favor nuanced social psychological approach incorporates recent developments object relations theory' jessica benjamin also influential project linking social theory psychoanalysis ''the shadow other'' juliet mitchell however criticised way 'benjamin 's injunction made within psychosocial psychoanalytical framework' criticism freud early warned 'attempt kind carry psychoanalysis cultural communitythat dangerous men also concepts tear sphere originated evolved'


special reconnaissance surveillance hostile environments foreign internal defense training development states' military security forces offensive action support counter insurgency population engagement support counter terrorism operations sabotage demolition hostage rescue capabilities include close personal protection waterborne operations involving combat diving combat swimming maritime boarding amphibious missions well support air force operations history early period japanese drawing archetypical ninja series sketches ''hokusai manga'' hokusai special forces played important role throughout history warfare whenever aim achieve disruption

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Special forces


layforce layforce disbanded stirling remained convinced due mechanized nature war small team highly trained soldiers advantage surprise could exact greater damage enemy 's ability fight entire platoon idea small teams parachute trained soldiers operate behind enemy lines gain intelligence destroy enemy aircraft attack supply reinforcement routes following meeting c c middle east general claude auchinleck plan endorsed army high command sas north africa jeeps mounted heavy


pointe du hoc office strategic services united states formed office strategic services oss world war nbsp ii medal honor recipient william j donovan organization predecessor central intelligence agency cia responsible intelligence special forces missions cia 's elite special activities division direct descendant oss marine raiders february us marine corps activated battalion marines specific purpose securing beach heads special operations battalion became first special operations


force us battalion became known marine raiders due admiral chester nimitz 's request raiders pacific front war united states army rangers mid major general lucian truscott us army liaison officer british general staff submitted proposal general george marshall american unit set along lines british commandos resulting formation united states army rangers st special service force united states canada formed st special service force sabotage ski brigade operations


adopt use special forces scale british germany german army 's brandenburger regiment founded special forces unit used abwehr infiltration long distance reconnaissance fall weiss fall gelb barbarossa campaigns otto skorzeny left former ''brandenburger'' adrian von f lkersam middle later war nd ss j ger battalion commanded otto skorzeny sowed disorder behind allied lines mis directing convoys away front lines handful men captured


april addition regular units east bengal regiment east pakistan rifles mukti bahini also consisted civilian gonobahini people 's force prominent divisions mukti bahini z force led major ziaur rahman k force led major khaled mosharraf force led major k shafiullah awami league student leaders formed militia units including mujib bahini kader bahini hemayet bahini ref name tripathi communist party bangladesh led comrade moni singh activists national awami party


atm haider another sector commander formed crack platoon initially number commandos platoon commandos receiving training melaghar camp time melaghar commandos crack platoon headed dhaka june launched guerrilla operation june ref name mosharraf later number commandos increased platoon split deployed different areas surrounding dhaka city basic objectives crack platoon demonstrate strength mukti bahini terrorising pakistan army collaborators another major objective proving international community


independently walter f bauer associates co founded software company ''informatics inc'' term new discipline quickly spread throughout europe catch united states years many different definitions informatics developed claim essence informatics one concepts information processing algorithms computation information algorithmic processes computational processes computational systems ref name earliest uses term ''informatics'' united states beginning computer use healthcare ref name ref early practitioners

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Informatics


behaviour interactions natural artificial computational systems introduced university edinburgh led merger institutes computer science artificial intelligence cognitive science single school informatics dozen nearby universities joined scottish informatics computer science alliance non european universities also adopted definition eg kyoto university school informatics yingxu wang popularized term cognitive informatics described follows informatics fundamental science information natural artificial systems proposed russia


game theory social choice theory grew economic considerations utilization development mathematical methods expanded areas leading creation new fields mathematical finance data science advent computer enabled new applications studying using new computer technology computer science study problems arising areas science computational science well mathematics computation example theoretical computer science computer algebra numerical analysis ref name stoer stoer j bulirsch r introduction numerical analysis springer science business media ref ref name conte conte

Formal science
Mathematics
Applied mathematics


areas including business engineering physics chemistry psychology biology computer science scientific computation mathematical physics see also engineering mathematics society industrial applied mathematics references reading applicable mathematics https webarchiveorg web http www moreheadstateedu mejam indexaspxid morehead journal applicable mathematics hosted morehead state university http wwwworldscientificcom series scam series concrete applicable mathematics world scientific https webarchiveorg web http wwwbarnesandnoblecom series id handbook applicable mathematics series walter ledermann external links http wwwsiamorg society industrial applied mathematics siam professional society dedicated promoting interaction mathematics scientific technical communities aside organizing sponsoring numerous


brings together academics professionals working industry notable regularly held movable conferences include comic art comics area popular culture association america conference international society humor studies ref name con international comic arts forum icaf begun georgetown university described one earliest academic initiatives study comics ref name smithduncan ref german gesellschaft f r comicforschung comfor society comics studies organized yearly academic conferences since comics arts conference met regularly since conjunction san diego comic con

Humanities
Languages and literature
Comics studies


finite analogues structures found non finite geometries vector spaces defined finite fields play significant role especially construction methods projective spaces finite fields notation although generic notation projective geometry sometimes used common denote projective spaces finite fields '''''' geometric dimension see order finite field galois field must integer prime prime power ''geometric'' dimension notation refers system whereby lines dimensional planes

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Geometry
Galois geometry


algebraic dimension defined finite field projective space consists positive algebraic dimensional vector subspaces alternate way view construction define ''points'' equivalence classes non zero vectors equivalence relation whereby two vectors equivalent one scalar multiple subspaces built points using definition linear independence sets points subspaces vector subspace algebraic dimension projective subspace


cannot field pedagogical h jerome keisler david tall educators maintain use infinitesimals intuitive easily grasped students epsilon delta approach analytic concepts ref name ec h jerome keisler ''elementary calculus infinitesimal approach'' first edition nd edition http wwwmathwiscedu keisler calchtml full text nd edition ref approach sometimes provide easier proofs results corresponding epsilon delta formulation proof much simplification comes applying easy rules nonstandard arithmetic follows infinitesimal finite infinitesimal infinitesimal infinitesimal infinitesimal together

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Analysis
Non-standard analysis


care applying principle set formation formally known axiom comprehension mathematicians usually take granted nelson points fallacy reasoning ist ''illegal set formation'' instance set ist whose elements precisely standard integers ' 'standard'' understood sense new predicate avoid illegal set formation one must use predicates zfc define subsets ref name nel another example syntactic approach alternative set theory introduced petr vop nka trying find set theory


subspace internal hyperfinite dimension transferring upper triangularisation operators finite dimensional complex vector space internal orthonormal hilbert space basis runs corresponding dimensional subspaces invariant denote projection subspace nonzero vector finite norm one assume nonzero ''q'' ''t'' ''x'' fix ideas since compact operator infinitely close therefore one also ''q'' ''t sub w sub '' ''x''


analysis hyperreals '' gentle introduction hurd ae loeb pa ''an introduction nonstandard real analysis'' london academic press keisler h jerome '' http wwwmathwiscedu keisler calchtml elementary calculus approach using infinitesimals '' includes axiomatic treatment hyperreals freely available creative commons license keisler h jerome '' https booksgooglecom bookshl en lr id azlucqaaqbaj oi fnd pg pr dq infinitesimal approach stochastic analysis ots zmh gruyri sig cdhoththqfnqcd ps uyfoafe v onepage q infinitesimal approach stochastic analysis f false infinitesimal approach stochastic analysis '' vol memoirs american mathematical society naranong '' https webarchiveorg web http wwwmathtamuedu saichu nonstandardhtml nonstandard analysis model theoretic perspective '' streamlined introduction spirit robinson robinson nonstandard analysis nederl akad wetensch proc ser indag math


infantry first military forces history warrior statuette demonstrates military culture important part historical societies c bc staatliche antikensammlungen '''military history''' humanities discipline within scope general historical recording armed conflict history humanity impact societies cultures economies thereof well resulting changes local international relationships professional historians normally focus military affairs major impact societies involved well aftermath conflicts amateur historians hobbyists often take

Applied science
Military sciences
Military history


current events interpretive disagreement regarding causes th century wars surveyed ideological preferences active diplomatic historians united states well active military historians finds current political views moderately correlated historiographical interpretations clear position left right continuum regarding capitalism apparent cases groups agreed proposition historically americans tended view questions national security terms extremes good vs evil though socialists split groups agreed


cretans greeks later advanced ships bc first recorded naval battle fought suppiluliuma ii king hittites cyprus defeated greco persian wars navy became increasing importance triremes involved complicated sea land operations themistocles helped build stronger greek navy composed ships defeated persians battle salamis ending persian invasion greece first punic war war carthage rome started advantage carthage naval experience roman


combined arms possible allowing use infantry cavalry artillery coordinated way bayonets also became wide usage infantry soldiers bayonet named bayonne france first manufactured th century used often infantry charges fight hand hand combat general jean martinet introduced bayonet french army used heavily american civil war continued used modern wars like invasion iraq balloons first used warfare end th century first introduced


kind volley principle guns korean king sejong great instructed gunners shoot 'fire barrels' squads five taking turns firing loading ref name display kenneth swope called first great east asian war japan trying take control subjugate korea ref name toyotomi hideyoshi made failed invasion korea lasted six years eventually pushed back koreans aid ming china ref name japan using overwhelming firepower many early victories korean peninsula 's


allies axis powers used radio waves detect objects molotov cocktails invented general franco spanish civil war directing nationalists use soviet tanks assault toledo atomic bomb developed manhattan project dropped hiroshima nagasaki quickly ending world war ii cold war main powers engaged nuclear arms race space race nations attempted launch human beings space moon technological advances centered intelligence like spy satellite


ancient world included egyptians assyrians babylonians persians ancient greeks notably spartans macedonians kushites indians notably magadhas gangaridais gandharas cholas early imperial chinese notably qin han dynasties xiongnu confederation ancient romans carthaginians fertile crescent mesopotamia center several prehistoric conquests mesopotamia conquered sumerians akkadians babylonians assyrians persians iranians first nation introduce cavalry army ref name suren pahlav suren pahlav ''general surena hero carrhae'' ref egypt began growing ancient power eventually fell libyans nubians assyrians persians greeks romans byzantines


southern asia unified grandson ashoka great kalinga war though empire collapsed long reign china shang dynasty zhou dynasty risen collapsed led warring states period several states continued fight territory philosopher strategists confucius sun tzu wrote various manuscripts ancient warfare well international diplomacy warring states era philosopher mozi micius mohist followers invented various siege weapons siegecraft including cloud ladder four wheeled extendable ramp scale fortified


mounted elephants decades economic turmoil failed invasion korea sui collapsed followed tang dynasty fought various turkic groups tibetans lhasa tanguts khitans collapsed due political fragmentation powerful regional military governors jiedushi innovative song dynasty followed next inventing new weapons war employed use greek fire gunpowder see section enemies jurchens polish lithuanian forces muscovites battle orsha mongols genghis khan gedei khan ngke khan


invaded mainland ori proceeded massacre moriori enslave survivors warrior culture also developed isolated hawaiian islands chiefs alii constantly fighting power series battles hawaiian islands united first time single ruler would become known kamehameha gunpowder warfare eighty years' war dutch revolt spain painting sebastiaen vrancx gunpowder weapons first developed song dynasty china see also technology song dynasty technology later spread west


ottoman empire spread safavid empire persia mughal empire india arquebus later adopted european armies italian wars early th century brought end dominance armored cavalry battlefield simultaneous decline feudal system nbsp absorption medieval city states larger states nbsp allowed creation professional standing armies replace feudal levies mercenaries standard military component middle ages africa ahmad ibn ibrihim al ghazi


sport psychologists needed address topic provide strategies interventions overcoming excessive anger aggression athletes techniques athletes manage emotions comprehensive anger management program athletes developed dr mitch abrams licensed sport psychologist authored anger management sport debate professionalization sport psychology martens argued applied methods sport psychology research increasing emergence practitioners sport psychology including sport psychology consultants taught sport psychology skills principles athletes coaches clinical counseling psychologists provided counseling

Social science
Psychology
Sport psychology


aasp status profession sport psychology however considering aasp largest membership professional organization devoted entirely sport psychology worthwhile mention contentious nature organization 's future appears rift members aasp would like organization function trade group promotes cc aasp certificate pushes job development many people aasp members aasp would prefer organization remain professional society forum exchange research


cognitive behavioral approach analyzes ways individual thoughts determine behavior generally two different types sport psychologists focus athletes severe emotional disorders educational clinical u u educational sport psychologists educational sport psychologists emphasize use psychological skills training eg goal setting imagery energy management self talk working clients educating instructing use skills effectively performance situations common goal educational sport psychologist performance enhancement teaching skills athletes manage mental factors sports maximize potential ref


name ref clinical sport psychologist clinical psychologists obtain doctoral degree clinical counseling psychology ref name meet athletes mental health issues work provide mental health solutions need individually group settings areas expertise include mainly clinical issues include limited depression eating disorders substance abuse ref name ref able prescribe medications forms treatment address clinical issues non clinical sport psychologist might refer one clients clinical psychologist thought athlete might


yet developed however research suggest perception arousal ie either good bad related performance motivation defined broadly perform given task people play perform internal reasons enjoyment satisfaction said intrinsically motivated people play external reasons money attention others extrinsically motivated ''commitment'' refers dedication continuing sport early development high level sport expertise ''competitiveness'' ability challenge opponents


group level individual level ''team cohesion'' defined group 's tendency stick together pursuing objectives team cohesion two components social cohesion well teammates like one another task cohesion well teammates work together achieve goal ''collective efficacy'' team 's shared belief cannot accomplish given task words team 's belief level competency perform task important note collective efficacy overall shared


name '''''' ''drive theory'' approach considers anxiety positive asset situations anxiety high performance increases proportionally theory well accepted thought athletes psyched also psyched simply means anxiety work motivated inhibit others entirely dependent individual 's personality broadly applied athletes ref name '''''' ''inverted u theory an'' approach proposes best performance occurs stress moderate


routines help develop consistency predictability player allows muscles mind develop better motor control self talk self talk refers thoughts words athletes performers say usually minds self talk phrases cues used direct attention towards particular thing order improve focus used alongside techniques facilitate effectiveness uses typically fit two categories self talk instructional motivational ref name ref instructional self talk refers cues athlete might use focus remind oneself proper technique ref


form learning work athlete must motivated attentive able recall willing try mimic observation model''' ref name ''' music music used valuable strategy help athletes manage arousal levels increase performance outcomes music sedative stimulating first music sedative mitigating somatic state anxiety instance unfamiliar relaxing music unfamiliar arousing music familiar arousing music shown effect physiological parameters galvanic skin response peripheral temperature heart rate however particular study unfamiliar


relaxing music decreased arousal levels two types selected music music used stimulant well athletes listen music get optimal arousal level additionally athletes listen music prepare get mood events music influences arousal levels activation prefrontal cortex direct influence emotional state individual moreover found listening music increases release dopamine illustrates rewarding component listening music athletes want


associated institutions places colonizers faced high mortality rates eg due presence tropical diseases could settle permanently thus likely establish extractive institutions persisted independence places could settle permanently eg temperate climates established institutions objective mind modeled european homelands 'neo europes' better institutions turn produced better development outcomes thus although economists focus identity type legal system colonizers explain institutions authors look

Social science
Economics
Growth economics


rate technological progress exogenous value model predicts pattern economic growth two rates specified failure explain determinants rates one limitations although rate investment model exogenous certain conditions model implicitly predicts convergence rates investment across countries global economy global financial capital market financial capital flows countries highest return investment solow swan model countries less capital worker poor countries


diagnostic procedures first tax subsidies second high prices diagnostic procedures treatments results research paid taxpayers placed public domain baker claims people everywhere would healthier better diagnoses treatment would affordable world one branch endogenous growth theory developed foundations schumpeterian theory named th century austrian economist joseph schumpeter approach explains growth consequence innovation process creative destruction captures dual nature technological progress


investment economic growth ref name ref ref name ref accordance credit market imperfection approach study roberto perotti showed inequality associated lower level human capital formation education experience apprenticeship higher level fertility lower level human capital associated lower growth lower levels economic growth contrast examination political economy channel found support political economy mechanism ref name ref consequently political economy perspective relationship inequality growth revised later studies established inequality may provide


percentage point increase gini coefficient increases income per capita whereas th percentile initial income percentage point increase gini coefficient decreases income per capita moreover proposed human capital mechanism mediates effect inequality growth galor zeira model also confirmed increases income inequality increase human capital poor countries reduce high middle income countries recent support predictions galor zeira model line earlier findings roberto perotti showed accordance


life factors healthcare outcomes educational attainment well social political liberties improve economic growth occurs productivity increases always lead increased wages seen united states gap productivity wages rising since ref name odi equitable growth acknowledging central role economic growth potentially play human development poverty reduction achievement millennium development goals becoming widely understood amongst development community special efforts must made ensure poorer sections


local blood supply ref name branemark final decision bone grafting technique best based assessment degree vertical horizontal bone loss exists classified mild nbsp mm loss moderate nbsp mm loss severe greater nbsp mm loss ref name laskin ref orthodontic extrusion orthodontic implant site development used selected cases vertical horizontal alveolar augmentation soft tissue gingiva reconstruction gingiva surrounding tooth nbsp mm band bright pink strong attached mucosa darker larger area unattached mucosa folds

Applied science
Medicine and health
Dentistry
Implantology


implants restoring ref name branemark however later research suggests initial stability implant bone important determinant success implant integration rather certain period healing time result time allowed heal typically based density bone implant placed number implants splinted together rather uniform amount time implants withstand high torque ncm splinted implants meaningful differences long term implant survival bone loss implants loaded


primary stability implant increases risk failure osseointegration ref name branemark first six months primary implant stability primary implant stability refers stability dental implant immediately implantation stability titanium screw implant patient 's bone tissue post surgery may non invasively assessed using resonance frequency analysis sufficient initial stability may allow immediate loading prosthetic reconstruction though early loading poses higher risk implant failure conventional loading ref name ref relevance primary implant stability decreases gradually regrowth bone tissue around implant


support ref name renouard ref theoretical risks derive real world complications long term failures due either loss bone around tooth gingiva due peri implantitis mechanical failure implant dental enamel implant fail due cavities like natural teeth large scale long term studies scarce several systematic reviews estimate long term five ten years survival dental implants ndash percent depending clinical use ref name main ref name main ref name main initial development implant retained teeth crowns attached


penetrate oral cavity later bacteria return adjacent tissue cause periimplantitis criteria success implant supported dental prosthetic varies study study broadly classified failures due implant soft tissues prosthetic components lack satisfaction part patient commonly cited criteria success function least five years absence pain mobility radiographic lucency peri implant bone loss greater nbsp mm implant lack suppuration bleeding


dimensions consider choosing best assessment approach goal summative final product formative process approach objective subjective data quantitative qualitative granularity momentary episodic overall ux setup lab field laboratory experiments may work well studying specific aspect user experience holistic user experience optimally studied longer period time real users natural environment constructs cases however certain aspects user experience researchers interested measures certain procedures techniques used collecting data methods

Applied science
Architecture and design
User experience design
User experience evaluation


many measures high level constructs user experience used basis defining user experience measures example utility user perceive functions system useful fit purpose usability user feel easy efficient get things done system aesthetics user see system visually attractive feel pleasurable hand identification identify product look good using stimulation


world take place discuss current evaluation techniques advance field experience research area transportation important professional venue work automotiveui international conference automotive user interfaces interactive vehicular applications uxa methods transportation uxa 's method chosen lot outcome desired project design cycle given methods selected best suited research problem times ends combination implicit explicit creative methods include interviews structured


normative positions participants strongly influenced perceptions best interests whatever constituency represent achieving exceptional progress paris conference christiana figueres others noted helpful key participants able move beyond competitive mindset concerning competing interests normative statements reflected shared abundance based collaborative mindset ref group note dessler broadly agrees collaborative approach key success paris though warned one main parties drove change china returned less friendly approach seeking

Applied science
Public administration
Science policy
Climate change policy


copenhagen summit paris conference kyoto initially considered promising yet early results proved disappointing copenhagen saw major attempt move beyond kyoto much stronger package commitments yet largely failed paris widely considered successful yet effective reducing long term global warming remains seen ref name dessler loc chpt international level three broad approaches emissions reduction nations attempt negotiate firstly adoption emissions reductions targets secondly setting carbon price lastly


would incentivise determined efforts meet challenging targets always blocked least one two nations st century widespread agreement carbon price effective way reduce emissions least theory generally though nations reluctant adopt high carbon price cases price one main reasons reluctance problem carbon leakage phenomena activities producing ghg emissions moved jurisdiction imposes carbon price thus depriving


national climate change performance index ranks countries greenhouse gas emissions score renewable energy energy use climate policy border cellspacing cellpadding style width background none valign top valign top valign top valign top policies reduce ghg emissions set either national sub national jurisdictions regional level case european union much emission reduction policies put place beyond required international agreements examples include introduction carbon price individual us states costa rica reaching


name mann loc chpt ref ref name figueres loc chpt chpt ref opportunities late various developments conducive climate friendly politics saw commentators express optimism might see good progress addressing threat global heating ref name dessler loc chpt ref name mann loc chpt ref name figueres loc chpt chpt tipping point public opinion greta thunberg fridays future movement influential raising public awareness threat global warming described year world woke climate change


better political response be'' view necessarily accurate instead knowledge policy ref name clt successfully managing knowledge uncertainties foundation political decision making requires better understanding relation science public lack understanding policy ref name cass ref name par ref name ungar ref ref name mo michael oppenheimer et al limits consensus science magazine 's state planet special section energy sustainability donald kennedy island press december separate climate change limits consensus michael oppenheimer brian c o'neill mort webster shardul agrawal science


clitoris may withdraw slightly lubrication outer swelling muscles tighten reduction diameter ref name schacter orgasm phase breathing becomes extremely rapid pelvic muscles begin series rhythmic contractions men women experience quick cycles muscle contraction lower pelvic muscles women often experience uterine vaginal contractions experience described intensely pleasurable roughly women never experience orgasm half report faked ref name schacter large genetic component associated often women experience orgasm ref name schacter resolution phase muscles

Social science
Sociology
Sexology
Human sexual behavior


activities commonly people engage sexual activity sexual desire generated person feel sexual attraction may engage sexual activity physical satisfaction achieve absence attraction another case casual social sex times person may engage sexual activity solely sexual pleasure partner obligation may partner love sympathy pity may feel partner person may engage


unintended pregnancies people engage penile vaginal sex may use contraception birth control pills condom diaphragms spermicides hormonal contraception sterilization ref name nobg ref effectiveness various contraceptive methods avoiding pregnancy varies considerably depends method rather user ref name whciapn ref sexually transmitted infections rolled male condom sexual activity involves skin skin contact exposure infected person 's bodily fluids mucous membranes carries risk contracting sexually transmitted infection people may able detect sexual partner one stis example


missionary position heterosexuality romantic sexual attraction opposite sex heterosexual practices institutionally privileged countries ref name trrcgs ref countries mostly religion strong influence social policy marriage laws serve purpose encouraging people sex within marriage sodomy laws used discourage sex sexual practices may also affect opposite sex sexual practices laws also ban adults committing sexual abuse committing sexual acts anyone age consent performing sexual activities public engaging sexual activities money prostitution though


laws cover sex opposite sex sexual activities may differ regard punishment may frequently exclusively enforced engage sex sexual activities different sex sexual practices may monogamous serially monogamous polyamorous depending definition sexual practice abstinent autoerotic including masturbation additionally different religious political movements tried influence control changes sexual practices including courting marriage though countries changes occur slow rate homosexuality ottoman miniature book ''sawaqub al manaquib'' depicting homosexuality homosexuality romantic


distinct exclusive preference one sex gender may also identify bisexual ref name rosario ref like gay lesbian individuals bisexual people pretend heterosexual often referred closeted pansexuality also referred omnisexuality may may subsumed bisexuality sources stating bisexuality encompasses sexual romantic attraction gender identities ref name bisexuality ref ref name soble ref pansexuality characterized potential aesthetic attraction romantic love sexual desire towards people without regard gender identity biological sex pansexuals suggest


strip clubs pornography gender roles expression sexuality social gender roles influence sexual behavior well reaction individuals communities certain incidents world health organization states sexual violence also likely occur beliefs male sexual entitlement strong gender roles rigid countries experiencing high rates types violence societies concepts family honor female chastity strong may practice violent control female sexuality practices honor killings


female genital mutilation relation gender equality sexual expression recognized promotion equity men women crucial attaining sexual reproductive health stated un international conference population development program action human sexuality gender relations closely interrelated together affect ability men women achieve maintain sexual health manage reproductive lives equal relationships men women matters sexual relations reproduction including full respect physical integrity human body require mutual respect willingness


indigenous people peeling maize overlooking quito el panecillo ecuador '''sociology leisure''' '''leisure sociology''' study humans organize free time leisure includes broad array activities sport tourism playing games sociology leisure closely tied sociology work explores different side work leisure relationship recent studies field move away relationship however focus relation leisure culture studies leisure determined observable patterns human leisure behavior cannot

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of leisure


relatively unimportant minor feature society ref name parker however recognized major social institution deserving serious sociological inquiry particularly western societies one earliest theories leisure originates karl marx whose theory discussed 'realm freedom' karl marx 's criticisms capitalism saw structures capital conflict people truly reaching leisure ref name marx engels reader marx engels reader new york norton print ref basis leisure rooted economics politics intertwined also contrast socialist approach many


heavily elaborated new concept time realm freedom true definition leisure embraces activities want pleasure whereas living survive work eat sleep would realm necessity ref name marx engels reader example lesure activity american soldiers playing card game time emphasis studies leisure shifted work leisure relation particularly well researched majorities study minorities relation leisure culture ref name scraton marshall gordon noted


name scraton rhona robert rapoport studied worklife balance inequality many countries wrote many books area help influence policy legislation change practices findings many sociologists assumed given type leisure activity easily explained socioeconomic variables income occupation education ref name wilson yielded fewer results expected income associated total money spent activities otherwise determines type activities affordable ref name wilson occupation similar effect occupations heavily influence person 's income example membership


family society specific findings sociological studies leisure illustrated john robinson 's late study american leisure robinson found americans average four hours leisure time weekday weekends six hours saturdays almost eight sundays amount leisure time diminishes age work marriage children ref name wilson however amount free time significantly depend individual 's wealth ref name wilson people desire less free time uncertain economic future job central interest ref name wilson second


half twentieth century watching television became major leisure activity causing substantial decrease time dedicated activities early average american hours leisure per day spent watching television ref name robinson j robinson p converse social change reflected use time campbell p converse eds ''the human meaning social change'' new york russell sage pp ref shared leisure activities increase marital satisfaction ref name wilson different forms leisure time benefits always clear


print craig l brown j e weekend work leisure time family friends misses journal marriage family doi http dxdoiorg jomf weekend work leisure time family friends misses corbal n j et al health cinema healthy leisure profile personality individual differences vol p external links http wwwisa sociologyorg rc htm isa research committee sociology leisure https webarchiveorg web http wwwbritsoccouk specialisms leisurehtm bsa leisure recreation study group http wwwwilderdomcom journals journalsrecreation leisurehtm peer reviewed journals recreation leisure studies https webarchiveorg web http wwwrptstamuedu journals jlr journal leisure research http wwwtandfcouk journals titles asp leisure studies sociology leisure leisure


metallurgy http wwwsciencedirectcom science book classic extensive book single authored book subject http assetscambridgeorg frontmatter frontmatterpdf concise yet simplified single authored textbook physical metallurgy https wwwyoutubecom watchv ipasqt qnko series lectures prof harry harshad bhadeshia university cambridge physical metallurgy steels http wwwphase transmsmcamacuk teachinghtml additional teaching materials prof harry harshad bhadeshia university cambridge phase transformations complex metallurgy materials science

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Materials Science and Engineering
Physical Metallurgy


resistance drag imparted surrounding air commonalities among phenomena important principle study transport phenomena analogy phenomena diffusion notable similarities equations momentum energy mass transfer transported diffusion illustrated following examples mass spreading dissipation odors air example mass diffusion energy conduction heat solid material example heat diffusion momentum drag experienced rain drop falls atmosphere example momentum

Natural science
Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Transport phenomena


america'' vol classic sociological study http chlalibrarycornelledu c chla browse title html complete text online free external links http wwwruralsociologyeu european society rural sociology http wwwruralsociologyorg rural sociological society http chlalibrarycornelledu c chla browse title html ''rural sociology'' back issues

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of agriculture


demanding coordinated human effort began appear increasing complexity scale gradually villages began include central plazas earthen mounds occasionally enhanced masonry instance site la blanca featured central mound seventy five feet tall contained masonry fragment strongly resembling head distinctive olmec style carved stone stele also began appear period adorned portraits rulers still devoid writing warfare appears intensified period evidenced advanced weaponry rulers beginning portrayed warriors

Humanities
History
Ancient history
Preclassic Maya


individuals key identify core mechanisms work assemble simulation model establish macro level outcomes individuals bring acting interacting accordance mechanisms contemporary scholars working tradition include peter bearman peter hedstr michael macy gianluca manzo work james coleman jon elster robert merton thomas schelling raymond boudon pivotal importance development analytical approach references p hedstr p bearman eds ''the oxford handbook analytical sociology'' oxford oxford university press p hedstr ''dissecting

Social science
Sociology
Analytical sociology


images three parts identity ref name pattern ref name practical emotional meaning ref name according kevin lynch environmental images mental maps make either weak strong process ongoing never stops ref name role science science occurs many dimensions scales consider culture motivated politics economics ethics ref name ref scientific knowledge consists concepts analysis way represent nature ref name according michel foucault truth

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Behavioural geography


belief man responsible environmental problems ref name ref ''' s''' idea progress attained controlling nature ref name '''mid s''' realization humans unintended impacts environment ref name ''' s''' belief technology solutions problems ref name ''' s''' belief technology destroying nature ref name ''' s''' belief humans risk annihilated control technological impacts ref name ''' s''' public awakening human impacts environment publication rachel carson 's ''silent spring'' ref name ''' s''' belief


press vincent geoghegan ''utopianism marxism'' london methuen fredric jameson ''archaeologies future desire called utopia science fictions'' london verso krishnan kumar ''utopia anti utopia modern times'' oxford blackwell krishnan kumar ''utopianism'' milton keynes open university press ruth levitas ''the concept utopia'' london allan karl mannheim ''ideology utopia introduction sociology knowledge'' trans louis wirth edward shils london

Social science
Sociology
Cultural studies
Utopian studies


routledge tom moylan ''demand impossible science fiction utopian imagination'' london methuen tom moylan ''scraps untainted sky science fiction utopia dystopia'' boulder oxford westview press tom moylan rafaella baccolini eds ''utopia method vision use value social dreaming'' oxford bern peter lang peter paik ''from utopia apocalypse science fiction politics catastrophe'' minneapolis u minnesota p lyman tower sargent ''british american utopian


literature annotated chronological bibliography'' new york garland lyman tower sargent ''utopianism short introduction'' oxford oxford university press lucy sargisson ''contemporary feminist utopianism'' london routledge lucy sargisson lyman tower sargent ''living utopia new zealand 's intentional communities'' aldershot ashgate darko suvin ''metamorphoses science fiction poetics history literary genre'' new yale university press darko suvin ''defined hollow essays utopia science fiction


political epistemology'' frankfurt main oxford bern peter lang raymond williams ''tenses imagination raymond williams science fiction utopia dystopia'' ed andrew milner frankfurt main oxford bern peter lang references external links http utopian studiesorg society utopian studies https utopian studies europeorg utopian studies society http wwwpsupressorg journals jnls utopian studieshtml ''utopian studies'' journal academic disciplines idealism utopian studies


condition care often found hospital emergency department secondary care also includes skilled attendance childbirth intensive care medical imaging services term secondary care sometimes used synonymously hospital care however many secondary care providers psychiatrists clinical psychologists occupational therapists dental specialties physiotherapists necessarily work hospitals primary care services delivered within hospitals depending organization policies national health system patients may required see primary care provider referral access secondary care countries

Applied science
Medicine and health
Clinical laboratory sciences
Haemostasiology


field accounting three quarters world 's biotechnology revenues ref name europe ref name efpia ref health care research quantity quality many health care interventions improved results science advanced medical model health focuses eradication illness diagnosis effective treatment many important advances made health research biomedical research pharmaceutical research form basis evidence based medicine evidence based practice health care delivery health care research frequently engages directly patients issues engage engage


mobile devices serving medical devices increases chances attacker gain unauthorized information medical access chip reauthorization act macra passed put play pushing towards electronic health records ''health information technology integration patient empowerment security'' k marvin provided multiple different polls based people 's views different types technology entering medical field answers responded somewhat likely completely disagreed technology used medicine marvin discusses maintenance required protect medical data technology

Applied science
Medicine and health
Clinical laboratory sciences


procedures security management processes one important administrative safeguards examples essential reduce risks vulnerabilities system processes mostly standard operating procedures written training manuals purpose educate people handle protected health information proper behavior ref name ref physical safeguards include lock key card swipe positioning screens confidential envelopes shredding paper copies lock key common examples physical safeguards limit physical access facilities lock key simple prevent individuals


caused big impact healthcare digital doctor hope hype harm dawn medicine 's computer age robert wachter aims inform readers transition dr wachter reviewed made points future health technologies book states fewer hospitals future due advancement technologies people likely go hospitals major surgeries critical illness future nurse call buttons needed hospitals instead robots deliver medication take care patients


future doctors might giving digital file printing instructions instead prescription ref name besides printing useful medical implants example includes surgical team designed tracheal splint made printing improve respiration patient example shows potential printing allows physicians develop new implant instrument designs easily ref name overall future medicine printing crucial used surgical planning artificial prosthetic devices drugs medical implants


primary economic drivers ai based reading ai save million annually us also ai growth expected reach million ref name big data analytics another big driver age big data data extremely helpful assist integration ai healthcare ensures execution complex tasks quality efficiency applications artificial intelligence ai brings many benefits healthcare industry ai helps detect diseases administer chronic conditions deliver health services


guidelines ai aids find best treatments patients uses ai clinical care include medical imaging echocardiography screening surgery ref name education medical virtual reality provides doctors multiple surgical scenarios could happen allows practice prepare situations also permits medical students hands experience different procedures without consequences making potential mistakes http oramavrcom oramavr one leading companies employ medical virtual reality technologies transform medical education knowledge training skills improve patient outcomes reduce


technicians work supervision laboratory technologist laboratory manager nuclear medicine technologist mean salary nuclear medicine technologists prepare administer radiopharmaceuticals radioactive drugs patients treat diagnose diseases ref name pharmacy technician mean salary pharmacy technicians assist pharmacists preparation prescription medications customers ref name allied professions term medical technology may also refer duties performed clinical laboratory professionals medical technologists various settings within public private sectors work professionals encompasses clinical applications chemistry genetics hematology immunohematology blood


cases designated truth value adopting truth values defined way g del logics math tfrac v tfrac v ldots tfrac v v math possible create finitely valued family logics math l v math abovementioned math l infty math logic math l aleph math truth values given rational numbers interval math math set tautologies math l infty math math l aleph math identical product logic product logic truth values interval math math conjunction math odot math implication math xrightarrow pi math defined

Formal science
Computer science
Logic in computer science
Multi-valued logic


theoretical advantages standard binary circuits example interconnect chip reduced signals circuit assume four levels rather two memory design storing two instead one bit information per memory cell doubles density memory die size applications using arithmetic circuits often benefit using alternatives binary number systems example residue redundant number systems ref name meher ref reduce eliminate ripple carries involved normal binary addition subtraction resulting high speed arithmetic operations


generations events era conducive political orientation stressing individual fulfillment instead participation social movements questioning ' 'status quo'' ref name wj notable applications mannheim 's theory illustrate dynamics generational change include effects great depression us young people 's orientations toward work politics nazi regime germany affected young germans' political attitudes collective memories important historical events happen late adolescence early adulthood changing patterns civic engagement us effects coming age

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of generations


approaches music cognition ''interfaces sound music'' subfield focuses design implementation computer interfaces sound music basically related human computer interaction ''assisted sound music creation'' subfield focuses development computer tools assisting sound design music composition include traditional fields like algorithmic composition areas application smc research field driven applications examples applications ''digital music instruments'' application focuses musical sound generation processing devices encompasses simulation traditional instruments transformation sound

Formal science
Computer science
Social sciences
Sound and music computing


russia recanted original philosophy integration acknowledged long term vision ref name hynes hynes gerald http wwwduboislcorg html duboisbiohtml biographical sketch web du bois web du bois learning center ref marx marx described society nine great classes capitalist class working class middle classes falling behind one see fit hoped working class rise capitalist class attempt stop exploitation working class blamed part failure organize capitalist class

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of race and ethnic relations


support whites cause secretly however pursued legal challenges segregation disfranchisement blacks ref name harlen harlen louis http docsouthuncedu fpn washington biohtml booker washington university north carolina press ref weber max weber laid foundations micro sociology ethnic relations beginning weber argued biological traits could basis group foundation unless conceived shared characteristics shared perception common customs create distinguish one ethnicity another differs views many contemporaries believed


ethnic group formed biological similarities alone apart social perception membership group ref name banton banton michael sociology ethnic relations ''ethnic racial studies'' ref modern theorists eduardo bonilla silva eduardo bonilla silva currently professor sociology duke university president american sociological association received phd university wisconsin madison met mentor charles camic said camic believed told graduation stay states would


treated trauma orthopedic surgeons facial injuries often treated maxillofacial surgeons significant variation across hospitals degree specialists cardiothoracic surgeons plastic surgeons vascular surgeons interventional radiologists involved treating trauma patients trauma surgeons must familiar large variety general surgical thoracic vascular procedures must able make complex decisions often little time incomplete information proficiency aspects intensive care medicine critical care required hours irregular considerable amount night weekend

Applied science
Medicine and health
Surgery
Trauma surgery


water folded intestines back position stitched wound closed silk thread ordered patient take hard bed recovery wrote operation entirely alone skilled assistant sort therefore compelled depend aid upon willing friends present consisting mostly hard handed miners work account fight anesthetic administered barber lamps held hot water brought assistance rendered others ref name prescott goodfellow pioneered use sterile techniques treating gunshot wounds ref name cochise ref


timeslices either system another process see also chu space client server network nodes clojure cluster nodes concurrency control concurrent computing concurrent object oriented programming concurrency pattern construction analysis distributed processes cadp programming language distributed systemnodes elixir programming language erlang programming language go programming language gordon pask international conference concurrency theory concur openmp parallel computing partitioned global address space processes ptolemy project rust programming language sheaf mathematics threads x programming language references reading distefano bruneo ''quantitative assessments distributed systems methodologies techniques''

Formal science
Computer science
Theory of computation
Concurrency theory


st ed somerset john wiley sons inc bhattacharyya ''handbook signal processing systems'' second nd ed new york ny springer wolter k ''resilience assessment evaluation computing systems'' aufl ed london berlin springer external links http processalgebrablogspotcom process algebra diary prof luca aceto 's blog concurrency theory https webarchiveorg web http vlfmnetinfo concurrent concurrent systems http vliborg www virtual library http shairosenfeldcom concurrencyhtml concurrency patterns presentation given http scaleconforg scaleconf edsger w dijkstra


Social science
Sociology
Cultural studies
Deaf studies


thumb '''sustainability studies''' focuses interdisciplinary perspective sustainability concept programs include instruction sustainable development geography environmental policies ethics ecology landscape architecture city regional planning economics natural resources sociology anthropology sustainability studies also focuses importance climate change poverty development studies sustainability available many different universities across america main goal sustainability studies students find ways develop creative solutions crisis environmental sustainability shift towards sustainability towards end new focus emerged

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Sustainability studies


global sphere focus environment ecological sustainability emerged brundtland report delivered world commission environment development commission appointed examine consequences global environmental change chaired norway prime minister gro harlem brundtland ref name ref introduced concept sustainable development defined development meets needs present without compromising ability future generations meet needs report started paradigm shift global actors soon began engage initiatives vowed


'''social studies finance''' interdisciplinary research area combines perspectives anthropology economic sociology science technology studies international political economy behavioral finance cultural studies study financial markets financial instruments work social studies finance emphasizes social cultural dimensions financial activities focuses also technical economic dimensions pricing trading history financial markets object sociological inquiry since least max weber ''die b rse'' rise quantitative financial theory financial economics onwards led

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of finance


work jesus christ alone consequently argued sinner accepted god account change wrought believer god 's grace believer accepted without regard merit works one ' 'deserves'' salvation '''' ''glory god alone'' glory due god alone since salvation accomplished solely action gift sufficient atonement jesus cross also gift faith atonement created heart believer

Humanities
Theology
Christian theology
Protestant theology


us holy mysteries american book common prayer pp nbsp anabaptists hold popular simplification zwinglian view without concern theological intricacies hinted may see lord 's supper merely symbol shared faith participants commemoration facts crucifixion reminder standing together body christ view referred ''memorialism'' ref name balmer ref history pre reformation execution jan hus spread lollardy medieval england medieval scotland one earliest person praised


england alternated sympathies ancient catholic tradition reformed principles gradually developing tradition considered middle way '''' catholic protestant traditions english reformation followed particular course different character english reformation came primarily fact driven initially political necessities henry viii king henry decided remove church england authority rome act supremacy recognized henry ''the supreme head earth church england'' thomas


calvin zwingli leaders reform movements respective areas ministry authority often criticized radical reformers much like roman popes political side radical reformation seen thought practice hans hut although typically anabaptism associated pacifism anabaptism shape various diversification amish mennonites hutterites came radical reformation later history schwarzenau brethren apostolic christian church would emerge anabaptist circles denominations protestantism state


religion protestants refer specific groupings congregations churches share common foundational doctrines name groups denominations term denomination national body distinguished branch denominational family tradition communion international body congregation church example universal way classify protestant churches may sometimes vary broadly structures show difference branch denominational family tradition methodism br communion international body world methodist council br denomination national body united methodist church br congregation church first united methodist church paintsville kentucky protestants reject catholic church 's doctrine


biased term ufer translation baptizers used considered impartial perspective persecutors baptizers baptized second time infants already baptized since denigrative term ''anabaptist'' signifies ' 're baptizing'' considered polemic term therefore dropped use modern german however english speaking world still use order distinguish baptizers clearly baptists emerged later ref anabaptists adhered literal interpretation sermon mount precluded taking oaths


participating military actions participating civil government practiced baptism felt otherwise ref group lower alpha example followers thomas ntzer balthasar hubmaier ref thus technically anabaptists even though conservative amish mennonites hutterites historians tend consider outside true anabaptism anabaptist reformers radical reformation divided radical called second front important radical reformation theologians john leiden thomas ntzer kaspar schwenkfeld sebastian franck menno simons second front reformers included hans denck conrad grebel balthasar hubmaier felix manz many anabaptists today still


understood one responsible archbishop canterbury thomas cranmer navigating middle way two emerging protestant traditions namely lutheranism calvinism end century retention anglicanism many traditional liturgical forms episcopate already seen unacceptable promoting developed protestant principles unique anglicanism ''book common prayer'' collection services worshippers anglican churches used centuries since undergone many revisions anglican churches different countries


widely one another believe worship attitudes toward christians understanding important christian discipleship ref name shurden turning ref historians trace earliest church labeled ''baptist'' back amsterdam english separatist john smyth pastor ref name gourley gourley bruce brief introduction baptist history ''the baptist observer'' ref accordance reading new testament rejected baptism infants instituted baptism believing adults ref name odcc self baptist practice spread england general baptists considered christ 's atonement


st jpg first baptist church america baptists roughly one third us protestants gallery calvinism calvinism also called reformed tradition advanced several theologians martin bucer heinrich bullinger peter martyr vermigli huldrych zwingli branch christianity bears name french reformer john calvin prominent influence role confessional ecclesiastical debates throughout th century today term also refers doctrines practices reformed churches calvin early leader less commonly


god 's law divine grace concept perseverance saints predestination today lutheranism one largest branches protestantism approximately nbsp million adherents constitutes third common protestant confession historically pentecostal denominations anglicanism ref name pewforum lutheran world federation largest global communion lutheran churches represents nbsp million people figures miscount lutherans worldwide many members generically protestant lwf member church bodies self identify lutheran attend congregations self identify lutheran additionally international organizations global confessional missional


charismatic movement international trend historically mainstream congregations adopting beliefs practices similar pentecostals fundamental movement use spiritual gifts among protestants movement began around america episcopalian dennis bennett sometimes cited one charismatic movement 's seminal influence united kingdom colin urquhart michael harper david watson others vanguard similar developments massey conference new zealand attended several anglicans including rev ray muller went invite bennett new zealand played


leading role developing promoting ''life spirit'' seminars charismatic movement leaders new zealand include bill subritzky larry christenson lutheran theologian based san pedro california much interpret charismatic movement lutherans large annual conference regarding matter held minneapolis charismatic lutheran congregations minnesota became especially large influential especially hosanna lakeville north heights st paul next generation lutheran charismatics cluster around alliance renewal churches considerable charismatic activity among young lutheran


seen ultimately whether god allows desire save resisted individual 's arminian doctrine god 's grace irresistible limited calvinism calvinists assert arminian perspective presents synergistic system salvation therefore grace arminians firmly reject conclusion many consider theological differences crucial differences doctrine others find relatively minor pietism pietism influential movement within lutheranism combined th century lutheran principles reformed emphasis individual


heresy name founder paleo orthodoxy movement similar respects neo evangelicalism emphasizing ancient christian consensus undivided church first millennium ad including particular early creeds church councils means properly understanding scriptures movement cross denominational prominent theologian group thomas oden methodist christian fundamentalism reaction liberal bible critique fundamentalism arose th century primarily united states among denominations affected evangelicalism fundamentalist theology tends stress biblical inerrancy biblical


nobel laureates united states '' new york free press p protestants turn among american reared laureates slightly greater proportion numbers general population thus percent seventy one laureates two thirds american population reared one another protestant denomination ref overall nobel prizes awarded americans chemistry ref name scientific elite nobel laureates united statesh medicine ref name scientific elite nobel laureates united statesh physics ref name scientific elite nobel laureates united statesh


name clarke beyer according study religiosity european union eurobarometer protestants made eu population according pew research center protestants constituted nearly one fifth continent 's christian population ref name pewforum clarke beyer estimate protestants constituted europeans noll claims less lived europe ref name clarke beyer ref name noll st peter 's church oldest surviving protestant church '' new world '' americas certain atlantic ocean islands first nine


trans national groups including internal insurgents organized crime transnational based groups often called terrorists limiting still fis term remains usual way referring threat counterintelligence protects modern practice several missions associated counterintelligence national field level defensive analysis practice looking vulnerabilities one 's organization due regard risk versus benefit closing discovered holes offensive counterespionage set techniques least neutralizes discovered fis personnel arrests case diplomats expels

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Counter-intelligence


personnel security communications security comsec informations system security infosec security classification operations security opsec disciplines involved positive security measures one 's society collects information actual potential security complement security example communications intelligence identifies particular radio transmitter one used particular country detecting transmitter inside one 's country suggests presence spy counterintelligence target particular counterintelligence significant relationship collection discipline humint least relationship others counterintelligence produce information protect


might done support friendly government include wide range functions certainly including military counterintelligence activities also humanitarian aid aid development nation building ref name jp ref terminology still emerging transnational group could include terrorist groups also transnational criminal organization transnational criminal organizations include drug trade money laundering extortion targeted computer communications systems smuggling etc insurgent could group opposing recognized government criminal military means well conducting clandestine intelligence covert operations government question could


defecting humint officer special threat walk volunteer assets country leaving volunteers warmly welcomed take consideration fact despised hostile intelligence agents blockquote soviet operational officer seen great deal ugly face communism frequently feels utmost repulsion sell willingly gru kgb officer decides break criminal organization something fortunately happens quite often first thing try expose


operation set distinct changes applied single operation atomic commit succeeds means changes applied failure atomic commit completed commit aborted changes applied algorithms solving atomic commit protocol include two phase commit protocol three phase commit protocol consensus consensus algorithms try solve problem number processes agreeing common decision precisely consensus protocol must satisfy four formal properties

Formal science
Computer science
Algorithms
Distributed algorithms


theoretical reaction engineering research investigators early stages career recipient must less years age end calendar year award presented aris award generously supported grant uop llc honeywell company award consists plaque honorarium travel funds present iscre nascre conference present lecture uop award complements iscre 's major honor neal r amundson award winners award include

Natural science
Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Reaction engineering


contractors assembling useful disaster salvage equipment supplies eg spill kits wet dry vacuum cleaners fans training museum personnel another key part preparation stage insurance detailed flexible insurance policy useful preparation strategy policy may specify replacement value objects owned museum loaned organisations cover building repairs temporary offsite storage clean operations costs incurred prevention emergency preparedness dovetail collections maintenance preservation activities although many preventive measures universal certain measures particularly useful mitigating collection disasters

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Collections care


archaeology may connected departments classics egyptology like countries particularly smaller british north american universities anthropologists also found institutionally linked scholars folklore museum studies human geography sociology social relations ethnic studies cultural studies social work british anthropology continued emphasize social organization economics purely symbolic literary topics present european association social anthropologists easa founded society scholarship meeting founder members fourteen european countries supported http wwwwennergrenorg

Social science
Anthropology
Social anthropology


environment pediatric health society pediatric psychology spp division resides american psychological association apa see http wwwapadivisionsorg division indexaspx spp aims promote health psychological well children adolescents families promotion evidence based science practice education training advocacy field founded includes broad interdisciplinary foundation drawing clinical developmental social cognitive behavioral counseling community school psychology pediatric psychologists work variety settings fulfill various roles spirito providing psychosocial services problems related pediatric health conditions

Social science
Psychology
Pediatric psychology


scope according work recent task force commissioned society pediatric psychology division american psychological association topic areas adapted roberts et al identified important areas expertise pediatric psychology lifespan development lifespan developmental psychopathology effects one 's disease medical regimen emotional social behavioral development additionally normal developmental milestones may used preventative efforts created well child visits include psychological developmental perspective child adolescent family assessment experience assessment health related concerns


journal recognition pediatric psychologists work science practitioner model trend time saw practitioners employed predominantly medical settings immediate need clinical application skills work severe behavior problems ref name mesibov kagan 's vision researcher setting would wait mesibov ref name mesibov noted pediatric psychologists worked frequently developmental disorders children specifically children mental retardation learning disabilities cerebral palsy autism related developmental problems ref name mesibov working directly children pediatric psychologists role included components


demand importance parent training children developmental problems made subject spp programming apa convention collaboration professionals site eg speech language therapists provided education outside domains working member interdisciplinary team furthermore pediatric psychologists helped create programs community addressing children 's needs ref name mesibov spp president walker presented recent survey findings ref name kaufman ref address current future trends field regarding areas research training clinical


group promotes evidence based approaches research clinical service targeting assessment treatment regimen adherence concerns youth families across variety chronic health conditions ref name sig special interest groups retrieved april http wwwapadivisionsorg division sigs indexaspx ref world health organization labeled poor adherence prescription medications treatment worldwide problem striking magnitude adherence according defined extent person 's behavior taking medication following diet executing lifestyle changes corresponds agreed recommendations health care provider haynes rand non adherence influences


illnesses concluded pediatric consultation liaison services playing increasing role addressing emotional behavioral needs pediatric inpatients helping patients families adapt stressors associated chronic illness olson colleagues reviewed records inpatient referrals seen pediatric psychologists oklahoma children 's hospital year period order greatest frequency referrals depression suicide attempt adjustment problems chronic illness behavior problems consultations frequently requested general pediatrics followed surgery adolescent medicine nearly third referrals also


training mentoring psychologists care overweight obese youth advocacy public policy ref name sig pediatric bioethics special interest group pediatric bioethics special interest group provides forum discuss challenges share ideas resources pursue collaborative relationships community pediatric psychologists ref name sig pediatric cardiology special interest group pediatric cardiology special interest group promotes discussion issues faced pediatric psychologists work children congenital heart disease cardiac transplant cardiac conditions ref name sig pediatric gastroenterology special interest group mission pediatric gastroenterology special interest group


crime scholars cesare beccaria jeremy bentham concerned humanitarian aspects dealing criminals reforming criminal laws criminology grew substantially discipline first quarter twentieth century first american textbook criminology written sociologist maurice parmalee title ''criminology'' academic programs developed specific purpose training students criminologists development rather slow field research underwent three significant phases united states golden age research


key method thought criminals born criminals made school thought also supports theory nature debate nature versus nurture also argue criminal behavior innate within person philosophers within school applied scientific method study human behavior positivism comprises three segments biological psychological social positivism biological positivism belief criminals criminal behavior stem chemical imbalances abnormalities within brain dna due basic internal defects psychological positivism concept


genetics neuropsychology evolutionary psychology ref name asghate kevin beaver anthony walsh biosocial criminology chapter ashgate research companion biosocial theories crime ashgate ref various theoretical frameworks evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory sought explain trends criminality lens evolutionary biology specifically seek explain criminality much higher men women young men likely exhibit criminal behavior see also genetics aggression aggressive behavior associated abnormalities three principal regulatory systems body serotonin systems catecholamine systems


hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical axis abnormalities systems also known induced stress either severe acute stress chronic low grade stress marxist young british sociologists formed national deviance conference ndc group group restricted academics consisted members ian taylor paul walton jock young members ndc rejected previous explanations crime deviance thus decided pursue new marxist criminological approach ''the new criminology'' argued biological positivism perspective represented lombroso hans eysenck gordon trasler according


stephan richards argue traditional criminology better understood lived walls prison martin leyva argues prisonization oftentimes begins prison home community schools according rod earle convict criminology started united states major expansion prisons us still remains main focus study convict criminology queer queer criminology field study focuses lgbt individuals interactions criminal justice system goals field study follows


cultural norms mores may broadly classified blue collar crime corporate crime organized crime political crime public order crime state crime state corporate crime white collar crime however moves contemporary criminological theory move away liberal pluralism culturalism postmodernism introducing universal term harm criminological debate replacement legal term crime subtopics areas study criminology include comparative criminology study social phenomenon crime across cultures identify differences similarities crime patterns crime prevention crime statistics criminal


large percentage human services programs run community college level development community college human services programs supported government funding earmarked federal new careers initiatives turn federally funded new careers program created produce nonprofessional career track economically disadvantaged underemployed unemployed adults strategy eradicate poverty within society ref name grosseretal grosser henry kelly ref ref name haskell haskell ref ref name pearlriessman pearl riessman ref ref name riessmanpopper riessman popper ref end critical shortage health care personnel ref name steinbergetal ref graduates programs successfully acquired employment paraprofessionals ref

Applied science
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Human Services


foundation allows students consider practical solutions multiple disciplinary perspectives across curriculum human services students often taught view human problems socioecological perspective developed urie bronfenbrenner involves viewing human strengths problems interconnected family unit community society perspective considered whole person perspective overall undergraduate programs prepare students human services generalists master 's programs prepare students human services administrators ref name chenault burnford doctoral programs prepare students researcher analysts college level educators research field focuses array


given war scientific engineering research development regarding nuclear weapons radar jet engines proximity fuses advanced submarines aircraft carriers weapons high priority continues st century involves military application advanced scientific research regarding nuclear weapons jet engines ballistic guided missiles radar biological warfare use electronics computers software space cold war world 's two great superpowers soviet union united states america spent large proportions gdp developing military technologies drive place objects

Applied science
Military sciences
Military weapons


varying levels success spy satellites continue used monitor dismantling military assets accordance arms control treaties signed two superpowers use spy satellites manner often referred treaties national technical means verification superpowers developed ballistic missiles enable use nuclear weaponry across great distances rocket science developed range missiles increased intercontinental ballistic missiles icbm created could strike virtually target earth timeframe measured minutes rather hours


fighting vehicles list tanks '''military aircraft''' includes use aircraft country 's military including areas transport training disaster relief border patrol search rescue surveillance surveying peacekeeping rarely aerial warfare list aircraft list aircraft weapons '''warships''' watercraft combat transportation seas oceans submarines complex masting sail systems found warships age sail list historical ship boat types list aircraft carriers list submarine classes defence '''fortifications''' military constructions buildings designed defence warfare range


''the social history machine gun'' gabriel richard karen metz ''from sumer rome military capabilities ancient armies'' abc clio mcneill william h ''the pursuit power technology armed force society since ad '' parker geoffrey ''the military revolution military innovation rise west'' steele brett tamara dorland ''heirs archimedes science art war age enlightenment'' pp military equipment


program paper tape '''information technology''' '''it''' use computers create process store retrieve exchange kinds electronic data ref name dop ref information typically used within context business operations opposed personal entertainment technologies considered subset information communications technology ict '''information technology system''' '''it system''' generally information system communications system specifically speaking computer system including hardware software peripheral equipment operated limited group users humans

Applied science
Business
Information technology


museum munich zuse z first programmable computer antikythera mechanism considered first mechanical analog computer dating back first century bc devices used aid computation thousands years probably initially form tally stick ref name schmandt besserat ref antikythera mechanism dating beginning first century bc generally considered earliest known mechanical analog computer earliest known geared mechanism comparable geared devices emerge europe th century


consumed watts final version several breakthroughs semiconductor technology include integrated circuit ic invented jack kilby texas instruments robert noyce fairchild semiconductor metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor mosfet invented mohamed atalla dawon kahng bell laboratories microprocessor invented ted hoff federico faggin masatoshi shima stanley mazor intel important inventions led development personal computer pc emergence information communications technology ict electronic data processing ferranti mark computer


logic board data storage punched tapes used early computers represent data early electronic computers colossus made use punched tape long strip paper data represented series holes technology obsolete electronic data storage used modern computers dates world war ii form delay line memory developed remove clutter radar signals first practical application mercury delay line first random access digital storage device williams tube based standard cathode ray


titles misleading times mistaken tech companies generally large scale profit corporations sell consumer technology software also worth noting business perspective information technology departments cost center majority time cost center department staff incurs expenses costs within company rather generating profits revenue streams modern businesses rely heavily technology day day operations expenses delegated cover technology facilitates business efficient manner


'''library portal''' interface access library resources services single access management point users example combining circulation catalog functions integrated library system ils additional tools facilities definition library portal defined combination software components unify user experience discovering accessing information contrast single technology provide services support discovery access effective use information ref name maloneybracke ref major elements addition basic functions access library catalog user 's subscription

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Library portal


state art web interface enriched content faceted navigation simple keyword search box link advanced search every page relevancy ranking spell checking recommendations related materials user contribution rss feeds integration social networking sites persistent links see also digital information library science web portal references external links history library automation wikiversity library automation library science


may seem extreme arguments favor hard refute ref name minsky ref gurevich turing 's informal argument favor thesis justifies stronger thesis every algorithm simulated turing machine according savage algorithm computational process defined turing machine blockquote turing machines define computational processes terminate informal definitions algorithms generally require algorithm always terminates requirement renders task deciding whether formal procedure algorithm impossible general case due major theorem computability

Formal science
Computer science
Algorithms


case must clear computable algorithm precise list precise steps order computation always crucial functioning algorithm instructions usually assumed listed explicitly described starting top going bottom idea described formally ''flow control'' far discussion formalization algorithm assumed premises imperative programming common conception one attempts describe task discrete mechanical means unique conception


function formal description detailed lowest level gives turing machine 's state table example simple algorithm add n described three levels see algorithm examples design algorithm design refers method mathematical process problem solving engineering algorithms design algorithms part many solution theories operation research dynamic programming divide conquer techniques designing implementing algorithm designs also called algorithm design patterns examples including template method pattern decorator pattern one important aspects algorithm design


resource run time memory usage efficiency big notation used describe eg algorithm 's run time growth size input increases typical steps development algorithms problem definition development model specification algorithm designing algorithm checking correctness algorithm analysis algorithm implementation algorithm program testing documentation preparation computer algorithms logical nand algorithm implemented electronically chip b hm jacopini structures sequence rectangles descending page else three structures made


program 'elegant proof would solve halting problem ibid ''algorithm versus function computable algorithm'' given function multiple algorithms may exist true even without expanding available instruction set available programmer rogers observes important distinguish notion ''algorithm'' ie procedure notion ''function computable algorithm'' ie mapping yielded procedure function may several different algorithms unfortunately may tradeoff goodness speed elegance compactness elegant program may take steps complete


optimal solutions subproblems overlapping subproblems meaning subproblems used solve many different problem instances quicker approach called ' 'dynamic programming'' avoids recomputing solutions already computed example floyd warshall algorithm shortest path goal vertex weighted graph found using shortest path goal adjacent vertices dynamic programming memoization go together main difference dynamic programming divide conquer subproblems less independent divide conquer whereas subproblems overlap dynamic programming


found babylonian mathematics ancient mesopotamia modern iraq sumerian clay tablet found shuruppak near baghdad dated circa bc described earliest division algorithm ref name springer science business media ref hammurabi dynasty circa bc babylonian clay tablets described algorithms computing formulas algorithms also used babylonian astronomy babylonian clay tablets describe employ algorithmic procedures compute time place significant astronomical events algorithms arithmetic also found ancient egyptian mathematics dating back rhind mathematical papyrus circa bc ref name springer science business


culminated leibniz 's notion calculus ratiocinator ca cryptographic algorithms first cryptographic algorithm deciphering encrypted code developed al kindi th century arab mathematician ''a manuscript deciphering cryptographic messages'' gave first description cryptanalysis frequency analysis earliest codebreaking algorithm ref name dooley ref mechanical contrivances discrete states ''the clock'' bolter credits invention weight driven clock key invention europe middle ages particular verge escapement provides us tick tock mechanical clock accurate automatic machine


led immediately mechanical automata beginning th century finally computational machines difference engine analytical engines charles babbage countess ada lovelace mid th century lovelace credited first creation algorithm intended processing computer babbage 's analytical engine first device considered real turing complete computer instead calculator sometimes called history 's first programmer result though full implementation babbage 's second device would realized decades lifetime ''logical machines stanley jevons' logical abacus logical machine '' technical problem


constructed specific symbols manipulated according definite rules work frege simplified amplified alfred north whitehead bertrand russell principia mathematica ''the paradoxes'' time number disturbing paradoxes appeared literature particular burali forti paradox russell paradox richard paradox resultant considerations led kurt g del 's paper specifically cites paradox liar completely reduces rules recursion numbers ''effective calculability'' effort solve entscheidungsproblem defined precisely hilbert mathematicians


first set define meant effective method effective calculation effective calculability ie calculation would succeed rapid succession following appeared alonzo church stephen kleene jb rosser 's calculus finely honed definition general recursion work g del acting suggestions jacques herbrand cf g del 's princeton lectures subsequent simplifications kleene church 's proof entscheidungsproblem unsolvable emil post 's definition effective calculability worker mindlessly following list instructions move left right sequence rooms


statue bletchley park alan turing 's work preceded stibitz unknown whether stibitz knew work turing turing 's biographer believed turing 's use typewriter like model derived youthful interest alan dreamt inventing typewriters boy mrs turing typewriter could well begun asking meant calling typewriter 'mechanical' given prevalence morse code telegraphy ticker tape machines teletypewriters might conjecture influences turing model computation called turing machine begins


church thesis kosovsky nk ''elements mathematical logic application theory subrecursive algorithms'' lsu publ leningrad aa markov ''theory algorithms'' translated jacques j schorr kon pst staff imprint moscow academy sciences ussr ie jerusalem israel program scientific translations available office technical services us dept commerce washington description p nbsp nbsp cm added tp russian translation works mathematical institute academy sciences ussr v nbsp original title teoriya algerifmov qa dartmouth college library us dept commerce office technical


repositories http wwwcssunysbedu algorith stony brook algorithm repository state university new york stony brook http calgoacmorg collected algorithms acm association computing machinery http www cs staffstanfordedu knuth sgbhtml stanford graphbase stanford university articles example pseudocode mathematical logic theoretical computer science


urban cultures postdevelopment theory latin american cultural studies journals include ''journal latin american cultural studies'' even though cultural studies developed much rapidly uk continental europe significant cultural studies presence countries france spain portugal field relatively undeveloped germany probably due continued influence frankfurt school often said third generation includes notable figures axel honneth cultural studies journals based continental europe include ''european journal cultural studies'' ''journal

Social science
Sociology
Cultural studies


spanish cultural studies'' ''french cultural studies'' ''portuguese cultural studies'' germany term ''cultural studies'' specifically refers field anglosphere especially british cultural studies differentiate german ''kulturwissenschaft'' developed along different lines characterized distance political science however kulturwissenschaft cultural studies often used interchangeably particularly lay people throughout asia cultural studies boomed thrived since least beginning cultural studies journals based asia include ''inter asia cultural studies'' india centre study culture society bangalore


key site political social struggle view capitalists used brute force police prisons repression military maintain control also penetrated everyday culture working people variety ways efforts win popular consent important recognize gramsci historical leadership ''hegemony'' involves formation alliances class factions struggles within cultural realm everyday common sense ''hegemony'' always gramsci interminable unstable contested process scott lash writes ref edgar sedgwick write blockquote theory hegemony


fault allow continued operation relying fact computer output would constantly monitored humans detect faults ibm developed first computer kind nasa guidance saturn v rockets later bnsf unisys general electric built ref name computer structures much work happened field instance f cadc built self test redundancy general early efforts fault tolerant designs focused mainly internal diagnosis fault would indicate something failing worker could

Formal science
Computer science
Computer security
Fault-tolerant computing


ignore new unsupported html entities without causing document unusable additionally sites including popular platforms twitter december provide optional lightweight front end rely javascript minimal layout ensure wide accessibility outreach game consoles limited web browsing capabilities terminology example graceful degradation design image transparency top two images result viewing composite image viewer recognises transparency bottom two images result


viewer support transparency transparency mask center bottom discarded overlay center top remains image left designed degrade gracefully hence still meaningful without transparency information highly fault tolerant system might continue level performance even though one components failed example building backup electrical generator provide voltage wall outlets even grid power fails system designed fail safe fail secure '''fail gracefully''' whether


include sophistication first bring halt motorcycles similar level fail safety provided simpler methods firstly front rear brake systems entirely separate regardless method activation cable rod hydraulic allowing one fail entirely whilst leaving unaffected secondly rear brake relatively strong compared automotive cousin even powerful disc sports models even though usual intent front system provide vast majority braking force overall vehicle weight


machine like lot low priced bikes first years use point collapse neglected maintenance requirements basic characteristics fault tolerance require single point failure system experiences failure must continue operate without interruption repair process fault isolation failing component failure occurs system must able isolate failure offending component requires addition dedicated failure detection mechanisms exist purpose fault isolation recovery


possible interactions considered prepared considering importance high value systems transport public utilities military field topics touch research wide include obvious subjects software modeling reliability hardware design arcane elements stochastic models graph theory formal exclusionary logic parallel processing remote data transmission replication spare components address first fundamental characteristic fault tolerance three ways replication providing multiple identical instances system subsystem directing tasks requests


tire air pressure monitor detects loss pressure notifies driver alternative manual fault detection system manually inspecting tires stop '''interference fault detection another component''' another variation problem fault tolerance one component prevents fault detection different component example component b performs operation based output component fault tolerance b hide problem component b later changed less fault tolerant design system may fail suddenly making


special branch detectives undercover operation london docks first special branch police special irish branch formed section criminal investigation department mps london initially combat bombing campaign irish republican brotherhood begun years earlier pioneering branch became first receive training counter terrorism techniques name changed special branch remit gradually expanded incorporate general role counter terrorism combating foreign subversion infiltrating organized crime law enforcement agencies

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Undercover


known many faithful many protestants post reformation traditions affirm luther 's definition baptism eucharist communion lord 's supper sacraments others see ritual merely symbolic still others sacramental dimension addition traditional seven sacraments rituals considered sacraments christian traditions particular foot washing seen anabaptist schwarzenau brethren german baptist groups true jesus church hearing gospel understood christian groups polish national

Humanities
Theology
Sacramental theology


work karolinska hospital stockholm ref name along sj strand another influential name clinical physiology pk anokhin anohkin heavily contributed branch physiology working diligently use theories functional systems solve medical mysteries amongst patients clinical physiology originally discipline however clinical physiology categorized sub discipline radiology ref name reason pursuing career clinical physiology first become registered certified radiologists becoming clinical physiologists since possible train

Applied science
Medicine and health
Clinical physiology


yams samoans among jealousy rare possible mead 's attribution differences social arrangements correct stearns similarly notes social history jealousy among americans shows near absence jealousy eighteenth century marriages arranged parents close community supervision precluded extramarital affairs social arrangements gradually supplanted practice dating several potential partners marriage fluid anonymous living arrangements jealousy social phenomenon correspondingly increased others questioned mead 's findings samoa ref

Social science
Sociology
Jealousy sociology