client 's transference towards therapist defined tendency take unconscious thoughts emotions significant person eg parent transfer onto another person major variations freudian psychoanalysis practiced today include self psychology ego psychology object relations theory general orientations fall umbrella term ''psychodynamic psychology'' common themes including examination transference defenses appreciation power unconscious focus early developments childhood shaped client 's current psychological state ref name gabbard humanistic experiential humanistic psychology developed


eft les greenberg sue johnson eft often used therapy individuals may especially useful couples therapy founded dr sue johnson others lead https iceeftcom international centre excellence emotion focused therapy iceeft clinicians find eft training internationally eft also commonly chosen modality treat clinically diagnosable trauma behavioral cognitive behavioral cognitive behavioral therapy cbt developed combination cognitive therapy rational emotive behavior therapy grew cognitive psychology behaviorism cbt based theory

Social science
Psychology
Clinical psychology


ca sage publications ref '''postmodern''' postmodern psychology says experience reality subjective construction built upon language social context history essential truths since mental illness mental health recognized objective definable realities postmodern psychologist instead sees goal therapy strictly something constructed client therapist forms postmodern psychotherapy include narrative therapy solution focused therapy coherence therapy '''transpersonal''' transpersonal perspective places stronger focus spiritual facet human experience set techniques much willingness


prescribe medication although movement psychologists prescribing privileges medical privileges require additional training education date medical psychologists may prescribe psychotropic medications guam iowa idaho illinois new mexico louisiana public health service indian health service united states military counseling psychology counseling psychologists undergo level rigor study use many interventions tools clinical psychologists including psychotherapy assessment traditionally counseling psychologists helped people might considered normal moderate psychological problems feelings anxiety


education rather psychology counseling psychologists tend frequently employed university counseling centers compared hospitals private practice clinical psychologists however counseling clinical psychologists employed variety settings large degree overlap prisons colleges community mental health non profits corporations private practice hospitals veterans affairs school psychology school psychologists primarily concerned academic social emotional well children adolescents within scholastic environment uk known educational psychologists like clinical counseling psychologists school psychologists doctoral degrees eligible


health care occupations behavioural sciences


generation generation commercial fishing based towns built around fishing industry regulation changes impact entire town 's economy cuts harvest quotas adverse effects ability fishermen compete tourism industry effective management fisheries includes involving stakeholders fishery successfully stakeholders need feel empowered enough make meaningful contributions management process ref name ref empowerment wide application context refers tool gives people within fishing communities opportunity shape

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Environmental management
Fisheries management


th century attempts made regulate fishing north norwegian fishery resulted enactment law lofoten fishery established measure come known territorial use rights blockquote fishing banks divided areas belonging nearest fishing base land subdivided fields boats allowed fish allocation fishing fields hands local governing committees usually headed owner onshore facilities fishermen rent


earth'' updated july ferguson cradler gregory fisheries collapse making global event ''journal global history'' https purempgde rest items item component file content online froese r k kesner reyes http wwwfishbaseorg report fao icesfishingimpactdoc ''impact fishing abundance marine species'' international council exploration sea ices cm l http arquivopt wayback http oregonstateedu dept fw lackey fisheries dhistory dscience dand dmanagement dreprint pdf lackey robert fisheries history science management pp nbsp ''water encyclopedia surface agricultural water'' jay h lehr jack keeley editors john wiley sons inc publishers new york pp mcgoodwin jr http wwwfaoorg docrep e e htm ''understanding cultures


fisheries aquaculture technical papers rome fisheries science fisheries law sustainable fishery natural resource management


exercise authority direction properly designated commanding officer assigned attached forces accomplishment mission nato definition command control exercise authority direction properly designated individual assigned resources accomplishment common goal australian defence force definition similar nato emphasises c system empowering designated personnel exercise lawful authority direction assigned forces accomplishment missions tasks ref name addp ref australian doctrine goes state use

Applied science
Military sciences
Organization
Command and control


distribution information command control centers gallery mode packed heights px file soviet command ship ssv jpg soviet nuclear powered command control naval ship ssv ''ural'' year file us navy n r joint operations center watch standers review latest battle assessmentjpg joint operations center watch standers aboard command ship uss ''mount whitney'' year gallery '''command control center''' typically secure room building government military prison facility operates agency 's dispatch center surveillance monitoring center coordination office alarm monitoring center one command control centers operated


outcome socioeconomic systems deforestation deforestation major cause environmental change deforestation attributed population growth change household dynamics resource management forests traditionally owned state control resource management means government responsible development forested land tree coverage decreased decrease attributed community development increased use resources issue deforestation contributing climate change wood frequently burned used timber fuel emits co


becoming prevalent severe communities continue expand develop landscapes disrupted human interactions unstable hillside areas begin crumple pressures effects responsible habitat loss animals home loss humans complete destruction industrial establishments affect local economies natural disaster disrupts entire flow communities divided private public example highway demolished landslide would considered public cost local farm lost crops


societal norms evolve households mean energy used things like heat house power tvs use lights also means geographical land space taken people lead urbanization rural communities shift communities across globe conclusion deforestation natural disasters pollution energy consumption explicitly exhibit human natural systems integrated systems influenced government policies contextual factors often negative impact environment human interactions environment create


socio economics'' http wwwindiastatin ''socio economic data website indiastatcom'' http wwwtandfcouk journals titles asp ''review social economy'' https webarchiveorg web http seroxfordjournalsorg ''socio economic review'' economic sociology schools economic thought


degree followed years study training leading phd psychologists psychiatrists offer counselling psychiatrists must possess medical degree thus able prescribe medication psychologists median salary counseling psychologists united states us process outcome counseling psychologists interested answering variety research questions counseling process outcome counseling ''process'' refers counseling happens progresses counseling ''outcome'' addresses whether counseling effective conditions effective outcomes

Social science
Psychology
Counseling psychology


variables client characteristics help seeking attitudes attachment style found related client use counseling well expectations outcome stigma mental illness keep people acknowledging problems seeking help public stigma found related self stigma attitudes towards counseling willingness seek help terms attachment style clients avoidance styles found perceive greater risks fewer benefits counseling less likely seek professional help securely attached clients anxious attachment styles perceive greater benefits


nature counselling across cultures various ethnic groups include counseling across cultures paul b pedersen juris g draguns walter j lonner joseph e trimble handbook multicultural counseling joseph g ponterotto j manueal casas lisa suzuki charlene alexander handbook culture therapy healing uwe p gielen jefferson fish juris g draguns janet e helms' racial identity model useful understanding relationship counseling process might affected client 's counselor 's racial identity recent research suggests clients black


model therapeutic working alliance integrated development model considers level client 's motivation anxiety autonomy self awareness systems approach supervision views relationship supervisor supervised important addition characteristics supervisor 's personal characteristics counseling clients training setting well tasks functions supervision critical events supervision model focuses important moments occur supervisor supervised ref name ladanyinman ladany n inman developments counseling skills training supervision brown sd lent rw ''handbook counseling psychology''


discrepancy worker 's needs skills job 's needs skills change needs occur either worker job environment social cognitive career theory scct proposed robert lent steven brown gail hackett theory takes albert bandura 's work self efficacy expands interest development choice making performance person variables scct include self efficacy beliefs outcome expectations personal goals model also includes demographics ability values environment efficacy outcome expectations theorized interrelate influence interest development turn influences


abstract population increases causing famines model individual selfishness larger scales causing degradation common pool resources air water oceans general environmental conditions hardin offered privatization resources government regulation solutions environmental degradation caused tragedy commons conditions many sociologists shared view solutions well see ophuls many critiques view particularly political scientist elinor ostrom economists amartya sen ester boserup even though much mainstream journalism considers malthusianism view environmentalism

Social science
Sociology
Environmental sociology


human exceptionalism paradigm hep hep viewpoint claims human environmental relationships unimportant sociologically humans 'exempt' environmental forces via cultural change view shaped leading western worldview time desire sociology establish independent discipline popular racist biological environmental determinism environment hep view human dominance felt justified uniqueness culture argued adaptable biological traits furthermore culture also capacity accumulate innovate making capable solving natural


additionally critique malthusian views dunlap catton 's work immediately received critique buttel argued contrary classical sociological foundations could found environmental sociology particularly weber 's work ancient agrarian civilizations durkheim 's view division labor built material premise specialization specialization response material scarcity environmental aspect durkheim discussed schnaiberg well eco marxism middle hep nep debate neo marxist ideas conflict sociology applied environmental conflicts therefore sociologists


agriculture destroying productivity land creating wastes urban sites failed reintegrated land thus lead toward destruction urban workers health simultaneously reviewing contribution thread eco marxism current environmental sociology pellow brehm conclude metabolic rift productive development field connects current research classical theory links sociology interdisciplinary array scientific literatures focused ecosystem dynamics foster emphasized argument presupposed magisterial work paul burkett developed closely related red green


genius capitalist development appropriate uncommodified natures including uncommodified human natures means advancing labor productivity commodity system societal environmental dialectic highly influential work allan schnaiberg transfigured environmental sociology proposing societal environmental dialectic though within 'neo marxist' framework relative autonomy state well conflictual concept overwhelming political salience first economic synthesis states desire economic expansion prevail ecological concerns policy decide maximize immediate economic growth expense environmental disruption secondly managed scarcity synthesis concludes


governments attempt control dire environmental problems prevent health economic disasters give appearance governments act environmentally consciously really third ecological synthesis generates hypothetical case environmental degradation severe political forces would respond sustainable policies driving factor would economic damage caused environmental degradation economic engine would based renewable resources point production consumption methods would adhere sustainability regulations conflict based syntheses several potential outcomes one powerful


jared ''collapse societies choose fail succeed'' new york viking dunlap riley e frederick h buttel peter dickens august gijswijt eds ''sociological theory environment classical foundations contemporary insights'' rowman littlefield dunlap riley e william michelson eds ''handbook environmental sociology'' greenwood press freudenburg william r robert gramling emergence environmental sociology contributions riley e dunlap william r catton jr ''sociological inquiry'' harper charles ''environment society human perspectives environmental issues'' upper saddle river new jersey pearson education inc humphrey craig


religious orientation described daniel batson refers treatment religion open ended search batson schoenrade ventis specifically seen batson comprising willingness view religious doubts positively acceptance religious orientation change existential complexity belief one 's religious beliefs shaped personal crises one experienced one 's life batson refers extrinsic intrinsic quests respectively religion means religion end religion quest measures constructs religious life inventory batson schoenrade ventis erik h erikson

Social science
Psychology
Psychology of religion


erik erikson best known theory psychological development roots psychoanalytic importance identity personality biographies gandhi martin luther reveal erikson 's positive view religion considered religions important influences successful personality development primary way cultures promote virtues associated stage life religious rituals facilitate development erikson 's theory benefited systematic empirical study remains influential well regarded theory psychological study religion erich fromm american


spiritual issues counseling ''journal counseling development'' v n pp issn ref james hillman james hillman end book ''re visioning psychology'' reverses james' position viewing religion psychology urging instead view psychology variety religious experience concludes psychology religion implies imagining psychological events effects gods soul julian jaynes julian jaynes primarily book ''the origin consciousness breakdown bicameral mind'' proposed religion psychological phenomena hypnosis schizophrenia


modern world secularization first hypothesis secularization holds science technology take place religion secularization supports separation religion politics ethics psychology taking position even taylor explains secularization denies transcendence divinity rationality religious beliefs religious transformation challenges secularization hypothesis led significant revisions resulting religious transformation hypothesis perspective holds general trends towards individualism social disintegration produce changes religion making religious practice individualized spiritually focused turn expected produce spiritual


peace oneness something us religious may possibly relate categorizing religious experiences perhaps helpful look explicable one two theories objectivist thesis subjectivist thesis objectivist would argue religious experience proof god 's existence however others criticised reliability religious experiences english philosopher thomas hobbes asked possible tell difference talking god dream dreaming talking god subjectivist view argues


fowler intuitive br projective age years piaget pre operational fowler mythic br literal age years piaget


also increases awareness conflicts one 's belief stage conjunctive faith mid life crisis acknowledges paradox transcendence relating reality behind symbols inherited systems individual resolves conflicts previous stages complex understanding multidimensional interdependent truth cannot explained particular statement stage universalizing faith might call enlightenment individual would treat person compassion views people universal community treated universal principles love justice fowler 's model inspired considerable body


seems required person never invent roman catholicism thin air boyer says cognitive science help us understand psychological mechanisms account manifest correlations enable us better understand nature religious belief practice boyer moves outside leading currents mainstream cognitive psychology suggests use evolutionary biology unravel relevant mental architecture brains biological objects best naturalistic account development nature darwin 's theory evolution extent mental architecture


factor analysis delineate four types prayer meditative spiritual silent thinking ritualistic reciting petitionary making requests god colloquial general conversing god scientific study prayer using factor analysis revealed three dimensions prayer ladd spilka 's first factor awareness self inward reaching second third factors upward reaching toward god outward reaching toward others study appears support contemporary model prayer connection whether self higher others dein littlewood suggest individual 's prayer life viewed


spectrum ranging immature mature progression scale characterized change perspective purpose prayer rather using prayer means changing reality situation mature individual use prayer request assistance coping immutable problems draw closer god others change perspective shown associated individual 's passage adolescence prayer appears health implications empirical studies suggest mindfully reading reciting psalms scripture help person


demonstrated pastoral care textbooks citations psychologists freud jung rogers entirely replaced citations traditional pastoral care thinkers augustine gregory great chrysostom late th century mid th century ref recently others described pastoral psychology field experiences tension psychology theology see also references bibliography adler jahn e ''religion psychology'' frankfurt allport gw ross jm ''personal religious orientation prejudice'' journal personality social psychology allport g w ''the individual


scientific study religion freud ''the future illusion'' translated wd robson scott new york liveright freud ''totem taboo resemblances psychic lives savages neurotics'' new york dodd freud ''moses monotheism'' london hogarth press institute psychoanalysis fromm e ''psychoanalysis religion'' new yale university genia v ''the spiritual experience index revision reformulation'' review religious research glock cy stark r ''religion society tension'' chicago rand mcnally gorsuch r venable ''development


age universal e scale'' journal scientific study religion hill p c hood r ''measures religiosity'' birmingham alabama religious education press hill p c pargament k ''advances conceptualisation measurement spirituality'' american psychologist p hood r w ''the construction preliminary validation measure reported mystical experience'' journal scientific study religion james w ''the varieties religious experience'' cambridge harvard university jung c g ''modern man search soul'' new york harcourt brace jung c g ''psychology


psychology religion spirituality saroglou v ed https wwwroutledgecom religion personality social behavior saroglou p book religion personality social behavior new york psychology press saroglou v https wwwroutledgecom psychology religion saroglou p book ''the psychology religion'' routledge psychology everything series miller thoresen american psychologist powell lh shahabi l thoresen c religion spirituality links physical health american psychologist pp wulff ''psychology religion classic contemporary'' nd ed new york wiley reading bendeck sotillos ed ''psychology perennial philosophy studies comparative religion'' bloomington world wisdom fontana ''psychology religion


religious experience study human nature william james https webarchiveorg web http cyberpercncnet relightml psychology religious doubt http wwwpsychology religionde psychology religion germany religion mental health


explanation precession mercury 's orbit einstein considered one triumphs general relativity theory developments diversity alma world 's powerful telescope studying universe submillimeter millimeter wavelengths addition examination universe optical spectrum astronomers increasingly able acquire information portions electromagnetic spectrum earliest non optical measurements made thermal properties sun instruments employed solar eclipse could used measure radiation corona fully steerable radio telescope

Natural science
Space science
Astronomy
Observational astronomy


green bank west virginia radio astronomy discovery radio waves radio astronomy began emerge new discipline astronomy long wavelengths radio waves required much larger collecting dishes order make images good resolution later led development multi dish interferometer making high resolution aperture synthesis radio images radio maps development microwave horn receiver led discovery microwave background radiation associated big bang radio astronomy continued expand capabilities even using radio astronomy satellites


mos transistor later invented mohamed atalla dawon kahng bell labs ref name computerhistory ref ref name computerhistory transistor ref ref name triumph ref mosfet first truly compact transistor could miniaturised mass produced wide range uses ref name moskowitz ref mosfet revolutionized electronics industry ref name chan ref ref name grant ref becoming widely used electronic device world ref name computerhistory transistor ref name golio ref ref name computerhistory ref mosfet basic element modern electronic equipment ref name colinge ref electronics field electronic engineering engineers design test circuits use electromagnetic properties electrical components

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Electrical Engineering
Electronic engineering


development embedded systems systems made specific tasks eg mobile phones also included field field includes micro controller applications computer engineers may also work system 's software however design complex software systems often domain software engineering usually considered separate discipline '''vlsi design engineering''' vlsi stands ' 'very large scale integration'' deals fabrication ics various electronic components education training electronics engineers typically possess academic degree major electronic engineering length study


postgraduate studies often difficult cases experience taken account master 's degree may consist either research coursework mixture two doctor philosophy consists significant research component often viewed entry point academia countries bachelor 's degree engineering represents first step towards certification degree program certified professional body certification allows engineers legally sign plans projects affecting public safety completing certified degree program engineer must satisfy range


spaces claimed political body would offer sensitive attuned description regions critical artifacts communities individuals question one less charged ambiguities colonial ties weigh traditional disciplinary nomenclatures interests justice along lines suitable emergent age argued markha valenta scholars consider abandoning america field identifier toni morrison said american means white everybody else hyphenate imperial american studies one central themes american historiography argued william appleman williams

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
American studies


north american studies also undertaken university cologne works together joint partnership north american studies program university bonn american studies leipzig university leipzig center american studies territory former east germany founded center american studies university southern denmark offers graduate program american studies netherlands university groningen radboud universiteit nijmegen offer complete undergraduate graduate program american studies university amsterdam


well promoting american collections held british library russia 's main center american studies institute us canadian studies russian academy sciences founded middle east oldest american studies program american studies center university bahrain sakhir founded uob asc celebrated th anniversary established university minor asc currently offers different courses students heralds weekly movies asc theater regularly hosts diverse speakers sponsors gatherings excursions


asc curriculum made courses centers three major areas american government diplomacy american society culture american economy trade addition short courses seminars offered guest speakers home abroad broaden students' horizon better understanding america every master student required choose one three major areas study track chooses courses accordingly affiliation center decides different research foci although sometimes study overlapping according affiliations


centers generally divided two groups one affiliated international relations department academically tends focus us politics economy law diplomacy diploma conferred politics foreign language department usually concentrate racial gender issues literature religion education history culture diploma conferred english language literature example american studies center bfsu belongs school english international studies center american studies fudan university administered institute international studies researches different


'''church history''' may refer history christian church academic discipline church history history christianity whole ''church history'' journal ''church history'' eusebius ecclesiastical history catholicism


engineering along many aspects spatial data management ranging data science cartography geography following advanced developments digital data processing nature tasks required professional land surveyor evolved significantly recent years people term surveying longer accurately covers whole range tasks profession deals societies become complex information spatial position associated becomes critical decision making personal business perspective also community

Social science
Geography
Physical geography
Geomatics


also strong risk factor severe covid illness primary complications diabetes due damage small blood vessels include damage eyes kidneys nerves ref name dmcomp ref damage eyes known diabetic retinopathy caused damage blood vessels retina eye result gradual vision loss eventual blindness ref name dmcomp diabetes also increases risk glaucoma cataracts eye problems recommended people diabetes visit eye doctor year damage kidneys known diabetic nephropathy

Applied science
Medicine and health
Diabetology


effects sugar rich vs starch rich meal highlighted mechanism insulin release normal pancreatic beta cells insulin production less constant within beta cells release triggered food chiefly food containing absorbable glucose insulin principal hormone regulates uptake glucose blood cells body especially liver adipose tissue muscle except smooth muscle insulin acts via igf therefore deficiency insulin insensitivity receptors play central role forms diabetes mellitus body


effects insulin insulin resistance insulin defective glucose absorbed properly body cells require stored appropriately liver muscles net effect persistently high levels blood glucose poor protein synthesis metabolic derangements metabolic acidosis cases complete insulin deficiency ref name greenspanendo glucose concentration blood remains high time kidneys reach threshold reabsorption body excretes glucose urine glycosuria increases osmotic pressure urine


time commitment formal glucose tolerance testing takes two hours complete offers prognostic advantage fasting test according current definition two fasting glucose measurements nbsp mmol l nbsp mg dl considered diagnostic diabetes mellitus per people fasting glucose levels nbsp mmol l nbsp mg dl considered impaired fasting glucose people plasma glucose nbsp mmol l nbsp mg dl nbsp mmol l nbsp mg dl two hours nbsp gram oral glucose load considered impaired glucose tolerance two prediabetic states latter particular


career ref name history possibly due diet lifestyle ancients clinical symptoms observed advanced stage disease galen named disease diarrhea urine diarrhea urinosa ref name laios earliest surviving work detailed reference diabetes aretaeus cappadocia nd early rdcentury ce described symptoms course disease attributed moisture coldness reflecting beliefs pneumatic school hypothesized correlation diabetes diseases discussed differential diagnosis


first recorded english form ' 'diabete'' medical text written around word ''mellitus'' comes classical latin word ''mell tus'' meaning mellite ref name oed mellite oxford english dictionary ''mellite'' retrieved ref ie sweetened honey ref name oed mellite honey sweet ref name myetymology mellitus ref latin word comes ''mell'' comes ''mel'' meaning honey ref name oed mellite ref name myetymology mellitus sweetness ref name myetymology mellitus pleasant thing ref name myetymology mellitus suffix '' tus'' ref name oed mellite whose meaning english suffix ite ref name oed ite oxford english dictionary '' ite'' retrieved ref thomas willis added mellitus word diabetes


vineyards contractual agreements landowners ''bailleur'' cases ''prendeurs'' given flexibility selecting crop developing vineyard practice ref name johnson pg ref northern europe weather climate posed difficulties grape cultivation certain species selected better suited environment vineyards grew white varieties grape resistant damp cold climates ref name unwin ref species red grape pinot noir also introduced ref name unwin grape harvesting depicted medieval book hours les


wines particular places began develop reputation uniqueness concept pruning quality quantity emerged mainly cistercian labors though would create conflict rich landowners wanted higher quality wines peasant laborers whose livelihood depended quantity wine could sell ref name johnson pg ref riesling famous example higher quality wine count john iv katzenelnbogen started successful tradition burgundy cistercian monks developed concept ''cru'' vineyards homogeneous pieces land consistently produce wines vintage


climate significant external factor determining grape 's inherent qualities ref name fraga grape variety uniquely preferred environment ideal growing climates vary region region selecting best strain important decision grape cultivation additionally climatic factors temperature rain unpredictable uncontrollable year produce unique qualities yields grapes wine grapes also especially susceptible climate change temperature variation grape vines need approximately hours sunshine growing season around rainfall throughout year


seeds varying sizes hot conditions produce ''coulure'' causes grape clusters either drop ground fully develop ref name sotheby pp oidium powdery mildew attack green parts vine left untreated oidium terminal plant thrives cooler temperatures shade north american vine species evolved show resistance mildew downy mildew ''peronospora'' thrives high temperatures humidity produces stains leaves treated spraying plants copper sulphate


economic decision making history paul glimcher joined center neural science nyu initial forays neuroeconomic topics occurred late thanks part rising prevalence cognitive neuroscience research ground breaking improvements brain imaging technology suddenly allowed unprecedented crossover behavioural neurobiological enquiry time critical tension building neoclassical behavioural schools economics seeking produce superior predictive models human behaviour behavioural economists particular sought challenge neo classicists looking alternative computational psychological processes validated counter findings


one chosen support economic view decision making also situations assumptions optimal decision making seem violated field neuroeconomics arose controversy determining brain areas active types decision processes neuroeconomists hope better understand nature seem suboptimal illogical decisions scientists using human subjects research others using animal models studies tightly controlled


intertemporal choice largely aimed understanding mediates observed behaviors future discounting impulsively choosing smaller sooner rather larger later rewards process choosing immediate delayed rewards seems mediated interaction two brain areas choices involving primary fruit juice secondary rewards money limbic system highly active choosing immediate reward lateral prefrontal cortex equally active making either choice furthermore ratio limbic cortex activity decreased function amount time


activated specifically cooperating social situations support idea comes research demonstrating activation striatum ventral tegmental area show similar patterns activation receiving money donating money charity cases level activation increases amount money increases suggesting giving receiving money results neural reward important aspect social interactions prisoner 's dilemma trust likelihood one individual cooperating another directly related much first individual trusts


second cooperate individual expected defect reason cooperate trust behavior may related presence oxytocin hormone involved maternal behavior pair bonding many species oxytocin levels increased humans trusting individuals control group even though overall levels risk taking unaffected suggesting oxytocin specifically implicated social aspects risk taking ref name kosfeld ref however research recently questioned ref name nave g ref one important


clayman diversity ethnomethodology asr v pp survey various ethnomethodological approaches study social practices pages ref regard theory garfinkel consistently advocated attitude ethnomethodological indifference principled agnosticism regard social theory insists shared understandings members social setting study take precedence concepts social theorist might bring analysis outside setting perplexing traditional social scientists trained need social theory multiplicity theoretical references anne rawls

Social science
Sociology
Interpretive sociology
Ethnomethodology


indifference problem social order taken group member 's concern first time practice attempting describe social activity regardless routine mundane appearance happening first time effort expose observer activity assembles constitutes activity purposes formulating particular description point exercise make available underline complexities sociological analysis description particularly indexical reflexive properties actors'


original misreading translate point point instead go together ref name garf criteria offered translation original text misreadingthe outcome translations garfinkel 's term incommensurable ref name garf misreading texts fragments texts standard feature ethnomethodology 's way theory especially regards topics phenomenology reflexivity despite fact many sociologists use reflexivity synonym self reflection way term used ethnomethodology different meant describe


orders embodied specific accounts employed particular social setting members particular group individuals party setting specific social orders formal properties identified gurwitsch discussion constituent features perceptual ''noema'' extension relationships meaning described account gestalt contextures see gurwitsch little wonder garfinkel states ca n't anything unless read texts ref name garf ethnomethodology 's field investigation ethnomethodology topic study


program efforts hugo diemer first doctoral degree industrial engineering awarded cornell university henry laurence gantt developed gantt chart outlines actions organization along relationships chart opens later form familiar us today wallace clark development assembly lines factory henry ford accounted significant leap forward field ford reduced assembly time car hours hours addition pioneer economy

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Mechanical Engineering
Industrial engineering


program accredited regardless concentration must cover largely similar span foundational work also overlaps heavily content tested one engineering licensure exams jurisdictions coursework specific ie entails specialized courses areas optimization applied probability stochastic modeling design experiments statistical process control simulation manufacturing engineering ergonomics safety engineering engineering economics industrial engineering elective courses typically cover specialized topics areas manufacturing supply chains logistics analytics machine learning production systems human factors industrial design service systems


motion time system computer use ie product development production planning control productivity improvement project management reliability engineering life testing robotics statistical process control quality control supply chain management logistics system dynamics policy planning systems simulation stochastic processes time motion study facilities design work space design quality engineering system analysis techniques differences teaching industrial engineering formal degree around years consensus topics taught studied differs across countries example turkey focuses technical degree denmark


finland united kingdom management focus degree thus making less technical united states meanwhile focuses case studies group problem solving maintains balance technical non technical side practicing engineers traditionally major aspect industrial engineering planning layouts factories designing assembly lines manufacturing paradigms lean manufacturing systems industrial engineers work eliminate wastes time money materials energy resources examples industrial engineering might used include flow process charting process mapping designing assembly workstation strategizing


engineering technology operations management'' wiley interscience turner w et al ''introduction industrial systems engineering'' third edition prentice hall eliyahu goldratt jeff cox ''the goal'' north river press nd rev edition th anniversary edition miller doug towards sustainable labour costing uk fashion retail february malakooti b operations production systems multiple objectives john wiley sons https webarchiveorg web https wwwsebokwikiorg wiki guide systems engineering body knowledge sebok systems engineering body knowledge sebok https webarchiveorg web http infolabstanfordedu burback dcg node html traditional engineering http wwwisevtedu academics extended mea master engineering administration mea external links engineering disciplines manufacturing operations research


arbitrarily large expected number iterations math lim n infty sum n frac math since constant expected run time many calls math theta math see big theta notation monte carlo algorithm syntaxhighlight lang pascal findinga mc array n k begin repeat randomly select one element n elements k 'a' found end syntaxhighlight ''a'' found algorithm succeeds else algorithm fails ''k'' iterations probability finding ''a'' div style text align center math pr mathrm find

Formal science
Computer science
Algorithms
Randomized algorithms


''n'' observe implies primality problem co rp one randomly chooses numbers less composite number ''n'' probability failing find witness sup sup practical purposes good primality test ''n'' big may test practical probability error reduced arbitrary degree performing enough independent tests therefore practice penalty associated accepting small probability error since little care probability


edges contains self loops figure successful run karger 's algorithm vertex graph minimum cut size indicated vertex colours figure contraction vertex b karger 's basic algorithm '''begin''' '' 'repeat''' '' 'repeat''' take random edge uv e g replace u v contraction u' '''until''' nodes remain obtain corresponding cut result c sub sub '''until''' output minimum cut among c sub sub c sub sub c sub sub '''end''' execution outer


plate layer fluid actually adheres solid surface considerable shearing action layer fluid plate surface second layer fluid second layer therefore forced decelerate though quite brought rest creating shearing action third layer fluid fluid passes along plate zone shearing action occurs tends spread outwards zone known boundary layer flow outside boundary layer free

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Civil Engineering
Hydraulic engineering


outcomes company ref name banton ref managerial economics focuses increasing efficiency organizations employing possible business resources increase output decreasing unproductive activities ref name banton two main purposes managerial economics optimize decision making firm faced problems obstacles consideration macro microeconomic theories principles ref name pathak ref analyse possible effects implications short long term planning decisions revenue profitability business correctly optimise economic decisions managerial economics objectives may involve

Social science
Economics
Managerial economics


use operations research mathematical programming strategic decision making game theory computational methods methods listed typically used making quantitate decisions data analysis techniques theory managerial economics includes focus incentives business organization biases advertising innovation uncertainty pricing analytics competition words managerial economics combination economic managerial theory helps manager decision making acts link practice theory furthermore managerial economics provides device techniques managers make best possible decisions scenario examples


types questions tools provided managerial economics answer price quantity good business produce whether invest current staff training go market staff retire fleet equipment managerial economics sometimes referred business economics branch economics applies microeconomic analysis decision methods businesses management units aid managers make wide array multifaceted decisions calculation quantitative analysis draws heavily techniques regression analysis correlation


business decisions could include productivity health environmental impacts risk ref name davis ref managerial economics used determine risks potential financial consequences action make decision consequences potential solutions problem hand analyzed decision made point potential decisions measurable values quantified managerial economics maximise profits minimise risk adverse outcomes firm make decision step includes sensitivity analysis solution sensitivity analysis selected


low causes demand good larger supply theory capital investment decisions capital critical factor enterprise theory prevails rational allocation funds decisions organizations invest profitable projects enterprises order improve efficiency organizations rational allocation funds may include acquiring business investing equipment whether investment improve business microeconomic principles useful principles managers make decisions managerial economics entails use analysis tools make


activities efforts achieve psychological resilience cultural differences subjective assessments competing professional theories affect one defines mental health early signs related health problems sleep irritation lack energy thinking harming others mental disorders mental health defined public health agency canada individual capacity feel think act ways achieve better quality life respecting personal social cultural boundaries ref name manwell e ref impairment risk factor mental disorders components mental

Social science
Social work
Mental health


positive aspect evolves treatment illness preventive promotive areas healthcare ref name roots concept mental deinstitutionalization transinstitutionalization state hospitals accused violating human rights advocates pushed deinstitutionalization replacement federal mental hospitals community mental health services closure state provisioned psychiatric hospitals enforced community mental health centers act laid terms patients posed imminent danger others could admitted state facilities seen improvement


mental illness predicted become leading cause disease worldwide women likely mental illness men one million people commit suicide every year million attempt world health organization report estimates global cost mental illness nearly trillion two thirds indirect costs projected increase trillion evidence suggests nearly half world 's population affected mental illness impact self esteem relationships ability


well psychological well emotional well defined high levels positive emotions whereas social psychological well defined presence psychological social skills abilities contribute optimal functioning daily life model received empirical support across cultures ref name referencea mental health continuum short form mhc sf widely used scale measure tripartite model mental well demographics children young adults mental health conditions global burden disease injury people aged years ref name ref half mental health conditions start


people experiencing homelessness ref name hwang case management reduced admission hospitals reduced substance use substance abuse problems typical care ref name hwang immigrants refugees states produce refugees sites social upheaval civil war even genocide ref name ref refugees experience trauma form torture sexual assault family fragmentation death loved ones ref name ref name ref refugees immigrants experience psychosocial stressors resettlement ref name ref include discrimination lack economic stability social isolation causing emotional distress ref name ref name refugees family reunification


strata defined seriousness mental disorders research showed number respondents using month mental health service generally lower developing developed countries proportion receiving services tended correspond countries' percentages gross domestic product spent health care high levels unmet need worldwide surprising since project atlas' findings much lower mental health expenditures suggested magnitude burdens mental illnesses generally unmet needs low income middle income countries might attributable nations spending reduced amounts usually


treat way physical injury prevention prevention disorder young age may significantly decrease chances child suffer disorder later life shall efficient effective measure public health perspective prevention may require regular consultation physician least twice year detect signs reveal mental health concerns additionally social media becoming resource prevention mental health services act began fund marketing initiatives educate public mental health


mental disorder eventually receive form treatment average persons access care nearly decade following development illness less one third people seek help receive minimally adequate care government offers everyone programs services veterans receive help certain eligibility criteria met policies mental health policies united states experienced four major reforms american asylum movement led dorothea dix mental hygiene movement inspired clifford beers deinstitutionalization


considerably larger sentence ranges crime causes danger military unit sentence range even harsher example desertion carries peacetime sentence disciplinary punishment one year prison wartime carries mandatory prison sentence four years crime caused particularly immediate danger unit mandatory minimum one year maximum sentence ten years ref name rikoslaki military jurisdiction ordinary crime crime carries fine punishment disciplinary

Applied science
Military sciences
Military law


provides loss military rank person sentenced prison least two years prison length time crime treasonous nature specifically crimes chapters penal code eg espionage high treason related crimes shall sentenced lose military rank also thus active military persons also retired personnel reservists persons old belong reserve may lose military ranks crimes civilian nature ref name rikoslaki statistics military crimes relatively common


jurisdiction unless otherwise stated civil laws apply soldiers well german constitution allows federal government art ii create military courts special circumstances times war outside germany german vessel acting legal judge members armed forces fact laws enacted far instead suspects crimes committed abroad subject district attorney city potsdam reason operational headquarters ''einsatzf hrungskommando'' located nonetheless exist numerous acts


ordered worlds unequal less increase others flourish others decay come eclipsed destroyed colliding one another ordered worlds bare animals plants water ref name philosophumena ref blockquote modern times planetary science began astronomy studies unresolved planets sense original planetary astronomer would galileo discovered four largest moons jupiter mountains moon first observed rings saturn

Natural science
Space science
Planetary science


rarely used mercury hermology hermes venus cytherology cythera earth geology moon selenology selene mars areology ares ceres demeterology demeter jupiter zenology zeus saturn kronology kronos uranus uranology uranus neptune poseidology poseidon pluto hadeology hades eris eridology eris planetary geology best known research topics planetary geology deal planetary bodies near vicinity earth moon two neighbouring planets venus mars moon studied first using methods developed earlier earth geomorphology geomorphology studies features planetary surfaces reconstructs history


entirely pristine different types meteorites originate asteroid belt cover almost parts structure differentiated bodies meteorites even exist come core mantle boundary pallasites combination geochemistry observational astronomy also made possible trace hed meteorites back specific asteroid main belt vesta comparatively known martian meteorites provided insight geochemical composition martian crust although unavoidable lack information points origin diverse martian surface meant


significant atmospheres saturn 's moon titan neptune 's moon triton tenuous atmosphere exists around mercury effects rotation rate planet axis seen atmospheric streams currents seen space features show bands eddies cloud system particularly visible jupiter saturn exoplanetology exoplanetology studies exoplanets planets existing outside solar system recently means studying exoplanets extremely limited current rate innovation research technology exoplanetology become rapidly developing subfield astronomy comparative


approach solving interactive software based problems ref name inmates ref problems designing computer interfaces fundamentally different include software eg hammers cooper introduces concept cognitive friction interface design complex difficult use behaves inconsistently unexpectedly possessing different modes ref name inmates alternatively interfaces designed serve needs service product provider user needs may poorly served approach usability usability answers question someone use interface jakob nielsen describes usability quality attribute describes usable

Applied science
Architecture and design
User experience design
Interaction design


many laid donald norman 's influential book ''the design everyday things'' human computer interaction ref name interactiondesigncomau disciplines domaines academic research human computer interaction hci includes methods describing testing usability interacting interface cognitive dimensions cognitive walkthrough design research interaction designers typically informed iterative cycles user research user research used identify needs motivations behaviors end users design emphasis user goals experience evaluate designs terms usability affective influence architecture ref name interactiondesigncomau


queries used part overall database application within database management system dbms process system interfaces account development support costs current systems primary reason cost systems share common data model data models developed system system basis analysis repeated overlapping areas analysis must performed create interfaces systems within organization contain basic data redeveloped

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Data modeling


start existing data structures forms fields application screens reports models usually physical application specific incomplete enterprise perspective may promote data sharing especially built without reference parts organization ref name sig top logical data models hand created abstract way getting information people know subject area system may implement entities logical model model serves reference point template ref name sig sometimes models created mixture


released idef x computer systems laboratory national institute standards technology nist december ref several notations data modeling actual model frequently called entity relationship model depicts data terms entities relationships described data ref name wbd entity relationship model erm abstract conceptual representation structured data entity relationship modeling relational schema database modeling method used software engineering produce type conceptual data model semantic data model system often relational database requirements


believe chemical means vast majority neurological diseases could treated cured neurochemistry became recognized scientific research discipline founding neurochemistry discipline traces origins series international neurochemical symposia first symposium volume published titled ''biochemistry developing nervous system'' meetings led formation international society neurochemistry american society neurochemistry early gatherings discussed tentative nature possible neurotransmitter substances acetylcholine histamine substance p serotonin

Natural science
Chemistry
Neurochemistry


control parameter ref name todorov energetic cost movement errors movement performance scope practice canada kinesiology professional designation well area study province ontario scope officially defined assessment human movement performance rehabilitation management maintain rehabilitate enhance movement performance kinesiologists work variety roles health professionals work rehabilitation providers hospitals clinics private settings working populations needing care musculoskeletal cardiac neurological

Human physical performance and recreation


credible systems come high capital operational costs modern day systems increased accessibility mocap technology see also anatomical terms motion exercise physiology human musculoskeletal system kinanthropometry kinesiogenomics mental practice action motor imagery movement assessment neurology physical therapy usa sports science kinesiology tape references external links ergonomics applied sciences human physiology motor control exercise physiology


tetrahedral atoms united atom representation non bonded terms much computationally costly calculate full since typical atom bonded neighbors interacts every atom molecule fortunately van der waals term falls rapidly typically modeled using '' lennard jones potential'' means attractive forces fall distance ''r'' sup minus sup repulsive forces ''r'' sup minus sup r represents distance two atoms repulsive part ''r'' sup minus sup however unphysical repulsion increases exponentially description van der waals

Natural science
Chemistry
Molecular mechanics


present environment accurate way solvate system place explicit water molecules simulation box molecules interest treat water molecules interacting particles like molecule variety water models exist increasing levels complexity representing water simple hard sphere united atom model three separate particles fixed bond angles even four five separate interaction centers account unpaired electrons oxygen atom water models grow complex related simulations grow


many packages available ref see also references external links https webarchiveorg web http dissertationsubrugnl faculties science hbekker molecular dynamics simulation methods revised http wwwlayruorucom dokuwiki dokuphp molecular mechanics simple molecular mechanics simple molecular physics computational chemistry intermolecular forces molecular modelling


economic experiment kind ref name miller ref vernon smith drawing chamberlin 's work also modifying key respects conducted pioneering economics experiments convergence prices quantities theoretical competitive equilibrium values experimental markets ref name miller smith studied behavior buyers sellers told much value fictitious commodity asked competitively bid ask commodities following rules various real world market institutions eg double auction well english dutch auctions smith found forms centralized trading prices

Social science
Economics
Experimental economics


experiments additional surveys alternatively big number competing alternative software ref name nodegame ref following table presents growing list software tools experimental economics class wikitable sortable name citation year '''z tree''' ref name ztree '''factorwiz''' '''wextor''' '''econport''' '''mit seaweed project''' '''framasi''' '''mwert''' '''cong'''


'''otree''' '''close project''' '''breadboard''' '''nodegame''' ref name nodegame see also agent based computational economics behavioral economics behavioral game theory behavioral finance behavioral operations research experimental finance experimental techniques fair division experiments important publications experimental economics quantitative behavioral finance reinhard selten one central figures foundation experimental economics urs fischbacher one central figures behavioral economics developer first software tool experimental economics replication crisis economics notes references bastable c f


age since start new millennium circulation advertising numbers print newspapers falling rapidly led widespread cost cutting layoffs across industry percent fewer journalist workforce compared number journalist developments significantly affected sports journalism established publications like ''sports illustrated'' espn cut content increase prices reduce number publications leads people unsubscribing content ref name ref fall print sports journalism tied


deadlines many organizations must observe yet expected use tools news journalists uphold professional ethical standards must take care show bias team twitter social media platforms became sports information providers twitter became platform sports nba playoffs end april tweeting television sports analysts announcers journalists new trend sports socio political significance sports stories occasionally transcend games take socio political significance jackie robinson breaking color barrier


data constructed analytic heavy articles pertaining sports espn implemented segment shows called sports science stars every sport come test advanced analytics affect field performance ref name ref much pushback many use analytics sports many established coaches quick bash analytics narrow ignorant big picture ref name ref name europe tradition sports reporting attracting finest writers journalism traced coverage sport victorian england several


hour access sports news via social media apps instagram twitter facebook fast convenient way access sports news go matter applications smartphones contain information sports news events generally free fans ability access sports smartphones allows personally engage ie fantasy sports absorb sports information smartphones truly increased spread sports news typically form videos highlights scores articles applications smartphones especially twitter espn tend


water borne vessels introduction cannon ships enough capacity carry navy warfare primarily involved ramming boarding actions time ancient greece roman empire naval warfare centered long narrow vessels powered banks oarsmen triremes quinqueremes designed ram sink enemy vessels come alongside enemy vessel occupants could attacked hand hand naval warfare continued vein middle ages cannon became commonplace capable reloaded quickly enough reused

Applied science
Military sciences
Strategy
Naval


evolved bring ship 's firepower bear broadside ships line arranged line battle development large capacity sail powered ships carrying cannon led rapid expansion european navies especially spanish portuguese navies dominated th early th centuries helped propel age exploration colonialism repulsion spanish armada english fleet revolutionized naval warfare success guns strategy caused major overhaul spanish navy partly along english lines resulted even greater dominance


spanish beginning th century dutch cannibalized portuguese empire east immense wealth gained challenged spanish hegemony sea dutch raiders seriously troubled spanish shipping number battles went ways dutch navy finally broke long dominance spanish navy battle downs victory oldest warship still commission worldengland emerged major naval power mid th century first anglo dutch war technical victory successive decisive dutch


operations sails towards falkland islands falklands war falklands war largest naval conflict since world war ii monitor defense systems maritime security operations navies may conduct military operations war navy typically operates one naval bases base port specialized naval operations often includes housing munitions depot docks vessels various repair facilities times war temporary bases may constructed closer proximity strategic locations advantageous terms


means localized force projection blue water fleets may require specialized vessels minesweepers operating littoral regions along coast traditions iskra ii polish navy school tall ship basic tradition ships commissioned navy referred ships rather vessels exception destroyers submarines known boats prefix ship 's name indicates commissioned ship important tradition board naval vessels nations ship 's bell historically used mark


still captain charge merchant vessels convoy senior rank employed navy tend vary depending size navy whether wartime peacetime example people ever held rank fleet admiral us navy chief royal australian navy holds rank vice admiral chief irish naval service holds rank commodore naval infantry jaubert commandos french navy demonstrating mock seaborne assault


cultures middle far east iberian peninsula ultimately europe era relative religious tolerance followed writers jewish theologian maimonides muslim polymath averroes penned works theology science philosophy mathematics would lasting impacts hebrew muslim philosophy prove essential flowering european renaissance centuries later none works considered direct ancestors spanish literary tradition cultural milieu fostered intellectual energy

Humanities
Languages and literature
Spanish Literature


nephew juan manuel famous prose work ''el conde lucanor'' frame story short stories within overall story work conde lucanor seeks advice wise counselor patronio gives advice telling stories juan manuel also wrote lesser known works ''el libro de los estados'' social classes ''el libro del caballero escudero'' philosophical discussions toward end middle ages writer fernando del pulgar created new type prose named ' 'verbal portrait'' form


renaissance revival learning based classical sources rise courtly patronage development perspective painting advances science important characteristics renaissance prevalence natural uncomplicated language avoiding affectation ''amaneramiento'' refined phrase producing simple vocabulary straightforward syntax themes love conceived platonic point view nature somewhat idyllic bucolic pagan mythology concerned female beauty histories gods following always classical ideal relation themes various renaissance points exist


literary heading regeneracionismo group younger writers among miguel de unamuno p baroja jos mart nez ruiz azor n disaster cultural repercussions inspired deeper radical literary shift affected form content writers along ram n del valle incl n antonio machado ramiro de maeztu ngel ganivet came known generation label outset controversial even azor n source origin came reject nevertheless stuck way describe group writers turned content


artists absorbing literary experimentation writers poets pedro salinas jorge guill n federico garc lorca vicente aleixandre maso alonso manuel altolaguirre likewise closely tied formal academia yet novelists benjam n jarn rosa chacel francisco ayala ram n j sender equally experimental academic many generation full time university professors others spent periods guest teachers students scholars national literary heritage evidence impact calls regeneracionistas generation spanish intelligence turn


novelists took brief hiatus writing general consensus new decade began straightforward realism previous decade manifesting brutal truth contemporary spanish life franco ultimately failed politically directly modeled transparent discourse used effectively authoritarian regime crush opposition writers aspired shaped part french nouveau roman writers like alain robbe grillet french la nouvelle vague cinema godard truffaut latin american boom spanish novelists poets beginning perhaps luis mart n


de nuestra se ora'' jorge manrique ''coplas la muerte de su padre'' renaissance baroque siglo de oro classical prose anonymous ''lazarillo de tormes'' fernando de rojas ''la celestina'' alonso de ercilla ''la araucana'' bernal az del castillo ''historia verdadera de la conquista de la nueva espa a'' bernardino de sahag n ''historia general de las cosas de la nueva espa a'' mateo alem n ''guzm n de alfarache'' baltasar graci n ''el critic n'' miguel de cervantes ''don quixote'' ''novelas ejemplares'' classical spanish theater juan del encina lope de rueda guill n de castro ''las mocedades del cid'' lope de vega ''el perro del hortelano''


name corsini ref classified three principal areas environmental conditions communication takes place physical characteristics communicators behaviors communicators interaction nonverbal communication involves conscious unconscious processes ''encoding'' ' 'decoding'' encoding defined ability express emotions way accurately interpreted receiver decoding called ''nonverbal sensitivity'' defined ability take encoded emotion interpret meanings accurately sender intended encoding act generating information facial expressions gestures postures encoding information utilizes

Journalism, media studies and communication


people ref name ref many different types body positioning portray certain postures including slouching towering legs spread jaw thrust shoulders forward arm crossing posture bodily stance exhibited individuals communicates variety messages whether good bad study instance identified around postures related maladjustment withholding information ref name posture used determine participant 's degree attention involvement difference status communicators level fondness person communicator depending body openness ref


culture mood level confidence interests age authority values beliefs ref name forbescom ref instance jewish men may wear yarmulke outwardly communicate religious belief similarly clothing communicate nationality person group example traditional festivities scottish men often wear kilts specify culture aside communicating person 's beliefs nationality clothing used nonverbal cue attract others men women may shower accessories high end fashion order attract partners interested case clothing used form self expression


unless deliberately manipulated addition many emotions including happiness sadness anger fear surprise disgust shame anguish interest universally recognized displays emotions generally categorized two groups negative positive negative emotions usually manifest increased tension various muscle groups tightening jaw muscles furrowing forehead squinting eyes lip occlusion lips seemingly disappear contrast positive emotions revealed loosening furrowed lines forehead relaxation muscles around mouth widening eye area individuals truly relaxed


established eye contact two people greater intimacy levels ref name hogan k gaze comprises actions looking talking listening length gaze frequency glances patterns fixation pupil dilation blink rate important cues nonverbal communication liking generally increases mutual gazing increases ref name hogan k along detection disinterest deceit also observed person hogan states someone deceptive eyes tend blink lot eyes act leading indicator truth deception ref name hogan k


video talking hands eyes key characteristic type nonverbal learning children opportunity observe interact parts activity ref name paradise r ref many indigenous american children close contact adults children performing activities eventually master objects materials become familiar child activities normal part everyday life learning done extremely contextualized environment rather one specifically tailored instructional ref name paradise r


speaker much portraying gestures facial expressions lead major cultural barriers conflict diverse cultures already ref name ref lead intercultural conflict according marianna pogosyan phd misunderstandings ambiguities communication despite language fluency ref name nonverbal communication makes difference bringing cultures together understanding one another appearing authentic push people farther away due misunderstandings different groups see certain nonverbal cues gestures birth children various cultures taught gestures cues culture


communicator listener meaning conveyed touch highly dependent upon culture context situation relationship communicators manner touch ref name knapp hall touch extremely important sense humans well providing information surfaces textures component nonverbal communication interpersonal relationships vital conveying physical intimacy sexual kissing platonic hugging tickling touch earliest sense develop fetus human babies observed enormous difficulty


recognize emotional meaning happiness sadness anger fear expressive body movements study included adults children divided age groups four five eight year olds children shown two clips simultaneously asked point one expressing target emotion results study revealed four emotions tested year olds able correctly identify sadness rate better chance year olds performed better able identify happiness sadness fear better chance


literature p li canon medieval period literature kannada telugu appeared th th centuries respectively later literature marathi gujarati assamese odia bengali maithili appeared thereafter literature various dialects hindi persian urdu began appear well bengali poet rabindranath tagore became india 's first nobel laureate literature contemporary indian literature two major literary awards sahitya akademi fellowship gyanpith award eight gyanpith awards awarded hindi kannada followed five bengali malayalam four

Humanities
Languages and literature
Indian Literature


literature actually started religious writings saint poets belonging mahanubhava warkari sects mahanubhava saints used prose main medium warkari saints preferred poetry medium early saint poets mukundaraj wrote vivekasindhu dnyaneshwar wrote amrutanubhav bhawarthadeepika popularly known dnyaneshwari couplets long commentary bhagavad gita namdev followed warkari saint poet eknath mukteswar translated great epic mahabharata marathi social reformers like saint poet tukaram transformed marathi enriched literary language ramdas 's dasbodh manache shlok well known


literature odia language literary history started charyapadas written th century ad odia rich literary heritage medieval period dating back th century sarala das lived th century known vyasa odisha translated mahabharata odia fact language initially standardised process translation classical sanskrit texts like mahabharata ramayana srimad bhagavatam jagannatha das translated srimad bhagavatam odia translation standardised written form language odia strong tradition


using script appointed modern day tulu literature written using kannada script mandara ramayana notable piece modern tulu literature written mandara keshava bhatt received sahitya academy award best poetry madipu mogaveera saphala samparka popular tulu periodicals published mangalore tulu sahitya academy established state government karnataka also kerala tulu academy established indian state government kerala manjeshwaram important governmental organisations promote tulu literature nevertheless numerous organisations spread


samman saraswati samman see also indian epic poetry list ancient indian writers ''indian literature'' journal indian poetry literature north east india stephanian school literature footnotes external links http wwwindohistorycom literaturehtml indian literature indohistory http indianreviewin indian literature fiction poetry magazine http lawparkjimdocom lists south asian canonical texts south asian canonical texts http wwwworldrecordsindiacom longest poem indian constitution bhas longest poem indian constitution set world record


gatekeeper underworld god neti ref name nemet nammu goddess representing primeval waters engur gave birth heaven ki earth first deities rarely attested object cult likely played central role early cosmogony eridu later periods continued appear texts related exorcisms ancient sumerian god heavens ancestor major deities original patron deity uruk major gods called sukkal minor


started instance royal botanic gardens kew directors gardens sent gardener botanist explorers care collect plants add collections th century became th ethnobotany saw expeditions undertaken colonial aims rather trade economics lewis clarke recorded plants peoples encountered use edward palmer collected material culture artifacts botanical specimens people north american west great basin mexico research

Natural science
Biology
Botany
Ethnobotany


decoration painting woodwork furniture'' spread ideas artistic interior design wide middle class audience situation described ''the illustrated carpenter builder'' recently man wanted furnish would visit dealers select piece piece furniture today sends dealer art furnishings fittings surveys rooms house brings artistic mind bear subject america candace wheeler one first woman interior designers helped encourage new style

Applied science
Architecture and design
Interior design


architectural design therefore uncomfortable rarely used book considered seminal work success led emergence professional decorators working manner advocated authors notably elsie de wolfe elsie de wolfe taken ''the house good taste'' elsie de wolfe one first interior designers rejecting victorian style grew chose vibrant scheme along comfortable furniture home designs light fresh colors delicate chinoiserie furnishings opposed victorian preference


across europe organisations finnish association interior architects established international interior design association founded ref name professionalization ellen mazur thomson author ''origins graphic design america'' determined professional status achieved education self imposed standards professional gate keeping organizations ref name professionalization achieved interior design became accepted profession interior decorators interior designers interior design restaurant interior design art science understanding people 's behavior create functional spaces aesthetically pleasing within building decoration furnishing


eventually result positive negative effects colors make room feel either calm cheerful comfortable stressful dramatic color combinations make tiny room seem larger smaller interior design profession choose appropriate colors place towards achieving clients would want look feel space ref name specialties electric wire reel reused center table rio de janeiro decoration fair residential residential design design interior private residences type design specific


individual situations needs wants individual paramount area interior design interior designer may work project initial planning stage may work remodeling existing structure often involved process takes months fine tune create space vision client ref name autogenerated piotrowski c becoming interior designer john wiley sons new jersey usa ref commercial commercial design encompasses wide range subspecialties retail includes malls shopping centers department stores specialty stores visual merchandising showrooms visual


facilities ref name autogenerated exhibition includes museums gallery exhibition hall specially design showroom exhibition gallery traffic building includes bus station subway station airports pier etc sports includes gyms stadiums swimming rooms basketball halls etc teaching private institute offer classes interior design self employment employment private sector firms areas specialization include amusement theme park design museum exhibition design exhibit design event design including ceremonies weddings baby bridal showers parties conventions concerts interior prop styling craft styling food styling product styling tablescape design theatre performance design stage


lloyd wright n't become hugely popularized completing house called fallingwater modern art reached peak ' designers decorators today may refer modern design mid century ref name modern art refer era age design contemporary design term used interior designers shifting group recent styles trends ref name arab materials majlis painting also called nagash painting decoration majlis front parlor traditional arabic homes


development library increase efficiency mining chemical space commonly diverse library small molecules natural products screened quantitative structure activity relationship qsar calculation quantitative structure activity relationship quantitative structure property relationship values used predict activity compounds structures context also strong relationship chemometrics chemical expert systems also relevant since represent parts chemical knowledge ''in silico'' representation relatively new concept matched molecular pair analysis prediction driven mmpa

Natural science
Chemistry
Cheminformatics


visualization community ref name lr lawrence j rosenblum ed ''scientific visualization advances challenges'' academic press ref surface rendering rendering process generating image model means computer programs model description three dimensional objects strictly defined language data structure would contain geometry viewpoint texture lighting shading information image digital image raster graphics image term may analogy artist 's rendering scene 'rendering' also used describe process calculating effects video editing file

Formal science
Computer science
Computer graphics
Scientific visualization


efficient manually fake details order obtain better performance computational stage usually case large number frames need animated resulting surfaces characteristic 'flat' appearance additional tricks used objects scene painted matte finish radiosity radiosity also known global illumination method attempts simulate way directly illuminated surfaces act indirect light sources illuminate surfaces produces realistic shading seems better capture


aircraft plot'' image city renderingjpg ''city rendering'' gallery ''porsche model'' nastran model featured plot contains mesh plot porsche model imported nastran bulk data file visit read limited subset nastran bulk data files general enough import model geometry visualization ''yf aircraft plot'' featured image displays plots cgns dataset representing yf jet aircraft dataset consists unstructured grid solution image created using pseudocolor plot dataset 's mach variable mesh plot grid vector plot


visualization laboratory kitware los alamos national laboratory nasa advanced supercomputing division national center supercomputing applications sandia national laboratory san diego supercomputer center scientific computing imaging institute texas advanced computing center conferences field ranked significance scientific visualization research ieee visualization siggraph eurovis conference human factors computing systems chi eurographics pacificvis see computer graphics organizations supercomputing facilities see also general data presentation architecture data visualization mathematical visualization molecular graphics skin friction line sonification tensor glyph visual analytics publications acm transactions graphics ieee transactions visualization computer


revolt undermine ottoman empire first world war ref name williams many proxy wars began assuming distinctive ideological dimension spanish civil war pitted fascist political ideology italy national socialist ideology nazi germany communist ideology soviet union without involving states open warfare ref name axelrod ref sponsors sides also used spanish conflict proving ground weapons battlefield tactics ref name axelrod cold war proxy warfare motivated fears conventional war united states

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Proxy war


agreement retaliatory action parties allies major iran saudi arabia proxy conflict locations cases nations may motivated engage proxy warfare financial concerns supporting irregular troops insurgents non state actors less advanced allied militaries often obsolete surplus equipment significantly cheaper deploying national armed forces proxies usually bear brunt casualties economic damage resulting prolonged conflict another common motivating factor existence security dilemma nation may use military intervention install favorable government third party


international council archives adopted one alongside work arranging caring collections archivists assist users interpreting materials answering inquiries reference work small part archivist 's job smaller organization consist occupation larger archive specific roles processing archivist reference archivist may delineated archivists work variety organizations including government agencies local authorities museums hospitals historical societies businesses charities corporations colleges universities national parks historic sites institution whose records may potentially

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Archivist


arrangement description archives'' produced dutch association archivists set one hundred rules archivists base work around notably within rules principle preserving provenance original order first argued essential trait archival arrangement description ref name cook ref r schellenberg known father american archival appraisal ref name cook published ''modern archives'' schellenberg 's work intended academic textbook defining archival methodology giving archivists specific technical instruction workflow arrangement moving away jenkinson 's organic passive approach archival


archivists actively engaging collections promoting archival benefits modern world ref name ref kate theimer writes order understand archives must compared archives asserts representation archives means exhaustive fully comprehensive breadth archival experience following list contrasts ref name open closed transparent opaque user centered record centered facilitator gatekeeper attracting new users relying users find shared standards localized practice metrics measurement


lung fields diminished unusual breath sounds rales rhonchi heard lung fields stethoscope many heart diseases give pulmonary signs thorough cardiac investigation usually included procedures clinical procedures pulmonary clinical procedures include following pulmonary tests procedures medical laboratory investigation blood blood tests sometimes arterial blood gas tests also required spirometry determination maximum airflow given lung volume measured breathing dedicated machine key test diagnose airflow obstruction pulmonary function testing including spirometry

Applied science
Medicine and health
Internal medicine
Pulmonology


least three additional years subspeciality fellowship training pulmonology pediatric pulmonologists treat diseases airways lungs respiratory mechanics aerodigestive system pulmonology physician assistant physician assistants commonly work collaboration physicians field pulmonology scientific research pulmonologists involved clinical basic research respiratory system ranging anatomy respiratory epithelium effective treatment pulmonary hypertension scientific research also takes place look causes possible treatment diseases pulmonary tuberculosis lung cancer references


administration grew field management may well said originated ancient china ref name ewan ferlie p ewan ferlie laurence e lynn christopher pollitt ''the oxford handbook public management'' p ref including possibly first highly centralized bureaucratic state earliest second century bc example administration based merit testing ref name aphq kazin edwards rothman ''one oldest examples merit based civil service system existed' imperial bureaucracy china'' ref far advance rest world almost end th century


service management training civil servants merit based assessment separation politics administration subject lasting debate different perspectives regarding dichotomy contribute differentiating characteristics suggested generations public administration scholars public administration responded wilson 's solicitation thus textbooks field introduced distinguished scholars period luther gulick lyndall urwick henri fayol frederick taylor others frederick taylor another prominent scholar field administration management also published book entitled ''the principles


scientific management'' believed scientific analysis would lead discovery one best way things carrying operation according could help save cost time taylor 's technique later introduced private industrialists later various government organizations jeong ref name jeongchun jeong chun hai ibrahim fadzlina nawi ''principles public administration introduction'' kuala lumpur karisma publications ref taylor 's approach often referred taylor 's principles taylorism taylor 's scientific management consisted main four principles frederick w taylor replace rule thumb work methods


adopted reformed federal agencies using npm approaches new public management became prevalent throughout bureaucracies us uk lesser extent canada original public management theories roots attributed policy analysis according richard elmore article published journal policy analysis management modern authors define npm combination splitting large bureaucracies smaller fragmented agencies encouraging competition different public agencies encouraging competition public agencies private firms using economic incentives lines eg performance pay


countries buildings sector us could cut co emission field comparative public administration often misunderstood definition complex requires layers understanding field require many years collaborative research becomes widely recognized academic study master 's degrees sciences po havre campus public administration programs similarities business administration programs cases students master 's public administration mpa master 's business administration mba programs take many courses programs


thesis dissertation doctoral project upon successful completion doctoral requirements title doctor awarded post nominals dpa used universities use phd doctoral degree public administration eg carleton university ottawa canada university kerala india phd typically sought individuals aiming become professors public administration researchers individuals pursuing phd public administration often pursue theoretical dissertation topics dpa counterparts notable scholars notable scholars public administration come range


improve organization operation public administration iias also aims ensure public agencies position better respond current future expectations needs society iias set four entities international association schools institutes administration iasia european group public administration egpa latin american group public administration lagpa asian group public administration agpa iasia association organizations individuals whose activities interests focus public administration management activities members include education


metabolites toxins used plants deter predation others pheromones used attract insects pollination secondary metabolites pigments therapeutic actions humans refined produce drugs examples inulin roots dahlias quinine cinchona thc cbd flowers cannabis morphine codeine poppy digoxin foxglove ref name meskin p plants synthesize variety phytochemicals derivatives alkaloids class chemical compounds containing nitrogen ring alkaloids produced large

Applied science
Medicine and health
Pharmaceutical sciences
Pharmacognosy


province ontario registering chiropodists since introduced new legislation ontario government imposed cap ontario trained chiropodists becoming podiatrists registered podiatrist outside ontario relocates ontario required register province practise chiropodist podiatrists practising ontario previous imposed provincial cap 'grandfathered' allowed keep title podiatrist subclass chiropody scope 'grandfathered' mostly american trained podiatrists includes boney procedures forefoot ordering x rays

Applied science
Medicine and health
Podiatry


obtaining doctor podiatric medicine dpm accredited school required home jurisdiction completion one year postgraduate training successfully passing relevant board examinations exception made holding year undergraduate bachelor science podiatry degree accredited schools united kingdom successful evaluation relevant commission degrees accepted bachelor 's level editorial note meaning exception clearly stated appears safe assume bachelor 's degrees qualify medical registration merely allow holders


appropriate health care professional nhs interface patients multidisciplinary teams scope practice podiatrist varied ranging simple skin care invasive bone joint surgery depending education training order perform invasive foot surgery uk podiatrist must undertake extensive postgraduate education training usually taking minimum years complete similar way podiatrists australasia uk podiatrists may continue studies qualify podiatric surgeons due recent changes legislation professional titles chiropodist podiatrist


acpm american college foot ankle surgeons acfas respectively although abpm recognized certifier primary podiatric medicine prosthetics ref name cpme url https wwwcpmeorg boards contentcfmitemnumber access date website wwwcpmeorg ref abfas certifier podiatric surgery ref name hospital credentialing committees oftentimes distinguish two due professional guidance opinion possibly due local federal restraint trade lawsthere several boards arisen past several decades issuing certifications podiatrists however board certified legally recognized podiatric accrediting agency council podiatric medical education


podiatrists primarily surgical practices specialists complete additional fellowship training reconstruction foot ankle effect diabetes physical trauma surgeons practice minimally invasive percutaneous surgery cosmetic correction hammer toes bunions podiatrists use medical orthopedic biomechanical surgical principles maintain correct foot deformities colleges education nine colleges podiatric medicine united states governed american association colleges podiatric medicine aacpm aacpm describes mission enhance academic podiatric medicine podiatric medical schools united


education new podiatric medical school established university texas rio grande valley world directory medical schools include podiatric medical schools ''medical school'' directory podiatric subspecialities podiatrists treat wide variety foot lower extremity conditions nonsurgical surgical approaches american board podiatric orthopedics primary podiatric medicine abpoppm offers comprehensive board qualification certification process podiatric medicine orthopedics podiatric medicine orthopedics medical specialty concerned comprehensive continuous foot health care patients


podiatric physicians also specialize ie specialists fields practice podiatric medical specialties reconstructive foot ankle surgery consultant podiatric surgeon general podiatric physician podiatric medical physician podiatric orthopedic sports medicine podiatric sports physicians high risk wound care ref name highrisk ref podiatric rheumatology neuro podiatrist neurology ref name highrisk onco podiatrist skin cancers podiatric oncologist podiatric vascular specialist dermatological podiatrist diagnostic podoradiologist radiology gerentological podiatrist diabetic limb salvage wound care podiatric diabetologist ref name highrisk podopediatrics study children 's foot ankle conditions forensic podiatry study footprints footwear shoeprints feet associated crime scene investigations australia


satellite january national aeronautics space administration founded response cold war apollo first human space mission moon took place saw three astronauts enter orbit around moon two neil armstrong buzz aldrin visiting lunar surface third astronaut michael collins stayed orbit rendezvous armstrong aldrin visit alt jet flight important innovation came january boeing made first commercial flight new york london

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Mechanical Engineering
Aerospace engineering


livestock storing crops agricultural engineers work production sales management research development applied science armenia armenia agricultural sector accounted percent gdp grew percent ref name armenialib aug http wwwarmenialibertyorg armeniareport report en f eeb de f e e dba asp kocharian orders tax exemption armenian farmers armenia liberty rfe rl august ref higher armenia neighboring countries georgia azerbaijan turkey iran contribution agriculture gdp percent respectively philippines philippines professional designation

Applied science
Agriculture
Agricultural engineering


item position requires knowledge expertise agricultural biosystems engineer united kingdom united kingdom term agricultural engineer often also used describe person repairs modifies agricultural equipment united states american society agricultural engineers known american society agricultural biological engineers asabe founded leading organization agricultural engineering field asabe provides safety regulatory standards agricultural industry http wwwasabeorg standards asabe international standards activitiesaspx tabbody standards regulations developed international scale


surgical education training set program cardiothoracic surgery six years duration usually commencing several years completing medical school training administered supervised via bi national australia new zealand training program multiple examinations take place throughout course training culminating final fellowship exam final year training upon completion training surgeons awarded fellowship royal australasian college surgeons fracs denoting qualified specialists trainees completed training program general surgery obtained fracs option

Applied science
Medicine and health
Surgery
Cardiothoracic surgery


position every year universit de montr al position every three years university ottawa position university toronto position western university position united kingdom united kingdom cardiac surgeons trained direct specialty training core surgical training core surgical training route trainees apply third year specific training cardiothoracic surgery thereafter may choose subspecialise areas aortic surgery adult cardiac surgery thoracic surgery paediatric cardiothoracic surgery adult congenital surgery united states surgeon operating cardiac surgery


heart beating surgery stabilized provide almost still work area connect conduit vessel bypasses blockage us conduit vessels harvested endoscopically using technique known endoscopic vessel harvesting evh researchers believe pump approach results fewer post operative complications postperfusion syndrome better overall results study results controversial surgeon 's preference hospital results still play major role minimally invasive surgery new form heart surgery grown popularity robot assisted heart surgery


''journal thoracic cardiovascular surgery'' references external links http wwwctsnetorg cardiothoracic surgery network http wwwstsorg society thoracic surgeons http wwwaatsorg american association thoracic surgery http wwwismicsorg international society minimally invasive cardiothoracic surgery surgical specialties cardiac surgery thoracic surgery pulmonary thoracic surgery


design developing system operation guide functional design specification outlines operation process guides process operation machinery safety design programming effective communication engineers p id proposed layout general arrangement process shown overhead view plot plan side view elevation engineering disciplines involved civil engineers site work earth moving foundation design concrete slab design work structural steel support equipment etc previous work directed toward defining scope

Natural science
Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Process engineering


collection measurements method taking measurements system controlling desired measurement process operations scheduling process networks multiperiod planning optimization data reconciliation real time optimization flexibility measures fault diagnosis supporting tools sequential modular simulation equation based process simulation ai expert systems large scale nonlinear programming nlp optimization differential algebraic equations daes mixed integer nonlinear programming minlp global optimization optimization uncertainty quality function deployment qfd process economics ref name ref includes using simulation software https wwwaspentechcom products engineering aspen plus aspen http wwwintelligencom superpro overviewhtml super pro find break even point net present value marginal sales marginal cost return investment