latter interest adult society conceives idea childhood impinges children 's lives many ways includes imaginations nature children related spatial implications early article holloway valentine termed 'spatial discourses' children 's geographies observed various lenses provided foci thus plurality inspired post modern post structural social geographers panelli ref name panelli http webebscohostcom ehost detailsid baf ce c b fa sessionmgr vid hid bdata jnnpdgu zwhvc qtbgl zq db aph panelli approaches human geography ref foci include limited history emergence key authors texts

Social science
Geography
Children'S Geographies


feminist theorists gilles deleuze rosi braidotti donna haraway jane bennett political theorist instance series articles john horton peter kraftl challenged sense 'what matters' scholarship children material objects emotions affects characterise 'participation' ways embodied engagements place childhood carried forward adulthood thereby scrambling neat notion 'transition' childhood adulthood elsewhere veronica pacini ketchabaw affrica taylor developed innovative approaches understanding 'common worlds' children range nonhuman


name lasky ref ref name hargreaves https linkspringercom article fbf hargreaves professionals parents personal adversaries public allies ref lasky 's focus remains cultural emotional dynamic teachers parents students hargreaves continuously exemplifies data significant improvement child performance school equal power play communication teachers parents caregivers may lack influential adults children may look older age groups within school environment observe acceptable behaviours attention seeking behaviours research begun display components high quality experience provided controlled


used internet outcomes mobilization constructive destructive availability material learning children sancho ref name sancho https linkspringercom chapter f virtual geographies educational change complex problems simpler answers ref extrapersonal interactions among children educational benefit ict interactive computer technology classroom subject supported various researchers aviram talmi relevance creation social identities school institution children observe one another experiment continuously self image hernandez ref name hernandez


https linkspringercom chapter f hernandez mapping visual cultural narratives explore adolescents' identities ref hernandez 's research recognized need recognize children individuals incorporate personal maps educational process gap school environment external environment elevate dangerously centrality schools social geography pivotal public institutions canada usa defined nation building institutions sought create common citizens ethnically linguistically religiously diverse populations moore sweet connection nation building public education held view schools shape knowledge


harm tax system reduce government legitimacy many developing countries non success improving tax administration introducing new tax systems led widespread tax evasion lower tax revenues furthermoreis important keep rules clear simple encourage compliance high tax evasion associated complicated tax systems well designed simple tax system able increase employment investment transparency tax administration ecosystem also changing introduction new analytical tools technology digital information flows increasing consequently administration

Applied science
Public administration
Economic policy
Tax policy


single rate regardless incomethis taxation method also known flat taxes '''horizontal equity''' basic principle horizontal equity based concept distributive justicein taxpayers pay level income tax proportion respective income groups importantbut costly define income groups knowing individual consumes saves different ways making hard tax policymakershorizontal equity requires tax system give preference certain individuals companies makes sure


application specific cases general weber 's standpoint described external approach law studies empirical characteristics law opposed internal perspective legal sciences moral approach philosophy law mile durkheim mile durkheim wrote ''the division labour society'' society becomes complex body civil law concerned primarily restitution compensation grows expense criminal laws penal sanctions time law undergone transformation repressive law restitutive law restitutive law operates

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of law


sentences lawrence friedman law massive vital presence united states important left lawyers founders believed study law legal institutions social context could constituted scholarly field distinguished commitment interdisciplinary dialogue multidisciplinary research methods basic assumption underlying work law autonomous independent society whereas conventional legal scholarship looks inside legal system answer questions society law society movement looks outside treats


far reaching open ended concept law necessarily depend state recognition validity latter concept law may come whenever two legal systems exist social field legal pluralism occupied central position socio legal theorising beginning sociology law sociological theories eugen ehrlich georges gurvitch early sociological contributions legal pluralism moreover provided enduring topic socio legal debate many decades within sociology law legal anthropology


received share criticism proponents various schools legal positivism critics often ask law distinguished pluralist view normative systems makes social rule system legal controversy arises mainly claim true law law made enforced modern state standpoint also known legal centralism legal centralist standpoint john griffiths writes law law state uniform persons exclusive law administrated


weak version consider forms normative ordering law tamanaha one critics legal pluralism puts normative ordering well normative ordering law something else something isolate call law strong version hand rejects legal centralist formalist models law myth ideal claim illusion regarding state law one among many forms law forms social ordering insists modern law plural private well public importantly


according david nelken traced terms like legal tradition legal style much longer history comparative law early political science presupposes invites us explore existence systematic variations patterns 'law books' 'law action' relation approach focuses cultural aspects law legal behaviour legal institutions thus affinity cultural anthropology legal pluralism comparative law lawrence friedman among socio legal scholars introduced idea


democracy state building cannot meaningful unless considered relation constitutionalism socio legal approaches study globalization global society often overlap make use studies legal cultures legal pluralism professional associations societies research committee sociology law international institute sociology law law society association law society association australia new zealand inc http wwwlsaanzorg indexhtml canadian law society association association canadienne droit et soci clsa acds http wwwacds clsaorg rt thematic network sociology law french sociological association http wwwafs sociofr rt html http sasjudyndnsorg associazione


law politics cultures legal identities'' ann arbor university michigan press baxi u towards sociology indian law new delhi stavahan black ''the behavior law'' new conn yale university press black boundaries legal sociology ''yale law journal'' campbell c wiles p study law society britain law society review chiba masaji ''legal pluralism toward general theory japanese legal culture'' tokyo japan tokai university press cotterrell roger ''emile durkheim


several methodological barbs effectively scientifically assessing effect homeland security measures traditional criminology quantitatively amenable starting point measuring effectiveness policing strategy ie neighborhood watch gun control foot patrols etc assess total financial costs clearance rates arrest rates since terrorism rare event phenomena measuring arrests would naive way test policy effectiveness another methodological problem development sociology terrorism sub field one finding operational measures key concepts study homeland security terrorism

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of terrorism


power needed wage war use terrorism means goal agitate government order achieve political objectives committing act terror terrorist always weigh cost benefits actions others seek benefit afterlife community ref name auto ref name auto symbolic interactionism symbolic interactionism micro level theory shared meanings originations assumptions form basic motivations behind peoples actions symbolic interactionism face face interaction creates social world individuals act perceived meanings


differential association greater effect behavior hence theory relation terrorism stronger someone 's connection towards terrorist organization better chance person also exhibiting terroristic behaviors second learning mechanism definitions definitions refer individual 's value belief system acceptable behavior values learned reinforced differential association two types definitions general definition specific definition general definitions include broad beliefs conformity influenced conventional means often influenced religious


eighth comics ninth art visual arts architecture parthenon top acropolis athens greece architecture art science designing buildings structures word ''architecture'' comes greek ''arkhitekton'' master builder director works '' '' arkhi chief '' '' tekton builder carpenter wider definition would include design built environment macrolevel town planning urban design landscape architecture microlevel creating furniture architectural design usually must address feasibility cost builder well function aesthetics


ernestine schumann heink waltraute composer richard wagner recognized fusion many disciplines single work opera exemplified cycle ''der ring des nibelungen'' ring nibelung use term opera works instead gesamtkunstwerk synthesis arts sometimes referred music drama english emphasizing literary theatrical components important music classical ballet another form emerged th century orchestral music combined dance works late th th st


centuries fused disciplines unique creative ways performance art performance art performance time combines number instruments objects art within predefined less well defined structure improvised performance art may scripted unscripted random carefully organized even audience participation may occur john cage regarded many performance artist rather composer although preferred latter term compose traditional ensembles cage 's composition ''living room music'' composed quartet unspecified instruments really


'''bachelor fine arts''' '''bfa''' standard undergraduate degree students pursuing professional education visual fine performing arts ref name ref ref name ref also called bachelor visual arts bva cases background bachelor fine arts degree differs bachelor arts ba degree majority program consists practical studio component contrasted lecture discussion classes bachelor fine arts degree often require area specialty acting architecture musical theatre game design ceramics computer animation creative


aspects ref name mol role humanity generally seen one harmonizing nature supernatural ref name mol history spread igbo medicine man nigeria west africa adherents traditional religions africa distributed among countries estimated number million ref name encyclbrit ''britannica book year'' ''encyclop dia britannica'' p br according ''encyclop dia britannica'' mid christians muslims people practiced traditional religions africa http wwwbellbookandcandlepublicationscom greenwoodsvillage gor islamphp ian markham ''a world religions reader'' cambridge blackwell publishers cited morehouse


outlier rates growth islam pentecostal christianity highest see https webarchiveorg web http wwwforeignpolicycom story cmsphpstory id list world 's fastest growing religions foreign policy may ref ref name lugira lugira aloysius ''african traditional religions'' new york chelsea house p varghese roy abraham ''christ connection world religions prepared way phenomenon jesus'' paraclete press p https booksgooglecouk booksid ih jtlhnfkoc pg pa v onepage q f false retrieved march ref although africans today adherents christianity islam african people often combine practice traditional beliefs practice abrahamic religions ref name googlemix africans converted


zulu mythology south africa san religion south africa traditional healers south africa manjonjo healers chitungwiza zimbabwe indigenous religion zimbabwe west africa abwoi religion nigeria akan religion ghana ivory coast dahomean religion benin togo efik mythology nigeria cameroon edo religion benin kingdom nigeria hausa animism benin burkina faso cameroon ghana ivory coast niger nigeria togo ijo traditional religion ijo people nigeria odinani igbo people nigeria asaase yaa bono people found mostly ghana ghana ivory coast serer religion roog senegal gambia mauritania yoruba religion nigeria benin togo vodou ghana benin togo nigeria dogon religion


christopher ''an african classical age eastern southern africa world history bc ad '' page university virginia press karade b ''the handbook yoruba religious concepts'' york beach samuel weiser inc p'bitek okot ''african religions western scholarship'' kampala east african literature bureau https webarchiveorg web http wwwprincetonolcom groups iad lessons middle history htm princeton online ''history africa'' https webarchiveorg web http webafricaufledu asq v htm wiredu kwasi ''toward decolonizing african philosophy religion'' ''african studies quarterly online journal african studies'' volume issue reading encyclopedia african religion molefi asante sage publications abimbola wade ed trans ''ifa


african world'' cambridge university press alice werner ''myths legends bantu'' available online http wwwsacred textscom afr mlb indexhtm sacred textscom umeasigbu rems nna ''the way lived ibo customs stories'' london heinemann external links http wwwafricanbeliefcom african comparative belief http wwwafrikaworldnet afrel afrika worldnet website extensive links information traditional african religions http wwwalawoyecom baba alawoyecom baba'awo awoyinfa ifaloju showcasing ifa using web media blogs podcasting video photocasting https culture exchangeblog animism modern africa culture exchangeblog animism modern africa article explaining parallels traditional modern religious practices africa sub saharan africa religion africa


master public policy public administration mpppa department political science concordia university montr al qc department political science universit de montr al montr al qc master public affairs department political science universit laval qu bec city qc ecole nationale d'administration publique universit du qu bec qu bec city qc johnson shoyama graduate school public policy university saskatchewan university regina regina sk glendon school public international affairs york university toronto department politics public administration ryerson university toronto school public

Applied science
Public administration
Public policy school


schools reflect society 's intention maintain previous unequal distribution status power fitzgerald cited ref name sargent conflict theorists point several key factors defend position first conflict theorists look property tax typically areas affluent districts money afford pay teachers higher salaries purchase new technology attract better teachers students districts typically white means majority minority students united states receive advantages less likely go college connects conflict

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of education


ii'' sage publications london pp ref legitimate cultural capital allows students possess gain educational capital form qualifications lower class students therefore disadvantaged gain qualifications must acquire legitimate cultural capital exchanging usually working class cultural capital exchange straightforward one due class ethos lower class students class ethos described particular dispositions towards subjective expectations school culture part determined objective chances class ref name gorder gorder k understanding school knowledge critical appraisal


education dominant cultures us'' mcgraw hill education


consisting sequence bits representing binary data computer modulation signal applied radio transmitter transmitter electronic oscillator generates alternating current oscillating radio frequency called ''carrier wave'' serves carry information air information signal used modulate carrier varying aspect carrier wave impressing information carrier different radio systems use different modulation methods amplitude modulation transmitter amplitude strength radio carrier wave

Journalism, media studies and communication


total bandwidth available radio bandwidth regarded economic good monetary cost increasing demand parts radio spectrum right use frequency band even single radio channel bought sold millions dollars incentive employ technology minimize bandwidth used radio services recent years transition analog digital radio transmission technologies part reason digital modulation often transmit information


ism bands series frequency bands throughout radio spectrum reserved unlicensed use although operated without license like radio equipment devices generally must type approved sale applications important uses radio organized function broadcasting broadcasting one way transmission information transmitter receivers belonging public audience since radio waves become weaker distance broadcasting station received within limited distance transmitter systems broadcast satellites generally


centered fm broadcast band intended replacement fm broadcasting incompatible existing radio receivers requires listeners purchase new drm receiver modulation used form ofdm called cofdm carriers transmitted channel formerly occupied single fm signal modulated quadrature amplitude modulation qam drm system designed compatible possible existing fm radio transmitters much equipment existing radio stations


short range feet system uses frequency hopping spread spectrum transmission successive data packets transmitted pseudorandom order one nbsp mhz bluetooth channels nbsp ghz ism band allows bluetooth networks operate presence noise wireless devices bluetooth networks using frequencies since chance another device attempting transmit frequency time bluetooth modem low case collision


used inventory goods passive tags common type chip powered radio energy received reader rectified diode small grain rice incorporated products clothes railroad cars library books airline baggage tags implanted skin pets livestock microchip implant even people privacy concerns addressed tags use encrypted signals authenticate reader responding passive tags use nbsp khz nbsp mhz nbsp ghz ism


earth latitude longitude altitude elevation determined high precision within metres small portable navigation instruments timing arrival radio signals satellites widely used navigation systems today main satellite navigation systems us global positioning system gps russia 's glonass china 's beidou navigation satellite system bds european union 's galileo global positioning system gps widely used satellite navigation system maintained us air force uses constellation satellites low earth orbit orbits


changed owner case another nearby doorbell using channel jamming radio jamming deliberate radiation radio signals designed interfere reception radio signals jamming devices called signal suppressors interference generators jammers wartime militaries use jamming interfere enemies' tactical radio communication since radio waves pass beyond national borders totalitarian countries practice censorship use jamming prevent citizens listening broadcasts radio stations countries jamming usually accomplished powerful transmitter generates noise


alexander von humboldt published extensively region towards end nineteenth century turn twentieth within region writers jos mart jos enrique rod encouraged consciousness regional identity international congress americanists held first meeting nancy france met regularly ever since alternating venues europe western hemisphere however unlike scholarly organizations twentieth century ica ongoing organization journal ica

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Latin American studies


david bushnell historian david carrasco anthropologist howard f cline historian john coatsworth historian olivier compagnon historian antonio cornejo polar daniel cos villegas historian nigel davies historian anthropologist andrzej dembicz geographer ariel dorfman james dunkerley arturo escobar nancy farriss historian ada ferrer historian lillian estelle fisher historian albert fishlow economist john foran sociologist jean franco n stor garc canclini manuel antonio garret n peter gerhard historical geographer charles gibson historian federico gil adolfo gilly historian roberto gonz lez echevarr paul gootenberg historian richard graham historian greg grandinhistorian andre gunder frank tulio halper n donghi historian lewis hanke historian clarence haring historian doris heyden mesoamericanist


century kagan richard l ed ''spain america origins hispanism united states'' urbana university illinois press mitchell christophered ''changing perspectives latin american studies insights six disciplines'' stanford stanford university press sable martin ed ''guide writings pioneer latinamericanists united states'' new york haworth press salvatore ricardo ''disciplinary conquest us scholars south america '' durham duke university press external links http laiiunmedu latin american iberian institute university new mexico http memorylocgov hlas handbook latin american studies http lanicutexasedu subject lastudieshtml latin american studies


basic approach every researcher connect theoretical considerations way origins swedish geographer torsten h gerstrand created time geography mid based ideas developed earlier empirical research human migration patterns sweden sought way finding workings large socio environmental mechanisms using physical approach involving study events occur time space framework h gerstrand inspired part conceptual advances spacetime physics philosophy physicalism h gerstrand 's earliest formulation time geography informally

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Time geography


transforms knowledge actions desired effects battle space essentially argues must better opposition right actions right time place inbuilt understanding battle space agility speed also executing effective action ways efficient manner means relative achieving desired impact system ends times battle space agility dependent quality situational awareness holistic understanding battle space determine best actions logic

Applied science
Military sciences
Battlespace


hence framed effects based thinking system systems analysis competing observation orient decide act ooda loops battle space awareness battle space awareness ba practice military philosophy used valuable asset joint component force commanders predict courses action employing troops prescribed area operation ao utilizes intelligence preparation asset assist commander 'aware' recent current near term events battle space based around knowledge understanding obtained intelligence surveillance reconnaissance isr


battle space continuing process joint intelligence preparation joint intelligence preparation battle space jipb analytical process used joint intelligence organizations produce intelligence assessments estimates intelligence products support joint force commander 's decision making process continuous process includes defining total battle space environment describing battle space 's effects evaluating adversary determining describing adversary potential courses action process used analyze aerial terrestrial maritime littoral spatial electromagnetic cyberspace human dimensions environment determine opponent 's capabilities operate


identifiable terrain division higher headquarters battle space shaping battle space shaping concept involved practice maneuver warfare used shaping situation battlefield gaining military advantage commander forecasts elimination enemy 's capability fighting coherent manner deploying determine sized forces see also list command control abbreviations command control fog war network centric warfare psychological warfare references reading mitchell w ''battle space agility '' royal danish defense college publishing house mitchell w ''battle space agility ''royal danish defense college publishing


joint battlespace digitization jbd '' command control military strategy military terminology


maddeningly addictive pleasures satisfying blowing inner sphere dropship smithereens ref name dragon ref february edition ''pyramid'' issue scott haring thought game best bet gamers seeking less complexity saying wanted expand ''battletech'' horizons include great naval battles space n't want get bogged intricate detail ''aerotech'' ''battlespace'' 's got epic action want wo n't take night play references external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwclassicbattletechcom classic battletech wargames introduced


origins consumer behaviour ' marketing dominated called ''classical schools thought'' highly descriptive relied heavily case study approaches occasional use interview methods end two important reports criticised marketing lack methodological rigor especially failure adopt mathematically oriented behavioural science research methods stage set marketing become inter disciplinary adopting consumer behaviourist perspective marketing began shift reliance away economics towards disciplines notably behavioural

Social science
Psychology
Consumer psychology


parents may act joint deciders performing gate keeping role vetoing unacceptable alternatives encouraging acceptable alternatives importance children influencers wide range purchase contexts never underestimated phenomenon known pester power purchasing decision model approach mental processes used purchasing decisions authors employ concept black box represents cognitive affective processes used consumer purchase decision decision model situates black box broader environment shows interaction external internal


include interpersonal stimuli people intrapersonal stimuli within people environmental stimuli marketing stimuli ref name sandhusen sandhusen richard l''marketing'' cf https booksgooglecom booksid qlkaiq accc printsec frontcover ppa ref marketing stimuli include actions planned carried companies whereas environmental stimuli include actions events occurring wider operating environment include social factors economic political cultural dimensions addition buyer 's black box includes buyer characteristics decision process influence buyer 's responses purchases market perfumes often bought gifts high involvement decisions gift symbolises relationship giver intended recipient


brand personality important psycho social attribute consumers positive negative beliefs given brand considerable body research suggests consumers predisposed towards brands personality matches good match affect brand preference brand choice satisfaction brand brand commitment loyalty consumer 's propensity give positive word mouth referrals branch consumer behaviour investigates matching brand 's personality consumer 's personality known ' 'self congruity research'' social media presence brand plays huge


food shelter higher order needs become meaningful consumer 's underlying motivation drives consumer action including information search purchase decision consumer 's attitude brand brand preference described link brand purchase motivation motivations may negative avoid pain unpleasantness positive achieve type reward sensory gratification ref name acrwebsiteorg rossiter jr percy l emotions motivations advertising ''advances consumer research'' vol rebecca h holman michael r solomon eds provo ut association


pointed supply side issues reduced barriers entry lower costs innovation others argued consumers drive adoption rates place high value convenience new innovations brand switching brand switching occurs consumer chooses purchase different brand regular customary brand consumers switch brands variety reasons including store regular brand consumer 's desire variety novelty brand choice fast moving consumer goods market fmcg incidence switching relatively high


marketers particularly interested understanding factors lead brand switching global large sample survey carried nielsen shows four shoppers said getting better price would encourage switch brands service provider retailer said quality incentive switch looked better service agreement said improved features switching incentive however cross cultural differences observed among respondents price major switch incentive half north americans europeans price quality held equal sway


likely pop shopping basket retailers use insights type research design stores ways maximise opportunities impulse buying affect emotions feelings mood consumer 's affective state implications number different dimensions consumer behaviour including information search evaluation alternatives product choice service encounters complaining also advertising responses westbrook p nbsp defines affect class mental phenomena uniquely characterised consciously experienced subjective feeling state commonly accompanying emotions moods suggesting concepts closely related research suggests affect


thus online consumer motivated utilitarian factors different types online behaviour consumers may use online platforms various stages purchase decision consumers use online sources simply acquire information planned purchases others use online platforms making actual purchase situations consumers may also use online platforms engage post purchase behaviours staying connected brand joining brand community may become brand advocate posting product review online providing brand referrals via social media e commerce providers


type online consumers influence internet buying process class wikitable sortable mw collapsible table internet 's impact buying process stage buying process unaware aware product need develop specification supplier search evaluate select purchase post purchase evaluation feedback communications objectives generate awareness position features benefit brand lead generation range customers assist purchase decision facilitate purchase support use retain business internet marketing techniques banner advertising pr links web site content plus search support search engines intermediates web site content intermediates web site


content personalised web site content interaction preceding table shows first row indicates process consumer buying new product second third row illustrates positive influences internet could buying process creating effective communications online consumers example suppose consumer carelessly see advertisement laptops wechat popular chinese social media developed tecent begins feel laptop bit date want buy new one outcome good advertisement placed


two accepted specialty examinations ref name schnoll ref one board certification addiction psychiatry american board psychiatry neurology board certification addiction medicine american board preventive medicine latter approach available physicians primary board certification former available board certified psychiatrists doctors osteopathic medicine may also seek board certification via american osteopathic association aoa doctor osteopathic medicine must primary board certification neurology psychiatry internal medicine family practice american osteopathic association

Applied science
Medicine and health
Addiction Medicine


community organization social administration acosa publishes ''the journal community practice'' theoretical models community practice due community work 's applied nature theory always considered necessary even utilized despite number theoretical models community practice guide practitioner toward social action theoretical models evolved proto models utilized progressive era present day synthesized work jane addams bessie mcclanehan robert p lane murray ross jack rothman sam taylor robert roberts community workers marie weil dorothy gamble crafted

Social science
Social work
Community practice


community educators third social work practice category sometimes referenced called 'mezzo practice' mezzo practice defined combination micro macro aspects focus interventions smaller groups systems whereas macro practice often focuses policy systematic changes researchers practitioners consider mezzo practice focus change community neighborhood level often overlap macro mezzo argue mezzo practice sub category within macro social work although makes smaller portion social work practice mezzo practice


represents effective way bridge perceived distances micro macro practice methods ref name israel non traditional settings traditionally social work practice located within office agency settings however community practice may also utilize alternative spaces emerging tradition settlement houses nineteenth century use existing spaces services provided social work community organizing truly makes services community based nontraditional settings public spaces often part service industry community members gather socially ref name delgado delgado social work practice non traditional urban settings boston university ref


goal using existing gathering spaces venue social work build existing structures community communities offer numerous characteristics built upon services organizing furthermore organizing around existing collective identity shared experience building block group cohesion may increase effectiveness organizing ref name kerno kerno sj limitations communities practice sage publications journal leadership organizational studies pp ref effectively navigating entry spaces may take time diligence behalf organizer spaces


combination social policy program evaluation concentration areas see also list community topics community economic development community service community engagement references general hardcastle powers p wenecour community practice theories skills social workers oxford university press weil handbook community practice sage publications reading community occupations social care united states


typically thought part economics also looked individually allow greater attention detail eg money banking trade cycles location independent economics study needed economics include subjects accounting actuarial science insurance areas public policy agriculture labour transportation utility industries control industry public finance comparative economic systems demography area studies modern views mainstream view modern mainstream economics holds view body abstract

Social science
Economics
Applied economics


agricultural economics'' produced since publishes research economics agriculture food natural resources environment rural community development throughout world ''applied economics perspectives policy'' applied economic perspectives policy aepp leading peer reviewed journal applied economics policy published four times per year oxford university press one two journals published agricultural applied economics association aaea along american journal agricultural economics ajae today leading journal 'applied economics' impact factor


purpose aepp analyze areas current applied economic research effort inform policy makers decision makers generate connections sub fields agricultural applied economics order focus future research increase knowledge field impact public policy critique backhouse biddle argue mainstream view accepted theoretical core applied range areas relies core specific characteristics namely wide scope


application standard core microeconomic theory area entirely inappropriate alternative set models provided core might best described structuralist approach recently development economics texts provided applications mainstream core theory ref name backhouse examples problems applied economics economic growth theory comim uses history economics growth order illustrate historical nature concept applied economics first discusses perspective theorists views applied dimension work examines perspective


individual basis media psychologists able perform activities include consulting design production various media like television video games films news broadcasting media psychologists considered featured media counselors psychotherapists clinicians etc rather research work contribute field history overlaps numerous fields media studies communication science anthropology education sociology mention within discipline psychology nbsp much research would considered media psychology come fields

Social science
Psychology
Media psychology


use technology points relevance construction internal processing ref name psychological theory play psychological theory play applies general framework concept media entertainment idea potentially offers conceptual connection points presence activity playing exhibits consistent results use entertainment objects theory states play type action characterized three major aspects intrinsically motivated highly attractive implies change perceived reality players construct additional reality


late th century native tribes quebrada de humahuaca conquered inca empire topa inca yupanqui secure supply metals silver zinc copper incan domination area lasted half century ended arrival spanish ref name hennessy ref spanish colonial era europeans first arrived region portuguese voyage gon alo coelho amerigo vespucci around jo de lisboa estev de fr discovered rio de la plata present day argentina exploring estuary contacting


jer nimo luis de cabrera regions part viceroyalty peru whose capital lima settlers arrived city unlike regions south america colonization r de la plata estuary influenced gold rush since lacked precious metals mine ref name mitre pp natural ports r de la plata estuary could used shipments meant made port callao near lima condition led contraband becoming normal means commerce


triple alliance ended sarmiento 's rule defeat paraguay annexation part territory argentina despite victory war mitre 's popularity declined severely broad section argentine population opposed war due alliance brazil argentina 's historic rival took place war betrayal paraguay one country 's important economic allies one major hallmarks mitre 's presidency law compromise buenos aires joined argentine republic


opened doors argentina 's expanding middle class well social groups previously excluded power yrigoyen 's policy fix system enacting necessary reforms would enable agroindustrial export model preserve alternated moderate social reforms repression social movements student movement started university c rdoba eventually led university reform quickly spread rest latin america may ' french students recalled c rdoba movement tragic week january argentine regional workers' federation fora


administration enacted labor code establishing right strike implemented minimum wage laws collective contracts also initiated creation ''direcci n general de yacimientos petrol feros fiscales'' ypf state oil company june radicalism rejected class struggle advocated social conciliation september yrigoyen 's administration refused follow ''cordon sanitaire'' policy enacted soviet union basing policy assistance given austria war decided send ussr million pesos assistance year yrigoyen replaced rival inside


homes bodies thrown le n suarez dumping ground along june casa rosada bombing plaza de mayo le n suarez massacre one important events started cycle violence pedro aramburu later kidnapped executed massacre fernando abal medina emilio angel maza mario firmenich others would later form ''montoneros'' movement special elections held reform constitution radical party ricardo balb n majority although ballots turned


would work triple despite fact country grew developed economically illia 's tenure president eventually ousted military coup ''revoluci n argentina'' amidst growing worker student unrest another coup took place june self designated ''revoluci n argentina'' argentine revolution established general juan carlos ongan ' 'de facto'' president supported several leaders general confederation labour cgt among general secretary augusto vandor led series military appointed presidents preceding military coups aimed establishing temporary transitional ''junta' 's


''revoluci n argentina'' headed ongan aimed establishing new political social order opposed liberal democracy communism gave armed forces argentina leading political role economic rationalization country political scientist guillermo o'donnell named type regime authoritarian bureaucratic state reference ''revoluci n argentina'' brazilian military regime augusto pinochet 's regime starting juan mar bordaberry 's regime uruguay ongan 's minister economy adalbert krieger vasena decreed wage freeze devaluation currency strongly affected


tulio halper n donghi sergio bag risieri frondizi late may general julio alsogaray dissented ongan rumors spread possible coup d' tat algosaray leading conservative opposition ongan finally end month ongan dismissed leaders armed forces alejandro lanusse replaced julio alsogaray pedro gnavi replaced benigno varela jorge mart nez zuvir replaced adolfo alvarez september two important events affected revolutionary peronism one hand john william cooke former personal delegate per n ideologist peronist left well friend fidel


mounting charges corruption public discontent finally country 's defeat united kingdom falklands war following argentina 's unsuccessful attempt seize falkland islands combined discredit argentine military regime strong public pressure junta lifted bans political parties gradually restored basic political liberties members junta currently prison crimes humanity genocide beagle conflict beagle conflict began brew argentina began claim picton lennox nueva islands beagle channel rightfully


jill '' argentina modern history'' https wwwamazoncom argentina modern history jill hedges dp excerpt text search lewis daniel k ''the history argentina'' https wwwamazoncom history argentina greenwood histories nations dp excerpt text search lynch john ''spanish colonial administration intendant system viceroyalty river plate'' lynch john ''argentine dictator juan manuel de rosas '' moya jos c ''cousins strangers spanish immigrants buenos aires '' berkeley los angeles university california press nouzeilles gabriela graciela montaldo eds ''the argentina reader history culture politics'' latin america translation pineda yovanna ''industrial development


still apply drawbacks discussed view establishing small scale continuous production processes pashkova greiner continuous flow reactors reaction stages multi cell flow reactor continuous reactors typically tube like manufactured non reactive materials stainless steel glass polymers mixing methods include diffusion alone diameter reactor small eg nbsp mm microreactors static mixers continuous flow reactors allow good control reaction conditions including heat transfer time mixing residence time reagents reactor ie amount

Natural science
Chemistry
Flow chemistry


reactant per experiment performing reaction screening libraries segment composition typically varied composition matter performing reaction optimization segments vary stoichiometry segment serial parallel flow serial parallel segments segmented flow also used online lcms analytical preparative segments detected exiting reactor using uv subsequently diluted analytical lcms injected directly preparative lcms see also chemical reaction microfluidics microreactor organic chemistry plug flow reactor references external links http pubsrscorg en content articlelanding sc c sc f continuous flow multi step organic synthesis http pubsrscorg en journals journalissues sc chemical science mini


specifically accurately rachel carson typewriter according flor environmental communication six essentials knowledge ecological laws sensitivity cultural dimension ability network effectively efficiency using media social agenda setting appreciation practice environmental ethics conflict resolution mediation arbitration ref name earlier book published flor colleague ely gomez explore development environmental communication curriculum perspectives practitioners government private sector academe general environmental skepticism increasing challenge environmental rhetoric climate change communication


information technology environmental communication technological breakthroughs empowered appearance internet also contributing environmental problems air pollution acid rain global warming reduction natural sources also outcome online technologies netcraft argued world web facing computers unique domain names websites leading significant power consumption therefore notions green websites emerged helping tackle issue green websites associated climate friendly policies aims improve natural habitat earth renewable sources


communication occurs plants actually communicate within ecosystems plant injured one leaf nibbling insect alert leaves begin anticipatory defense responses furthermore plant biologists discovered leaf gets eaten warns leaves using signals animals biologists starting unravel long standing mystery different parts plant communicate one another ref name ref beings connected systems theory submits one three critical functions living systems exchange information


understandings material world understanding gives researchers ability study cultures react environment around ref name mediating human nature relations humans react form opinions based environment around nature plays role human relations theory strives make connection human nature relations belief core environmental communication seeks understand nature affects human behavior ref name comfort ref identityresearchers point connection made theory phenomenology applied activist theory


'''bibliographic database''' database bibliographic records organized digital collection references published literature including journal newspaper articles conference proceedings reports government legal publications patents books etc contrast library catalogue entries large proportion bibliographic records bibliographic databases describe articles conference papers etc rather complete monographs generally contain rich subject descriptions form keywords subject classification terms abstracts bibliographic database may general scope cover specific academic discipline like computer science significant number bibliographic

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Bibliographic databases


illness developed institutional community training technical assistance developed degree programs university levels offers leadership institutes worked collaboratively expand upgrade older models clubhouses transitional employment services among others psychiatric rehabilitation developed formulated new profession community workers medical psychiatry md awarded medical school could assist deinstitutionalization eg systems conversion community development us represents first master 's phd classes us specialize rehabilitation discipline focused community versus

Social science
Social work
Psychosocial rehabilitation


data temporally correlated straightforward bootstrapping destroys inherent correlations method uses gaussian process regression gpr fit probabilistic model replicates may drawn gpr bayesian non linear regression method gaussian process gp collection random variables finite number joint gaussian normal distribution gp defined mean function covariance function specify mean vectors covariance matrices finite collection random variables ref name ref '''regression model ''' math x f x varepsilon varepsilon sim mathcal n sigma math math varepsilon math noise

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Statistics
Bootstrap (Statistics)


term '''gaussian process prior ''' finite collection variables ''x'' sub sub nbsp nbsp ''x'' sub ''n'' sub function outputs math f x ldotsf x n math jointly distributed according multivariate gaussian mean math x ldotsm x n intercal math covariance matrix math k ij k x ix j math assume math f x sim mathcal gp mk math math x sim mathcal gp ml math math l x ix j k x ix j sigma delta x ix j math math delta x ix j math standard kronecker delta function ref name '''gaussian process posterior ''' according gp prior get math x ldotsy x r sim mathcal n k math math x ldotsm x r intercal math math k ij k x ix j sigma delta x ix j math let x sub sub sup sup x sub sub sup sup another finite collection variables 's obvious math x ldotsy x r f x ldotsf x intercal sim mathcal n binom begin pmatrix k k k intercal k end pmatrix math math x ldotsm x intercal math math k ij k x x j math math k ij k x ix j math according equations


random variable math v math mean variance distributions math v math mammen 's method assumes 'true' residual distribution symmetric offer advantages simple residual sampling smaller sample sizes different forms used random variable math v math standard normal distribution distribution suggested mammen math v begin cases sqrt text probability sqrt sqrt sqrt text probability sqrt sqrt end cases math approximately mammen 's distribution math v begin cases quad text units' place


poisson bootstrap graph showing convergence binomial distribution poisson binomial parameters np n grows ordinary bootstrap requires random selection n elements list equivalent drawing multinomial distribution may require large number passes data challenging run computations parallel large values n poisson bootstrap efficient method generating bootstrapped data sets generating single bootstrap sample instead randomly drawing sample data replacement data


bootstrap aggregating bootstrapping empirical likelihood imputation statistics reliability statistics reproducibility resampling references ref ref name varian varian h bootstrap tutorial ''mathematica journal'' ref reading popular science efron bradley ''the jackknife bootstrap resampling plans'' ''society industrial applied mathematics cbms nsf monographs'' diaconis p efron bradley computer intensive methods statistics ''scientific american'' may efron bradley tibshirani robert j ''an introduction bootstrap'' new york chapman hall https archivetoday http libstatcmuedu bootstrapfuns software davison c hinkley v bootstrap methods application http statwwwepflch davison bma libraryhtml software mooney c z


people european descent living balance mexican americans thought lazy talentless idlers ref name de ortego gasca title chicano studies last de ortego gasca first felipe date october journal hispanic outlook higher education volume issue ref also must noted stereotypes continued throughout th st centuries ref name rodriguez additionally chican scholars felipe de ortego gasca claim mexican americans seen vital parts general american history neglect remember historical treaties treaty guadalupe hidalgo land originally belonging mexico

Social science
Sociology
Cultural studies
Chicano Studies


learn mexican history history mexican americans ref name de ortego gasca additionally little material european american community taught mexican americans framed context european american narratives words meaning historical focus placed mexican americans mexican americans often portrayed negatively ref name de ortego gasca reason chican studies created combat traditional education excludes mexican american history furthers harmful stereotypes mexican americans ref name rodriguez ref name acosta ref furthermore chican studies created ensure chican students access chican education taught chican ref


name arellano addition exclusion mexican american narratives american education negative perceptions mexican americans professors educators higher education rarely chican even nascency chican studies first teachers material chican professors institution ref name acosta therefore another reason chican studies implemented colleges universities ensure diversity faculty higher education demonstrate chican students professional careers surrounding education option well ref name arellano history rudy acuna 's work


california state college los angeles cscla ref name mexican american black student unions pressed cscla ethnic studies classes time ref name ''plan de santa barbara'' generally considered manifesto chican studies ref name drafted university california santa barbara plan emphasizes need education especially higher education enact chican community empowerment ref name ref ''plan'' helped establish chicana studies entity incorporated structures academia ref name however ''plan'' articulated need education


states mexico correspondingly united mexican americans sense nationalism ref name ref first volume ''aztl n journal chicano studies'' published students university california los angeles ucla ref name ref ''aztl n'' big influence discourse surrounding chican studies reason behind founding many chican studies colleges universities ref name name journal came directly ''el plan espiritual de aztl n'' direction historian juan gomez qui ones journal supported sustained culture


department chicana chicano studies university california los angeles https wwwchicanolatinostudiesuciedu department chicano latino studies university california irvine https wwwchicstucsbedu department chican studies university california santa barbara http wwwutaedu cmas indexhtml center mexican american studies cmas university texas arlington https masarizonaedu department mexican american studies university arizona https webarchiveorg web http wwwcsubedu chicanostudies chicano studies california state university bakersfield https webarchiveorg web http stsasuedu front transborder chicano latino studies arizona state university https wwwcsudhedu chicano department chicana chicano studies california state university dominguez hills http hssfullertonedu chicano chicana chicano studies program california state university fullerton http claremontchicanolatinostudiesorg intecollegiate chicana latina studies department claremont colleges claremont


'''southeast asian studies''' seas refers research education language culture history different states ethnic groups southeast asia institutions refer discipline asean studies since countries study belong association southeast asian nations asean definitions constitutes southeast asia differ scholars blurs boundaries southeast asian studies regional studies like oriental studies post colonial studies southeast asian studies incorporates anthropology religious studies linguistics international relations definitions southeast asia boundaries southeast

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Southeast Asian studies


history founded united states rise communism vietnam laos brought southeast asian studies forefront academia politics korea academics began forming groups focusing region southeast asia korean association southeast asian studies kaseas southeast asian studies south korea focuses mainly southeast asia 's relationship regions asia trans border migration within outside southeast asia spread korean wave region publication ''southeast asian studies'' also english name japanese scholarly


mind christ praxis church including among things asceticism liturgy hymnography iconography consensus church time defines catholicity mdash believed times entire church st vincent lerins wrote ''commonitoria'' ad church doctrine like human body develops time still keeping original identity n orthodox church possible care must taken hold faith believed everywhere always disagree consensus

Humanities
Theology
Christian theology
Eastern Orthodox theology


take form age twelve required give position marry desired remain forever virgin dedication god decided marry close relative joseph uncle cousin older man widower would take care allow retain virginity time came submitted god 's allowed christ take form within believed many orthodox life committed


implies ''th power commutative'' ''nil index '' implies ''anticommutative'' ''nil index '' implies ''jordan identity'' ''nilpotent index '' implies ''jacobi identity'' ''nilpotent index '' implies ''nil index '' ''unital'' ''nil index '' incompatible ''jordan identity'' ''commutative'' together imply ''power associative'' ''right alternative'' implies ''power associative'' similarly ''left alternative'' implies ''power associative'' ''unital'' ''jordan identity'' together imply ''flexible'' ''jordan identity'' ''flexible'' together imply ''power associative'' ''commutative'' ''anticommutative'' together imply ''nilpotent index '' ''anticommutative'' implies ''nil index '' ''unital''

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Algebra
Non-associative algebra


counter productive advocacy using social influences south african society painter terre blanche supports effort apply indigenous psychology area application indigenous psychology similar methods contribute field global psychology indigenous psychologies three things common indigenous societies including shortage resources professional vs scientific priority psychology challenge integrating psychology culture indigenous psychologies practice applied psychology research psychology often lack financial support resources research psychology end focus application

Social science
Psychology
Indigenous psychology


region persistence even though twenty four native languages one various dialects even though psychology formal academic setting since early twentieth century western psychology entered calcutta forward progress nonetheless made although region neither accreditation licensing system psychology programs practicing psychologist ref name lawsongrahambaker positive shifts occurring shift seen relationship applied psychology research psychology thankfully shift strictly applied professional psychology scientific research psychology begun gain force ref name lawsongrahambaker


forty three million people practicing clinical psychologists greatly outnumber research psychologists leaving south african psychologists capable crafting broad scale psychological interventions ref name lawsongrahambaker today vast efforts made extend south african psychology beyond borders mostly due apartheid longer isolating field form international scholarship ref name lawsongrahambaker first steps south african psychology aftermath apartheid take collectivist orientation indigenous focus rigorous scholarship international exchange ref name lawsongrahambaker south african psychologists face dilemma keeping international influence indigenous psychology balance south


established south africa major turmoil caused amongst native non native south africans apartheid system based laws segregation grew severity time passed first segregation laws established allow whites non whites interact even interactions wanted whites blacks allowed marry engage socially addition white jobs black jobs established also created segregation workplace ref name lawsongrahambaker apartheid progressed final stages black south african citizens


filipino psychology branch asian psychology continuing discussion comprise subject determine whether filipino psychology placed domain either asian psychology eastern psychology filipino psychology seen largely postcolonial seen kind liberation psychology aiming familiar psychology subjugated communities conceptually addressing oppressive sociopolitical structure exist ref name tomaneng tomaneng r recovering kapwa filipino american postcolonial psychology decolonizing praxis multicultural perspectives ref approaches filipino ''lapit'' filipino psychology


pakikipagkapwa pilipinong lapit sa pananaliksik pakikipagkapwa filipino approach research manila de la salle university department psychology ref real life application cultural views theories assumptions within social institutions influence cultures around world application psychological practices indigenous populations historic cultural religious beliefs specific population directly affect application psychologies specific beliefs indigenous people must considered order bridge barrier psychological ideas real world application ideas indigenous people excerpt article american psychological association 's


web site explains idea shows connecting psychology cultural beliefs strengthen doctor patient relationship ref name clay clay r psychology around world monitor psychology vol retrieved dec http wwwapaorg monitor may indiaaspx ref dsm western diagnostic hegemony addition broader dimensions western colonial cultural influence indigenous psychologies specific limitations indigenous psychologies arise pervasive nearly universal acceptance western diagnostic tools primary source diagnostic features criteria psychopathology ref name thakkerward thakker j ward culture classification cross cultural application


one economic exploitation economic exploitation workers fundamental creative source new value property relations affording right usufruct despotic control workplace capitalists devices surplus value created workers appropriated capitalists capital accumulation inherent capitalism incessant drive accumulate response competitive forces acting upon capitalists context accumulated wealth source capitalist 's social power derives able repeat circuit money commodity money capitalist receives

Social science
Economics
Socialist economics


linking worldwide market agents potential revolutionary change created thus marx felt course development capitalism time developing preconditions negation however although objective conditions change generated capitalist system subjective conditions social revolution come apprehension objective circumstances agents transformation understanding effective revolutionary program anarchist economics anarchist economics set theories practices economics


forces capital accumulation superseded economic planning economic planning definition means conscious allocation economic inputs means production associated producers directly maximise use values opposed exchange values contrast anarchy production capitalism walrasian market socialist defines socialism public ownership cooperative enterprises market economy prices producer goods set trial error method central planning board view socialism defined terms ' 'de jure'' public property rights major enterprises marxist leninist conception includes


form political organisation based control means production government single political party apparatus claims act interest working class ideology hostile toward markets political dissent coordination economic activity centralised economic planning eg command economy form administrative command system social democratic concept based capitalist mode production defines socialism set values rather specific type social economic organisation includes unconditional support parliamentary democracy gradual reformist attempts establish


feasible socialism name alec nove gave outline socialism work ''the economics feasible socialism'' according nove model socialism feasible realized within lifetime anyone living today involves combination publicly owned centrally directed enterprises large scale industries autonomous publicly owned enterprises consumer worker owned cooperatives majority economy private ownership small businesses market based mixed economy includes substantial role macroeconomic interventionism indicative economic planning pragmatic market socialism


various socialists economists computer scientists including oskar lange soviet engineer viktor glushkov recently paul cockshott allin cottrell peer peer economy open source networked information age enabled development emergence new forms organizing production value non market arrangements termed commons based peer production along negation ownership concept property development software form open source open design negotiated coordination economist pat devine created model coordination called negotiated coordination


based upon social ownership affected use assets involved decisions made localised level production elements socialism practice although number economic systems existed various socialist attributes deemed socialist proponents almost economic systems listed largely retained elements capitalism wage labor accumulation capital commodity production nonetheless various elements socialist economy implemented experimented various economies throughout history various forms


administrative command economies fundamentally economies structured around dynamic capitalism ie accumulation capital production profit opposed based production use defining criterion socialism law value yet transcended system capitalism fact variation capitalism based process state directed accumulation side argument economists contend surplus value generated labour activity commodity markets socialist planned economies therefore claim exploiting class even


factors lead conclude soviet economies socialist examples either bureaucratic collectivism state capitalism trotskyists regard mature soviet systems neither socialist capitalist deformed workers' states analysis consistent april theses lenin stated prospective bolshevik revolution aimed introduce socialism could established worldwide scale bring production state control soviets workers' deputies furthermore communist states often claim achieved socialism


union joseph stalin came power late instituted system five year plans constitution soviet union known fundamental law victorious socialism embodied claim foundations socialism laid stalin introduced theory socialism one country argued socialism built single country despite existing within global capitalist economic system nevertheless recognized stage developed socialism would built would lengthy one would


people jobs fraction unemployable people result illness disability problems alcoholism proportion people changing jobs percent labour force year according employment data central eastern europe ussr labour exchanges established ussr help enterprises allocate workers provide information job vacancies compulsory unemployment insurance schemes operated bulgaria eastern germany hungary numbers claiming support result losing job


easier plan brought predictable bonuses embargoes high technology exports organized us supported cocom arrangement hampered technology transfer enterprise managers also ignored inducements introduce labour saving measures wished retain reserve personnel available meet production target working top speed supplies delayed conditions taut planning economy expected produce volume output higher reported capacity enterprises slack system enterprises faced resource constraint hoarded labour inputs


form social democratic mixed economies another th century include britain mixed economy welfare state france state capitalism indicative planning dirigisme sweden social democratic welfare state norway state social democratic mixed economy present regarded social democratic reformist socialist experiments universally retained wage based economy private ownership control decisive means production nevertheless western european countries tried restructure economies away purely private capitalist model variations range social


rejection nationalization despite pap member socialist international still claimed socialist party pointing regulation private sector state intervention economy social policies evidence prime minister lee kuan yew also stated influenced democratic socialist british labour party singapore 's economy dominated state owned enterprises government linked companies temasek holdings generate singapore 's gdp temasek holdings operates like company market economy managers holding rewarded according


electorally dominant taiwan taiwan 's economy classified state capitalist system influenced leninist model political control taiwanese economists referring taiwan 's economy model party state capitalism legacy still lingers decision making process taiwan 's economy includes number state owned enterprises taiwanese state 's role economy shifted entrepreneur minority investor companies alongside democratization agenda late paris commune paris commune considered prototype mode economic political organization


accumulation capital profit loss mechanism anarchist spain spain national anarcho syndicalist trade union confederaci n nacional del trabajo initially refused join popular front electoral alliance abstention cnt supporters led right wing election victory cnt changed policy anarchist votes helped bring popular front back power months later former ruling class responded attempted coup causing spanish civil war response army rebellion anarchist inspired movement peasants workers supported armed militias took control barcelona


location socioeconomic status poverty ethnicity members cultural group often share common identity heritage values macrosystems evolve across time generation generation ''chronosystem '' consists pattern environmental events transitions life course well changing socio historical circumstances example researchers found negative effects divorce children often peak first year divorce two years divorce family interaction less chaotic stable example changing sociohistorical circumstances increase opportunities

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems theory
Ecological systems theory


practice developmental psychology systems psychology systems theory


regions encouraging belief among local populations distinct varieties english granted equal standing standard great britain ref name intro global spread english first dispersal english transported 'new world' first diaspora involved relatively large scale migrations mother tongue english speakers england scotland ireland predominantly north america caribbean australia south africa new zealand time english dialects developed modern american canadian west indian south african australian new zealand englishes contrast english great britain

Humanities
Languages and literature
Linguistics
World Englishes


spread english '''''phase foundation''''' initial stage introduction english new territory extended period time two linguistic processes operative stage language contact english indigenous languages b contact different dialects english settlers eventually results new stable dialect see koin stage bilingualism marginal members local populace may play important role interpreters translators guides borrowings limited lexical items local place names terms local


british english subsequent englishes affinities either one ref name strevens p ''teaching english international language'' oxford pergamon press ref mcarthur 's circle world english mcarthur 's wheel model idealized central variety called world standard english best represented written international english next circle made regional standards standards emerging finally outer layer consists localized varieties may similarities regional standards emerging standards although model neat raises several problems firstly three different types english nbsp enl


esl efl conflated second circle secondly multitude englishes europe also missing layer finally outside layer includes pidgins creoles l englishes scholars would argue english pidgins creoles belong one family rather overlapping multiple memberships g rlach 's circle model english manfred g rlach 's mcarthur 's models reasonably similar exclude english varieties europe g rlach include efls model consistent though less comprehensive outside circle mixed varieties pidgins creoles mixed languages involving


slps conduct research related communication sciences disorders swallowing disorders upper aerodigestive functions education training united states united states speech language pathology master 's entry level professional degree field clinicians must hold master 's degree communicative disorders nbsp speech language pathology eg ms med university holds regional accreditation communication sciences disorders program accredited american speech language hearing association asha profession 's national governing body well individual state 's governing board programs offer med degree often housed within university 's

Applied science
Medicine and health
Speech–language pathology


person changes culture personality automatically changes person learns follow norms values new culture turn influences individual 's personal characteristics configurationalist approach approach describes culture personality interpretation experiences guided symbolic structure creates personality copied larger culture leading figures include ruth benedict irving hallowell margaret mead basic modal personality major figures include john whiting beatrice whiting cora dubois florence kluckhohn national character leading figures include sociologist alex

Social science
Anthropology
Psychological Anthropology


los angeles university california press luhrmann tanya ''of two minds growing disorder american psychiatry'' new york ny us alfred knopf inc o'nell theresa ''disciplined hearts history identity depression american indian community'' berkeley ca university california press external links http wwwmedanthronet amhig anthropology mental health special interest group amhig society medical anthropology aaa https webarchiveorg web http wwwaaanetorg spa indexhtm society psychological anthropology http enpanthronet enpa european network psychological anthropology https webarchiveorg web http wwwanthrouiucedu ethos ''ethos'' journal society psychological anthropology https webarchiveorg web http homepagemaccom mccajor ssl panthhtml psychological psychiatric anthropology resources http wwwthefprorg foundation psychocultural research http wwwindianaedu wanthro theory pages psychologicalhtm


basic search reference services though depth questions usually referred reference librarians library reference desk circulation desk cases staffed library support staff instead professional librarians functions circulation desk staff date due slip showing checkout return activity date due slip harvard 's lamont library lending materials library users checking materials returned monitoring materials damage routing appropriate staff repair replacement troubleshooting circulation technology ie library circulation software scanners printers etc collecting statistics library use

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Library circulation


titles beyond traditional genres fantasy mystery romance diverse offerings include guides lgbt literature guides graphic novels comic books manga etc christian fiction blockquote contemporary readers advisory service best understood organized program promoting fiction nonfiction discretionary reading dual purposes satisfying reader needs advancing culture 's goal literate population bill crowley journal article rediscovering history readers advisory service blockquote types direct readers' advisory direct readers' advisory based non judgmental assessment

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Readers' advisory


turkey hinxton group researchers ethicists assorted spokespersons different countries published set legal ethical guidelines relating stem cell research effort address conflicting international laws area ref name hinxton ref hinxton group met recently first time cambridge published consensus statement calling flexible regulatory framework simultaneously accommodate rapid scientific advance time accommodate diversity international approaches towards stem cell science ref name hinxton also recommends countries oppose embryonic stem cell research scientists free

Applied science
Public administration
Science policy
Stem cell research policy


defined 'socially learned behavior' 'social learning' defined copying behaviors observed others acquiring behaviors taught others modelling done field relies first dynamic copying though extended teaching social learning simplest involves blind copying behaviors model someone observed behaving though also understood many potential biases including success bias copying perceived better status bias copying higher status homophily copying like conformist

Social science
Anthropology
Gene-Culture Coevolution


cooked carbohydrates approximately average higher digestibility non cooked carbohydrates ref name increased energy intake free time savings made tissue used digestive system allowed selection genes larger brain size despite benefits brain tissue requires large amount calories hence main constraint selection larger brains calorie intake greater calorie intake support greater quantities brain tissue argued explain human brains much larger apes since humans ape


choose cultural variants less common population rarity bias also sometimes called nonconformist anti conformist bias social learning cumulative cultural evolution dit evolution culture dependent evolution social learning analytic models show social learning becomes evolutionarily beneficial environment changes enough frequency genetic inheritance track changes fast enough individual learning efficient environments little variability social learning needed since genes adapt fast enough changes


environment human sociobiologists try understand maximizing genetic fitness either modern era past environments explain human behavior faced trait seems maladaptive sociobiologists try determine trait actually increases genetic fitness maybe kin selection speculating early evolutionary environments dual inheritance theorists contrast consider variety genetic cultural processes addition natural selection genes human behavioral ecology human behavioral ecology hbe dit similar relationship ecology evolutionary biology biological sciences


treats culture evolutionary process distinct genetic transmission however philosophical differences memetics dit one difference memetics' focus selection potential discrete replicators memes dit allows transmission non replicators non discrete cultural variants dit assume replicators necessary cumulative adaptive evolution dit also strongly emphasizes role genetic inheritance shaping capacity cultural evolution perhaps biggest difference difference academic lineage memetics


oxford oxford university press boyd r p j richerson ''the origin evolution cultures'' oxford oxford university press richerson p j r boyd ''not genes alone culture transformed human evolution'' chicago university chicago press henrich j ''the secret success'' princeton princeton university press reviews smith e http facultywashingtonedu easmith threestylespdf three styles evolutionary analysis human behavior l cronk n chagnon w irons eds ''adaptation human behavior anthropological perspective'' new york aldine de gruyter bentley ra c lipo hdg maschner


alex mesoudi human biological cultural evolution group university exeter uk https webarchiveorg web http emailevampgde tomas michael tomasello department developmental comparative psychology max planck institute evolutionary anthropology https webarchiveorg web http wwweebuconnedu people turchin peter turchin department ecology evolutionary biology university connecticut http profmarkcollardcom mark collard department archaeology simon fraser university department archaeology university aberdeen anthropology behavioural genetics cultural anthropology human evolution population genetics sociobiology


figure example structural equation model latent variables normally indicated ovals observed variables shown rectangles residuals variances drawn double headed arrows shown single arrows circle use note latent iq variance fixed provide scale model figure depicts measurement errors influencing indicator latent intelligence indicator latent achievement neither indicators measurement errors indicators modeled influencing latent variables could researcher opted model

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Statistics
Structural Equation Model


fit preferred model one lowest aic value math mathit aic k ln l math ''k'' number parameters statistical model ''l'' maximized value likelihood model root mean square error approximation rmsea fit index value zero indicates best fit guideline determining close fit using rmsea highly contested researchers concur rmsea indicates poor fit ref name browne standardized root mean residual srmr srmr popular absolute fit indicator


meter poetry allegory allusion imagery musical form symbolist poetry sound poetry refrain literary theory history poetry poetics linguistics association theopoetics notes references reading olson charles '' https wwwpoetryfoundationorg articles projective verse projective verse new york ny '' poetry new york original texts english poets th century th century americans aesthetics discourse analysis literature spoken word

Humanities
Languages and literature
Literary theory
Poetics


lifting playing games outdoor recreation tourism describes traveling leisure purposes destinations include parks national parks hikes domestic foreign cities activities considered part sport recreation tourism included general leisure activities category quite vast includes limited yoga arts nature conservation hobbies ref name csulbedu ref career opportunities bachelor 's degree leisure studies qualifies graduates wide range entry level recreational occupations private public sectors leisure service jobs involve

Human physical performance and recreation


sociology journals bimonthly journals english language journals


various forms formal class settings small group sessions one one encounters written guides brochures audiovisual presentations computer assisted instruction cai course related instruction long viewed one effective user education methods complication course related instruction however requirement faculty cooperation faculty member 's authority decide instruction given receives short librarians limited control course related instruction forms instruction also staff intensive exacerbated high ratio students librarians exists institutions university

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Library instruction


opposite views possible future dialect studies study class marked distinctions likely considerable interest everyone england linguistic geography traditionally focused upon rural english rather urban english common production linguistic investigators dialects shaded dotted map showing show one linguistic feature ends another begins overlaps various compilations maps england issued years including joseph wright 's ''english dialect dictionary'' ''survey english dialects'' ''the linguistic atlas england'' geolinguistic

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Language geography


kinetic monte carlo schemes simulation commonly carried gillespie algorithm uses reaction constants derived chemical kinetic rate constants predict whether reaction going occur stochastic simulations computationally demanding therefore size scope model limited stochastic simulation used show ras protein crucial signalling molecule cells active inactive form provided insight population lymphocytes upon stimulation active inactive subpopulations co receptors important

Natural science
Biology
Systems biology
Systems immunology


agents environment abm potential observe events multiscale level becoming popular disciplines used modelling interactions cd cells beta cells diabetes modelling rolling activation leukocytes boolean model logic models used model life cycles cells immune synapse pathogen recognition viral entries microscopic mesoscopic level unlike ode models details kinetics concentrations interacting species n't required logistic models biochemical species represented


procedure scholars characterized law merchant myth twentieth century construct common law development find reference law merchant early edw 'the king jurisdiction merchants put stand estoyer right etc 'according laws nature' secundum legem naturae called 'law merchant' universal law everyone tout le monde english courts applied merchant customs certain nature consistent law existence since time immemorial english judges

Humanities
Law
Legal management
Mercantile law


diaspora including kittitian caryl phillips lived uk since one month age edwidge danticat haitian immigrant united states anthony kellman barbados divides time barbados united states andrea levy united kingdom jamaicans alecia mckenzie lived belgium singapore france colin channer marlon james author man booker prize winning novel ''a brief history seven killings'' well ''john crow 's devil'' ''the book night women'' unpublished screenplay dead men short story cover

Humanities
Languages and literature
West Indian Literature


marketing '''geomarketing''' also called '''marketing geography''' discipline uses geolocation geographic information process planning implementation marketing activities ref name qr http wwwclcamacuk dq publications recommending querciapdf recommending social events mobile phone location data daniele quercia et al icdm ref used aspect marketing mix product price promotion place geo targeting market segments also correlate location useful targeted marketing geomarketing applied financial sector identifying atms traffic generators creating hotspots maps based geographical parameters integrated customer

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Marketing geography


country city street user level determine customer organisation user level make guess based earlier encounters tracking ip address credit card information voip address etc visualize data geographic context linking digital map locate web client 's computer digital map calculate summary information specific areas select customers within specific areas select customers within drive times point select customers certain radius point using micro geographic segmentation select customers similar specific type


manually paper measuring tools using cad computer software program another method drape fabric directly onto dress form resulting pattern pieces constructed produce intended design garment required size formal training usually required working pattern marker tailor makes custom designed garments made client 's measure especially suits coat trousers jacket skirt et cetera tailors usually undergo apprenticeship formal training textile designer designs fabric weaves prints clothes furnishings textile designers

Applied science
Architecture and design
Fashion design


'''maneuver''' american english '''manoeuvre''' british english '''manoeuver''' '''man uver''' also spelled directly french '''man uvre''' denotes one 's tactical move series moves improves maintains one 's strategic situation competitive environment avoids worse situation military naval military exercise maneuver warfare military tactics military strategy controlled change movement aerobatic maneuver orbital maneuver skilled movement procedure cred 's maneuver gowers 's maneuver heimlich maneuver abdominal thrusts relieve choking kocher maneuver leopold 's maneuvers mcroberts maneuver ller 's maneuver phalen 's maneuver pringle maneuver sellick maneuver valsalva 's maneuver moose test

Applied science
Military sciences
Strategy
Maneuver


film television series example scenes pause players forced decide lives dies sometimes players must make choice quickly interaction means player becomes part story inactive participant ref name autogenerated quick decision making edge approach video game storylines impact way players shape user experience circumstances users could faced choosing life death two favorite characters players become emotionally invested games spices things

Applied science
Architecture and design
User experience design


invaders ref name villacampa financing private defense agencies defense often viewed archetypical public goodie product provided government non excludability non rivalrous consumption specifically free rider problem people refuse pay defense instead rely neighbors pay defending community said make inevitable financed taxes equitable allocation costs achieved according anarcho capitalist theorists many ways problem overcome rendered irrelevant

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Private defense agency


made voluntary funding defense way attacking taxation anarcho capitalists often argue instance argument taxation needed fund protection liberty property aggression contradiction believe taxation requires aggression order enforced another argument used anarcho capitalists states unlike voluntary transactions demonstrated preference made taxpayer believe objective way showing receiving service want need price fair historical examples libertarians presented


historical case retrieved august ref directly labeling anarcho capitalist argues icelandic commonwealth features anarcho capitalist society nbsp single legal system enforcement law entirely private highly capitalist provides evidence society would function even icelandic legal system recognized essentially public offense dealt giving individual cases chosen lot affected right pursue case collect resulting fine thus fitting


https wwwwebcitationorg queryurl http wwwgeocitiescom johnfkosanke rtrhtm date restitution transfer recoupment https webarchiveorg web http libertariannationorg b natdefhtm nostate stateless defense http wwwcolectivodeabogadosorg articlephp id article private security transnational enterprises colombia human rights first https webarchiveorg web http wwwhumanrightsfirstinfo pdf usls psc finalpdf private security contractors war ending culture impunity https ssrncom abstract government inevitable comment holcombe 's analysis anarcho capitalism austrian school law economics libertarian theory libertarianism united states mercenary units formations political science types military forces


collection ideas boundaries neighbouring models porous notable related ideas key texts include baldwin effect evolutionary developmental biology neural darwinism probabilistic epigenesis relational developmental systems see also systems theory complex adaptive system developmental psychobiology ''the dialectical biologist'' book richard levins richard lewontin describe related approach living systems references bibliography reprinted dawkins r ''the selfish gene'' new york oxford university press dawkins r ''the extended phenotype'' oxford oxford university press oyama ontogeny information developmental systems evolution durham

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems theory
Developmental systems theory


travelogues central asia one oldest sources central asia memoirs travelers passed central asia earliest extant examples left arab geographers passed region th centuries numerous european american published travelogues central asia includes american journalist anna louise strong passed uzbekistan kyrgyzstan tajikistan list central asian studies journals ''central asia monitor'' publication editor chief valery chalidze primary editor david nalle ''central asian review''

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Central Asian studies


''jciad news'' strive inform academic community public large rich cultures literature languages histories peoples central inner asia ''jciad'' newsletter devoted bringing works native scholars literary figures central inner asia area encompassing turkic mongolian tungusic populated regions asia east volga light ''journal royal central asian society'' began publication ''journal central asian society'' published title ''journal royal central


authors show list countries future gdp based eci estimates ability eci predict future gdp per capita growth times times larger world bank 's measure governance world economic forum 's wef global competitiveness index gci standard measures human capital years schooling cognitive ability metrics country fitness product complexity pietronero collaborators recently proposed different approach ref name metricsfitness ref ref name metricsfitness ref ref name metricsflyer ref metrics defined fixed point non linear iterative map differently

Social science
Economics
Complexity economics


linear algorithm giving rise eci non linearity key point properly deal nested structure data authors alternative formula claim several advantages consistency empirical evidence export country product matrix diversification plays crucial role assessment competitiveness countries metrics countries proposed pietronero indeed extensive respect number products non linear coupling fitness complexity required nested structure country product matrix nested structure implies information


structure however relationship always one direction reciprocal influence feedback operation ref name cas ref complexity economics applied many fields intellectual predecessors complexity economics draws inspiration behavioral economics marxian economics institutional economics evolutionary economics austrian economics work adam smith also draws inspiration fields statistical mechanics physics evolutionary biology th century intellectual background complexity theory economics examined alan marshall unity nature imperial college press london see douma schreuder


operate well embedding shocks due external events covid updated account tools results obtained empirically calibrating testing deterministic chaotic models eg kaldor kalecki goodwin harrod see orlando et al complexity economics mainstream non orthodox according contemporary mainstream economics evolving eclectic ref name col economists today neoclassical according reasonable definition term far eclectic concerned different issues economists early term originally designed


device aid antenna produces radio waves addition use broadcasting transmitters necessary component parts many electronic devices communicate radio cell phones copper wires transmission medium transmission medium signal transmitted example transmission medium sounds usually air solids liquids may also act transmission media sound many transmission media used communications channel one common physical medias used networking copper wire copper wire used carry signals long distances

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Electrical Engineering
Telecommunications engineering


structural design placement racking bays equipment installed well plant placed electrical engineers co engineers responsible resistance capacitance inductance rcl design new plant ensure telephone service clear crisp data service clean well reliable attenuation gradual loss intensity loop loss calculations required determine cable length size required provide service called addition power requirements calculated provided power electronic


strategic location feed determined distribution area cross connect box also known serving area interface installed allow connections made easily wire center destination point ties fewer facilities dedication facilities wire center every destination point plant taken directly destination point another small closure called terminal access also gained plant necessary access points preferred allow faster repair times customers


well reliable attenuation gradual loss intensity loop loss calculations required determine cable length size required provide service called addition power requirements calculated provided power electronic equipment placed field ground potential taken consideration placing equipment facilities plant field account lightning strikes high voltage intercept improperly grounded broken power company facilities various sources electromagnetic interference civil engineers osp engineers responsible


contributed public security becoming important political economic issue nationally well internationally politics public organizations businesses closely collaborate guarantee public security maintain stable environment economic prosperity although public security significantly contributes attractiveness location productivity people hence overall success economy sector frequently suffers low budgets limited resources inadequate information systems large events pandemics severe accidents environmental disasters terrorism attacks pose additional threats public security order police federal police border authorities nonetheless need

Applied science
Public administration
Public safety


process clavicle sternoclavicular separation sternoclavicular separation treated tendinitis bursitis impingement syndrome rotator cuff cause pain many different ways including tendonitis bursitis calcific tendonitis partial thickness tears full thickness tears mechanical impingement tendinitis bursitis impingement syndrome treated tendon repair mumford procedure acromioplasty rotator cuff tear rotator cuff tear treated arthroscopic rotator cuff repair fracture shoulder fracture treated open reduction internal fixation orif arthritis shoulder glenohumeral joint

Applied science
Medicine and health
Shoulder Surgery


start time set zero convenience without loss generality transform integral taken zero infinity transform shown lower limit integration negative infinity formally known bilateral laplace transform fourier transform used analyzing systems process signals infinite extent modulated sinusoids even though cannot directly applied input output signals square integrable laplace transform actually works directly signals zero start time even

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems theory
LTI system theory


operator math n math therefore interpreted proportional weighted average function ''x'' ''k'' weighting function ''h'' ''k'' simply shifted amount ''n'' ''n'' changes weighting function emphasizes different parts input function equivalently system 's response impulse ''n'' time reversed copy unshifted weighting function ''h'' ''k'' zero negative ''k'' system said causal exponentials eigenfunctions eigenfunction function output operator function scaled constant


pure sinusoids ie exponentials form math e j omega n math math omega mathbb r math also written math z n math math z e j omega math discrete time fourier transform dtft math h e j omega mathcal f h n math gives eigenvalues pure sinusoids math h z math math h e j omega math called ' 'system function'' ' 'system response'' ''transfer function'' like one sided laplace transform z transform usually used context one sided signals ie signals zero discrete time fourier transform fourier series may used analyzing periodic signals due convolution


specified causality determined stability system '''bounded input bounded output stable''' bibo stable every bounded input output finite mathematically math display block x n infty infty math implies math display block n infty infty math bounded input implies bounded output sense maximum absolute values math x n math math n math finite system stable necessary sufficient condition math h n math impulse response satisfies math display block h n mathrel stackrel text def sum n infty infty h n infty math frequency domain region convergence must contain