multiple levels analysis global eg world systems local societal individual attention paid also processes environmental problems become ' 'defined'' ''known'' humans argued notable environmental sociologist john bellamy foster predecessor modern environmental sociology marx 's analysis metabolic rift influenced contemporary thought sustainability environmental sociology often interdisciplinary overlaps sociology risk rural sociology sociology disaster human ecology human ecology deals interdisciplinary study relationship humans natural social built environments addition


formed contribute structural domination one group another politics knows authority questions power contested social interactions way bring widespread cultural social change questions likely studied qualitatively study social movements effects especially important relation wider definitions politics power political sociology also moved beyond methodological nationalism analysed role non governmental organizations diffusion nation state throughout earth


primarily addressing professional sociologists public sociology also part broader field science communication science journalism race ethnic relations sociology race ethnic relations area discipline studies social political economic relations races ethnicities levels society area encompasses study racism residential segregation complex social processes different racial ethnic groups research frequently interacts areas sociology stratification social psychology well postcolonial theory level


social identity social psychology may taught psychological emphasis ref name sociology researchers field prominent users experimental method however unlike psychological counterparts also frequently employ methodologies social psychology looks social influences well social perception social interaction ref name stratification poverty inequality social stratification hierarchical arrangement individuals social classes castes divisions within society ref name modern western societies stratification traditionally relates cultural economic classes arranged three main layers upper class middle class lower class


questioned reformulated along processes decolonization issues emerged transnational processes challenged centrality nation state theorizations culture power new challenges emerged public debates multiculturalism increasing use culture concept outside academy among peoples studied anthropology times business usual academy anthropology world ever times irving louis horowitz ''the decomposition sociology'' argued discipline arriving distinguished lineage tradition


''four sociological traditions'' oxford oxford university press coser lewis ''masters sociological thought ideas historical social context'' new york harcourt brace jovanovich giddens anthony ''sociology'' th ed cambridge polity press lipset seymour martin everett carll ladd politics american sociologists ''american journal sociology'' pp nbsp merton robert k ''social theory social structure toward codification theory research'' revised enlarged ed glencoe il mills c wright '' https wwwgooglecom books edition sociological imagination utq okkwszochl en gbpv sociological imagination '' nisbet robert ''the sociological tradition'' london heinemann educational books ritzer george


dissolved salts stable throughout world 's oceans ref name millero ref seawater saline humans drink safely kidneys cannot excrete urine salty seawater class wikitable style float right major solutes seawater salinity ref name millero solute concentration total salts chloride sodium sulphate magnesium calcium potassium bicarbonate

Applied science
Military sciences
Battlespace
Sea


wind open water wind blows continuously happens southern hemisphere roaring forties long organised masses water called swell roll across ocean ref name stow ref name noaa ref wind dies wave formation reduced already formed waves continue travel original direction meet land size waves depends fetch distance wind blown water strength duration wind waves meet others coming different directions interference two produce broken


crests closer together increases waves' height called wave shoaling ratio wave 's height water depth increases certain limit breaks toppling mass foaming water ref name mrgarrison rushes sheet beach retreating sea influence gravity ref name noaa tsunami tsunami thailand tsunami unusual form wave caused infrequent powerful event underwater earthquake landslide meteorite impact volcanic eruption collapse land


plates grind together movement proceeds jerks cause earthquakes heat produced magma forced creating underwater mountains may form chains volcanic islands near deep trenches near boundaries land sea slightly denser oceanic plates slide beneath continental plates subduction trenches formed grate together continental plates deformed buckle causing mountain building seismic activity earth 's deepest trench mariana trench extends across seabed near


rate six eight per minute known constructive waves tend move material beach little erosive effect storm waves arrive shore rapid succession known destructive waves swash moves beach material seawards influence sand shingle beach ground together abraded around high tide power storm wave impacting foot cliff shattering effect air cracks crevices compressed expands rapidly release


converted carbonic acid carbonate bicarbonate co sub sub sub gas sub co sub sub sub aq sub co sub sub sub aq sub h sub sub h sub sub co sub sub h sub sub co sub sub hco sub sub sup sup h sup sup hco sub sub sup sup co sub sub sup sup h sup sup also enter rivers dissolved organic carbon converted photosynthetic organisms organic carbon either exchanged throughout food chain precipitated deeper carbon rich layers dead soft tissue shells bones calcium carbonate circulates layer long periods time either deposited sediment returned surface waters


nitrification anammox denitrification processes take place deep water upwelling cold waters also near estuaries land sourced nutrients present plant growth higher means productive areas rich plankton therefore also fish mainly coastal ref name stow animals marine life thornback cowfish broader spectrum higher animal taxa sea land many marine species yet discovered number known science expanding annually ref name thorne miller


harsh environment drilling oil sea environmental impacts animals may disorientated seismic waves used locate deposits debate whether causes beaching whales toxic substances mercury lead arsenic may released infrastructure may cause damage oil may spilt large quantities methane clathrate exist seabed ocean sediment interest potential energy source also seabed manganese nodules formed layers iron manganese hydroxides around core pacific may


cover percent deep ocean floor minerals precipitate seawater grow slowly commercial extraction nickel investigated abandoned favour convenient sources suitable locations diamonds gathered seafloor using suction hoses bring gravel ashore deeper waters mobile seafloor crawlers used deposits pumped vessel namibia diamonds collected marine sources conventional methods land reverse osmosis desalination plant sea holds large quantities valuable dissolved minerals


important salt table industrial use harvested solar evaporation shallow ponds since prehistoric times bromine accumulated leached land economically recovered dead sea occurs parts per million ppm fresh water production desalination technique removing salts seawater leave fresh water suitable drinking irrigation two main processing methods vacuum distillation reverse osmosis use large quantities energy desalination normally undertaken fresh water sources short supply energy


settled land based way life indigenous peoples arctic chukchi inuit inuvialuit yup'iit hunt marine mammals including seals whales torres strait islanders australia include great barrier reef among possessions live traditional life islands involving hunting fishing gardening trading neighbouring peoples papua mainland aboriginal australians culture great wave coast kanagawa'' katsushika hokusai c ref name stow sea appears human culture contradictory ways powerful serene beautiful


'''sea''' body water covering earth '''sea''' '''sea''' may also refer places geography sea acronym southeast asia sea somerset hamlet south somerset england transportation industry locations sacramento executive airport california seattle tacoma international airport washington iata code sea king street station seattle washington amtrak code sea people name sea kumada born japanese child actress arts entertainment media music ''sea'' ep ep doves sky eats airplane sea digital metalcore band texas streaming equivalent albums see album equivalent unit radio sea fm new


china indian subcontinent cultural influences neighboring regions th century however term became restricted territories former french indochina cambodia laos vietnam maritime section southeast asia also known malay archipelago term derived european concept malay race ref name wallace ref another term maritime southeast asia ''insulindia'' indian islands used describe region indochina australasia term southeast asia first used american pastor howard malcolm book ''travels south eastern asia''


ago mainland southeast asia remainders known negritos form small minority groups geographically isolated regions southeast asia dominated east asian related ancestry already bc predating expansion austroasiatic austronesian peoples ref name ncbinlmnihgov austroasiatic austronesian expansions maritime southeast asia late neolithic austronesian peoples form majority modern population brunei indonesia east timor malaysia philippines migrated southeast asia taiwan first seaborne human migration known austronesian expansion arrived northern philippines bc bc


china ref name ng northern vietnam mid st millennium bc southeast asian people originally animist engaged ancestors nature spirits worship belief systems later supplanted hinduism buddhism region especially coastal areas came contact indian subcontinent first century ref name jgonda jan gonda indian religions pre islamic indonesia survival bali pp ref indian brahmins traders brought hinduism region made contacts local courts local rulers converted hinduism buddhism adopted indian religious traditions reinforce legitimacy elevate ritual


perfect cone built past continuous eruption ref name davis davis lee natural disasters black plague eruption mt pinatubo new york ny facts file inc pp ref boundaries geographically southeast asia bounded southeast australian continent boundary two regions runs wallacea geopolitically boundary lies papua new guinea indonesian region western new guinea papua west papua countries share island new guinea climate southeast asia map k ppen climate classification climate southeast asia mainly


northern region higher islands high altitudes lead milder temperatures dry zone central myanmar rain shadow arakan mountains annual rainfall low hot temperatures prevail dry enough qualify semi arid southeast asia one vulnerable regions climate change world ref name overland indra et al '' https wwwresearchgatenet publication impact climate change asean international affairs risk opportunity multiplier '' norwegian institute international affairs nupi myanmar institute international strategic studies misis ref ref name ref


notably making steady progress developing industrial sectors region notably manufactures textiles electronic high tech goods microprocessors heavy industrial products automobiles oil reserves southeast asia plentiful seventeen telecommunications companies contracted build asia america gateway submarine cable connect southeast asia us avoid disruption kind caused cutting undersea cable taiwan us hengchun earthquakes along temples cambodia promoting coastal resorts island otres beach sihanoukville cambodia tourism key


majority west malaysia brunei forming significant minority indonesia southern thailand east malaysia singapore city state singapore chinese majority yet city multicultural melting pot malays indians eurasian also called island home chams form significant minority central south vietnam also central cambodia khmers majority cambodia form significant minority southern vietnam thailand hmong people minority vietnam china laos within philippines tagalog visayan mainly cebuanos


sabah malay brunei malay kelantan malay pahang malay acehnese javanese minangkabau banjar buginese tagalog hakka cantonese hokkien teochew fuzhounese telugu bengali punjabi hindi sinhala malayalam arabic brunei bisaya okolod kota marudu talantang kelabit lotud terengganu malay semelai thai iban kadazan dusun kristang bajau jakun mah meri batek melanau semai temuan lun bawang temiar penan tausug iranun lundayeh lun bawang others ' 'see languages malaysia'' '''burmese''' kayin karen rakhine kachin chin mon kayah chinese ethnic languages '''filipino''' tagalog '''english''' bisayan languages aklanon cebuano kinaray capiznon hiligaynon waray masbate romblomanon cuyonon surigaonon butuanon tausug ivatan ilocano


mode packed style margin top rem font size line height widths heights perrow caption night skylines file moonrise kuala lumpurjpg kuala lumpur malaysia file krung thep bridge jpg bangkok thailand file skyline central business district singapore esplanade bridgejpg singapore file manila bay nightjpg manila philippines file saigon skyline night viewjpg ho chi minh city vietnam file scbd jakartajpg jakarta indonesia gallery culture burmese puppet performance culture southeast asia diverse mainland southeast asia culture mix burmese cambodian laotian thai indian vietnamese chinese cultures indonesia philippines singapore malaysia culture mix indigenous austronesian indian


early german feminist reifenstein refers reifenstein im eichsfeld municipality thuringia site first permanent school reifensteiner verband comprised till schools cooperated operators wirtschaftliche frauenschulen rural economist women schools connected reifensteiner concept movement allowed higher education women already german kaiserreich doctorate johannes kramer compared different concepts home economic education worldwide praised system eg iowa india many education boards india nios cbse icse cisce various

Applied science
Family and consumer science


rationally elaborated set values may precede formation political identity ''per se'' concerned philosophical orientations ''meta theoretical'' level ref name sferapoliticii ref legal usage legal doctrine body interrelated rules usually common law built long period time associated legal concept principle example doctrine frustration purpose many tests rules applicable regards contained within bubble ''frustration'' court session defendant may refer doctrine justification

Applied science
Military sciences
Doctrine


illustration lewis carroll 's novel ''alice 's adventures wonderland'' depicting fictional protagonist alice playing fantastical game croquet '''fiction''' creative work chiefly narrative work portraying people events places imaginary ways strictly based history fact ref name c hugh holman p william harmon c hugh holman ''a handbook literature'' th edition new york prentice hall p ref narrow usage ''fiction'' applies written narratives prose often specifically novels well novellas short stories broadly however fiction

Humanities
Languages and literature
Creative writing
Fiction


context work relates real world issues events open interpretation characters events within fictional works may even exist context entirely separate known physical universe independent fictional universe contrast fiction creators non fiction works assume responsibility presenting historical factual truth despite traditional distinction fiction non fiction modern works blur boundary particularly ones fall certain experimental storytelling genres including postmodern fiction autofiction creative nonfiction like non fiction novels docudramas well


character driven rather plot driven examines human condition uses language experimental poetic fashion simply serious literary fiction often used synonym literature narrow sense writings specifically considered art form ref name od ref literary fiction sometimes regarded superior genre fiction two mutually exclusive major literary figures employed genres science fiction crime fiction romance etc create works literature furthermore study genre fiction developed within academia


public interest opposition excavation human remains history first instances archaeology ancient mesopotamia foundation deposit akkadian empire ruler naram sin ruled circa bce discovered analysed king nabonidus circa bce thus known first archaeologist ref name rs ref ref name rlk ref lead first excavations find foundation deposits temples ama sun god warrior goddess anunitu located sippar sanctuary naram sin built moon god located harran also


restored former glory ref name rs also first date archaeological artifact attempt date naram sin 's temple search ref name hirst ref even though estimate inaccurate years still good one considering lack accurate dating technology time ref name rs ref name hirst ref name rlk antiquarians archaeologists excavating rome science archaeology greek ''archaiologia'' ''arkhaios'' ancient '' logia'' logy grew older multi disciplinary study known antiquarianism antiquarians studied history particular attention ancient artifacts


eg near eastern archaeology islamic archaeology medieval archaeology thematic concern eg maritime archaeology landscape archaeology battlefield archaeology specific archaeological culture civilization eg egyptology indology sinology historical archaeology historical archaeology study cultures form writing italy archaeologists explored illicit burial unbaptized children medieval texts cemeteries downtown new york city archaeologists exhumed th century remains african burial ground remnants wwii siegfried line destroyed emergency archaeological digs took place whenever part line removed


facilities study cases human remains even thoroughly studied instead archived rather reburied furthermore western archaeologists' views past often differ tribal peoples west views time linear many natives cyclic western perspective past long gone native perspective disturbing past dire consequences present consequence american indians attempted prevent archaeological excavation sites inhabited ancestors american archaeologists believed advancement scientific knowledge valid reason


well museum dedicated history atlantic slave trade ref name smithsonianmagcom ref ghanaian british architect david adjaye lead project commemorate estimated west africans buried unmarked graves site former newton sugar plantation ref name smithsonianmagcom barbados seen good example respectful preservation african burial ground throughout americas however burial grounds danger destroyed human remains excavated without descendant community involved see also conservation restoration archaeological sites '''lists''' list


discipline geography normally concerned earth term also informally used describe study worlds planets solar system even beyond study systems larger earth usually forms part astronomy cosmology study planets usually called planetary science alternative terms areology study mars proposed widely used regional science regional science movement led walter isard arose provide quantitative analytical


tax resulted paradoxical predictions harold hotelling later showed edgeworth correct result diminution price result tax could occur discontinuous demand function large changes tax rate modern mathematical economics later array new mathematical tools differential calculus differential equations convex sets graph theory deployed advance economic theory way similar new mathematical methods earlier applied physics ref name debreuneumann process later described moving mechanics

Social science
Economics
Mathematical economics


work marginalists previous century extended significantly samuelson approached problems applying individual utility maximization aggregate groups comparative statics compares two different equilibrium states exogenous change variable methods book provided foundation mathematical economics th century ref name samuelson linear models restricted models general equilibrium formulated john von neumann ref name neumann neumann j von ber ein konomisches gleichungssystem und ein verallgemeinerung des brouwerschen fixpunktsatzes ''ergebnisse eines mathematischen kolloquiums'' pp nbsp translated published


''optimization economic theory'' nd ed oxford https booksgooglecom booksid dhrshz vocuc pg find pg pa false v onepage q f false description contents https booksgooglecom booksid dhrshz vocuc pg pr lpg pr dq false lr v onepage q false f false preview ref economic equilibrium studied optimization theory key ingredient economic theorems principle could tested empirical data ref name samuelson newer developments occurred dynamic programming modeling optimization risk uncertainty including applications portfolio theory economics information search theory ref name dixit optimality properties entire market system may stated mathematical terms formulation two fundamental theorems welfare economics arrow debreu model general equilibrium also discussed


concretely many problems amenable analytical formulaic solution many others may sufficiently complex require numerical methods solution aided software ref name schmedders still others complex tractable enough allow computable methods solution particular computable general equilibrium models entire economy linear nonlinear programming profoundly affected microeconomics earlier considered equality constraints many mathematical economists received nobel prizes economics conducted notable research using linear programming leonid kantorovich leonid hurwicz tjalling koopmans kenneth j arrow robert dorfman paul samuelson robert solow


finance graduate programs economics finance require strong undergraduate preparation mathematics admission reason attract increasingly high number mathematicians applied mathematicians apply mathematical principles practical problems economic analysis economics related issues many economic problems often defined integrated scope applied mathematics ref name dow integration results formulation economic problems stylized models clear assumptions falsifiable predictions modeling may informal prosaic adam smith 's ''the wealth nations'' may formal


assumed constant corporate tax cut model equivalent tax capital taxes firms look maximize math display block j max kl tau left f kl wl right rk equiv max kl tau left f k w right l rk math math display inline tau math capital tax rate math display inline w math wages per worker math display inline r math exogenous interest rate first order optimality conditions become math display block begin aligned frac partial j partial k tau f' k r frac partial j partial l tau left f k f' k k w right end aligned math therefore optimality conditions imply math display block r tau f' k quad w f k f' k k math define


scope geometry greatly expanded field split many subfields depend underlying methods differential geometry algebraic geometry computational geometry algebraic topology discrete geometry also known ''combinatorial geometry'' etc properties euclidean spaces disregarded projective geometry consider alignment points distance parallelism affine geometry omits concept angle distance finite geometry omits continuity others originally developed model physical world geometry applications almost sciences also art architecture activities

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Geometry


history eudoxus c nbsp bc developed method exhaustion allowed calculation areas volumes curvilinear figures well theory ratios avoided problem incommensurable magnitudes enabled subsequent geometers make significant advances around bc geometry revolutionized euclid whose ''elements'' widely considered successful influential textbook time introduced mathematical rigor axiomatic method earliest example format still used mathematics today definition axiom theorem proof although contents ''elements'' already


dimension equal system 's degrees freedom instance configuration screw described five coordinates ref name joly ref general topology concept dimension extended natural numbers infinite dimension hilbert spaces example positive real numbers fractal geometry ref name temam ref algebraic geometry dimension algebraic variety received number apparently different definitions equivalent common cases ref name jacoblam ref symmetry tiling hyperbolic plane theme symmetry geometry nearly old science


spaces connectedness compactness ref name munkres field topology saw massive development th century technical sense type transformation geometry transformations homeomorphisms ref name martin ref often expressed form saying 'topology rubber sheet geometry' subfields topology include geometric topology differential topology algebraic topology general topology ref name may ref algebraic geometry calabi yau threefold field algebraic geometry developed cartesian geometry co ordinates ref name inc ref underwent periodic periods growth accompanied creation study projective geometry birational geometry


historically included travelling salesman problem minimum spanning trees hidden line removal linear programming ref name preparatashamos ref although young area geometry many applications computer vision image processing computer aided design medical imaging etc ref name guyau ref geometric group theory cayley graph free group two generators ''a'' ''b'' geometric group theory uses large scale geometric techniques study finitely generated groups ref name l h ref closely connected low dimensional topology grigori perelman 's proof geometrization conjecture included proof poincar conjecture millennium prize problem ref name morgantian ref geometric group theory


metric properties figures perspective origin projective geometry ref name richter gebert ref artists long used concepts proportion design vitruvius developed complicated theory ''ideal proportions'' human figure ref name elam ref concepts used adapted artists michelangelo modern comic book artists ref name guigar ref golden ratio particular proportion controversial role art often claimed aesthetically pleasing ratio lengths frequently stated incorporated famous works art though reliable unambiguous examples made


depending severity functional impairment aspects disorder question inpatient may treated psychiatric hospital research within psychiatry whole conducted interdisciplinary basis professionals epidemiologists nurses social workers occupational therapists clinical psychologists etymology psyche'' comes ancient greek 'soul' 'butterfly' fluttering insect appears coat arms britain 's royal college psychiatrists term ''psychiatry'' first coined german physician johann christian reil literally means 'medical treatment

Applied science
Medicine and health
Psychiatry


health professionals physicians must familiar social biological sciences ref name storrow discipline studies operations different organs body systems classified patient 's subjective experiences objective physiology patient psychiatry treats mental disorders conventionally divided three general categories mental illnesses severe learning disabilities personality disorders focus psychiatry changed little time diagnostic treatment processes evolved dramatically continue since late th century field psychiatry continued


purveyors professional ethics psychiatric code ethics first set forth declaration hawaii expanded vienna update broader madrid declaration code revised organization 's general assemblies ref name wpaethics ref world psychiatric association code covers matters confidentiality death penalty ethnic cultural discrimination ref name wpaethics euthanasia genetics human dignity incapacitated patients media relations organ transplantation patient assessment research ethics sex selection ref name lopez ref torture ref name gluzman ref ref name debreu ref date knowledge establishing


methods ref name thiele ref recently however increase number medical students entering psychiatry residency several reasons surge including interesting nature field growing interest genetic biomarkers involved psychiatric diagnoses newer pharmaceuticals drug market treat psychiatric illnesses subspecialties field psychiatry many subspecialties require additional training certification american board psychiatry neurology abpn subspecialties include addiction psychiatry addiction medicine brain injury medicine child adolescent psychiatry clinical neurophysiology consultation liaison psychiatry forensic psychiatry geriatric psychiatry hospice


clinician patient decide would best increasingly psychiatrists limiting practices psychopharmacology prescribing medications opposed previous practice psychiatrist would provide traditional minute psychotherapy sessions psychopharmacology would part consultation sessions consisted talk therapy shift began early accelerated major reason change advent managed care insurance plans began limit reimbursement psychotherapy sessions provided psychiatrists underlying assumption psychopharmacology least effective


communication control data form education knowledge meaning understanding mental stimuli pattern perception proposition representation entropy information associated data difference information resolves uncertainty data represent redundant symbols approaches information optimal data compression information transmitted time via data storage space via communication telecommunication ref name hilbertvideo ref information expressed either content message direct indirect observation perceived construed message right sense information always conveyed content message

Applied science
Military sciences
Battlespace
Information


data created captured copied consumed globally forecast increase rapidly reaching zettabytes next five years global data creation projected grow zettabytes records records specialized forms information essentially records information produced consciously products business activities transactions retained value primarily value evidence activities organization may also retained informational value sound records management ensures integrity records preserved


semiotics pragmatics semantics syntax empirics four layers serve connect social world one hand physical technical world pragmatics concerned purpose communication pragmatics links issue signs context within signs used focus pragmatics intentions living agents underlying communicative behaviour words pragmatics link language action semantics concerned meaning message conveyed communicative act semantics considers content communication semantics study meaning


help wanted sign seeks available workers jobs '''labour economics''' seeks understand functioning dynamics markets wage labour labour commodity supplied labourers exchange wage paid demanding firms ref name ref labourers exist parts social institutional political system labour economics often regarded sociology political science '''labour markets''' '''job markets''' function interaction workers employers labour economics looks suppliers labour services workers demanders labour services employers attempts

Social science
Economics
Labor economics


unemployment due seasonal fluctuations demand workers across industries retail industry holidays involve lot shopping ref name neoclassical microeconomics labour markets neoclassical economists view labour market similar markets forces supply demand jointly determine price case wage rate quantity case number people employed however labour market differs markets like markets goods financial market several ways particular labour market may


act non clearing market according neoclassical theory markets quickly attain point equilibrium without excess supply demand may true labour market may persistent level unemployment contrasting labour market markets also reveals persistent compensating differentials among similar workers models assume perfect competition labour market discussed conclude workers earn marginal product labour neoclassical microeconomic model supply neoclassical model analyzes trade leisure hours working hours railroad work households suppliers labour


consumption also depends time spent leisure subject time constraint respect choices labour time leisure time math text maximize quad u wl pi quad text subject quad l le k math shown graph illustrates trade allocating time leisure activities allocating income generating activities linear constraint indicates every additional hour leisure undertaken requires loss hour labour thus fixed amount goods labour 's income could purchase individuals must


choose much time allocate leisure activities much working allocation decision informed indifference curve labelled ic sub sub curve indicates combinations leisure work give individual specific level utility point highest indifference curve tangent constraint line point illustrates optimum supplier labour services consumption measured value income obtained diagram used show variety interesting effects absolute value slope


rate words substitute away leisure higher opportunity cost substitution effect represented shift point c point b net impact two effects shown shift point point b relative magnitude two effects depends circumstances cases one shown substitution effect greater income effect case time allocated working cases income effect greater substitution effect


firm summed demand labour firms economy obtain aggregate demand labour likewise supply curves individual workers mentioned summed obtain aggregate supply labour supply demand curves analysed way industry demand supply curves determine equilibrium wage employment levels wage differences exist particularly mixed fully partly flexible labour markets example wages doctor port cleaner employed nhs differ greatly


wealthy increase inequality gap groups earners discrimination difference pay attributed demographic differences people gender race ethnicity religion sexual orientation etc even though factors affect productivity worker ref name many regions countries enacted government policies combat discrimination including discrimination workplace discrimination modelled measured numerous ways oaxaca decomposition common method used calculate amount discrimination exists wages differ


form applied ethics ethical standards established across world national international ethical guidelines written one example american institute conservation code ethics guidelines practice conservation online provides resources ethical issues conservation including examples codes ethics guidelines professional conduct conservation allied fields charters treaties pertaining ethical issues involving preservation cultural property well standards practice conservators deal wider ethical concerns debates whether art worth preserving


interventive conservation refers direct interaction conservator material fabric object interventive actions carried variety reasons including aesthetic choices stabilization needs structural integrity cultural requirements intangible continuity examples interventive treatments include removal discolored varnish painting application wax sculpture washing rebinding book ethical standards within field require conservator fully justify interventive actions carry documentation treatment one guiding principles conservation


cultural heritage traditionally idea reversibility interventions object fully reversible object able returned state prior conservator 's intervention although concept remains guiding principle profession widely critiqued within conservation profession considered many fuzzy concept another important principle conservation alterations well documented clearly distinguishable original object example highly publicized interventive


index results work report https webarchiveorg web http wwwheritagepreservationorg hhi summaryhtml public trust risk heritage health index report state america 's collections published december concluded immediate action needed prevent loss million artifacts need conservation treatment report made four recommendations institutions must give priority providing safe conditions collections hold trust every collecting institution must develop emergency plan protect collections train staff carry every institution must assign responsibility caring


unesco http wwwunescoorg culture ich indexphppg text see also conservation restoration rail vehicles georgian group wikipedia wikiproject collections care international day monuments sites references reading ann marie sullivan cultural heritage new media future past j marshall rev intell prop l https repositoryjmlsedu cgi viewcontentcgiarticle context ripl charola elena robert j koestler eds http wwwsilsiedu smithsoniancontributions museumconservation sc recordsinglecfmfilename scmc ''pesticide mitigation museum collections science conservation proceedings mci workshop series'' smithsonian contributions museum conservation washington dc smithsonian institution scholarly press copies volume available free pdf download smithsonian 's


links https wwwbcinca bcin bibliographic database conservation information network http cameomfaorg cameo conservation art materials encyclopedia online https coolculturalheritageorg conservation online cool resources conservation professionals http wwwdocamca docam documentation conservation media arts heritage http openarchiveicomosorg icomos open archive eprints cultural heritage https wwwgettyedu conservation publications resources publications resources getty conservation institute art history museology cultural heritage articles containing video clips cultural heritage conservation


harvest never assured metaphor dissemination points contingency words deeds uncertain consequences governance probabilities rather certainties ref name communication dissemination '' communication perspectives theory '' shepherd gregory j john jefferey st striphas ted eds thousand oaks ca sage peters john durham '' communication dissemination '' ref words dissemination words multiple people take multiple meanings individual depending experience attitude knowledge race even gender listener aspects distort message sender

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Dissemination


angle move brush back forth teeth rinse water remove debris necessary rinse warm soapy water complete store clean dry area replace bristles worn tongue scrapers tongue contains numerous bacteria causes bad breath tongue cleaners designed remove debris built tongue using toothbrush clean tongue another possibility however might hard reach back tongue bristles toothbrush may soft remove

Applied science
Medicine and health
Dentistry
Dental hygiene


instead addition flossing single tufted brushes single tufted brushes tool conjunction tooth brushing ref name slot ref tooth brush designed reach 'hard reach places' within mouth tool best used behind lower front teeth behind back molars crooked teeth spaces teeth removed ref name lee ref single tufted brush design angled handle mm diameter rounded bristle tips ref name lee gum stimulators toothbrushes pointed rubber tips ends handles available many years


linked symptoms anemia people anemia tend want eat food nutritional value alcohol drinking dark colored beverages wine beer may stain teeth leading discolored smile drinking high concentration alcohol lead dry mouth little saliva protect teeth plaque bacteria smoking one leading risk factors associated periodontal diseases ref name pmid ref ref name pmid ref thought smoking impairs alters normal immune responses eliciting destructive processes inhibiting reparative responses promoting incidence development periodontal diseases ref


historian means exclude possibility supernatural factors god cannot intervene course nature miracles therefore impossible assumption cannot proved makes correct appreciation facts objective reality impossible herein appears difference standpoint believing christian historian bears mind existence god also relations creatures rationalistic infidel historian rejects even possibility divine intervention course

Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church


describes period mostly taken personal experiences author egypt palestine syriac version work extant books iii vi syriac universal history also extant chapters latin version apart history inclination towards monophysitism also apparent biography monophysite patriarch severus antioch biography monk isaias two works extant syriac version important still church history evagrius scholasticus died end


hymns saints ''acta martyrum et sanctorum'' ed bedjan paris ''chronicle edessa'' based ancient sources written th century ed assemani ''bibliotheca orientalis'' century monophysite bishop john ephesus wrote history church third part preserved ed william cureton oxford tr oxford lengthy extracts second part found annals dionysius telmera work covers years fragments assemani ''bibliotheca orientalis'' ii sqq among armenians meet


th century probably therefore originated th century known manuscripts work contains three parts ''genealogy greater armenia'' extends dynasty arsacides ''middle period ancestry'' death st gregory illuminator ''end history country'' downfall armenian arsacides ed amsterdam venice french translation langlois ''collection des historiens anciens et modernes de l'arm nie'' vols paris middle ages still extant fourth part work seems


italian french english chronicles annals biographies epoch numerous church historians third period th century new epoch dawned ecclesiastical history historical criticism went hand hand growth humanist education sources historical events examined authenticity religious controversies followed rise protestantism also incentive historical study printing made possible rapid distribution kinds writings sources church history soon became known studied widest circles new


storia universale della chiesa'' florence ''tavole chronologiche critiche della storia universale della chiesa'' venice balan published continuation rohrbacher 's universal ecclesiastical history ''storia della chiesa dall' anno sino ai giorni nostri'' vols turin special works great value produced various departments giovanni battista de rossi christian arch ology however certain recent works general church history e g amelli ''storia della chiesa'' vols milan taglialatel ''lezioni di storia eccles e di archeologia cristiana'' vols naples pighi ''inst hist eccl'' verona


traditions including marxism postcolonialism science technology studies overlaps encompasses theorists various academic disciplines geography architecture edward hall developed study proxemics concentrates empirical analysis space psychology definition space space one important concepts within disciplines social science fundamental understanding geography term space defined variously scholars general terms oxford english dictionary defines space two ways continuous extension viewed without reference

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of space


recall ideation manifest societal structure social theory point view follows theory structuration proposed anthony giddens whose concept duality structure l w extends sociological terms duality space basic idea individuals act social agents constitute spaces process action depends economic legal social cultural finally spatial structures spaces hence outcome action time spaces structure action say spaces constrain enable action


scaling contemporary economic political cultural social processes globalization complex ways result seen creation supranational political bodies european union devolution political power nation state regional political bodies also experienced increasing homogenization americanization process globalization locals tendencies counter force among people defend traditional ways life increase around world process scaling people lives relationship two extremes scaled lives global local


glocal western thoughts greater size extensiveness imply domination superior power local often represented small relatively powerless defined confined global global force local field play however local serve powerful scale political organization global scale controlled capital challenge capital also organize globally herod concept think globally act locally viewed neoliberals metaphors scale representing


'''reference''' relationship objects one object designates acts means connect link another object first object relation said ' 'refer to'' second object called ''name'' second object second object one first object refers called ' 'referent'' first object name usually phrase expression symbolic representation referent may anything material object person event activity abstract

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Reference


concept references take many forms including thought sensory perception audible onomatopoeia visual text olfactory tactile emotional state relationship spacetime coordinate symbolic alpha numeric physical object energy projection cases methods used intentionally hide reference observers cryptography references feature many spheres human activity knowledge term adopts shades meaning particular contexts used described sections etymology meanings word ' 'reference'' derived


electronic machine readable form books exists isbn journal articles digital object identifier doi gaining relevance information internet may referred uniform resource identifier uri psychology terms mental processing self reference used psychology establish identification mental state self analysis seeks allow individual develop frames reference greater state immediate awareness however also lead circular reasoning preventing evolution thought according perceptual control theory pct reference condition


directly observed object eg person artist 's memory another example reference samples various musical works incorporated new one see also antecedent grammar exemplification generic antecedent hyperlink indexicality iso recommendation letter signified signifier references external links http wwwreferencecom referencecom multi source encyclopedia search service language reference products provider http wwwreferencesnet referencesnet directory multidisciplinary reference resources web https webarchiveorg web http wwwrefmuseumcom refmuseumcom online museum references semantics philosophical logic concepts logic syntactic relationships meaning philosophy language formal semantics natural language


autonomous political actors subgroups practical reflexive consciousness subjects produce reproduce structure political community dominant consideration recursiveness self reference political action regards expression political consciousness ways systems build upon ref name phj peter harries jones self organizing polity epistemological analysis political life laurent dobuzinskis ''canadian journal political science'' vol jun pp ref one characteristic emerging new cybernetics considered time felix geyer

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Cybernetics


changing multiple variables saw natural ecological system innately good long allowed maintain homeostasis key unit survival evolution organism environment ref name ref bateson subject presents western epistemology method thinking leads mindset man exerts autocratic rule cybernetic systems unbalances natural cybernetic system controlled competition mutual dependency bateson claims humanity never able control whole system operate


ma'at absolutely requires social solidarity realization highlighting importance cohesive community application concept seven main virtues ma'at follows ref name vedhara truth justice righteousness harmony order balance propriety relationship sound thought need represent incorporate seven virtues ref name vedhara concept ma'at thought existed many african nations egypt ethiopia congo central african republic equatorial guinea south cameroon gabon ref name vedhara also believed

Social science
Psychology
Cultural psychology
Black psychology


major concepts theories section organizes major concepts theories black psychology according http wwwkevincokleycom kevin cokley rayma garba 's article speaking truth power black african psychology changed discipline psychology article part special issue ''journal black psychology'' honoring th anniversary association black psychologists abpsi issue focuses partly theoretical revolution evolution occurred among abpsi resulting domain african black psychology cokley garba 's article specifically discusses black psychology formed discipline within


deconstruction method works change psychological research conducted black participants perceived defined researchers ref name furthermore deconstruction method used craft therapeutic techniques align optimal conceptual theory theory human development based african thought tradition led freedom black people things school prison pipeline high infant mortality rates ref name therapeutic techniques theories aimed provide psychological liberation people roots africa ref name reconstructionist reconstruction method focuses


marxist humanist mostly focused psychopathology colonization human social cultural consequences decolonization formulated model community based psychology ruth graves king first woman president association black psychologists francis cecil sumner first african american receive phd psychology commonly referred father black psychology charles henry thompson first african american obtain doctoral degree educational psychology https blogsuoregonedu scua father black psychology dr charles w thomas ii charles w thomas first president association black psychologists john egbeazien oshodi african american clinical forensic psychologist


psychology community based psychology janet helms well known study ethnic minority issues specifically racial identity theory applied across disciplines https wwwapaorg pi oema resources ethnicity health psychologists linda james myers linda james myers professor african american psychology ohio state university known critiques traditional euro centric psychology https afroillinoisedu directory profile hneville helen neville professor psychology co edited books co authored nearly journal articles book chapters areas race racism racial identity frederick payne watts doctor clinical psychology produced two important texts field black psychology


webquest however today market newer models instruction interactive integrated project page miniquest curiculumquest decisionquest reference jakes creating virtual workspaces new models developing online curriculum teachforum breakthrough technologies st century schools chicago illinois april retrieved http wwwbiopointcom ibr techforumhtm since trends performance technology movement constructivism electronic performance support systems rapid prototyping increasing use internet distance education distance learning knowledge management endeavors influenced instructional design practices changes producing challenges existing design models according reigeluth

Applied science
Education
Educational Technology
Instructional design
Instructional simulation


video projection interface immersive virtual environment headsets used younger children students special needs advantages using instructional simulators via vles include students motivated able use computers technology vles allow interaction exploration experimentation locations objects environments would otherwise unavailable absence vle instructors adapt programs parameters virtual learning experience meet individual learner needs multi user virtual environments used collaborative cooperative learning encouraged vles relate students real world relevance


needs simulate learning process using goals objectives measure learners achievement sanders uses movies like ''terminator judgment day'' ''the matrix'' ''i robot'' callbacks allegorical warnings potential mishaps relying much technology presents possible ways balance distance course effectively simulate learning environment barney bishop adlong bedgood studied use virtual laboratory tool familiarize distance learning chemistry students actual chemistry laboratory incorporated initial study researchers


cave automatic virtual environment cave student sits projection room wearing goggles gloves equipped sensors ''haptic'' technology activates sense touch allowing trainee interface simulated patient well receive visual auditory feedbacks making simulated learning experience realistic according research best instructional simulators medical otherwise contain elements provide feedback involve repetitive practice integrate curricula possess range difficulty levels involve multiple learning strategies capture clinical variations occur control environment utilize individualized learning define expected outcomes


relatively limited modeling human body lack scientific evidence effectiveness resistance change professional field ziv et al later study conducted amalberti et al points systemic structural barriers use simulators advance medical training unlimited decision making autonomy individual medical staff instead teamwork regulations anticipate problems processes across departments unlimited performance individuals system instead hours work limited shortage staff addressed excessive productivity competence leads medical errors


installed lift hot pieces metal die casting machine stack commercial industrial robots widespread today used perform jobs cheaply accurately reliably humans also employed jobs dirty dangerous dull suitable humans robots widely used manufacturing assembly packing packaging mining transport earth space exploration surgery weaponry laboratory research safety mass production consumer industrial goods class wikitable date significance robot name inventor

Formal science
Computer science
Artificial intelligence
Robotics


freddy ii rapt robot programming language patricia ambler robin popplestone first multitasking parallel programming language used robot control event driven language edl ibm series process computer implementation inter process communication wait post mutual exclusion enq deq mechanisms robot control adriel stevo bozinovski mihail sestakov robotic aspects mechanical construction electrical aspect level programming many types robots used many different environments many different uses although diverse application


form share three basic similarities comes construction robots kind mechanical construction frame form shape designed achieve particular task example robot designed travel across heavy dirt mud might use caterpillar tracks mechanical aspect mostly creator 's solution completing assigned task dealing physics environment around form follows function robots electrical components power control machinery example robot caterpillar tracks would need kind power


predominant form motion rotational linear actuators various types linear actuators move instead spinning often quicker direction changes particularly large forces needed industrial robotics typically powered compressed oxidized air pneumatic actuator oil hydraulic actuator linear actuators also powered electricity usually consists motor leadscrew another common type mechanical linear actuator turned hand rack pinion car


outrun outjump humans sensing sensors allow robots receive information certain measurement environment internal components essential robots perform tasks act upon changes environment calculate appropriate response used various forms measurements give robots warnings safety malfunctions provide real time information task performing touch current robotic prosthetic hands receive far less tactile information human hand recent research developed tactile sensor array mimics mechanical properties


centimeter error may cause rigid mechanical gripper puncture water bottle soft suction end effector may bend slightly conform shape water bottle surface general purpose effectors advanced robots beginning use fully humanoid hands like shadow hand manus schunk hand highly dexterous manipulators many degrees freedom hundreds tactile sensors locomotion rolling robots segway robot museum nagoya simplicity mobile robots four wheels number


way two forces cancel leaving moment force causing robot rotate fall however exactly human walks difference obvious human observers pointed asimo walks needs lavatory asimo 's walking algorithm static dynamic balancing used see however still requires smooth surface walk hopping several robots built marc raibert mit leg laboratory successfully demonstrated dynamic walking initially robot


robots uninhabited known unmanned aerial vehicles uavs smaller lighter without human pilot board fly dangerous territory military surveillance missions even fire targets command uavs also developed fire targets automatically without need command human flying robots include cruise missiles entomopter epson micro helicopter robot robots air penguin air ray air jelly lighter air bodies propelled paddles guided sonar snaking two robot


made field since davis biddulph balashek designed first voice input system recognized ten digits spoken single user accuracy currently best systems recognize continuous natural speech words per minute accuracy help artificial intelligence machines nowadays use people 's voice identify emotions satisfied angry robotic voice hurdles exist allowing robot use voice interacting humans social reasons synthetic voice proves suboptimal communication


medium making necessary develop emotional component robotic voice various techniques advantage diphonic branching emotion robot programmed project carried voice tape phoneme already pre programmed onto voice media one earliest examples teaching robot named leachim developed michael j freeman leachim able convert digital memory rudimentary verbal speech pre recorded computer discs ref name ref programmed teach students bronx new york ref name gestures one imagine


task level autonomy operator specifies task robot manages complete full autonomy machine create complete tasks without human interaction research two jet propulsion laboratory engineers stand three vehicles providing size comparison three generations mars rovers front center flight spare first mars rover ''sojourner'' landed mars part mars pathfinder project left mars exploration rover mer test vehicle working sibling ''spirit'' ''opportunity'' landed


discussion paper drawn eu osha highlights spread robotics presents opportunities challenges occupational safety health osh greatest osh benefits stemming wider use robotics substitution people working unhealthy dangerous environments space defence security nuclear industry also logistics maintenance inspection autonomous robots particularly useful replacing human workers performing dirty dull unsafe tasks thus avoiding workers' exposures hazardous agents conditions reducing physical ergonomic psychosocial risks example robots already used


increasing autonomy human robot collaboration reaching completely new forms current approaches technical standards aiming protect employees risk working collaborative robots revised see also artificial intelligence autonomous robot cloud robotics cognitive robotics evolutionary robotics fog robotics glossary robotics index robotics articles mechatronics multi agent system outline robotics roboethics robot rights robotic art robotic governance soft robotics self reconfiguring modular robot references reading e mcgaughey 'will robots automate job away full employment basic income economic democracy' https papersssrncom sol paperscfmabstract id ssrn part dh autor


old comedy survives today largely form eleven surviving plays aristophanes middle comedy largely lost preserved relatively short fragments authors athenaeus naucratis new comedy known primarily substantial papyrus fragments menander aristotle defined comedy representation laughable people involves kind blunder ugliness cause pain disaster addition categories comedy tragedy city dionysia festival also included satyr play finding origins rural agricultural rituals dedicated dionysus


satyr actions would break acting traditions assigned character type mythical forest creature roman theatre mosaic depicting masked actors play two women consult witch western theatre developed expanded considerably romans roman historian livy wrote romans first experienced theatre th century bce performance etruscan actors beacham argues familiar pre theatrical practices time recorded contact theatre ancient rome thriving diverse art form ranging festival performances street theatre


nude dancing acrobatics staging plautus 's broadly appealing situation comedies high style verbally elaborate tragedies seneca although rome native tradition performance hellenization roman culture rd century bce profound energizing effect roman theatre encouraged development latin literature highest quality stage surviving plays roman empire ten dramas attributed lucius annaeus seneca bce ce corduba born stoic philosopher tutor nero indian theatre koothu ancient form performing art


paper mainly held non theatre goers remainder puritans religious time main question seeing something immoral stage affects behavior lives watch controversy still playing today billing british theatre seventeenth century also introduced women stage considered inappropriate earlier women regarded celebrities also newer concept thanks ideas individualism arose wake renaissance humanism hand still


theatre projects non aristotelian drama theatre oppressed respectively models tragedy taxidou however reads epic theatre incorporation tragic functions treatments mourning speculation improvisation improvisation consistent feature theatre commedia dell'arte sixteenth century recognised first improvisation form popularized nobel prize winner dario fo troupes upright citizens brigade improvisational theatre continues evolve many different streams philosophies keith johnstone viola spolin recognized first teachers improvisation modern times johnstone


'inside out' 'outside in' treats actor 's mind body parts continuum technical aspects theatre stage building backstage vienna state opera theatre presupposes collaborative modes production collective form reception structure dramatic texts unlike forms literature directly influenced collaborative production collective reception production plays usually involves contributions playwright director cast actors technical production team includes scenic set designer lighting designer costume designer sound designer stage manager production


list theatre festivals list theatre directors lists theatres performance art puppetry reader 's theatre site specific theatre theatre consultant theatre development theater structure theatre technique theatrical style theatrical troupe world theatre day explanatory notes citations general sources reading aston elaine george savona ''theatre sign system semiotics text performance'' london new york routledge benjamin walter ''the origin german tragic drama'' trans john osborne london new york verso brown john russell ''what theatre introduction exploration'' boston


theatre'' london routledge hartnoll phyllis ed ''the oxford companion theatre'' th ed oxford oxford hodge alison ed ''twentieth century actor training'' london new york routledge leach robert victor borovsky eds ''a history russian theatre'' cambridge cambridge meyer dinkgr fe daniel ''approaches acting past present'' london new york continuum meyerhold vsevolod ''meyerhold theatre'' ed trans edward braun revised edition london methuen mitter shomit ''systems rehearsal stanislavsky brecht grotowski brook'' london ny routledge o'brien nick


assyrian homeland surviving day indigenous people region ref name parpola simo compare ref nomenclature assyria sometimes also known ''subartu'' ''azuhinum'' rise city state ashur became known r yu centuries fall assyrian empire around bc people used various names refer area late th century ad achaemenid assyria atouria ator athor sometimes ''syria'' etymologically derived ''assyria'' strabo died ad references ''syria'' greek ''assyria'' latin

Humanities
History
Ancient history
Assyrian Civilization


names ultimately derive akkadian ref name tvedtnes ref theodor n ldeke first give philological support assumption ''syria'' ''assyria'' etymology although connection posited early john selden recent st century discovery inek inscription confirmed ''syria'' cilician greek alteration name ''assyria'' ultimately derived assyrian term ''a r yu'' ref name frye frye rn october assyria syria synonyms pdf ''journal near eastern studies '' ref pre history official letter sent high priest lu'enna


kingdom mitanni flag middle assyrian empire flag image map samsi


addupng image map caption map showing approximate extent br upper mesopotamian empire br death shamshi adad c bc capital ur common languages akkadian small official small br sumerian small official small br hittite br hurrian br amorite religion ancient mesopotamian religion leader


middle assyrian period new assyrian period ushpia bc appears first fully urbanised independent king assyria traditionally held dedicated temples god ashur city name followed sulili kikkiya akiya little known aside kikkiya conducting various building works assur number scholars also place zariqum contemporary amar sin bc ur assyrian ruler though appear assyrian king list claimed amar sin


inflicted crushing defeat babylonia battle k r tar annexing large swathes babylonian territory hittite kings reign assumed placatory attitude towards assyrian king shalmaneser bc conquered eight kingdoms central anatolia first year next defeated coalition hittites hurrians mitanni ahlamu annexing yet territory anatolia levant retaining assyrian dominion babylonia northwest ancient iran shalmaneser also conducted extensive building work major assyrian cities assur nineveh arbela modern erbil founded


appeared arameans levant also defeated ambitious nebuchadnezzar babylonia annexing babylonian territory process tiglath pileser bc proved long reigning conquering ruler firmly underlined assyria 's position world 's leading military power first campaign bc phrygians kaskians attempted occupy certain assyrian ruled hittite districts upper euphrates overran commagene cilicia eastern cappadocia drove hittites assyrian province subartu northeast malatia subsequent campaign assyrian forces penetrated


assyrian kingdom well organised firm control king also functioned high priest ashur state god certain obligations fulfill cult provide resources temples priesthood became major power assyrian society conflicts priesthood thought behind murder king tukulti ninurta middle assyrian period marked long wars fought helped build assyria warrior society king depended citizen class priests capital


nowhere condemned licentiousness immorality social disorder transgressing human divine law anyone could practice freely anyone could visit prostitute provided done without violence without compulsion preferably far taking passive role concerned specialists nothing religiously amiss homosexual love men seen fact prayed divine blessing assyria bronze age collapse bc bronze age collapse bc dark age entire near


fall nineveh hands medes persians babylonians chaldeans bc assyria maintained large thriving rural population combined number well fortified cities major assyrian cities period included nineveh assur kalhu calah nimrud arbela erbil arrapha karka kirkuk dur sharrukin imgur enlil carchemish harran tushhan til barsip ekallatum kanesh kar tukulti ninurta urhai edessa guzana kahat amid diyarbakir rida mardin tabitu nuhadra dohuk ivah sepharvaim rachae purushanda sabata birtha tikrit tell shemshara dur katlimmu shekhna assyria often noted brutality cruelty period although assyrian harshness reserved solely


neo assyrian states arose included ancient capital assur adiabene capital arbela modern irbil beth nuhadra capital nohadra modern dohuk osroene capitals edessa amid modern sanliurfa diyarbakir hatra beth garmai capital arrapha modern kirkuk assyrian adiabenian rulers converted judaism ancient mesopotamian religion st century ad historic traces jewish royalty adiabene populace remained followers mesopotamian religion christianity freedoms accompanied major assyrian cultural


upper mesopotamia syria early christian period edessa left upper quadrant assyria largely taken sasanian empire driving romans parthians sassanid rulers set annexing independent states within assyria mid late rd century ad last assur late early christianity continued spread many ethnically assyrian churches exist today among oldest world example syriac orthodox church purported founded st peter


ad nevertheless although predominantly christian minority assyrians still held onto ancient mesopotamian religion late th th century ad ref name ninevehcom ref assyrians lived province known asuristan region frontier byzantine sassanian empires land known rist n sassanid persian name meaning land assyrians period became birthplace distinct church east split assyrian church east ancient church east chaldean catholic church


abbot monastery shimun viii yohannan sulaqa rival patriarch rank metropolitan bishop required appointing patriarch granted members patriarch 's family sulaqa therefore denied syriac orthodox church went rome made patriarch entered communion catholic church appointed patriarch mosul athura later altered patriarch chaldean church mosul pope julius iii support northern assyrian city diyarbak r


patriarchate rome considered election irregular instead accepting patriarch merely confirmed metropolitan mosul patriarchal administrator thus granted powers insignia patriarch title made arrangement diyarbak r appointing patriarchal administrator augustine hindi nephew joseph iv uncle wished successor patriarch thus two traditionalist patriarchates eliya line shimun administrators two catholic patriarchates diyarbak r alqosh mosul eliya xi died traditionalist successor


shia muslim groups well criminal kidnapping organisations little protection offered american british forces stationed region forcing many migrated southern central iraq relocate back safer assyrian populated regions north country north east syria kurdistan region present krg replaced alqosh mayor faiz abed jahwareh kdp member lara zara assyrian protested response iraqi government ordered lara zara vacate post return title


pastime assyrian king'' fa bridgman emerging sumer c bc cuneiform writing began system pictograms around bc pictorial representations became simplified abstract number characters use grew smaller original sumerian script adapted writing akkadian assyrian hittite languages k ltepe texts written old assyrian hittite loanwords names constitute oldest record language indo european language family archaeological evidence typical anatolia rather assyria


use cuneiform dialect best indication assyrian presence bc onward sumerian language preserved ancient babylonians assyrians liturgical classical language religious artistic scholarly purposes ref name woods assyrian dialect akkadian member eastern branch semitic family oldest historically attested semitic languages began appear written form th century bc first inscriptions assyria proper called old assyrian oa made old assyrian period


first bishop seleucia ctesiphon synod held markabta participating bishops recalled circumstances concerning papa blaming opposition influence unnamed western bishops declared reaffirmed catholicos seleucia ctesiphon totally independent excluded right appeal patriarch west defined word god easterners cannot appeal western patriarchs patriarch case cannot resolved presence shall reserved tribunal christ


synod beth lapat whose acts consequently preserved name affirmed teaching theodore mopsuestia monophysitism forbade wandering monks clergy allowed marriage clergy monks roman persian frontier late fourth late th century eastern roman emperor zeno closed theological school edessa promotion teaching theodore mopsuestia barsauma welcomed teachers revived school nisibis century later attempt school 's director include influences theodore


alone initiative opposed babai great whose exposition theology theodore mopsuestia became official teaching church east time miaphysitism advancing persian empire followers mainly hundreds thousands western syriac christians khosrow khosrow ii deported territory well descendants previously deported also defectors local church east ref name varghese ref name encrel ref addition west syrian opponents council chalcedon


sought refuge persia pro chalcedonian policy emperors justin justinian actively propagated theology jacob baradaeus ordained bishop edessa set ordaining bishops priests throughout syriac speaking areas west asia extent even claimed ordained clergy nearly bishops whatever number set church structure parallel independent approved byzantine emperors syriac orthodox church called jacobite reference


th century bc palace ashurnasirpal ii nimrud iraq hermitage museum sankt petersburg russia openwork furniture plaque grazing oryx forest fronds met dp jpg openwork furniture plaque grazing oryx forest fronds th th century bce ivory nbsp cm metropolitan museum art new york city cylinder seal modern impression scorpion man deities one winged lion met dp jpg cylinder seal deities one winged lion th th century bc quartz crypto crystalline nbsp cm metropolitan museum art transport cedar dur sharrukin louvre ao jpg relief assyrian


vitruvius treatise ''de aedificatoria'' saw beauty primarily matter proportion although ornament also played part alberti rules proportion governed idealised human figure golden mean important aspect beauty therefore inherent part object rather something applied superficially based universal recognisable truths notion style arts developed th century writing giorgio vasari th century ''lives excellent painters sculptors architects''

Applied science
Architecture and design
Architecture


elevated level file lesotho slide show jpg lesotho rondavel stones file yola hut tagoat co wexfordjpg ireland yola hut muzeul satului bucuresti jpg romania peasant houses dimitrie gusti national village museum bucharest gallery building first evolved dynamics needs shelter security worship etc means available building materials attendant skills human cultures developed knowledge began formalized oral traditions practices building became craft architecture name given highly formalized respected versions craft widely assumed architectural success product


architecture great pyramid giza giza egypt circa bc hemiunu file parthenon jpg ancient greek architecture parthenon athenian acropolis made marble limestone bc maison carree nimes jpg ancient roman architecture maison carr e n mes france one best preserved roman temples circa ad gallery many ancient civilizations egypt mesopotamia architecture urbanism reflected constant engagement divine supernatural many ancient cultures resorted monumentality architecture represent symbolically political power ruler ruling elite


important early examples canonic architecture religious asian architecture gallery mode packed beauty khajuraho templejpg indian architecture kandariya mahadeva temple khajuraho madhya pradesh india circa file temple heavenjpg chinese architecture hall prayer good harvests main building temple heaven beijing china himeji castle keep towersjpg japanese architecture himeji castle himeji hy go prefecture japan file roulos group bakong jpg khmer architecture bakong near siem reap cambodia earliest surviving temple mountain angkor completed ad gallery architecture different parts asia developed along different lines


https commonswikimediaorg wiki cihoski house cihoski house bulevardul dacia bucharest late th early th century unknown architect palacio cec bucarest ruman dd hdrjpg beaux arts architecture cec palace victory avenue bucharest june paul gottereau file castel b ranger february jpg art nouveau architecture entrance castel b ranger paris hector guimard gallery emerging knowledge scientific fields rise new materials technology architecture engineering began separate architect began concentrate aesthetics humanist aspects often expense technical aspects building design


world list links uia https wwwaiaorg american institute architects https architecturaltrustorg outreach education glossary architectural terms glossary architectural terms http contentlibwashingtonedu buildingsweb indexhtml cities buildings database collection digitized images buildings cities drawn across time throughout world university washington library http wwwbbccouk programmes p k architecture power bbc radio discussion adrian tinniswood gillian darley gavin stamp ''in time'' oct architectural design


jains india marcus terentius varro ancient rome first recorded microscope observation fruiting bodies moulds robert hooke jesuit priest athanasius kircher likely first see microbes mentioned observing milk putrid material antonie van leeuwenhoek considered father microbiology observed experimented microscopic organisms using simple microscopes design scientific microbiology developed th century work louis pasteur medical microbiology robert koch history avicenna


nitrifying nitrogen fixing bacteria ref name brock french canadian microbiologist felix d'herelle co discovered bacteriophages one earliest applied microbiologists ref name keen ref joseph lister first use phenol disinfectant open wounds patients branches university food microbiology laboratory branches microbiology classified applied sciences divided according taxonomy case bacteriology mycology protozoology virology phycology microbial ecology considerable overlap specific branches microbiology disciplines certain aspects branches


molecular biology techniques yeast two hybrid system bacteria used industrial production amino acids ''corynebacterium glutamicum'' one important bacterial species annual production two million tons amino acids mainly l glutamate l lysine ref name burkovskia ref since bacteria ability synthesize antibiotics used medicinal purposes streptomyces make aminoglycoside antibiotics ref name puglisi joseph ref fermenting tanks yeast used brew beer variety biopolymers polysaccharides polyesters polyamides produced microorganisms microorganisms


smoking alcohol consumption improved screening several cancers allowing earlier diagnosis improvements treatment cancers often managed discussion multi disciplinary cancer conferences medical oncologists surgical oncologists radiation oncologists pathologists radiologists organ specific oncologists meet find best possible management individual patient considering physical social psychological emotional financial status patient important oncologists keep date latest advancements oncology changes management cancer quite common cancer diagnosis cause distress anxiety clinicians may use

Applied science
Medicine and health
Internal medicine
Oncology


carcinogens infectious agents certain infectious agents including oncoviruses bacteria parasites cause cancer immunosuppression body 's immune response plays role defending body cancer concept known mainly certain cancers occur greatly increased prevalence among people immunosuppression screening cancer screening recommended cancers breast cervix colon lung signs symptoms signs symptoms usually depend size type cancer breast cancer lump breast axilla associated without ulceration bloody nipple discharge endometrial cancer bleeding per


vaginam cervix cancer bleeding sexual intercourse ovarian cancer nonspecific symptoms abdominal distension dyspepsia lung cancer persistent cough breathlessness blood sputum hoarseness voice ref name information ref head neck cancer non healing ulcer growth lump neck brain cancer persistent headache vomiting loss consciousness double vision thyroid cancer lump neck oesophageal cancer painful swallowing predominantly solid food weight loss stomach cancer vomiting dyspepsia weight loss colon rectal cancer bleeding per rectum alteration bowel habits liver cancer jaundice pain mass


followed consolidation chemotherapy high dose cytarabine stem cell transplantation high risk patients chronic lymphocytic leukemia cll chemo immunotherapy fcr br regimen symptomatic patients chronic myeloid leukemia cml targeted therapy tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib first line treatment specialties four main divisions medical oncology focuses treatment cancer chemotherapy targeted therapy immunotherapy hormonal therapy surgical oncology focuses treatment cancer surgery ref name cancernet ref radiation oncology focuses treatment cancer radiation ref name cancernet clinical oncology focuses treatment cancer systemic therapies radiation sub specialties oncology neuro oncology


based translation knowledge predictors relevant disease specific clinical end points research progress leukemia lymphoma germ cell tumors early stage solid tumors incurable become curable malignancies immunotherapies already proven efficient leukemia bladder cancer various skin cancer future research promising field physical oncology survival cancer significantly improved past years due improved screening diagnostic methods treatment options targeted therapy large multi centric phase iii randomised controlled clinical trials national surgical adjuvant


lot scheduling problem see also safety stock inventory optimization inventory management software supply chain management warehouse management system references reading international journal inventory research academic journal inventory theory publishing current research classic books established field kenneth j arrow samuel karlin herbert e scarf studies mathematical theory inventory production stanford university press thomson whitin g hadley analysis inventory systems englewood cliffs prentice hall many university courses inventory theory use one following current textbooks axsaeter sven inventory control norwell kluwer

Applied science
Transportation
Operations research
Inventory theory


accentuation one points view synthesis great many diffuse discrete less present occasionally absent concrete individual phenomena arranged according one sidedly emphasized viewpoints unified analytical construct although analytical concepts serve reference points interpreting meaning society 's heterogeneous polymorphous activities words ideal types simplified typified empirical reality reality bureaucracy authority religion etc ideal types according weber exist real world

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems theory in anthropology


ideal types would suppose fact reality people various denominations class backgrounds religious affiliations kinship family ties gender ethnic linguistic differences experience conflict also practice cooperation everyday life thus one inserts ideal types concrete dynamic process one categorical violence multifariousness population similarly reduces feeling emotions non economic social standing honor status weber describes economism moreover ideal types also treated relevant context defines delimits former 's parameters weber 's intervention


describing socio cultural phenomena given society holistic way instance kinship system marriage system cultural system religious system totemic system etc systemic approach society shows anxieties earliest anthropologists capture reality without reducing complexity given community quest searching underline pattern reality discovered kinship system fundamental structure natives however systems closed systems reduce complexity fluidity imposing anthropological concepts genealogy kinship heredity marriage cultural relativism


capital instance prestige readily convertible back economic capital hence valuable form accumulation' therefore economic symbolic works together studied general science economy practices system theory gregory bateson british anthropologist gregory bateson influential one earliest founders system theory anthropology developed interdisciplinary approach included communication theory cybernetics mathematical logic collection essays ''the sacred unity'' bateson argues ecological systems social systems individual organism


online income fell far short goal decline advertising revenues affected print online media well mediums print advertising lucrative greatly declined prices online advertising often lower print precursors besides remodelling advertising internet especially web also challenged business models print era crowdsourcing publishing general sharing information others specifically journalism work finding assembling reporting news besides rise news aggregators bundle linked

Journalism, media studies and communication


''halifax gazette'' claims canada 's first newspaper however official descendant ''royal gazette'' government publication legal notices proclamations rather proper newspaper ''quebec gazette'' first printed june remains oldest continuously published newspaper north america ''quebec chronicle telegraph'' currently published english language weekly offices belv suite quebec city quebec canada ''gazeta rio de janeiro'' first edition printed devices brought england publishing news favourable government


'''triweekly''' publishes three times week ''meridian star'' example publication ref name 'letter readers advertisers' ref weekly public reading anti semitic weekly newspaper ''der st rmer'' worms germany weekly newspapers published week tend smaller daily papers biweekly publications published example fortnightly biweekly american parlance change normal weekly day week christmas period depending day week christmas day falling geographical scope distribution local regional '''local newspaper''' serves region


digital prepress typesetting technologies revolutionized newspaper production process technologies enabled newspapers publish color photographs graphics well innovative layouts better design help titles stand newsstands newspapers printed coloured newsprint example ''financial times'' printed distinctive salmon pink paper sheffield 's weekly sports publication derives name ''green 'un'' traditional colour paper italian sports newspaper ''la gazzetta dello sport'' also printed pink paper ''l' quipe'' formerly ''l'auto'' printed yellow paper


communication relying perceived willingness newspaper editors expose secrets lies would rather cover however many circumstances political autonomy newspapers curtailed recent research examined effects newspaper 's closing reelection incumbents voter turnout campaign spending opinions writers readers expressed ''op ed'' opposite editorial page ''letters editors'' sections paper ways newspapers tried improve credibility appointing ombudsmen developing ethics policies training using stringent


precipitous drops circulation since late number newspapers slated closure bankruptcy severe cutbacks risen especially united states industry shed fifth journalists since ref name e p ref debate become urgent lately recession shaved newspapers' profits explosive growth web revenue leveled forestalling industry hoped would become important source revenue issue whether newspaper industry faces cyclical trough dip whether new technology rendered print newspapers obsolete increasing


http wwwnewspapercatorg newspapercat nbsp university florida historical digital newspaper catalog collection https wwwnewspaperscom historical newspapers present newspaperscom http wwwnewspaperarchivecom historical newspaper database newspaperarchivecom http wwwtheeuropeanlibraryorg tel newspapers pages historic european newspapers free http chroniclingamericalocgov chronicling america historic american newspapers national digital newspaper program articles containing video clips ephemera journalism media formats paper products printing promotion marketing communications


demographic study demonstrated long standing homogeneity among art museum educators tend white heterosexual cisgender women ages spouses without care taking responsibilities ref name ref demographics point historical conditions low pay pervasiveness unpaid internships limit participation access sources income unpaid internships become prerequisites securing future employment field offer opportunities networking demonstrating one employability creating cruel paradox field paid employment restricted economic resources contribute

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Museum education


collection least include object description allow easy identification object cataloging important aspect collections management provides individual records associated object within collection object lost destroyed catalog entry utilized permanent record object data collections natural history collections catalog entry object specimen also contains scientific values research information physical object making maintenance catalog entry imperative

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Collection Management Policy


trained subject specialists curators conduct research objects offer guidance organization collection select objects utilized exhibitions curation involves development design exhibitions typically based objects within collection well depth research writing materials associated collection digital curation digital curation extension content curation involves collecting preserving archiving digital assets associated digitized collections digital assets include items originated digital form considered born digital ie websites wikis digitally created


museum collects collections used ref name aam ref scope collection laid policy serves define cultural institution chooses accession deaccession objects collection additionally different types collections require unique care protocols collection policy also details categories associated collection library archive education research permanent exhibit collection policy might also address conflicts interest employees hold personal collections similar institution within


defined physical preventive care measures taken prevent damage delay natural deterioration cultural heritage collection objects practices strive provide enhanced safety collections minimizing damages external sources improper handling vandalism climate changes overexposure light pests collections management policy carefully examines preventive conservation needs individual objects within collection order provide practices standards mitigate threats well proper procedures addressing issues arise sub topics within section may include display storage housing packing


housing solid structural design vital ensuring objects remain undamaged stationary includes accounting padding support objects prevent damage bumps snags stable display cases mounts often requires collaboration mount maker ensure proper creation installation stands shelves drawers cases addition fasteners adhesives papers foams must chosen based compatibility structural design materials individual object collections management policy outline housing specifications use acid free ph neutral dye free materials


transport process likely several departments within shipping institution may contribute collaboration receiving institution must arranged provide policies acclimatization unpacking object received integrated pest management within collections care section collections management policy typically section dedicated integrated pest management ipm section covers policies related prevention suppression methods various types pests typically found within collections ipm focuses utilizing non pesticide prevention treatment techniques order minimize health risks personnel well


able read write speak understand create meaning ability communicate using visual audible digital materials ability use printed written information function society achieve one 's goals develop one 's knowledge potential includes three types adult literacy prose eg newspaper article documents eg bus schedule quantitative literacy eg using arithmetic operations product advertisement ref name carnegie academic field view literacy philosophical manner propose concept multiliteracies example say huge

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Reading education


noise pollution highway traffic noise known show decreased ability discriminate phonemes oral language sounds well lower reading scores standardized tests ref name cohenglass ref reading children necessary sufficient pages ref children learn speak naturally listening people speak however reading natural process many children need learn read process involves systematic guidance feedback ref name nifdi ref ref name gough ref reading children teaching children read nonetheless reading children important socializes


education endowment foundation uk found starting literacy teaching preschool consistently found positive effect early learning outcomes ref name eefliteracy ref beginning early years education younger age appears high positive impact learning outcomes ref name eefearly ref supports current standard practice uk includes developing children 's phonemic awareness preschool teaching reading age four study chicago reports early education program children low income families estimated generate economic benefits


properly trained science reading ref name teaching reading rocket science simple view reading simple view reading proposes four broad categories developing readers typical readers poor readers dyslexics hyperlexics ''the simple view reading'' scientific theory reading comprehension according theory order comprehend reading students need ' 'decoding skills'' ''oral language listening comprehension ability'' neither enough words need ability recognize process eg sound text ability understand language


scientific studies reading practice lacks supporting evidence used understanding based upon claim science teaching reading isbn ref alphabetic languages educators debated years method best teach reading english language three main methods phonics whole language balanced literacy also variety areas practices phonemic awareness fluency reading comprehension sight words sight vocabulary three cueing system searchlights model england guided reading shared reading leveled reading practice


unrelated grapheme written language sub set phonological awareness includes manipulation rhymes syllables onsets rimes prevalent alphabetic systems specific part speech depends writing system employed national reading panel npr concluded phonemic awareness improves learner 's ability learn read teaching phonemic awareness nrp found better results obtained focused explicit instruction one two elements five hours small groups using corresponding graphemes letters see also speech perception


fluent readers practice decoding words reading silently learn whole words look like spelling leading improved fluency comprehension suggestion students fluent readers could read silently teacher works struggling readers logographic languages hieroglyph one earliest forms writing languages chinese japanese normally written fully partly logograms hanzi kanji respectively represent whole word morpheme single character large number characters sound makes must learned


learnt orthographic conventions direction reading differing typefaces capitalization symbol general means read proficiently reader understand elements written language united states limited amount spelling taught grade four beyond gain orthographic expertise reading amount variety texts children read important practice repeated exposure print improves many aspects learning read importantly knowledge individual words increases


women could escape familial communal obligations transgress moral boundaries private fantasy worlds books th century russia reading practices highly varied people wide range social statuses read russian foreign language texts ranging high literature peasant lubok provincial readers andrei chikhachev give evidence omnivorous appetite fiction non fiction alike among middling landowners history learning read history learning read dates back invention writing th millennium bc respect english language united


massachusetts usa favored method everyone method adopted boston primary school committee ref name pbsorg ref defects whole word method became apparent boston schoolmasters urged board return phonics samuel orton neuropathologist iowa concluded cause children 's reading problems new '' 'sight method''' reading findings published february issue journal educational psychology article sight reading method teaching reading source reading disability


taught systematic structured way preceded training phonological awareness california department education said children know decode regularly spelled one syllable words mid first grade phonemically aware especially able segment blend phonemes grades two three children receive explicit instruction advanced phonic analysis reading multi syllabic complex words new york state public school system revised english language arts learning standards calling teaching involving reading literacy experiences well phonemic awareness prekindergarten grade


phonics word recognition grades year ohio legislature set minimum standards requiring use phonics including guidelines teaching phonemic awareness phonics fluency vocabulary comprehension works clearinghouse institute education sciences published educator 's practice guide foundational skills support reading understanding kindergarten rd grade contains four recommendations support reading teach students academic language skills including use inferential narrative language vocabulary knowledge develop awareness segments sounds speech


light ref name stanislas dehaene estimated average reading speed adults english words per minute ref name ''proofreading'' kind reading purpose detecting typographical errors reading usual sense may largely suspend comprehension ''rereading'' reading book one cannot read book one reread vladimir nabokov said ''structure proposition evaluation spe '' method popularized mortimer adler ''how read book'' mainly non fiction treatise one reads


location display screen specified eccentricity studying timing vision gallery paintings gallery heights mode packed file fritz von uhde das bilderbuch jpg ''girl reading'' fritz von uhde oil paint canvas file george goodwin kilburne young girl readingjpg ''young girl reading'' george goodwin kilburne file renoir young girls reading jpg young girls reading auguste renoir file fragonard readerjpg ''a young girl reading'' c oil painting jean honor fragonard file lavery maiss aurasjpg ''miss auras'' john lavery depicts woman reading book file girl reading page jpg girl reading public


late modernity repressive desublimation indeed operative sexual sphereas product social controls technological reality extend liberty intensifying domination lacanians duane rousselle developed interventionist approach sociological theory highlighting centrality claim made french psychoanalyst jacques lacan discourse constitutes social bond feminist contributions nancy chodorow 's work significance within feminist understandings particular ''the reproduction mothering power feelings'' 'although chodorow uses psychoanalytic approach rejects instinctual determinism classic freudian account

Social science
Sociology
Psychoanalytic sociology