theories see dominant ideology purely matter messages propagated case forms narrative fiction thus easily arrive exaltation experimental literature necessarily revolutionary theories easily yielding monolithic thought stem emancipation movements oppressed groups early feminist theory instance often described society universally transhistorically dominated patriarchy every aspect life thereby presenting pejorative view women claim defend andrew ross argues remark goes widely accepted account rock history continuous appropriation

Journalism, media studies and communication


commodities culture industry popular homogenous obey standard conventions media influences tastes children analysis harry potter global brand zipes wrote must conform standards exception set mass media promoted culture industry general phenomenon means person commodity must conform hegemonic groups determine makes phenomenon contemporary liberal pluralism liberal pluralist accounts popular culture theorizing supposedly liberating democratizing function nowadays often pushed


values ideas beliefs depicting action lyrics narratives learn expression feelings may expected accompany depicted actions events also constitutes fundamental part social role naturally expect literature constructively account inform modulate educate feelings hence literature present every human culture along history fundamental role need literature always find way adapt latest technologies furthest reaching


neo apocalyptic intellectuals alain finkielkraut george steiner emphasize concern growing illiteracy masses practice seem mainly concerned high culture illiteracy inability appreciate difficult art literary classics neo aristocratic defense called transhistorical universal human values may also often linked conservative political project return universal values implies delegitimation group conform values coincidence therefore attempts united states define common american cultural legacy tend neglect


commercial book clubs book month club appearing twenties aggressive reactions provoked described janice radway scandal middlebrow according radway book clubs perceived scandalous blurred basic distinctions cultural discourse society haunted spectre cultural standardization leveling towards dared put serious fiction level detective stories adventure stories biographies popular nonfiction book clubs scandalous created space high low could meet soon term middlebrow


matrix diffusion uncontrollable proliferating contamination see also references notes bibliography theodor w adorno ''gesammelte schriften'' frankfurt suhrkamp houston baker handling crisis paper read symposium cultural literacy media age clash values katholieke universiteit leuven august roland barthes ''mythologies'' paris editions du seuil thomas l bonn ''heavy traffic high culture new american library literary gatekeeper paperback revolution'' carbondale edwardsville southern illinois university press pierre bourdieu le march des biens symboliques ''l'ann e sociologique'' pierre


junk fiction'' athens georgia london university georgia press clem robyns beyond first dimension recent tendencies popular culture studies joris vlasselaers ed ''the prince frog'' leuven alw clem robyns defending national identity andreas poltermann ed ''literaturkanon medienereignis kultureller text'' berlin erich schmidt andrew ross ''no respect intellectuals popular culture'' new york london routledge kamaludeen mohamed nasir ''globalized muslim youth asia pacific popular culture singapore sydney'' new york palgrave barbara smith ''contingencies value alternative perspectives critical theory'' cambridge mass london harvard university press alan swingewood


considerable archaeological discussion route taken first colonisers people appear arrived sea period glaciation new guinea tasmania joined continent however journey still required sea travel making among world 's earliest mariners scott cane wrote first wave may prompted eruption lake toba arrived around years ago could crossed water timor sea level low came later around years ago


tribes nations distinct languages various dialects ref name ref aboriginal society egalitarian formal government chiefs authority rested elders held extensive ritual knowledge gained many years group decisions generally made consensus elders traditional economy cooperative males generally hunting large game females gathered local staples small animals shellfish vegetables fruits seeds nuts food shared within groups exchanged across groups aboriginal groups semi nomadic generally ranging specific territory defined natural features members group would enter


waters led portuguese navigator pedro fernandes de queir landed new hebrides believing fabled southern continent named land austrialia del espiritu santo ''southern land holy spirit'' honour queen margaret austria wife philip iii spain later year queir s' deputy lu vaz de torres sailed north australia torres strait along new guinea 's southern coast dutch contributed great deal europe 's knowledge australia 's coast ref name manning clark p manning clark short history australia penguin books


could prove valuable commodities could form base pacific trade could suitable compensation displaced american loyalists following interview secretary state lord sydney matra amended proposal include convicts settlers considering would benefit economy publick humanity individual london newspapers announced november plan presented prime minister cabinet instituting new colony new holland vast tract landevery sort produce improvement


pp ref watkin tench subsequently commented ''a narrative expedition botany bay'' partition may fairly presumed every source future litigation dutch us ever cut discoveries english navigators comprized territory claim also included islands adjacent pacific latitudes cape york southern tip van diemen 's land tasmania king argues unofficial british map published ''a general chart new holland'' showed possible extend


claim british government withdrew extensive territorial claim south pacific passing act specifying tahiti new zealand islands south pacific within majesty 's dominions ref name however unclear whether claim ever extended current islands new zealand ref name ref colony new south wales established arrival first fleet vessels command captain arthur phillip january consisted thousand settlers including convicts women men


south pacific hoped obtain timber flax navy island however safe harbour led settlement abandoned settlers evacuated tasmania island subsequently established site secondary transportation phillip sent exploratory missions search better soils fixed parramatta region promising area expansion moved many convicts late establish small township became main centre colony 's economic life left sydney cove


important port focus social life poor equipment unfamiliar soils climate continued hamper expansion farming farm cove parramatta toongabbie building program assisted convict labour advanced steadily convicts gaolers made majority population however free population soon began grow consisting emancipated convicts locally born children soldiers whose military service expired finally free settlers britain governor phillip departed colony england december new settlement survived near starvation


governor lachlan macquarie macquarie served last autocratic governor new south wales leading role social economic development new south wales saw transition penal colony budding civil society established bank currency hospital employed planner design street layout sydney commissioned construction roads wharves churches public buildings sent explorers sydney road across blue mountains completed opening way


proportion capital settlers would bring almost million acres land granted free settlers decade number sheep island increased million land grants created social division large landowners majority landless convicts emancipists van diemen 's land became separate colony new south wales december continued expand supported farming sheep grazing whaling following suspension convict transportation new south wales van diemen 's land became


expanded north tweed river series disputes northern pastoralists government sydney led increasing demands northern settlers separation new south wales british government agreed separation colony queensland proclaimed settler population new colony vast majority territory still occupied traditional owners convicts colonial society convicts emancipists approximately convicts women transported australian colonies


offices closed due cost failure meets goals new south wales aboriginal reserves established reserves allowed aboriginal people degree autonomy freedom enter leave contrast victorian board protection aborigines created extensive power regulate employment education place residence aboriginal victorians closely managed five reserves missions established since self government protection board gained power exclude half caste aboriginal people missions


united states china also poured victoria new south wales australian population increased victoria became populous colony melbourne largest city chinese migration particular concern colonial officials chinese miners victorian goldfields new south wales diggings widespread belief represented danger white australian living standards morality colonial governments responded imposing range taxes charges restrictions chinese migrants residents anti chinese


spoke english many nationalists spoke australians sharing common blood members british race henry parkes stated crimson thread kinship runs us allwe must unite one great australian people minority nationalists saw distinctive australian identity rather shared britishness basis unified australia radical magazine ''the bulletin'' tasmanian attorney general andrew inglis clark republicans others prepared accept fully independent country australia ceremonial role british monarch poet henry lawson


federated states british crown referendums held resulted solid majorities constitution victoria south australia tasmania however referendum failed gain required majority new south wales colony 's labor party campaigned premier reid gave qualified support earned nickname yes reid premiers colonies agreed number concessions new south wales particularly future commonwealth capital would located state referendums held colonies except western


achieve objectives face determined turkish resistance anzacs evacuated december followed british french early january australians suffered deaths campaign australian war correspondents variously emphasised bravery fighting qualities australians errors british commanders australian servicemen commemorating april date soon became australian national holiday known anzac day centring themes nationhood brotherhood sacrifice five infantry divisions aif sent western front


trip england western front july narrowly cabinet vote hold referendum conscription overseas service september new south wales labor party expelled hughes issue following narrow defeat october conscription referendum state branches labor party began expelling prominent pro conscriptionists november hughes supporters left parliamentary party january formed new nationalist government former opposition nationalists comfortably may elections hughes continued prime minister


held december referendum campaign proved divisive hughes denouncing opponents measure germans australia sinn f iww catholic archbishop melbourne daniel mannix labor premier queensland j ryan prominent campaigners conscription referendum defeated wider margin april recruiting conference including representatives commonwealth government state governments employers labour leaders also failed reach agreement measures increase troop numbers enlistments lowest war leading


disbandment battalions mutinies aif paris peace conference hughes attended imperial war conference imperial war cabinet london june australia new zealand canada south africa british support separate representation eventual peace conference paris peace conference hughes argued germany pay full cost war ultimately gained million war reparations australia australia self governing british dominions right become full members new league nations


obtained influence trade union movement banned world war ii support molotov ribbentrop pact menzies government unsuccessfully tried ban korean war despite splits party remained active dissolution end cold war country party today 's national party formed promulgate version agrarianism called countrymindedness goal enhance status graziers operators big sheep ranches small farmers secure subsidies enduring longer


bridge march breaking protocol soon dismissed premier jack lang cuts ribbon governor philip game looks australia deeply affected great depression particularly due heavy dependence exports especially primary products wool wheat ref name giblin ref exposed continuous borrowing fund capital works australian state governments already far secure economic indicators took turn worse australia 's dependence exports left extraordinarily vulnerable world market fluctuations according economic


measures premiers' plan pursued orthodox fiscal policy refused accept proposals premier new south wales jack lang default overseas debt repayments according author anne henderson sydney institute lyons held steadfast belief need balance budgets lower costs business restore confidence lyons period gave australia stability eventual growth drama depression outbreak second world war lowering wages enforced industry tariff protections maintained together cheaper raw materials


aboriginal population northern territory date commonwealth states except tasmania passed legislation establishing protectors aborigines protection boards extensive powers regulate lives aboriginal australians including ownership property place residence employment sexual relationships custody children reserves established ostensibly protection aboriginal population dispossessed land church groups also ran missions throughout australia providing shelter food religious instruction elementary schooling indigenous people officials concerned growing number aboriginal


equality mixed descent aboriginal people ref name blockquote efforts state authorities directed towards education children mixed aboriginal blood white standards subsequent employment conditions whites view taking place white community equal footing whites ref name ref blockquote following decades saw increase number aboriginal australians mixed descent removed families although states territories progressively adopted policy cultural rather biological assimilation justified removals grounds child welfare ref name broome


immigrated australia australia 's north mao zedong 's communist party china chinese civil war june communist north korea invaded south korea menzies government responded united states led united nations security council request military aid south korea diverted forces occupied japan begin australia 's involvement korean war fighting bitter standstill un north korea signed ceasefire agreement july australian forces participated major battles kapyong maryang san australians served


one vast majority families access car ref name susan something car ownership flourished postwar period census data estimating per cent australian households early seventies owned least one car however felt rapid suburban growth desirable distinguished architect designer robin boyd critic australia 's built surroundings described australia 'the constant sponge lying pacific' following fashions overseas lacking confidence home produced original ideas dadaist comedian barry humphries performed character edna everage


parody house proud housewife staid melbourne suburbia character later morphed critique self obsessed celebrity culture first many satirical stage screen creations based around quirky australian characters sandy stone morose elderly suburbanite barry mckenzie naive australian expat london sir les patterson vulgar parody whitlam era politician writers defended suburban life journalist craig macgregor saw suburban life solution needs migrants hugh stretton argued plenty dreary lives indeed lived suburbs


dominant theme australia 's foreign policy australia 's liberal country party governments anti communism another former diplomat gregory clark suggested specifically fear china drove australian foreign policy decisions twenty years anzus security treaty signed origins australia 's new zealand 's fears rearmed japan obligations us australia new zealand vague influence australian foreign policy thinking times significant seato treaty signed three years later clearly demonstrated


us bombing campaign north vietnam indigenous affairs government introduced policy self determination aboriginal people economic social political affairs federal expenditure aboriginal services increased million million three years government ref name haebich anna kinnane steve indigenous australians ''the cambridge history australia volume '' p ref one first acts whitlam government establish royal commission land rights northern territory justice woodward legislation based findings passed law fraser government


billion although economic growth slowed australia one advanced economies world avoid recession rudd declared climate change great moral challenge generation government proposed emissions trading scheme ets address issue necessary legislation however twice rejected senate opposition greens refused support december un climate change conference copenhagen failed produce agreed international response global warming government decided postpone ets decision saw labor lose


minister promising replace carbon tax emissions trading scheme ensure asylum seekers arriving boat would settled australia opposition promising stop boats abolish carbon tax mining tax reduce budget deficit government debt september election liberal national coalition government present return liberal national coalition power six years opposition initially failed restore stability office prime minister prime minister tony abbott 's rival malcolm turnbull challenged leadership liberals


title per cent northern territory land per cent south australian land queensland government granted aboriginal reserve land occupiers grants gave limited rights revocable time small proportion land states transferred traditional owners hawke government handed uluru ayers rock traditional owners lease back commonwealth west australian government granted aboriginal reserve land amounting per cent state 's land traditional owners


average earnings women working full time per cent men ref name ref five ten years number women private sector leadership roles female federal justices judges federal parliamentarians increased gradually ref name however australia fallen ninth th inter parliamentary union 's ranking countries women 's representation national parliaments migrants cultural diversity malcolm fraser committed multicultural australia per cent australian population born australia new


zealand uk ireland another eight per cent born continental europe white australia policy force migrants expected assimilate australian way life white australia policy gradually dismantled formally abolished governments developed policy multiculturalism manage australia 's increasing cultural diversity august labor 's immigration minister al grassby announced vision ''a multi cultural society future'' policy cultural pluralism based principles social cohesion equality opportunity cultural identity soon gained


twenty australian novels published grown around writers received grants books subsidised literature board writers published first book include peter carey david malouf murray bail elizabeth jolley helen garner tim winton ref name carter david griffen foley bridget p ref also growing recognition indigenous cultural movements early aboriginal elders papunya began using acrylic paints make dot paintings based traditional honey ant dreaming indigenous artists


cultural overconfidence new millennium globalisation australian economy society developments jet travel internet largely overcome tyranny distance influenced australian arts culture overseas cultural works could readily accessed person virtually australian performers australian ballet australian chamber orchestra frequently toured abroad growing number international art exhibitions art basel hong kong queensland art gallery 's asia pacific triennial contemporary art increased exposure australian art region wider global market ref


howard offered personal regret forced removals refused offer parliamentary apology arguing might prejudice future legal actions government expected apologise actions previous governments release report government 's response sparked heated political media public debate facts forced removals appropriate political response ref name macintyre stuart clark anna pp ref ref name broome richard pp ref anthropologist ron brunton published paper criticising hreoc inquiry various grounds including inquiry


amounted reworking australian history political correctness davison found political bias labels exhibition went ahead opening museum march following number media allegations left wing political bias museum 's exhibitions museum council initiated another review found systemic political cultural bias museum number historians publicly criticised inquiry political interference independence museum sydney newspaper reported director museum peter morton


democracy'' pp bolton geoffrey ''the oxford history australia volume middle way'' https archiveorg details oxfordhistoryofa unse online clarke frank g ''the history australia'' https wwwquestiacom pmqsta online edition day david ''claiming continent new history australia'' dickey brian ''no charity short history social welfare australia'' routledge edwards john ''curtin 's gift reinterpreting australia 's greatest prime minister'' https wwwquestiacom read online edition firth stewart ''australia international politics introduction australian foreign policy'' routledge hughes robert ''the fatal shore epic australia 's founding'' irving terry connell raewyn


society commemoration xxvth anniversary foundation heeres j e ed ''abel janszoon tasman 's journal discovery van diemens land new zealand documents relating exploration australia '' amsterdam frederick muller henderson graeme ''unfinished voyages western australian shipwrecks '' nedlands university western australia press henderson j ''sent forth dove discovery duyfken'' nedlands university western australia press pp hiatt alfred wortham christopher et al eds ''european perceptions terra australis'' farnham ashgate hoving ab emke cor ''de schepen van


marooned dutch mariners voc passengers' nonja peters ed ''the dutch '' university wa press sydney pp nbsp gerritsen rupert 'the landing site debate australia 's first european residents marooned ' pp nbsp p hornsby j maschke eds ''hydro conference proceedings focus asia'' international federation hydrographic societies belrose gerritsen rupert 'the batavia mutiny australia 's first military conflict ' sabretache journal proceedings military historical society australia gerritsen rupert 'australia 's first criminal prosecutions ' canberra batavia online publishing gibbs martin


australia '' melbourne oxford university press reading external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwthemonthlycomau tm node ''australia official history'' john hirst february ''the monthly'' https webarchiveorg web http wwwatmitchellcom journeys history history australian nation state library nsw http gutenbergnetau aust historyhtml australian history page http gutenbergnetau project gutenberg australia https webarchiveorg web http wwwbushpoetryorgau bush poetry source australian history http wwwtandfonlinecom toc rahs current ''australian historical studies'' scholarly journal https webarchiveorg web http uowlibguidescom contentphppid sid ''historical primary sources'' http wwwslnswgovau discover collections indexhtml state library new south wales online collections http wwwawmgovau database australian war memorial collections https wwwscribdcom doc inspirational people profiled laurence macdonald muir inspirational australian people profiled laurence macdonald muir https webarchiveorg web http australianempirewebscom australian empire rob robinson https webarchiveorg web http wwwslnswgovau discover collections history nation terra australis indexhtml terra


properties bigger system always properties components system made alexander morgan broad classical emergentists introduced idea emergence early th century aim method find good enough accommodation two different extreme ontologies reductionist materialism dualism ref name eacics emergence valuable important role foundation computational sociology necessarily agree one major leader field epstein doubted use

Social science
Sociology
Social transformation
Computational sociology


levels view entities agents nodes connections edges see formation networks connections networks come based objective relationships entities rather decided upon factors chosen participating entities challenge process difficult identify set entities form network networks may trust networks co operation networks dependence networks etc cases heterogeneous set entities shown form strong


meaningful networks among discussed previously societies fall levels one level individual level micro macro link refers interactions create higher levels set questions needs answered regarding micro macro links formed converge feedback pushed lower levels pushed another major challenge category concerns validity information sources recent years boom information gathering processing however little attention paid


sp brazil http inctcnpqbr web inct sc instituto nacional de ci ncia e tecnologia de sistemas complexos centro brasileiro de pesquisas f sicas rio de janeiro rj brazil asia http bandungfenet bandung fe institute centre complexity surya university bandung indonesia europe http cfpmorg centre policy modelling manchester uk http cresssocsurreyacuk centre research social simulation university surrey uk https webarchiveorg web http dlucdie ucd dynamics lab centre computational social science geary institute public policy university college dublin ireland http wwwrugnl research gcscs groningen center social complexity studies gcscs groningen nl http wwwsomsethzch chair sociology particular modeling simulation soms z rich switzerland http wwwecounibsit gecs research group experimental


creating ashkenazic national epic comparable ''nibelungenlied'' song roland another influential work old yiddish literature ''mayse bukh'' story book work collects ethical tales based hebrew rabbinic sources well folk tales legends based inclusion non jewish stories scholars deduced compiler lived area western germany last third th century first published instructional stories still read highly religious communities especially among hasidim commentary written

Humanities
Languages and literature
Yiddish Literature


jewish life developing yiddish literary scene united states first decades twentieth century women writers regarded literary critics rare phenomenon time editors newspapers journals especially socialist anarchist press eager publish women 's work hallmark modernity hope boosting circulation however leading male writers editors including avrom reyzen aaron glanz leyeles expressed view women writers particular contribution make emerging american yiddish literature women


collected anthology vidervuks regrowth published recent works many contemporary authors appeared paris gilgulim naye shafungen jerusalem yerusholaymer almanakh new generation yiddish writers emerged hasidic haredi movements contemporary orthodoxy author known pseudonym katle kanye writes blistering satire current halakhic literature well poetry thoughtful commentary hasidic life another example haredi yiddish blog writer natirlich spy thrillers yiddish become popular genre within hasidic communities european literatures strong influence


commonly referred '''fire hazards''' fire hazard may include situation increases likelihood fire may impede escape event fire occurs fire safety often component building safety inspect buildings violations fire code go schools educate children fire safety topics fire department members known ''fire prevention officers'' chief fire prevention officer chief fire prevention normally train newcomers fire prevention division may also conduct inspections make presentations elements fire

Applied science
Public administration
Fire safety


example fire codes may require portable fire extinguishers within building may require permanently installed fire detection suppression equipment fire sprinkler system fire alarm system local authorities charged fire safety may conduct regular inspections items usable fire exit proper exit signage functional fire extinguishers correct type accessible places proper storage handling flammable materials depending local regulations fire inspection may result notice required action closing building put compliance


owners update role insurance companies fire safety fire one biggest threats property losses adding billions dollars damages every year alone total amount property damage resulting fire billion united states insurance companies united states responsible financially covering fire loss also responsible managing risk associated commercial insurance companies hire risk control specialist whose primary job survey property ensure compliance nfpa standards


assess current risk level property make recommendations reduce probability fire loss careers property risk management continue grow projected grow united states see also references external links http www iccsafeorg states seattle seattle fire pdfs table contentspdf sample fire code table contents international code council fire prevention fire protection legal codes safety practices


theories number books articles gibson james j gibson stressed importance environment particular direct perception environment organism ''affords'' various actions organism thus appropriate analysis environment crucial explanation perceptually guided behaviour argued animals humans stand 'systems' 'ecological' relation environment adequately explain behaviour necessary study environment niche behaviour took place especially ''information'' 'epistemically

Social science
Psychology
Ecological psychology


'global' structures overall topics schematic organization discourses conversations instance many types discourse begin kind global 'summary' titles headlines leads abstracts problem discourse analyst decide particular feature relevant specification required question many linguists ask general principles determine relevance nature specification topics interest topics discourse analysis include various levels dimensions discourse sounds intonation etc gestures syntax lexicon style rhetoric

Humanities
Languages and literature
Linguistics
Discourse analysis


codeine morphine provides therapeutic effect pain relief person receives one allele mother father code cyp gene person considered extensive metabolizer em phenotype allele considered normal function would represented cyp person b hand received one allele mother allele father individual would intermediate metabolizer im genotype would cyp although individuals taking

Applied science
Medicine and health
Pharmaceutical sciences
Pharmacogenomics


pharmacogenetics become controversial issue area bioethics privacy confidentiality major concerns ref name corrigan ref evidence benefit risk genetic test may suggestive could cause dilemmas providers ref name corrigan drug development may affected rare genetic variants possibly receiving less research ref name corrigan access patient autonomy also open discussion ref name breckenridge ref web based resources class wikitable colspan web resources pharmacogenomics ref name barh book ref ref name stram book ref data source main use citation ''pharmvar'' central repository pharmacogene variation focuses


dynasties pandyans cholas cheras government established chandragupta led autocratic king primarily relied military assert power also applied use bureaucracy even sponsored postal service chandragupta 's grandson ashoka greatly extended empire conquering modern day india save southern tip eventually converted buddhism though began peaceful life promoted religion well humane methods throughout india maurya empire would disintegrate soon ashoka 's death conquered kushan invaders


overthrew last zhou emperor established qin dynasty qin dynasty chinese pinyin q n ch first ruling dynasty imperial china lasting bce new emperor abolished feudal system directly appointed bureaucracy would rely power huang 's imperial forces crushed regional resistance furthered chinese empire expanding south china sea northern vietnam greater organization brought uniform tax system national census regulated road building cart width standard measurements standard coinage official written


mongols incurred upon jin empire jurchens chinese cities soon besieged mongol hordes showed little mercy resisted southern song chinese quickly losing territory current great khan kublai khan claimed emperor china officially established yuan dynasty china control mongols marking first time ever completely conquered foreign invader new capital established khanbaliq modern day beijing kublai khan segregated mongol culture chinese culture discouraging interactions


years th century mongolian dynasty yuan lost power king gongmin tried free mongol although wife also mongolian th century ming dynasty wanted goryeo obey china goryeo n't decided invade china going china general goryeo lee sung gae came back destroyed goryeo established new dynasty joseon became taejo joseon means first king joseon japan sculpture prince sh toku asuka period japan 's medieval history began asuka period around


early th century local leader named nurhaci suddenly united eight banners armies opposing families organized manchus adopted many chinese customs specifically taking bureaucracy nevertheless manchus still remained chinese vassal chinese administration became weak th last emperor chongzhen emperor respond severity ensuing rebellion local dissenters enemy invaded forbidden city personal estate soon hanged imperial gardens brief amount time shun dynasty


prince became th king joseon dynasty hyojong trying revenge kingdom fallen ming dynasty qing later kings yeongjo jeongjo tried improve people 's lives stop governors' unreasonable competition th century th century joseon sent diplomats artists japan times group called 'tongshinsa' sent japan teach japan advanced korean culture japanese people liked receive poems korean nobles time korea powerful japan relationship joseon


lords otherwise largely inflexible nature social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces time taxes peasantry set fixed amounts account inflation changes monetary value result tax revenues collected samurai landowners worth less less time often led numerous confrontations noble impoverished samurai well peasants none however proved compelling enough seriously challenge established order arrival foreign powers india mughal ambassador khan alam negotiating shah abbas great


iran indian subcontinent mughal empire ruled india early th century emperor shah jahan son aurangzeb 's islamic sharia reigns empire reached architectural economic zenith became world 's largest economy worth world gdp signaled proto industrialization ref name voss ref following major events nader shah 's invasion mughal empire battle plassey battle buxar long anglo mysore wars south asia colonised governed british empire thus establishing british raj classic period ended


war chinese communists victorious controlled ever since joseon gojong th king joseon dynasty first emperor korean empire deoksugung palace emperor gojong established korean empire became th century king joseon powerless noble family king 's wife got power ruled country way th king joseon dynasty gojong 's father heungseon daewongun wanted king powerful even n't king father young king


destroyed noble families corrupt organizations royal family got power wanted rebuild gyeongbokgung palace order show royal power people criticized people spent enormous money inflation occurred son real king gojong got power korean empire th king joseon gojong changed nation 's name ''daehan jeguk'' means korean empire also promoted emperor new empire accepted western technology strengthened military power korean empire


grounds reason years korean empire became part empire japan first time ever invasion han dynasty bc contemporary map asia early th century european powers control parts asia early th century british india french indochina spanish east indies portuguese macau goa great game russia britain struggle power central asian region nineteenth century trans siberian railway crossing asia train complete


mesoamerica colonial era christopher columbus landed americas subsequently major sea powers europe sent expeditions new world build trade networks colonies convert native peoples christianity spain concentrated building empire central southern parts americas allotted treaty tordesillas presence large settled societies like aztec inca maya muisca whose human material resources could exploit large concentrations silver gold portuguese built empire

Humanities
History
Latin American history


religion attempting travel americas colonial times individuals work within guidelines christianity order appeal crown granted access travel religion latin america new world religion still prevalent issue considered everyday life many laws based religious beliefs traditions often laws clashed many cultures throughout colonial latin america one central clashes african iberian cultures difference culture resulted


economy individual initiative popular insurrections often influential repressed killed suppression colombian revolt thousand days' war states manage democracy uruguay partially argentina chile costa rica colombia others clearly oligarchist authoritarian although oligarchs caudillos sometimes enjoyed support majority population regimes sought maintain latin america 's lucrative position world economy provider raw materials th century political cartoon president roosevelt intimidating


revolutionary leaders continued zapata assassinated april carranza assassinated may leaving obreg n power officially elected president later year finally villa also assassinated removal main rivals obreg n able consolidate power relative peace returned mexico constitution liberal government implemented aspirations working rural classes remained unfulfilled see also agrarian land reform mexico prestige germany german culture latin america remained high


policies also critical policies actually promoted international monetary fund us economists joseph stiglitz dani rodrik challenged sometimes described fundamentalist policies international monetary fund us treasury stiglitz calls one size fits treatment individual economies term become associated neoliberal policies general drawn broader debate expanding role free market constraints upon state us influence countries' national sovereignty st century turn


americas ca '' nd edition madison university wisconsin press donahue wallace kelly ''art architecture viceregal latin america '' albuquerque university new mexico press fisher john r ''economic aspects spanish imperialism america '' liverpool liverpool university press gonzalez ondina e bianca premo eds ''raising empire children early modern iberia colonial latin america'' albuquerque university new mexico press haring clarence h ''the spanish empire america'' new york oxford university press hill ruth ''hierarchy commerce fraud bourbon spanish america'' nashville vanderbilt university press


''the poverty progress latin america nineteenth century'' berkeley los angeles university california press drinot paulo alan knight eds ''the great depression latin america'' https wwwamazoncom great depression latin america dp x excerpt gilderhus mark ''the second century us latin american relations since '' rowman littlefield green duncan ''silent revolution rise crisis market economics latin america'' new york university press kirkendall andrew j cold war latin america state field ''h diplo essay h diplo state field essay'' nov https networksh netorg system files contributed files e pdf online evaluates scholarly books


class objects instances class terminology invoking objects oriented modern sense object oriented programming made first appearance mit late early environment artificial intelligence group early object could refer identified items lisp atoms properties attributes alan kay later cited detailed understanding lisp internals strong influence thinking ref name alankayonoo ref another early mit example sketchpad created ivan sutherland glossary technical report based dissertation

Formal science
Computer science
Programming languages
Object-oriented programming


stack provide layer abstraction used separate internal external code external code use object calling specific instance method certain set input parameters read instance variable write instance variable objects created calling special type method class known constructor program may create many instances class runs operate independently easy way procedures used different sets data object oriented


eg programmer expect existence attributes ''color'' ' 'sugar content'' ''is ripe'' prototype based languages ''objects'' primary entities ''classes'' even exist ''prototype'' object another object object linked every object one ''prototype'' link one new objects created based already existing objects chosen prototype may call two different objects ''apple'' ''orange'' fruit object ''fruit'' exists ''apple'' ''orange'' ''fruit'' prototype idea


employee might inherit class person data methods available parent class also appear child class names example class person might define variables first name last name method make full name also available class employee might add variables position salary technique allows easy use procedures data definitions addition potentially mirroring real world relationships intuitive way rather utilizing database tables programming subroutines developer utilizes objects user may familiar


function type shape implements necessary draw calling code remain indifferent particular type shape drawn another type abstraction simplifies code external class hierarchy enables strong separation concerns open recursion languages support open recursion object methods call methods object including typically using special variable keyword called code code code self code variable ''late bound'' allows method defined one class invoke another method defined later


priority meant handled compiler increasing relevance parallel hardware multithreaded coding developing transparent control flow becomes important something hard achieve oop ref name flaws ref ref name multithreadingisaverb ref ref name multicore ref responsibility vs data driven design responsibility driven design defines classes terms contract class defined around responsibility information shares contrasted wirfs brock wilkerson data driven design classes defined around data structures must held authors hold responsibility driven design preferable solid grasp guidelines solid


rob pike programmer involved creation utf go called object oriented programming roman numerals computing said oop languages frequently shift focus data structures algorithms types furthermore cites instance java professor whose idiomatic solution problem create six new classes rather simply use lookup table formal semantics objects run time entities object oriented system may represent person place bank account table data item program


studied ref name abadicardelli allow subtype polymorphism parametric polymorphism generics attempts find consensus definition theory behind objects proven successful however see abadi cardelli http portalacmorg citationcfmid dl acm coll portal ''a theory objects'' ref name abadicardelli ref formal definitions many oop concepts constructs often diverge widely example definitions focus mental activities program structuring one simpler definitions oop act using map data structures arrays contain functions pointers maps syntactic scoping sugar


basis political anthropology undertaking modern study inspired modern science particular charles darwin move would influential future anthropology focused kinship key understanding political organization emphasized role 'gens' lineage object study contemporary political anthropology traced back publication ''african political systems'' edited meyer fortes e e evans pritchard rejected speculative historical reconstruction earlier authors argued scientific study political institutions must inductive comparative

Social science
Anthropology
Political Anthropology


aim solely establishing explaining uniformities found among interdependencies features social organization goal taxonomy classify societies small number discrete categories compare order make generalizations contributors book influenced radcliffe brown structural functionalism result assumed societies well defined entities sought maintain equilibrium social order although authors recognized societies conquered submitted european rule fear invasion


common readership newspapers interest cultural political identity construction also went beyond nation state dimension several ethnographies carried international organizations like eu studying ''fonctionnaires'' cultural group special codes conduct dressing interaction etc ab l wright bellier zabusky macdonald rhodes hart noordegraaf increasingly anthropological fieldwork today carried inside bureaucratic structures companies bureaucracy fact studied living far rational system practitioners like


hague university amsterdam bourdieu pierre outline theory practice cambridge cambridge university press donnan hastings thomas wilson eds border approaches anthropological perspectives frontiers lanham md university press america donnan hasting thomas wilson borders frontiers identity nation state oxford berg donnan hasting thomas wilson eds european states borderlands focaal european journal anthropology special issue escobar arturo encountering development making unmaking third world princeton princeton university press ferguson james antipolitics machine development depoliticization


name ref ref name ref ref name ref ref name ref ref name ref resocialization sociological concept involves process mentally emotionally retraining individuals operate new environment promotes changes individual 's attitudes behaviours drill instructor task making service members fit military use role specific training recruit training personnel may undergo training specific military role including use specialist equipment normally deemed fit military service french paratroopers salisbury plain exercise wessex storm training military

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Military education and training


required also done prevent adverse signs symptoms surrounding sequelae promote healing repair surrounding periradicular tissues example trauma front tooth caused avulsed bony socket endodontic treatment required following implantation preserve aesthetics function tooth even though may adverse symptoms dental pulp pain present time prior root canal treatment clinical examination radiographic examinations carried diagnose plan

Applied science
Medicine and health
Dentistry
Endodontics


'''silviculture''' practice controlling growth composition structure quality forests meet values needs specifically timber production name comes latin 'forest' 'growing' study forests woods termed ' 'silvology'' silviculture also focuses making sure treatment forest stands used conserve improve productivity ref name practice ref generally silviculture science art growing cultivating forest crops based knowledge silvics study life history general characteristics forest trees stands particular reference local regional

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Silviculture


methods often wrongly said silvicultural systems may also called rejuvenating regenerating method depending purpose high forest system subdivided german high forest age class forest even aged forestry clear cutting shelterwood cutting seed tree method uneven aged forestry femel selection cutting group selection cutting strip selection cutting strip group felling system shelterwood wedge cutting mixed form regeneration methods continuous cover forestry uneven aged forestry selection forest target diameter harvesting names give impression neatly defined systems


practice variations within harvesting methods accordance local ecology site conditions location archetypal form harvesting technique identified originated somewhere particular forester described scientific literature broad generalizations made merely rules thumb rather strict blueprints techniques might applied misunderstanding meant many older english textbooks capture true complexity silviculture practiced originated mitteleuropa silviculture culturally predicated wood


seeding sprouting area harvesting area selection cutting shelter seed tree harvest soil preparation restricting size clear cut stand secure natural regeneration surrounding trees process natural regeneration involves renewal forests means self sown seeds root suckers coppicing natural forests conifers rely almost entirely regeneration seed broadleaves however able regenerate means emergence shoots stumps coppice broken stems seedbed requirements seed self sown artificially applied requires seedbed suitable


lower temperature early morning related higher humidity presence dew henry baldwin noting summer temperatures north america often higher places border cuttings found useful reported results survey regeneration stand red spruce plus scattered white spruce isolated clearcutting sides furnishing opportunity observing regeneration different exposures old field stand dummer new hampshire ref name bald regeneration included surprisingly large number balsam fir seedlings


operation pre scarifying leave strips post scarifying cut strips ref name coat broadcast burning recommended method preparing sites natural regeneration rarely exposes enough mineral soil sufficiently receptive charred organic surfaces poor seedbed spruce ref name ack ref ref name zas ref ref name zas ref ref name zas ref charred surface may get hot good germination may delay germination fall subsequent overwinter mortality unhardened seedlings ref name bell bell fw critical silvics conifer crop species selected competitive vegetation northwestern ontario sault ste marie ont ont min nat resour northwestern


day plants species florida well balanced good development roots shoots equaling exceeding minimum standards outplanting stock lake states species survival lifted february outplanted wisconsin equalled wisconsin grown transplants artificial extension photoperiod northern lake states greatly increased height increment white black spruces second growing season optimum conditions seedling growth determined production containerized planting stock ref name nien ref alternating day night temperatures found suitable


translates recommended spacings feet plantings conifers including white spruce lake states enrichment planting strategy enhancing natural forests' economic value increase concentration economically important indigenous tree species planting seeds seedlings future harvest accomplished enrichment planting ep means increasing planting density ie numbers plants per hectare already growing forest stand release treatments weeding process getting rid


spacing thinning p ''in'' haavisto vf smith cr mason c eds space grow spacing thinning northern ontario proc sympos june sault ste marie ont region ont min nat resour joint rep ref since wood concentrated fewer larger uniform stems operating milling costs minimized methods spacing may manual using various tools including power saws brush saws clippers mechanical using choppersand mulchers chemical combinations several methods one treatment notable success spacing massively overstocked stems ha


height speed nbsp km h seems likely method could cost effective twenty years spacing year old mixed stands balsam fir white spruce green river watershed new brunswick averaged sup sup ha ref name ker ker mf early response balsam fir spacing northwestern new brunswick environment canada canadian forestry service maritimes forestry centre fredericton new brunswick information report x p ref spacing study conifers white spruce red pine jack pine established moodie manitoba flat


development unthinned white spruce plantations age petawawa forest experiment station dep environ serv ottawa publ p ref spacings feet subsequently included study yield tables based years data showed except merchantable volumes age site classes closer spacings gave greater standing volumes ages wider spacings relative difference decreasing age b merchantable volume proportion total volume increases age


might expected canadian spruce forests haddock ref name haddock haddock pg silvicultural views canadian spruce forests chron ref noted wright 's ref name wri wright tg canadian spruce forest chron ref quotation spruce yields british isles cubic feet per acre sup sup ha per year germany cubic feet per acre sup sup ha per year misleading least meant imply yields might approached boreal forest region canada haddock thought wright 's suggestion


'''percent cover ''' '''vegetation description''' vegetation moss carpet fir seedlings herbaceous plants appear bramble herbs fairly vigorous spruce seedlings herbs brambles dense vigorous moss factor importance solar radiation reproduction relationships excess heating soil surface radiation ref name reif reifsnyder lull hw radiant energy relation forests usda serv washington dc tech bull p ref especially important seedlings


spots white pine white spruce four plots spot seeding requires less seed broadcast seeding tends achieve uniform spacing albeit sometimes clumping devices used ontario manual spot seeding oil seeder seeding sticks shakers ref name scott scott jd direct seeding ontario chron ref oil container fitted long spout predetermined number seeds released flick


john bc sept shortreid ed pacific centre victoria bc frda report ref suggested underplanting year old aspen stands basis success natural spruce regenerating stands stands planting spacing controlled enabling easier protection spruce stand entry harvesting aspen overstorey variable retention harvesting regeneration method relatively new silvicultural system retains forest structural elements stumps logs snags trees understory species undisturbed layers forest floor least one rotation order


chance becoming future crop tree sauder concluded operational measures protected residual stems may unduly increase costs felling conifers hardwoods needs done one operation minimize entry feller buncher residual stand several operational procedures reduce understorey damage without incurring extra costs successful harvesting treatment blocks depends primarily intelligent location skid trails landings summary key protecting white spruce understorey without sacrificing logging efficiency combination good planning


p ref site preparation work done forest area regenerated types site preparation burning burning broadcast burning commonly used prepare clearcut sites planting eg central british columbia ref name macadam macadam effects broadcast slash burning fuels soil chemical properties sub boreal spruce zone central british columbia j res ref temperate region north america generally ref name kii kiil ad chrosciewicz z prescribed fire place reforestation chron ref prescribed burning carried primarily


west central alberta felled measured weighed white spruce graphed slash weight per merchantable unit volume diameter breast height dbh b weight fine slash nbsp cm also dbh produced table slash weight size distribution one acre hypothetical stand white spruce diameter distribution stand unknown estimate slash weight size distribution obtained average stand diameter number trees per unit area merchantable cubic foot volume sample trees kiil 's study full symmetrical crowns densely


first year felling ref name clau clausen jc mace ac jr accumulation snowmelt north south versus east west oriented clearcut strips univ minnesota coll st paul mn minn res notes p ref snow melt faster strips near centre strip felled area border strips adjoining intact stand strips feet wide alternating uncut strips feet wide felled ''pinus resinosa'' stand aged years see also agroforestry coppicing dehesa ecological thinning forest dynamics forestry forest management history


companies inc new york pp nbsp savill p evans j auclair falck j ''plantation silviculture europe'' oxford university press oxford pp nbsp smith ''the practice silviculture'' th edition john wiley sons inc new york pp nbsp smith b c larson j kelty p ashton ''the practice silviculture applied forest ecology'' th edition john wiley sons new york pp nbsp reid r 'management ''acacia melanoxylon'' plantations' https webarchiveorg web http wwwmtgunimelbeduau publications blackwood conference paperpdf reid r 'the principles practice pruning' https webarchiveorg web http wwwmtgunimelbeduau publications afgliftout pdf external links http wwwritchiewikicom wiki indexphp silviculture silviculture


behavioral economics concept nudging people 's behavior actions often illustrated urinal housefly image embossed enamel image nudges users improving aim lowers cleaning costs '''behavioral economics''' also '''behavioural economics''' studies effects psychological cognitive emotional cultural social factors decisions individuals institutions decisions vary implied classical economic theory ref name ssrncom ref ref name ref behavioral economics primarily concerned bounds rationality economic agents behavioral models typically integrate insights psychology neuroscience microeconomic theory ref name mintonkahle year publisher business expert

Social science
Economics
Behavioural economics


assistance artificial intelligent machines wholly made machines tshilidzi marwala evan hurwitz book ref name referencea ref studied utility behavioral economics situations concluded intelligent machines reduce impact bounded rational decision making particular observed intelligent machines reduce degree information asymmetry market improve decision making thus making markets rational use ai machines market applications online trading decision making changed major economic theories ref name referencea theories ai


deaton criticism experimental psychological work kahneman tversky published armen alchian 's paper uncertainty evolution economic theory gary becker 's paper irrational behavior economic theory published ''journal political economy'' ref name alchian alchian 'uncertainty evolution economic theory' ''journal political economy'' available https wwwjstororg stable seq accessed june ref ref name becker becker g 'irrational behavior economic theory' ''journal political economy'' available https wwwjstororg stable seq accessed june ref provide justification standard neoclassical economic analysis alchian 's paper uses logic


natural selection stochastic processes probability theory several lines reasoning justify many results derived standard supply analysis assuming firms maximizing profits certain future accurate foresight without assume things becker 's paper shows downward sloping market demand curves actually require assumption consumers market rational claimed behavioral economists also follow wide variety irrational behavior well two papers laid groundwork richard thaler 's work critics


theory models decision making generalized economic behavior applicable sort decision problems presented experiment participants survey respondents others argue decision making models endowment effect theory widely accepted behavioral economists may erroneously established consequence poor experimental design practices adequately control subject misconceptions ref name despite great deal rhetoric unified behavioral theory yet espoused behavioral economists proposed alternative unified theory replace neoclassical economics david gal


large number academic creative writing programs throughout world many people argue creative writing cannot taught essayist louis menand explores issue article ''new yorker'' quotes kay boyle director creative writing program san francisco state university sixteen years said creative writing programs ought abolished law contemporary discussions creative writing university level vary widely people value mfa programs regard great respect whereas many mfa candidates hopefuls lament chosen programs' lack diversity

Humanities
Languages and literature
Creative writing


writing creativity electronic literature expository writing fan fiction fiction writing high school writing communication arts new york city iowa writers' workshop literature show n't tell songwriting stream consciousness narrative mode writer 's block writing writing circle writing process writing style writing workshop references reading republished external links https wwwuvmedu wid writingcenter tutortips writingcreativepagepdf creative writing guide university vermont http writing richmondedu writing wweb creativewriting characters introductionhtml writing disciplines creative writing kelsey shields writing center university richmond writing communication design creativity


enhancement ref name darby ref ref name levy ref robotics artificial intelligence intersection moral psychology machine ethics researchers begun study people 's views regarding potentially ethically significant decisions made self driving cars ref name bonnefon ref name awad ref name awad ref see also action philosophy agency philosophy altruism business ethics character education community psychology descriptive ethics experimental philosophy internalism externalism moral philosophy international society justice research list ethics topics meta ethics moral luck ''moral minds'' neuroethics neuroeconomics social decision making peace psychology personal identity psychological egoism science morality social preferences trolley problem notes references govrin

Social science
Psychology
Moral psychology


disease spread throughout growth media infecting many plants greenhouses solid media require sterilization crop many cases simply discarded replaced fresh sterile media ref name stoner clawson distinct advantage aeroponic technology particular plant become diseased quickly removed plant support structure without disrupting infecting plants basil grown seed aeroponic system located inside modern greenhouse first achieved due disease free environment unique aeroponics many plants grow


generation hydro atomizing misting spray jets nutrient uptake close roots grown wheat seed using aeroponics discrete nature interval duration aeroponics allows measurement nutrient uptake time varying conditions barak et al used aeroponic system non destructive measurement water ion uptake rates cranberries barak smith et al study researchers found measuring concentrations volumes input efflux solutions could accurately calculate nutrient uptake rate verified comparing results n isotope measurements verification


mechanisms though originally developed nasa odc space soil hydroponics growers benefit incorporating odc planting techniques odc meets usda nop standards organic farms one example odc expansion agriculture odc product line caters emerging agricultural crops cannabis active ingredients odc cannabis line contain original active ingredient chitosan well colloidal nitrogen calcium order make hydroponic aeroponic systems inherently resilient plant disease less reliant upon chemical supplementation


exchange resins addition substrate dependent cultivation many methods n't use soil developed including nutrient film technique ebb flow aeroponics many others high nutrient solution throughput hydroponic systems produce rapid plant growth necessitates large water volumes substantial recycling solution makes controlling solutions difficult microgravity conditions deliver nutrients aeroponic systems use hydro atomized sprays minimize water use increase root oxygenation produce excellent plant growth nutrient solution throughput aeroponic systems higher systems developed


models dodecahedrane cuneane assemblies https webarchiveorg web http wwwwikinfoorg indexphp models dodecahedrane cuneane assemblies http wwwbeilstein journalsorg bjoc browse singleserieshtmsn supramolecular chemistry http wwwbeilstein journalsorg bjoc browse singleserieshtmsn supramolecular chemistry ii thematic series open access beilstein journal organic chemistry chemistry

Natural science
Chemistry
Supramolecular chemistry


msc audiology aud sti phd scd depending program country attended report careercast found occupation audiologist third least stressful job surveyed history use terms ''audiology'' ''audiologist'' publications traced back far creator term remains unknown berger identified possible originators mayer ba schier willard b hargrave stanley nowak norman canfield raymond carhart biographical profile robert galambos hallowell davis credited coining term saying prevalent term auricular

Applied science
Medicine and health
Audiology


ideal example get community organizing groups place table ''before'' important decisions made community organizers work develop new local leaders facilitating coalitions assisting development campaigns central goal organizing development robust organized local democracy bringing community members together across differences fight together interests community types community organizing community organizers attempt influence government corporations institutions increase direct representation within decision making bodies foster general social reform generally negotiations fail

Social science
Social work
Community practice
Community organizing


indications local groups staff organizer directed leader local volunteer directed however said many forms organizing including fbcos door knocking approach time intensive organization organizations approach fbcos requires organizers partly result lower paid turnover unlike existing fbco national umbrella grassroots organizations acorn maintains centralized national agenda exerts centralized control local organizations acorn usa c organization tax code able


community organizing groups gain recognition key representatives particular communities way representatives community organizing groups often able bring key government officials corporate leaders table without engaging actions reputation alinsky said first rule power tactics power enemy thinks development durable power influence key aim community organizing rights based community organizing municipal governments used exercise community power first experimented


community environmental legal defense fund celdforg pennsylvania beginning community groups organized influence municipal governments enact local ordinances ordinances challenge preemptive state federal laws forbid local governments prohibiting corporate activities deemed harmful community residents ordinances drafted specifically assert rights human natural communities include provisions deny legal concepts corporate personhood corporate rights since drafted include recognition legally enforceable rights natural communities ecosystems although type community organizing


according national committee responsive philanthropy studies legislation agreements corporations among sources including non fiscal accomplishments community organizing janadesh protesters seeking land rights understanding community organizing ''is'' aided understanding ''is not'' perspective community organizers '''activism ''' according edward chambers community organizing distinguishable activism activists engage social protest without coherent strategy building power making specific social changes '''mobilizing ''' people mobilize get together effect specific social change


romanofsky grouped history community organizing also known social agitation united states four rough periods february boys selling newspapers brooklyn bridge people sought meet pressures rapid immigration industrialization organizing immigrant neighborhoods urban centers since emphasis reformers mostly building community settlement houses service mechanisms dominant approach fisher calls social work period newsboys strike provided early model youth led organizing period much


community organizing methodology generated schools social work particular methodological focus grounded philosophy john dewey focused experience education sociological concepts period saw much energy coming critical capitalist doctrines well studs terkel documented community organizing depression era dorothy day organizations national orientation economic problems nation faced seem possible change neighborhood levels saul alinsky based chicago credited originating term ''community organizer''


skills transform communities good expands community organising movement include young people national citizen service ncs ambassadors http wwwiwillorguk iwill social action campaign year olds programme also established https wwwcorganisersorguk training national academy community organising national academy community organising sustain ongoing training community organisers community organisers key commitment community organisers co programme build independent legacy body would sustain develop community organising england established community organisers originally known coltd national training membership


trade unions synagogues voluntary organisations beginning small actions undertaken prevent factory contaminating area noxious smells prevent drug dealing school neighbourhoods time larger campaigns undertaken mayoral elections greater london authority major accountability assemblies held main mayoral candidates asked support london citizens work issues london living wage amnesty undocumented migrants safer cities initiatives development community land trust housing south london citizens held citizens enquiry


proved one dynamic electric events election campaign citizens uk negotiated david cameron nick clegg gordon brown leaders three main political parties attend candidate prime minister questioned stage concerning willingness work citizens uk elected undertook work citizens uk come future assemblies give account work achieved particular agreed work introduce living wage end practice holding children refugee families detention living


resulted ending practice holding children refugee families detention coalition government elected acorn uk acorn uk formed tenants supported staff organisers easton bristol may voted organise security better quality affordable housing two founding members graduates community organisers programme acorn since hired staff organised branches newcastle recently sheffield organisation involves members acorn uk combined online organising via social media


living rent scotland 's tenant union also affiliated acorn international group formed living rent campaign today branches glasgow edinburgh two organising staff political analysis community organising uk distinctive deliberately sets build permanent alliances citizens exercise power society uk analysis understand society necessary distinguish civil society state market totalitarian society three may virtually coincide fully democratic society three


distinct state market become predominant even democracy civil society reduced one hand voting volunteering consuming dangerous democracy sense citizenship agency becomes feeble ineffective words civil society becomes powerless community organising role professional community organiser working take back power state market holding accountable state market cannot operate without moral values direction role


rise zailiism yiguandao china gerald gardner began outline modern pagan religion wicca new religious movements expanded many nations japanese new religions became popular shinto directive forced japanese government separate shinto state religion japan bringing greater freedom religion scientology founded united states unification church founded south korea ref name siegler aetherius society founded england

Humanities
Theology
New Religious Movements


reinterpret existing texts utilizing range older elements frequently claim new rather forgotten truths revived nrm scriptures often incorporate modern scientific knowledge sometimes claim bringing unity science religion nrms believe scriptures received process mediumship ''the urantia book'' core scripture urantia movement published said product continuous process revelation celestial beings began


sexual problems bad experiences groups promote celibacy require strong recruitment drive survive shakers established orphanages bring new individuals community violence violent incidents involving nrms extremely rare cases large number casualties resulted new religion question led charismatic leader beginning deaths members peoples temple jonestown guyana murder suicide image killer cults came public attention number subsequent events contributed members


conception unsupported evidence holds convert new religions either mentally ill become involvement dick anthony forensic psychologist noted writings brainwashing controversy defended nrms argued involvement movements may often beneficial 's large research literature published mainstream journals mental health effects new religions part effects seem positive way 's measurable ref name sipchen sipchen bob http articleslatimescom news vw cult battle ten years jonestown battle intensifies influence


p ref ref name tstar barbara turnbull october https wwwthestarcom life qa author analyst ethan gutmann discusses chinas illegal organ tradehtml q author analyst ethan gutmann discusses china illegal organ trade ''the toronto star'' ref christian countercult movement christian critics nrms began referring cults book ''the chaos cults'' jan karel van baalen ordained minister christian reformed church north america especially influential ref name siegler us christian research institute founded walter martin counter opposition evangelical christianity come focus criticisms


literature popular culture notable representatives groups produced large body literary works beginning authors english speaking world began introducing members cults antagonists twentieth century concern rights feelings religious minorities led authors often invent fictional cults villains members fictional cults continue popular film television gaming way popular works treat new religious movements serious manner article categorization new religious movements


'' https archiveorg details religiousleaders melt religious leaders america biographical guide founders leaders religious bodies churches spiritual groups north america '' gale research partridge christopher ed ''encyclopedia new religions new religious movements sects alternative spiritualities'' oxford lion monographies arweck elisabeth https webarchiveorg web http ukgeocitiescom peterbernardclarke peter b clarke ''new religious movements western europe annotated bibliography'' westport london greenwood press barker eileen margit warburg eds ''new religions new religiosity'' aarhus denmark aargus university press beck hubert f ''how respond cults'' ''the response series'' st louis mo concordia publishing


written books including two cbca children 's book year award winners one critically acclaimed ''hitler 's daughter'' story explores mind provoking issues would happened adolf hitler daughter french also author highly praised ''diary wombat'' awards cool award bilby award among others also named honour book cbca children 's book year award picture books paul jennings prolific writer

Humanities
Languages and literature
Australian Literature


vulgar even point ettler 's ''the river ophelia'' called pornographic term grunge lit use categorize market diverse group writers authorial styles bees subject debate criticism linda jaivin disagreed putting authors one category christios tsiolkas called term media creation murray waldren denied grunge lit even new genre said works actually type pre existing dirty realism genre post grunge lit post grunge lit genre australian fiction late


communities always first generation produced australian writing variety languages include italian greek arabic chinese vietnamese lao filipino latvian ukrainian polish russian serbian yiddish irish comparatively little attention devoted writing mainstream critics argued relation national literary landscape literary communities quite separate existence poetry festivals literary competitions magazine newspaper reviews features even local publishers writers like greek australian dimitris tsaloumas published bilingually signs


thin fact universal feeling man ought able trust mate anything henry lawson son goldfields wrote extensively egalitarian mateship works ''a sketch mateship'' ''shearers'' wrote tramp mateship side side protestant roman call biped lord sir touch hat man miles franklin author ''my brilliant career'' means australian another issue australian literature explores miles franklin


struggled find place female writer australia fictionalising experience ''my brilliant career'' marie bjelke petersen 's popular romance novels published offered fresh upbeat interpretation australian bush central character patrick white 's ''the twyborn affair'' tries conform expectations pre world war ii australian masculinity cannot instead post war tries another identity gender overseas peter carey toyed idea national australian identity series 'beautiful lies' recurrent theme novels andrew mcgahan 's


became first australian writer honoured state funeral two poets amongst great australian poets christopher brennan adam lindsay gordon gordon referred national poet australia australian monument poets' corner westminster abbey england gordon 's brennan 's particularly brennan 's works conformed traditional styles poetry many classical allusions therefore fell within domain high culture however time australia blessed competing vibrant tradition folk songs ballads


henry lawson banjo paterson two chief exponents popular ballads 'banjo' responsible creating probably famous australian verse waltzing matilda one point lawson paterson contributed series verses ''the bulletin'' magazine engaged literary debate nature life australia lawson said paterson romantic paterson said lawson full doom gloom ref name cultureandrecreationgovau lawson widely regarded one australia 's greatest writers short stories paterson 's poems man snowy river


australian society les murray '''australian poetry library''' contains wide range australian poetry well critical contextual material relating interviews photographs audio visual recordings contains poems australian poets begun leading australian poet john tranter joint initiative university sydney copyright agency limited cal funding australian research council plays european traditions came australia first fleet first production performed convicts ''the


battle gallipoli ''ngapartji ngapartji'' scott rankin trevor jamieson recounts story effects pitjantjatjara people nuclear testing western desert cold war example contemporary fusion traditions drama australia pitjantjatjara actors supported multicultural cast greek afghan japanese new zealand heritage eminent contemporary australian playwrights include david williamson alan seymour stephen sewell late nick enright justin fleming australian government supports website australianplaysorg http wwwaustralianplaysorg home australian playscripts australianplaysorg aims


equipment treat common injuries illness first aid wilderness first aid particular help person survive function injuries illnesses would otherwise kill incapacitate common dangerous injuries include bites snakes spiders wild animals bone fractures burns drowsiness headache heart attack hemorrhage hypothermia hyperthermia infection food animal contact drinking non potable water poisoning consumption contact poisonous plants poisonous fungi sprains particularly ankle vomiting wounds may become infected survivor may need apply contents first aid

Human physical performance and recreation


spark lighter spark case flint striking rock metal fires often put either excessive wind either fanning fire strong winds fuel environment wet ignite fire presented tool meeting many survival needs along need 's mentioned also disinfects water boiling condensing used cook prevent illnesses foods like animal meat another advantage presented fire underlooked psychological


survival situations need water increases exercise ref name hub http healthhowstuffworkscom live without food water htm howstuffworks charles w bryant ref since human body composed water birth average surprise water higher list fire food although water intake varies greatly depending factors like age sex etc average cups liters many lost people perish due dehydration debilitating effects water born pathogens untreated water typical person lose minimally two maximally four liters


mind processes critical survival live life death situation often separates live situations stressful level even trained experts may mentally affected one mentally physically tough disaster extent stress results testing human limits benefits learning function stress determining limits may outweigh downside stress certain strategies mental tools help people cope better survival situation including focusing manageable


civilian pilots attending survival course raf kinloss learn construct shelter elements using materials available woodland north east edge aerodrome often survival practitioners carry survival kit consists various items seem necessary useful potential survival situations depending anticipated challenges location supplies survival kit vary greatly anticipated needs wilderness survival often contain items like knife water container fire starting apparatus first aid equipment food obtaining devices snare wire fish hooks firearms light navigational


aids signaling communications devices often items multiple possible uses space weight often premium survival kits may purchased various retailers individual components may bought assembled kit common questionable survival skills survival books promote universal edibility test allegedly possible distinguish edible foods toxic ones series progressive exposures skin mouth prior ingestion waiting periods checks symptoms however many experts reject method stating even small amount potential


polynomial interpolate ''n'' points curve polynomial always optimal possible make contrived functions ''f'' ''x'' polynomial exists occur rarely practice example graphs shown right show error approximating log x exp x ''n'' nbsp nbsp red curves optimal polynomial '''level''' oscillate math varepsilon math math varepsilon math exactly note case number extrema ''n'' two extrema end points interval left

Formal science
Mathematics
Applied mathematics
Approximation theory


obtain polynomials close optimal one expanding given function terms chebyshev polynomials cutting expansion desired degree similar fourier analysis function using chebyshev polynomials instead usual trigonometric functions one calculates coefficients chebyshev expansion function math f x sim sum infty c x math cuts series math n math term one gets ''n'' span style padding left em th span degree polynomial approximating ''f'' ''x'' reason polynomial nearly optimal functions rapidly converging power series


sup sup error polynomial produced first step remez 's algorithm approximating e sup x sup interval vertical divisions sup sup note error graph indeed take values math pm varepsilon math six test points including end points points extrema four interior test points extrema function ''p'' ''x'' ''f'' ''x'' maxima minima polynomial would optimal second step remez 's algorithm consists moving test points approximate locations error function


actual local maxima minima example one tell looking graph point way algorithm use single round newton 's method since one knows first second derivatives one calculate approximately far test point moved derivative zero calculating derivatives polynomial straightforward one must also able calculate first second derivatives


''f'' ''x'' remez 's algorithm requires ability calculate math f x math math f' x math math f'' x math extremely high precision entire algorithm must carried higher precision desired precision result moving test points linear equation part repeated getting new polynomial newton 's method used move test points sequence continued result converges desired accuracy algorithm converges rapidly convergence quadratic well behaved functions test points within math math correct result


steffens history approximation theory euler bernstein birkhauser boston erd lyi extensions bloch p lya theorem number distinct real zeros polynomials ''journal de th orie des nombres de bordeaux'' ''' ''' erd lyi remez inequality linear combinations shifted gaussians ''math proc camb phil soc'' ''' ''' l n trefethen approximation theory approximation practice siam https webarchiveorg web http www mathsoxacuk chebfun atap external links https wwwmathtechnionacil hat history approximation theory hat http wwwemisde journals sat surveys approximation theory sat numerical analysis


planning efficient transportation goods resources people waste distribution basic necessities water electricity sense inclusion opportunity people kinds culture needs economic growth business development improving health conserving areas natural environmental significance actively contributes reduction co emissions ref name bdcnetworkcom ref well protecting heritage structures built environments urban planning dynamic field since questions around people live work play changes time changes constantly reflected planning methodologies zonal codes policies making

Applied science
Architecture and design
Urban planning


urban planners often members cognate fields though today urban planning separate independent professional discipline discipline urban planning broader category includes different sub fields land use planning zoning economic development environmental planning transportation planning creating plans requires thorough understanding penal codes zonal codes planning another important aspect urban planning range urban planning projects include large scale master planning empty sites greenfield projects well small scale interventions refurbishments existing structures buildings public spaces pierre charles


lines ensuring plans meet needs given population forth addressed designs towns cities described depicted enlightenment period several european rulers ambitiously attempted redesign capital cities second french empire baron georges eug ne haussmann direction napoleon iii redesigned city paris modern capital long straight wide boulevards planning architecture went paradigm shift turn th century industrialized cities th century grew tremendous rate evils urban life


may attach bottom ship 's hull growth interferes smoothness uniformity ship hull causing ship less hydrodynamic shape causes slower less fuel efficient marine growth hull remedied using special paint prevents growth organisms pollution control sulfur emission burning marine fuels releases harmful pollutants atmosphere ships burn marine diesel addition heavy fuel oil heavy fuel oil heaviest refined oils releases sulfur dioxide burned sulfur

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Mechanical Engineering
Marine engineering


sense aimlessness despair '''fatalistic''' suicide occurs person experiences much social regulation merton 's strain theory px robert k merton discussed deviance terms goals means part strain anomie theory durkheim states anomie confounding social norms merton goes states anomie state social goals legitimate means achieve correspond postulated individual 's response societal expectations means individual pursued goals useful understanding

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of deviance


circumstances person would resort similar actions '''denial injury''' deviant believes action caused harm individuals society thus deviance morally wrong denial victim deviant believes individuals receiving end deviance deserving results due victim 's lack virtue morals '''condemnation condemners''' deviant believes enforcement figures victims tendency equally deviant otherwise corrupt result hypocrites stand


correctness movement late modern society easily accepts difference labels want deviant relentlessly punishes persecutes michel foucault michel foucault believed torture phased modern society due dispersion power need wrath state deviant individual rather modern state receives praise fairness dispersion power instead controlling individual controls mass also theorized institutions control people use discipline example


'''africana philosophy''' sometimes called '''''african''''' philosophy covers philosophy made african descendants including african americans africana philosophers found various academic fields present philosophy metaphysics epistemology moral philosophy political philosophy ref name companion african philosophy ref one particular subject several modern africana philosophers written subject freedom means free experience wholeness philosophy africa rich varied history lost time early mid twentieth century anti colonial movements tremendous

Humanities
Philosophy
Philosophical traditions and schools
African philosophy


unchanging truth never rots people subject error even four legged horse stumbles falls dangerous judge appearances large eye mean keen vision first hand observation trusted sees err past seen fundamentally different present history contemporary history storyteller tell different season future remains beyond knowledge even bird long neck cannot see future nevertheless said god outlive eternity history seen vitally


marcus garvey nigel gibson david theo goldberg lewis gordon kwame gyekye leonard harris hubert harrison walda heywat asa hilliard bell hooks paulin hountondji abiola irele c l r james alieu ebrima cham joof alexis kagame martin luther king jr alain locke audre lorde plo lumumba achille mbembe john mbiti john h mcclendon charles mills michele moody adams mabogo p toni morrison fred moten es'kia mphahlele v mudimbe micere githae mugo kwame nkrumah julius nyerere theophile obenga ike odimegwu josephat obi oguejiofor sophie oluwole henry odera oruka ato sekyi otu anthony b pinn adrian piper mogobe ramose l opold dar senghor tommie


canadian provinces agrology designations managed separate governing bodies province operating legislation agrology refers agricultural science agricultural economics used canada however definition limited application science agriculture extensive history agricultural research land water resources definition canada includes applications science management conservation land water resources habitat registrars professional agrologists across canada adopted following definition agrology may agrology practice


humanistic therapy main principles appear established humanistic psychology argued fact much common established humanistic therapies mid rogers accepted categorized humanistic phenomenological existential psychologists contrast behavioral psychoanalytic psychologists despite importance self person centered theory theory fundamentally organismic holistic nature individual 's unique self concept center unique sum total biochemical physiological perceptual cognitive emotional interpersonal behavioural subsystems constituting

Social science
Social work
Person-centered therapy


responsible acknowledgment one 's freedom view toward participating fully world contributing peoples' lives hallmarks rogers 's person centered therapy rogers also claimed therapeutic process essence composed accomplishments made client client already progressed along growth maturation development progresses aid psychologically favored environment ref name rogers rogers carl ''client centered therapy'' cambridge massachusetts riverside press ref although client centered therapy criticized behaviorists lacking structure psychoanalysts actually providing conditional relationship ref name prochaska


ukraine german reconnaissance planes reported soviet troop concentrations area panzer infantry divisions rushed south belorussia leaving vulnerable major assault support attack partisan groups german controlled territory instructed destroy german railroads hamper german efforts transport supplies troops throughout occupied territories weaken german army group centre ukraine ref name june attack belarus million soviet troops began overwhelmed depleted germans defenders july red army captured minsk later

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Counter-attack


asbell housewife invalid husband coming meet athens regional library bookmobile athens georgia september women club movement standard held accountable influx bookmobiles thirty fifty states texas federation women clubs tfwc new legislation develop public libraries texas became possible much advocating tfwc bookmobiles new legislation brought library improvements expansions included establishing system traveling libraries texas women clubs wanted state governments step

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Bookmobile


library sometimes packhorse librarians relied centralized contact help distribute materials fairfax county virginia county wide bookmobile service begun truck loaned works progress administration wpa wpa support bookmobile ended service continued library action late bookmobile program bronx ny run interracial staff brought books teenagers color served neighborhoods bookmobiles reached height popularity mid twentieth century england bookmobiles traveling libraries


gallery class center caption mobile libraries around world widths px heights px mobile library dhakajpg bangladesh file bicicloteca de robson mendon ajpg brazil file bondinho xv de novembrojpg brazil file biblioburrojpg colombia br biblioburro file bokb tjpg norway br ''epos'' file gais jpg switzerland file bookmobile fresno county public library exterior jpg fresno county california united states gallery see also digital library traveling library boat libraries references reading article history bookmobile us based experiences working lancashire county library mobile library service vehicles purpose mobile libraries


island food preservation preserving food later use preservative chemicals used hinder deterioration food wood etc self preservation behavior ensures survival organism see also conservation disambiguation heritage disambiguation preserve disambiguation protection disambiguation heritage preservation american non profit organization preserve nation 's heritage national preservation british based online company specialises retail discussion among railway enthusiasts

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Preservation


general anesthesia deep sedation licensed hospital office settings specialty 's infancy dental oral surgeons plenary introduction anesthesia modern medicine development modern surgery harvard medical school 's massachusetts general hospital dentist dr horace wells first use anesthesia limited success october boston oral surgeon dr william thomas green morton gave successful demonstration using diethyl ether harvard medical students venue one important well documented events

Applied science
Medicine and health
Dentistry
Oral and maxillofacial surgery


kazanjian instrumental plastic surgery 's formal recognition independent surgical specialty dr kazanjian joined first harvard unit serving british forces wwi establishing first dental maxillofacial clinic france handling cases severe wounds face jaws honored surgical advances british monarch george v invested companion order st michael st george kazanjian served early president american association plastic surgeons another founder god father plastic surgery university pennsylvania oral


york city oral maxillofacial surgeon dr armin wald graduate new york university college dentistry among first united states successfully demonstrate publish procedure alveolectomy alveoloplasty surgical resection smoothing ridge mandible maxilla cosmetic prosthetic purposes mastered innovative procedure remarkably simple present procedure commonplace among oral plastic ent surgeons performing alveolar ridge reconstruction bone grafting wald influenced father henry wald md university vienna faculty


oral plastic reconstructive surgery early use fibrin foam thrombin resection large rare mandibular tumors served united states army air forces world war ii owned cosmetic practice midtown manhattan globally role oral maxillofacial surgery also profound founding plastic surgery outside united states fathers plastic surgery include london based otolaryngologist sir harold gillies french mentor renowned oral maxillofacial surgeon dr hippolyte morestin oral maxillofacial surgery 's stature clout university hospitals


grant specialty certificate additional degree medical degree eg md mbbs mbchb research degree eg ms msc mphil mds msd mdsc dclindent dsc dmsc phd four six year graduates designated us board eligible earn board certification diplomats approximately training programs us canadian training programs dual degree typical total length education training post secondary school years beyond years sub specialize adding additional year fellowship typical training program oral


film tv show spec writing also unique writer must pitch idea producers order sell script must excellent title good writing great logline logline one sentence lays movie well written logline convey tone film introduce main character touch primary conflict usually logline title work tandem draw people highly suggested incorporate irony possible things along nice clean writing

Humanities
Languages and literature
Screenwriting


turn arcs things look lot like traditional episode outlines array writers even local los angeles take outlines quickly generate dialogue adhering slavishly outlines espenson notes recent trend eliminate role mid level writer relying senior writers rough outlines giving writers bit freedom regardless finished scripts sent top writers latter final round rewrites espenson also


monomyth idea formulated noted mythologist joseph campbell central concept monomyth pattern seen stories myths across history campbell defined explained pattern book ''the hero thousand faces'' campbell 's insight important myths around world survived thousands years share fundamental structure fundamental structure contains number stages include '''a call adventure''' hero accept decline '''a road trials''' hero succeeds fails


incident episode event hooks action spins around another direction anchoring pins story line hold everything place many plot points screenplay main ones anchor story line place foundation dramatic structure called ''plot points ii'' plot point occurs end act plot point ii end act plot point also called ''key incident'' true beginning