intelligent systems modeling prism group byu https wwwcmuedu cheme research process systems engineering indexhtml process systems engineering cmu http wwwavtrwth aachende cms avt forschung forschungsschwerpunkte der avt ioaf systemverfahrenstechnik lidx process systems engineering laboratory rwth aachen http yoricmitedu process systems engineering laboratory mit http egonchemecmuedu papers grossmannwestchallpdf research challenges process systems engineering ignacio e grossmann arthur w westerberg advanced https processengineeringconsultingcom process engineering consulting canada engineering disciplines chemical processes


unstoppable progress two contemporary labor historians noted early work field designed service celebrate labour movement marxist influence labor history redefined expanded focus number historians amongst prominent influential figures e p thompson eric hobsbawm motivation came current left wing politics britain united states reached red hot intensity kenneth morgan traditional liberal historian explains dynamic ferocity argument owed current politics unions winter discontent

Applied science
Business
Industrial and labor relations
Labor history


study group international labor working class history established membership publishes ''international labor working class history'' h labor daily email based discussion group formed reaches thousand scholars advanced students labor working class history association formed publishes ''labor studies working class history americas'' prominent scholars include john r commons david brody b melvyn dubofsky david montgomery united kingdom kirk surveys labor historiography britain since formation society study


history'' vol kirk neville challenge crisis renewal themes labour history britain ''labour history review'' aug vol issue pp linden marcel van der ''transnational labour history explorations'' mcilroy john asa briggs emergence labour history post war britain ''labour history review'' mapes kathleen randi storch making remaking labor historian interview james r barrett '' labor studies working class history americas'' navickas katrina happened class new histories labour collective


action britain ''social history'' may vol issue pp price richard histories labour labour history ''labour history review'' dec vol issue pp britain robert jean louis antoine prost chris wrigley eds ''the emergence european trade unionism'' heerma van voss lex marcel van der linden eds ''class identities gender religion ethnicity writing european labor history'' berghahn books walkowitz daniel j donna haverty stacke eds ''rethinking us labor history essays working class experience '' external links


database system refers collectively database model database management system database physically database servers dedicated computers hold actual databases run dbms related software database servers usually multiprocessor computers generous memory raid disk arrays used stable storage hardware database accelerators connected one servers via high speed channel also used large volume transaction processing environments dbmss found heart database applications dbmss may built around custom multitasking kernel built networking support modern dbmss typically rely

Formal science
Computer science
Social sciences
Databases


based key relationships using set operations based mathematical system relational calculus model takes name splitting data set normalized tables ' 'relations'' aimed ensure fact stored thus simplifying update operations virtual tables called ''views'' could present data different ways different users views could directly updated codd used mathematical terms define model relations tuples domains rather tables rows columns terminology familiar came early implementations codd


repeating group within employee record relational model process normalization led internal structures replaced data held multiple tables connected logical keys instance common use database system track information users name login information various addresses phone numbers navigational approach data would placed single variable length record relational approach data would ''normalized'' user table address table phone number table instance records would created


right away spatial database store data multidimensional features queries data include location based queries like closest hotel area temporal database built time aspects example temporal data model temporal version sql specifically temporal aspects usually include valid time transaction time terminology oriented database builds upon object oriented database often customized specific field unstructured data database intended store manageable protected way diverse objects fit naturally conveniently common databases may


data manipulation language dml performs tasks inserting updating deleting data occurrences data query language dql allows searching information computing derived information database languages specific particular data model notable examples include sql combines roles data definition data manipulation query single language one first commercial languages relational model although departs respects relational model described codd example rows columns table ordered sql became standard


another aspect physical database design security involves defining access control database objects well defining security levels methods data models collage five types database models database model type data model determines logical structure database fundamentally determines manner data stored organized manipulated popular example database model relational model sql approximation relational uses table based format common logical data models databases include navigational databases hierarchical


nightmare oil canvas john henry fuseli'''clinical neuropsychology ''' sub field psychology concerned applied science brain behaviour relationships clinical neuropsychologists use knowledge assessment diagnosis treatment rehabilitation patients across lifespan neurological medical neurodevelopmental psychiatric conditions well cognitive learning disorders branch neuropsychology associated children young people pediatric neuropsychology clinical neuropsychology specialized form clinical psychology ref name goldstein ref strict rules place maintain evidence focal point treatment research within clinical neuropsychology ref

Social science
Psychology
Clinical neuropsychology


member physicians group ref name barisa scenario clinical neuropsychologist may work hospital like employee hospital financial legal responsibilities go group clinical neuropsychologist part ref name barisa third option independent practitioner works alone may even office outside hospital rent room hospital ref name barisa third case clinical neuropsychologist completely charge financial legal responsibilities ref name barisa assessment assessments


clinical neuropsychology'' ''archives neurology'' ''brain'' ''child neuropsychology'' ''the clinical neuropsychologist'' ''cognitive neuropsychology'' ''cortex'' ''developmental neuropsychology'' ''journal clinical experimental neuropsychology'' ''journal cognitive neuroscience'' ''journal international neuropsychological society'' ''journal neuropsychology'' ''neurocase'' ''neuropsychologia'' ''neuropsychological rehabilitation'' ''neuropsychology'' ''neuropsychology review'' ''psychological assessment'' see also abnormal psychology neurolaw neuropsychological test neuropsychological assessment neuropsychology references reading standard reference book includes entries kimford j meador ida sue baron steven j loring kerry des hamsher nils r varney gregory p lee esther strauss tessa hart handbook practitioners includes chapters michael w parsons alexander rae grant ekaterina


chang kathleen armstrong jason hangauer heather agazzi justin j boseck elizabeth l roberds andrew davis joanna thome tina drossos scott j hunter erin l steck silvestri leadelle phelps william macallister jonelle ensign emilie crevier quintin leonard f koziol deborah e budding external links neuropsychology


language grammar often arcane moreover scholars must able read understand modern english french german important references dictionaries journals published languages history classical antiquity modern excavation many centuries european knowledge mesopotamia largely confined often dubious classical sources well biblical writings middle ages onward scattered reports ancient mesopotamian ruins early th century ruins nineveh correctly identified benjamin tudela also known benjamin son jonah rabbi navarre

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Assyriology


genome time neuroscience endocrinology neuroanthropology human primate cognition culture actions abilities human behavioural ecology interaction humans environment studies human anatomy physiology molecular biology biochemistry differences changes species variation human groups relationships cultural factors evolutionary anthropology studies biological cultural evolution humans past present based scientific approach brings together fields archaeology behavioral ecology psychology primatology genetics dynamic interdisciplinary field draws many lines evidence understand

Social science
Archaeology
Evolutionary anthropology


sociobiology references anthropology anthropology


' 'secret'' ' 'stealthy'' used formally describe types missions covert operations employed situations openly operating target would disadvantageous operations may directed conducted allies friends secure support controversial components foreign policy throughout world covert operations may include sabotage assassinations support coups d' tat support subversion tactics include use false flag front group activity organizations engaged covert operations instances similar overlaps activity front organizations covert

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Covert operation


judiciary democratic congressional briefing january html via thewallciviblogorg https webarchiveorg web http thewallciviblogorg rsf nsabrieftranscript html full transcript house judiciary democratic membership briefing constitution crisis domestic surveillance executive power january html via thewallciviblogorg https webarchiveorg web http thewallciviblogorg rsf big brother talons youhtml big brother watching part mi group talon project summary spreadsheet rep wexler response news coverage collection includes shane harris 's tia lives via thewallciviblogorg https archivetoday http snocshacknetnu steath network operations centre covert communication support system https wwwcovertwarfarecom covert warfare military intelligence collection intelligence operations type covert organizations secrecy


bioreactor '''biochemical engineering''' also known '''bioprocess engineering''' field study roots stemming chemical engineering biological engineering mainly deals design construction advancement unit processes involve biological organisms organic molecules various applications areas interest biofuels food pharmaceuticals biotechnology water treatment processes ref name ref role biochemical engineer take findings developed biologists chemists laboratory translate large scale manufacturing process history hundreds years humans made use chemical

Natural science
Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Bioengineering
Biochemical engineering


Applied science
Agriculture
Purification


problem connecting transformers series opposed parallel also realised making iron core transformer fully enclosed loop would improve voltage regulation secondary winding using knowledge built world 's first practical transformer based alternating current power system great barrington massachusetts italian physicist electrical engineer galileo ferraris demonstrated induction motor serbian american engineer nikola tesla filed range patents related power systems including one practical two phase induction motor westinghouse licensed

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Electrical Engineering
Power engineering


synchronous motor telluride colorado motor started tesla induction motor side atlantic oskar von miller built kv nbsp km three phase transmission line lauffen neckar frankfurt main electrical engineering exhibition frankfurt protracted decision making process adams generating station niagara falls began transmitting three phase alternating current power buffalo kv following completion niagara falls project new power systems increasingly chose alternating current opposed direct current electrical transmission twentieth century


st petersburg chapter ''union struggle liberation working class'' power engineering usa first commercial high voltage direct current hvdc line using mercury arc valves built schenectady mechanicville new york hvdc previously achieved installing direct current generators series system known thury system although suffered serious reliability issues siemens demonstrated first solid state rectifier solid state rectifiers standard hvdc systems however early


technology used commercial power systems westinghouse demonstrated first circuit breaker used sf sub sub interrupting medium sf sub sub far superior dielectric air recent times use extended produce far compact switching equipment known switchgear transformers many important developments also came extending innovations ict field power engineering field example development computers meant load flow studies could run efficiently allowing much better planning power systems advances information technology telecommunication also allowed


merely gives social explanations erroneous beliefs called 'strong programme' considers sociological factors influencing beliefs ''weak'' programme description approach organised movement term applied historians sociologists philosophers science merely cite sociological factors responsible beliefs went wrong imre lakatos moods thomas kuhn might said adhere ' 'strong'' programme particularly associated work two groups 'edinburgh school' david bloor barry barnes

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of science


idea strategy three ways expanding strategy beyond military means include diplomatic financial economic informational etc means examining internal addition external forces taking account various instruments power internal policies necessary implementation conscription example including consideration periods peacetime addition wartime historical examples peloponnesian war one earlier writings grand strategy comes thucydides 's ''history peloponnesian war'' account war peloponnesian league led sparta delian league led athens roman

Applied science
Military sciences
Grand strategy


harassed barbarians burdened tranquil cities pest military several straightway deserted moreover softened soldiers treated shows luxuries indeed speak plainly personally planted first seeds present devastated state affairs zosimus blockquote charge zosimus considered gross exaggeration inaccurate assessment situations fourth century constantine many modern historians bh warmington instance argues statement zosimus oversimplification reminding us charge exposure


great power war provides clear guidelines humanitarian interventions authors envision strategy selective engagement would involve strong nuclear deterrent force structure capable fighting two regional wars combination ground air sea forces complemented forces regional ally question however whether policy could garner sustained support liberal democracy experienced moralistic approach international relations whether united states could successfully differentiate necessary versus unnecessary engagement whether strategy focuses europe asia middle


primacy enthusiasts contending military preeminence generates positive economic externalities ref name drezner ref one argument label 'geoeconomic favoritism' hypothesizes military hegemon attract private capital provides greatest security safety investors second argument posits benefits military primacy flow geopolitical favoritism sovereign states return living security umbrella military superpower voluntarily transfer resources help subsidize cost economy third argument postulates states likely enjoy global public goods unipolar distribution military power accelerating


grand strategy understate benefits benefits deep engagementare legion us security commitments reduce competition key regions act check potential rivals help maintain open world economy give washington leverage economic negotiations make easier united states secure cooperation combating wide range global threats ref name brooks ref ikenberry brooks wohlforth convinced current us grand strategy generates subsequent counterbalancing unlike prior hegemons united states geographically isolated faces contiguous great power rivals interested balancing


profound feelings physical manifestations love trust care social aspects deal effects human society one 's sexuality spirituality concerns individual 's spiritual connection others sexuality also affects affected cultural political legal philosophical moral ethical religious aspects life ref name greenberg ref name bolin interest sexual activity typically increases individual reaches puberty although single theory cause sexual orientation yet gained widespread support considerably evidence supporting nonsocial causes sexual orientation social ones especially males hypothesized social causes

Social science
Sociology
Sexology
Human sexuality


body sexual intercourse ref name aph root consists expanded ends cavernous bodies fan form crura attach pubic bone expanded end spongy body ref name lae ref bulb penis surrounded bulbospongiosus muscle corpora cavernosa surrounded ischiocavernosus muscles ref name cwwu ref aid urination ejaculation ref name faftbs ref penis foreskin typically covers glans sometimes removed circumcision medical religious cultural reasons scrotum testicles held away body one


top back testicle second part duct system vas deferens muscular tube begins lower end epididymis ref name referencea vas deferens passes upward along side testicles become part spermatic cord ref name referenceb ref expanded end ampulla stores sperm ejaculation third part duct system ejaculatory ducts long paired tubes pass prostate gland semen produced ref name referencea prostate gland solid chestnut shaped organ surrounds first part


known lips labia majora two elongated folds skin extending mons perineum outer surface becomes covered hair puberty labia majora labia minora two hairless folds skin meet clitoris form clitoral hood highly sensitive touch labia minora become engorged blood sexual stimulation causing swell turn red ref name referencea labia minora composed connective tissues richly supplied blood vessels cause pinkish appearance near anus


urethral opening connects bladder urethra expels urine bladder located clitoris vaginal opening ref name referencea breasts subcutaneous tissues front thorax female body ref name innerbodycom though technically part woman 's sexual anatomy roles sexual pleasure reproduction ref name lehmiller ref breasts modified sweat glands made fibrous tissues fat provide support contain nerves blood vessels lymphatic vessels ref name innerbodycom main purpose provide milk developing infant breasts


menstruation begins ref name referencea sexual response cycle sexual response cycle model describes physiological responses occur sexual activity model created william masters virginia johnson according masters johnson human sexual response cycle consists four phases excitement plateau orgasm resolution also called epor model excitement phase epor model one attains intrinsic motivation sex plateau phase precursor orgasm may mostly biological men mostly psychological women orgasm release tension


sexual energy libido important motivating force adult life freud wrote importance interpersonal relationships one 's sexual emotional development birth mother 's connection infant affects infant 's later capacity pleasure attachment freud described two currents emotional life affectionate current including bonds important people lives sensual current including wish gratify sexual impulses adolescence young person tries integrate two emotional currents alfred kinsey also examined child sexuality kinsey reports children naturally curious


name santrock jw sexuality late adulthood adult sexuality originates childhood however like many human capacities sexuality fixed matures develops common stereotype associated old people tend lose interest ability engage sexual acts reach late adulthood misconception reinforced western popular culture often ridicules older adults try engage sexual activities age necessarily change need desire sexually expressive active couple long term relationship may find frequency


began spread throughout religious secular institutions end th century viewed pathology ref name psychologyucdavisedu beginning industrial revolution th th centuries many changes sexual standards occurred new artificial birth control devices condom diaphragm introduced doctors started claiming new role sexual matters urging advice crucial sexual morality health new pornographic industries grew japan adopted first laws homosexuality western societies definition homosexuality constantly changing western influence


masters johnson started directly observe record physical responses humans engaged sexual activity laboratory settings observed episodes sexual acts men women led methods treating clinical problems abnormalities masters johnson opened first sex therapy clinic described therapeutic techniques book ''human sexual inadequacy'' ref name referencea first edition diagnostic statistical manual mental disorders published american psychiatric association classified homosexuality mental illness specifically sociopathic


role two spirit people native cultures within reservations religious crime code explicitly aimed aggressively attack native sexual marriage practices ref name goal colonizers native peoples assimilate euro american ideals family sexuality gender expression ref name link constructed sexual meanings racial ideologies studied according joane nagel sexual meanings constructed maintain racial ethnic national boundaries denigration others regulation sexual behavior within group writes adherence deviation approved behaviors define


name webmdcom doheny k http wwwwebmdcom sex relationships features surprising health benefits sex surprising health benefits sex webmd reviewed chang l md ref increased immunity decreased risk prostate cancer sexual intimacy orgasms increase levels oxytocin helps people bond build trust long term study people ages clinical neuropsychologist david weeks md head old age psychology royal edinburgh hospital scotland said found sex helps look four seven years younger according impartial ratings subjects' photographs exclusive causation however unclear benefits may indirectly


preponderance common familiar features similarity complementarity reciprocal liking reinforcement ability person 's physical qualities create sexual interest others basis use advertising music video pornography film visual media well modeling sex work occupations legal issues globally laws regulate human sexuality several ways including criminalizing particular sexual behaviors granting individuals privacy autonomy make sexual decisions protecting individuals regard equality non discrimination recognizing protecting individual rights well legislating matters


model policy creation process typically follows sequence steps stages identification problem also called problem definition demand government action different stakeholders may define issue different problems example homeless people using illegal drugs heroin city park stakeholders may define law enforcement issue view could best solved police presence park stepped individuals using illegal drugs arrested punished hand stakeholders may view

Social science
Political science
Policy studies
Policy analysis


preferred option policy brought fully understanding problems opportunities consequences criteria tentative options selecting optimal alternative consensus involved actors ref name thomas ref model rational decision making also proven useful several decision making processes industries outside public sphere nonetheless criticize rational model due major problems faced tend arise practice social environmental values difficult quantify forge consensus around furthermore


lincoln center public service states rational model provides good perspective since modern society rationality plays central role everything rational tends prized thus seem strange ought trying rational decision making incremental policy incremental policy model relies features incremental decision making satisfying organizational drift bounded rationality limited cognition among others policies often called muddling represent conservative tendency new policies slightly different old policies policy makers short time resources


'''local anesthesia''' technique induce absence sensation specific part body generally aim inducing '''local analgesia''' local insensitivity pain although local senses may affected well allows patients undergo surgical dental procedures reduced pain distress many situations cesarean section safer therefore superior general anesthesia ref name anest ref following terms often used interchangeably ''local anesthesia'' strict sense anesthesia small part body tooth

Applied science
Medicine and health
Regional Anesthesia


area skin ''regional anesthesia'' aimed anesthetizing larger part body leg arm ''conduction anesthesia'' encompasses great variety local regional anesthetic techniques medical local anesthetic drug causes reversible local anesthesia loss nociception used specific nerve pathways nerve block effects analgesia loss pain sensation paralysis loss muscle power achieved clinical local anesthetics belong one two classes aminoamide aminoester local anesthetics synthetic local anesthetics structurally related cocaine


spaces e equipped euclidean structure euclidean structure defined kinetic energy single multidimensional particle unit mass math displaystyle math equal sum kinetic energies three dimensional particles masses math displaystyle ldots n math numblk math frac vert mathbf v vert sum n frac vert mathbf v vert math constraints internal coordinates cases motion particles masses math displaystyle ldots n math constrained typical constraints look like scalar equations form constraints form called holonomic scleronomic terms radius vector math displaystyle mathbf

Natural science
Physics
Newtonian dynamics


math displaystyle math usage typical lagrangian mechanics radius vector math displaystyle mathbf r math expressed definite function math displaystyle q ldots q n math vector function resolves constraint equations sense upon substituting equations fulfilled identically math displaystyle q ldots q n math internal presentation velocity vector velocity vector constrained newtonian dynamical system expressed terms partial derivatives vector function numblk math displaystyle mathbf v sum n frac partial mathbf r partial q dot q math quantities math displaystyle dot q ldots dot q n math called internal components velocity vector sometimes denoted


opened average practice list size increased practices england scotland wales northern ireland practices england average practice list size june million patients great deal consolidation larger practices especially england lakeside healthcare largest practice england partners patients maintaining general practices isolated communities become

Applied science
Medicine and health
Primary care
General practice


examination every years american osteopathic board family physicians requires diplomates maintain certification undergo process recertification every years physicians certified family medicine canada certified college family physicians canada two years additional education continuing education also requirement continued certification term family medicine family physician used united states mexico south america many european asian countries sweden certification family medicine requires five years working tutor medical degree india


want specialize family medicine must complete three year family medicine residency medical degree mbbs awarded either dnb md family medicine similar systems exist countries general practice term used many nations united kingdom australia new zealand south africa services provided general practitioners term primary care uk may also include services provided community pharmacy optometrist dental surgery community hearing care providers balance care primary care secondary care


nhs established plans building health centres built general practitioners estimated making home visits day seeing patients surgeries ref name century general practice ref current practice today services provided general medical services contract regularly revised gp practices closed opened average practice list size increased practices england


working something progressing slowly point hurley group clare gerada reported work online using digital triage system linked patient 's electronic patient record processes consultations per hour video calling used see patients needed according nhs england almost salaried gps working part time england gp forward view published nhs england promised billion real terms increase budget general practice jeremy


completed specialist training discipline family medicine medical council india requires three year residency family medicine specialty leading award doctor medicine md family medicine diplomate national board dnb family medicine national board examinations conducts family medicine residency programmes teaching hospitals accredits successful completion three year residency candidates awarded diplomate national board family medicine curriculum dnb fm comprises medicine allied sciences surgery allied sciences maternal child health basic


shortage qualified family physicians india progress slow indian medical association college general practitioners offers one year diploma family medicine dfm distance education programme postgraduate institute medicine university colombo sri lanka doctors minimum five years experience general practice since medical council india requires three year residency family medicine specialty diplomas recognized qualifications india india 's need primary secondary levels health care enormous medical educators called systemic changes include family medicine


undergraduate medical curriculum recently residency trained family physicians formed academy family physicians india afpi afpi academic association family physicians formal full time residency training dnb family medicine family medicine currently two hundred family medicine residency training sites accredited national board examination india providing around training posts annually however various issues like academic acceptance accreditation curriculum development uniform training standards faculty development research primary care ''etc'' need urgent attention family medicine flourish academic specialty india


scala visual basic common lisp scheme perl php python ruby oz f example programs written c object pascal php purely procedural purely object oriented contain elements paradigms software designers programmers decide use paradigm elements object oriented programming programs treated set interacting objects functional programming programs treated sequence stateless function evaluations programming computers systems many processors process oriented programming programs treated sets concurrent processes act logical shared data

Formal science
Computer science
Programming languages
Programming paradigms


since become topic academic courses research anthologies syllabuses associate dismantling white supremacy stated aim understanding whiteness ref name washingtonpost ref sources view field study primarily educational exploratory questioning objectivity generations works produced intellectual spheres dominated white scholars central tenet whiteness studies reading history effects present inspired postmodernism historicism according reading racial superiority socially constructed order justify discrimination non whites since

Social science
Sociology
Cultural studies
Whiteness studies


history'' explores white backlash canada attempts frames defending white interests defence national identity rather acknowledgement political action whiteness scholar george yancy explored societal response perceived loss racial privilege book ''backlash'' reactions derived whiteness fluctuate robin diangelo 's concept white fragility versus extreme backlashes throughout history white education study white education intersection whiteness continuing area research whiteness studies scholarly investigation critiqued white derived education inevitably


methodology help redefine reorient understanding white identity biological examination whiteness studies sought expose white identity neither pure unchanging genealogy mixed order unearth biases within white racial identity white privilege drawing insights du bois inspired civil rights movement theodore w allen began year analysis white skin privilege white race privilege white privilege piece drafted john brown commemoration committee urged white americans want government people


murray draw distinction whiteness studies analogous disciplines writes horowitz black studies celebrates blackness chicano studies celebrates chicanos women 's studies celebrates women white studies attacks white people evil dagmar r myslinska adjunct associate professor law fordham university argues whiteness studies overlooks heterogeneity whites' experience due class immigrant status geographical location alastair bonnett argues whiteness studies treated white culture homogenous stable racial entity example bonnett observes whiteness researchers britain argued white british people lived homogenous


white culture bonnett observed never clearly described researchers completely ignoring british culture 's regional diversity despite ample opportunity study barbara kay columnist ''national post'' sharply criticized whiteness studies writing points new low moral vacuity civilizational self loathing example academic pusillanimity according kay whiteness studies cuts chase white self hate ref name kay ref kay noted leanings field quoting jeff hitchcock co founder executive director center study white


christian theology '''ecclesiology''' study church origins christianity relationship jesus role salvation polity discipline eschatology leadership early history one church 's primary ecclesiological issues status gentile members essentially jewish sect later contended questions whether governed council presbyters single bishop much authority bishop rome major bishops role church


roots word ''ecclesiology'' come greek ''ekkl sia'' latin ''ecclesia'' meaning congregation church ref group notes '' logia'' meaning words knowledge logic combining term used names sciences bodies knowledge similar word ''ecclesialogy ''first appeared quarterly journal ''the british critic'' article written anonymous contributor ref name tcm ref defined thus ref however volume cambridge camden society 's journal ''the ecclesiologist'' published january society ccs claimed invented word ''ecclesiology'' ref name tcm ref ''the ecclesiologist''


requires navigational route finding wilderness skills education education also popular focus outdoor activity allows individuals immersed nature whilst undertaking studies university outdoor recreation programs becoming popular united states believed beneficial students well stress levels outdoor environment calming soothing mind universities often offer indoor rock climbing walls equipment rental ropes courses trip programming universities give degrees adventure recreation aims teach graduates run

Human physical performance and recreation


big game hunter author sportsman ernest hemingway record holding trophy fisherman seen several marlins caught trip bimini '''outdoor enthusiast''' ''outdoorsy'' terms person enjoys outdoor recreation terms '''outdoorsman''' '' 'sportsman''' '''woodsman''' '''bushman''' also used describe someone affinity outdoors famous outdoor enthusiasts include us president teddy roosevelt robert baden powell ernest hemingway ray mears bear grylls doug peacock richard wiese kenneth speedy raulerson earl shaffer jo gjende norway saxton pope randy stoltmann christopher camuto eva shockey jim shockey henry


increasingly complex changed profoundly greater acceptance unmarried cohabitation divorce single parent families sex partnerships complex extended family relations grandparents also bit paraphrase quote family structure changing drastically vast variety different family structures yet coontz argues ''marriage history'' th century marriages become increasingly unstable united states individuals begun seek unions ideals love affection rather social economic expediency transition blurred division labor within breadwinner homemaker model

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of fatherhood


maintenance household childcare called second shift topics debate marital partners sociologist arlie russell hochschild argues ''the second shift'' despite changes perceptions purpose marriage economic foundations marriage women continue bulk care work detriment american family hochschild illustrates ways unequal division second shift undermines family welfare reducing marital equality spousal satisfaction today see modified version homemaker breadwinner marriage woman adopts


perceived merely individual struggle depoliticized reducing social inequalities differences ref name ferree ref marriage market determining marries many theoretical models describe people determine marry important gender focused approach intersectional approach combines education level gender men women operate marriage market influenced many competing factors one decisive factors education level studies shown men women tend marry partners attained level education similar study bruze


svarer weiss low education defined high school education less medium education defined vocational education high education defined college education ref name bruze ref marriages depend expectations two people formed terminated based expectations consequently individuals selected marriage market basis education ref name bruze distinct marital trend men low education slowly selected marriage market instead remaining single driving force behind process marriage


unpaid work ref name wade lisa professor class disadvantaged men women temporal flexibility allows make decisions allocate time face stricter constraints work hours policies thus making impossible choose whether spend time work time home example even class disadvantaged woman wanted spend less time work time children home might able due inability get time work take


disabilities illness school unemployed retired race also plays factor employment fathers african american hispanic asian men men limited education likely stay home white highly educated men ref name wade lisa professor gender work family balance marriage research indicates three principal factors predict well men women perceive work life balance marriage job characteristics family characteristics spillover work family ref name keene ref job characteristics determine workers' freedom balance multiple demands obligations marriage demonstrated gertsel clawson higher level occupations


parenthood changes gender division labor men women inside outside home dual parent households allocate household work paid work efficiently maximize family income result women left specialize unpaid household work women presumed efficient childcare generally earn less men labor force many women either minimize shift completely dismiss initial career education aspirations anticipating parenthood consequently forces women disadvantaged career opportunities reasserts gender labor market inequality divorce trends divorce


example societies legislate maternity leave corresponding paternity leave however limited role increasingly called question since social scientists well feminists increasingly criticized gendered arrangements work care male breadwinner role policies increasingly targeting men fathers tool changing gender relations science parenting described 'the science male parenting' study 'father craft' emerged principally britain united states also throughout europe male adjuncts maternity infant


hand men single younger feel desire prepared emotionally financially support child alternate family forms number married couples raising children decreased years canada married common law couples children age represented families ref name macionis statistic lowered since married common law couples raising children age represented percent canadian families ref name macionis various family forms becoming increasingly popular


important fields childhood sociologists children 's action resistance cooperation collective action among peers taken account meanwhile widespread anthropological assumptions concerning universal human nature based view individual society opposed omitted conceptual repertoire sociological childhood research legacy older socialization approach legitimate forms childhood education practices indispensable even natural requirement society devaluing others way generally legitimate western middle class childhood mask inequality


children'' new york basic books second edition princeton nj princeton university press external links http www asanetorg sectionfamily american sociological association family section http wwweuropeansociologyorg indexphpoption com content task view id itemid research network families intimate lives european sociological association http wwwtrinityedu mkearl familyhtml kearl 's guide sociology family http wwwfamilyfactsorg family facts social science research family society religion heritage foundation site http familyinequalitywordpresscom family inequality blog philip n cohen family


passing confessions book xi city god book xi ch contrast ancient greek philosophers believed universe infinite past beginning medieval philosophers theologians developed concept universe finite past beginning known temporal finitism christian philosopher john philoponus presented early arguments adopted later christian philosophers theologians form argument impossibility existence actual infinite states ref name craig ref actual infinite cannot exist infinite temporal regress events actual infinite

Humanities
Philosophy
Metaphysics
Philosophy of space and time


newton 's account bucket could set spin relative absolute space water contained would form characteristic concave surface absence anything else universe would difficult confirm bucket indeed spinning seems equally possible surface water bucket would remain flat mach argued effect water experiment otherwise empty universe would remain flat another object introduced universe perhaps distant star would something relative


reverse difficult explain various pieces cup fly human hand reassemble precisely shape cup water position entirely within cup causes resultant structure shape cup encapsulation water hand within cup easily attributable neither hand floor achieve formations cup water asymmetry perceivable account two features relationship agent capacities


past present future ' 'simpliciter'' comparison b series eliminates reference present associated temporal modalities past future orders events temporal relations ''earlier than'' ''later than'' many ways debate proponents two views seen continuation early modern debate view absolute time defended isaac newton view merely relative time defended gottfried leibniz mctaggart paper unreality time argues


pre philosophical ideas talk somebody think talking person complete object part cross temporal perdurantists david lewis attacked position argue perdurantism superior view ability take account change objects whole presentists also endurantists eternalists also perdurantists vice versa necessary relation possible claim instance time 's passage indicates series ordered realities objects


portion backbone nylon '''polymer chemistry''' sub discipline chemistry focuses chemical synthesis structure chemical physical properties polymers macromolecules principles methods used within polymer chemistry also applicable wide range chemistry sub disciplines like organic chemistry analytical chemistry physical chemistry many materials polymeric structures fully inorganic metals ceramics dna biological molecules however polymer chemistry typically referred context synthetic organic compositions synthetic polymers ubiquitous commercial materials products everyday use

Natural science
Chemistry
Polymer chemistry


angus smith br susan solomon br werner stumm br ellen swallow richards br hans suess br john tyndall br see also environmental monitoring freshwater environmental quality parameters green chemistry green chemistry journal journal environmental monitoring important publications environmental chemistry list chemical analysis methods references reading stanley e manahan ''environmental chemistry'' crc press julian e andrews peter brimblecombe tim jickells peter liss brian reid ''an introduction environmental chemistry'' blackwell publishing rene p schwarzenbach philip gschwend dieter imboden ''environmental organic chemistry second edition'' wiley interscience hoboken new jersey ncert xi textbook unit external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwlivacuk chemistry links refenvironhtml

Natural science
Chemistry
Environmental chemistry


'''japanese studies associations institutions australia new zealand asia''' australia national university maintains database institutions asian studies asia lists institutions countries australia new zealand asian nations asian studies carried online directory asian studies asia reached http webarchivelocgov http asianetanueduau generatedlistphp ''links institutions japanese studies asia '' http wwwjapanese eduorghk society japanese language education hong kong http wwwbunkaorkr japanese culture association korea jcak http wwwjlakorkr japanese language association korea jlak http wwwgobungakuorkr japanese language literature association korea

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Japanese studies


europe '' british association japanese studies https archivetoday http wwwmcjpassofr cadrgenhtml maison de la culture du japon france http wwwgjfde german association japanese studies https webarchiveorg web http wwwjpstudiesorg japanese studies greece http niaskudk nordic institute asian studies http psbjorientuwedupl polish association japanese studies http wwwfriends partnersorg partners orient eng org indexhtm research organizations russia see also east asian studies international research center japanese studies japan academy list japanologists oriental studies references external links http wwwjapanesestudiesorguk ''electronic journal contemporary japanese studies'' https webarchiveorg web http wwweajsorg european association japanese studies https webarchiveorg web http publicationsnichibunacjp en item gaiz pub images japan non japanese sources library guides


born december birmingham uk british management scientist emeritus professor systems lancaster university systems analysis systems analysis branch systems science analyzes systems interactions within systems interaction environment ref name ad anthony debons command control technology social impact ''advances computers'' vol franz l alt morris rubinoff eds p ref often prior automation computer models systems analysis closely associated rand corporation systemic design systemic design integrates methodologies systems thinking advanced design practices address complex

Applied science
Business
Systems science


los alamos national laboratory sfi 's original mission disseminate notion separate interdisciplinary research area complexity theory referred sfi complexity science recently iit jodhpur rajasthan india started inculcating system science engineering students bachelors masters doctorate programs makes first institution offer system science education students india see also antireductionism evolutionary prototyping holism cybernetics system engineering system dynamics systemics system equivalence systems theory tektology world systems theory complex systems references reading b bayraktar ''education systems science''


communities relationships within related people 's attitudes behaviour rappaport discusses perspective community psychology ecological perspective person environment fit often related work environments focus study action instead attempting change personality individual environment individual seen problem ref name rappaport rappaport j community psychology values research action new york holt rinehart winston ref closely related disciplines include community practice ecological psychology environmental psychology critical psychology cross cultural psychology social psychology political science public health sociology social

Social science
Psychology
Community psychology


understanding data prescribed user left computer calculate discuss existence uniqueness theorems necessary precise domain unknown function otherwise speaking terms function two variables impossible meaningfully formulate results domain unknown function must regarded part structure pde following provides two classic examples existence uniqueness theorems even though two pde

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Analysis
Partial differential equations


exactly one function math display block frac partial u partial x frac partial u partial math ''x'' ''g'' ''x'' values even phenomena possible instance following pde arising naturally field differential geometry illustrates example simple completely explicit solution formula free choice three numbers even one function function math display block frac partial partial x frac frac partial u partial x sqrt left frac partial u partial x right left frac partial u partial right frac partial partial frac frac partial


not'' determine normal derivative surface '''characteristic''' differential equation restricts data differential equation ''internal'' first order system ''elliptic'' surface characteristic values differential equation always determine normal derivative first order system ''hyperbolic'' point '' 'spacelike''' surface normal point means given non trivial vector orthogonal scalar multiplier


equation real roots system '' 'strictly hyperbolic''' roots always distinct geometrical interpretation condition follows characteristic form defines cone normal cone homogeneous coordinates hyperbolic case cone sheets axis runs inside sheets intersect displaced origin axis intersects every sheet elliptic case normal cone real sheets analytical solutions separation variables linear pdes


alpha int b u frac partial u partial x mathrm dx math using math display block int b u frac partial u partial mathrm dx frac frac partial partial u quad text quad int b u frac partial u partial x mathrm dx frac u bt frac u math integration parts used second relationship get math display block frac partial partial u alpha u bt alpha u math math cdot math denotes standard l norm well posedness require energy solution non increasing ie


math display inline frac partial partial u leq math achieved specifying math u math math x math math alpha math math x b math math alpha math corresponds imposing boundary conditions inflow note well posedness allows growth terms data initial boundary thus sufficient show math display inline frac partial partial u leq math holds data set zero see also '''some common pdes''' heat equation wave equation laplace 's equation helmholtz equation klein gordon equation poisson 's equation navier stokes equation burger 's


p middle ages legislation england control monopolies restrictive practices force well norman conquest ref name wilberforce p domesday book recorded foresteel ie forestalling practice buying goods reach market inflating prices one three forfeitures king edward confessor could carry england concern fair prices also led attempts directly regulate market henry iii act passed fix bread ale prices correspondence grain prices laid


assizes penalties breach included amercements pillory tumbrel th century statute labelled forestallers oppressors poor community large enemies whole country king edward iii statute labourers fixed wages artificers workmen decreed foodstuffs sold reasonable prices top existing penalties statute stated overcharging merchants must pay injured party double sum received idea replicated punitive treble damages us antitrust law also edward iii following statutory provision


per dieu plaintiff go prison paid fine king court denied collection bond dyer 's breach agreement agreement held restriction trade english courts subsequently decided range cases gradually developed competition related case law eventually transformed statute law ref name papadopoulos ref elizabeth assured monopolies would abused early era globalization europe around th century changing quickly new world opened


cure bad theory writes bork better theory ref name bork p harvard law school professor philip areeda favours aggressive antitrust policy least one supreme court case challenged robert bork 's preference non intervention practice collusion cartels scottish enlightenment philosopher adam smith early enemy cartels dominance monopoly economist 's depiction deadweight loss efficiency monopolies cause firms hold large market shares consumers risk paying higher prices getting lower quality products compared competitive markets however existence high market share always mean


hylton keith n et al antitrust world reports' available https webarchiveorg web http wwwantitrustworldwikicom welfare economics


engagement describes distinct intermediate level war military strategy governing war general tactics involving individual battles example world war ii concept applied use soviet tank armies see also civil military operations effects based operations ebo list military operations list coalition military operations iraq war list world war ii military operations military operation plan military operations war mootw offensive military operational view ov notes references references armstrong richard n ''red army tank commanders armored guards'' atglen penn schiffer military history

Applied science
Military sciences
Military operation


glantz david ''soviet military operational art pursuit deep battle'' london frank cass


functions need linear tmath y' ldots n successive derivatives unknown function variable among ordinary differential equations linear differential equations play prominent role several reasons elementary special functions encountered physics applied mathematics solutions linear differential equations see holonomic function physical phenomena modeled non linear equations generally approximated linear differential equations easier solution non linear odes solved explicitly generally solved transforming equation

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Analysis
Ordinary differential equations


vdots f x mathbf mathbf ' mathbf '' ldots mathbf n end pmatrix begin pmatrix vdots end pmatrix math system form math mathbf f left x mathbf mathbf ' right boldsymbol math sources also require jacobian matrix math frac partial mathbf f x mathbf u mathbf v partial mathbf v math non singular order call implicit ode system implicit ode system satisfying jacobian non singularity condition transformed explicit ode system sources implicit ode systems singular jacobian termed differential algebraic equations daes distinction merely one terminology daes fundamentally different characteristics generally involved solve nonsingular ode systems ref


' 'solution'' integral curve ''f'' ''u'' ''n'' times differentiable ''i'' math f xuu' ldots u n quad x math given two solutions ''u'' called ''extension'' ''v'' math u x v x quad x math solution extension called ''maximal solution'' solution defined '''r''' called ''global solution'' ''general solution'' ''n''th order equation solution containing ''n'' arbitrary independent constants integration ''particular solution'' derived general solution setting constants


along lines parallel theory abelian integrals latter classified according properties fundamental curve remains unchanged rational transformation clebsch proposed classify transcendent functions defined differential equations according invariant properties corresponding surfaces ''f'' rational one one transformations lie 's theory sophus lie 's work put theory differential equations better foundation showed integration theories older mathematicians using lie groups referred common source ordinary differential


''y ux'' solve separation variables ''u'' ''x'' math ln cx int x frac lambda f lambda lambda math first order separable ref name mhft math begin align ym xy xn xy frac dy dx ym xy dx xn xy dy end align math separation variables divide ''xy'' math ln cx int xy frac n lambda lambda lambda n lambda lambda math ''n'' ''m'' solution ''xy'' ''c'' exact differential first order ref name edebvp math begin align xy frac dy dx n xy xy dy n xy dx end align math math frac partial partial


solution differential equations holistic numerical methods institute university south florida https wwwmatunivieacat gerald ftp book ode ordinary differential equations dynamical systems lecture notes gerald teschl http wwwjirkaorg diffyqs notes diffy qs differential equations engineers introductory textbook differential equations jiri lebl uiuc http wwwopeneeringcom sites default files lhy scilab tutorial part pdf modeling odes using scilab tutorial model physical system described ode using scilab standard programming language openeering team http wwwwolframalphacom input b xy solving ordinary differential equation wolfram alpha differential calculus


view image influenced use lights position presentation image right use light position presentation image improve view image makes image looks better reality ref name '''ethical perspective ''' perspective maker image viewer image must responsible morally ethically image perspective also categorized six categories categorical imperative utilitarianism hedonism golden mean golden rule veil ignorance ref name '''cultural perspective ''' symbolization important

Applied science
Architecture and design
Visual communication


especially longer presentations five ten minute presentations probably worth time effort put together powerpoint longer presentations however powerpoints great way keep audience engaged keep speaker track potential drawback using powerpoint usually takes lot time energy put together also possibility computer malfunction mess flow presentation ref name roth components components visualization make communicating information intriguing compelling


emotions experiences additive subtractive color models help visually communicating aesthetically please information ref name additive color model also known rgb color red green blue goes dark light colors subtractive color model opposite subtractive color model includes primary cmyk colors cyan magenta yellow black go light dark shape next fundamental component assists creating symbol builds connection audience two categories shapes fall organic biomorphic shapes geometric rectilinear shapes organic biomorphic


performed found motion pictures video emotional impact still images hand research suggested logic rationality viewer barred emotion fact logic emotion interrelated meaning images emotional arousal also influence viewers think logically '''image building function ''' imagery gives viewer first impression candidate running office visuals give voters sense voting elections regarding background personality demeanor


theologies often involved drastic pruning reinterpretation traditional belief order cohere axiom axioms friedrich daniel ernst schleiermacher example produced ''der christliche glaube nach den grunds tzen der evangelischen kirche'' ''the christian faith according principles protestant church'' fundamental idea universal presence among humanity sometimes hidden sometimes explicit feeling awareness 'absolute dependence' contemporary usage three overlapping uses term 'systematic theology' contemporary christian theology according theologians evangelical


exclusively liberal theology term used refer attempts follow friedrich schleiermacher 's footsteps reinterpret christian theology order derive core set axioms principles three senses christian systematic theology often touch following topics god trinitarianism revelation creation divine providence theodicy theological anthropology christology soteriology ecclesiology eschatology israelology bibliology hermeneutics sacrament pneumatology christian life heaven interfaith statements religions see also systematic theologians biblical exegesis biblical theology christian apologetics christian theology constructive theology dispensationalist theology dogmatic theology


christian religion'' chafer lewis sperry ''systematic theology'' grand rapids kregel chemnitz martin ''loci theologici'' st louis concordia publishing house erickson millard ''christian theology'' nd ed grand rapids baker fruchtenbaum arnold ''israelology missing link systematic theology'' tustin ca ariel ministries fruchtenbaum arnold ''messianic christology'' tustin ca ariel ministries geisler norman l ''systematic theology'' four volumes minneapolis bethany house frame john ''theology lordship'' grenz stanley j ''theology community god'' grand rapids eerdmans grider j kenneth ''a wesleyan holiness theology'' grudem wayne


law newton 's laws motion galileo 's ''two new sciences'' dialogue characters simplicio salviati discuss motion ship moving frame ship 's cargo indifferent motion huygens used motion boat along dutch canal illustrate early form conservation momentum experimental physics considered reached high point publication ''philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica'' sir isaac newton newton published ''principia'' detailing two comprehensive successful physical laws newton 's

Natural science
Physics
Experimental physics


laws motion arise classical mechanics newton 's law universal gravitation describes fundamental force gravity laws agreed well experiment ''principia'' also included several theories fluid dynamics late th century onward thermodynamics developed physicist chemist boyle young many others bernoulli used statistical arguments classical mechanics derive thermodynamic results initiating field statistical mechanics thompson demonstrated conversion mechanical work heat joule stated law conservation energy form heat


meskalamdug helmet british museum electrotype copy original iraq museum bagdad holes around border suggest another piece normally affixed example full mask attributed sargon akkad hairbun attached back head visible rulers well sargon eannatum stele vultures '''near eastern archaeology''' regional branch wider global discipline archaeology refers generally excavation study artifacts material culture near east antiquity

Social science
Archaeology
Near Eastern Archaeology


included highly variable tiny cube one representing krypton one millionth volume entire block data http wwwnasagov centers langley pdf main meteorologyteacherres ch r pdf nasa langley composition common nitrogen oxides dry air vs temperature chemical composition atmosphere according altitude ref name composition altitude ref axis altitude km content volume class wikitable style width em colspan average composition dry atmosphere mole fractions '''gas''' '''per http nssdcgsfcnasagov planetary factsheet earthfacthtml nasa ''' br '''dry clean air near sea level br standard iso ''' nitrogen n sub sub oxygen sub sub ref

Natural science
Chemistry
Atmospheric chemistry


surface additional gases listed addition gases atmosphere contains particulates aerosol includes example droplets ice crystals bacteria dust class wikitable style width em colspan composition ppt volume unless otherwise stated '''gas''' '''clean continental seinfeld pandis ''' '''simpson et al ''' ref name simpsonblake ref carbon monoxide co ppb sup p sup ppb nitric oxide ethane c sub sub h sub sub propane c sub sub h sub sub isoprene c sub sub h sub sub


'''classical language''' language independent literary tradition large ancient body written literature classical languages typically dead languages show high degree diglossia spoken varieties language diverge away classical written language time classical studies context traditional european classical studies classical languages refer greek latin literary languages mediterranean world classical antiquity terms worldwide cultural importance edward sapir book ''language'' would extend list

Humanities
Languages and literature
Linguistics
Classical Language


meant world 's history five languages overwhelming significance carriers culture classical chinese sanskrit arabic greek latin comparison even culturally important languages hebrew french sink secondary position blockquote sense classical language language broad influence extended period time even longer colloquial mother tongue original form one language uses roots another language coin words way many european languages


varieties greek language whole classical period usually corresponds flowering literature following archaic period classical latin succeeding old latin classical sumerian succeeding archaic sumerian classical sanskrit succeeding vedic sanskrit classical persian succeeding old persian partly matter terminology example old chinese taken include rather precede classical chinese cases arabic tamil classical stage corresponds earliest attested literary variant antiquity classical sumerian literary language sumer c th rd centuries bc middle egyptian


classical ge'ez language golden age ge'ez literature th th centuries classical irish classical gaelic language th th centuries scottish irish gaelic literature classical wolof language wolof empire th th centuries middle english language canterbury tales th th centuries many divergent written dialects partially standardized based london speech middle french language french renaissance th th centuries classical hungarian language hungarian literature th th centuries classical songhai lingua franca songhai empire th th centuries early new high


german language holy roman empire german renaissance protestant reformation th th centuries classical malay language maritime southeast asia th th centuries middle oriya language odia literature th th centuries chagatai classical turkic language central asia volga th early th centuries pre colonial americas classical maya language mature maya civilization rd th centuries classical quechua lingua franca th century inca empire classical nahuatl lingua franca th century central mexico classical k'iche' language th century guatemala classical tupi language th th centuries


classical danish lingua franca kalmar union denmark norway th th centuries language danish literature th th centuries old lithuanian language grand duchy lithuania th th centuries early modern english language king james bible shakespeare th th centuries middle polish language polish golden age th th centuries classical ottoman turkish language poetry administration ottoman empire th th centuries manchu language language manchus ruled china th th centuries early modern dutch


language dutch golden age th century early modern french language france louis xiv napoleon th th centuries classical ladino language sephardic jewish literature th th centuries classical russian language russian empire th th centuries classical mongolian language language mongolian literature translations tibetan buddhist religious texts sadhu bhasha modern language bengali classical yiddish language yiddish renaissance th th centuries classical newari language malla kingdom lingua franca india tibet trade see also ancient language aureation


classification operators considered one time example classification normal operators terms spectra falls category spectrum operators '' 'spectral theorem''' number results linear operators matrices broad terms spectral theorem provides conditions operator matrix diagonalized represented diagonal matrix basis concept diagonalization relatively straightforward operators finite dimensional spaces requires modification operators infinite dimensional spaces general spectral theorem

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Analysis
Operator theory


let ''a'' operator finite dimensional inner product space ''a'' said normal ''a'' sup sup ''a'' ''a a'' sup sup one show ''a'' normal unitarily diagonalizable schur decomposition ''a'' ''u u'' sup sup ''u'' unitary ''t'' upper triangular since ''a'' normal ''t t'' sup sup ''t'' sup sup ''t'' therefore ''t'' must diagonal since normal upper triangular matrices diagonal converse obvious words ''a'' normal exists unitary matrix ''u''


math u u math ''d'' diagonal matrix entries diagonal ''d'' eigenvalues ''a'' column vectors ''u'' eigenvectors ''a'' orthonormal unlike hermitian case entries ''d'' need real polar decomposition '''polar decomposition''' bounded linear operator ''a'' complex hilbert spaces canonical factorization product partial isometry non negative operator polar decomposition matrices generalizes follows ''a'' bounded linear operator unique factorization


fredholm theory integral equations integral operator fredholm operator self adjoint operator unbounded operator differential operator umbral calculus contraction mapping positive operator hilbert space nonnegative operator partially ordered vector space references reading conway j b ''a course functional analysis'' nd edition springer verlag external links http wwwmathphysicscom opthy ophistoryhtml history operator theory


point facial lingual papilla ref name weinberg however col may absent gingival recession teeth contacting main purpose interdental gingiva prevent food impaction routine mastication ref name gehrig alveolar mucosa area tissue non keratinized located beyond mucogingival junction less firmly attached redder attached gingiva provides movement cheek lips periodontal ligament periodontal ligament connective tissue joins outer layer tooth root

Applied science
Medicine and health
Dentistry
Periodontics


disease second common cause tooth loss second dental caries scotland twice daily brushing flossing way help prevent periodontal diseases healthy gingiva described stippled pale coral pink caucasian people various degrees pigmentation races gingival margin located cemento enamel junction without presence pathology gingival pocket tooth gingival deeper mm considered healthy also absence bleeding gentle probing ref name highfield healthy gingiva periodontal diseases


dental implants including treatment peri implantitis inflammatory bone loss around dental implants aetiology peri implantitis thought similar periodontal disease aetiology primary aetiological factor periodontal disease plaque biofilm dental biofilm dental biofilm community microorganisms attached hard non shedding surface oral cavity hard non shedding surfaces include teeth dental restorative materials fixed removable dental appliance dentures ref name hasan ref adherence non shedding surfaces allows bacteria dental biofilm unique characteristics clinical significance stages


adhere one another termed co adhesion co adhesion involves adherence planktonic single culture cells already attached organisms surface organisms make first contact surface allow platform later co adhesion bacteria called early colonisers facilitate formation complex multispecies dental biofilms ref name marsh multiplication continued growth maturation existing plaque micro organisms recruitment later colonisers ref name marsh climax community homeostasis prolonged period stability bacterial community sufficient nutrients protection survive complex biofilms usually


isolated indigenous populations periodontal disease also may result due abnormal decreased immune response rather aggressive properties bacterial pathogens osteoporosis individuals osteoporosis studies shown alveolar bone less dense healthy adult however demonstrate relationship periodontal pathogens clinical attachment loss therefore research needed investigate osteoporosis true risk factor periodontal disease ref name pmid drug induced disorders many drugs medications adverse effect periodontal tissues contributing various oral conditions dry mouth


gingival hyperplasia crucial dental professionals ensure poly pharmacy patients medical history reviewed visit correctly evaluate patient 's risk determine appropriate course action dental treatment haematological disorders important cells nutrients carried blood periodontal tissues crucial tissues' defence mechanisms response toxins pathogens gas exchange efficient hemostasis therefore red blood cells pivotal role maintaining health periodontium meaning haematological disorders profound detriment periodontal tissues onset disease pregnancy studies


wide range inflammatory diseases unique symptoms varying consequences order identify disease classification systems used categorise periodontal gingival diseases based severity aetiology treatments ref name highfield system classification necessary enable dental professionals give label patient 's condition make ''periodontal diagnosis'' diagnosis reached firstly undertaking thorough examination patient 's medical dental social histories note predisposing risk factors see underlying systemic conditions combined findings thorough


phase therapy ref name eight usually week evaluation crucial severe cases periodontal disease elements required evaluated results initial therapy phase therapy oral hygiene status bleeding plaque scores review diagnosis prognosis modification whole treatment plan necessary ref name nine ref phase ii therapy surgical phase post phase necessary evaluate requirement periodontium surgery ref name nine factors identifying surgical phase required periodontal pocket management specific situations irregular bony


periodontology periodontist retrieved https wwwperioorg consumer periodontist ref dental implant list procedures performed periodontist ref name aap non surgical treatments gum graft surgery laser treatment regenerative procedures dental crown lengthening dental implants pocket reduction procedures plastic surgery procedures patients able access treatment specialist periodontist appropriate referral dental practitioner dental hygienist oral health therapist dentist decide whether patient requires treatment periodontist practitioner fill referral form outlining patient practitioner concerns needs wants training applying


postgraduate degree india periodontics offered specialization field dentistry india periodontists attend master dental surgery mds program affiliated dental schools india minimum qualification required mds degree bachelor dental surgery majority dental schools india offer mds degrees specializing periodontology course three years students trained implantology well diagnosis treatment peri implant diseases along periodontology united kingdom british society periodontology exists promote art science periodontology membership includes specialist


russian formalists first proposed distinction employing couplet fabula syuzhet subsequent succession alternate pairings preserved essential binomial impulse eg ''histoire'' ' 'discours'' ''histoire'' ''r cit'' ' 'story'' ''plot'' structuralist assumption one investigate fabula syuzhet separately gave birth two quite different traditions thematic propp bremond greimas dundes et al modal genette prince et al narratology former mainly limited semiotic formalization sequences actions told latter examines manner telling stressing voice point view transformation chronological order rhythm

Journalism, media studies and communication


'''criminal psychology''' also referred '''criminological psychology''' study views thoughts intentions actions reactions criminals participate ''criminal behavior'' ref name kocsis richard n kocsis '' https booksgooglecom booksid yg qyfxqtx c lpg pp dq criminal psychology hl bg pg pa v onepage q f false applied criminal psychology guide forensic behavioral sciences '' charles c thomas publisher pp ref criminal psychology related field criminal anthropology study goes deeply ''what makes someone commit crime'' also reactions crime criminal psychologists many roles within court systems include called witnesses court cases help jury

Social science
Psychology
Criminal psychology


criminals major studies contributed criminal psychology psychology 's role legal system psychologists licensed professionals assess mental physical states profilers look patterns behavior link individual behind crime group effort attempts answer common psychological questions risk sexual predator offending put back society offender competent stand trial whether offender sane insane time offense criminal psychologists used investigative work like examine


time crime refers ability understand right wrong law insanity defense rarely used difficult prove declared insane offender committed secure hospital facility much longer would served prison ref name turvey ref criminal psychology also related legal psychology forensic psychology crime investigations profiling major part criminal psychology known criminal profiling began united states office strategic services asked william l langer 's brother


virginia led establishment national center analysis violent crimeand violent criminal apprehension program united kingdom professor david canter pioneer helping guide police detectives mid offender carried series serious attacks canter saw limitations offender profiling particular subjective personal opinion psychologist colleague coined term '''investigative psychology''' began trying approach subject saw scientific point view criminal profiling also known


appearance crime scene disorganized versus organized process interpreting behavior observed crime scene briefly discussed criminal psychologists also consider profiling lens racial inequality race continues major factor american criminal justice system years federal state prisons united states held inmates black white giving difference negative stereotypes often portray blacks born criminals contributes heavily disproportionate incarceration blacks persistent stereotype american society


served justification unofficial policies practices racial profiling criminal justice practitioners many modern psychologists disregard outdated stereotypes race n't make individual violent threat society cultural environmental traditional concepts communities play major role individual psychology providing profilers potential basis behavioral patterns learned offenders upbringing also evaluate prison stable place particular criminals commit crimes due mental health issues never adequately addressed many individual


factors criminal psychologist evaluate investigations order piece together thorough profile serves legal requirements provides humane perspective four roles criminal psychologists one fathers uk 's criminal psychology professor lionel haward described four ways psychologist may perform upon professionally involved criminal proceedings four ways include '''clinical ''' situation psychologist involved assessment individual order provide clinical judgment psychologist use assessment tools interview


april common challenge pain management communication health care provider person experiencing pain ref name consumer reports pain relief april people experiencing pain may difficulty recognizing describing feel intense ref name consumer reports pain relief april health care providers patients may difficulty communicating pain responds treatments ref name consumer reports pain relief april risk many types pain management patient take treatment less effective needed causes difficulties

Applied science
Medicine and health
Pain Medicine


side effects ref name consumer reports pain relief april treatments pain harmful overused ref name consumer reports pain relief april goal pain management patient health care provider identify amount treatment needed address pain without going beyond limit ref name consumer reports pain relief april another problem pain management pain body 's natural way communicating problem ref name consumer reports pain relief april pain supposed resolve body heals time pain management ref name consumer reports


techniques meditation wide variety movements training body perform functionally increasing strength flexibility range motion ref name ref physical activity exercise may improve chronic pain pain lasting weeks overall quality life minimizing need pain medications ref name specifically walking effective improving pain management chronic low back pain tens transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation tens self operated portable device intended help regulate create chronic pain via electrical impulses ref name ref limited research explored effectiveness tens


demonstrated usefulness cognitive behavioral therapy management chronic low back pain producing significant decreases physical psychosocial disability cbt significantly effective standard care treatment people body wide pain like fibromyalgia evidence usefulness cbt management adult chronic pain generally poorly understood due partly proliferation techniques doubtful quality poor quality reporting clinical trials crucial content individual interventions isolated important contextual elements therapist training development treatment


people years old headaches beneficial effect may maintained least three months following therapy ref name ref psychological treatments may also improve pain control children adolescents experience pain related headaches known psychological therapy improves child adolescents mood potential disability related chronic pain ref name hypnosis review studies found evidence efficacy hypnosis reduction pain conditions however studies limitations like small study sizes


persists ref name bbdchronicpain fibromyalgia antidepressant anticonvulsant ref name bbdchronicpain evidence suggests opioids effective treating fibromyalgia ref name bbdchronicpain mild pain paracetamol acetaminophen nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug nsaid ibuprofen relieve mild pain mild moderate pain paracetamol nsaid paracetamol combination product weak opioid tramadol may provide greater relief separate use combination opioid acetaminophen frequently used percocet vicodin norco moderate severe pain treating moderate severe


vilan hydromorphinol others vary ways duration action side effect profile milligramme potency fentanyl benefit less histamine release thus fewer side effects also administered via transdermal patch convenient chronic pain management addition intrathecal patch injectable fentanyl formulations fda food drug administration approved various immediate release fentanyl products breakthrough cancer pain actiq otfc fentora onsolis subsys lazanda abstral oxycodone used across americas europe relief serious chronic pain main slow release formula known oxycontin short acting tablets


mindfulness biofeedback acceptance case chronic pain ref name zagustin ref many therapists hold sessions caregivers provide effective management strategies ref name weydert professional certification pain management practitioners come fields medicine addition medical practitioners pain management team may often benefit input pharmacists physiotherapists clinical psychologists occupational therapists among others together multidisciplinary team help create package care suitable patient pain physicians often fellowship trained board certified anesthesiologists neurologists physiatrists psychiatrists palliative care doctors also specialists pain management


assyrian empire etc directly deifying ruler imperial cult concept holy war enters new phase development monotheism ancient warfare polytheism classical antiquity pantheon particular attributes interest areas ares personified war received occasional sacrifice armies going war limited cult ares ref name burkert p burkert ''greek religion'' p ref sparta however company youths sacrificed enyalios engaging ritual fighting phoebaeum christianity st bartholomew 's day massacre french

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Religious war


topics pharmacodynamics '''pharmacodynamics''' '''pd''' study biochemical physiologic effects drugs especially pharmaceutical drugs effects include manifested within animals including humans microorganisms combinations organisms example infection pharmacodynamics pharmacokinetics main branches pharmacology topic biology interested study interactions endogenous exogenous chemical substances living organisms particular pharmacodynamics study drug affects organism whereas pharmacokinetics study organism affects drug together influence dosing

Applied science
Medicine and health
Pharmaceutical sciences
Pharmacodynamics


effects body majority drugs either main drug actions stimulating action direct receptor agonism downstream effects depressing action direct receptor agonism downstream effects ex inverse agonist blocking antagonizing action silent antagonists drug binds receptor activate stabilizing action drug seems act neither stimulant depressant ex drugs possess receptor activity allows stabilize general receptor activation like buprenorphine opioid dependent individuals aripiprazole schizophrenia depending dose


bound receptors ''equilibrium dissociation constant'' defined chem l r lr chem nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp math k frac l r l r math ''l'' ligand ''r'' receptor square brackets denote concentration fraction bound receptors math p lr frac l r r l r frac frac k l math math p lr math fraction receptor bound ligand expression one way consider effect drug response related fraction bound receptors see hill equation fraction bound receptors known occupancy relationship occupancy pharmacological response usually non linear


''american journal agricultural economics'' v pp ref development economics development economics broadly concerned improvement living conditions low income countries improvement economic performance low income settings agriculture large part developing economies terms employment share gdp agricultural economists forefront empirical research development economics contributing understanding agriculture 's role economic development economic growth structural transformation many agricultural economists interested food systems developing economies linkages agriculture nutrition

Social science
Economics
Agricultural economics


ways agriculture interact domains natural environment ref name gollin et al douglas gollin stephen parente richard rogerson role agriculture development ''the american economic review'' v pp ref ref name timmer c peter timmer agriculture economic development ''handbook agricultural economics'' vol part pp ref professional associations international association agricultural economists iaae worldwide professional association holds major conference every three years association publishes journal ''agricultural economics'' also european association agricultural economists eaae african association


markets education financial sector government natural resource environmental management real estate public relations careers agricultural economics require least bachelor 's degree research careers field require graduate level training see masters agricultural economics study georgetown center education workforce rated agricultural economics tied th fields terms employability literature evenson robert e prabhu pingali eds ''handbook agricultural economics'' amsterdam nl elsevier see also agrarian law agrarian reform agribusiness agricultural value chain development economics dirti electrical energy efficiency united


medical physics style width vertical align top metallurgy metamaterials ref name illinois metrological physics ref name illinois microelectronics ref name connecticut microfluidics mems moems microfabrication microprocessor design ref name michigan microwave engineering nanotechnology neural engineering neuromorphic engineering neurophysics nondestructive testing nuclear electromagnetic pulse nemp engineering nuclear engineering nuclear technology ref name illinois optical engineering photonics plasmonics physics engine physics processing unit design physical neural networks plasma physics polymer science power electronics psychoacoustics psychophysics quantitative finance ref name illinois quantum electronics quantum information quantum technology radar lidar radio frequency engineering robotics ref name pacific machine learning renewable energy semiconductor physics devices sensor fusion software development ref name berkeley soil physics solid state physics sonar

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Electrical Engineering
Engineering physics


dialog greater awareness analysis although family suffered loss hunger great depression poor viewed formerly middle class family people another world happened fall accidentally world ref name po ref intimate discovery class borders led invariably freire 's radical rejection class based society ref name po influential works freire made arguably celebrated critical educator seldom used term critical pedagogy describing philosophy initial focus targeted adult literacy projects brazil later

Applied science
Education
Critical pedagogy


power time retaining freirean emphasis critique disrupting oppressive regimes power knowledge social change ref name critical pedagogy web developments critiques like critical theory field critical pedagogy continues evolve ref name contemporary critical educators bell hooks peter mclaren discuss criticisms influences many varied concerns institutions social structures including globalization mass media race spiritual relations citing reasons resisting possibilities change ref name critical pedagogy web mclaren developed social movement based version critical


pedagogy calls revolutionary critical pedagogy emphasizing critical pedagogy social movement creation democratic socialist alternative capitalism ref name rcp ref curry malott derek r ford 's first collaborative book ''marx capital education'' built mclaren 's revolutionary pedagogy connecting global class struggle history actually existing workers' movements curry malott noted critical pedagogy created break marxism freire pedagogy oppressed bowles gintis schooling capitalist america even though true critical pedagogy become increasingly domesticated


epistemological concept positivism social actions proceed law like predictability ref name philosophy teacher students would served standards based education one correct way teach e veryone assumed regardless race class gender ref name donald sch n 's concept indeterminate zones practice illustrates practice especially ones human subjects center infinitely complex highly contested amplify critical pedagogue 's unwillingness apply universal practices furthermore bell hooks greatly influenced freire


constructed ref name ref karen kopelson asserts resistance new information ideologies introduced classroom natural response persuasive messages unfamiliar blockquote resistance often least understandably protective anyone remember first uneasy encounters particularly challenging new theories theorists attest resistance serves shield us uncomfortable shifts upheavals perception understanding shifts perception honored force us inhabit world fundamentally new different ways ref name ref blockquote kristen seas explains students often reject teacher 's message


perception student 's ability learn advocates critical pedagogy insist teachers must become learners alongside students well students ''of'' students must become experts beyond field knowledge immerse culture customs lived experiences students aim teach criticism critical pedagogy subject varied debates inside outside field education philosopher john searle characterized goal giroux 's form critical pedagogy create political radicals thus highlighting antagonistic moral political grounds ideals


plays important role field study reveals cities developed previously ref name history urban studies comment ref history plays large role determining cities change future areas change continuously part larger processes create new histories researchers study large scale individual levels ref name new urban history ref overall three different themes ref name handbook urban studies studying cities ref influenced researchers continue study urban areas spatial structures reflect city physically organized processes


data derived value illustrated https tarsolutionscouk blog data information ladder information ladder however data staged comeback popularisation term big data refers collection analyses massive sets data several organisations established data management centers dmc operations integrated data management '''integrated data management''' idm tools approach facilitate data management improve performance idm consists integrated modular environment manage enterprise application data optimize data driven applications lifetime ho approaches also experimented space research applications also idm 's

Formal science
Computer science
Social sciences
Data management


digital preservation document management enterprise content management hierarchical storage management information repository machine readable documents performance report system integration customer data integration identity management identity theft data theft erp software crm software references external links information technology management


'''systems neuroscience''' subdiscipline neuroscience systems biology studies structure function neural circuits systems systems neuroscience encompasses number areas study concerned nerve cells behave connected together form neural pathways neural circuits larger brain networks level analysis neuroscientists study different neural circuits analyze sensory information form perceptions external world make decisions execute movements researchers systems neuroscience concerned relation molecular cellular approaches understanding brain structure function well

Natural science
Biology
Systems biology
Systems neuroscience


found beginning tenth century see ref scholars preserved pronunciation bibles known masoretes well preserved system developed one still religious use tiberian vocalization babylonian palestinian vocalizations also attested ref name b palestinian system preserved mainly piyyutim contain biblical quotations ref name b classification class wikitable floatright style text align center reflexes proto semitic consonants hebrew ref name bmerge ref ref name kogan ref rowspan proto semitic rowspan ipa rowspan hebrew rowspan

Humanities
Theology
Biblical studies
Biblical Hebrew


syntax later pre exilic biblical hebrew found prose sections pentateuch nevi'im ketuvim known 'biblical hebrew proper' 'standard biblical hebrew' ref name sb ref name r dated period th th century nbsp bce contrast archaic hebrew standard biblical hebrew consistent using definite article accusative marker distinguishing simple waw consecutive verb forms using particles like rather asyndeton biblical hebrew babylonian exile nbsp bce known 'late biblical hebrew' ref


' 'superlinear vocalizations'' vocalization marks placed letters ref name b ref name rvoc ref group nb palestinian system two main subtypes shows great variation babylonian vocalization occurred two main types simple ''einfach'' complex ''kompliziert'' various subgroups differing affinity tiberian tradition ref ref group nb babylonian palestinian systems important vowels written see ref addition samaritan reading tradition independent systems occasionally notated separate vocalization system ref name rvoc ref ref group nb almost vocalized manuscripts use masoretic text however


later dots reflected mesha stone siloam inscription ophel inscription paleo hebrew script documents qumran ref name tsp word division used phoenician inscriptions however direct evidence biblical texts written without word division suggested nahmanides introduction torah ref name tsp word division using spaces commonly used beginning th century nbsp bce documents aramaic script ref name tsp ref addition marking vowels tiberian system also uses cantillation marks serve mark word stress semantic structure


consonants consonants span style background eee aa padding px px lost span span style background caff padding px px gained span lifetime biblical hebrew color coded respectively class wikitable style text align center biblical hebrew consonants ref name b ref ref name r ref colspan rowspan rowspan labial colspan dental br alveolar rowspan post br alveolar rowspan palatal rowspan velar rowspan uvular rowspan pharyngeal rowspan glottal colspan central lateral colspan nasals colspan rowspan stops colspan


jewish reading traditions merged completely however samaritan hebrew instead merged ref name b allophonic spirantization known begadkefat spirantization developed sometime lifetime biblical hebrew influence aramaic ref group nb perhaps hurrian unlikely see ref probably happened original old aramaic phonemes disappeared th century nbsp bce likely occurred loss hebrew c nbsp bce ref group nb according generally accepted view unlikely begadkefat spirantization occurred merger


word initial spirants vowel sandhi well rabbi saadia gaon 's attestation use alternation tiberian aramaic beginning th century nbsp ce ref name bbgd dead sea scrolls show evidence confusion phonemes eg '' mr'' masoretic 'he said' however testimony jerome indicates regionalism universal ref name sgut confusion gutturals also attested later mishnaic hebrew aramaic see eruvin b samaritan hebrew generally merged either glide


form passed us ultimately writing stabilized shorter '' t'' genders speech chose feminine '' t'' masculine '' '' reason unexpected qamatz vowel written final letter words exact process affected possessive '' ka'' 'your' masc sing '' ki'' 'your' fem sing personal pronouns '' anta anti'' split shorter longer forms ultimate resolution short vowel lengthening esp pretonic lowering short vowels tended lengthen various positions first short vowels lengthened open


following heavy syllable pausa newly unstressed light syllable reducing schwa tonic lengthening lowering open syllables loss final short vowels nouns examples class wikitable nowrap possible derivation nominal verbal forms 'killing killer masc sg ' 'he killed' 'she killed' 'they killed' 'they killed' pausa 'you masc sg kill' 'you fem sg kill' proto central semitic pre hebrew canaanite shift


'wide' ref name bhlen ben hayyim notates four degrees vowel length concedes fourth degree phonemic value ref samaritan hebrew vowels allophonically lengthened lesser degree open syllables eg though less strong post tonic vowels ref name bhlen pretonic gemination also found samaritan hebrew always locations tiberian hebrew eg th sh th sh ref name bh ref proto hebrew long vowels usually retain vowel quality later traditions hebrew ref name r ref ref name jlong ref samaritan hebrew