instruments supporting economic recovery green stimulus funding allocated renewable energy energy efficiency spent mainly ref name ren ren http wwwren net globalstatusreport ren gsr fullpdf renewables global status report p ref energy sector regulation public policy determines extent renewable energy incorporated developed developing country 's generation mix energy sector regulators implement policy thus affecting pace pattern investments connections grid energy regulators often authority


carry number functions implications financial feasibility renewable energy projects functions include issuing licenses setting performance standards monitoring performance regulated firms determining price level structure tariffs establishing uniform systems accounts arbitrating stakeholder disputes like interconnection cost allocations performing management audits developing agency human resources expertise reporting sector commission activities government authorities coordinating decisions government agencies thus regulators make wide range decisions affect financial outcomes associated investments addition sector regulator position


give advice government regarding full implications focusing climate change energy security energy sector regulator natural advocate efficiency cost containment throughout process designing implementing policies since policies self implementing energy sector regulators become key facilitator blocker renewable energy investments ref name purc frequently asked questions renewable energy energy efficiency body knowledge infrastructure regulation http regulationbodyofknowledgeorg renewable energy energy efficiency ref energy transition germany photovoltaic array wind turbines schneebergerhof wind farm german state rheinland pfalz url status live ref ''energiewende'' german ''energy


transition'' transition germany low carbon environmentally sound reliable affordable energy supply ref name bmwi bmu ref new system rely heavily renewable energy particularly wind photovoltaics biomass energy efficiency energy demand management existing coal fired generation need retired ref name acatech etal ref phase germany 's fleet nuclear reactors complete key part program ref name bruninx etal ref legislative support ''energiewende'' passed late includes greenhouse gas ghg reductions relative


maximum historical value thus far ref name hillebrandt etal ref germany spends billion per annum energy research figure effort solve technical social issues raised transition ref name schiermeier ref includes number computer studies confirmed feasibility similar cost relative business usual given carbon adequately priced ''energiewende'' initiatives go well beyond european union legislation national policies european states policy objectives embraced german federal government resulted huge expansion renewables particularly wind


power germany 's share renewables increased around surpassing oecd average usage renewables ref name economist ref producers guaranteed fixed feed tariff years guaranteeing fixed income energy co operatives created efforts made decentralize control profits large energy companies disproportionately small share renewables market however cases poor investment designs caused bankruptcies low returns unrealistic promises shown far reality ref name latsch etal ref nuclear power plants closed


voluntary markets also referred green power markets driven consumer preference voluntary markets allow consumer choose policy decisions require reduce environmental impact electricity use voluntary green power products must offer significant benefit value buyers successful benefits may include zero reduced greenhouse gas emissions pollution reductions environmental improvements power stations driving factors behind voluntary green electricity within eu liberalized electricity markets res directive according directive eu member states


must ensure origin electricity produced renewables guaranteed therefore guarantee origin must issued article environmental organisations using voluntary market create new renewables improving sustainability existing power production us main tool track stimulate voluntary actions green e program managed center resource solutions europe main voluntary tool used ngos promote sustainable electricity production ekoenergy label recent developments projected renewable energy investment growth globally ref name ce makower j pernick r wilder c


http wwwcleanedgecom reports reports trends php ''clean energy trends '' ref number events pushed renewable energy political agenda including us mid term elections november confirmed clean energy mainstream issue also stern review ref name stern made strong economic case investing low carbon technologies argued economic growth need incompatible cutting energy consumption according trend analysis united nations environment programme climate change concerns ref name unep coupled recent high oil prices ref name high http wwwabcnetau news stories htm high oil price hits wall st ''abc news'' october


retrieved january ref increasing government support driving increasing rates investment renewable energy energy efficiency industries ref name unnews ref name unep united nations environment programme new energy finance ltd p ref investment capital flowing renewable energy reached record us nbsp billion upward trend continuing ref name mak oecd still dominates increasing activity companies china india brazil chinese companies second largest recipient venture capital united states year india largest net buyer


companies abroad mainly established european markets ref name unep new government spending regulation policies helped industry weather economic crisis better many sectors ref name obama notably us president barack obama 's american recovery reinvestment act included nbsp billion direct spending tax credits clean energy associated transportation programs policy stimulus combination represents largest federal commitment us history renewables advanced transportation energy conservation initiatives based new rules many utilities strengthened clean energy programs ref name obama clean edge suggests commercialization


clean energy help countries around world deal current economic malaise ref name obama promising solar energy company solyndra became involved political controversy involving us president barack obama 's administration 's authorization nbsp million loan guarantee corporation part program promote alternative energy growth ref name bare url https abcnewsgocom blogs politics solar energy company touted obama goes bankrupt solar energy company touted obama goes bankrupt abc news august ref company ceased business activity filed chapter bankruptcy laid nearly employees early september january state union address


president barack obama restated commitment renewable energy obama said walk away promise clean energy obama called commitment defense department purchase mw renewable energy also mentioned long standing interior department commitment permit mw renewable energy projects public land ref name lindsay morris ref renewable energy plays major role energy mix many countries globally renewables becoming increasingly economic developing developed countries prices renewable energy technologies primarily wind power solar


power continued drop making renewables competitive conventional energy sources without level playing field however high market penetration renewables still dependent robust promotional policies fossil fuel subsidies far higher renewable energy remain place quickly need phased united nations' secretary general ban ki moon said renewable energy ability lift poorest nations new levels prosperity october announced creation high level group drum support energy access energy efficiency greater use renewable energy


group co chaired kandeh yumkella chair un energy director general un industrial development organisation charles holliday chairman bank america worldwide use solar power wind power continued grow significantly solar electricity consumption increased percent terawatt hours twh use wind power increased percent twh ref name vitals ref global solar wind energy installed capacities continued expand even though new investments technologies declined worldwide investment solar power nbsp billion


percent decline wind power investment percent nbsp billion due lower production costs technologies total installed capacities grew sharply ref name vitals investment decline growth installed capacity may occur analysts expect market triple investment renewables exceeded fossils renewable energy renewable energy expresssed total energy consumption incentive use renewable energy electricity transport even total primary energy supply globally motivated global warming ecological well


economic concerns intergovernmental panel climate change 's reviews scenarios energy usage would keep global warming approximately degrees proportion primary energy supplied renewables increases median values across published pathways proportion primary energy supplied biomass increases effective controls whether land use changed growing biomass proportion wind solar increases national level least nations around world already renewable energy


contributing energy supply mark z jacobson professor civil environmental engineering stanford university director atmosphere energy program says producing new energy wind power solar power hydropower feasible existing energy supply arrangements could replaced barriers implementing renewable energy plan seen primarily social political technological economic jacobson says energy costs wind solar water system similar today 's energy costs ref name enpol ref similarly united states independent national research


benefits sustainable energy economy requires commitments renewables efficiency renewable energy energy efficiency said twin pillars sustainable energy policy american council energy efficient economy explained resources must developed order stabilize reduce carbon dioxide emissions ref name american council energy efficient economy http webarchivelocgov http wwwaceeeorg store proddetailcfmcfid cftoken itemid categoryid ''the twin pillars sustainable energy synergies energy efficiency renewable energy technology policy'' report e ref blockquote efficiency essential slowing energy demand growth rising clean energy supplies make deep cuts


fossil fuel use energy use grows fast renewable energy development chase receding target likewise unless clean energy supplies come online rapidly slowing demand growth begin reduce total emissions reducing carbon content energy sources also needed ref name blockquote iea stated renewable energy energy efficiency policies complementary tools development sustainable energy future developed together instead developed isolation see also lists lists renewable energy list energy storage projects list large


wind farms list notable renewable energy organizations list renewable energy topics country topics environmental skepticism catching sun film clean energy trends cost electricity source ecotax ekoenergy energy security renewable technology environmental tariff feed tariff international renewable energy agency pv financial incentives rocky mountain institute clean tech revolution third industrial revolution world council renewable energy people andrew blakers michael boxwell richard l crowther james dehlsen mark diesendorf rolf disch david faiman hans josef fell harrison fraker chris goodall al gore michael gr tzel martin green jan hamrin denis hayes


tetsunari iida mark z jacobson stefan krauter jeremy leggett richard levine amory lovins gaspar makale joel makower eric martinot david mills huang ming leonard l northrup jr arthur nozik monica oliphant stanford r ovshinsky luis palmer alan pears h l ne pelosse ron pernick phil radford jeremy rifkin hermann scheer zhengrong shi benjamin k sovacool thomas h stoner jr peter taylor f lix trombe john twidell martin vosseler stuart wenham clint wilder john yellott elon musk references bibliography aitken donald w ''transitioning renewable energy future'' international solar energy society january pages armstrong robert c


masson delmotte p zhai h p rtner roberts j skea pr shukla pirani w moufouma okia c p r pidcock connors j b r matthews chen x zhou gomis e lonnoy maycock tignor waterfield eds reference https wwwipccch sr report website chapters v reference https wwwipccch site assets uploads sites sr spm version report lrpdf summary policymakers pp reference https wwwipccch sr resources headline statements headline statements pp reference https wwwipccch site assets uploads sites sr ts high respdf technical summary pp reference https wwwipccch site assets uploads sites sr faq low respdf faq pp reference https wwwipccch site assets uploads sites sr annexi glossarypdf glossary pp international council science c ''discussion paper scientific technological community th session united nations commission sustainable development'' pages international energy


agency ''world energy outlook summary conclusions'' oecd pages international energy agency ''renewables global energy supply iea facts sheet'' oecd pages international energy agency ''deploying renewables principles effective policies'' oecd pages international energy agency ''deploying renewables best future policy practice'' oecd international energy agency ''solar energy perspectives'' oecd lovins amory b ''reinventing fire bold business solutions new energy era'' chelsea green publishing pages makower joel ron pernick clint wilder ''clean energy trends '' clean edge national renewable energy laboratory


''non technical barriers solar energy use review recent literature'' technical report nrel tp september pages pernick ron wilder clint ''clean tech nation us lead new global economy'' harpercollins access date july access date july access date july access date july access date july access date july access date july access date july access date july access date july archive date june access date july access date july access date july external links https wwwlatimescom business la fi leckey story investing green technology big growth potential ''la times'' https webarchiveorg web http wwwieaorg textbase pm grindexaspx global renewable energy policies measures http wwwnewsweekcom id


missing market meltdown https webarchiveorg web http wwwblmgov wo st en prog energy renewable energy priority projectshtml bureau land management renewable energy priority projects energy policy renewable resources environmental social science


'''supranational law''' form international law based limitation rights sovereign nations one another distinguished public international law supranational law nations explicitly submit right make judicial decisions treaty set common tribunal united nations security council subordinate organizations international court justice globally accepted supranational tribunals american supranational law articles confederation formally articles confederation perpetual union first supranational agreement sovereign states unified common

Humanities
Law
Civil law
Supranational law


government later became united states america central government proved weak manage growing economy sovereign states incurred national debts independently managed national currencies without central coordination supranational government terminated sovereign states united unified sovereign nation state united states constitution european union supranational law european union law next example supranational legal framework eu sovereign nations pooled authority system courts political institutions ability enforce legal norms


member states citizens way public international law according european court justice ecj early case ''nw algemene transporten expeditie onderneming van gend en loos v nederlandse administratie der belastingen'' ecr often known ''van gend en loos'' constitutes new legal order international law blockquote community constitutes new legal order international law benefit states limited sovereign rights albeit within limited fields subjects comprise member states


also nationals independently legislation member states community law therefore imposes obligations individuals also intended confer upon rights become part legal heritage rights arise expressly granted treaty also reason obligations treaty imposes clearly defined way upon individuals well upon member states upon institutions community blockquote human rights eu enforced ecj based general principles eu law


ascertained ecj basis various sources including national constitutions traditions well european convention human rights echr charter fundamental rights european union status charter reinforced treaty lisbon entered force december though united kingdom poland czech republic negotiated protocol treaty purports limit impact charter states ref name craig et al ref footnotes external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwcomunidadandinaorg ingles sudamericanhtm south american community nations international law


'''anglican doctrine''' also called '''episcopal doctrine''' countries body christian teachings used guide religious moral practices anglicans approach doctrine anglicanism possess agreed upon confession faith presbyterian westminster confession claim founding theologian john calvin martin luther central authority roman catholic magisterium set parameters acceptable belief practice universally agreed upon foundations anglican doctrine three major creeds early ecumenical councils apostles' nicene

Humanities
Theology
Christian theology
Anglican theology


athanasian creeds principles enshrined chicago lambeth quadrilateral dispersed authority four instruments communion anglican communion additionally two parallel streams informing doctrinal development understanding anglicanism firstly appeal historical formularies prayer books ordinals standard divines prominent historical formularies thirty nine articles religion principally authored thomas cranmer divided four sections moving general fundamentals faith particular interpretation scripture structure authority church


relationship church society anglicans also take principle ''lex orandi lex credendi'' seriously regarding content form rubrics liturgy important element doctrinal understanding development interpretation secondly anglicans cite work standard divines foundational theologians anglicanism instructive divines include cranmer richard hooker lancelot andrewes john jewel second stream doctrine contained formally adopted doctrinal positions constitutions canon law various national churches provinces anglican communion usually formulated general synods national


regional churches interpreted enforced bishop council structure involving consultation bishops delegated lay clerical leadership although extent devolution authority bishops varies place place stream binding enforceable expression doctrine anglicanism sometimes result conflicting doctrinal understandings within national churches provinces interpretation doctrine foundations streams doctrine interpreted lenses various christian movements gained wide acceptance among clergy laity prominent among latter


part th century early st century liberal christianity anglo catholicism evangelicalism perspectives emphasise supplement particular aspects historical theological writings canon law formularies prayer books perspectives often conflict conflict formal doctrines differences help define parties factions within anglicanism however certain notable exceptions led schisms anglicans grown tradition tolerating internal differences tradition tolerance sometimes known comprehensiveness origins anglican doctrine emerged interweaving two


unbroken tradition canon law english reformation dispense previous doctrines church retained core catholic beliefs common reformed doctrine general trinity virginal conception mary nature jesus fully human divine resurrection jesus original sin excommunication affirmed thirty nine articles also retained historic catholic teachings protestants rejected three orders ministry apostolic succession bishops reason anglican doctrine often said tread middle path


''via media'' roman catholic protestant perspectives foundational elements scripture creeds ecumenical councils central anglican doctrine foundational documents christianity books old new testaments accepted books apocrypha recommended instructive article vi thirty nine articles declared establish doctrine article viii thirty nine articles declared three catholic creeds apostles' nicene athanasian proved certain warrants holy scripture included


first subsequent editions book common prayer anglican prayer books continue include apostles' nicene creed church england 's common worship new zealand prayer book omit athanasian creed include alternative affirmations liturgical diversity suggests principles enunciated apostles' nicene creeds remain doctrinally unimpeachable nonetheless metaphorical spiritualised interpretations creedal declarations instance virgin birth jesus resurrection commonplace anglicanism since integration biblical critical theory


theological discourse th century first four ecumenical councils nicea constantinople ephesus chalcedon special place anglican theology secondary scriptures authority usually considered pertain questions nature christ hypostasis divine human relationships persons holy trinity summarised chiefly creeds emerged councils nonetheless article xxi thirty nine articles limit authority ecumenical councils noting may err sometimes erred words authority


strictly derivative accountable scripture thirty nine articles thomas cranmer reformed doctrine theology developed distinctive english form bishops theologians led thomas cranmer matthew parker doctrine summarised thirty nine articles religion adopted parliament england church england early english reformers like contemporaries european continent john calvin john knox martin luther rejected many roman catholic teachings thirty nine articles list core reformed doctrines sufficiency holy scriptures


salvation execution jesus perfect redemption propitiation satisfaction sins whole world predestination election articles simple statements opposition roman catholic doctrine article xiv denies works supererogation article xv implicitly excludes immaculate conception xxii explicitly rejects concept purgatory catholic worship teaching time conducted latin articles required church services use vernacular articles reveal calvinist influence moderately double predestination rejected god willed


example contrast calvin articles explicitly reject lutheran doctrine sacramental union doctrine often confused medieval doctrine consubstantiation articles also endorse episcopal polity english monarch supreme governor church england replace bishop rome articles also read permitting acceptance five called non dominical sacraments private confession marriage ordination anointing sick confirmation legitimately sacramental addition baptism eucharist sacrifice masses rejected


doctrine eucharistic church 's sacrifice oblation god dating second century ad rejected holy communion referred sacrifice praise thanksgiving optional prayer oblation reception communion church england amended thirty nine articles however synodical legislators made changes canon law accommodate feel unable adhere strictly thirty nine articles legal form declaration assent required clergy appointment rigid amended


sermons appointed required read sunday holy day english straightforward exhortations read scripture daily lead life faith others rather lengthy scholarly treatises directed academic audiences theology church history fall christian empire heresies rome homilies noteworthy beautiful magisterial phrasing instances historical terms homily heavily annotated references scripture church fathers primary sources reading homilies church still directed article xxxv


thirty nine articles prayer books original book common prayer church england published recently approved successor issued edition national prayer books exception scotland 's used template anglican communion spread outside england foundational status edition led cited authority doctrine status reflects pervasive element anglican doctrinal development namely ''lex orandi lex credendi'' law prayer law


resolutions episcopal church united states significantly modified finalised lambeth conference bishops anglican communion primarily intended means pursuing ecumenical dialogue roman catholic church quadrilateral soon became sine qua non essential anglican identity standard divines mentioned anglicanism theologian comparable founding theologians eponymous schools like lutheranism calvinism thomism nonetheless writers whose works regarded standards faith doctrine definitive list


individuals implicitly recognised authoritative inclusion anglican liturgical calendars anthologies works anglican theology include early figures lancelot andrewes john cosin thomas cranmer richard hooker john jewel matthew parker jeremy taylor later figures joseph butler william law john wesley george whitefield th century produced several prominent anglican thinkers notably john keble frederick denison maurice john henry newman edward pusey john charles ryle recently charles gore michael ramsey william temple included among pantheon list gives


snapshot exhaustive doctrinal development given foundational elements anglican doctrine either binding subject local interpretation methodology tended assume place key importance hence much body doctrinal statements much process doctrinal development important anglican theological identity ''lex orandi lex credendi'' anglicanism traditionally expressed doctrinal convictions based prayer texts liturgy church words appeal typically made anglicans prescribe


common worship enunciated texts book common prayer national prayer books guide theology practice applying axiom doctrine three venues expression worship church selection arrangement composition prayers exhortations selection arrangement lectionary rubrics regulations liturgical action variations prayers exhortations principle ''lex orandi lex credendi'' functions according called three legged stool scripture tradition reason attributed richard hooker doctrinal stance intended


enable anglicanism construct theology pragmatic focused institution church yet engaged world short theology places high value traditions faith intellect faithful acknowledging primacy worshipping community articulating amending passing church 's beliefs anglican theology inclined towards comprehensive consensus concerning principles tradition relationship church society sense anglicans viewed theology strongly incarnational expressing conviction


god revealed physical temporal things everyday life attributes specific times places approach hazards however instance countervailing tendency text centric focus technical historical interpretative aspects prayer books relationship institution church rather relationship faith life second emphasis comprehensiveness often instead results compromise tolerance every viewpoint effect created anglicanism may appear stand nothing


everything unstable unsatisfactory middle ground staked theological disputes wage interminably finally ''lex orandi lex credendi'' helped solidify uniform anglican perspective prayer book successors predominated expatriate bishops united kingdom enforced conformity territories british empire long since ceased true liturgical reform post colonial reorganisation national churches led growing diversity common worship since middle th century process doctrinal development john henry newman principle ''lex orandi


lex credendi'' discloses larger theme approach anglicanism doctrine namely doctrine considered lived experience since living community comes understand character sense doctrine considered dynamic participatory enterprise rather static one inherent sense dynamism articulated john henry newman century half ago asked given passage time sure christianity today religion envisioned developed jesus christ apostles group note


indicated anglicans look teaching bible undivided church first five centuries sufficient criterion understanding doctrine expressed creeds yet criterion interpretation thus doctrinal development thoroughly contextual reason case chiefly due three factors differing theories interpretation scripture developed result symbolic nature language difficulty translating cultural temporal aspects particular perceptual lenses worn authors accumulation knowledge


subordination dominant anglican ethos consisting maintenance order consensus comprehensiveness contract preference pragmatism speculation words former experience flows latter method anglican doctrinal methodology means concurrence base structure shared identity agreement fundamentals faith articulated creeds existence protestant catholic elements creating ''via media'' well union opposites group note conviction development understanding truth expressed practical terms rather


theoretical ones short character anglicanism church contains many elements regarded mutually exclusive communions formal doctrine anglican churches countries generally inherited doctrinal apparatus church england consisting commonly adaptation thirty nine articles quadrilateral general principles earliest times adapted suit local needs constitutions canon law canon law churches anglican communion stem law patristic medieval western church


received along limiting conditions english reformation canon law touches several areas church life ecclesiology governance structure church institution liturgy relationships secular institutions doctrines implicitly explicitly touch matters laws varying degrees means enforcement variability jurisdiction nature canon law complicated status church england subordinate crown status affect jurisdictions outside england including scottish episcopal church church ireland


church wales complicated relationship autonomous churches communion since canon law one jurisdiction status another moreover mentioned international juridical system formulate enforce uniformity matter led conflict regarding certain issues see leading calls covenant specifying parameters anglican doctrinal development see anglican realignment discussion instruments unity mentioned anglican communion international juridical organisation


archbishop canterbury 's role strictly symbolic unifying communion 's three international bodies consultative collaborative resolutions legal effect independent provinces communion taken together however four function instruments unity since churches communion participate order antiquity archbishop canterbury spiritual head communion focus unity since church claims membership communion without communion lambeth conference consultation bishops


convened archbishop canterbury donald coggan forum leisurely thought prayer deep consultation since binding authority communion international bodies vehicle consultation persuasion recent years persuasion tipped debates conformity certain areas doctrine discipline worship ethics controversies historical background effect nationalising catholic faith england inevitably led conflict factions wishing remain obedient pope wishing radical reform holding middle ground range presbyterian


congregational baptist puritan views gained currency church england ireland wales late th early th centuries although pilgrim fathers felt compelled leave new england puritans gained increasing ecclesiastical political authority royalists advocated arminianism divine right kings conflict one ultimate causes english civil war church england assistance presbyterian church scotland theologians clergy set newly developed calvinist doctrines westminster confession never formally adopted


church law restoration act uniformity reinforced cranmer 's anglicanism wishing hold stricter views set westminster either emigrated covertly founded non conformist presbyterian congregational baptist churches home th century saw great awakening methodist schism identification evangelical party among many conservatives remained anglican churches schism methodists th century theological aspect particularly concerning methodist emphasis personal salvation faith alone although john wesley continued regard


early th century liberal catholicism charles gore william temple attempted fuse insights modern biblical criticism theology expressed creeds apostolic fathers following generations scholars gordon selwyn john robinson questioned hitherto sacrosanct status verities century progressed conflict sharpened chiefly finding expression application biblically derived doctrine social issues anglicans debated relationship doctrine social issues since origins focus chiefly church 's


proper relationship state later th early th centuries focus shifted slavery late th early th centuries anglicans fiercely debated use artificial contraception christian couples prohibited church teaching lambeth conference took lone stand among major christian denominations time permitted use circumstances see also christian views contraception th century also saw intense doctrinal debate among anglicans ordination women led schism well conversion


anglican clergy roman catholicism even today unanimity doctrine practice anglican communion relates women 's ordination finally ' ' anglican churches wrestled issue remarriage divorced persons prohibited dominical commandment presently unanimity doctrine practice current controversies peter akinola former archbishop anglican church nigeria principal figure debates homosexuality focus doctrinal debate issues social theology continued st century indeed


eclipse issues classical doctrine confessions faith exemplified relatively non controversial decisions communion provinces amend nicene creed dropping filioque clause supplementing historic creeds affirmations faith prominent doctrinal issue actively debated anglican synods convocations across world place gay lesbian people life church specifically respect sex unions ordination see homosexuality anglican communion consecration bishops extension sacraments


individuals based gender sexual orientation would ordinarily matters concern synods autonomous provinces communion insofar affect provinces association either physical association individuals sacraments extended oppose extension perceptual association anglicanism generally practices regardless issues incited debate parameters domestic autonomy doctrinal matters absence international consensus dioceses provinces moved others easily accept


conservative parishes within sought pastoral oversight bishops dioceses provinces contravention traditional anglican polity see anglican realignment developments led call covenant delimit power provinces act controversial issues independently others called renewed commitment comprehensiveness tolerance diverse practice see also anglican eucharistic theology history calvinist arminian debate anglican marian theology anglican sacraments chicago lambeth quadrilateral ritualist movement bangorian controversy nonjuring schism christian theological controversy contemporary anglican theologians anglo catholicism kenneth leech eric lionel mascall


graham leonard rowan williams evangelicalism george carey peter jensen j packer john stott n wright liberalism marcus borg david edward jenkins john shelby spong desmond tutu notes references bibliography reading originally published three separate volumes published one volume external links http wwwchurchsocietyorg issues new doctrine iss doctrine historyasp history thirty nine articles religion http wwwreligioustoleranceorg div epishtm liberal conservative divisions within episcopal church ontario consultants religious tolerance ba robinson updated liberal conservative divisions anglicanism


options offered within program curricula may overlap related fields number different titles bse related departments various universities professional societies commonly associated many biological engineering programs include american society agricultural biological engineers asabe institute biological engineering ibe generally encompasses bse program also participate biomedical engineering society bmes american institute chemical engineers aiche biological systems engineer background environmental engineers biologists thus bridging gap engineering

Applied science
Agriculture
Agricultural engineering
Biological systems engineering


non medical biological sciences although variable across academic institutions reason biological systems engineers becoming integral parts many environmental engineering firms federal agencies biotechnology industries biological systems engineer often address solution problem perspective employing living systems enact change example biological treatment methodologies applied provide access clean drinking water sequestration carbon dioxide specializations land water resources engineering food engineering bioprocess engineering machinery systems engineering natural resources environmental


university biosystems engineering http wwwclemsonedu ces eees undrgrad cornell university biological environmental engineering http beecornelledu beecornelledu dalhousie university department engineering agricultural campus https wwwdalca academics programs undergraduate engineering diplomahtml wwwdalca florida university biological systems engineering http wwwfamuedu cesta main indexcfm academic programs undergraduate programs biological agricultural systems engineering iowa state university agricultural biosystems engineering http wwwabeiastateedu wwwabeiastateedu kansas state university biological agricultural engineering https webarchiveorg web http wwwbaeksuedu home wwwbaeksuedu home louisiana state university biological agricultural engineering https webarchiveorg web http wwwbaelsuedu wwwbaelsuedu mcgill university department bioresource engineering https wwwmcgillca bioeng wwwmcgillca bioeng michigan state university biosystems


agricultural engineering http wwwegrmsuedu bae wwwegrmsuedu bae mississippi state university agricultural biological engineering http wwwabemsstateedu wwwabemsstateedu north carolina state university biological agricultural engineering http wwwbaencsuedu wwwbaencsuedu north carolina agricultural technical state university chemical biological bioengineering department https webarchiveorg web http wwwncatedu academics schools colleges coe cbbe indexhtml wwwncatedu north dakota state university agricultural biosystems engineering http wwwndsuedu aben wwwndsuedu aben ohio state university food agricultural biological engineering http fabeosuedu fabeosuedu oklahoma state university biosystems agricultural engineering http biosystemsokstateedu biosystemsokstateedu oregon state university biological


ecological engineering department http beeoregonstateedu beeoregonstateedu penn state university agricultural biosystems engineering http abepsuedu abepsuedu purdue university agricultural biological engineering http wwwpurdueedu abe wwwpurdueedu abe south dakota state university agricultural biosystems engineering http wwwsdstateedu abe wwwsdstateedu abe texas university biological agricultural engineering http baentamuedu baentamuedu university arizona agricultural biosystems engineering http calsarizonaedu abe calsarizonaedu abe university arkansas biological agricultural engineering http wwwbaeguarkedu wwwbaeguarkedu university california davis biological agricultural engineering http baeengineeringucdavisedu baeengineeringucdavisedu


university california san diego bioengineering biosystems http beucsdedu biosystems beucsdedu biosystems university florida agricultural biological engineering http wwwabeufledu wwwabeufledu university georgia agricultural engineering biological engineering http wwwengrugaedu wwwengrugaedu university idaho biological agricultural engineering http uidahoedu uidahoedu university illinois agricultural biological engineering http abeillinoisedu abeillinoisedu university kentucky biosystems agricultural engineering https webarchiveorg web http jokkobaeukyedu baehomeasp jokkobaeukyedu baehomeasp university nebraska lincoln biological systems engineering http bseunledu bseunledu university manitoba biosystems engineering


http umanitobaca faculties engineering departments biosystems indexhtml http umanitobaca university minnesota bioproducts biosystems engineering http wwwbbeumnedu wwwbbeumnedu university missouri biological engineering http bioengineeringmissouriedu bioengineeringmissouriedu university saskatchewan biosystems engineering soil science https webarchiveorg web http wwwengrusaskca departments chebio indexphp wwwengrusaskca university tennessee biosystems engineering soil science http bioengragutkedu bioengragutkedu university wisconsin biological systems engineering http bsewiscedu bsewiscedu utah state university biological engineering http beusuedu beusuedu virginia polytechnic university biological systems engineering http wwwbsevtedu wwwbsevtedu washington state university biological systems engineering https bsysewsuedu bsysewsuedu


institute bioprocess biosystems engineering http wwwtuhhde ibb wwwtuhhde ''asia'' class wikitable sortable institution department web site china agricultural university agricultural engineering https webarchiveorg web http englishcaueducn col col indexhtml englishcaueducn col col indexhtml northwest agriculture forestry university china agricultural soil water engineering https webarchiveorg web http ennwsuafeducn academics disciplines htm ennwsuafeducn shanghai jiaotong university china biological engineering food science engineering http ensjtueducn academics undergraduate programs ensjtueducn academics undergraduate programs xi jiaotong university china energy power engineering https webarchiveorg web http ndxjtueducn web englishhtm ndxjtueducn web englishhtm yunnan agricultural university china agricultural water soil engineering http wwwat com yunnau courseviewaspxpid wwwat com yunnau zhejiang university china


biosystems engineering food science https webarchiveorg web http wwwcaefszjueducn en indexasp wwwcaefszjueducn en indexasp see also related engineering fields agricultural engineering aquaculture engineering biological engineering biosystems engineering civil engineering chemical engineering ecological engineering environmental engineering food engineering mechanical engineering systems engineering closely related sciences biology biochemistry microbiology chemistry ecology hydrology physics soil science references reading dennis r heldman ed ''encyclopedia agricultural food biological engineering'' teruyuki nagamune tai hyun park mark r marten ed ''biological systems engineering'' washington dc american chemical society pages paige brown jarreau ''what biological engineering'' http wwwscilogscom lab bench biological engineering ibe


external links http beucsdedu uc san diego department bioengineering ucsd part university california san diego biological engineering biological systems systems biology systems engineering


map pakistan '''pakistan studies curriculum''' urdu '''' name ref name daily times pakistan editorial good news curriculum ref name daily times pakistan school curriculum enlightened two nation theory explained muslim deprivation religion led independence curriculum academic research study encompasses culture demographics geography history politics pakistan subject widely researched outside country though outside pakistan typically part broader south asian studies wider field several universities pakistan departments research centers dedicated subject

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Pakistan studies


whereas many independent research institutes carry multidisciplinary research pakistan studies also number international organizations engaged collaborative teaching research exchange activities subject international organizations second largest south asian country one major actors politics muslim world pakistan focus multidisciplinary studies various universities united states united kingdom research groups busy academic research related activities pakistan studies one example american institute pakistan studies aips


university wisconsin madison established since affiliate association asian studies institute regularly holds events seminars public lectures conferences various topics related pakistan studies also offers annual international fellowships research materials relating history culture pakistan april aips organized international workshop salt range culture zone pakistan university pennsylvania university wisconsin madison event provided international audience opportunity understand archaeological architectural heritage country another academic


launched specific projects diverse understanding subject actions local governance civil society human rights healthcare well political economic judicial foreign relations curriculum pakistan studies one heritage subjects level igcse qualifications governed cambridge international examinations syllabus covers pakistan 's history cultural heritage national identity geography economy environment well challenges opportunities faced country pakistan pakistan subject one three compulsory courses along urdu english language courses


secondary school higher secondary school levels education also taught degree course social science departments many universities also university departments dedicated education research pakistan studies many departments provide degree programmes depth studies well research facilities mphil phd scholars courses broadly range history politics linguistics country 's geography economics foreign affairs religion studies social relations literature focused attention subject higher education


levels means wider scope research thus making subject increasingly interdisciplinary one curriculum issues variable political history pakistan shows country ruled alternately civilian military leaderships lack political succession effects way history depicted curricula pakistan studies increasingly portrayed rubina saigol termed 'glorification military' however occasional attempts alter historical texts escape criticisms academics scholars pakistan abroad historian ayesha jalal


article also raised concerns trends official historiography pakistan 's history textbooks yvette rosser article based phd thesis regards curriculum composite patriotic discourses identifies significant defects inherent contradictions inaccurate information within educational syllabus general pakistan studies textbooks particular sustainable development policy institute pakistan published report emerged survey text books urdu english social studies civics subjects taught secondary higher secondary school levels ref name sdpi nayyar ah salim eds http wwwsdpiorg whats new reporton state curr textbookspdf


subtle subversion report curricula textbooks pakistan report project ''a civil society initiative curricula textbooks reform'' sustainable development policy institute islamabad ref survey identified inaccuracies fact omissions appeared distort significance actual events country 's history prominent issues included lack understanding towards civil society religious diversity gender relations report recommended major structural reforms establishment national education advisory board centralise curriculum development carry regular revisions international perception


subject burzine waghmar school oriental african studies argues pakistan studies increasingly perceived sonorous sessions weapons control civil unrest bonded labour gender inequality like ref name waghmar waghmar b '' http wwwdawncom weekly books archive books htm pakistan studies state craft '' dawn february p retrieved june ref issues considered among major hurdles wider international interest subject waghmar concludes pakistan india among oriental societies plagued visceral nationalism post imperial neurosis state sanctioned dogmas suppress eclectic historical readings ref name waghmar according


sustainable development policy institute report 'associated insistence ideology pakistan essential component hate india hindus upholders ideology pakistan existence pakistan defined relation hindus hence hindus painted negatively possible' ref name sdpi report national commission justice peace non profit organization pakistan found pakistan studies textbooks pakistan used articulate hatred pakistani policy makers attempted inculcate towards


jihad still part lesson plan muslim nation 's public school texts still promote hatred jihad reformers say http articleslatimescom aug world fg schools pakistan 's public schools jihad still part lesson plan muslim nation 's public school texts still promote hatred jihad reformers say paul watson times staff writer august los angeles times page article online retrieved january ref ref name outlook india magazine report primers hate history biology pakistani students get anti india lessons textbooks 'hindu enemy islam' extracts government sponsored textbooks approved national


curriculum wing federal ministry education https webarchiveorg web http wwwoutlookindiacom fullprintaspchoice fodname fname pakistan f sid primers hate history biology pakistani students get anti india lessons textbooks 'hindu enemy islam' extracts government sponsored textbooks approved national curriculum wing federal ministry education amir mir oct outlook india magazine retrieved january ref editorial pakistan 's oldest newspaper dawn commenting report guardian pakistani textbooks noted 'by propagating concepts jihad inferiority non muslims india 's ingrained enmity pakistan etc textbook board publications used


government schools promote mindset bigoted obscurantist since children studying schools madrassahs damage done greater ' ref name dawn school texts spreading extremism seminaries http wwwdawncom wps wcm connect dawn content library dawn newspaper national school texts spreading extremism seminaries school texts spreading extremism seminaries special correspondent tuesday may dawn newspaper retrieved january ref according historian professor mubarak ali textbook reform pakistan began introduction pakistan studies islamic studies zulfiqar ali bhutto national curriculum compulsory subject former military dictator gen zia ul haq


grade follow curriculum includes learning outcomes federally approved grade social studies class 'acknowledge identify forces may working pakistan' 'make speeches jihad' 'collect pictures policemen soldiers national guards' 'india 's evil designs pakistan' however according rasul baksh rais political scientist yet see proof anti india anti hindu bias referring ncert 's extensive review textbooks india verghese considered erosion plural democratic values textbooks india distortion history


pakistan imply need coordination bangladeshi indian pakistani historians produce composite history south asia common reader however international scholars also warn attempt educational reforms international pressure market demands overlook specific expectations people local levels curriculum reforms following extensive media debate academic reiteration need update curriculum levels education government pakistan carried measures improve national curriculum pakistan studies ref name daily times pakistan


editorial good news curriculum ref name daily times pakistan school curriculum enlightened two nation theory explained muslim deprivation religion led independence irfan ghauri http wwwdailytimescompk defaultasppage story pg school curriculum enlightened two nation theory explained muslim deprivation religion led independence new pak studies syllabus eliminates prejudice non muslims includes concept enlightened moderation economic privatisation policies october coup daily times new voice new pakistan december retrieved january ref actions based earlier studies recommendations former university grants commission later


higher education commission pakistan hec new curriculum secondary higher school certificates implemented include political history pre independence modern times international relations evolution country 's economy demographics diversity regional cultures languages status religious groups specific reference muhammad ali jinnah views expressed speech august ref name daily times pakistan school curriculum enlightened two nation theory explained muslim deprivation religion led independence also eliminates prejudice non muslims efforts made exclude


material promotes prejudice non muslims pre independence india ref name daily times pakistan editorial good news curriculum editorial http wwwdailytimescompk defaultasppage story pg good news curriculum daily times pakistan new voice new pakistan december retrieved january ref ref name daily times pakistan school curriculum enlightened two nation theory explained muslim deprivation religion led independence subsequently need also realised standardise subject framework across university degrees result curriculum division hec revised syllabus degrees bachelor science master


science pakistan studies new higher education course outline goes beyond literature politics history culture addresses contemporary challenges urbanisation foreign policy environment recommendations also imply needs training teachers improve communication skills accordance new structures see also list books pakistan sindhology pakistani textbooks controversy references reading http wwwdailytimescompk defaultasppage story pg editorial good news curriculum daily times pakistan new voice new pakistan december irfan ghauri http wwwdailytimescompk defaultasppage story pg school curriculum enlightened two nation theory explained muslim deprivation religion led


development policy institute sdpi islamabad pakistan http wwwsdpiorg archive nayyar reporthtm also see reactions report posted sdpi https archivetoday http wwwsdpiorg help research news bulletin nbjanfeb articles text text onlyhtm h nayyar madrassa education frozen time education state fifty years pakistan pervez hoodbhoy ed oxford university press h nayyar ''twisted truth press politicians make gains sdpi curriculum report'' sdpi research news bulletin vol january february khurshid hasanain h nayyar conflict violence educational process making enemies creating conflict pakistan 's crisis state society zia mian ed mashal books k k


aziz murder history pakistan critique history textbooks used pakistan vanguard books pvt ltd lahore editor najam sethi pervez hoodbhoy h nayyar rewriting history pakistan islam politics state pakistan experience asghar khan ed zed books ''pervez hoodbhoy teaching pakistani schools today'' international movement world https webarchiveorg web http wwwpakistan factscom articlephpstory yvette rosser ''islamization pakistani social studies textbooks'' rupa new delhi masood ashraf raja ''constructing pakistan foundational texts rise muslim national identity'' oxford https wwwdawncom news


blatant lie taught pakistan textbooks herald exclusive aug ''dawn'' external links http hecgovpk aeca curriculum revisionhtml curriculum revision higher education commission pakistan education pakistan indology


peruvian army military exercise kicks exercise valiant shield largest war games us navy since vietnam war '''military exercise''' '''war game''' employment military resources training military operations either exploring effects warfare testing strategies without actual combat also serves purpose ensuring combat readiness garrisoned deployable forces prior deployment home base war games involving two countries allows better coordination militaries observation enemy 's tactics visible show strength

Applied science
Military sciences
Organization
Military exercises


participating countries according study joint military exercises within well defined alliances usually deter adversaries without producing moral hazard narrow scope alliance joint military exercises outside alliance extremely rare usually lead conflict escalation exercises th st centuries often identified unique codename cobra gold manner military contingency operations combat operations like operation phantom fury types soldiers britain 's royal artillery train virtual world military exercise ystad sweden command post


case naval forces fleet exercises fleetex field exercise fleet exercise two sides simulated battle typically called red simulating enemy forces blue avoid naming particular adversary naming convention originates inventors table top war game kriegsspiel prussian georg von reisswitz army wore prussian blue friendly forces depicted color blue multiple forces several different armed forces nation training together described '''joint exercise''' involving forces multiple nations described


'''combined exercise''' '''coalition exercise''' also called '''bilateral exercise''' based security agreements two nations '''multilateral exercise''' multiple nations simulation types exercise include tewt tactical exercise without troops also known sand table map cloth model exercise type exercise recent years assisted computer simulation allows commanders manipulate models possible scenarios military planning also called warfare simulation instances virtual battlefield past described wargames examples modern military wargames include


darwars serious game developed since us darpa agency bbn technologies defense contractor involved development packet switching used arpanet developed first computer modem military 's operations training included different scenarios soldier might encounter morals different ethics one military operation soldiers frequently asked engage combat humanitarian stabilization roles increase ambiguity role one may encounter challenge ethics also lead military personnel make difficult call


challenging circumstances even difficult situations conditions military personnel still follow rules regulations right thing immediately clear two important principles values support different actions harm result regardless actions taken defense ethics program department national defense simulations involve crude living conditions sleep deprivations time limit either lack ambiguous amount information subset simulated exercises table top exercise ttx typically limited senior personnel stepping


decision making processes would employ crisis contingency general warfare nato exercise codenamed certain sentinel nuremberg germany january reforger nurnberg west germany history us navy aircraft carrier royal navy aircraft carrier carrying military exercises emperor wilhelm ii second left us army europe soldiers winter maneuvers germany operation warsteed modern use military exercises grew military need study warfare 'reenact' old battles learning purposes age ''kabinettskriege'' cabinet wars frederick


great king prussia put together armies well oiled clockwork mechanism whose components robot like warriors individual initiative allowed frederick 's soldiers role cooperate creation walls projectiles synchronized firepower pursuit effective army practices made easier look war top perspective disciplined troops respond predictably allowing study confined maneuvers command german army soldiers exercise joint resolve bosnia reforger return forces


germany january reforger return forces germany january stunning prussian victory second french empire franco prussian war sometimes partly credited training prussian officers game kriegspiel invented around gained popularity many officers prussian army first wargames played dice represented friction intrusion less ideal circumstances real war including morale meteorology fog war etc st century militaries still use wargames simulate future wars model reaction


according manuel de landa world war ii command control communications c sup sup transferred military staff rand corporation first think tank von neumann employed rand corporation game theory used wargames model nuclear dissuasion cold war thus us nuclear strategy defined using wargames sam representing us ivan soviet union early game theory included zero sum games means one player automatically lost prisoner 's dilemma models situation two prisoners


one given choice betray gave three alternatives game neither prisoners betrays given short term sentences one prisoner betrays freed gets long sentence prisoners betray given mid sized sentences modelization gave basis massive retaliation nuclear doctrine zero sum fallacy cooperative games would theorized later evolution nuclear technology missiles made massive retaliation nuclear strategy obsolete list military exercises current recurring


green dagger us uk netherlands uae canada balikatan philippines us croix du sud france australia new zealand us others malabar india us talisman saber australia us varuna india france former significant able archer nato exercise reforger operation brasstacks india millenium challenge fleet problem see also aggressor squadron maneuver warfare flanking maneuver live fire exercise pincer movement simulation references external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwcooperativeresearchorg timelinejsptimeline complete timeline f militaryexercises complete timeline center cooperative research military exercises


whereas pharmacodynamics pd study drug affects organism together influence dosing benefit adverse effects seen pk pd models ref align right width overview pharmacokinetics describes body affects specific xenobiotic chemical administration mechanisms absorption distribution well metabolic changes substance body eg metabolic enzymes cytochrome p glucuronosyltransferase enzymes effects routes excretion metabolites drug pharmacokinetic properties chemicals affected route

Applied science
Medicine and health
Pharmaceutical sciences
Pharmacokinetics


administration dose administered drug may affect absorption rate topics pharmacokinetics models developed simplify conceptualization many processes take place interaction organism chemical substance one multi compartmental model commonly used approximations reality however complexity involved adding parameters modelling approach means ''monocompartmental models'' ''two compartmental models'' frequently used various compartments model divided commonly referred adme scheme also referred


ladme liberation included separate step absorption ''' u l u '''iberation process release drug pharmaceutical formulation ref name kochritschel ref ref name pmid ref see also ivivc ''' u u '''bsorption process substance entering blood circulation ''' u u '''istribution dispersion dissemination substances throughout fluids tissues body ''' u u '''etabolism biotransformation inactivation recognition organism foreign substance present irreversible transformation parent compounds daughter metabolites ''' u e u '''xcretion removal substances body rare cases drugs


inactivate drug concepts represented mathematical formulas corresponding graphical representation use models allows understanding characteristics molecule well particular drug behave given information regarding basic characteristics acid dissociation constant pka bioavailability solubility absorption capacity distribution organism model outputs drug used industry example calculating bioequivalence designing generic drugs clinical application pharmacokinetic concepts clinical pharmacokinetics provides many performance


guidelines effective efficient use drugs human health professionals veterinary medicine metrics following commonly measured pharmacokinetic metrics ref name urlwwwagahinfo ref units dose table expressed moles mol molar express metrics table units mass instead amount substance simply replace 'mol' 'g' 'm' 'g dm ' similarly units table may expressed units equivalent dimension scaling pharmacokinetics ' 'steady state'' refers situation overall intake


drug fairly dynamic equilibrium elimination practice generally considered steady state reached time times half life drug regular dosing started pharmacokinetic models time course drug plasma concentrations hours following oral administrations every hours note steady state linear pharmacokinetics auc auc steady state reached hours graph depicts typical time course drug plasma concentration illustrates main pharmacokinetic metrics pharmacokinetic modelling performed


noncompartmental compartmental methods noncompartmental methods estimate exposure drug estimating area curve concentration time graph compartmental methods estimate concentration time graph using kinetic models noncompartmental methods often versatile assume specific compartmental model produce accurate results also acceptable bioequivalence studies final outcome transformations drug undergoes organism rules determine fate depend number interrelated factors number functional models developed order simplify study


pharmacokinetics models based consideration organism number related compartments simplest idea think organism one homogenous compartment ''monocompartmental model'' presupposes blood plasma concentrations drug true reflection drug 's concentration fluids tissues elimination drug directly proportional drug 's concentration organism first order kinetics however models always truly reflect real situation within organism example body tissues blood


supply distribution drug slower tissues others better blood supply addition tissues brain tissue present real barrier distribution drugs breached greater lesser ease depending drug 's characteristics relative conditions different tissue types considered along rate elimination organism considered acting like two compartments one call ''central compartment'' rapid distribution comprising organs


systems well developed blood supply ''peripheral compartment'' made organs lower blood flow tissues brain occupy variable position depending drug 's ability cross barrier separates organ blood supply ''two compartment model'' vary depending compartment elimination occurs common situation elimination occurs central compartment liver kidneys organs good blood supply however situations may elimination occurs peripheral compartment


even mean three possible variations two compartment model still cover possibilities ref name reverte milo gibaldi donald perrier ''farmacocin tica''revert pages ref model may applicable situations enzymes responsible metabolizing drug become saturated active elimination mechanism present independent drug 's plasma concentration real world tissue distribution characteristics none strictly linear label drug 's volume distribution within


organism '''vd sub f sub ''' volume distribution tissue '''vd sub sub ''' former described equation takes account tissues act different ways math vd f vd vd vd cdots vd tn math represents ''multi compartment model'' number curves express complicated equations order obtain overall curve number computer programs developed plot equations ref name reverte however complicated precise model may still truly represent reality despite effort involved


predict concentration time curve pk compartmental models often similar kinetic models used scientific disciplines chemical kinetics thermodynamics advantage compartmental noncompartmental analyses ability predict concentration time disadvantage difficulty developing validating proper model compartment free modelling based curve stripping suffer limitation simplest pk compartmental model one compartmental pk model iv bolus administration first order elimination complex pk models called pbpk models rely use physiological information ease development


validation single compartment model ''linear pharmacokinetics'' called graph relationship various factors involved dose blood plasma concentrations elimination etc gives straight line approximation one drugs effective need able move rapidly blood plasma body fluids tissues change concentration time expressed math c c text initial times e k text el times math multi compartmental models graphs absorption elimination non linear pharmacokinetic model graph non linear relationship various factors represented


curve relationships factors found calculating dimensions different areas curve models used ''non linear pharmacokinetics'' largely based michaelis menten kinetics reaction 's factors non linearity include following multiphasic absorption drugs injected intravenously removed plasma two primary mechanisms distribution body tissues metabolism excretion drugs resulting decrease drug 's plasma concentration follows biphasic pattern see figure plasma drug concentration vs time iv dose alpha phase initial phase rapid decrease plasma


concentration decrease primarily attributed drug distribution central compartment circulation peripheral compartments body tissues phase ends pseudo equilibrium drug concentration established central peripheral compartments beta phase phase gradual decrease plasma concentration alpha phase decrease primarily attributed drug elimination metabolism excretion additional phases gamma delta etc sometimes seen ref name isbn ref drug 's characteristics make clear distinction tissues high low blood flow enzymatic saturation dose drug whose elimination depends


biotransformation increased certain threshold enzymes responsible metabolism become saturated drug 's plasma concentration increase disproportionately elimination longer constant induction enzymatic inhibition drugs capacity inhibit stimulate metabolism negative positive feedback reactions occurs fluvoxamine fluoxetine phenytoin larger doses pharmaceuticals administered plasma concentrations unmetabolized drug increases elimination half life increases therefore necessary adjust dose treatment parameters high dosage required


kidneys also establish active elimination mechanisms drugs independent plasma concentrations therefore seen non linearity occur reasons affect entire pharmacokinetic sequence absorption distribution metabolism elimination bioavailability different forms tablets different pharmacokinetic behaviours administration practical level drug 's bioavailability defined proportion drug reaches site action perspective intravenous administration drug provides greatest possible bioavailability method considered yield bioavailability


bioavailability delivery methods compared intravenous injection absolute bioavailability standard value related delivery methods particular study relative bioavailability math b frac abc p cdot iv abc iv cdot p math math mathit b r frac abc cdot text dose b abc b cdot text dose math drug 's bioavailability established possible calculate changes need made dosage order reach required blood plasma levels bioavailability therefore mathematical factor individual drug influences administered dose possible calculate


amount drug blood plasma real potential bring effect using formula math de b cdot da math ''de'' effective dose ''b'' bioavailability ''da'' administered dose therefore drug bioavailability administered dose nbsp mg equation demonstrate following ''de'' mg mg nbsp mg administered represents blood plasma concentration nbsp mg capacity pharmaceutical effect concept depends


series factors inherent drug ref name winter michael e winter mary anne koda kimple lloyd young emilio pol yanguas ''farmacocin tica cl nica b sica'' ediciones az de santos pgs spanish ref pharmaceutical form chemical form route administration stability metabolism concepts discussed detail respective titled articles mathematically quantified integrated obtain overall mathematical equation math de q cdot da cdot b math '''q''' drug 's purity ref name winter math va frac da cdot b cdot q tau math math va math drug 's rate


administration math tau math rate absorbed drug reaches circulatory system finally using henderson hasselbalch equation knowing drug 's math pka math ph equilibrium ionized non ionized molecules possible calculate non ionized concentration drug therefore concentration subject absorption math mathrm ph mathrm pka log frac b math two drugs bioavailability said biological equivalents bioequivalents concept bioequivalence important currently used


necessary construct concentration time profile chemical techniques employed measure concentration drugs biological matrix often plasma proper bioanalytical methods selective sensitive example microscale thermophoresis used quantify biological matrix liquid affects affinity drug target ref name baaske ref ref name wienken ref mass spectrometry pharmacokinetics often studied using mass spectrometry complex nature matrix often plasma urine need high sensitivity observe concentrations low dose long time period common instrumentation used


application lc ms triple quadrupole mass spectrometer tandem mass spectrometry usually employed added specificity standard curves internal standards used quantitation usually single pharmaceutical samples samples represent different time points pharmaceutical administered metabolized cleared body blank samples taken administration important determining background ensuring data integrity complex sample matrices much attention paid linearity standard curve however common use curve fitting complex functions


name pmid ref certain patient demographic pathophysiological therapeutical features body weight excretory metabolic functions presence therapies regularly alter dose concentration relationships explain variability exposures example steady state concentrations drugs eliminated mostly kidney usually greater patients suffering kidney failure patients normal kidney function receiving drug dosage population pharmacokinetics seeks identify measurable pathophysiologic factors explain sources variability cause changes dose concentration relationship extent changes changes