medical field medical libraries intended assist active medical professionals researchers public interested researching medical field attached hospitals medical research facilities medical schools similar institutions similar law libraries medical librarians degrees biological medical field instead addition formal library training specific nature medical library collection tailored field type care library 's institution specializes hospitals also maintain library specifically entertainment leisure patients rather


services committee archives libraries museums calm ala correctional institution libraries correctional institution libraries prison libraries serve number roles prison community provide source entertainment incarcerated offer place research legal cases facilitate education many inmates often low literacy levels correctional institution libraries sometimes offer tutoring services civilian volunteers teachers inmates correctional institution libraries usually one two librarians inmate workers may also library technician assistant correctional institution librarians

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Special library


vaccination policies also aim provide community whole herd immunity herd immunity refers idea pathogen trouble spreading significant part population immunity protects unable get vaccine due medical conditions immune disorders however herd immunity effective population majority vaccine eligible must vaccinated ref name pmid ref state local vaccination requirements daycare school entry important tools maintaining high vaccination coverage rates turn lower rates

Applied science
Public administration
Health policy
Vaccination policy


smallpox smallpox epidemic fifty us states require children vaccinated attend public school although states provide exemptions based religious philosophical beliefs forced vaccination opposed fines refusal services rare typically happens emergency measure outbreak reported parts china compulsory vaccination greatly reduces infection rates diseases vaccines protect ref name ref reasons including socioeconomic disparities ethnic minority prevent reasonable access vaccinations ref name history vaccines website wwwhistoryofvaccinesorg language en access date april archive date april archive url https webarchiveorg web https wwwhistoryofvaccinesorg indexphp content articles ethical issues vaccines url status live ref


argues children right best available medical care including vaccines regardless parental opinions toward vaccines saying arguments medical freedom choice odds human constitutional rights children parents wo n't protect governments must however government entities child protective services intervene parents directly harm child via abuse neglect although withholding medical care meets criteria abuse neglect refusing vaccinations child harmed directly prevent spread disease unvaccinated individuals


vaccination health care important indicator government work effectiveness social policy success overcoming diseases vaccination depends level trust vaccines health care lack trust vaccines immunization programs lead vaccine refusal risking disease outbreaks challenging immunization goals high low income settings today medical scientific communities obviously face big challenge vaccines concerned namely enhancing trust general public regards entire endeavor indeed earning public 's trust public health


strategy four main goals immunize people diseases introduce range newly available vaccines technologies integrate critical health interventions immunization manage vaccination programmes within context global interdependence global vaccination action plan created world health organization endorsed world health assembly plan set intended strengthen routine immunization meet vaccination coverage targets accelerate control vaccine preventable diseases polio eradication first milestone introduce new improved vaccines spur


id section begin countries section end countries nowrap ref name ecdc website vaccine scheduleecdceuropaeu access date october archive date september archive url https webarchiveorg web https vaccine scheduleecdceuropaeu url status live ref ref name reuters covid id section begin countries section end countries nowrap


name ref name reuters covid id section begin countries fj section end countries nowrap ref name reuters covid ref id section begin countries tm section end countries id section begin countries de section end countries nowrap ref name


nowrap ref name id section begin countries za section end countries nowrap ref name nel id section begin countries es section end countries nowrap


name racgp ref additionally children age immunized judged capable informed consent ref name racgp new south wales children consent medical treatment age ref name racgp several covid vaccines nearing completion november australian prime minister scott morrison announced international travellers fly australia without proof covid vaccination would required quarantine expense ref name morrison ref also lawful workplaces australia mandate vaccines flu vaccine condition work legality upheld


children years required country including polio smallpox finland france france high council public health charge proposing vaccine recommendations minister health year immunization recommendations general population specific groups published institute epidemiology surveillance ref name cochinhospital group france ref since hospitals granted additional freedoms two key people responsible vaccine policy within hospitals operational physician op head hospital infection prevention committee hipc ref name cochinhospital group france mandatory immunization policies bcg


event vaccination related injuries federal states responsible monetary compensation ref name stiko robert koch germany 's central government finance childhood immunizations vaccines administered private physician 's office paid insurance vaccines provided states public health clinics schools day care centers local immunization programs ref name germany physician responsibilities concerning immunization include beginning infancy vaccination administering booster vaccinations maintaining medical vaccination history giving information recommendations concerning vaccines ref name stiko robert koch children aged legally


slight decline immunization insurance coverage rates diphtheria hepatitis b polio tetanus specific vaccinations made mandatory ref name eurosurveillance ref however vaccination levels continued pass italian government 's goal outreach ref name eurosurveillance aiming integrate immunization strategies across country equitize access disease prevention italian ministry health issued national immunization prevention plan piano nazionale prevenzione vaccinale plan introduced institutional lifecourse approach vaccination complement italian health policy agenda ref name bonanni ref hpv vaccine coverage increased well pneumococcal vaccine meningococcal c


years doses girls human papillomavirus dpt years diphtheria pertussis tetanus sr vaccine years measles rubella sabin vaccine doses per years months age addition prior doses ipv polio td years tetanus addition vitamin offered children one year age enrolled nurseries children 's' rooms new zealand minors aged older may consent vaccination without parental


'''philosophy music''' study fundamental questions nature music experience ref name platostanfordedu andrew kania http platostanfordedu archives spr entries music philosophy music ''the stanford encyclopedia philosophy'' spring edition edited edward n zalta ref philosophical study music many connections philosophical questions metaphysics aesthetics basic questions philosophy music definition music necessary sufficient conditions classifying something music relationship music mind relationship music language music

Humanities
Philosophy
Applied philosophy
Philosophy of music


avant garde forms music th century major challenge traditional views music based around melodies rhythms leading calls broader characterizations absolute music vs program music intense debate absolute music vs program music late romantic era late th century advocates absolute music perspective argued instrumental music convey emotions images listener claimed music explicitly anything non representational ref name horowitz c horowitz ed ''new dictionary history


entice us lies music 's ability set expectation violate ref name http iaitv video music mystery ref aesthetics music symphony orchestra main large ensemble used classical music one work orchestra beethoven 's ninth symphony called supreme masterpiece western canon pre modern tradition aesthetics music musical aesthetics explored mathematical cosmological dimensions rhythmic harmonic organization eighteenth century focus shifted experience hearing music thus questions beauty human enjoyment ''plaisir'' ''jouissance'' music


dispersion science technology'' published us national institute standards technology see also interface matter electrokinetic phenomena surface science references external links http wwwmpikgmpgde profile max planck institute colloids interfaces http colloidssurfacessitesacsorg american chemical society division colloid surface chemistry chemical mixtures colloidal chemistry condensed matter physics

Natural science
Chemistry
Interface And Colloid Science


navajo men dressed neinilii tobadzischini nayenezgani medicine wheel wyoming doctor 's headdress pomo '''native american religions''' spiritual practices indigenous peoples north america ceremonial ways vary widely based differing histories beliefs individual nations tribes bands early european explorers describe individual native american tribes even small bands religious practices theology may monotheistic polytheistic henotheistic animistic shamanistic pantheistic combination thereof among others traditional beliefs usually passed forms oral histories stories allegories

Humanities
Theology
Native American Religions


colonists nation adopted ghost dance way provided understanding ceremony included prediction white people would disappear die driven back across sea ghost dance gathering wounded knee december invaded seventh cavalry massacred unarmed lakota dakota people primarily women children elderly earliest ghost dance heavily influenced religions earth lodge bole maru religion dream dance caddo nation several communities still practice ghost dance today though usually secret native shaker


northern belize stomp dance stomp dance called ' 'sayvtketv'' muscogee creek ''hilha'' chickasaw choctaw ''gatiyo alisgisdi'' cherokee religious social tradition celebrated certain indigenous people southeastern woodlands known celebrate previously celebrated muscogee creek alabama koasati coosa coweta taskigi yamasee okfuski yuchi chiaha kasihta okmulgi seminole chickasaw choctaw cherokee hainai nabedache nabiti nacogdoche nacono nadaco nasoni nechaui neche kadohadacho nanatsoho doustioni adai cahinnio eyeish ouachita tula yatasi natchez peoria miami shawnee ottawa delaware tuscarora houma chakchiuma seneca cayuga


settlers tenskwatawa urged tribes reject ways americans give firearms liquor american style clothing pay traders half value debts refrain ceding lands united states revival led warfare led brother tecumseh white settlers juan de la cruz puc became seen prophet yucatec maya caste war juan 's sermons prophecies preserved a'almaj t'aan cruzo'ob bible still relevant yucatec maya people congressional legislation


proper exercise congress 's enforcement power however continues applied federal government instance ''gonzales v centro espirita beneficente uniao vegetal'' congress broad authority carve exemptions federal laws regulations authorized response ''city boerne v flores'' individual states passed state religious freedom restoration acts apply state governments local municipalities declaration rights indigenous peoples united nations declaration rights indigenous peoples adopted united nations general


press http professor murmanninfo tilly hist socpdf online charles tilly ''historical sociology'' international encyclopedia behavioral social sciences amsterdam elsevier vol http professor murmanninfo tilly historical socpdf online charles tilly ''three visions history theory'' history theory http professor murmanninfo tilly three visionspdf online charles tilly ''history sociology'' introduction didactic seminar methodologies history sociology american sociological association annual meeting montr al may http professor murmanninfo tilly history sociologypdf online george steinmetz 'ideas exile refugees nazi germany failure transplant historical sociology united states ''international journal politics culture society''' george steinmetz

Social science
Sociology
Historical sociology


wildlife specialized equipment used collect accurate data importance wildlife observation many important details discovered environment instance fisher taiwan discovers certain species fish frequently catches becoming rarer rarer might substantial issue water fisher fishing could new predator water changed animal food chain source pollution perhaps even larger problem regardless reason process observing

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Wildlife observation


specifically numerous different species butterfly fish feed coral within reefs would affected coral unable live due increase sea level ref name eatlasorgau referring back food chain topic would subsequently directly affect species snappers eels sharks use butterfly fish primary source food snappers cannot find butterfly fish eat butterfly fish dying due lack coral means snapper population decrease well rising sea level


'''human performance technology''' '''hpt''' also known '''human performance improvement''' '''hpi''' '''human performance assessment''' '''hpa''' field study related process improvement methodologies lean management six sigma lean six sigma organization development motivation instructional technology human factors learning performance support systems knowledge management training focused improving performance societal organizational process individual performer levels hpt uses wide range interventions drawn many disciplines including total quality management process improvement behavioral psychology instructional systems design organizational development human resources management ispi

Applied science
Education
Educational Technology
Human performance technology


application bureaucratic scientific management principles whole manufacturing process success scientific method fordism resulted widespread adoption methods hawthorne works western electric factory commissioned first become known hawthorne studies studies initially adhered traditional scientific method also investigated whether workers would productive higher lower lighting levels results showed regardless lighting levels workers studied productivity increased studies ended worker productivity would return normal

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of organizations


simon simon herbert ''administrative behavior study decision making processes administrative organizations th ed free press ref simon awarded nobel prize economics work organizational decision making field started become quantitative resource dependent gave rise contingency theory institutional theory organizational ecology starting cultural explanations organizations organizational change became areas study concert fields anthropology psychology sociology current state field research teaching ob primarily takes place


national culture national culture thought affect behavior individuals organizations idea exemplified hofstede 's cultural dimensions theory hofstede surveyed large number cultures identified six dimensions national cultures influence behavior individuals organizations dimensions include power distance individualism vs collectivism uncertainty avoidance masculinity vs femininity long term orientation vs short term orientation indulgence vs restraint organizational citizenship behavior organizational citizenship behavior behavior goes beyond assigned tasks contributes well organizations organizational culture organizational culture reflects values behaviors commonly


observed organization investigators pursue line research assume organizations characterized cultural dimensions beliefs values rituals symbols forth researchers developed models understanding organization 's culture developed typologies organizational culture edgar schein developed model understanding organizational culture identified three levels organizational culture artifacts behaviors b espoused values c shared basic assumptions specific cultures related organizational performance effectiveness personality personality concerns consistent patterns behavior cognition emotion individuals study personality organizations


institutions becoming stolen generations unable practice ancestor culture resulted social makeup country dramatically changing european culture becoming mainstream ref name summary facts url https wwwbritannicacom event white australia policy website encyclopedia britannica language en access date ref study australia culture post largely reflects british penal history well waves migration elsewhere europe almost every continent ref name colonial era english literature western art judeo christian religion dominated settler cultural outlook australian gold rushes encouraged migration people around world australian continent multi ethnic immigration lead

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Australian studies


launched part international geophysical year since time space law evolved assumed importance mankind increasingly come use rely space based resources international space law consists six international treaties ref name ref ref name five declarations principles united nations un general assembly resolutions un office outer space affairs unoosa primarily responsible implementation international space law helps advise governments non governmental organizations space law international treaties treaties except partial test ban treaty adopted

Applied science
Public administration
Science policy
Space policy


outer space treaty ratified october key provisions treaty include prohibiting nuclear weapons space limiting use moon celestial bodies peaceful purposes establishing space shall freely explored used nations precluding country claiming sovereignty outer space celestial body international challenges outer space treaty attempted prominently bogota declaration asserts sovereignty portions geostationary orbit continuously lie signatory nations' territory signatory nations include eight


search rescue operation ref name time agreement drafted rescuing travelers space unlikely due limited launch capabilities even advanced space programs recently become plausible rescue agreement criticized vague especially regarding definition entitled rescued definition constitutes spacecraft component parts recent increase commercial spaceflight providers distinction become relevant raising questions whether space tourists covered term personnel


spacecraft used agreement calls revisit issues international space law liability convention liability convention ratified september ref name ref treaty expands liability rules created outer space treaty ref name provisions state state bears international responsibility space objects launched within territory means regardless launches space object launched state 's territory state 's facility state caused launch happen


values final part esa made strong efforts order make europe stronger competition development new strategies regarding space policy included huge increase esa 's budget promoted countries italy france germany china although chairman mao zedong planned russia 's sputnik launch place chinese satellite orbit celebrate th anniversary founding people 's republic china prc china successfully launch first satellite april mao zhou


archive collected center space policy strategy politics science articles containing video clips


tasks operating system level virtualization essentially creating scalable system multiple independent computing devices idle computing resources allocated used efficiently virtualization provides agility required speed operations reduces cost increasing infrastructure utilization autonomic computing automates process user provision resources demand minimizing user involvement automation speeds process reduces labor costs reduces possibility human errors ref name ham cloud computing uses concepts utility computing provide metrics services used cloud computing attempts address qos quality service reliability

Formal science
Computer science
Computer communications (networks)
Cloud computing


suppliers consumers resources contrast traditional client server model green computing study practice environmentally sustainable computing cloud sandbox live isolated computer environment program code file run without affecting application runs characteristics cloud computing exhibits following key characteristics agility organizations may improved cloud computing may increase users' flexibility provisioning adding expanding technological infrastructure resources cost reductions claimed cloud providers public cloud delivery model converts capital expenditures eg buying servers operational expenditure purportedly lowers barriers


paas models cloud providers deliver computing platform typically including operating system programming language execution environment database web server application developers develop run software cloud platform instead directly buying managing underlying hardware software layers paas underlying computer storage resources scale automatically match application demand cloud user allocate resources manually integration data management providers also use specialized applications paas delivery models data examples include '''ipaas integration platform service ''' '' 'dpaas data platform


approach deploy tool processes cloud organizations using office 'e ' subscription option use microsoft 's built e discovery resources although provide functionality typically required forensic process see also block level storage cloud computing providers cloud platforms communication protocol communications system cloud collaboration cloud computing security cloud computing comparison cloud management cloud research cloud robotics cloud storage cloudlet computer cluster cooperative storage cloud dew computing data cluster directory distributed data store distributed database distributed computing distributed networking decentralized computing edge computing


wwwuneporg greeneconomy ref feature distinguishing prior economic regimes direct valuation natural capital ecological services economic value ' 'see economics ecosystems biodiversity bank natural capital'' full cost accounting regime costs externalized onto society via ecosystems reliably traced back accounted liabilities entity harm neglects asset green sticker ecolabel practices emerged consumer facing indicators friendliness environment sustainable development many industries starting adopt standards way

Social science
Economics
Green economics


green parties formally organized claim capitalised ''green'' term unique distinguishing mark thus preferable refer loose school 'green economists ' generally advocate shifts towards green economy biomimicry fuller accounting biodiversity see ''the economics ecosystems biodiversity'' especially current authoritative international work towards goals bank natural capital layperson 's presentation economists view green economics branch subfield established schools instance regarded classical economics


equitable poly sustainable poly bearable social ecology poly


global problem support readily however lesser known still significant local ecosystems remain ignored unprotected institutions another approach considered use organized institutions government leaders promoting conservation however leaders effective trusted studies previous crises conserving resources extremely necessary showed people likely obey energy restrictions follow certain leaders felt could trust people directing ref name van vugt people

Social science
Psychology
Conservation psychology


likely obey restrictions believe encouraged act certain way necessity misled incentives incentivizing conservation rewards fines another approach studies shown people identify community need less incentives conserve identify strongly surrounding community ref name van vugt corporations monetary incentives shown work companies showing effort make buildings practices green ref name van vugt studies


also shown something simple putting water meter homes helped incentivize conservation letting people track energy consumption levels finally studies shown giving fines better start small raise repeated violations fines high issue becomes economic people start mistrust authorities enforcing fines ref name van vugt main concepts conservation psychology assesses whole four different concepts country 's first conservation psychology conference four things discussed first


eds promoting environmentalism ''journal social issues'' ecology applied psychology environmental social science environmental conservation


organizations revolutions latter coupling participants' behavior synchronizes nervous systems point generating collective effervescence one observable mutual focus emotional entraining incorrect use word entraining well loading emotional symbolic meaning entities subsequently become emblems ritual membership group endorsing preserving promoting defending thus social life would importantly generating distributing emotional energy affect control theory originated david r heise proposes social actions designed agents

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of emotions


involved include erika summers effler student randall collins examines emotions inform sense time laughing saints righteous heroes lynn owens documents emotions declining social movement amsterdams 's squatters cracking pressure verta taylor whose book rock bye baby documents struggles feelings new mothers supposed feel deborah gould traces number emotional processes throughout rise fall act series articles book moving politics conference organized james jasper jeff goodwin francesca polletta


often publicized well articulated rigid ideology provides foundation strategy tactics psychologically disturbed terrorists increase risk damage terror organization 's strategic outcomes organization mentally disturbed terrorists liability leaders terrorist groups well aware risks types persons present good organizational leader effective terrorist try recruit best person job doubtful modern terrorist groups would adopt affirmative action hiring practices dictated employment laws united

Social science
Psychology
Military psychology


traditionally held men military psychologists help utilize low capability recruits rehabilitate drug addicted wounded service members charge drug testing psychological treatment lifestyle problems alcohol substance abuse modern times advisement military psychologists heard taken seriously consideration national policy ever psychologists employed us department defense organization world since downsizing military however considerable reduction psychological research


psychology instruction training clinical psychology ref name autogenerated world war nbsp ii army general classification test agct navy general classification test ngct used place army alpha army beta tests similar purposes ref name autogenerated united states army unified program use clinical psychologists towards end world war nbsp ii time clinical psychologists serving army hospitals supervision psychiatrists psychologists opposition type service also limited role army assigned


psychiatry time psychiatric interview processed ever increasing numbers military recruits lasted three minutes could manage weed severely disturbed recruits conditions impossible determine seemingly normal recruits would crack strain military duties need clinical psychologists grew clinical psychologists serving us army ref name michels military psychology matured well past areas aforementioned concerned psychologists time branching sectors included military leadership effects


york free press cop p nb results study undertaken de clercq jocelyne ''la profession de musician une enqu te'' series '' tudes de sociologie de la musique'' bruxelles ditions de l'institut de sociologie universit libre de bruxelles variant title half title page ''le musicien professional une enqu te'' p without isbn sbn devine kyle ross shepherd john ed ''the routledge reader sociology music'' routledge hildegard froehlich gareth dylan smith ''sociology music teachers practical applications'' routledge hill dave ''designer

Social science
Sociology
Sociomusicology


group ''g'' associative lie algebra ''a'' vector space ''v'' map math phi colon g times v v quad text quad phi colon times v v math two properties first ''g'' ''g'' ''a'' ''a'' map math begin align phi g colon v v v mapsto phi g v end align math linear '''f''' second introduce notation ''g'' ''v'' math phi math ''g'' ''v'' ''g'' sub sub ''g'' sub sub ''g'' ''v'' ''v'' math quad e cdot v v math math quad g cdot g cdot v g g cdot v math

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Algebra
Representation theory


half integer representation dimension math l math suppose take tensor product representation two representations labels math l math math l math assume math l geq l math tensor product decomposes direct sum one copy representation label math l math math l math ranges math l l math math l l math increments example math l l math values math l math occur thus tensor product representation dimension math l times l times math decomposes direct sum dimensional representation math l math dimensional


representation math l math dimensional representation math l math branches topics representation theory notable number branches diversity approaches studying representations groups algebras although theories common basic concepts discussed already differ considerably detail differences least fold representation theory depends upon type algebraic object represented several different classes groups associative algebras lie algebras representation theories individual flavour representation theory depends upon nature vector


well developed case ''g'' locally compact hausdorff topological group representations strongly continuous ref name folland ''g'' abelian unitary dual space characters ''g'' compact peter weyl theorem shows irreducible unitary representations finite dimensional unitary dual discrete ref name peter weyl ref example ''g'' circle group ''s'' sup sup characters given integers unitary dual '''z''' non compact ''g'' question representations unitary subtle one although irreducible unitary representations must admissible


heart geometry modern developments link representation theory invariant theory areas diverse holonomy differential operators theory several complex variables automorphic forms number theory automorphic forms generalization modular forms general analytic functions perhaps several complex variables similar transformation properties generalization involves replacing modular group psl sub sub '''r''' chosen congruence subgroup semisimple lie group ''g'' discrete subgroup '' '' modular forms viewed differential forms quotient upper half space '''''h''''' psl sub sub '''r'''


harbors may result harbor downtime wave overtopping seawalls dikes may eg threaten stability dike see also beach erosion accretion beach evolution beach nourishment modern recession beaches raised beach integrated coastal zone management coastal management prevent coastal erosion creation beach coastal oceanic landforms coastal development hazards coastal erosion coastal geography coastal engineering hard engineering soft engineering coastal morphodynamics coastal estuarine research federation cerf human impacts coasts sea level rise natural hazard erosion bioerosion blowhole natural arch wave cut platform longshore drift deposition sediment coastal sediment supply

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Civil Engineering
Coastal engineering


https kbosuedu dspace bitstream emr honingpdf huron david new empiricism systematic musicology postmodern age lecture ernest bloch lectures http musiccogohio stateedu music blochlectures methodologyhtml jiranek jaroslav innerdisziplin beziehungen der musikwissenschaft systematische musikwissenschaft leman marc schneider albrecht systematic cognitive historical approaches musicology leman ed music gestalt computing pp nbsp berlin springer verlag leman systematic musicology crossroads modern music research schneider ed systematic comparative musicology concepts methods findings pp nbsp frankfurt main peter lang http cfhumuvanl mmm debat lemanpdf motte haber helga de la umfang methode und ziel der systematischen

Humanities
Performing arts
Music
Systematic musicology


food food many cultures brings people together connects multiple different levels example tradition eating family around table represents togetherness one another communication food could symbolize something greater america fast food could represent busy family needs quick dinner others however could display mcdonaldization theory centers around idea specifically american consumption another example sociology food symbolized would making food scratch

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of food


governance state origins european political thought ancient rome greece starting approximately bce thinkers societies began consider questions organize societies part broad considerations ethics live good life ref name intellectual golden age fifth century athenian democracy plato freedom develop ideas although nevertheless despised democracy alongside existing form government plato believed state promote virtues necessary good living

Humanities
History
Political history
History of political thought


scientists philosophers historians cultural anthropologists argued political action given society occurs outside state societies organized states nevertheless must considered political terms political economic relations drastically influenced theories concept guild subordinated theory free trade roman catholic dominance theology increasingly challenged protestant churches subordinate nation state also fashion roman catholic church often decried angrily preached vulgar native language


coming end time readings ordinary time follow christmas season interrupted celebration easter spring preceded days lenten preparation followed days easter celebration easter paschal triduum splits easter vigil early church three days celebration jesusthe lord 's supper good friday jesus' passion death cross jesus' resurrection season eastertide follows triduum climaxes pentecost recalling descent holy spirit upon jesus' disciples upper room

Humanities
Theology
Christian theology
Catholic theology


latin church protestant clergy converted catholic church sometimes excepted rule ref name married priests eastern catholic churches ordain celibate married men ref name married priests ref rites catholic church maintain ancient tradition ordination marriage allowed ref name brit ref married priest whose wife dies may remarry ref name brit men transitory homosexual leanings may ordained deacons following three years prayer chastity men deeply rooted homosexual tendencies sexually active cannot ordained ref name vatdocord ref apostolic succession apostolic succession


masquerading christianity shows reference made leaders church decide true doctrine catholic church believes continuation remained faithful apostolic leadership rejected false teachings catholic belief church never defect truth bases jesus' telling peter gates hell prevail church ref name matthew ref ''gospel john'' jesus states much tell cannot bear comes spirit


titled der moderne kleinkrieg als wehrpolitisches und militarisches ph nomen german word kleinkrieg literally translated small war word irregular used title english translation book seems reference non regular armed forces per third geneva convention another early use term central intelligence agency document jeffrey b white ref name white white jeffrey b different kind threat thoughts irregular warfare cia https wwwciagov library center study intelligence csi publications csi studies studies unclass iregularhtm ref major military doctrine developments related iw done result

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Irregular warfare


warfare differentiate entry electronic open access handbook military sciences dutch military scholar martijn kitzen explores operations irregular warfare underlying body knowledge characterizes conflicts violent struggles involving non state actors states seek establish power control legitimacy relevant populations chapter kitzen provides overview much academic literature covers field definitions iw form warfare objective credibility legitimacy relevant political authority


engineering psychology human factor cognitive systems theory cognitive systems psychology part cognitive psychology like existential psychology attempts dissolve barrier conscious unconscious mind concrete systems psychology concrete systems psychology study human systems across varied biological contexts situations everyday life contract systems psychology contract systems psychology human systems actualization participative organizations family systems psychology family systems psychology general name subfield family therapists eg murray bowen michael e kerr baard researchers begun theorize

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems psychology


based common evolutionary history foundation connects scientific biology historical roots different cultures evolutionary perspective human cognition affect indicates degree universality perception decision making regard natural world fauna interaction aspects psychology biodiversity earth 's wildlife unique social cultural economic contexts within humans interact develop produces cultural diversity paleoanthropological studies suggest linguistic approaches ethnobiology recently evolved context human history suggests linguistic approaches provide

Natural science
Biology
Zoology
Ethnozoology


sense fit social structure key example would young student deciding go college decision often influenced person 's individual relationships one must weigh many factors socially transform including want embrace proactive embracement actively seeking interactions represent desired social identities retroactive embracement characterized intentionality individuals consciously direct actions toward desired end immersing interactive environments bring closer possible selves embracement typical

Social science
Sociology
Social transformation


individuals moving example working class middle class often n't enjoy benefits desired social group associational distancing individuals seeking socially transform often engage reverse associational embracement dissociation group inconsistent desired social identity passing presentation self racial politics north america specifically united states racial passing refers member racial group accepted others different race especially case


'''network science''' academic field studies complex networks telecommunication networks computer networks biological networks cognitive semantic networks social networks considering distinct elements actors represented ''nodes'' ' 'vertices'' connections elements actors ''links'' ''edges'' field draws theories methods including graph theory mathematics statistical mechanics physics data mining information visualization computer science inferential modeling statistics social structure sociology united states national research council defines network science study network representations physical biological

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Network science


social phenomena leading predictive models phenomena ref name nrc ref background history study networks emerged diverse disciplines means analyzing complex relational data earliest known paper field famous seven bridges k nigsberg written leonhard euler euler 's mathematical description vertices edges foundation graph theory branch mathematics studies properties pairwise relations network structure field graph theory continued develop found applications chemistry sylvester nes k nig hungarian


new field investigation basic research network science could help close gap needed realize network centric operations current primitive state fundamental knowledge networks result bast issued nrc study titled network science referenced defined new field basic research network science army based findings recommendations study subsequent nrc report titled strategy army center network science technology experimentation army basic research resources redirected initiate


math n math less commonly number edges math e math connected graphs multi edges range math n math tree math e max math complete graph case simple graph network one undirected edge exists pair vertices vertices connect math e max tbinom n n n math directed graphs self connected nodes math e max n n math directed graphs self connections allowed math e max n math circumstance graph within multiple edges may exist pair vertices math e max infty math density density math math


exists ' 'directed'' path node node centrality centrality indices produce rankings seek identify important nodes network model different centrality indices encode different contexts word importance betweenness centrality example considers node highly important form bridges many nodes eigenvalue centrality contrast considers node highly important many highly important nodes link hundreds measures proposed literature centrality indices accurate identifying central nodes measures seldom


random graph generation models produce network structures may used comparison real world complex networks erd r nyi random graph model erd r nyi model generated nodes edge complete graph formed nodes random number generated compared given probability random number less edge formed model '''erd r nyi model''' named paul erd alfr r nyi used generating random graphs edges set nodes equal probabilities used


formulation equations first individual population must considered equal probability every individual contracting disease rate math beta math considered contact infection rate disease therefore infected individual makes contact able transmit disease math beta n math others per unit time fraction contacts infected susceptible math n math number new infections unit time per infective math beta n n math giving rate new infections


''network science theory applications'' ted g lewis wiley march ''nexus small worlds groundbreaking theory networks'' mark buchanan w w norton company june ''six degrees science connected age'' duncan j watts w w norton company february cybernetics networks network theory


followers recent approaches focus changes specific individual societies reject idea cultures differ primarily according far one moved along presumed linear scale social progress modern archaeologists cultural anthropologists work within frameworks neoevolutionism sociobiology modernization theory many different societies existed course human history estimates high total one million separate societies however number current distinct societies estimated two hundred ref name elwell ref introduction anthropologists sociologists often

Social science
Sociology
Evolutionary sociology


assume human beings natural social tendencies particular human social behaviours non genetic causes dynamics ie people learn social environment social interaction societies exist complex social environments ie natural resources constraints adapt environments thus inevitable societies change specific theories social cultural evolution often attempt explain differences coeval societies positing different societies reached different stages development although theories typically provide models understanding relationship technologies social structure values


orthogenetic teleological progressive change archaeologists work within framework multilineal evolution contemporary approaches social change include neoevolutionism sociobiology dual inheritance theory modernisation theory postindustrial theory seminal book ''the selfish gene'' richard dawkins wrote examples cultural evolution birds monkeys nbsp species really shows cultural evolution stadial theory enlightenment later thinkers often speculated societies progressed stages words saw history stadial expecting humankind show increasing development theorists looked


determined course human history georg wilhelm friedrich hegel example saw social development inevitable process assumed societies start primitive perhaps state nature could progress toward something resembling industrial europe earlier authors michel de montaigne discussed societies change time scottish enlightenment th century proved key development idea sociocultural evolution relation scotland 's union england several scottish thinkers pondered relationship progress affluence brought


comte de saint simon developed ideas auguste comte particular presented coherent view social progress new discipline study sociology developments took place context wider processes first process colonialism although imperial powers settled differences opinion colonial subjects force increased awareness non western peoples raised new questions european scholars nature society culture similarly effective colonial administration required degree understanding cultures emerging theories sociocultural evolution allowed europeans organise new


knowledge way reflected justified increasing political economic domination others systems saw colonised people less evolved colonising people evolved modern civilization understood western civilization appeared result steady progress state barbarism notion common many thinkers enlightenment including voltaire second process industrial revolution rise capitalism together allowed promoted continual revolutions means production emerging theories sociocultural evolution reflected belief changes europe


concepts like variation natural selection inheritance introduced factors resulting progress societies idea progress led fixed stages human societies progress usually numbering threesavagery barbarism civilizationbut sometimes many time anthropology rising new scientific discipline separating traditional views primitive cultures usually based religious views already th century authors began theorize evolution humans montesquieu wrote relationship laws climate particular environment


perceived scientifically inadequate criticized prominent contemporaries important widely read records everyone queen victoria individual dockworkers enjoying robert chambers ''vestiges natural history creation'' including future generations scientists vestiges establish scientific cutting edge precisely point since ''vestiges'' influence means concept evolution victorian public likely experience scientific presupposition laid earliest minds bright young scholars chambers propounded


environment rather irreversibly transforming addition progressivism economic analyses influenced classical social evolutionism adam smith held deeply evolutionary view human society identified growth freedom driving force process stadial societal development according societies pass successively four stages earliest humans lived hunter gatherers followed pastoralists nomads society evolved agriculturalists ultimately reached stage commerce strong emphasis specialisation increased profits stemming division labour smith 's thinking also exerted


direct influence darwin darwin 's theory evolution species smith 's accounts political economy competition selfishly functioning units plays important even dominating r le similarly occupied economic concerns smith thomas r malthus warned given strength sex drive inherent animals malthus argued populations tend grow geometrically population growth checked limitations economic growth would growth would quickly outstripped population growth causing hunger poverty misery far


industrial societies ref name psz earlier primitive military society goal conquest defense centralised economically self sufficient collectivistic puts good group good individual uses compulsion force repression rewards loyalty obedience discipline ref name psz industrial society contrast goal production trade decentralised interconnected societies via economic relations works voluntary cooperation individual self restraint treats good individual highest value regulates social life via voluntary relations values initiative independence innovation ref name psz transition


process military industrial society outcome steady evolutionary processes within society ref name psz spencer imagined kind feedback loop mental social evolution higher mental powers greater complexity society individuals could create complex society greater stimulus provided mental development everything cohered make progress inevitable weed keep regardless scholars spencer interpret relation darwin spencer became incredibly popular figure particularly


use force repression keep society together ref name psz organic solidarity people much integrated interdependent specialisation cooperation extensive ref name psz progress mechanical organic solidarity based firstly population growth increasing population density secondly increasing morality density development complex social interactions thirdly increasing specialisation workplace ref name psz durkheim important factor social progress division labour ref name psz later used mid economist ester boserup attempt discount aspects malthusian theory


necessarily going right direction social progress perfect even called regression newer evolved societies obtained paying high cost resulting decreasing satisfaction individuals making society ref name psz nnies' work became foundation neoevolutionism ref name psz although max weber usually counted sociocultural evolutionist theory tripartite classification authority viewed evolutionary theory well weber distinguishes three ideal types political leadership domination authority charismatic domination traditional domination patriarchs patrimonialism


idea hierarchy sciences societies particularly respect sociological positivism originally set forth comte j rgen habermas critiqued concept pure instrumental rationality meaning scientific thinking becomes something akin ideology theorists zygmunt bauman rationalization manifestation modernity may closely regrettably associated events holocaust modern theories composite image earth night created nasa noaa brightest areas earth urbanized necessarily populated even


developed acceptable contemporary anthropology neo evolutionism discards many ideas classical social evolutionism namely social progress dominant previous sociology evolution related theories ref name psz neo evolutionism discards determinism argument introduces probability arguing accidents free greatly affect process social evolution ref name psz also supports counterfactual history asking considering different possible paths social evolution may take might taken thus allows fact various cultures may develop different ways skipping entire stages others passed ref name psz neo evolutionism stresses


hunters gatherers agricultural industrial special like fishing societies ref name psz talcott parsons author ''societies evolutionary comparative perspectives'' ''the system modern societies'' divided evolution four subprocesses division creates functional subsystems main system adaptation systems evolve efficient versions inclusion elements previously excluded given systems generalization values increasing legitimization ever complex system ref name psz shows processes stages evolution primitive foraging ii archaic agricultural iii classical


system relative capacity industrial economical level window time generally parsons highlights dynamics directions processes shaped cultural imperative embodied cultural heritage secondarily outcome sheer economic conditions michel foucault 's recent much misunderstood concepts biopower biopolitics power knowledge cited breaking free traditional conception man cultural animal foucault regards terms cultural animal human nature misleading abstractions leading non critical exemption man anything justified


never divulge secrets openly bulk population know biology genetics done experts functions truth ignorance mechanism subjugated knowledge 's written history submerged masked form produces know truth calls knowledge 's historical knowledge struggles genealogy foucault suggests way getting knowledge 's struggles insurrection knowledge 's foucault tries show


rousseau max weber arguing progression coincides loss human freedom dignity height cold war tradition merged interest ecology influence activist culture movement produced variety political philosophical programs emphasized importance bringing society environment harmony technological perspectives major evolutionary transitions information processing ref name infobiosphere many argue next stage sociocultural evolution consists merger technology especially information processing technology several cumulative major transitions evolution


comprised ten commandments jewish sage hillel elder states law compressed one line popularly known golden rule hateful unto fellow ref name malekar malekar ezekiel isaac speaking tree concept salvation judaism ''the times india'' https archivetoday http articlestimesofindiaindiatimescom edit page redemption salvation jews accessed may ref judaism salvation closely related idea redemption saving states circumstances destroy value human existence god universal spirit creator world source


yellow chamomile head showing fibonacci numbers spirals consisting blue aqua arrangements noticed since middle ages used make mathematical models wide variety plants '''mathematical theoretical biology''' '''biomathematics''' branch biology employs theoretical analysis mathematical models abstractions living organisms investigate principles govern structure development behavior systems opposed experimental biology deals conduction experiments prove validate scientific theories field sometimes

Natural science
Biology
Mathematical biology


francophone de biologie th orique https webarchiveorg web http wwwbiosemioticsorg international society biosemiotic studies https jnuacin scis school computational integrative sciences jawaharlal nehru university see also biological applications bifurcation theory biostatistics entropy life ewens 's sampling formula journal theoretical biology logistic function mathematical modelling infectious disease metabolic network modelling molecular modelling morphometrics population genetics statistical genetics theoretical ecology turing pattern notes references biologist salary payscale biologist salary payscale payscalecom https wwwpayscalecom research us job biologist salary accessed may theoretical biology reading external links http wwwsmborg society mathematical biology https webarchiveorg web http wwwbiostatsresearchcom repository collection


also relatively independent ref name muchaza ecki even communist regime freedom polish academics seemed greater communist countries thus polish academics often spread western ideas among colleagues east south ref name mucha concepts trends war post war interbellum period polish sociology closely related neopositivist perspective ref name kwa niewicz communist period addition unavoidable stress marxist approach polish sociologists also pursued znaniecki 's ''humanistic sociology'' among approaches ref name muchaza ecki following fall communism marxist

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Sociology in Poland


links http wwwceeolcom aspx publicationdetailsaspxpublicationid ca e b aba b bba b ''polish sociological review'' ceeol http wwwqualitativesociologyrevieworg ''qualitative sociology review'' journal http wwwqualitativesociologyrevieworg pl index plphp ''przegl sociologii jako ciowej'' http wwwceeolcom aspx getdocumentaspxlogid id b dedf b c dbf e b th anniversary institute philosophy sociology pan http kspanpanpl indexphpoption com content task view id itemid instytuty wydzia socjologii w polsce adresy adresy stron www institutes departments sociology poland addresses webpages pan science technology poland poland


united states peter h mann britain carried analogously empirical studies sociology book trade lucien febvre henri jean martin 's ''l'apparition du livre'' first published french english translation ''the coming book'' strictly speaking work social history febvre leading figure ''annales'' school historiography deeply sociological character ''annales'' history determinedly social scientific provides systematic account long run development european book trade covers period

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of literature


commerce publishing'' chicago university chicago press edmond cros ''theory practice sociocriticism'' trans j schwartz minneapolis university minnesota press terry eagleton ''criticism ideology'' london new left books robert escarpit ''the book revolution'' london george harrap robert escarpit ''the sociology literature'' trans e pick london cass lucien febvre henri jean martin ''the coming book impact printing '' trans david gerard ed geoffrey nowell smith david wootton london new left books lucien goldmann ''the hidden god study tragic vision 'pens es' pascal


political participation issues public sphere deliberative democracy civil society organizations economic institutions participatory culture cultural diversity early predictions internet would change everything nothing time however consensus emerged internet least current phase development complements rather displaces previously implemented media ref name dimaggio meant rethinking ideas convergence new old media internet offers rare opportunity study changes caused newly emerged likely still evolving information communication technology

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of the Internet


creates less diverse social environment often said internet new frontier line argument effect social interaction cooperation conflict among users resembles anarchistic violent american frontier early th century march researchers benedictine university mesa arizona studied online interactions affect face face meetings study titled face face versus facebook exposure social networking web sites augment attenuate physiological arousal among socially anxious published ''cyberpsychology behavior social networking'' ref


developing countries opened new possibilities peer peer charities allow individuals contribute small amounts charitable projects individuals websites donors choose global giving allow small scale donors direct funds individual projects choice popular twist internet based philanthropy use peer peer lending charitable purposes kiva pioneered concept offering first web based service publish individual loan profiles funding kiva raises funds local intermediary microfinance organizations post stories updates behalf borrowers lenders contribute little


digital media replaced use social media social activism also provided focus digital sociology example numerous sociological articles least one book appeared use social media platforms twitter youtube facebook means conveying messages activist causes organizing political movements research also done racial minorities use technology racial minorities groups '' 'digital practice''' studies explore ways practices groups adopt using new technologies mitigate


psychology biographical approach c cooper antoniou eds ''new directions organizational psychology behavioral medicine'' pp washington dc gower publishing ref study gardell examined impact work organization mental health swedish pulp paper mill workers engineers research impact unemployment mental health conducted university sheffield 's institute work psychology ref name christie kasl cobb documented impact unemployment blood pressure us factory workers ref name kasl cobb kasl sv cobb blood pressure changes

Social science
Psychology
Occupational health psychology


influential theoretical models ohp research demand control support effort reward imbalance demand resources models another model person environment fit model included historical reasons demand control support model influential model ohp research original demand control model ref name schonfeld according model combination low levels work related decision latitude ie autonomy control job combined high workloads high levels work demands particularly harmful workers combination lead job strain ie poorer mental physical health ref name karasek karasek ra


factors cvd ref name schonfeld case control study involving two large us data sets murphy found hazardous work situations jobs required vigilance responsibility others work required attention devices related increased risk cardiovascular disability included jobs transportation eg air traffic controllers airline pilots bus drivers locomotive engineers truck drivers preschool teachers craftsmen among studies involving men women found association workplace stressors cvd fredikson sundin frankenhaeuser found reactions psychological stressors include increased activity


past five years compared men women exposed incivility incivility associated psychological distress reduced job satisfaction ref name cortina magley abusive supervision abusive supervision extent supervisor engages pattern behavior harms subordinates workplace bullying although definitions workplace bullying vary involves repeated pattern harmful behaviors directed towards individual one others singly collectively power target workplace bullying sometimes termed ''mobbing'' sexual harassment sexual harassment behavior denigrates mistreats individual due


higher levels distress lower levels job satisfaction medical wards surgical wards compared surgical wards medical wards make greater affective demands nurses another study frese concluded objective working conditions eg noise ambiguities conflicts give rise subjective stress psychosomatic symptoms blue collar german workers addition studies number well controlled longitudinal studies implicated work stressors development psychological distress reduced job satisfaction unemployment comprehensive meta analysis involving studies indicated involuntary job loss linked


safety relative organization 's goals research workplace interventions improve protect worker health number stress management interventions emerged shown demonstrable effects reducing job stress ref name richardson richardson k rothstein h r effects occupational stress management intervention programs meta analysis ''journal occupational health psychology '' ref cognitive behavioral interventions tended greatest impact stress reduction ref name richardson industrial organizations ohp interventions often concern health individual health organization adkins described development one


world leading discovery streptomycin derived ''streptomyces griseus'' realization bacteria fungi represent important source pharmacologically active natural products ref name ljl ref turn led development impressive arsenal antibacterial antifungal agents including amphotericin b chloramphenicol daptomycin tetracycline ''streptomyces'' spp ref name rim ref polymyxins ''paenibacillus polymyxa'' ref name sj ref rifamycins ''amycolatopsis rifamycinica'' ref name aru ref although drugs derived bacteria employed anti infectives found use fields medicine botulinum toxin ''clostridium botulinum''

Natural science
Chemistry
Natural product chemistry


used medicinally recreationally include morphine cocaine quinine tubocurarine muscarine nicotine ref name dewick animals analgesic drug conotoxin ziconotide natural product derived sea snail ''conus magus'' ref name p animals also represent source bioactive natural products particular venomous animals snakes spiders scorpions caterpillars bees wasps centipedes ants toads frogs attracted much attention venom constituents peptides enzymes nucleotides lipids biogenic amines etc often specific interactions macromolecular target body eg bungarotoxin cobras ref name chemical weaponry ref ref name pmid


first antibiotic discovered penicillin isolated mold ''penicillium'' penicillin related beta lactams work inhibiting dd transpeptidase enzyme required bacteria cross link peptidoglycan form cell wall several natural product drugs target tubulin component cytoskeleton include tubulin polymerization inhibitor colchicine isolated ''colchicum autumnale'' autumn crocus flowering plant used treat gout ref name pmid ref colchicine biosynthesized amino acids phenylalanine tryptophan paclitaxel contrast tubulin polymerization stabilizer used chemotherapeutic drug


via harvest one structural analogue even present limited biology work organism outside experimentalist 's control cases ultimate target harder come limits sar sometimes possible source middle late stage biosynthetic precursor analogue ultimate target prepared termed semisynthesis ''partial synthesis'' approach related biosynthetic intermediate harvested converted final product conventional procedures chemical synthesis strategy two advantages firstly


shortages qualified nurses many nurses provide care within ordering scope physicians traditional role shaped public image nurses care providers nurse practitioners nurses graduate degree advanced practice nursing however permitted jurisdictions practice independently variety settings since postwar period nurse education undergone process diversification towards advanced specialized credentials many traditional regulations provider roles changing nurses develop plan care working collaboratively physicians therapists patient patient 's family

Applied science
Medicine and health
Nursing


nurse humanitarian founder american red cross saint marianne cope sister st francis opened operated first general hospitals united states instituting cleanliness standards influenced development america 's modern hospital system red cross chapters began appearing establishment international committee red cross offered employment professionalization opportunities nurses despite initial objections florence nightingale catholic orders little sisters poor sisters mercy sisters st mary st francis health services inc sisters


causes workplace violence common perpetrators harassment bullying nursing students registered nurses including preceptors mentors clinical facilitators ref name however main cause workplace violence nurses patients serious violence incidents health care centers due nurses' interactions patients many different effects workplace violence field nursing workplace violence negative impact nurses emotionally physically feel depersonalized dehumanized fatigued worn stressed tired severity incidents violence


practice women 's health care emergency nursing acute critical care psychiatry geriatrics pediatrics additionally cns usually works facility improve patient care research staff educator licensure examination completion one three educational routes allows graduate nurse take nclex rn test licensure registered nurse accepted every state adequate indicator minimum competency new graduate however controversy exists appropriate entry level preparation rns professional organizations believe bsn sole method rn preparation


number patient facilities hmos health maintenance organizations group medical practices ambulatory surgery centers nursing specialties great demand addition many part time employment possibilities ref name isbn x ref ref name nardi deena nardi deena charlene c gyurko global nursing faculty shortage status solutions change web january ref levsey campbell green voiced concern shortage nurses citing fang wilsey wisniewski bednash state qualified nursing applicants turned away academic year baccalaureate nursing programs due


designation name example passage american association critical care nurses specialty exam allows nurse use initials 'ccrn' name organizations societies similar procedures american nurses credentialing center credentialing arm american nurses association largest nursing credentialing organization administers specialty examinations ref name ancc american nurses credentialing center http wwwanaorg ancc cert indexhtml ancc certification washington dc american nurses association ''' ''' ref correctional nursing due large prison population united states needs many correctional nurses help inmates receive proper health care including mental health treatments


practice uk although able undertake university modules obtain enough credits top degree midwifery training similar length structure sufficiently different considered branch nursing shortened month programs allow nurses already qualified adult branch hold dual registration nurse midwife shortened courses lasting years also exist graduates disciplines train nurses achieved intense study shortening common foundation program ref name nmc nursing


hence many nurses qualified prior reforms hold academic award post registration point initial registration expectation qualified nurses continue update skills knowledge nursing midwifery council insists minimum hours education every three years part post registration education practice prep requirements ref name http wwwnmc ukorg nurses midwives advice topic advice post registration education practice prep requirements midwives ref also opportunities many nurses gain additional clinical skills qualification cannulation venipuncture intravenous drug therapy male catheterization common although many others


nurse consultants nurse practitioners etc nurse educators nurses undertake training bachelor 's degree level master 's degrees exist various healthcare related topics nurses choose study phds higher academic awards district nurses health visitors also considered specialist nurses become must undertake specialist training one year full time degree newly qualifying district nurses health visitors trained prescribe nurse prescribers' formulary list medications dressings typically useful carrying roles many


nurses also undertake training independent supplementary prescribing allows may prescribe almost drug british national formulary cause great deal debate medical nursing circles ref name bfn ref ''european union'' european union profession nurse regulated profession said regulated access exercise subject possession specific professional qualification regulated professions database contains list regulated professions nurse ref name europa ref european union eu member states


registered nurses identified department immigration occupational area need although registered nurses always shorter supply increases proportion specialization number rolling industrial actions around country culminating five thousand victorian nurses went strike eighteen days hospitals able function hiring casual staff 's striking members increased cost forced decision nurses' favor see also advanced practice registered nurse deaconess emergency nursing history hospitals history medicine history nursing


'''''pyramide renverser''''' poster shows social stratification pyramid symbolises class society top see king leopold ii social sciences '' 'social structure''' patterned social arrangements society emergent determinant actions individuals likewise society believed grouped structurally related groups sets roles different functions meanings purposes examples social structure include family religion law economy class contrasts social system refers parent structure various structures embedded thus

Social science
Sociology
Structural sociology


navy exchange within guantanamo '''military sociology''' subfield within sociology corresponds closely c wright mills 's summons connect individual world broader social structures ref name crabb p crabb tyler segal david military sociology ''encyclopedia public administration public policy third edition'' taylor francis pp doi e epap ref military sociology aims toward systematic study military social group rather military organization highly specialized sub discipline examines issues related service personnel distinct group coerced collective action based shared interests linked

Social science
Sociology
Military sociology


survival vocation combat purposes values defined narrow within civil society military sociology also concerns civil military relations interactions groups governmental agencies theory methodology military sociology reflects diversity methods employed sociology include large scale data analysis participant observation social network analysis survey research comparative history case studies etc methods military sociology also include philosophical perspectives arguments contemporary military sociology contemporary military sociology primarily result world war ii cold war events initiated systematic study


military sociology though stands reason relationship military society would predate events dismantling soviet union trauma terrorist attack september subsequent wars afghanistan iraq also dramatically affected field military sociology numerous topics within military sociology important note scope exclusively limited military institution members rather military sociology encompasses areas civilian military relations relationship military military groups


states point reference militaries countries france great britain germany netherlands australia also elements institutionalism moskos 's model influenced scholarship enlistment reenlistment looks occupational institutional factors shape recruit 's enlistment intention reenlistment decisions active duty personnel military profession two leading scholars samuel huntington morris janowitz influence notion military professionalism military sociology political scientist huntington argued high degree autonomy within military profession military matters civilians possess necessary


people looking outside despite negative thoughts military life incentives economic security military recruitment practices changed means help one 's country way attain education back need serve one 's country recent years throughout changes enlisting numbers declined stayed steady increasing years effects military life dependents influence military dependent subcultures military family definition unit may consist husband wife children many english speaking


countries called military brats term respect endearment insult either husband wife primary military enlisted emotional stress partner experience soldier sailor marine airman 's deployment perhaps bad mentally one fighting military whose husbands wives deployed first time rated feelings whole experience sad found difficult cope sudden absence loved one however women men


spouses vary time perceived stressful deployment differs perceived stressful deployment deployments last months time role members family believe hold changes often makes difficult members family approximately one fifth enlisted year olds one third junior personnel united states army married compared less civilian year olds result young military families experience many hardships


female warriors dahomey recruited nine fifteen ref name youth american civil war estimated soldiers years age served union confederate armies yields somewhere percent recruits ref name youth http wwwdefenselinkmil prhome poprep chapter c educationhtm ref earlier periods youth looked upon context innocence framed today rather children seen naturally existing adults frequently coexisted apprenticeships work formal education became


'''transport''' british english '''transportation''' american english movement humans animals goods one location another words action transport defined particular movement organism thing point place space point b modes transport include air land rail road water cable pipeline space field divided infrastructure vehicles operations transport enables trade people essential development civilizations transport infrastructure consists fixed installations including roads railways


services private freight transport become focused containerization although bulk transport used large volumes durable items transport plays important part economic growth globalization types cause air pollution use large amounts land heavily subsidized governments good planning transport essential make traffic flow restrain urban sprawl human powered human powered transport remains common developing countries human powered transport form sustainable transport transport people goods using human muscle power form walking running swimming modern technology


internal combustion engines drive one propellers case jet boats inboard water jet shallow draft areas hovercraft propelled large pusher prop fans see marine propulsion although slow compared transport modern sea transport highly efficient method transporting large quantities goods commercial vessels nearly number carried nbsp billion tons cargo transport water significantly less costly air transport transcontinental shipping short sea shipping ferries remain viable coastal areas modes trans alaska pipeline crude oil alt oil pipeline


poor forecasting overestimation passenger numbers planners frequently benefits shortfall transport infrastructure projects means transport animals animals used transportation include pack animals riding animals vehicles fiat uno vehicle non living device used move people goods unlike infrastructure vehicle moves along cargo riders unless pulled pushed cable muscle power vehicle must provide propulsion commonly done steam engine combustion engine electric motor jet engine rocket though


less one percent world transport volume airline amounts forty percent value time become especially important regards principles postponement time within value chain resulting high willingness pay quick delivery key components items high value weight ratio addition mail common items sent air include electronics fashion clothing impact economic transport key component growth globalization seattle washington united states alt skyline city dawn major highway winds


emission carbon dioxide ref name pnas pdf ref transport fastest growing emission sector sub sector road transport largest contributor global warming environmental regulations developed countries reduced individual vehicles' emissions however offset increases numbers vehicles use vehicle ref name pnas pdf pathways reduce carbon emissions road vehicles considerably studied energy use emissions vary largely modes causing environmentalists call transition air road rail human powered transport well increased transport electrification


production ending fossil fuel subsidies sdg oceans seas marine resources history bronocice pot earliest known image wheeled vehicle world found poland bullock team hauling wool australia natural humans' first ways move included walking running swimming domestication animals introduced new way lay burden transport powerful creatures allowing hauling heavier loads humans riding animals greater speed duration inventions wheel sled uk sledge helped make animal transport


engine automobile around road transport became competitive mechanical private transport originated first modern highways constructed th century macadam later tarmac concrete became dominant paving materials wright brothers' first flight wright brothers demonstrated first successful controllable airplane world war aircraft became fast way transport people express goods long distances world war ii automobile airlines took higher shares transport reducing rail water freight short haul passenger services ref


name research ref name dev academia professors teachers ref name dev psychologists ref name dev lawyers psychologists consultants attorneys courts expert witnesses child testimony process similar adults children testify must undergo testimony process order determine relative competency reliability credibility ref name klem ref important trauma resulting exposure open courtroom confrontation defendant ultimately lead inaccurate testimony ref name hau ref several similarities differences competency evaluation adults children adults children must deemed competent order testify

Social science
Psychology
Forensic developmental psychology


event guidelines determined wheeler v united states supreme court case year old boy witness murder ref name klem boy 's testimony ruled admissible grounds sufficiently intelligent could distinguish truth lies understand morally obligated tell truth ref name whe although federal guidelines exist determining child 's competency capacities required child deemed competent also vary state state ref name hau example states may require child able


within language community translator always risks inadvertently introducing source language words grammar syntax target language rendering hand spill overs sometimes imported useful source language calques loanwords enriched target languages translators including early translators sacred texts helped shape languages translated laboriousness translation process since efforts made varying degrees success automate translation mechanically aid human translator recently rise internet fostered world wide market translation

Journalism, media studies and communication


concept translation ''translatio'' substituting respective slavic germanic root words latin roots ref name translator p remaining slavic languages instead calqued words translation alternative latin word derived lead across bring across across lead bring ref name translator p west east slavic languages except russian adopted pattern whereas russian south slavic languages adopted pattern romance languages deriving directly latin need ''calque'' equivalent


actual grammatical structure example shifting active passive voice ''vice versa'' grammatical differences fixed word order languages eg english french german free word order languages eg greek latin polish russian impediment regard ref name kasparek p particular syntax sentence structure characteristics text 's source language adjusted syntactic requirements target language martin luther target language lacked terms found source language translators borrowed terms thereby enriching target language thanks great measure exchange calques


catholic primate poland poet encyclopedist author first polish novel translator french greek ignacy krasicki translating books works verse prose reprinted edward balcerzan ed polish writers art translation anthology p ref traditions due western colonialism cultural dominance recent centuries western translation traditions largely replaced traditions western traditions draw ancient medieval traditions recent european innovations though earlier approaches translation less commonly used today retain importance dealing


persian greek even chinese indic diplomatic materials arabic later focused translating classical greek persian works well chinese indian texts arabic scholarly study major islamic learning centers al karaouine fes morocco al azhar cairo egypt al nizamiyya baghdad terms theory arabic translation drew heavily earlier near eastern traditions well contemporary greek persian traditions arabic translation efforts techniques important western translation traditions due centuries close contacts exchanges especially renaissance europeans began


new words simplified syntax directness came valued previous convolutions educated arabs turks new professions modernized civil service expressed skepticism writes christopher de bellaigue freedom rarely witnessed today longer legitimate knowledge defined texts religious schools interpreted part stultifying literalness come include virtually intellectual production anywhere world one neologisms way came characterize infusion new ideas via translation '' darwiniya '' darwinism ref name


little art'' mireille gansel translated ros schwartz mark polizzotti ''sympathy traitor translation manifesto'' boyd tonkin ed ''the best novels translation'' clive scott ''the work literary translation'' ''london review books'' vol october p ref transparency dual ideals translation often though always odds th century french critic coined phrase suggest translations either faithful beautiful fidelity extent translation accurately renders meaning source


translation given source text according jeremy munday 's definition translation process translation two different written languages involves changing original written text source text st original verbal language source language sl written text target text tt different verbal language target language tl terms 'source text' 'target text' preferred 'original' 'translation' positive vs negative value judgment translation scholars including eugene nida peter newmark represented


masterworks painting schooled many novice painter translator competently render author 's thoughts translator 's language certainly able adequately render language thoughts translating like analytic philosophy compels precise analysis language elements usage poet ezra pound st elizabeth 's hospital washington dc advised visitor year old beginning poet ws merwin work translation best teacher 'll ever merwin translator poet took pound 's advice heart writes translation


languages language tools internet provide help understanding text computer assist computer assisted translation cat also called computer aided translation machine aided human translation maht interactive translation form translation wherein human translator creates target text assistance computer program machine supports human translator computer assisted translation include standard dictionary grammar software term however normally refers range specialized programs available translator including translation memory terminology management concordance alignment programs tools speed facilitate human translation provide


translations favorable circumstances give gist source text internet translation software help non native speaking individuals understand web pages published languages whole page translation tools limited utility however since offer limited potential understanding original author 's intent context translated pages tend erroneously humorous confusing enlightening interactive translations pop windows becoming popular tools show one possible equivalents word phrase human operators merely need select likeliest equivalent mouse glides foreign language


actually drew little material persian original ref name cohen advance th century new pattern set benjamin jowett translated plato simple straightforward language jowett 's example followed however well new century accuracy rather style became principal criterion ref name cohen modern translation language evolves texts earlier version language original texts old translations may become difficult modern readers understand text may therefore translated modern language producing modern translation eg modern


opera performances inserted concert programs accompany commercial audio cds vocal music addition professional amateur singers often sing works languages know know well translations used enable understand meaning words singing religious texts jerome patron saint translators encyclopedists important role history played translation religious texts translations may influenced tension text religious values translators wish convey example buddhist


legend seventy versions proved identical ''septuagint'' became source text later translations many languages including latin coptic armenian georgian still considered one greatest translators history rendered bible latin jerome ce patron saint translators centuries roman catholic church used translation known vulgate though even translation stirred controversy contrast jerome 's contemporary augustine hippo ce endorsed precise translation jerome believed adaptation sometimes invention order effectively bring across meaning jerome 's colorful


francis ajb higgins showed among earliest christian authors understanding even text devotional verse underwent considerable changes ancient writers suggest even greek latin texts left unmodified something like let us fall could acceptable english rendering higgins cited tertullian earliest latin church fathers c c ce allow us led cyprian c ce allow us led temptation later author ambrose c ce followed cyprian 's interpretation augustine


translator'' farrar straus giroux pp ''the new york review books'' vol lxii june pp nbsp includes discussion european language cognates term translation kasparek christopher translator 's foreword boles aw prus ''pharaoh'' translated polish foreword notes christopher kasparek amazon kindle e book asin bo mdn czv link perry magician chinese poetry review eliot weinberger afterword octavio paz '' ways looking wang wei ways '' new directions pp paper eliot weinberger ''the ghosts birds'' new directions


december pp nbsp muhlstein anka painters writers something new happens ''the new york review books'' vol lxiv january pp nbsp introduction stuart berg flexner revised edition polizzotti mark ''sympathy traitor translation manifesto'' mit pp ruthven malise islamic road modern world review christopher de bellaigue ''the islamic enlightenment struggle faith reason modern times'' liveright wael abu 'uksa ''freedom arab world concepts ideologies arabic thought nineteenth century'' cambridge university press ''the


renaissance william shakespeare perhaps first coined phrase nature versus nurture ''the tempest'' wrote act iv scene caliban devil born devil whose nature nurture never stick ref name mcguegottesman modern day behavioural genetics began sir francis galton nineteenth century intellectual cousin charles darwin ref name mcguegottesman ref galton polymath studied many subjects including heritability human abilities mental characteristics one galton 's investigations involved large pedigree study social intellectual achievement english upper class years

Natural science
Biology
Genetics
Behavioural genetics


studies proven difficult broadly replicate concern raised false positive rate type research high ref name duncankeller ref name colhounmckeigue ref '''genome wide association studies''' genome wide association studies researchers test relationship millions genetic polymorphisms behavioural phenotypes across genome ref name mccarthyabecasis approach genetic association studies largely atheoretical typically guided particular biological hypothesis regarding phenotype ref name mccarthyabecasis genetic association findings behavioural traits psychiatric disorders found highly polygenic involving many small genetic effects ref name visscherbrown ref ref name swg ref ref name


''why'' children likely use drugs grow could children modelling parents' behaviour equally plausible could children inherited drug use predisposing genes parent put increased risk drug use adults regardless parents' behaviour adoption studies parse relative effects rearing environment genetic inheritance find small negligible effect rearing environment smoking alcohol marijuana use adopted children ref name keyeslegrand ref larger effect rearing environment harder drug use ref name kendlersundquist ref


risk allele individual harbours relative individual harbour risk allele ref name bland ref described math r math metric effects individual genetic variants ''complex'' human behavioural traits disorders vanishingly small variant accounting math r math variation phenotype ref name mcguegottesman fact discovered primarily genome wide association studies complex behavioural phenotypes including results substance use ref name thorgeirssongudbjartsson ref name schumanncoin personality ref name okbaybaselmans fertility ref name dayhelgason ref schizophrenia ref name swg depression ref name okbaybaselmans ref name caibigdeli ref endophenotypes including brain structure ref name hibarstein function ref name iaconovaidyanathan ref


philosopher science auguste comte new way looking society ref name comte earlier used term social physics subsequently appropriated others notably belgian statistician adolphe quetelet comte endeavoured unify history psychology economics scientific understanding social life writing shortly malaise french revolution proposed social ills could remedied sociological positivism epistemological approach outlined ''course positive philosophy'' later included ''a general view positivism'' comte believed positivist stage


long since ceased carry meaning fewer twelve distinct epistemologies referred positivism ref name wacquant ref name halfpenny many approaches self identify positivist arose opposition older forms positivism label time become pejorative term ref name wacquant mistakenly linked theoretical empiricism extent antipositivist criticism also diverged many rejecting scientific method others seeking amend reflect th century developments philosophy science however positivism


human activity insisted retain objectivity rationalism approach causality ref name wacquant developed notion objective ' 'sui generis'' social facts serve unique empirical objects science sociology study ref name wacquant variety positivism remains dominant today termed ''instrumental positivism'' approach eschews epistemological metaphysical concerns nature social facts favour methodological clarity replicability reliability validity ref name gartell positivism less synonymous quantitative research resembles older positivism practice since


science able identify causal relationships human social action especially among ideal types hypothetical simplifications complex social phenomena ref name non positivist however weber sought relationships historical invariant generalisable ref name pursued natural scientists fellow german sociologist ferdinand nnies theorised two crucial abstract concepts work ''gemeinschaft'' ''gesellschaft'' nnies marked sharp line realm concepts reality social action first must treated axiomatically deductive way pure sociology whereas second empirically


sociology anthropology functionalism addresses social structure referred social organization classical theorists respect whole well necessary function whole 's constituent elements common analogy popularized herbert spencer regard norms institutions 'organs' work towards proper functioning entire 'body' society ref name sociology beyond societies mobilities twenty first century perspective implicit original sociological positivism comte theorized full durkheim respect observable structural laws functionalism also anthropological basis work


harvard department parsons began dominate general theory work primarily referenced european sociology almost entirely omitting citations american tradition sociocultural evolution well pragmatism addition parsons' revision sociological canon included marshall pareto weber durkheim lack theoretical challenges departments nurtured rise parsonian structural functionalist movement reached crescendo rapid decline ref name coakley functionalist perspectives europe broadly replaced conflict oriented approaches ref name slattery many discipline


patterned social relations rather levi strauss school thought draws notions structure theorized levi strauss' contemporary anthropologist radcliffe brown ref name lizardo omar ref refer network structuralism equate british structuralism opposed french structuralism levi strauss post structuralism post structuralist thought tended reject 'humanist' assumptions construction social theory michel foucault provides important critique ''archaeology human sciences'' though habermas rorty argued foucault merely replaces one system thought another dialogue


external action outcome society writ large primary question social theorists knowledge reproduces along chain subjective objective subjective say ''intersubjectivity'' achieved historically qualitative methods attempted tease subjective interpretations quantitative survey methods also attempt capture individual subjectivities also qualitative methods take radical approach objective description situ latter concern scientific knowledge results fact sociologist part object seek explain bourdieu explains structure agency structure agency


sometimes referred '' 'determinism''' versus '''voluntarism''' ref name archerarcher ref form enduring ontological debate social theory social structures determine individual 's behaviour human agency context ''agency'' refers capacity individuals act independently make free choices whereas ' 'structure'' relates factors limit affect choices actions individuals eg social class religion gender ethnicity etc discussions primacy either structure agency relate core sociological epistemology ie social world made cause social world


qualitative ones factor two ref name hunter articles published largest british journal hand qualitative textbooks methodology social research written quantitative perspective ref name hanson term methodology often used synonymously statistics practically sociology phd programmes united states require training statistical methods work produced quantitative researchers also deemed 'trustworthy' 'unbiased' general public ref name gm though judgment continues challenged antipositivists ref name gm choice method often depends largely


computational sociology ref name methodological implications complex systems approaches sociality simulation foundation knowledge practical well known example construction computational model form artificial society researchers analyse structure social system ref name sfss ref name generative subfields culture max horkheimer left front theodor adorno right front j rgen habermas right back sociologists' approach culture divided ' 'sociology culture'' ''cultural sociology'' terms similar though entirely interchangeable sociology culture older term considers topics objects


escarpit bourdieu 's work clearly indebted marx weber durkheim criminality deviance law punishment criminologists analyse nature causes control criminal activity drawing upon methods across sociology psychology behavioural sciences sociology deviance focuses actions behaviours violate norms including infringements formally enacted rules eg crime informal violations cultural norms remit sociologists study norms exist change time enforced concept social disorganization broader social systems leads violations


internet digital media internet interest sociologists various ways practically tool research discussion platform sociology internet broad sense concerns analysis online communities eg newsgroups social networking sites virtual worlds meaning often overlap community sociology online communities may studied statistically network analysis interpreted qualitatively virtual ethnography moreover organizational change catalysed new media thereby influencing social change large perhaps forming framework transformation industrial informational society