ensuring cultural industries eg filmmaking tv production representative country 's diverse cultural heritage ethnic linguistic demographics cultural policy done nation state level sub national level eg us states canadian provinces regional level municipal level eg city government creating museum arts centre examples cultural policy making nation state level could include anything funding music education theatre programs little cost hosting corporate sponsored art exhibitions government museum establishing legal codes

Applied science
Public administration
Cultural policy


million per year three top orchestras country determined panel independent professional music critics conductors music professors decision would strongly support goal enhancing excellence funding would go top musical groups however approach would enable citizens three cities access professional orchestras hand government focusing broadening access symphony concerts might direct independent panel pick orchestras country stipulation one orchestra per city selected


many departments cultural policy studies around world document gives overview cultural policies worldwide https enunescoorg creativity global report global report convention protection promotion diversity cultural expressions read global report shaping cultural policies see also arts council cultural institutions studies cultural engineering cultural subsidy cultural diplomacy social policy references bibliography madden c 'the independence government arts funding review' ''d'art topics arts policy'' international federation arts councils culture agencies sydney http wwwifaccaorg themes wwwifaccaorg themes marcello sorce keller


music ideological totalitarian states take seriously personal view history social sciences journal musicological research xxvi pp nbsp marja heimonen david g hebert http www usrrideredu evrme v n visions pluralism minority rights music educationheimonen hebertpdfpdf pluralism minority rights music education implications legal social philosophical dimensions visions research music education vol mario d'angelo paul vesperini ''cultural policies europe'' series four volumes ''a comparative approach'' ''regions decentralization'' ''method practice evaluation'' ''local issues'' council europe publishing strasbourg philippe poirrier ed


later empirical works focused biological causation diversity life aristotle 's successor lyceum theophrastus wrote series books botany survived important contribution antiquity plant sciences even middle ages ref name eb ref scholars medieval islamic world wrote biology included al jahiz al nawar wrote botany ref name fahd ref rhazes wrote anatomy physiology medicine especially well studied islamic scholars working greek philosopher traditions natural history drew heavily aristotelian thought especially upholding


fixed hierarchy life biology began quickly develop grow anton van leeuwenhoek 's dramatic improvement microscope scholars discovered spermatozoa bacteria infusoria diversity microscopic life investigations jan swammerdam led new interest entomology helped develop basic techniques microscopic dissection staining advances microscopy also profound impact biological thinking early th century number biologists pointed central importance cell schleiden schwann began promoting universal ideas


era molecular genetics onwards biology vastly extended molecular domain genetic code cracked har gobind khorana robert w holley marshall warren nirenberg dna understood contain codons finally human genome project launched goal mapping general human genome project essentially completed analysis still published human genome project first step globalized effort incorporate accumulated knowledge biology functional molecular definition human body


molecules ref name freeman b water denser liquid solid ice ref name freeman b unique property water allows ice float liquid water ponds lakes oceans thereby insulating liquid cold air ref name freeman b lower density ice compared liquid water due lower number water molecules form crystal lattice structure ice leaves large amount space water molecules ref name freeman b contrast crystal lattice structure


name urry ref carbon six electrons two located first shell leaving four electrons valence shell thus carbon form covalent bonds four atoms making versatile atom earth able form diverse large complex molecules ref name freeman b ref name urry example single carbon atom form four single covalent bonds methane two double covalent bonds carbon dioxide triple covalent bond carbon monoxide co moreover carbon


urry e nucleotides consist phosphate group five carbon sugar nitrogenous base ribonucleotides contain ribose sugar monomers ribonucleic acid rna contrast deoxyribonucleotides contain deoxyribose sugar constitute monomers deoxyribonucleic acid dna rna dna also differ respect one bases ref name freeman two types bases purines pyrimidines ref name freeman purines include guanine g adenine whereas pyrimidines consist cytosine uracil u thymine uracil used rna whereas thymine


fermentation called lactic acid fermentation strenuous exercise energy demands exceed energy supply respiratory chain cannot process hydrogen atoms joined nadh anaerobic glycolysis nad sup sup regenerates pairs hydrogen combine pyruvate form lactate lactate formation catalyzed lactate dehydrogenase reversible reaction lactate also used indirect precursor liver glycogen recovery oxygen becomes available nad sup sup attaches hydrogen lactate form atp yeast waste products ethanol carbon dioxide type fermentation known alcoholic


structure consisting dna histones set chromosomes cell hereditary information found mitochondria chloroplasts locations collectively known cell 's genome eukaryotes genomic dna localized cell nucleus small amounts mitochondria chloroplasts ref name russell ref prokaryotes dna held within irregularly shaped body cytoplasm called nucleoid genetic information genome held within genes complete assemblage information organism called genotype genes encode information needed


alternating sugar phosphate backbone sequence four bases along backbone encodes genetic information bases two polynucleotide strands bound together hydrogen bonds according base pairing rules c g make double stranded dna bases divided two groups pyrimidines purines dna pyrimidines thymine cytosine whereas purines adenine guanine grooves run along entire length double helix due uneven spacing dna strands relative ref name hillisetal


replication errors corrected proofreading induced environmental mutagen chemical eg nitrous acid benzopyrene radiation eg x ray gamma ray ultraviolet radiation particles emitted unstable isotopes ref name hillisetal mutations appear change single base larger scale involving chromosomal mutations deletions inversions translocations ref name hillisetal multicellular organisms mutations occur somatic germline cells ref name hillisetal somatic cells mutations passed daughter cells mitosis ref name hillisetal germline cell sperm egg


eukaryotic cells diverse tend contain core sequence rna polymerase bind common sequence tata box contains multiple repeating bases ref name hillisetal k specifically rna polymerase ii rna polymerase binds promoter initiate transcription protein coding genes eukaryotes presence multiple general transcription factors distinct transcription factors regulatory effects ie activators repressors ref name hillisetal k eukaryotic cells dna sequences bind activators called enhances whereas sequences


cells ref name hillisetal k post transcriptional control mrna involve alternative splicing primary mrna transcripts resulting single gene giving rise different mature mrnas encode family different proteins ref name hillisetal k ref name freeman ref well studied example ''sxl'' gene ''drosophila'' determines sex animals gene contains four exons alternative splicing pre mrna transcript generate two active forms sxl protein female flies one inactive form protein males ref name hillisetal k another example human immunodeficiency virus hiv


recombinant dna part another dna sequence called vector integrates host chromosome origin dna replication thereby allowing replicate independently host chromosome ref name hillisetal plasmids bacterial cells ''e coli'' typically used vectors due relatively small size eg base pairs ''e coli'' presence restriction enzymes genes resistant antibiotics presence origin replication ref name hillisetal gene coding selectable marker antibiotic resistance also incorporated vector ref name hillisetal inclusion


market allows selection host cells contained recombinant dna discarding ref name hillisetal moreover marker also serves reporter gene expressed easily detected measured ref name hillisetal recombinant dna inside individual bacterial cells cells plated allowed grow colony contains millions transgenic cells carry recombinant dna ref name griffithsetal j ref transgenic cells produce large quantities transgene product human insulin first medicine made


genes development evolution display authors etal ref development process multicellular organism plant animal goes series changes starting single cell taking various forms characteristic life cycle ref name hillisetal n ref four key processes underlie development determination differentiation morphogenesis growth determination sets developmental fate cell becomes restrictive development differentiation process specialized cells less specialized cells stem cells stem cells undifferentiated partially differentiated cells differentiate various types


function derived common ancestor described analogous features phylogenies reconstructed group organisms primary interests called ingroup species group closely related ingroup phylogenetically outside called outgroup serves reference point tree root tree located ingroup outgroup ref name hillisetal p phylogenetic trees reconstructed multiple trees different evolutionary histories generated based principle parsimony occam 's razor tree


type cell constitute large domain prokaryotic microorganisms typically micrometers length bacteria number shapes ranging spheres rods spirals bacteria among first life forms appear earth present habitats bacteria inhabit soil water acidic hot springs radioactive waste deep biosphere earth 's crust bacteria also live symbiotic parasitic relationships plants animals bacteria characterised percent bacterial phyla species grown


mitochondria ref name hillisetal excavates comprise several groups diplomonads parabasalids heteroloboseans euglenids kinetoplastids ref name hillisetal stramenopiles characterized presence tubular hairs longer two flagella include diatoms brown algae ref name hillisetal diatoms primary producers contribute one fifth photosynthetic carbon fixation making major component phytoplankton ref name hillisetal rhizarians mostly unicellular aquatic protists typically contain long thin pseudopods ref name hillisetal rhizarians comprise three main groups cercozoans foraminiferans radiolarians ref name hillisetal amoebozoans protists body form characterized presence


weights basal metabolic rate per unit weight mice greater rabbits ref name hillisetal ac physical activity also increase animal 's metabolic rate animal runs metabolic rate increases linearly speed ref name hillisetal ac however relationship non linear animals swim fly fish swims faster encounters greater water resistance metabolic rates increases exponential ref name hillisetal ac alternatively relationship flight speeds metabolic rates u shaped birds ref name hillisetal ac low flight speeds bird must maintain high metabolic rates remain airborne


reciprocally coelomic fluid serves hydroskeleton maintaining turgidity earthworm ref name gardner ref animals mollusks nematodes possess obliquely striated muscles contain bands thick thin filaments arranged helically rather transversely like vertebrate skeletal cardiac muscles ref name alexander ref advanced insects wasps flies bees beetles possess asynchronous muscles constitute flight muscles animals ref name alexander flight muscles often called ''fibrillar muscles'' contain myofibrils thick conspicuous nervous system mouse pyramidal neurons green


neighboring cell electrical synapses cause chemicals called neurotransmitters released chemical synapses according sodium theory action potentials generated increased permeability neuron 's cell membrane sodium ions ref name aidley e ref cells neurons muscle cells may excited inhibited upon receiving signal another neuron connections neurons form neural pathways neural circuits larger networks generate organism 's perception world determine behavior along neurons nervous system contains specialized cells called glia


memory leading enhanced response subsequent encounters pathogen process acquired immunity basis vaccination animal behavior brood parasites cuckoo provide supernormal stimulus parenting species behaviors play central role animals' interaction environment ref name hillisetal ref able use muscles approach one another vocalize seek shelter migrate animal 's nervous system activates coordinates behaviors fixed action patterns instance genetically determined stereotyped behaviors occur without learning ref name hillisetal ref name p ez rond n ref


population faced great deal uncertainty particularly regards food fuel led significant number less affluent people move periphery towns often building makeshift homes closer could grow food called 'settlers' political situation became stabilised foundation first austrian republic september movement started creating formal organizations like austrian association settlements small gardens ref name vossoughian ref electoral victory social democratic party austria elections viennese

Applied science
Public administration
Housing policy


french employers nd half th century public housing companies followed world war ref name jean marc st b still different social housing movements public private cooperative social landlord organizations similar regulation similar access government loans significant differences government launched series major construction plans including creation new towns new suburbs hlm low rent housing state funds legal means acquire land could provide advantages companies


event system certainly effective producing construction although excesses seen recent credit crunch elsewhere germany germany site innovative extensive municipal public housing projects mostly berlin hamburg cologne frankfurt housing estates made necessary dreadful living conditions pre war urban tenements right healthy housing written weimar constitution homes built economy stabilised new german housing estates low rise five stories


social democrat communist sympathies forced country east germany communist administration built monolithic apartment blocks estates new residential buildings onward built style quick relatively cheap way solve country 's severe housing shortage caused wartime bombing raids large influx german refugees east hungary panelh z budapest kispest short form name type block flats panel buildings hungary main


franco era advent democracy constitution right housing became guaranteed management social housing depended mostly autonomous regions resulted wide variety laws make issue highly dependent region spite scheme vpo widely used consisting local councils allowing building contractors developers build public sites public loans condition certain percentage apartments remain subsidized control local authorities


henry pelling ref number council homes built increased steadily allowing demolitions nbsp million new homes built encourage home ownership government introduced option mortgage scheme made low income house buyers eligible subsidies equivalent tax relief mortgage interest payments scheme effect reducing housing costs buyers low incomes ref name autogenerated capitalism public policy uk tom burden mike campbell ref since non profit housing associations


intervention mentally physically challenged employers prefer hire candidates certified therapeutic recreation specialists ctrs therapists become certified national council therapeutic recreation certification nctrc provincial regulatory body therapeutic recreation ontario tro qualify certification academic path applicants must bachelor 's degree tr complete internship supervision ctrs pass written exam also equivalency path b certification requirements slightly different include bachelor 's degree

Applied science
Medicine and health
Recreational therapy


opportunities without need specific economic support added cost reductions critical technologies wind solar set continue ref name henning ref substantial reductions cost solar wind technologies blockquote price pv modules per mw fallen percent since summer according bloomberg new energy finance estimates putting solar power first time competitive footing retail price electricity number sunny countries wind turbine prices also fallen percent per mw

Applied science
Public administration
Energy policy
Renewable energy policy


solar modules according pvinsights' market intelligence report class wikitable br ranking solar module br company change br country yingli green energy china trina solar china sharp solar japan canadian solar canada jinko solar china renesola china first solar united states hanwha solarone


perspective solar pv remains costly unsubsidized basis compete conventional generation options yet technological advancements manufacturing process improvements industry structuring mean price reductions likely coming years ref name reconsidering ref style max width px margin px auto '''top pv countries mw ''' style background color none align center class wikitable style width px margin px px colspan total capacity align center germany align right align center china align right align center


marketing institutional policy disadvantage relative forms energy key barriers include ref name nrel ref name grems difficulty overcoming established energy systems includes difficulty introducing innovative energy systems particularly distributed generation photovoltaics technological lock electricity markets designed centralized power plants market control established operators stern review economics climate change points blockquote national grids usually tailored towards operation centralised power plants thus favour performance technologies easily fit networks may struggle enter market


adequate scientific technical manufacturing skills required renewable energy production lack reliable installation maintenance inspection services failure educational system provide adequate training new technologies lack adequate codes standards utility interconnection net metering guidelines poor public perception renewable energy system aesthetics lack stakeholder community participation co operation energy choices renewable energy projects wide range non technical barriers silver bullet solution drive transition renewable energy ideally need several different types policy instruments complement


costs associated breathing polluted air costs acid rain damage costs climate disruption would encourage investment renewable technologies several western european countries already shifting taxes process known environmental tax reform ref name br sweden launched new year environmental tax shift designed convert nbsp billion kroner nbsp billion income taxes taxes environmentally destructive activities european countries significant tax reform efforts france italy norway spain united kingdom asia 's two leading economies japan china considering carbon taxes ref name br shifting


carbon pathways'' report reviewed many international studies key roadblocks climate change denial fossil fuels lobby political inaction unsustainable energy consumption outdated energy infrastructure financial constraints ref name john wiseman et al ref energy efficiency moving towards energy sustainability require changes way energy supplied way used reducing amount energy required deliver various goods services essential opportunities improvement demand side energy equation rich diverse supply side often offer significant economic


catherine wolfram robert gross nathan lewis mv ramana et al http wwwnaturecom articles nenergy frontiers energy ''nature energy'' vol january eurobserv'er '' https webarchiveorg web http wwweurobserv erorg pdf bilan asp state renewable energies europe '' pages hm treasury ''stern review economics climate change'' pages reference ipcc ''global warming c ipcc special report impacts global warming c pre industrial levels related global greenhouse gas emission pathways context strengthening global response threat climate change sustainable development efforts eradicate poverty'' v


main strands christian doctrine english reformation th th centuries first strand comes catholic doctrine taught established church england early th century second strand represents range protestant reformed teachings brought england neighbouring countries period notably calvinism ref group note lutheranism time english reformation church england formed local expression institutional roman catholic church england canon law documented formal doctrines centuries church england still follows

Humanities
Theology
Christian theology
Anglican theology


belief group note chicago lambeth quadrilateral chicago lambeth quadrilateral summation anglican approach theology worship church structure often cited basic summary essentials anglican identity four points holy scriptures old new testaments containing things necessary salvation rule ultimate standard faith creeds specifically apostles' nicene sufficient statement christian faith dominical sacraments baptism holy communion historic episcopate locally adapted four points originated


science philosophy emerging necessity giving account relationship christ distinct evolving cultural realities throughout world christianity spread different places newman 's suggestion two criteria sound development doctrine permeated anglican thinking first development must open accessible faithful every stage second must subject appeal scripture precedents antiquity process sound scholarship method accomplished distillation doctrine


member church england period also saw emergence high church movement began identify catholic heritage anglicanism emphasise importance eucharist church tradition mostly rejecting legitimacy papal authority england high churchmen gave birth oxford movement anglo catholicism th century also saw emergence liberal christianity across protestant world mid th century saw doctrinal debate adherents oxford movement low church evangelical opponents though public


conflict tended involve superficial matters use church ornaments vestments candles ceremonial taken indicate sympathy roman catholic doctrine extent matters ought restricted church authorities conflicts led schism example creation reformed episcopal church north america doctrinal controversies th century william temple leading figure liberal social thought anglicanism early th century beginning th century anglicanism came influence latitudinarianism chiefly


represented cambridge platonists held doctrinal orthodoxy less important applying rational rigour examination theological propositions increasing influence german higher criticism bible throughout th century however resulted growing doctrinal disagreement interpretation application scripture debate intensified accumulation insights derived natural social sciences tended challenge literally read biblical accounts figures joseph lightfoot brooke foss westcott helped mediate transition theology hooker andrewes taylor accommodate developments


products biological systems engineering biological molecular machines '''biological systems engineering''' '''biosystems engineering''' broad based engineering discipline particular emphasis biology chemistry thought subset broader notion biological engineering bio technology though respects pertain biomedical engineering ''biosystems'' engineering tends focus less medical applications ''agriculture ecosystems food science'' involves aspects genetic engineering particularly regarding agricultural applications discipline focuses broadly environmentally sound sustainable engineering solutions meet societies' ecologically related needs biosystems engineering

Applied science
Agriculture
Agricultural engineering
Biological systems engineering


integrates expertise fundamental engineering fields expertise non engineering disciplines background organization many college university biological engineering departments history grounded agricultural engineering past two decades changed names reflect movement towards diverse biological based engineering programs major sometimes called agricultural biological engineering biological environmental engineering etc different universities generally reflecting interests local employment opportunities since biological engineering covers wide spectrum many departments offer specialization options depending department specialization


engineering biomedical engineering academic programs agricultural biological systems engineering listing known http wwwabetorg displaytemplates docshandbookaspxid academic programs offer bachelor 's degrees bs bse abet terms agricultural engineering biological systems engineering biological engineering similarly named programs https webarchiveorg web http wwwabetorg home abet accredits college university programs disciplines applied science computing engineering engineering technology ''north america'' class wikitable sortable institution department web site auburn university biosystems engineering https webarchiveorg web http wwwengauburnedu programs bsen indexhtml wwwengauburnedu calpoly san louis obispo bioresource agricultural engineering http wwwbraecalpolyedu wwwbraecalpolyedu clemson


''central south america'' class wikitable sortable institution department web site universidad aut noma chapingo mexico irrigation department http portalchapingomx irrigacion portalchapingomx irrigacion national university colombia agricultural engineering https webarchiveorg web http wwwingunaleduco progsfac civil agricola indexphpoption com content view article id itemid lang es wwwingunaleduco university campinas brazil agricultural engineering http wwwunicampbr unicamp content agricultural engineering wwwunicampbr unicamp university paulo brazil biosystems engineering https webarchiveorg web http wwwenesalquspbr work adminstration departments faculty members biosystems engineering wwwenesalquspbr ''europe'' class wikitable sortable institution department web site polytechnic university catalonia spain biosystems engineering http wwwesabupcedu ankara university turkey agricultural machinery


https webarchiveorg web http arsivankaraedutr english bolumphpbodb alt bodb arsivankaraedutr atat rk university turkey agricultural structures irrigation http wwwatauniedutr birim tarimsal yapilar sulama bolumu wwwatauniedutr harran university turkey agricultural machinery https webarchiveorg web http ziraatharranedutr englishnew agri machinery indexhtm ziraatharranedutr harran university turkey agricultural structures irrigation https webarchiveorg web http ziraatharranedutr englishnew structure irrigation indexhtm ziraatharranedutr leibniz university hannover germany biosystems horticultural engineering http wwwbgt hannoverde http wwwbgt hannoverde ku leuven belgium department biosystems https wwwbiwkuleuvenbe biosyst wwwbiwkuleuvenbe biosyst university college dublin ireland biosystems engineering http wwwucdie eacollege biosystems wwwucdie eacollege biosystems university hohenheim germany institute agricultural engineering https webarchiveorg web https wwwuni hohenheimde institution institut fuer agrartechnik wwwuni hohenheimde hamburg university technology germany


hindus 'vituperative animosities legitimise military autocratic rule nurturing siege mentality pakistan studies textbooks active site represent india hostile neighbour' report stated 'the story pakistan 's past intentionally written distinct often direct contrast interpretations history found india government issued textbooks students taught hindus backward superstitious' report stated 'textbooks reflect intentional obfuscation today 's students citizens pakistan future leaders victims partial truths' ref name la times report pakistan 's public schools

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Pakistan studies


general drive towards islamization started process historical revisionism earnest exploited initiative 'the pakistani establishment taught children right beginning state built basis religion 's n't tolerance religions want wipe them' ref name dawn school texts spreading extremism seminaries according pervez hoodbhoy physics professor quaid azam university islamabad islamizing pakistan 's schools began act parliament required government private schools except teaching british levels


'''pharmacokinetics''' ancient greek ''pharmakon'' drug ''kinetikos'' moving putting motion see chemical kinetics sometimes abbreviated '''pk''' branch pharmacology dedicated determine fate substances administered living organism substances interest include chemical xenobiotic pharmaceutical drugs pesticides food additives cosmetics etc attempts analyze chemical metabolism discover fate chemical moment administered point completely eliminated body pharmacokinetics study organism affects drug

Applied science
Medicine and health
Pharmaceutical sciences
Pharmacokinetics


obtaining various distribution values drug concept distribution volume relative concept true reflection reality choice model therefore comes deciding one offers lowest margin error drug involved graph representing monocompartmental action model noncompartmental analysis noncompartmental pk analysis highly dependent estimation total drug exposure total drug exposure often estimated area curve auc methods trapezoidal rule numerical integration common method due dependence length


''x'' trapezoidal rule area estimation highly dependent blood plasma sampling schedule closer time points closer trapezoids reflect actual shape concentration time curve number time points available order perform successful nca analysis enough cover absorption distribution elimination phase accurately characterize drug beyond auc exposure measures parameters cmax maximum concentration tmax time maximum concentration cl vd also reported using nca methods compartmental analysis compartmental pk analysis uses kinetic models describe


yardstick authorization generic drugs many countries ladme number phases occur drug enters contact organism described using acronym ladme liberation active substance delivery system absorption active substance organism distribution blood plasma different body tissues metabolism inactivation xenobiotic substance finally excretion elimination substance products metabolism textbooks combine first two phases drug often administered active form


luigi pirandello also influenced work playwrights theatre absurd term theatre absurd coined martin esslin describe tendency theatre related albert camus 's concept absurd plays theatre absurd parallel postmodern fiction many ways example ''the bald soprano'' eug ne ionesco essentially series clich taken language textbook one important figures categorized absurdist postmodern samuel beckett work

Humanities
Languages and literature
History of literature
Post-modern literature


pastiche instead involve compositional technique example cut technique employed burroughs another example b johnson 's novel ''the unfortunates'' released box binding readers could assemble however chose ref name autogenerated metafiction metafiction essentially writing writing foregrounding apparatus 's typical deconstructionist approaches making artificiality art fictionality fiction apparent reader generally disregards necessity willing suspension disbelief example postmodern sensibility metafiction dictate works parody parody


era literature modernism exhausted literature replenishment barth says many well known postmodern novels deal world war ii one famous joseph heller 's ''catch '' heller claimed novel many american novels time state country war ''reflections 'the name rose'' novelist theorist umberto eco explains idea postmodernism kind double coding transhistorical phenomenon novelist david foster wallace


diagnosis several angles disorder may known several codes dsm iv tr ''diagnostic statistical manual mental disorders fourth edition text revision'' ref name bonds ref using diagnostic codes ''international statistical classification diseases related health problems'' icd divides sleep disorders three groups primary sleep disorders dyssomnias parasomnias presumed result endogenous disturbance sleep wake generating timing mechanisms secondary mental disorders related general medical condition substance abuse recent thinking opens

Applied science
Medicine and health
Sleep medicine


member societies americas american academy sleep medicine aasm publisher ''journal clinical sleep medicine'' sleep research society srs publisher ''sleep'' canadian sleep society css federation latin american sleep societies flass wfsrsms promotes sleep research physician training education africa colleges medicine south africa cmsa provide well defined specialty diploma sleep medicine college neurologists south africa dsm sa first promulgated health professions council newly formed south african society sleep medicine sassm


five years grandfathering practice pathway absm certified specialists additional coordinated requirements added abpn provides information pathways requirements exam website additionally currently four boards american osteopathic association bureau osteopathic specialists administer sleep medicine certification exams american osteopathic boards family medicine internal medicine neurology psychiatry ophthalmology otolaryngology grant certificates added qualification qualified candidate physicians sleep medicine recognized subspecialty within anesthesiology internal medicine family medicine pediatrics otolaryngology psychiatry


aasm dentists organized academy dental sleep medicine usa qualified dentists collaborate sleep doctors accredited sleep centers provide several types oral appliances upper airway surgery treat manage sleep related breathing disorders well tooth grinding clenching laboratories sleep related breathing disorders accredited aasm required follow ''code medical ethics'' american medical association new detailed ''standards accreditation'' available online sleep disorder centers clinics accredited body whether


patients practiced series electrical stimulations suprahyoidal tongue muscles minutes day showed marked decline sleep apnea symptoms two months patients experienced average fewer apnea episodes successfully completing treatments according national cancer institute nci cancer patients trouble sleeping difficulty sleeping include restless leg syndrome rls sleeping fragmented insomnia reports show patients undergoing cancer treatments experience form insomnia one significant reasons sleeping problems stress


pursers department heads chief cook head waiter head barman etc responsible administration areas chief steward also plans menus compiles supply overtime cost control records may requisition purchase stores equipment may bake bread rolls cakes pies pastries chief steward 's duties may overlap steward 's assistant chief cook steward 's department crewmembers united states merchant marine chief steward must merchant mariner 's document issued united states coast guard

Applied science
Transportation
Marine transportation


spatial interaction dhaka '''transport geography''' '''transportation geography''' branch geography investigates movement connections people goods information earth 's surface aims scope transportation geography detects describes explains earth 's surface 's transportation spaces regarding location substance form function genesis also investigates effects transportation land use physical material patterns surface earth known 'cover patterns' spatial processes environmental alterations moreover contributes transport urban regional planning transportation fundamental economic activity

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Transport geography


market demand combination field economics term entrepreneur used entity ability translate inventions technologies products services sense entrepreneurship describes activities part established firms new businesses perspectives entrepreneurship academic field entrepreneurship accommodates different schools thought studied within disciplines economics sociology economic history view entrepreneurship allocated ''the entrepreneur'' scholars tend focus entrepreneur traits

Applied science
Business
Entrepreneurship


entrepreneur benefitted entrepreneur factor study entrepreneurship reaches back work richard cantillon adam smith late th early th centuries however entrepreneurship largely ignored theoretically late th early th centuries empirically profound resurgence business economics since late th century understanding entrepreneurship owes much work economist joseph schumpeter austrian economists carl menger ludwig von mises friedrich von hayek according schumpeter


french english language word entrepreneur dates word entrepreneurism dates term entrepreneurship also first appeared according schumpeter entrepreneur willing able convert new idea invention successful innovation ref name schumpeter year publisher routledge isbn ref entrepreneurship employs schumpeter called gale creative destruction replace whole part inferior offerings across markets industries simultaneously creating new products new business models thus creative destruction largely responsible long term economic growth idea entrepreneurship leads economic growth


involved entrepreneurship ranges scale solo part time projects large scale undertakings involve team may create many jobs many high value entrepreneurial ventures seek venture capital angel funding seed money raise capital building expanding business many organizations exist support would entrepreneurs including specialized government agencies business incubators may profit non profit operated college university science parks non governmental organizations include range organizations including profits charities foundations business advocacy groups eg chambers commerce beginning annual global entrepreneurship week


series actions new venture emergence ref name delmar f ref name lichtenstein b b indeed nascent entrepreneurs undertake numerous entrepreneurial activities including actions make businesses concrete others instance nascent entrepreneurs often look purchase facilities equipment seek obtain financial backing form legal entities organize teams dedicate time energy business project based project entrepreneurs individuals engaged repeated assembly creation temporary organizations ref name ferriani ref organizations limited lifespans devoted producing


berkeley yona rubinstein professor london school economics released study suggests entrepreneurs disproportionately white male wealthy highly educated backgrounds prone aggressive illicit risk taking activities teenagers young adults entrepreneurs also performed average aptitude tests study conducted census bureau two mit professors compiling list million company founders hired least one employee found average age successful startup founder founded consistently found chances


believe identifying comparing relationships entrepreneur 's earnings education level would determine rate level success study focused two education levels college degree post graduate degree michelacci schivardi specifically determine characteristics traits successful entrepreneurs believe direct relationship education success noting college knowledge contribute advancement workforce ref name michelacci schivardi michelacci schivardi state rise number self employed people baccalaureate degree however


provided owners case range options available including wide variety private public equity debt grants private equity options include startup accelerators angel investors venture capital investors equity crowdfunding hedge funds debt options open entrepreneurs include loans banks financial technology companies economic development organizations line credit also banks financial technology companies microcredit also known microloans merchant cash advance revenue based financing grant options open entrepreneurs include equity free accelerators business plan business pitch competitions college entrepreneurs others small business innovation research


corporate tax rate may reduce state 's share entrepreneurs ref name ref also found states inheritance estate tax tend lower entrepreneurship rates using tax based measure ref name however another study found states progressive personal income tax higher percentage sole proprietors workforce ultimately many studies find effect taxes probability becoming entrepreneur small donald bruce mohammed mohsin found would take percentage point drop top tax rate produce one percent


see also chess tactics political tactics protest tactics tactical bombing tactical wargame references external links http wwwbusinessdictionarycom definition tacticshtml tactics businessdictionarycom definition

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics


environment agents potentialities weaknesses strategies developments collective capacity collective representations communications characterizes self perceives judges cannot monitors activities achievements failures also greater lesser extent analyzes discusses defined developing collective agent meant self reflectivity reflectivity encoded language developed conversations collective selves

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of human consciousness


processes social accountability potentialities enable systematic directed problem solving generation variety complex strategies particular selective environments make major evolutionary advantages oppressive reflectivity powerful tool collective reflectivity must seen double edged sword relation expanding freedom opportunity variability one hand imposing particular constraints limiting variability collective representations reflectivity directed problem solving based may prevent human groups experiencing discovering un represented unnamed unrecognized poorly defined problems cannot dealt


fantasies reflections self soul'' harmondsworth penguin wiley n ''the semiotic self'' cambridge polity press wiley n history self primates present paper presented german american theory conference august berkeley california references consciousness studies sociology human consciousness social constructionism


civil political social economic cultural dimensions wider encompassing context study childhood viewed subfield children 's studies also important note beginnings human rights children represented major framework new interdisciplinary field children 's studies children 's studies center research policy public service established brooklyn college title children 's studies program brooklyn college officially changed children youth studies earlier brooklyn college also academic

Social science
Sociology
Cultural studies
Childhood Studies


owners civil drones must register faa individual states enforced stricter laws restrict certain public areas ref name innovation also attracted attention corporations like amazon wishing perfect operations proposed plan commercialize drone delivery company created prototypes amazon prime air drones built deliver packages customers minutes less vision hundreds ai driven drones flying freely households nationwide many opponents innovations privacy concerns including marc rotenberg president

Applied science
Public administration
Science policy
Technology policy


simulations lend heuristic approach computerised ones stochastic manual simulations described often run explore 'what if' scenario take place much provide participants insight decision making processes crisis management provide concrete conclusions indeed simulations even require conclusion set number moves made time allotted run scenario finish regardless whether original situation resolved computerised simulations readily incorporate chance form

Applied science
Military sciences
Organization
Military simulation


battleship ''admiral graf spee'' three british cruisers battle river plate montevideo rated thickness armour gun power ''graf spee'' match lighter cruisers pratt 's formula correctly predicted ensuing british victory contrast many modern operations research models proven unable reproduce historical results validated ''atlas'' model instance shown incapable achieving correspondence historical results trevor dupuy prominent american historian military analyst known


theorists analysts tempting layman example politician needs present 'black white' situation electorate settle interpretation supports preconceived position tom clancy novel ''red storm rising'' illustrated problem one characters attempting persuade soviet politburo political risks acceptable nato would position react face political uncertainty caused division opinion allies used political wargame result evidence results simulation carried


research based day day time scales developer jeremiah k e froeschner applied principle second time step computer simulation result high degree correlation measured actions detailed data available action reports wwii israeli tank action golan heights well live exercises conducted hunter liggett military reservation monterey california jeremiah subsequently developed janus researchers 'jeremiah algorithm' deleted reasons economy janus ran initially


area may involve special drug lists specific type health care provider nurse practitioner may prescribe plans may also seek influence prescribing providing information prescribers practice often called 'academic detailing' differentiate detailing provision drug information done pharmaceutical companies organizations australia 's national prescribing service typify technique providing independent information including head head comparisons cost effectiveness information prescribers influence choices additionally efforts promote 'appropriate use' medications may also involve providers like pharmacists providing clinical

Applied science
Public administration
Health policy
Pharmaceutical policy


treatments anterior lateral view x rays fractured left leg internal fixation surgery surgery considered last option conservative approaches fail alleviate symptoms techniques bunionectomies may used surgically remove bunions foot ankle deformalities arthrodesis fusion joint spaces inflammatory processes surgical reconstruction ie invasive measures manipulating neuromusculoskeletal structures treat deformalities orthotics physical therapy nsaids dmards change shoe may act complement surgical intervention cases ' 'required'' optimal recovery

Applied science
Medicine and health
Foot And Ankle Surgery


first open access journal podiatry foot ankle orthopaedics see also american college foot ankle surgeons https wwwaofasorg american orthopaedic foot ankle society podiatry american podiatric medical association https wwwabfasorg american board foot ankle surgery http wwwmyanklecom total ankle replacement http wwwtotalankleinstitutecom total ankle institute references foot ankle core knowledge orthopedics elsevier mosby current diagnosis treatment rheumatology nd edition mcgraw hill companies inc surgery podiatry orthopedic surgical procedures


latin tamil portuguese dictionary translated famous thirukkural epic poem thiruvalluvar latin greatest poetical work ''thembavani'' unfading garland poem life saint joseph bartholomaeus ziegenbalg px lutheran clergy member first pietist missionary india among first protestant missionaries arrive india danish colony tranquebar translated old new testament tamil compiled ''bibliothece malabarke'' listing tamil books read described

Humanities
Theology
Hindu theology
Dravidian Studies


lesser known languages dravidian family toda badaga kolami kota emeneau also credited study areal phenomena linguistics seminal article ''india linguistic area'' burrow renowned work ''dravidian etymological dictionary'' written murray barnson emeneau also known work sanskrit kamil zvelebil czech scholar indian literature dravidian linguistics author numerous books dravidian linguistics tamil literature bhadriraju krishnamurti px


pradesh created chairs names western dravidian scholars encourage research individual dravidian languages well comparative dravidian studies bishop caldwell 's chair dravidian studies c p brown 's chair telugu studies kittel chair kannada studies constantine beschi chair tamil studies gundert chair malayalam studies see also indology proto dravidian elamo dravidian references literature robert caldwell ''comparative grammar dravidian languages'' revised edition thomas r trautmann ''languages nations dravidian proof colonial madras'' university california press isbn university california press external links dravidian studies


netherlands iias newsletter http wwwiiasnl nl iias nl pdf http wwwiiasnl nl iias nl pdf https webarchiveorg web http saxakalicom southasia dravidian indiahtm extracts trsesha iyengar 's dravidian india dr samar abbas bhubaneshwar http wwwtamilelibraryorg teli tschlrhtml literary contributions select list tamil scholars overseas roja muthiah research library indology


rely health productivity landscapes actions stewards land play critical role maintaining health productivity natural resource management specifically focuses scientific technical understanding resources ecology life supporting capacity resources environmental management similar natural resource management academic contexts sociology natural resources closely related distinct natural resource management history bureau land management united states manages america 's public lands totaling approximately million acres km one eighth

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Environmental management
Natural resource management


advocacy sustainable development government new south wales australia established ''standard quality natural resource management'' ref name referencea nsw government standard quality natural resource management nsw natural resources commission sydney ref improve consistency practice based adaptive management approach united states active areas natural resource management fisheries management wildlife management often associated ecotourism rangeland management forest management australia water sharing murray darling basin plan catchment management also significant ownership regimes natural resource management approaches categorised


stakeholder kind research freeman affect affected achievement organization 's objectives business management bowie without whose support organization would cease exist business management clarkson persons groups claim ownership rights interests corporation activities past present future business management grimble wellard ref name grimblewellard grimble r wellard k stakeholder methodologies natural resource management review principles contexts experiences opportunities agricultural systems vol issue


ecological processes implement land use land management practices compatible natural potential area see also references environmental social science sustainable development environmental planning


battle gettysburg'' thure de thulstrup '''combat''' french ''fight'' purposeful violent conflict meant physically harm kill opposition combat may armed using weapons unarmed using weapons combat sometimes resorted method self defense used tool impose one 's others instance combat stand alone confrontation small part much larger violent conflict instances combat may also benign recreational cases combat sports mock combat combat may

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Combat


dietary applications lot engineering research focusing degree deacetylation provides effective result specific applications nucleic acids nucleic acids macromolecules consist dna rna biopolymers consisting chains biomolecules two molecules genetic code template make life possible manipulation molecules structures causes major changes function expression macromolecules nucleosides glycosylamines containing nucleobase bound either ribose deoxyribose sugar via beta glycosidic linkage sequence bases determine

Natural science
Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Bioengineering
Biomolecular engineering


complementary strand wild type bacterial plasmid primer base pair mismatch site replacement desired primer must also long enough primer anneal wild type plasmid primer anneals dna polymerase complete primer bacterial plasmid replicated mutated strand replicated well technique used create gene insertion deletion often antibiotic resistant gene inserted along modification interest bacteria cultured


technique developed kary mullis working cetus corporation mullis would go win nobel prize chemistry result impact pcr many areas dna cloning dna sequencing gene analysis biomolecular engineering techniques involved pcr number biomolecular engineering strategies played important role development practice pcr instance crucial step ensuring accurate replication desired dna fragment creation correct dna primer


require blocking prevent undesired side reactions blocking functional groups well subsequent de blocking groups coupling subsequent nucleotides eventual cleaving solid support ref name ocorr methods manipulation biomolecules attributed biomolecular engineering increase interleukin levels directly proportional increased death rate breast cancer patients pcr paired western blotting elisa help define relationship cancer cells il enzyme linked immunosorbent assay elisa enzyme linked immunosorbent assay assay utilizes principle antibody antigen recognition


blogger amateur journalist blogs seen new genre journalism narrative style news characterized personalization moves away traditional journalism 's approach changing journalism conversational decentralized type news ref name auto wall p ref blogging become large part transmitting news ideas across cites states countries bloggers argue blogs breaking stories ref name auto even online news publications blogs written affiliated journalists respected writers blogging allows readers journalists

Journalism, media studies and communication


example countries freedom press limited anyone record events happening send anywhere wish put website non profit grassroots digital journalism sites may far fewer resources corporate counterparts yet due digital media able websites technically comparable media outlets pick story run please thus allowing information reach wider audiences citizen journalism effective successful needs citizen editors role solicit people


provide accurate information mediate interactivity among users example found start south korean online daily newspaper ohmynews founder recruited several hundred volunteer citizen reporters write news articles edited processed four professional journalists news collections internet also offers options personalized news feeds aggregators compile news different websites one site one popular news aggregators google news others include topixnet thefreelibrarycom people see much personalization detrimental example fear


heavens elijah h burritt defined geography heavens german word uranography ''uranographie'' french ''uranographie'' italian ''uranografia'' astrometry star catalogues valign top upright valign top upright valign top upright style text align center font size aquarius according br hyginus aquarius according br johann bayer 's ''uranometria'' br based ''rudolphine tables'' aquarius according br kstars determining fact source drawing star charts naturally star table apparent comparing imaginative star maps ''poeticon astronomicon'' illustrations beside narrative text antiquity

Social science
Geography
Cartography
Celestial cartography


star maps johann bayer based precise star position measurements ''rudolphine tables'' tycho brahe important historical star tables c ad ''almagest'' contains last known star table antiquity prepared ptolemy stars c ''book fixed stars'' arabic version ''almagest'' al sufi ''rudolphine tables'' contains first west enlightenment star table based measurements tycho brahe stars ''prodromus astronomiae'' johannes hevelius ''firmamentum sobiescanum'' stars ''britannic catalogue'' john flamsteed atlas coelestis position


star atlas'' wil tirion stars magnitude ''cambridge star atlas'' wil tirion stars magnitude ''norton 's star atlas reference handbook'' ed ian ridpath stars magnitude ''stars planets guide'' ian ridpath wil tirion stars magnitude ''cambridge double star atlas'' james mullaney wil tirion stars magnitude ''cambridge atlas herschel objects'' james mullaney wil tirion stars magnitude ''pocket sky atlas'' roger sinnott stars magnitude ''deep sky reiseatlas'' michael feiler philip noack telrad finder charts stars


lack finances government 's allotted funding remedied lobbying arts administrators advocacy arts administration like business arts organizations must work within changing external internal environments external changes may cultural social demographic economic political legal technological internal changes may related audience membership board directors personnel facilities growth financial operations another change must taken consideration growing need technology based marketing programs ie social media order organization change times bring younger visitor

Humanities
Performing arts
Arts Administration


arts matter live nea funding project based goes thousands nonprofits year along partnerships special arts initiatives research support contribute vitality neighborhoods students schools workplace culture united states also state regional arts agencies state regional arts agencies funded nea since required apportion funds state art agency local arts agencies function councils commissions city departments funded various sources nea state arts agencies


military associated terms january defines clandestine clandestine operation way terms ''clandestine'' ''covert'' synonymous noted definition used united states nato since world war ii covert operation identity sponsor concealed clandestine operation operation concealed put differently ''clandestine'' means hidden aim operation noticed ''covert'' means deniable operation noticed attributed group term

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Clandestine operation


'''knowledge policies''' provide institutional foundations creating managing using organizational knowledge well social foundations balancing global competitiveness social order cultural values knowledge policies viewed number perspectives necessary linkage technological evolution relative rates technological institutional change control regulatory process obstacles posed cyberspace organizational policy instrument policies paradigms government bureaucracies policies provide context rules methods guide large organizations meet responsibilities organizational knowledge policies describe

Applied science
Public administration
Knowledge policy


btech associate bachelor applied science basc manufacturing depending upon university master 's degrees engineering manufacturing include master engineering meng manufacturing master science msc manufacturing management master science msc industrial production management master science msc well master engineering design subdiscipline manufacturing doctoral phd deng level courses manufacturing also available depending university undergraduate degree curriculum generally includes courses physics mathematics computer science project management specific topics mechanical

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Mechanical Engineering
Manufacturing engineering


materials fluid dynamics hydraulics pneumatics hvac heating ventilation air conditioning heat transfer applied thermodynamics energy conversion instrumentation measurement engineering drawing drafting engineering design engineering graphics mechanism design including kinematics dynamics manufacturing processes mechatronics circuit analysis lean manufacturing automation reverse engineering quality control cad computer aided design includes solid modelling cam computer aided manufacturing degree manufacturing engineering typically differs mechanical engineering specialized classes mechanical engineering degrees focus product design process complex products requires mathematical expertise manufacturing engineering certification certification licensure


research flexible manufacturing systems typical fms system flexible manufacturing system fms manufacturing system amount flexibility allows system react changes whether predicted unpredicted flexibility generally considered fall two categories numerous subcategories first category machine flexibility covers system 's ability changed produce new product types ability change order operations executed part second category called routing flexibility consists ability use multiple machines perform


yellow sun'' two sisters pre post war nigeria giannina braschi 's united states banana declares independence puerto rico ref name major voices include maryse cond fatou diome marie ndiaye postcolonial feminist cultural theorists include rey chow maria lugones gayatri chakravorty spivak trinh minh ha pacific islands witi ihimaera new zealand first published ori novelist ''pacific islands'' comprise islands pacific ocean depending context may refer countries islands common austronesian origins islands currently colonized

Humanities
Languages and literature
History of literature
Post-colonial literature


emu black seeds agriculture accident'' based research already done others rarely included standard historical narratives reexamines colonial accounts aboriginal people australia cites evidence pre colonial agriculture engineering building construction aboriginal torres strait islander peoples book much acclaim winning book year nsw premier 's literary award others well selling well printing sold copies many notable works written non indigenous australians aboriginal themes eleanor dark 's


south africa nbsp olivier 's words english literature south africa continues sort extension british international english literature african languages hand spoken across borders southern africa example tswana spoken botswana tsonga zimbabwe sotho lesotho south africa 's borders established colonial era colonies borders drawn without regard people living within therefore history south african literature include tswana writers ones


transgresses national borders olivier argues obvious reason unhealthy abnormal different literatures co exist one country possessing infrastructure allowing theoreticians develop impressive theories polysystems yet political idealism proposing unified south africa remnant plans drawn sir henry bartle frere seeped literary discourse demands unified national literature exist fabricated unrealistic ever think south africa south african literature homogenous


books translated fourteen languages including english french german million copies sold worldwide americas caribbean islands maryse cond born french guadeloupean author historical fiction best known novel ''segu'' west indies actress pauline henriques writer samuel selvon reading story bbc 's ''caribbean voices'' term west indies first began achieve wide currency writers samuel selvon john edgar colwell hearne edgar mittelholzer vs naipaul george lamming began published united kingdom


sense single literature developing across islands also encouraged bbc radio programme ''caribbean voices'' featured stories poems written west indian authors recorded london direction producer henry swanzy broadcast back islands magazines ''kyk al'' guyana ''bim'' barbados ''focus'' jamaica published work writers across region also encouraged links helped build audience many nbsp perhaps nbsp west indian writers found necessary leave home territories base united


''ramon magsaysay award'' ref ref name hawley ref indian social activist writer sri lanka sri lankan writers like nihal de silva carl muller write post colonial situation ethnic conflict sri lanka bangladesh selim al deen bangladesh also written postcolonial drama europe britain novels j g farrell important texts dealing decline british empire farrell 's novel ''troubles'' set irish war independence first instalment farrell 's empire trilogy preceding ''the siege krishnapur'' ''the singapore grip'' written although


'''bariatric surgery''' '''weight loss surgery''' includes variety procedures performed people obese long term weight loss standard care procedures roux en bypass sleeve gastrectomy biliopancreatic diversion duodenal switch largely achieved altering gut hormone levels responsible hunger satiety leading new hormonal weight set point ref name ref bariatric surgery hormonal surgery procedures alteration gut hormones develops result procedure 's restriction malabsorption ref name long term studies show procedures result significant long term

Applied science
Medicine and health
Surgery
Bariatric surgery


complications compared treatments obesity likelihood major complications weight loss surgery sleeve gastrectomy lowest complication reoperation rates three main weight loss surgery proceduresthe percentage procedures requiring reoperations due complications percent gastric band percent gastric bypass percent sleeve gastrectomy according study american society metabolic bariatric surgery year study using common data model allow comparisons patients received sleeve gastrectomy required form


sense satiety fullness early evidence suggests less effective forms bariatric surgery subsequent procedures person successfully loses weight following bariatric surgery usually left excess skin addressed series plastic surgery procedures sometimes called body contouring skin flaps removed targeted areas include arms buttocks thighs abdomen breasts procedures taken slowly step step beginning end often takes three years single body lifting operation require seven


surgery depend part type surgery many patients need take daily multivitamin pill life compensate reduced absorption essential nutrients patients cannot eat large quantity food physicians typically recommend diet relatively high protein low fats alcohol fluid recommendations common within first month post surgery patient undergo volume depletion dehydration patients difficulty drinking appropriate amount fluids adapt new gastric volume limitations oral fluid


measure determine enthalpy h entropy gibbs' free energy g reaction transformation isomerization chemists may use various chemical mathematical analyses van 't hoff plot calculate values empirical constants bond dissociation energy standard heat formation h sub f sub heat combustion h sub c sub used predict stability molecules change enthalpy h course reactions complex molecules h sub f sub value may available estimated using molecular fragments known heats formation type

Natural science
Chemistry
Physical organic chemistry


analysis often referred benson group increment theory chemist sidney benson spent career developing concept ref name anslyn thermochemistry reactive intermediates carbocations carbanions radicals also interest physical organic chemists group increment data available radical systems ref name anslyn carbocation carbanion stabilities assessed using hydride ion affinities pk sub sub values respectively ref name anslyn conformational analysis one primary methods evaluating chemical stability energetics conformational analysis physical organic chemists use conformational analysis evaluate various types strain present molecule predict reaction products


chemists use mathematical foundation chemical kinetics study rates reactions reaction mechanisms unlike thermodynamics concerned relative stabilities products reactants g equilibrium concentrations study kinetics focuses free energy activation g sup sup difference free energy reactant structure transition state structure reaction therefore allows chemist study process equilibration ref name anslyn mathematically derived formalisms hammond postulate curtin hammett principle theory microscopic reversibility often applied organic chemistry


activation energy barrier g sup sup increasing rate reaction either stabilizing transition state structure destabilizing key reaction intermediate small amount catalyst required provide economic access otherwise expensive difficult synthesize organic molecules catalysts may also influence reaction rate changing mechanism reaction ref name anslyn kinetic isotope effect although rate law provides stoichiometry transition state structure provide information breaking forming bonds ref name anslyn substitution isotope near reactive position often


spectrometry used qualitatively identify molecules quantitatively measure concentration great precision accuracy widely used test small quantities biomolecules illicit narcotics blood samples synthetic organic chemists useful tool characterization new compounds reaction products crystallography unlike spectroscopic methods x ray crystallography always allows unambiguous structure determination provides precise bond angles lengths totally unavailable spectroscopy often used physical organic chemistry provide absolute molecular configuration important tool improving synthesis pure


june eg see p nbsp group theoretical symmetry description atomic orbitals contributing bonding methane ch sub sub pp nbsp f estimation electron binding energy butadiene h ckel method thomas h lowry kathleen schueller richardson ''mechanism theory organic chemistry'' rd edn new york ny usa harper row see https booksgooglecom booksisbn accessed june authoritative textbook subject containing number appendices provide technical details molecular orbital theory kinetic isotope effects transition state theory radical chemistry eric v anslyn dennis dougherty ''modern physical


studies offered appalachian state university east tennessee state university undergraduate minors dozen schools many schools also appalachian studies https webarchiveorg web http wwwappalachianstudiesorg resources centers collections archives libraries brief appalachian studies bibliography following brief list important books appalachian studies canon would serve good introductory reading list titles culled poll members steering committee appalachian studies association taken spring ''appalachia history'' john alexander williams chapel hill university north carolina press ''appalachia

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Appalachian studies


appalachia confronting stereotypes'' ed dwight b billings gurney norman katherine ledford lexington university press kentucky ''fighting back appalachia traditions resistance change'' ed stephen l fisher philadelphia temple university press ''encyclopedia appalachia'' ed rudy abramson jean haskell knoxville university tennessee press ''a handbook appalachia introduction region'' ed grace toney edwards joann aust asbury ricky cox knoxville university tennessee press ''high mountains rising appalachia time place'' ed richard straw h tyler blethen urbana university


map africa african diaspora throughout world '''black studies''' '''africana studies''' nationally specific terms '''african american studies''' '''black canadian studies''' interdisciplinary academic field primarily focuses study history culture politics peoples african diaspora africa field includes scholars african american afro canadian afro caribbean afro latino afro european afro asian african australian african literature history politics religion well disciplines sociology anthropology cultural studies psychology education many disciplines within humanities social sciences

Social science
Sociology
Cultural studies
Africana studies


pontifical catholic university paulo nascimento developed afro brazilian studies research institute ipeafro ref name nascimento course professors provided ipeafro ref name nascimento canada national chair black canadian studies named james robinson johnston created dalhousie university purpose advancing development presence black studies canada ref name barnstead ref aleksandr sergeevich pushkin studied black canadian studies chairman john barnstead ref name barnstead research methods african self consciousness kobi k k kambon developed research method


traits eg versatility vibration africana culture utilizing various means assortment disciplines eg economics history sociology ref name conyers ii double consciousness web du bois united states web du bois developed research method conceptual framework known double consciousness analyze africana people phenomena exist dual racialized black white world subsequently develop dual consciousness ref name conyers ii rather succumb various forms external pressure eg assimilation harassment prejudice racism sexism surveillance africana people discover steer ref name conyers ii four basic tasks black


african mind assimilated mentality optimal viewpoint corresponds african mind africana mentality ref name conyers ii paradigm unity abdul alkimat developed research method known paradigm unity considerable focus relationships social classes via marxist analysis utilizes gender determining factor well utilizes undefined notion afrocentricity ref name conyers ii shared authority michael frisch developed research method known shared authority investigate orature recognizes personhood eg subject agency experiences africana individual ref name conyers


european cultures characterized viewed southern cradle northern cradle ref name conyers ii ujimaa james l conyers jr drew concept nguzo saba develop research method known ujimaa methodological framework draws philosophy sociology conceptual history understanding culture utilized analyze assess pan africanist phenomena around world utilized analyze social responsibility work collective ref name conyers ii recent challenges criticisms one major setbacks black studies programs departments


puget sound university rochester university south carolina university texas arlington university texas austin university virginia university wisconsin valdosta state university vassar college virginia commonwealth university washington university st louis western illinois university wesleyan university wright state university yale university '''united kingdom''' birmingham city university ref name brar '''caribbean''' university virgin islands university west indies ref name teelucksingh '''brazil''' pontifical catholic university paulo ref name nascimento '''canada''' brock university concordia university dalhousie university ref name barnstead queen 's university york university universities phd programs black studies '''united states'''


'''commercial policy''' also referred '''trade policy''' '''international trade policy''' government 's policy governing international trade commercial policy encompassing term used cover topics involve international trade trade policy often described terms scale extremes free trade restrictions trade one side protectionism high restrictions protect local producers common commercial policy sometimes agreed treaty within customs union european union 's common commercial policy mercosur

Applied science
Public administration
Trade Policy


trade policies countries business international playing field references external links


consistent reflexive reasoner type believes stable become unstable stated otherwise stable reflexive reasoner type believes stable become inconsistent suppose stable reflexive reasoner type believes stable show sooner later believe every proposition math p math hence inconsistent take proposition math p math reasoner believes math mathcal b mathcal b p mathcal b p math hence l b 's theorem believe math mathcal b p math believe math mathcal b r r math math r math proposition

Humanities
Philosophy
Logic
Doxastic Logic


orbiting astronomical observatory orion orion space observatories nbsp nm nbsp nm astronomical netherlands satellite nbsp nm international ultraviolet explorer nbsp nm astron nbsp nm glazar mir kvant euve nbsp nm fuse nbsp nm extreme ultraviolet imaging telescope soho imaging sun nbsp nm hubble space telescope various nbsp nm stis nbsp nm wfc nbsp nm swift gamma ray burst mission nbsp nm hopkins ultraviolet telescope

Natural science
Space science
Astronomy
UV astronomy


producing morphology syntax lexical access comprehension irregular forms eg eat ate remain unaffected moreover circuits involved human speech comprehension dynamically adapt learning example becoming efficient terms processing time listening familiar messages learned verses ref name cervantesconstantino simon ref see also foxp freedom speech imagined speech index linguistics articles list language disorders spatial hearing loss speechwriter talking birds vocology public speaking origin language references reading fitzpatrick lizabeth ''apprendre couter et parler'' university ottawa press https webarchiveorg web http books auth available project


economic paradigms industrialised world ref name colby anthropocentrism looks nature existing solely benefit humans commodity use good humanity improve human quality life anthropocentric environmental resource management therefore conservation environment solely environment 's sake rather conservation environment ecosystem structure humans' sake ecocentrism ecocentrists believe intrinsic value nature maintaining human beings must use even exploit nature survive live ref name purser ref fine ethical line

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Environmental management


name colby example economic paradigms based neoclassical models closed economic systems primarily concerned resource scarcity thus prescribe legalizing environment economic externality environmental resource management strategy ref name colby approach often termed 'command control' ref name colby colby identified trends development economic paradigms among shift towards ecological economics since ref name colby ecology rocky reach hydro project washington fencing separates big game vehicles along quebec autoroute canada many definitions field science commonly


comprises general government sector plus public corporations including central bank environmental resource management public sector responsible administering natural resource management implementing environmental protection legislation ref name ref name derm state queensland department environment resource management derm retrieved september ref traditional role public sector environmental resource management provide professional judgement skilled technicians behalf public ref name selin increase intractable environmental problems public sector led examine alternative paradigms managing environmental resources ref name selin


resource management plans particularly land management plans ref name selin aim civil society environmental resource management included decision making process means public participation ref name selin public participation effective strategy invoke sense social responsibility natural resources ref name selin tools management functions effective management tools standards systems required environmental management standard system protocol attempts reduce environmental impact measured objective criteria iso standard widely used standard environmental risk


vsm model structures functions necessary sufficient long term survival system changing environment allenna leonard beer 's longtime partner suggested useful way think vsm language vsm language viability vsm language diagnosing organizations managerial teams terms viability lack thereof vsm also language designing organizations managerial teams viable syntegration one great difficulties managing

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Cybernetics
Management cybernetics


division within organization example organs united nations organs state branches power within government organ old word mental faculty particularly context phrenology organ slang word penis organ surname list people surname organ band indie rock band see also


combat franco prussian war considered first conflict combat injury exceeded disease least german coalition army lost average headcount combat disease new world countries australia new zealand united states canada military physicians surgeons contributed significantly development civilian health care ref name historypmc ref improvements military medicine increased survival rates successive wars due improvements medical evacuation battlefield medicine trauma care ref name historypmc similar improvements seen trauma

Applied science
Military sciences
Military medicine


practices iraq war military trauma care practices disseminated citizen soldiers return civilian practice ref name historypmc one practice major trauma patients transferred operating theater soon possible stop internal bleeding increasing survival rate within united states survival rate gunshot wounds increased leading apparent declines gun death rate states stable rates gunshot hospitalizations ref name jenasun ref military medicine country north america canada royal canadian medical service royal canadian dental corps canadian forces health services group surgeon general


extinction megafauna possible events must occurred provide ecosystem plant species thus triggering lasting ecological state shift ref name academic journals ''boreas international journal quaternary research'' ''geografiska annaler'' title swedish ''journal quaternary science'' ''quaternary geochronology'' ''quaternary international'' ''quaternary research'' ''quaternary science reviews'' ''the quaternary times'' see also international union quaternary research palynology year problem geochronology references external links http qraorguk uk quaternary research association https webarchiveorg web http wwwtcdie geography iqua indexhtm irish quaternary association http wwwquaternarygroupcamacuk cambridge quaternary formally godwin institute quaternary

Social science
Geography
Physical geography
Quaternary science


economics'' nd edition http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde p edition abstract br nbsp nbsp serge christophe kolm public economics ''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' v pp br nbsp nbsp anthony b atkinson joseph e stiglitz ''lectures public economics'' mcgraw hill pp vii xi br nbsp nbsp mancur olson nd ed''the logic collective action public goods theory groups'' harvard university press https archiveorg details logicofcollectiv olso description chapter previews links pp https archiveorg details logicofcollectiv olso ix https archiveorg details logicofcollectiv olso x ref subject range journal economic literature jel classification codes one way categorizing range economics subjects public economics one

Social science
Economics
Public economics


take many forms often depend barriers entry firms profit production objectives nature product respective market ref name imperfect competition lead social cost role government minimize cost notable imperfections include companies sell differentiated products barriers exit entry suboptimal output pricing essence role government address issues arise market failures decide optimal degree intervention necessary ref name taxation


one achievements great english economist ac pigou known work divergences marginal private costs marginal social costs externalities book ''the economics welfare'' pigou describes divergences come blockquote one person course rendering service payment made second person b incidentally also renders services disservices persons producers like services sort payment cannot extracted benefited parties compensation enforced behalf injured


setting deflections deflections distances epa space transient fundamental affective meanings example mother complimented stranger feels unknown individual much nicer stranger supposed bit potent active well thus moderate distance impression created mother 's sentiment strangers high deflections situation produce aura unlikeliness uncanniness theorized high deflections maintained time generate psychological stress basic cybernetic idea affect control theory

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Control theory
Affect control theory


stated terms deflections individual selects behavior produces minimum deflections concepts involved action minimization deflections described equations derived calculus empirical impression formation equations action entering scene individual defines situation assigning identities participant frequently accord encompassing social institution defining situation individual tries maintain affective meaning self adoption identity whose sentiment serves surrogate individual 's self sentiment identities assembled definition situation determine sentiments


difference impression sentiment attached individual 's identity thus example event creates negative impression individual generates unpleasant emotion person unpleasantness worse individual believes highly valued identity similarly event creating positive impression generates pleasant emotion pleasant individual believes disvalued identity situation non linear equations describing transients fundamentals combine produce emotions derived empirical studies affect control theory 's computer simulation program uses


therapy palliative care two terms sometimes synonymous palliative care often specifically refers serious illness end life care therapy may categorized curative intent possible eliminate disease ''palliative intent'' eliminating disease impossible focus shifts minimizing distress causes two often contradistinguished mutually exclusive contexts management cancers inherently mutually exclusive often therapy curative palliative simultaneously supportive psychotherapy aims support patient alleviating

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems psychology
Systemic therapy


matter drugs pharmacotherapy chemotherapy also ''medical therapy'' often means specifically pharmacotherapy medical devices implantation cardiac resynchronization therapy specific molecules molecular therapy although drugs specific molecules ''molecular medicine'' refers particular medicine relying molecular biology specific biomolecular targets targeted therapy molecular chaperone therapy chelation chelation therapy specific chemical elements metals heavy metals gold chrysotherapy aurotherapy platinum containing drugs platin therapy biometals lithium lithium therapy potassium potassium supplementation magnesium magnesium supplementation chromium chromium supplementation phonemic neurological hypochromium therapy copper copper supplementation


mineral water spa cure taking waters especially common prescientific medicine seawater seaside cure especially common prescientific medicine aroma aromatherapy materials mechanism action unknown occlusion duct tape duct tape occlusion therapy energy electric energy electric current electrotherapy electroconvulsive therapy transcranial magnetic stimulation magnetic energy magnet therapy pulsed electromagnetic field therapy magnetic resonance therapy electromagnetic radiation emr light light therapy phototherapy ultraviolet light therapy puva therapy photodynamic therapy photothermal therapy cytoluminescent therapy blood irradiation therapy darkness dark therapy lasers laser therapy


data addicts last two figures may represent recent trend sweden towards patient treatment drug addicts rather actual decline drug addictions united nations office drugs crime unodc reports sweden one lowest drug use rates western world attributes drug policy invests heavily prevention treatment well strict law enforcement ref name unodcrep http wwwunodcorg pdf research swedish drug controlpdf unodc sweden 's successful drug policy ref general drug policy supported political parties

Applied science
Public administration
Drug policy


according opinion polls made mid restrictive approach received broad support public time ref name canada https sencanadaca content sen committee ille library gerald ehtm national drug policy sweden prepared senate special committee illegal drugs canada ref switzerland national drug policy switzerland developed early comprises four elements prevention therapy harm reduction prohibition switzerland one first countries try heroin assisted treatment harm reduction measures like supervised injection rooms popular initiative right wing swiss people 's party aimed ending


results huge investment research world preeminent scholars disease substance abuse policy see drug legalization silver bullet solution drug control policy success measured number arrests made prisons built us government generates grants develop disseminate evidence based addiction treatments grants developed several practices nida endorses community reinforcement approach community reinforcement family training approach behavior therapy interventions see also drug liberalization drug policy reform


control regulation drugs http wwwnormlorg national organization reform marijuana laws american campaign legalization marijuana http wwwleapcc law enforcement prohibition leap mainly american based federation retired law enforcement professionals campaigning drug prohibition http wwwrevisiondrugsorg vision drug policy network uk based drug policy organisation working young people drug prohibition http wwwwfadse wfad world federation drugs multilateral community non governmental organizations work drug free world support drug prohibitions students sensible drug policy international grassroots network students work promote


canadian government commission inquiry non medical use drugs http wwwusdojgov ndic pubs indexhtm national drug threat assessment united states department justice academic articles michael huemer ''america unjust drug war'' ''the new prohibition'' ed bill masters accurate press pp nbsp online http spotcoloradoedu huemer drugshtm http wwwcedro uvaorg lib cohenrethinkinghtml thinking drug control policy historical perspectives conceptual tools peter cohen http wwwco psychiatrycom pt copsych abstract htm jsessionid fwlxkxqcxtckn dhcxvynpwyl bwm cpn br mpdc hbyc policy harm reduction perspective journal article https webarchiveorg web http wwwsciencedirectcom science ob articleurl udi b vjx nv coverdate f f alid rdoc fmt orig search qd cdi sort view c acct c version urlversion userid md dc e fd e e ebeb f global drug prohibition uses crises journal article http taylorandfrancismetapresscom p ehk yeb avgc zk app home contributionaspreferrer parent backto issue journal linkingpublicationresults cannabis taxed regulated journal article https webarchiveorg web http wwwsciencedirectcom science ob articleurl udi b vjx wv n coverdate f f alid rdoc fmt orig search qd cdi sort view c acct c version urlversion userid md eb e dc fc c ac shifting main purposes drug control suppression regulation


united states donald deavila jackson john elderkin bell nathan ackerman christian midelfort theodore lidz lyman wynne murray bowen carl whitaker virginia satir ivan boszormenyi nagy hungary dlp liebermann began seeing family members together observation therapy sessions ref name broderick initially strong influence psychoanalysis early founders field psychoanalytic backgrounds social psychiatry later learning theory behavior therapy significantly clinicians began articulate various theories nature functioning family entity mere aggregation

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems psychology
Family systems theory


downplayed theoretical constructs emphasized subjective experience unexpressed feelings including subconscious authentic communication spontaneity creativity total therapist engagement often included extended family concurrently somewhat independently emerged various ''intergenerational'' therapies murray bowen ivan boszormenyi nagy james framo norman paul present different theories intergenerational transmission health dysfunction deal usually least three generations family person conceptually either directly therapy sessions via '' homework '' '' journeys home '' etc ''psychodynamic'' family therapy school family therapy deals


social constructionist approaches still debate within field whether degree ' 'systemic constructivist'' ''medical biological'' paradigms necessarily antithetical '' see also anti psychiatry biopsychosocial model '' growing willingness tendency part family therapists work multi modal clinical partnerships members helping medical professions ref name sholevar ref name barker ref name nichols nichols mp schwartz rc http bookshopblackwellcouk jsp search resultsjspquicksearch searchtype isbn searchdata book details ''family therapy concepts methods'' th ed boston pearson allyn bacon ref mid present field marked diversity approaches partly


cultural family therapy ''a stranger family culture families therapy'' many practitioners claim eclectic using techniques several areas depending upon inclinations needs client growing movement toward single generic family therapy seeks incorporate best accumulated knowledge field adapted many different contexts however still significant number therapists adhere less strictly particular limited number approach es liberation based healing framework family therapy


feminist theory practitioners often benefit middle class white women 's experiences understanding intersectionality particular significance working families violence liberatory framework examines power privilege oppression operate within across relationships liberatory practices based principles critical consciousness accountability empowerment principles guide content therapeutic work clients also supervisory training process therapists ref name dr rhea almeida developed cultural context model way operationalize concepts


relationship mediation mindfulness based cognitive therapy multisystemic therapy mst positive psychology relationship education relationships australia strategic family therapy abnormal psychology footnotes reading deborah weinstein ''the pathological family postwar america rise family therapy'' ithaca ny cornell university press satir v banmen j gerber j gomori satir model family therapy beyond palo alto ca science behavior books systemic thinking practice series routledge family types psychotherapy relationship counseling cybernetics sr


synthetic plastics thermosetting plastics divided two types formaldehyde cross linking type cross linking type thermosets includes phenolic resins polyesters epoxy resins used widely composite materials reinforced stiff fibers fiberglass aramids since crosslinking stabilises thermoset polymer matrix materials physical properties similar traditional engineering materials like steel however much lower densities compared metals makes ideal lightweight structures addition suffer less fatigue ideal safety critical parts stressed regularly service

Natural science
Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Polymer engineering


recreation ecology x px '''recreation ecology''' scientific study environmental impacts resulting recreational activity protected natural areas field study includes research monitoring assessments biophysical changes analyses identify causal influential factors support carrying capacity planning management investigations efficacy educational regulatory site management actions designed minimize recreation impacts ecological understandings environmental impacts outdoor recreation critical management recreation ecotourism visitation natural spaces ref name ref recreation ecology research looked ecological impacts hiking

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Recreation ecology


frameworks limits acceptable change lac visitor experience resource protection verp biophysical carrying capacity designation protected areas recreation ecology research publications disproportionately focused north american field sites global publications dominated anglophone authors resulting publications limited english scientific journals ref name second third north america europe australia received attention studies conducted recreation ecology ref name ecotourism recent growth ecotourism prompted new batch recreation ecology studies focusing developing countries ecotourism aggressively promoted


number fish spring lake dynamical system ' 'state'' determined collection real numbers generally set points appropriate ' 'state space'' small changes state system correspond small changes numbers numbers also coordinates geometrical space manifold ''evolution rule'' dynamical system fixed rule describes future states follow current state rule may deterministic given time interval one future state

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems theory
Mathematical system theory


abstract symbols corresponds state system dynamics evolution given shift operator system dynamics system dynamics approach understanding behaviour systems time deals internal feedback loops time delays affect behaviour state entire system ref name sysdyn http sysdynclexchangeorg mit system dynamics education project sdep ref makes using system dynamics different approaches studying systems use feedback loops stocks flows elements help describe even seemingly simple systems


claimed second language acquisition viewed developmental process includes language attrition well language acquisition article claimed language viewed dynamic system dynamic complex nonlinear chaotic unpredictable sensitive initial conditions open self organizing feedback sensitive adaptive see also related subjects list dynamical system topics baker 's map biological applications bifurcation theory dynamical system definition embodied embedded cognition fibonacci numbers fractals gingerbreadman map halo orbit list types systems theory oscillation postcognitivism recurrent neural network combinatorics dynamical systems synergetics


restrictions lending books patients hospital restricting public parts military collection many special libraries open general public though access may requested specialized research request special libraries also sometimes known ''information centers'' authors differentiate special libraries information centers defining latter narrow scope generally staffed librarians although many librarians employed special libraries specialists library 's field rather generally trained librarians often required

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Special library


information services provided corporate libraries save employees time aid competitive intelligence work law libraries law libraries designed assist law students attorneys judges law clerks individuals conducting legal research including members general public law libraries attached law schools private law firms government courts use respective institution 's clientele though university libraries also maintain dedicated legal section collections law libraries tailored specific legal interests institution affiliated may