failure luke must choose trusting mind trusting force makes right choice let go use force '''climax''' point highest dramatic tension action immediately follows moment truth protagonist confronts main problem story either overcomes comes tragic end luke proton torpedoes hit target companions leave death star '''resolution''' issues story resolved death star explodes '''tag''' epilogue tying loose ends


reel ten minutes sequence approach mimics early style story broken eight minute sequences sequences serve mini movies compressed three act structure first two sequences combine form film 's first act next four create film 's second act final two sequences complete resolution nouement story sequence 's resolution creates situation sets next sequence character theories michael hauge 's categories michael hauge divides primary characters four categories screenplay may one

Humanities
Languages and literature
Screenwriting


hero 's outer motivation secondary characters people screenplay serve many functions possible motivation whatever character hopes accomplish end movie motivation exists outer inner levels '''outer motivation''' character visibly physically hopes achieve accomplish end film outer motivation revealed action '''inner motivation''' answer question character want achieve outer motivation always related gaining greater


feelings self worth since inner motivation comes within usually invisible revealed dialogue exploration inner motivation optional motivation alone sufficient make screenplay work must something preventing hero getting wants something conflict '''outer conflict''' whatever stands way character achieving outer motivation sum obstacles hurdles character must try overcome order reach objective '''inner conflict''' whatever stands


events deliberately arranged maximize story 's dramatic thematic emotional significance emforster famously gives example king died queen died story king died queen died grief plot trey parker matt stone best summarized series events connected therefore education number american universities offer specialized master fine arts undergraduate programs screenwriting including usc depaul university american film institute loyola marymount university chapman university nyu ucla boston university


alter instead accepting foreign object foreign object incorporated changed fit one 's lifestyle choices customized one way achieve customized look feel common objects change external appearance applying decorative techniques decoupage art cars truck art south asia ikea hacking see also american craft art art 's sake applied arts design museum faux painting fine arts history decorative arts industrial design ornament architecture references sources references sources fiell charlotte peter eds ''decorative art yearbook'' one

Applied science
Architecture and design
Decorative arts


decade th century translated bonn taschen fleming john hugh honour ''dictionary decorative arts'' new york harper row frank isabelle ''the theory decorative art anthology european american writings '' new yale university press campbell gordon ''the grove encyclopedia decorative arts'' new york oxford university press thornton peter ''authentic decor domestic interior '' london seven dials reading dormer peter ed ''the culture craft'' manchester university press https booksgooglecouk booksid wszasv krmc pg pt lpg pt google books external links


diagrammatic representation computer logic gates '''logic computer science''' covers overlap field logic computer science topic essentially divided three main areas theoretical foundations analysis use computer technology aid logicians use concepts logic computer applications theoretical foundations analysis logic plays fundamental role computer science key areas logic particularly significant computability theory formerly called recursion theory modal logic category theory theory computation based concepts defined

Formal science
Computer science
Logic in computer science


'''acm ieee symposium logic computer science''' '''lics''' annual academic conference theory practice computer science relation mathematical logic extended versions selected papers year 's conference appear renowned international journals logical methods computer science acm transactions computational logic history lics originally sponsored solely ieee founding acm special interest group logic computation lics become flagship conference siglog joint sponsorship acm ieee since first installment


prince william catherine duchess cambridge aboard royal barge diamond jubilee celebrations queen elizabeth ii social stratification physicalised distance royals boat military side public river thames' bank '''social stratification''' refers society 's categorization people groups based socioeconomic factors like wealth income race education ethnicity gender occupation social status derived power social political stratification relative social position persons within social group category geographic region social unit

Social science
Sociology
Social stratification


group category geographical region social unit derives latin ' 'str tum'' plural ' parallel horizontal layers referring given society 's categorization people rankings socioeconomic tiers based factors like wealth income social status occupation power modern western societies stratification often broadly classified three major divisions social class upper class middle class lower class classes subdivided smaller classes eg upper middle ref name saunders social may also delineated basis kinship ties caste relations concept


revised marxist ideas shared marx 's recognition dominant wealthy powerful class mills believed source power lay economic realm also political military arenas ref name doob mills stated hardly anyone knew power elite 's existence individuals including elite denied idea group people vaguely believed small formation powerful elite existed ref name doob prominent individuals knew congress permitted handful political leaders make critical


bones club attending yale university ref name leung ref club includes members powerful men twentieth century forbidden tell others secrets exclusive club throughout years skull bones club included presidents cabinet officers supreme court justices spies captains industry often sons daughters join exclusive club creating social political network like none ever seen ref name leung upper class individuals receive elite educations typically essential background contacts enter


status stratification example absolute age may cause low income one young old perform productive work social perception age role workplace may lead ageism typically intervening effect employment income social scientists sometimes interested quantifying degree economic stratification different social categories men women workers different levels education index stratification recently proposed zhou purpose ref name zhou ref gender gender one


level type political participation nature people 's attitudes toward politics parochial citizens remotely aware presence central government live lives near enough regardless decisions taken state distant unaware political phenomena neither knowledge interest politics type political culture general congruent traditional political structure subject citizens aware central government heavily subjected decisions little scope dissent individual aware politics actors

Social science
Political science
Political culture


strong courts local self rule decentralized sovereignty across institutions reliance popular militias instead standing army imported early settlers another source political culture arrival scotch irish americans came violent region britain brought strong sense individualism support right bear arms ref name ref settlers provided support jacksonian democracy revolution time established elites remnants still seen modern american populism ref name see also political culture canada


multi attribute utility functions risk involved cases utility functions replaced probability achieving uncertain aspiration level target based axioms decision analysis best decision choose one whose consequences maximum expected utility maximizes probability achieving uncertain aspiration level sometimes assumed quantitative decision analysis applied factors lend easily measurement eg natural units dollars however quantitative decision analysis related methods applied information economics

Applied science
Transportation
Operations research
Decision analysis


also applied even seemingly intangible factors decision analysis prescriptive approach prescriptive decision making research focuses make optimal decisions based axioms rationality descriptive decision making research aims explain people actually make decisions regardless whether decisions good optimal unsurprisingly therefore numerous situations decisions made individuals depart markedly decisions would recommended decision analysis criticized formal methods decision analysis allowing decision makers avoid taking responsibility decisions instead recommend


topic see group decision making discussions behavioral issues involved group decisions social choice theory theoretical considerations affect group decisions applications decision analytic methods used wide variety fields including business planning marketing negotiation management environmental remediation health care research energy exploration litigation dispute resolution etc important early application study pros cons hurricane seeding undertaken stanford research institute early environmental science services administration predecessor national oceanic atmospheric administration decision analysis


plutonium u research development u decision analysis used recommend portfolios projects fund research development u terrorism u u homeland security u decision analysis used represent values terrorists defenders support homeland security decision making software decision making software packages available implementing decision analysis particularly notable packages include analytica influence diagrams decideit logical decisions multi attribute decision making see also choice decision analysis cycle decision conferencing decision engineering decision making software decision model decision quality decision support decision theory influence diagram management science micromort multiple criteria decision


changed purpose significant revision original design adaptive reuse shell building concerned ref name intarrisd ref latter often part sustainable architecture practices whereby resources conserved recycling structure adaptive redesign generally referred spatial art environmental design interior architecture also refers process interiors buildings designed address aspects human use structural spaces put simply interior architecture design interior architectural terms interior architecture may refer art

Humanities
Visual arts
Applied arts
Interior architecture


luxury elegance overall design inevitably received reputation hippies style way living far case today overall known importance environmentally responsible abundant amount material options wanting withhold aesthetic design sustainable design preferred desired way thinking building ever expanding growing field earnings statistics united states median annual wages wage salary architects may middle percent earned


seismic retrofitting making old buildings safe earthquakes degree programs interior architecture stands intersection architecture design built environment conservation interior architecture programs address design issues intrinsic use transformation existing structures innovative progressive approach national center education statistics states definition degree program interior architecture program prepares individuals apply architectural principles design structural interiors living recreational business purposes function professional interior architects study includes instruction architecture


united states germany motorists drive right side road whereas australia new zealand japan nepal india united kingdom motorists drive left standardization time human convention based solar cycle calendar extent justice conventional opposed natural objective historically important debate among philosophers nature conventions raised long lasting philosophical discussion quine davidson david lewis published influential writings subject lewis 's account convention received extended critique margaret gilbert 's

Applied science
Military sciences
Military weapons
Unconventional


ultimate ignoring fruitful customary social conventions social sociology ' 'social rule'' refers social convention commonly adhered society ''rules'' written law otherwise formalized social constructionism great focus social rules argued rules socially constructed rules act upon every member society time produced individuals sociologists representing symbolic interactionism argue social rules created interaction members


'''technical writing''' writing drafting technical communication used technical occupational fields computer hardware software engineering chemistry aeronautics robotics finance medical consumer electronics biotechnology forestry technical writing encompasses largest sub field technical communication ref name whirl http techwhirlcom technical communications technical communications techwhirl accessed december ref society technical communication defines technical communication form communication exhibits one following characteristics communicating technical specialized topics computer applications medical procedures environmental regulations communicating using technology web pages help files

Journalism, media studies and communication


technical writers today often responsible authoring pages websites like us pages product pages often expected proficient web development tools ref name anderson ref '''datasheets''' documents summarize features key specifications technical characteristics application circuits important information product machine equipment software application system brief '''api guides''' written developer community used explain application programming interfaces '''help systems''' online help centers provide users technical information products services provide content web pages


estate england early anglo saxon times common land area land local community could use resource across england nbsp million acres common land enclosed private land owners application parliament night march augustus smith mp led gangs local folk hired men london 's east end direct action break enclosure fences protect berkhamsted common people berkhamsted became known nationally battle berkhamsted common ref name cobb p ref ref name sherwood p ref ref name birtchnell psnone ref

Applied science
Architecture and design
Historic preservation


demolition historic buildings arose institutions pressure group society preservation historic buildings appealed demolition neglect case case basis english heritage english heritage formed registered charity looks national heritage collection england ref name new era eh ref comprises england 's historic buildings monuments sites spanning years history within portfolio stonehenge dover castle tintagel castle best preserved parts hadrian 's wall originally english heritage operating name executive non departmental


developed goals provide leadership education advocacy resources save america 's diverse historic places revitalize communities according trust 's mission statement trust assumed responsibility first museum property woodlawn plantation northern virginia twenty eight sites subsequently become part national trust representing cultural diversity american history new york city destruction pennsylvania station shocked many nationwide supporting preservation proved advantageous new laws international agreements extending preservation ancient monuments whole districts


michigan university mfa historic preservation one original programs savannah college art design james marston fitch also offered guidance support towards founding master preservation studies degree within tulane school architecture msc building conservation degree program offered school architecture rensselaer polytechnic institute troy new york clemson university college charleston created ms degree program based charleston sc first undergraduate programs ba appeared goucher college roger


council conservation heritage sites israel established recommendation knesset committee education aims include locating remains historic settlements protect conserve well developing conservation principles specific israel 's historic situations aligned international standards council used operate society protection nature israel registers independent non profit today organization responsible historical preservation endeavors well efforts add amendments existing laws


designated historically preserved less construction long term affect value property investment housing neighborhood neighborhoods directly surrounding second concern raised buildings need historically preserved sometimes still inhabited cases inability make changes building lead dangerous unhealthy situations residents true nothing could changed renovated owner building would need ask permission appropriate


cultural heritage museology conservation restoration cultural heritage


purpose establishment absolutely free economic organization federation founded upon labour equality absolutely independent political government worker right enjoyment gross product labours thereby means developing full intellectual material moral powers collective setting revolutionary transformation could outcome spontaneous action proletariat trades bodies autonomous communes ref name blackrosebooksnet ref due links active workers' movements international became

Social science
Economics
Anarchist economics


full assembly hasten achievement free communism factories process similar workers' committee becoming responsible general assembly syndicate technicians cases former owners managers planning production accordance workers' views ref name autogenerated blockquote theoretical economic systems classical theoretical economic systems chronological theoretical sense classical created throughout th century post classical anarchist schools created since mid th century mutualism mutualism anarchist school thought traced


production ref name patsouras louis p collectivization takes place workers' salaries would determined democratic organizations based amount time contributed production salaries would used purchase goods communal market contrasts anarcho communism wages would abolished individuals would take freely storehouse goods according need notwithstanding title mikhail bakunin 's collectivist anarchism thus seen blend individualism collectivism collectivist anarchism commonly associated bakunin anti authoritarian sections first international


agree disagree subject remuneration collectivist anarchists mikhail bakunin believe remuneration labor anarcho communists peter kropotkin believe remuneration would lead recreation currency would need state thus could said collectivist anarchists believe freedom collective ownership production communal market sorts distribute goods services compensate workers form remuneration collectivist anarchism could seen combination communism mutualism ''anarchist faq'' compares contrasts


relationship landlord tenant would longer exist titles held occur conditional legal coercion absolutely necessary occupy buildings spaces intellectual property rights would also cease since form private property evolution role early th century revolutions ''the conquest bread'' peter kropotkin influential work presents economic vision anarcho communism anarcho communism developed radical socialist currents french revolution ref name graham first formulated italian section first international ref name nunzio


grace law becomes 'mine' effect law words private property exists purely protection state state 's grace recognising need state protection stirner also aware need make difference 'good citizens' protects principles whether absolute king constitutional one republic protected principle whose protector always 'love' labour rather interest bearing possession labouring capital therefore labour certainly yet


theory value carson holds arising new class society directly old class society middle ages capitalism founded act robbery massive earlier feudal conquest land sustained present continual state intervention protect system privilege without survival unimaginable ref name richman richman sheldon http wwwamconmagcom blog libertarian left libertarian left ''the american conservative'' march ref carson coined pejorative term vulgar libertarianism phrase describes use free market rhetoric defense corporate capitalism economic inequality


pain relapse feudalism would result c apitalistic proprietary exploitation stopped everywhere wage system abolished equal exchange guaranteed workers would longer sell labour capitalist rather work co operativescouncil communism early soviet union advocated workers' control workers councils factory committees syndicalism advocates workers' control trade unions guild socialism advocates workers' control revival guild system participatory economics represents recent variation idea workers' control workers' control contrasted control


items one point stands one man hour work often issues related paying tax alternative currencies considered tax exempt fully taxed national currency caveat tax must paid national currency legality tax status alternative currencies varies widely country country systems use countries would illegal others labor notes local exchange trading systems labour notes alternative currency based exchange hours labor


josiah warren widely regarded first american anarchist ref name slate josiah warren termed phrase cost limit price cost referring monetary price paid labor one exerted produce item ref name referencec therefore h e proposed system pay people labour notes indicating many hours work could exchange notes local time stores goods took amount time produce ref name slate put theories test establishing experimental labor labor store called cincinnati time store


system'' american economic review v issue september pp ref traditional societies dominated gift exchange small scale geographically remote states formed regulate trade commerce within boundaries market exchange came dominate nonetheless practice gift exchange continues play important role modern society ref name lewis hyde ''lewis hyde gift imagination erotic life property'' ref one prominent example scientific research described gift economy ref name warren hagstrom hagstrom warren gift giving organizing principle science barry barnes


concept p p distributed application architecture partitions tasks workloads peers application structure popularized file sharing systems like napster first kind late concept inspired new structures philosophies many areas human interaction p p human dynamic affords critical look current authoritarian centralized social structures peer peer also political social program believe many cases peer peer modes preferable option anarchist scholar uri gordon said collaborative development free software like linux operating


get away factories could find creative artisanal types work simply participate planning misery economic democracy meant profoundest sense free democratic access means life counterpart political democracy guarantee freedom material want dirty bourgeois trick many radicals unknowingly participate economic democracy interpreted employee ownership workplace democracy come mean workers' participation profit sharing industrial management rather freedom tyranny


united states unique position jewish americans held within nation 's complex social structure created substantial scholarship especially regards topics interfaith marriage political activism influence popular culture article published ''american jewish year book'' hebrew literature scholar arnold j band among first call attention spread jewish studies accepted academic discipline american liberal arts colleges universities since second world war ref name band band arnold http wwwajcarchivesorg ajc data files specialarticlespdf jewish studies american liberal arts colleges universities ''american jewish

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Jewish studies


established months official opening university widely considered world 's premier center jewish studies institute includes eight teaching departments research institutes oversees publication wide variety journals periodicals student body students pursuing undergraduate graduate doctoral degrees jewish studies addition university several institutes dedicated specific subjects jewish studies institute contemporary jewry institute research jewish law institute archaeology center jewish art


rabbi donald tam tijs boasts nineteen core faculty members seven departments across emory college arts sciences plus one law school candler school theology addition seventeen affiliated faculty members offer occasional courses strengths program include modern american jewish history jews eastern europe islamic civilizations jewish textual tradition modern judaism jewish ethnography holocaust studies hebrew yiddish literatures cultures israel studies tijs offers undergraduate major minor graduate fellowships graduate certificate program institute also supports undergraduate


biblical interpretation jewish christian studies greco roman period rabbinic literature jewish thought also offered joint doctoral program modern jewish history culture department history university cincinnati pines school provides unlimited access extraordinary resources huc 's cincinnati campus http hucedu libraries klau library network second largest jewish library world jacob rader marcus center american jewish archives http hucedu research institutes centers projects archaeology center herrman learning center archaeology center http hucedu research museums skirball museum cincinnati skirball museum well http ngsbaorg nelson glueck school biblical archaeology jerusalem options include two year


jewish studies cincinnati foundation doctoral studies provides mastery hebrew languages periods skills teach seminal hebrew texts within historical contexts treatment areas jewish studies relate core academic disciplines including history literature law philosophy religion jewish studies program also offers opportunity lay professional leaders non jewish clergy expand judaic knowledge summer israel program phd students offers archaeological dig ancient israel coursework opportunity experience israel


http zsjnmhucedu zelikow school jewish nonprofit management 's master 's jewish nonprofit management months master 's organizational leadership months limited summer residencies allow students work complete another graduate school http hucedu academics academic partnerships agreements jerome h louchheim school judaic studies jerome h louchheim school judaic studies based huc jir 's jack h skirball campus los angeles offers courses undergraduate students neighboring university southern california huc jir faculty members offer dozens courses ranging ancient history hebrew language sociology courses held huc usc campuses open


available elementary intermediate advanced levels students advanced language studies practicum independent study credit may also earned center jewish studies affiliated judaic studies department sponsor several talks semester open local well academic communities include lectures discussions jewish studies scholars writers suny offers students opportunity study abroad including israel overseen judaic studies department open everyone syracuse university judaic studies program


languages literatures courses yiddish hebrew jewish history philosophy bible studies political thought art history literature cross listed departments centre hosts seminar courses variety topics students graduate level regularly publish ''university toronto journal jewish thought'' university virginia jewish studies university virginia allows students focus history languages literature jewish people beliefs practices judaism enduring contributions jewish wisdom human civilization courses biblical modern hebrew yiddish bible rabbinic


hebrew department renamed department hebrew jewish studies extended include addition established courses hebrew language literature much wider range courses emphasis jewish history department acts host jewish historical society england jhse institute jewish studies ijs organises annual public lecture series international conferences aspects jewish civilisation oxford university nine month course oxford university offers chance study judaism many different stages


eastern history culture students fames hebrew programme study hebrew language literature culture periods ancient medieval modern teaching staff include https webarchiveorg web https wwwamescamacuk faculty biographies hebrew specialists periods including dr aaron hornkohl prof geoffrey khan prof nicholas de lange dr yaron peleg dr michael chaim rand student may officially combine hebrew arabic modern european language birobidzhan jewish national university birobidzhan jewish national university russian university works cooperation local jewish community birobidzhan university unique russian far east basis


delves abroad range research topics within field jewish studies ten chairs working close cooperation university heidelberg center jewish studies heidelberg point dynamic scholarly discussion incorporating facets jewish religion history cultures societies proximity historical heritage ashkenaz provides decisive impetus academic religious work interest invariably extends beyond areas geography chronology consider jewish cultures large university wroc aw taube department jewish studies university wroc aw


offers bachelors masters doctoral programs learning modern hebrew yiddish biblical hebrew ladino see also australian association jewish studies association jewish studies baltimore hebrew university british association jewish studies ukrainian association jewish studies menachem cohen scholar gender judaism genetic studies jews gratz college hebrew college hebrew union college hochschule f r die wissenschaft des judentums jewish theological seminary marshall sklare award reconstructionist rabbinical college rohr jewish learning institute sociology jewry spertus institute syracuse university wissenschaft des judentums yeshiva references external links http wwwjewish studiesorg welcom enehtml union world jewish studies http cojsorg center


fourth generation warfare often seen conflicts involving failed states civil wars particularly conflicts involving non state actors intractable ethnic religious issues gross conventional military disparities many conflicts occur geographic area described author thomas pm barnett non integrating gap fought countries globalised functioning core fourth generation warfare much common traditional low intensity conflict classical forms insurgency guerrilla war small wars conflict initiated weaker party actions termed offensive difference lies

Applied science
Military sciences
Military history
Fourth-generation warfare


seen oppressive loses support another characteristic fourth generation warfare unlike third generation warfare vnsa 's forces decentralized fourth generation warfare may even single organization smaller groups organize impromptu alliances target bigger threat state armed forces another faction result alliances weak state 's military leadership smart enough split enemy cause fight amongst fourth generation warfare goals ref name beyond fourth generation warfare p ''beyond fourth generation warfare'' dr george


friedman stratfor forecasting p july ref survival convince enemy 's political decision makers goals either unachievable costly perceived benefit yet another factor political centers gravity changed centers gravity may revolve around nationalism religion family clan honor disaggregated forces guerrillas terrorists rioters lack center gravity deny enemies focal point deliver conflict ending blow ref name beyond fourth generation warfare p result strategy becomes problematic combating


implications complexity theory ref importance given systemic disruption vis vis target destruction sophisticated use technological advancements including social media mobile communications technology ref name randreport arquilla j ronfeldt zanini http dlacmorg citationcfmid networks netwar information age terrorism rand corporation ref terrorist network could designed either acephalous headless like al qaeda bin laden polycephalous hydra headed like kashmiri separatists social media networks supporting terrorists characterized positive feedback loops tight coupling non linear response propagation viz small perturbation causing large disproportionate response criticism ''fourth generation warfare'' theory criticized


parallel critique rebutted john sayen military historian retired lt col marine corps reserve lieutenant general kenneth f mckenzie jr usmc characterizes ''fourth generation warfare'' theory elegant irrelevance states methods unclear facts contentious open widely varying interpretations relevance questionable rod thornton argues thomas hammes william lind providing analytical lens view type opposition exists 'out there' highlight shortcomings current us military dealing opposition instead


'''rank''' relative position value worth complexity power importance authority level etc person object within ranking level position hierarchical organization academic rank diplomatic rank hierarchy hierarchy catholic church military rank police ranks united states ranking member us politics senior member committee minority party thus second senior member committee imperial royal noble ranks level position society social class social position social status places rank iran village rank nepal village development committee

Applied science
Military sciences
Organization
Ranks


infographics st century year adobe flash based animations internet made use many key practices creating infographics order create variety products games likewise television began incorporate infographics viewers' experiences early one example infographics usage television pop culture music video norwegian musicians r yksopp song remind video composed entirely animated infographics similarly television commercial french nuclear technology company areva used animated infographics

Applied science
Transportation
Infographics


guidance design technique leads eye page may link complete report infographic primes reader making subject matter accessible online trends increasingly short attention span internet users also contributed increasing popularity effectiveness infographics designing visual aspect infographic number considerations must made optimize effectiveness visualization six components visual encoding spatial marks connection enclosure retinal properties temporal encoding ref name ref utilized


hierarchies nodes drawn solid areas sub sections inside section method allows size easily represented node link diagrams enclosure diagrams also space filling visualization method however use containment rather adjacency represent hierarchy similar adjacency diagram size node easily represented model ref name visualizationzoo networks arc diagram representing mathematical farey sequence social network visualizationnetwork visualization explores relationships friendships cliques three common types force directed layout arc diagrams matrix view force directed layouts


common intuitive approach network layout system nodes similar charged particles repel links used pull related nodes together arc diagrams one dimensional layouts nodes circular arcs linking node used properly good order nodes cliques bridges easily identified layout alternatively mathematicians computer scientists often use matrix views value xy value matrix corresponds node using color saturation instead text values associated links perceived rapidly


must make observation statements implies probable hypothesis must ''more plausible'' incompatible hypothesis subject must implied degree greater variety accepted truths implied strongly probable negation must implied fewer beliefs implied less strongly hypothesis must ''less ad hoc'' incompatible hypothesis subject must include fewer new suppositions


tombstone stand ''votum solvit libens merito'' appearances letters vslm tombstone end latin inscription therefore letters tombstone stand ''votum solvit libens merito'' syllogism probabilistic form making use generalization formed induction numerous examples first premise argument analogy structure argument follows one thing object event state affairs properties ''p'' sub sub nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp ''p'' sub ''n'' sub ''p'' sub ''n'' sub another thing properties ''p'' sub sub nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp ''p'' sub ''n'' sub latter property ''p'' sub ''n''


engineering pathogen resistance genetic code encodes organisms canonical amino acids used protein biosynthesis rare cases special amino acids selenocysteine pyrrolysine formylmethionine incorporated translational apparatus proteins organisms using additional amino acids among known biochemistry capabilities proteins may altered give rise efficient catalytical material functions ec funded project metacode example aims incorporate metathesis useful catalytical function far known living organisms bacterial


interlanguages noteworthy principles close counterparts among grice 's conversational maxims maxims describe effective communication conversation achieved order function well language must allows respecting maxims languages always publications field interlinguistics however constructive rather descriptive comparative historic sociolinguistic concerned translation humans machines esperanto widely used constructed interlanguage relatively abundant literature language philology see esperantology

Humanities
Languages and literature
Linguistics
Interlinguistics


standard german work interlinguistics available online https nbinfo downloaded scanned pages pdf file mb size german national library gobbo federico ''introduction interlinguistics'' munich grin publishing eo v ra barandovsk frank '' http interlhomeamuedupl interlingvistiko barandovska interlingvistiko enkondukopdf interlingvistiko enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj '' pp pozna univ adam mickiewicz gode alexander https wwwamazoncom interlingua english dictionary international language dp ''interlingua dictionary international language'' new york storm publishers http wwwinterlinguacom historia publicationes standardisationhtm interlinguistic standardization ''historia de interlingua'' revised jespersen otto https webarchiveorg web http geocitiescom athens forum ilhtml interlinguistics ''international communication'' schubert klaus ed ''interlinguistics aspects science planned languages'' mouton


de gruyter berlin new york kuznetsov sn theoretical foundations interlinguistics moscow university peoples friendship david j peterson art language invention horse lords dark elves words behind world building new york penguin pp external links plulingva https benjaminscom catalog lplp ''language problems language planning'' lplp een 'peer reviewed international multilingual journal devoted study multilingualism language policy' en heeft geregeld een rubriek https benjaminscom catalog lplp interlinguistics interling stica interlinguistik interlingvistiko de en '' sterreichische nationalbibliothek nb https wwwonbacat en library departments planned languages holdings searching collections department planned languages


rippon gordon articulate propagandist inflamed mob fears papism return absolute monarchical rule situation deteriorated rapidly meeting protestant association members subsequently marched house commons deliver petition demanding repeal act government refused soon large riots broke across london embassies catholic owned businesses attacked angry mobs political movements emerged late th century included british abolitionist movement slavery becoming one

Social science
Sociology
Collective behavior
Social movements


instance mahatma gandhi 's successful overthrow british rule india began small protest focused british tax salt popovic also argues social movement little chance growing relies boring speeches usual placard waving marches argues creating movements people actually want join otpor succeeded fun funny invented graphic ways ridiculing dictator slobodan milosevic turned fatalism passivity action making easy even cool become revolutionary branding within hip slogans rock music street


process theory political process theory similar resource mobilization many regards tends emphasize different component social structure important social movement development political opportunities political process theory argues three vital components movement formation insurgent consciousness organizational strength political opportunities insurgent consciousness refers back ideas deprivation grievances idea certain members society feel like mistreated somehow system unjust insurgent consciousness collective sense injustice movement members potential movement members


structural concerns seen resource mobilization political process theories emphasizing cultural psychological aspects social movement processes collectively shared interpretations beliefs ideologies values meanings world general cultural approach also attempts address free rider problem one particularly successful take cultural dimensions manifested framing perspective social movements resource mobilization theory political process theory include least accept idea certain shared understandings example perceived unjust societal conditions must exist mobilization


multiple frames heads successful reframing involves ability enter worldview adversaries frames contain implicit explicit appeals moral principles emphasizing injustice frame culture theory also addresses free rider problem free rider problem refers idea people motivated participate social movement use personal resources eg time money etc still receive benefits without participating words person x knows movement working improve environmental conditions neighborhood


water properties ratio hydrogen oxygen whether isolated river made laboratory chemical substances commonly encountered pure form diamond carbon gold table salt sodium chloride refined sugar sucrose however practice substance entirely pure chemical purity specified according intended use chemical chemical substances exist solids liquids gases plasma may change phases matter changes temperature pressure time chemical substances may combined converted

Applied science
Military sciences
Military weapons
Chemical


c h c h h h h isolation purification characterization identification often pure substance needs isolated mixture example natural source sample often contains numerous chemical substances chemical reaction often give mixtures chemical substances see also hazard symbol homogeneous heterogeneous mixtures prices chemical elements dedicated bio based chemical fire diamond research chemical notes references external links general chemistry artificial materials


difference control signal bring process variable output plant value setpoint sequential combinational logic software logic programmable logic controller used open loop closed loop control two common classes control action open loop closed loop open loop control system control action controller independent process variable example central heating boiler controlled timer control action switching boiler process variable

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Control theory
Control systems


involve manufacturing goods may provided local national monopolies especially sectors natural monopolies may involve outputs hard attribute specific individual effort hard measure terms key characteristics quality often require high levels training education may attract people public service ethos wish give something wider public community work process assessing needs people area designing securing appropriate public

Applied science
Public administration
Public service


corporation typically heavily regulated prevent abuse monopoly power lastly government buy service free market many countries medication provided manner government reimburses part price medication also bus traffic electricity healthcare waste management privatized way one recent innovation used uk increasingly well australia canada public private partnerships involves giving long lease private consortia return partly funding infrastructure personalization personalization encompassing theme dominant idea uk public


private ownership industry market based allocation economic planning free markets state interventionism practice mixed economy generally refers market economies substantial state interventionism sizable public sector alongside dominant private sector actually mixed economies gravitate heavily one end spectrum notable economic models theories described mixed economy include following georgism socialized rents land mixed economy categorized many titles american school dirigisme indicative planning also known planned market economy japanese system nordic model progressive utilization theory

Social science
Economics
Economic systems


agents engage productive activities based either material reward compensation self interest moral suasion instance social prestige democratic decision making process binds involved incentive system may encourage specialization division labor organizational form two basic forms organization actors regulators economic actors include households work gangs production teams firms joint ventures cartels economically regulative organizations represented state market authorities latter may private public entities distribution system allocates proceeds productive activity


distributed income among economic organizations individuals groups within society property owners workers non workers state taxes public choice mechanism law making establishing rules norms standards levying taxes usually responsibility state means collective decision making possible chambers commerce workers councils typology common typology economic systems categorized resource ownership resource allocation mechanism several basic questions must answered order economy run satisfactorily scarcity problem


example requires answers basic questions produce produce gets produced economic system way answering basic questions different economic systems answer differently many different objectives may seen desirable economy like efficiency growth liberty equality economic systems commonly segmented property rights regime means production dominant resource allocation mechanism economies combine private ownership market allocation called market capitalism economies combine private ownership economic planning


evolutionary economics karl marx 's theory economic development based premise evolving economic systems specifically view course history superior economic systems would replace inferior ones inferior systems beset internal contradictions inefficiencies would make impossible survive long term marx 's scheme feudalism replaced capitalism would eventually superseded socialism ref name comparingeconomic ''comparing economic systems twenty first century'' gregory stuart ref joseph schumpeter evolutionary conception economic development unlike marx de emphasized role class


charge goods delivered stated point bid validity packing bid adjustments terms conditions seller 's services standards organizations financial review payment currency risk analysis market volatility financial stress within bidders testing negotiating negotiating key skillset purchasing field one goals purchasing agents acquire goods per advantageous terms buying entity simply buyer purchasing agents typically attempt decrease costs meeting buyer 's requirements time delivery compliance commercial terms conditions


soundbite radio first medium broadcast journalism many first radio stations co operative community radio ventures making profit later radio advertising pay programs pioneered radio later still television displaced radio newspapers main news sources public industrialized countries programming radio locally produced broadcast radio network example syndication talent professional voices talk audience including reading news people tune hear engaging radio personalities music information


radio news stories include speech soundbites recorded sounds events anchor host radio news might run four minutes contain stories new bulletins must balance desire broad overview current events audience 's limited capacity focus large number different stories ref name fleming ref radio industry undergone radical consolidation ownership fewer companies owning thousands stations large media conglomerates clear channel communications radio stations united states resulted


videographer scenes news latter holds camera videographer assistants manage audio lighting charge setting live television shots might edit using non linear editing system nle segment producers choose research write stories well deciding timing arrangement newscast associate producer specialize elements show graphics production jobs newscast director charge television show preparation including assigning camera talent cast positions set well selecting


continue challenge archaeological norms expand research new intellectual territories argue incorporation alternative forms knowledge representation example black indigenous epistemologies employed feminist archaeologists continues feminist critique masculine character organization archaeology alternative forms knowledge presentation one important realm research feminist archaeologists along non feminists de centering westernized forms history favor privileging alternative conceptions interpretations past exploring non traditional ways conveying knowledge growing body work

Social science
Archaeology
Feminist archaeology


connectivity gender class us important step advancing use intersectional analysis archaeology intersectional approach faced lot oppositional consciousness intervened flow hegemonic feminist theory challenges crossing boundaries negotiating terms belonging community black feminist archaeology black feminist archaeology relatively new within discipline archaeology predominantly led black women historical north american contexts ref name ref focuses intersection race gender class interpretation


stated important aspects work use tools discipline shape enhance stories people african descent past present future ref name provides case study lucy foster freedwoman andover massachusetts demonstrate use black feminist theoretical approach first discovered adelaide ripley bullen lucy foster homestead home lucy foster born boston massachusetts child taken wealthy family foster


provides olsen describes units housing services ''unobservable theoretical construct'' housing stock depreciates making qualitatively different new buildings market equilibrating process operates across multiple quality levels real estate market typically divided residential commercial industrial segments also divided subcategories like recreational income generating historical protected like '''high transaction costs''' buying moving home costs much types transactions costs include search costs real estate fees moving costs legal fees land transfer taxes deed registration fees

Social science
Economics
Real estate economics


features supply housing demand housing house prices rented sector government intervention housing market demand housing main determinants demand housing demographic factors like income price housing cost availability credit consumer preferences investor preferences price substitutes price complements play role core demographic variables population size population growth people economy greater demand housing oversimplification necessary consider family size age composition family


institutions available federally supported agencies referred include called second layer lenders enter scene mortgage arranged lending institution individual home buyer ref name multiple real estate investment trusts real estate investment trusts reits began real estate investment trust act became effective january available reits like savings loan associations committed real estate lending serve national real estate market although specialization occurred activities ref name multiple united states reits generally


construction price home purchaser unable raise total amount payment first mortgage money offered ref name multiple addition homebuyers builders save money using fsbo order pay extra fees see also affordable housing affordability housing united kingdom australian property market effective gross income investment rating real estate land value tax real estate trends real estate business real estate development real estate bubble united states housing bubble sunshine tax notes references bourne l hitchcock j r editors


scores first used ref name worldprivacyforumorg information brokering emerged career individuals decade ref name inc ref however business information brokering become widely known specifically regulated ref name worldprivacyforumorg kelly warnken published first fee based information directory followed ''journal fee based information services'' ref name sabroski ref book ''the information brokers start operate fee based service'' beginning late twentieth century technological developments development internet increasing computer processing power declining

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Information broker


including white seeming first names geoffrey ref name online information broker faq published privacy rights clearinghouse prc nonprofit consumer organization united states prc also maintains list information brokers links privacy policies terms service opt provisions data brokers also faced legal charges security breaches due poor data security practices us brokers datasets data brokers united states include acxiom experian epsilon corelogic datalogix intelius peekyou exactis recorded future ref name government united states ref name commercesenategov http educationnewyorkcom files rockefeller databrokerpdf ref acxiom claims


diffused mos devices led development proliferation digital wireless networks advances mosfet technology leading increasing bandwidth edholm 's law ref name baliga ref ref name asif ref ref name o'neill ref essential elements wireless networks built mosfets including mobile transceivers base station modules routers rf power amplifiers ref name asif telecommunication circuits ref name colinge ref rf circuits radio transceivers ref name o'neill networks g g ref name baliga g ref name asif wireless links computers often connected networks using wireless links eg wlans ''terrestrial microwave'' terrestrial microwave communication uses

Formal science
Computer science
Computer communications (networks)
Wireless computing


often used cities connect networks two buildings without installing wired link connect wi fi using mobile device one use device like wireless router private hotspot capability another mobile device wireless ad hoc network wireless ad hoc network also known wireless mesh network mobile ad hoc network manet wireless network made radio nodes organized mesh topology node forwards messages behalf nodes node performs routing ad hoc networks


expansions g g g g technologies stand fourth fifth generation cell phone mobile communications standards wireless networking become commonplace sophistication increases configuration network hardware software greater capacity send receive larger amounts data faster achieved wireless network running lte g mobile communication standard users lte network data speeds x faster g network ref name daddy ref space space another characteristic wireless networking


logic escapes problems standard unary deontic logic subject problems variations many varieties deontic logic developed including non monotonic deontic logics paraconsistent deontic logics dynamic deontic logics history early deontic logic philosophers indian mimamsa school ancient greece remarked formal logical relations deontic concepts ref name greece huisjes c h norms logic thesis university groningen ref philosophers late middle ages compared deontic concepts alethic ones ref name ones ref ''elementa juris naturalis'' written

Humanities
Philosophy
Logic
Deontic Logic


connective binary connectives f br mally read ought case br read f b requires b br read b b require br read u unconditionally obligatory br read unconditionally forbidden mally defined f follows def f f b b br def b f b b f br def u mally proposed


logic syntax propositional calculus mally done instead influenced alethic modal logics mally benefited von wright published ''a new system deontic logic'' return syntax propositional calculus thus significant return mally 's system von wright 's departure return syntax propositional calculus see ''deontic logic personal view'' ''a new system deontic logic'' georg henrik von wright g h von wright 's adoption modal logic


known metallurgist science metallurgy subdivided two broad categories chemical metallurgy physical metallurgy chemical metallurgy chiefly concerned reduction oxidation metals chemical performance metals subjects study chemical metallurgy include mineral processing extraction metals thermodynamics electrochemistry chemical degradation corrosion contrast physical metallurgy focuses mechanical properties metals physical properties metals physical performance metals topics studied physical metallurgy include crystallography material characterization mechanical metallurgy phase transformations failure mechanisms historically metallurgy

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Metallurgical Engineering


unknown materials reveals crystal structure sample quantitative crystallography used calculate amount phases present well degree strain sample subjected see also adrien chenot archaeometallurgy calphad carbonyl metallurgy cupellation experimental archaeometallurgy goldbeating gold phosphine complex metallurgical failure analysis mineral industry pyrometallurgy references external links metals


'''education policy''' consists principles policy decisions influence field education well collectionof laws rules govern operation education systems education policy analysis scholarly study education policy seeks answer questions purpose education objectives societal personal designed attain methods attaining tools measuring success failure research intended inform education policy carried wide variety institutions many academic disciplinesthe academic discipline draws

Applied science
Public administration
Education policy


nine key dimensions nine key dimensions considered crucial comprehensive teacher policy teacher recruitment retention teacher education initial continuing deployment career structures paths teacher employment working conditions teach reward remuneration teacher standards teacher accountability school governance ref name teacher recruitment retention effective education system must way attract retain outstanding educators growing demand teachers supply continues diminish many leave profession development threat academic economic welfare students


complex cases full mouth rehabilitation tmj related disorders congenital disorders sleep apnea planning fabricating various prostheses prosthodontists comparison general dentists united states prosthodontists consistently ranked th th positions forbes among america 's competitive highest salaried jobs ref name forbes ref ref name orgrpts ref ref name forbes ref board certification awarded american board prosthodontics abp requires successful completion part written examination part oral examinations written one oral examination may taken rd year speciality

Applied science
Medicine and health
Dentistry
Prosthodontics


form records ref name iso ref organization 's records preserve aspects institutional memory determining long retain records capacity use important many kept evidence activities transactions decisions others document happened purpose records management part organization 's broader function governance risk management compliance primarily concerned managing evidence organization 's activities well reduction mitigation risk associated ref name grc tarantino ref recent research shows linkages records management accountability governance concepts record

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Records management


concept '' 'record''' variously defined iso defines ' 'records'' information created received maintained evidence asset organization person pursuit legal obligations transaction business ref name iso many purposes benefits records management definition highlights key feature records ability serve evidence event proper records management help preserve feature records recent comprehensive studies defined records persistent representations activities recorded created participants


costly terms wasted space resources expended searching records ''inactive record'' record longer needed conduct current business preserved meets end retention period project ends product line retired end fiscal reporting period reached records may hold business legal fiscal historical value entity future therefore required maintained short permanent duration records managed according retention schedule


stored way accessible safeguarded environmental damage typical paper document may stored filing cabinet office however organisations employ file rooms specialized environmental controls including temperature humidity vital records may need stored disaster resistant safe vault protect fire flood earthquakes conflict extreme cases item may require disaster proofing public access original signed us constitution civil engineers may need consulted determine file room effectively withstand


concepts since many tools allow rapid creation dissemination records often even anonymous form records life cycle management difficult challenge many enterprises tied tracking records entire information life cycle 's clear times record exists still exists tracking records life cycles allows records management staff understand apply records related rules rules legal hold destruction conversion paper records electronic form


author debator supporter india theory georg feuerstein david frawley american hindutva author astrologer historical revisionist rajiv malhotra indian american hindutva author activist shrikant talageri india proponent hindu nationalist hans bakker indology organisations faculty sanskrit vidya dharma vigyan banaras hindu university adyar library research centre chennai bhandarkar oriental research institute pune oriental research institute mysore oriental research institute manuscripts library thiruvananthapuram lalbhai dalpatbhai institute indology along lalbhai dalpatbhai museum adjacent institute ahmedabad gujarat india american institute indian studies french institute

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Indology


first established switzerland followed germany france italy italian sports medicine federation sports medicine established specialty italy first country european union medical specialists defined necessary training requirements establishment specialty sports medicine given european country goal european federation sports medicine associations eventually establish sports medicine specialty european countries australia new zealand sport exercise medicine stand alone medical specialty

Human physical performance and recreation


following areas accounting auditing taxation financial management professional ethics corporate governance controllership entrepreneurship experimental economics agency theory accounting research tailored specific industry knowledge based accounting law firms hotels well accounting quality accounting scholarship rankings ability researchers institutions produce quality accounting research important factor many decisions made academic community decisions may include program perspective phd student attend professor teach collaborate project many studies

Applied science
Business
Accounting
Accounting scholarship


concerned including profit cost revenue capital derived economics turn accounting concepts play important role economics notably relation national accounts united kingdom united kingdom many professors accounting members one four registered auditors consultative committee accountancy bodies members including acca icaew icas icai recognized companies act refer articles chartered accountant chartered certified accountant acca information uk government policy top mbas however means compulsory key


criterion offered professorship chair contribution research evaluated basis published articles scholarly journals united states united states minimum requirement appointment instructor accredited university bachelor 's degree accounting additional eighteen credits accounting post graduate study post graduate degree mba masters accountancy highly recommended phd accounting related field required appointment top tier business school especially one research undertaken


full employment aspects sarbanes oxley act effects recent accounting scandals references external links http wwwcfocom articlecfm c cpas back vogue n't forget mba skills experience accounting finance best full career http wwwwebcpacom articlecfmarticleid pg acctoday accounting enrollments rising


warfare '''theater''' '''theatre''' see spelling differences area important military events occur progressing ref name thefreedictionary ref theater include entirety airspace land sea area may potentially become involved war operations theater war book ''on war'' carl von clausewitz defines term ''kriegstheater'' translating older th century latin term ''theatrum belli'' one ref theater operations ''theater operations'' sub area within theater war boundary

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Theater (warfare)


become unusable years due variety reasons damaged spindle motors flash memory found ssds phones usb flash drives memory cards sd microsd compactflash cards start lose data around year last use depending storage temperature much data written lifetime currently optical data storage potential store digital data thousands years archival disc based media available designed last years

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Digital preservation


period years internet archive created archive vintage software way preserve exemption renewed indefinitely extended pending rulemakings purpose preservation archival reproduction published digital works library archive github archive program stored github 's open source code secure vault svalbard frozen norwegian island spitsbergen part arctic world archive code stored qr codes ref name buried another challenge surrounding preservation digital


event arctic world archive stored specially developed film coated silver halide lifespan years represents secure snapshot data archiving intended five year intervals ref name buried strategies online computer library center developed four point strategy long term preservation digital objects consisted assessing risks loss content posed technology variables commonly used proprietary file formats software applications evaluating digital content objects determine type degree format conversion preservation actions applied determining appropriate


likelihood potential impact risks repository auditor required describe document repository 's role objectives policies activities assets order identify assess risks associated activities assets define appropriate measures manage european framework audit certification digital repositories https webarchiveorg web http wwwtrusteddigitalrepositoryeu site trusted digital repositoryhtml european framework audit certification digital repositories defined memorandum understanding signed july consultative committee space data systems ccsds data seal approval dsa board german institute standardization din trustworthy archives nbsp


contemporary copyright law also provides access academic works open access license ref name claburn digital building preservation creation model historical building needs lot effort recent advances technology led developments rendered buildings virtual space traditionally buildings video games rendered via code many game studios done highly detailed renderings see assassin 's creed due preservationist highly capable teams professional coders universities begun developing methods


akerlof 's market lemons two primary solutions problem signaling screening moral hazard contracting principal agent may describable second best solution payoffs alone observable information asymmetry signaling michael spence originally proposed idea signaling proposed situation information asymmetry possible people signal type thus credibly transferring information party resolving asymmetry idea originally studied context looking job employer interested

Social science
Economics
Information economics


come renewable sources soviet union russia oil gas supplier europe soviet union largest energy provider world late russia one world 's energy superpowers rich natural energy resources world 's leading net energy exporter major supplier european union main document defining energy policy russia energy strategy initially set policy period later reviewed amended prolonged russia also signed ratified

Applied science
Public administration
Energy policy


st rmer michael ''strategische geografie'' leitartikel ''die welt'' online february external links http europeangeostrategyideasoneuropeeu european geostrategy geopolitics human geography international security

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Strategic geography


thinking often leads dissolution distinct states ref name lenski '''political economy world systems''' pews branch historical macrosociology bases analysis systems states searching generalizations interdependencies among system 's components principles variation among systemic conditions across time space ref name lenski historical macrosociologists include ref name lenski charles tilly developed theory chs analysis based national states immanuel wallerstein developed world systems theory analysis based world capitalist systems linking micro macro sociology perhaps highly


boutmy famous explorer social political geographical concepts national interactions contributed various works political psychology ''english people study political psychology'' ''the american people elements political psychology'' ref name rudmin p ref contributor crowd theory gustave le bon suggested crowd activity subdued polluted rational thought resulted uncontrollable impulses emotions suggested works ''psychology socialism'' ''political psychology social defense'' uncontrollable state crowd people vulnerable submission

Social science
Psychology
Political psychology


psychometrics measurement attitude thurstone chave methodological revolution social science gave quantitative grounds therefore credibility political psychology research political preference campaigns spurred george gallup founded american institute public opinion election america drew lot attention connection start world war ii gallup roper crossley instigated research chances roosevelt elected lazarsfeld berelson gaudet also conducted famous panel study people 's choice election campaign studies


psychological variables behave regard international issues mcguire identifies three broad phases development political psychology three phases era personality studies dominated psychoanalysis era political attitudes voting behavior studies characterized popularity rational man assumptions era since focused political beliefs information processing decision making dealt particular international politics personality politics study personality political


recognized within society hans eysenck contributed three major traits currently however costa mccrae 's big five personality dimensions recognized include neuroticism extraversion agreeableness openness experience conscientiousness theories political psychology induce one 's combination traits implications leadership style capacity example individuals score highly extroversion demonstrated superior leadership skills myers briggs type indicator mbti personality assessment scale commonly used study political personality job profiling motive based approach terms political psychology


motivation viewed goal oriented behavior driven need four things power affiliation intimacy achievement categories grouped winter murray 's twenty suggested common human goals need power affects style leader performs winter stewart suggested leaders high power motivation low need affiliation intimacy motivation make better presidents affiliation motivated leaders alternatively tend collaborate joint efforts absence threat lastly achievement motivation demonstrated correspond political success especially higher power motivation winter


conflict resolving strategies alternative approach operational code method introduced nathan leites restructured alexander george code based five philosophical beliefs five instrumental beliefs verbs context vic coding system employed profiler plus computer program allows substantial bodies written spoken speech interviews writings analyzed subjectively method attempts able predict behavior thorough applying knowledge various beliefs although political behavior governed represented leader consequential influence leader largely depends upon


leaders factors considered attempting form efficient political group president decision efficiency example affected degree members advisory group hierarchical status roles member assigned group function studying purpose formation group whether serving functional purpose interpersonal attraction purpose mackie goethals implications political popularity often people join groups order fulfill certain survival interpersonal informational collective needs political party provides stability clear information offers


international society political psychology http wwwgwuedu learn graduateprofessional findagraduateprogram fulllistofprograms politicalpsychology political psychology george washington university https wwwfacebookcom pages colchester united kingdom political psychology ref ts facebook page political psychology psychology


impact factor ranking nd journals category political science th journals category psychology social ref name wos ref ''political psychology'' institutions worldwide downloads manuscripts published journal journal ''political psychology'' housed centre social issues research university limerick ireland editors chief orla muldoon james liu editorial manager cillian mchugh co editors pablo de tezano pinto sammyh khan robert klemmensen ching lee james mcauley chris weber associate editors veronica hopner sarah


chemicals workers exposed natural disaster class wikitable '''chemical''' '''tlv twa mg sup sup ''' '''pel mg sup sup ''' '''idlh mg sup sup ''' '''magnesium''' '''phosphorus''' established '''ammonia''' '''silica r ''' '''chlorine dioxide''' '''asbestos''' fibers fibers established '''direct release''' magnesium phosphorus ammonia silica '''intentional release''' insecticides chlorine dioxide '''unintentional release''' crude oil components benzene n hexane hydrogen sulfide cumene ethylbenzene naphthalene toluene xylenes pcbs agrochemicals asbestos biological exposures '''mold exposures''' exposure mold commonly seen natural disaster

Applied science
Public administration
Emergency management


desire assist go organized volunteer organizations self deploy affected locations national volunteer organizations active disaster voad serves primary point contact volunteer organization coordination states state voad organization employer responsibilities every employer required maintain safe healthy workplace employees emergency situation occurs employers expected protect workers harm resulting potential hazard including physical chemical biological exposure addition employer provide pre emergency training build emergency action


workers may encounter emergency situations hazard control employers conduct hazard control elimination substitution eliminating hazard workplace engineering controls work practice administrative controls change task performed reduce probability exposure personal protective equipment training employers train employees annually emergency action plan implemented inform employees responsibilities plan action emergency situations training program include types emergencies may occur appropriate response evacuation procedure warning reporting procedure shutdown


least gallon water per person day least days alert hazards frozen water resultant container rupture basic toolkit pliers wrench screwdriver pet supplies food water radio battery hand cranked snowy areas cat litter sand better tire traction shovel ice scraper warm clothes gloves hat sturdy boots jacket extra change clothes blankets sleeping bags charged cell phone car charger addition emergency supplies training various situations fema offers advice mitigate disasters agency gives instructions


concentrating difficulty making decisions increased alcohol substance use increased physical aches pains complaints headaches trouble nerves profession professional emergency managers focus government community preparedness private business preparedness training provided local state federal private organizations ranges public information media relations high level incident command tactical skills past field emergency management populated mostly people military first responder background field diversified many managers coming variety backgrounds educational opportunities


growth high medium low seriousness high medium low memory institutions cultural property disaster plan book rockefeller university biochemistry research laboratory professionals memory institutions eg museums historical societies etc dedicated preserving cultural heritage objects records increasingly major component within emergency management field result heightened awareness following september attacks hurricanes collapse cologne archives international


fires chaplaincy mobile shower units chainsaw crews trained volunteers southern baptist disaster relief one largest disaster relief organizations us similar services also provided methodist relief services lutherans samaritan 's purse unaffiliated volunteers show large disasters prevent abuse criminals safety volunteers procedures implemented within response agencies manage effectively use 'suvs' spontaneous unaffiliated volunteers us congress established center excellence disaster management humanitarian assistance coe principal agency


psychologists take biopsychosocial approach words health psychologists understand health product biological processes eg virus tumor etc also psychological eg thoughts beliefs behavioral eg habits social processes eg socioeconomic status ethnicity ref name ogden j understanding psychological factors influence health constructively applying knowledge health psychologists improve health working directly individual patients indirectly large scale public health programs addition health psychologists help train healthcare professionals eg physicians nurses apply knowledge discipline generated

Social science
Psychology
Health psychology


communal activities one contributes miller says eclectic theory ties together past discoveries many disciplines provides outline new findings fitted miller says concepts space time matter energy information essential theory living systems exist space made matter energy organized information miller 's theory living systems employs two sorts spaces physical geographical space conceptual abstracted spaces time fundamental fourth dimension physical space time continuum spiral matter anything

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems theory
Living systems theory


deciders traditionally theory level based upon intuition study history rather data collection quantitative research done construction global system models simulations currently burgeoning blockquote supranational system level miller 's emphasis international organizations associations groups comprising representatives societies nation states miller identifies subsystems level suit emphasis thus example reproducer multipurpose supranational system creates single purpose supranational organization p nbsp boundary supranational forces usually located near supranational borders defend


mainland china many scholars view folk religion positive light recent times traditional religion experiencing revival china taiwan forms received official understanding recognition preservation traditional culture mazuism sanyi teaching fujian ref name rctc zhuo xinping relationship religion state people 's republic china'' http wwwchina zentrumde fileadmin redaktion rctc complete issuepdf religions christianity today 's china '' iv pp ref huangdi worship forms local worship example longwang pangu caishen worship diversity chinese religions variety sources

Humanities
Theology
Chinese Folk Religion


identified find essential features ancient indigenous ethnic religion china according chen xiaoyi local indigenous religion crucial factor harmonious religious ecology balance forces given community professor han bingfang called rectification distorted names distorted names superstitious activities feudal superstition derogatorily applied indigenous religion leftist policies christian missionaries also used propaganda label feudal superstition order undermine religious competitor han calls


province province even one village another religious behaviour bound local communities kinship environments setting institution ritual behaviour assumes highly organised forms temples gods acquire symbolic character perform specific functions involved everyday life local community local religion preserves aspects natural beliefs totemism ref name wang pp wang pp ref animism shamanism ancient chinese religion pervades aspects social life many scholars following lead sociologist c k yang see ancient chinese religion deeply embedded


iii pp modern graph ''tian'' would derive zhou version shang archaic form ''d '' shang oracle bone script px represents fish entering astral square zhou version represents human like body head mind informed astral pole px ref name didier vol iii pp didier links chinese astral square ''tian'' ''di'' characters well known symbols god divinity northern pole key ancient cultural centres harappan vedic aryan spoked wheels crosses


polarity ''yin'' ''yang'' ref name adler p adler http www kenyonedu depts religion fac adler writings non theisticpdf p ref taoism ''tao'' way denotes one concept impersonal absolute ''tian'' order manifestation ''li'' ''yin'' ''yang'' ''gui'' ' 'shen'' motifs small image yin yang naturally formed log germany cosmological diagram ''d '' mountain growing heaven square order ''ti n'' big dipper combination recombination belowstyle text align left ''qu nj nx l ngg ng'' numinous palace brook


land springs quanzhou fujian ''yin'' ''yang'' whose root meanings respectively shady sunny dark light modes manifestation ''qi'' material things yin ''qi'' dense dark sinking wet condensing mode yang denotes light bright rising dry expanding modality described ''taiji'' great pole represent polarity complementarity enlivens cosmos ref name adler p also conceived disorder order activity passivity act ''yang'' usually preferred receptiveness ''yin'' ref


concept ''bao ying'' reciprocity retribution judgement inscribed cosmological view ordered world manifestations allotted span ' 'shu'' destiny rewarded according moral cosmic quality actions determines fate written zhou texts doer good heaven sends blessings doer evil sends calamities cosmic significance ''bao ying'' better understood exploring two traditional concepts fate meaning ''ming yun'' personal destiny given condition


sway spiritual forces humans actively engage striving change fate prove worth earthly life chinese traditional view human destiny dichotomy fatalism optimism overcome human beings shape personal destiny grasp real worth transformation universe seeing place alliance gods heaven surpass constraints physical body mind ''ling'' ''xianling'' holy numen temple brahma simianshen four faced god chinese changhua


cannot understood either ''yin'' ''yang'' cross disrupt polarity therefore cannot conceptualised regarded numinous entities possessing unusual spiritual characteristics albino members species beings part animal part human people die unusual ways suicide battlefields considered numinous notion ''xian ling'' variously translated divine efficacy virtue simply numen important relationship people gods describes manifestation activity power god ''ling qi''


' 'sh nsh '' literally society god synonymous ' 'shehui'' ' 'sh '' originally meant altar community 's earth god ''hu '' means association assembly church gathering type religious trusts dedicated god bound single village temple god wider following multiple villages provinces even national importance mao zedong distinguished god associations village communities temple associations analysis religious trusts ref name mao hui p ref words every kind type


former buddhist temple iron tiles temple stood destituted destroyed part roof tiles new temples ruins former temple excavated folk ritual masters conducting ceremony ''w nmi o'' jiangyin wuxi jiangsu temple ''w nd '' god culture enshrined confucius confucianism taoism formalised ritual doctrinal philosophical traditions considered embedded within larger category chinese religion separate religions fact one practise certain folk cults espouse tenets


common followers folk believers part taoist orders identified taoists zhengyi school called ' 's nj oshi'' ''hu j oshi'' respectively meaning scattered daoshi daoshi living home hearth get married perform profession priests part time occupation may perform rituals offering ''jiao'' thanks giving propitiation exorcism rites passage local communities' temples private homes ref name davis daoists edward l davis ''encyclopedia contemporary chinese culture'' http contemporary chinese cultureacademicru daoist priests daoist priests http contemporary chinese cultureacademicru vernacular priests daoist buddhist vernacular priests ref local gods local cultures often


' 'sanju daoshi'' within fabric society considered taoist priests ' 'daoshi'' taoism trace lineage celestial masters taoists officially registered state taoist church ''fashi'' defined kataphatic filling character opposition professional taoists kenotic emptying apophatic character organised folk religious sects qi hebi headquarters weixinist church henan china long history sect traditions characterised soteriological eschatological character often called salvationist religions ''ji z ngji o'' emerged common


social morality refined confucian ritual worship gods way later heaven ''h uti nd o'' cosmological state created things movements banned early republican china later communist china many still remain illegal underground unrecognised china others specifically de teaching tiandi teachings xuanyuan teaching weixinism yiguandao developed cooperation mainland china 's academic non governmental organisations ref name rctc sanyi teaching organised folk religion founded th century present putian region xinghua fujian legally recognised ref name rctc


people chinese taoists gradually penetrate within indigenous religions peoples cases working side side indigenous priests cases taking latter 's function integrating requiring ordination taoists ref name seiwert usually indigenous ritual practices remain unaffected adopted taoist liturgy indigenous gods identified chinese gods ref name seiwert seiwert discusses phenomenon merger chinese folk religion mere elimination non chinese indigenous religions rather cultural orientation local priests southwestern ethnic minorities often acquire prestige identifying taoists


say order ''li'' greatnine ''tian'' chinese tradition clear distinction gods physical body bodies stars trees animals qualitative difference two seems ever emphasised rather disparity said quantitative qualitative doctrinal terms chinese view gods related understanding ''qi'' life force gods phenomenal productions manifestations way natural bodies believed able attain supernatural attributes


''qiongxiao guniang'' ''bixiao guniang'' southeastern provinces cult chen jinggu identified scholars emanation northern cult bixia local goddesses motherly features including northern canmu silkworm mother mazu ancestral mother popular provinces along eastern coast taiwan title queen heaven ''ti nh u'' frequently attributed mazu doumu cosmic goddess worship modalities religious practice central taiwan vows deity chinese temple vietnam xiao ancestral temple


p sacrifice consist incense oil candles well money religious devotion may also express form performance troupes ''huahui'' involving many types professionals stilt walkers lion dancers musicians martial arts masters ''yangge'' dancers story tellers deities also respected moral deeds name ' 'shanshi'' self cultivation ''xiuxing'' forms folk religion develop clear prescriptions believers detailed lists meritorious sinful deeds form morality books ' 'shanshu'' ledgers merit demerit ref name zavidovskaya p zavidovskaya


forces today generally encompassed definition ''j '' however different scale quantity types sacrifice would normally involve food wine meat later incense sacrifices usually differ according kind deity devoted traditionally cosmic nature gods offered uncooked whole food ancestors offered cooked food moreover sacrifices gods made inside temples enshrine sacrifices ancestors made outside temples yearly sacrifices ''ji'' made confucius red yellow emperors cultural heroes ancestors past history


renewal say reconciliation community around spiritual centre ''jiao'' ritual usually starts ''zhai'' fasting purification meant atonement evil followed sacrificial offerings rite great political importance intended whole nation fact early song dynasty emperors asked renowned taoists perform rituals behalf entire nation modern chinese republic given approval taoists conduct rituals since aim protecting country nation


sects ''gu n'' appropriate chinese translation western term temple refer contemplation divine according astral patterns sky icon deity together extension ' 'd ogu n'' contemplate observe dao used exclusively taoist temples monasteries state taoist church generic terms include ''yu n'' meaning sanctuary secular usage courtyard college hospital institution ''y n'' rock ' 'd ng'' hole cave referring temples set caves cliffs generic


jiaobei ancestor worship ancestral halls ancestral tablet chinese lineage associations hong kong government lunar new year kau chim tradition religious goods store papier mache offering shops hong kong bell church bell church temple feng shui chinese creation myths chinese mythology ethnic religion ''ti n'' notes references citations sources location boyang taipei date url http homeuni leipzigde clartp yanjiu xin shijie pdf volumes online http classiquesuqacca classiques groot jjm de religious system china religious systemhtml les classiques des sciences sociales universit du qu bec chicoutimi scribd https wwwscribdcom doc religious system china vol groot vol https wwwscribdcom doc religious system china vol groot vol https wwwscribdcom doc religious system china vol groot vol https wwwscribdcom doc religious system china vol groot vol https wwwscribdcom doc religious system china vol groot vol https wwwscribdcom doc religious system china vol groot vol '' http sino platonicorg complete spp vol pdf


world system methodology knowledge much less proven natural science social sciences like sociology economics debate whether discipline art science sometimes described pseudoscience ref name oxford ref ref name williams ref nevertheless association professional futurists formed developing foresight competency model possible academically study example fu berlin master 's course overview futurology interdisciplinary field aggregates analyzes trends lay professional methods

Social science
Sociology
Futures studies


see sort submarine anything suffocate crew founder sea moving narrow technological predictions wells envisioned eventual collapse capitalist world system series destructive total wars havoc would ultimately emerge world peace plenty controlled competent technocrats ref name wagar work bestseller wells invited deliver lecture royal institution entitled ''the discovery future'' lecture well received soon republished book form advocated establishment new academic study


bomb ''the world set free'' ''the shape things come'' impending world war cities destroyed aerial bombardment depicted however n't stop advocating establishment futures science bbc broadcast called establishment departments professors foresight foreshadowing development modern academic futures studies approximately years ref name wells hg p beginning th century future works often shaped political forces turmoil wwi era led adoption futures thinking institutions


celestial mechanics highly predictable may even described relatively simple mathematical models present however science yielded special minority easy predict physical processes theories chaos theory nonlinear science standard evolutionary theory allowed us understand many complex systems contingent sensitively dependent complex environmental conditions stochastic random within constraints making vast majority future events unpredictable ''in specific case'' surprisingly tension predictability unpredictability source controversy conflict among futures studies scholars practitioners argue


assigning probability future scenarios futurists find probabilities useful certain situations probabilities stimulate thinking scenarios within organizations https webarchiveorg web https pdfssemanticscholarorg f cef b c fbb e bd fa pdf nowiki nowiki dealing three ps w model estimates probability involved two four central concerns discerning classifying probable wildcard events considering range possible futures recognizing plurality existing alternative futures characterizing attempting resolve normative disagreements future envisioning creating preferred futures major areas scholarship estimates probability futures studies normative


starts establishing number scenarios setting scenarios takes place process many stages take place evidence based manner scenarios also study unlikely improbable developments would otherwise ignored however credibility entirely utopian dystopian one stages involves study emerging issues '''megatrends''' '''trends''' '''weak signals''' megatrends illustrate major long term phenomena change slowly often interlinked cannot transformed instant trends express increase decrease phenomenon many ways


wild card example climate change hypothesis gone type high impact high credibility low probability science accepted thought unlikely happen type ii high probability high impact low credibility policy makers lobbyists push back science type iii high probability high impact high credibility least people still probably accept science greenland ice sheet completely melted sea level risen seven meters estimated rise concept may


http wwwfutureshawaiiedu hawaii research center future studies offers master 's addition doctorate phd science fiction wendell bell ed cornish acknowledge science fiction catalyst future studies conjuring visions tomorrow ref name morgan matthew j morgan matthew j fringes future opportunities futures studies futures research quarterly web march ref science fiction 's potential provide imaginative social vision contribution futures studies public perspective productive sci fi presents plausible normative scenarios ref name morgan matthew j jim dator attributes foundational concepts


science fiction futures studies cross fertilize well ways differ distinctly science fiction cannot simply considered fictionalized futures studies may aims foresight prediction concerned shaping future genre literature understood explicit pillar futures studies due inconsistency integrated futures research additionally dennis livingston literature futures journal critic says depiction truly alternative societies one science fiction strong points especially preferred normative envisages


create pragmatically feasible roads alternative futures academic programs research centers future studies program wwwfuturestudiesprogramcom houston foresight program university houston copenhagen institute futures studies futures academy dublin institute technology ireland institute futures research university stellenbosch south africa institute future palo alto california national intelligence council office director national intelligence washington dc machine intelligence research institute miri berkeley ca previously known singularity institute tellus institute boston world future society world futures studies federation world future humanity institute millennium project futurists futurists


safe consume ref name ref countries fsms legal requirement obliges food production businesses use maintain fsms based principles hazard analysis critical control point haccp ref name haccp management system addresses food safety analysis control biological chemical physical hazards stages food supply chain iso standard specifies requirements fsms emerging technologies following technologies continue evolve contributed innovation advancement food engineering practices production cookies automation

Applied science
Agriculture
Agricultural engineering
Food engineering


chain food processing shipping commercialization biosensors also help detection genetically modified organisms gmos help regulate gmo products advancement technologies like nanotechnology quality uses biosensors constantly improved ref name milk pasteurization microwave storage conditions milk controlled milk tends good flavor however oxidized flavor problem affects taste safety milk negative way prevent growth pathogenic bacteria extend shelf life milk pasteurization processes developed


church singing tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis th century '''church music''' christian music written performance church musical setting ecclesiastical liturgy music set words expressing propositions sacred nature hymn history early christian music record communal song gospels last meeting disciples crucifixion outside gospels reference st paul encouraging ephesians colossians use psalms hymns spiritual songs later reference pliny younger writes

Humanities
Performing arts
Music
Church music