drone missile strikes cia still considers existence program classified entirety public discussion technically constitutes exposure classified information parallel reporting issue determining constitutes classified information hillary clinton email controversy assistant secretary state legislative affairs julia frifield noted policy officials obtain information open sources think tanks experts foreign government officials others fact information may also available intelligence channels mean information necessarily classified


united states top secret secret confidential uruguay ultra secreto secreto confidencial reservado vietnam tuy ph bi n h n ch style background ececec colspan '''table notes ''' small '''table source ''' small corporate classification private corporations often require written confidentiality agreements conduct background checks candidates sensitive positions us employee polygraph protection act prohibits private employers requiring lie detector tests exceptions policies dictating methods marking safeguarding company sensitive information

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Classification
Security classification


may negotiate group businesses depending country reach industry wide agreement collective agreement functions labour contract employer one unions collective bargaining consists process negotiation representatives union employers generally represented management countries austria sweden netherlands employers' organization respect terms conditions employment employees wages hours work working conditions grievance procedures rights responsibilities trade unions parties often

Applied science
Business
Industrial and labor relations
Collective bargaining


refer result negotiation ''collective bargaining agreement'' cba ''collective employment agreement'' cea history beatrice webb term collective bargaining first used beatrice webb founder field industrial relations britain refers sort collective negotiations agreements existed since rise trade unions th century united states united states national labor relations act made illegal employer deny union rights employee issue


reflects dominance self regulation regulation labour market parties state regulation swedish industrial relations united states united states national labor relations act covers collective agreements private sector act makes illegal employers discriminate spy harass terminate employment workers union membership retaliate engaging organizing campaigns concerted activities form company unions refuse engage collective bargaining union represents employees also illegal


http wwwkentlawedu ilhs illinois labor history society retrieved august ref railway labor act required employers bargain collectively unions supreme court case ''texas co v brotherhood railway clerks'' upheld act 's prohibition employer interference selection bargaining representatives ref name curriculum president kennedy signed executive order giving public employee unions right collectively bargain federal government agencies ref name curriculum office labor management standards part united states department labor required collect collective bargaining agreements covering


eberhard hopf riemann surfaces negative curvature markov chains form common context applications probability theory ergodic theory fruitful connections harmonic analysis lie theory representation theory lattices algebraic groups number theory theory diophantine approximations l functions ergodic transformations ergodic theory often concerned '''ergodic transformations''' intuition behind transformations act given set thorough job stirring elements set eg set quantity hot oatmeal bowl spoonful syrup

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Probability theory
Ergodic theory


''t'' periodic period ''q'' thus cannot ergodic interval ''i'' length ''a'' ''a'' ''q'' orbit ''t'' union ''i'' ''t'' ''i'' ''t'' sup ''q'' sup ''i'' contains image ''i'' number applications ''t'' ''t'' invariant mod set union ''q'' intervals length ''a'' hence measure ''qa'' strictly nbsp let ''g'' compact abelian group '' '' normalized haar measure ''t'' group automorphism ''g'' let ''g'' pontryagin dual group


''p'' conditional expectation respect sub algebra sub ''t'' sub ''t'' invariant sets linear projector ''e sub sub '' norm banach space ''l sup p sup '' ''x'' '' '' onto closed subspace ''l sup p sup '' ''x'' sub ''t'' sub '' '' latter may also characterized space ''t'' invariant ''l sup p sup '' functions ''x'' ergodic means linear operators ''l sup p sup '' ''x'' '' '' also unit operator norm simple consequence birkhoff khinchin theorem converge projector ''e sub sub '' strong operator topology ''l sup p sup '' ''p'' weak


space apollo program first manned vehicle landed moon number road motor vehicles operation worldwide surpassed billion mark roughly one every seven people types vehicles common model vehicle world flying pigeon bicycle treemap common vehicles ever made total number made shown size type model labelled distinguished color fixed wing airplanes helicopters commercial jetliners visible lower right corner maximum zoom billion bicycles use worldwide


conditions steam engines burning coal release sulfur air causing harmful acid rain modern scooter taiwan intermittent internal combustion engines primary means aircraft propulsion largely superseded continuous internal combustion engines gas turbines turbine engines light particularly used aircraft efficient hand cost require careful maintenance also damaged ingesting foreign objects produce hot exhaust trains using turbines called gas turbine electric locomotives examples surface vehicles using turbines abrams mtt turbine


pulse jet even turbine engines still suffers extreme noise vibration levels ramjets also moving parts work high speed use restricted tip jet helicopters high speed aircraft lockheed sr blackbird rocket engines primarily used rockets rocket sleds experimental aircraft rocket engines extremely powerful heaviest vehicle ever leave ground saturn v rocket powered five f rocket engines generating combined million horsepower gigawatt rocket engines also need push


'''virtue ethics''' also '''aretaic ethics''' greek ''aret '' class normative ethical theories treat concept moral virtue central ethics virtue ethics usually contrasted two major approaches normative ethics consequentialism deontology make goodness outcomes action consequentialism concept moral duty deontology central virtue ethics necessarily deny importance goodness states affairs moral duties ethics emphasizes moral virtue sometimes concepts like ''eudaimonia'' extent theories

Humanities
Philosophy
Ethics
Virtue ethics


friendship without one 's quest happiness frustrated discussion known four cardinal virtues wisdom justice fortitude temperance found plato 's ''republic'' virtues also figure prominently aristotle 's moral theory found nicomachean ethics virtue theory inserted study history moralistic historians livy plutarch tacitus greek idea virtues passed roman philosophy cicero later incorporated christian moral theology st ambrose milan scholastic period comprehensive consideration virtues theological


universal norm acceptable conduct suitable base legislation virtue theorists concede point respond opposing notion legitimate legislative authority instead effectively advocating form anarchism political ideal others argue laws made virtuous legislators still others argue possible base judicial system moral notion virtues rather rules virtue theorists might respond overall objection notion bad act also act characteristic vice say


make action moral regardless circumstances information deontological ethics refer work immanuel kant next predominant school thought normative ethics consequentialism deontology places emphasis one 's duty established kind moral imperative words emphasis obedience higher moral absolute consequentialism bases morality action upon consequences outcome instead saying one moral duty abstain murder consequentialist would say abstain


full space empty space always subspaces ''geometric dimension'' space said ''n'' largest number strictly ascending chain subspaces form math varnothing x subset x subset cdots subset x n p math algebraic construction standard algebraic construction systems satisfies axioms division ring ''d'' construct dimensional vector space ''d'' vector space dimension number elements basis let ''p'' dimensional single generator subspaces ''l'' dimensional

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Geometry
Finite geometry


although provides small proportion revenue advanced industrial countries public finance state enterprise public finance centrally planned economies differed fundamental ways market economies state owned enterprises generated profits helped finance government activities various mixed economies revenue generated state owned enterprises used various state endeavors typically revenue generated state government agencies government finance statistics methodology macroeconomic data support public finance economics generally referred fiscal government finance statistics gfs http wwwimforg external pubs ft gfs manual indexhtm ''the government finance statistics manual gfsm


knowledge much like teachers ref name o'sullivan experience confirm contradict prior belief player performance internal external framing coaches role impact reflection suggesting perspective limitation promoting idea coaching community feedback athlete outcomes coaching behavior assessment system used show coaching knowledge behavior significant influence participants psychological profile affecting self esteem motivation satisfaction attitudes ref name ref perceived competence ref name performance ref name coach seen

Human physical performance and recreation


coordinator special teams coordinator offensive defensive line coaches coaches every position strength conditioning coach among positions united kingdom sports coaching uk follows highly structured pattern principle delivered workforce largely volunteer based recognising pivotal role played coaches increasing participation performance sport uk 's home country sports councils coaching strategy aligned overall strategy june sports councils together national governing bodies sport ngbs formally adopted uk coaching framework


uk coaching summit coventry thirty sports coach education programmes endorsed meeting standards uk coaching certificate ukcc indication quality assurance typically programmes classify coaches within levels level minimum standard someone coach unaccompanied coach education programmes usually organised centrally ngbs delivered locally meet needs volunteer coaches anyone wanting become coach particular sport ngb website provides first point contact information counties


sports coaching patterns result major tracking studies completed confirm three every four coaches volunteers typically giving three hours week coach sport fewer coaches uk full time professionals stark contrast usa united states major us collegiate sports associations coaches engage professional development activities sports' professional coaches less formal associations without developing group resembling union way athletic players many leagues us collegiate coaching contracts


book ''computational neuroscience'' first annual open international meetings focused computational neuroscience organized james bower john miller san francisco california first graduate educational program computational neuroscience organized computational neural systems phd program california institute technology early historical roots field traced work people including louis lapicque hodgkin huxley hubel wiesel david marr lapicque introduced integrate fire model neuron seminal article published

Formal science
Mathematics
Computational neuroscience


key goals computational neuroscience dissect biological systems carry complex computations efficiently potentially replicate processes building intelligent machines brain 's large scale organizational principles illuminated many fields including biology psychology clinical practice integrative neuroscience attempts consolidate observations unified descriptive models databases behavioral measures recordings bases quantitative modeling large scale brain activity computational representational understanding mind crum another attempt modeling human cognition simulated processes like acquired rule based systems decision making manipulation


connections human brain emergent neural simulation software genesis general neural simulation system nest simulator spiking neural network models focuses dynamics size structure neural systems rather exact morphology individual neurons external links journals https wwwspringercom mathematics journal journal mathematical neuroscience https wwwspringercom journal computational neuroscience http wwwmitpressjournalsorg loi neco neural computation cognitive neurodynamics http frontiersinorg neuroscience computationalneuroscience frontiers computational neuroscience http wwwploscompbiolorg homeaction plos computational biology http wwwfrontiersinorg journal specialtyaspxs name neuroinformatics x frontiers neuroinformatics conferences computational systems neuroscience cosyne computational neuroscience meeting systems neuroscience focus http wwwcnsorgorg annual computational neuroscience meeting cns yearly


score identically test rather position score distribution similar test retest ref name shaughnessy self report measures generally reliable many items measuring construct ref name shaughnessy furthermore measurements reliable factor measured greater variability among individuals sample tested ref name shaughnessy finally greater reliability instructions completion questionnaire clear limited distractions testing environment ref name shaughnessy contrastingly questionnaire valid

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Statistics
Survey Methodology


sierra leone providing training teams advising security matters stirling also organised deals sell weapons military personnel countries various privatised foreign policy operations contracts mainly gulf states involved weapons supply training company also linked failed attempt overthrow colonel muammar gaddafi power libya woodhouse resigned director operations series disagreements stirling ceased take active part ref name sas ''the sas savage wars peace present'' anthony kemp john

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Private military company


murray pp ref stirling also founded kas international aka kas enterprises involved collaboration world wide fund nature forcibly reduce illegal poaching smuggling elephant tusks various countries southern africa groups formed ex sas servicemen established including control risks group defence systems providing military consultation training dramatic growth number size pmcs occurred end cold war western governments increasingly began rely services bolster falling conventional military budgets


contractors military operations since persian gulf war decade earlier prevalence pmcs led foundation trade group private security company association iraq iraq issue accountability especially case contractors carrying weapons sensitive one iraqi laws hold contractors us secretary defense donald rumsfeld justified use pmcs iraq basis cost effective useful ground also affirmed subject uniform code military justice two days


standby security mobile escorts armed however great many voices use cite following problems ref name odi outsourcing security left ngos reliant contractors unable develop security thinking make decisions perceived association psps state security police military services turn compromises ability ngos claim neutrality leading increased risk outsourcing may necessarily lead lower costs cost middlemen may result poorly


paid poorly trained personnel turn frequently cannot adequately perform job ngos obligations beyond strictly legal liability include political ethical reputational implications organisation 's responsibility prevent mitigate possible negative outcomes better achieved house security choice result many ngos open use psps researchers' overseas development institute studies found sometimes statements ngos central headquarters contradict given local staff ref name odi prevents informative knowledge sharing debate


'''politics canada''' function within framework parliamentary democracy federal system parliamentary government strong democratic traditions canada constitutional monarchy monarch head state practice executive powers directed cabinet committee ministers crown responsible elected house commons canada chosen headed prime minister canada ref name tidridge ref canada described full democracy tradition liberalism ref name westhueswharf ref egalitarian ref name bickertongagnon ref moderate political ideology ref name johnson ref ref name bittnerkoop ref far left far right politics

Social science
Political science
Canadian politics


never prominent force canadian society traditional brokerage model canadian politics leaves little room ideology peace order good government alongside implied bill rights founding principles canadian government ref name dixonscheurell ref ref name boughey ref emphasis social justice distinguishing element canada 's political culture ref name fierlbeck ref canada placed emphasis equality inclusiveness people ref name guowong ref ref name mcquaig p ref country multi party system many legislative practices derive unwritten conventions precedents set westminster parliament


gun control foreign aid social programs ref name polls ref federal level canada dominated two relatively centrist parties practising brokerage politics ref ref name courtneysmith ref ref name brooks ref ref name smith ref ref name johnson c ref centre left leaning liberal party canada centre right leaning conservative party canada predecessors ref name baumergold ref traditional ''brokerage'' model canadian politics leaves little room ideology canadian catch party system requires support broad spectrum voters ref name marlandgiasson ref name smith ref name johnson c ref name brooks historically predominant liberals position centre political scale conservatives sitting


december premier williams made statement reporters st john 's western alienation another national unity related concept enters canadian politics residents four western provinces particularly alberta often unhappy lack influence perceived lack understanding residents central canada consider national issues seen play many avenues media commerce politics given rise number political parties whose base constituency western canada include united farmers alberta first


strong third parties first past post electorates amongst factors canada federal provincial level experienced huge swings seat shares third parties eg ndp reform end usually briefly replacing liberals progressive conservatives conservatives main opposition even government leaving rump federally examples include federal election collapse progressive conservatives election leaving liberal party temporary rump along bloc qu b cois examples include changes fortune albertan ndp


national share vote went new conservative party canada received fewer votes estimated asked refund difference quebec first province implement similar system funding many years changes funding federal parties federal funds disbursed quarterly parties beginning start moment disbursement delay leaves ndp green party better position fight election since rely individual contributors federal funds green party receives


finite volume method fvm common approach used cfd codes advantage memory usage solution speed especially large problems high reynolds number turbulent flows source term dominated flows like combustion finite volume method governing partial differential equations typically navier stokes equations mass energy conservation equations turbulence equations recast conservative form solved discrete control volumes discretization guarantees conservation fluxes particular control volume finite volume equation yields governing equations form math frac partial partial iiint

Formal science
Mathematics
Computational fluid dynamics


fluid velocity use engineering designs system modeled turbulent flows range length scales complexity phenomena involved turbulence make modeling approaches prohibitively expensive resolution required resolve scales involved turbulence beyond computationally possible primary approach cases create numerical models approximate unresolved phenomena section lists commonly used computational models turbulent flows turbulence models classified based computational expense corresponds range scales modeled versus


greater computational resources rans methods far cheaper dns detached eddy simulation detached eddy simulations des modification rans model model switches subgrid scale formulation regions fine enough les calculations regions near solid boundaries turbulent length scale less maximum grid dimension assigned rans mode solution turbulent length scale exceeds grid dimension regions solved using les mode therefore grid resolution des demanding pure les thereby considerably cutting


interaction plates either directly indirectly fields tectonic studies salt tectonics salt tectonics concerned structural geometries deformation processes associated presence significant thicknesses rock salt within sequence rocks due low density salt increase burial low strength neotectonics neotectonics study motions deformations earth 's crust geological geomorphological processes current recent geological time term may also refer motions deformations corresponding


acknowledge even unconsciously actions must prohibited state need necessarily prohibited private parties well legal scholars commenting common law systems united kingdom ref name khushal ref canada made distinction well many years public law occupied marginal position continental european law large private law considered ''general law'' public law hand considered consist exceptions general law second half twentieth century public

Social science
Political science
Public law


existing perpetuity alleged oldest commercial corporation world stora kopparberg mining community falun sweden obtained charter king magnus eriksson medieval times traders would business common law constructs partnerships whenever people acted together view profit law deemed partnership arose early guilds livery companies also often involved regulation competition traders mercantilism replica east indiaman dutch east india company voc dutch english chartered companies dutch east india company voc


match private entrepreneurship people charge others' money would exercise much care would deregulation jack giant joint stock cartoon ''town talk'' satirizing 'monster' joint stock economy came joint stock companies act british bubble act prohibition establishing companies remained force repeal point industrial revolution gathered pace pressing legal change facilitate business activity repeal beginning gradual lifting restrictions though business ventures


chronicled charles dickens ''martin chuzzlewit'' primitive companies legislation often scams without cohesive regulation proverbial operations like anglo bengalee disinterested loan life assurance company undercapitalized ventures promising hope success except richly paid promoters process incorporation possible royal charter private act limited owing parliament 's jealous protection privileges advantages thereby granted result many businesses came operated unincorporated associations possibly thousands members consequent litigation carried


worker cooperative members people work cooperative credit union members people accounts credit union day day activities corporation typically controlled individuals appointed members cases single individual commonly corporations controlled committee committees broadly speaking two kinds committee structure single committee known board directors method favored common law countries model board directors composed


clarify role citizens political stakeholders break sharp conceptual dichotomy state people individual distinction account increasingly unable meet demands placed state modern world see also notes reading https ssrncom abstract comparative bibliography regulatory competition corporate law bakan joel ''the new corporation good corporations bad democracy'' blumberg phillip ''the multinational challenge corporation law search new corporate personality'' bromberg alan r ''crane bromberg partnership''


rehabilitation settings often involved assessing treating patients neuropsychological problems forensic settings industry often clinical trial consultants cns function concern history neuropsychology relatively new discipline within field psychology first textbook defining field ''fundamentals human neuropsychology'' initially published kolb whishaw however history development traced back third dynasty ancient egypt perhaps even earlier ref name finger p ref much debate societies started considering functions different organs many

Social science
Psychology
Neuropsychology


via left hemisphere broca 's observations methods widely considered neuropsychology really takes form recognizable respected discipline armed understanding specific independent areas brain responsible articulation understanding speech brains abilities finally acknowledged complex highly intricate organ broca essentially first fully break away ideas phrenology delve deeper scientific psychological view brain karl spencer lashley lashley 's works theories follow summarized


resonance imaging fmri techniques study brain behavior relations notable influence neuropsychological research practice approaches mutually exclusive neuropsychologists select best approach approaches task completed methods tools standardized neuropsychological tests tasks designed performance task linked specific neurocognitive processes tests typically standardized meaning administered specific group groups individuals used individual clinical cases data resulting standardization known


simple tableaux enactments single biblical scene mystery play became village 's expression key events bible text plays often controlled local guilds mystery plays would performed regularly set feast days often lasting day long night middle ages jewish population europe also produced number outstanding writers maimonides born cordoba spain rashi born troyes france two best known influential jewish authors secular first page ''beowulf''

Humanities
Languages and literature
History of literature
Medieval literature


''romance rose'' ''everyman'' ''piers plowman'' ''roman de fauvel'' ''the divine comedy'' notable literature period estimated medieval output manuscripts terms copies ''alexiad'' anna comnena ''beowulf'' anonymous anglo saxon author ''caedmon 's hymn'' ''cantigas de santa maria'' galician ''the book city ladies'' christine de pizan ''book civilized man'' daniel beccles ''the book good love'' juan ruiz ''the book margery kempe'' margery kempe ''brut'' layamon ''brut'' wace ''the canterbury tales'' geoffrey chaucer ''consolation philosophy'' boethius ''david sassoun'' anonymous armenian author ''decameron'' giovanni boccaccio ''the dialogue'' catherine


external links http wwwmatemunammx micho papers qgeompdf introduction quantum geometry micho ur evich easier introduction still rather technical http xstructureinracru x bin subthemes pylevel index skip noncommutative geometry arxivorg mathoverflow https mathoverflownet q theories noncommutative geometry http wwwnoncommutativegeometrynl noncommutative geometry particle physics mathematical quantization quantum gravity

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Geometry
Noncommutative geometry


register hindustani written devanagari script sometimes regarded basis modern literature hindi history adi kal vir gatha kal c literature ''adi kal'' c th century ce developed regions kannauj delhi ajmer stretching central india ''prithviraj raso'' epic poem written chand bardai c considered one first works history hindi literature chand bardai court poet prithviraj chauhan famous ruler delhi ajmer

Humanities
Languages and literature
Hindi Literature


encouraged poetry hindi dedicated nationalism social reform ref name lmnph lucy aka ludmila rosenstein editor translator author https booksgooglecom booksid yt roihyfc c printsec frontcover ppa introduction ''new poetry hindi nayi kavita introduction'' anthem press ref dwivedi became editor ''saraswati'' first hindi monthly magazine india established ref name pib ref used crusade reforms hindi literature one prominent poems period maithili sharan gupt 's ''bharat bharati'' evokes past glory india shridhar prathak 's ''bharatgit'' another renowned poem period ref name lmnph scholars


towering genius grossly overshadowed literary 'talked abouts' next seven decades important genres ''adhunik sahitya'' modernism '''prayogvad''' experimentalism ajneya ''tar saptak'' poets also known ''nayi kavita'' new poetry ''nayi kahani'' new story nirmal verma others followed '''pragativad''' progressivism gajanan madhav muktibodh authors nakenwad among numerous schools poetry sprang ''nakenwad'' school deriving nomenclature first letters names three pioneers nalin vilochan sharma kesari kumar naresh


h sya etc ''hasya kavita'' humorous comic poetry hindi particularly famous due hindi kavi sammelans bal kavita children 's rhymes hindi many attempts made document hindi poetry comprehensive online collections hindi poetry http kavitakoshorg kavitakosh http wwwgeeta kavitacom geeta kavita classy content created new audiences looking hindi poetry hindi content https wwwyoutubecom user wowhindikavita hindi kavita movement started http blogsnavbharattimesindiatimescom manishgupta dont cry hindi manish gupta generated entirely new market brought many projects fore many award winning poets scholars


rakesh started ''ashadh ka ek din'' ''adhe adhure'' ''lehron ke rajhans'' dharamvir bharati wrote ''andha yug'' playwrights like surendra verma bhisham sahni hindi essay writing kuber nath rai one writers dedicated entirely form essay writing ref name datta ref collections essays ''gandha madan'' ''priya neel kanti'' ''ras aakhetak'' ''vishad yog'' ''nishad bansuri'' ''parna mukut'' enormously enriched form essay ref name datta scholar indian culture western literature proud indian heritage ref name datta love natural beauty


''prem sagar'' etc ganga das author fifty kavya granthas thousands padas known bhismpitama hindi poetry bharatendu harishchandra author ''andher nagari'' etc works compiled ''bharatendu granthavali'' devaki nandan khatri author mystery novels like ''chandrakanta'' ''bhootnath'' etc mahavir prasad dwivedi author ''kavya manjusha'' ''sugandh'' ''sahitya sandarbh'' ''sahitya vichar'' etc munshi premchand considered one greatest hindi novelists time novels include ''godaan'' ''karmabhoomi'' ''gaban'' ''mansarovar'' ''idgah'' etc maithili sharan gupt author ''saket'' ''yashodhara'' etc jaishankar prasad


came calcutta started bharat mitra began another weekly magazine saar sudhanidhi closed year august started rd weekly ucchit vakta meaning right best time ucchit vakta focused spreading truth british raj fighting justice became popular many years mishra underwent lot difficulties trying bring critical publication time british raj times editor writer also sold paper


literature'' ram awadh dwivedi published hindi pracharak pustakalaya ''a history hindi literature'' k b jindal published kitab mahal ''hindi literature beginnings nineteenth century'' ronald stuart mcgregor published harrassowitz ''hindi literature nineteenth early twentieth centuries'' ronald stuart mcgregor published harrassowitz ''a new voice new times development modern hindi literature'' ronald stuart mcgregor faculty asian studies australian national university ''an encyclopaedia world hindi literature'' ganga ram garg published concept pub


boundaries britain ireland later included nobel laureates coming anglo saxons c languages early britain although romans withdrew britain early th century latin literature mostly ecclesiastical continued written including chronicles bede ''historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum'' gildas c ''de excidio et conquestu britanniae'' facsimile page ''y gododdin'' c nbsp various celtic languages spoken many british people time among important written works survived ''y gododdin'' mabinogion th

Humanities
Languages and literature
World literature
British literature


many critics one early great works english literature along chaucer 's ''canterbury tales'' ''sir gawain green knight'' middle ages ''sir gawain green knight'' late th century middle english alliterative romance one better known arthurian stories established type known beheading game developing welsh irish english tradition ''sir gawain'' highlights importance honour chivalry preserved manuscript sir gawayne three poems generally accepted work author including intricate


dragon robin hood folk tales telling old stories actors travelled town town performing audiences return money hospitality mystery plays miracle plays among earliest formally developed plays medieval europe mystery plays focused representation bible stories churches tableaux accompanying antiphonal song developed th th century reaching height popularity th century rendered obsolete rise professional theatre nineteenth century engraving performance


set music songs thomas campion became popular printed literature disseminated widely households see english madrigal school drama reign elizabeth james london centred culture courtly popular produced great poetry drama english playwrights intrigued italian model conspicuous community italian actors settled london linguist lexicographer john florio whose father italian royal language tutor court james possible friend


middle ages characters embody theory humours based contemporary medical theory though stock types latin literature equal influence jonson 's major plays include ''volpone'' ''bartholomew fair'' popular style theatre jacobean times revenge play popularised earlier thomas kyd developed john webster th century webster 's famous plays ''the white devil'' ''the duchess malfi'' revenge tragedies include ''the changeling'' written thomas middleton william rowley poetry


courtier style marks cavalier poet cavalier works make use allegory classical allusions influenced latin authors horace cicero ovid john milton religious epic poem ''paradise lost'' published john milton one greatest english poets wrote time religious flux political upheaval generally seen last major poet english renaissance though major epic poems written restoration period including ''paradise lost'' among ''l'allegro'' ''il penseroso''


translator playwright dominated literary life restoration england point period came known literary circles age dryden established heroic couplet standard form english poetry writing successful satires religious pieces fables epigrams compliments prologues plays also introduced alexandrine triplet form poems translations criticism established poetic diction appropriate heroic couplet dryden 's greatest achievements satiric verse works like mock heroic ''macflecknoe'' w h auden referred


master middle style model contemporaries much th century considerable loss felt english literary community death evident elegies inspired alexander pope heavily influenced dryden often borrowed writers th century equally influenced dryden pope though ben jonson poet laureate james england formal position formal title poet laureate royal office


remembered author ''frankenstein'' important gothic novel well early example science fiction poets another important poet period john clare clare son farm labourer came known celebratory representations english countryside lamentation changes taking place rural england george crabbe english poet romantic period wrote closely observed realistic portraits rural life heroic couplets augustan age crabbe 's works include ''the village''


england wealthier south anthony trollope one successful prolific respected english novelists victorian era best loved works set imaginary west country county barsetshire including ''the warden'' ''barchester towers'' trollope 's novels portray lives landowning professional classes early victorian england george eliot mary ann evans major novelist mid victorian period works especially ''middlemarch'' important examples literary realism admired combination high victorian literary detail


development science fiction genre history modern fantasy genre generally said begin george macdonald influential author ''the princess goblin'' ''phantastes'' william morris popular english poet also wrote several fantasy novels latter part nineteenth century vampire genre fiction began john william polidori 's vampyre short story inspired life lord byron poem ''the giaour'' irish writer bram stoker author seminal horror work ''dracula'' primary antagonist


''a room one 's own'' contains famous dictum woman must money room write fiction woolf e forster members ''bloomsbury group'' enormously influential group associated english writers intellectuals philosophers artists h lawrence early modernists dorothy richardson whose novel ''pointed roof'' one earliest example stream consciousness technique h lawrence wrote understanding social life lower middle classes


maclean thriller 's ''the guns navarone'' ''where eagles dare'' jack higgins' ''the eagle landed'' patrick o'brian 's nautical historical novels feature ''aubrey maturin series'' set royal navy ronald welch 's carnegie medal winning novel ''knight crusader'' set th century gives depiction third crusade featuring christian leader king england richard lionheart nigel tranter also wrote historical novels celebrated scottish warriors robert bruce ''the bruce trilogy'' murder mysteries ruth rendell p james popular crime fiction science fiction


sir arthur c clarke john wyndham wrote post apocalyptic science fiction notable works ''the day triffids'' ''the midwich cuckoos'' important writers genre sir arthur c clarke '' space odyssey'' brian aldiss michael moorcock moorcock involved 'new wave' science fiction writers part whose aim invest genre literary merit similarly j g ballard became known prominent 'new wave' science fiction writers later major figure science fiction iain


credit debt ref name labib ref banking institutions loans deposits ref name labib silver coin maurya empire known ''r pyar pa'' symbols wheel elephant rd century bc french east india company issued rupees name muhammad shah northern india trade cast pondicherry indian subcontinent sher shah suri introduced silver coin called ''rupiya'' weighing grams used continued mughal rulers history rupee traces back ancient india circa rd century bc ancient india

Social science
Economics
Monetary economics


silver reserves imperial treasury currency introduced due shortage metals ref name scroll ref kabuli rupee kandahari rupee used currency afghanistan prior standardized afghan rupee afghan rupee subdivided paisas replaced afghan afghani middle th century tibet 's official currency also known tibetan rupee ref name roosevelt ref serious interest concepts behind money occurred dramatic period inflation late th early th centuries known


http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde f q financial institutions topicid result number abstract br nbsp nbsp sudipto bhattacharya anjan v thakor arnoud wa boot economics bank regulation ''journal money credit banking'' pp https appsolinwustledu workingpapers pdf pdf ref ref name black stanley w black international monetary institutions ''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' nd edition http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde q monetary system topicid result number abstract br nbsp nbsp robert mundell ''monetary theory interest inflation growth world economy'' goodyear http wwwrobertmundellnet books mainasptitle monetary theory interest inflation growth world economy description br nbsp nbsp bennett mccallum ''international monetary economics'' oxford http wwwoupcom us catalog subject economics macroeconomics internationaleconomics view usa ci description chapter preview https wwwquestiacom library book international monetary economics bennett mccallumjsp links br nbsp nbsp maurice obstfeld kenneth rogoff ''foundations international macroeconomics'' mit


palgrave dictionary economics online'' abstract links http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom resources themes monetary economics monetary economics alphabetical http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom search resultsq monetary button search go monetary rabin alan ''monetary theory'' mpg books london arrow page searchable https booksgooglecom booksid dsaa dpvec printsec toc dq rabin monetary theory source gbs summary cad chapter previews walsh carl e ''monetary theory policy'' nd ed mit press https webarchiveorg web http mitpressmitedu catalog item defaultasptid ttype description https booksgooglecom booksid ex n lszvric printsec toc lr source gbs summary cad chapter preview links external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwblackwellpublishingcom journalaspref ''journal money credit banking'' http wwwelseviercom wps find journaldescriptioncws home description description ''journal monetary economics'' nber working papers links jel classes abstracts downloads http wwwnberorg jel e indexhtml macroeconomics monetary economics including http wwwnberorg jel e html jel e money interest rates http wwwnberorg jel e indexhtml jel e monetary policy central banking supply


treatment understanding pathological process specialties pharmacists clinical pharmacists require skills eg knowledge acquisition evaluation physical laboratory data ref name thomas ref scope pharmacy practice includes traditional roles compounding dispensing medications also includes modern services related health care including clinical services reviewing medications safety efficacy providing drug information pharmacists therefore experts drug therapy primary health professionals optimize use medication benefit patients

Applied science
Medicine and health
Pharmaceutical sciences
Pharmacy


pharmacists trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products patients including total parenteral nutrition tpn medications given intravenously complex process requires adequate training personnel quality assurance products adequate facilities several hospital pharmacies decided outsource high risk preparations compounding functions companies specialize compounding high cost medications drug related technology potential impact medications pharmacy services patient care outcomes patient safety require hospital pharmacies perform highest level possible clinical pharmacy pharmacists provide direct patient care services


concepts understanding applicability aspects pharmaceutical research drug therapy pharmacocybernetics also known pharma cybernetics cybernetic pharmacy cyber pharmacy emerging field describes science supporting drugs medications use application evaluation informatics internet technologies improve pharmaceutical care patients ref name yap pharmaco cybernetics interactive component pharma culture ref society culture etymology word ''pharmacy'' derived old french ''farmacie'' substance food form medicine laxative effect medieval latin


patient interaction coming decades pharmacists expected become integral within health care system rather simply dispensing medication pharmacists increasingly expected compensated patient care skills particular medication therapy management mtm includes clinical services pharmacists provide patients services include thorough analysis medication prescription non prescription herbals currently taken individual result reconciliation medication patient education resulting increased patient health outcomes decreased costs health care system shift


landes w kip viscusi mitchell polinsky positive normative law economics economic analysis law usually divided two subfields positive normative positive law economics 'positive law economics' uses economic analysis predict effects various legal rules example positive economic analysis tort law would predict effects strict liability rule opposed effects negligence rule positive law economics also times purported explain development legal rules example common law torts terms

Social science
Economics
Law and economics


approaches issues marxist critical theory frankfurt school perspectives usually identify law economics example research members critical legal studies movement sociology law considers many fundamental issues work labeled law economics though vastly different perspective law political economy movement also analyzes similar concepts using entirely different approach one wing represents non neoclassical approach law economics continental mainly german tradition sees concept starting governance


law economics movement criticized number directions especially true normative law economics law economics scholarship operates within neoclassical framework fundamental criticisms neoclassical economics drawn competing frameworks though numerous internal critiques well yet schools economic thought emerged applied work law economics example work edgardo buscaglia robert cooter book law economics development rational choice theory critics


antecedent determination rights responses criticism law economics adapted criticisms developed variety directions one important trend application game theory legal problems developments incorporation behavioral economics economic analysis law increasing use statistical econometrics techniques within legal academy term socio economics applied economic approaches self consciously broader neoclassical tradition property rights analyzed using economic analysis seen fundamental human


civil law systems'' cheltenham edward elgar softcover forthcoming http wwwe elgarcom bookentry mainlassocurrency uk id polinsky mitchell steven shavell law economic analysis ''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' nd edition http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde l q law topicid result number abstract http wwwlawharvardedu faculty shavell pdf econ analysispdf pre publication copy posner richard ''economic analysis law'' new york wolters kluwer law business th edition review steven shavell 's ''foundations economic analysis law'' ''journal economic literature'' pp http epservunilaacid jurnal bahan jurnal economic lietratur content jun articles jun posnerpdf press ''' ''' sch fer hans bernd claus ott economic analysis civil law cheltenham edward elgar publishing shavell steven


major surgery ref name ref two common icu structures closed open ref name closed unit intensivist takes primary role patients unit ref name open icu primary physician may may intensivist differ patient ref name ref name ref increasingly strong evidence closed units provide better patient outcomes patient management intensive care differs countries open units common structure united states closed units often found large academic centers ref name intermediate

Applied science
Medicine and health
Intensive care medicine


management tetanus using neuromuscular blocking drugs controlled ventilation ref name berthelsencronqvist ref following year ibsen elected head department anaesthesiology institution jointly authored first known account intensive care management principles journal ''nordisk medicin'' tone dahl kvittingen norway ref name pmid ref time early clear specialized intensive care units needed intensive care resources brought room patient needed additional monitoring care resources became rapidly evident however fixed location intensive


another subspecialty pulmonary medicine cardiology infectious disease nephrology american society critical care medicine well established multi professional society practitioners working icu including nurses respiratory therapists physicians intensive care physicians highest percentages physician burnout among medical specialties percent nursing nurses work critical care setting typically registered nurses ref name nurses may pursue additional education training critical care medicine leading certification ccrn american association critical care nurses standard


individual company permitted statute example many jurisdictions provide shareholder liability company breaches environmental protection laws capacity powers historically companies artificial persons created operation law law prescribed company could could usually expression commercial purpose company formed came referred company 's ''objects'' extent objects referred company 's capacity activity fell outside company 's capacity


third parties' rights impugned transpires officers acting improperly third parties entitled rely ostensible authority agents held company act behalf line common law cases reaching back ''royal british bank v turquand'' established common law third parties entitled assume internal management company conducted properly rule codified statute countries accordingly companies normally liable act omissions


board directors duties directors owe company company must dissolved approaches bankruptcy examples rules members company would allowed change choose could include kind procedure general meetings follow dividends get paid many members beyond minimum set law amend constitution usually statute set model articles corporation 's constitution assumed silent bit particular procedure united states


inconsistency memorandum prevails united states memorandum publicised civil law jurisdictions company 's constitution normally consolidated single document often called charter quite common members company supplement corporate constitution additional arrangements ' 'shareholders' agreements'' whereby agree exercise membership rights certain way conceptually shareholders' agreement fulfills many functions corporate constitution contract normally bind new members company unless


company rule strictly enforced even conflict interest conflict duty purely hypothetical directors forced disgorge personal gains arising ''aberdeen ry v blaikie'' macq hl lord cranworth stated judgment however many jurisdictions members company permitted ratify transactions would otherwise fall foul principle also largely accepted jurisdictions principle capable abrogated company 's constitution


powers proper purpose instance director issue large number new shares purposes raising capital order defeat potential takeover bid would improper purpose company law theory ronald coase pointed business organizations represent attempt avoid certain costs associated business meant facilitate contribution specific resources investment capital knowledge relationships forth towards venture prove profitable contributors except partnership business


rights dividends payments made companies shareholders declared company rights return capital either upon redemption share upon liquidation company countries shareholders preemption rights whereby preferential right participate future share issues company companies may issue different types shares called classes shares offering different rights shareholders depending underlying regulatory rules pertaining corporate structures taxation capital market rules company might issue ordinary shares preference shares


liquidation company grounds public good ie company believed engaged unlawful conduct conduct otherwise harmful public large voluntary liquidations occur company 's members decide voluntarily wind affairs company may believe company soon become insolvent may economic grounds believe purpose company formed end company providing adequate return assets


law sought federal corporate law progressive movement aspects proposals made early stages new deal debate effect corporate decision making states however movements establish federal incorporation although federal involvement corporate governance rules result relative rights shareholders corporate officers still mostly regulated state laws federal legislation like corporate political contributions regulation monopolies federal laws developed along different


non political causes oppression power contestation political life whereas political sociology includes political causes actions throughout commentary non political ones ref name valid lines enquiry important note 'sociology politics' sociological reductionist account politics eg exploring political areas sociological lens whereas political sociology collaborative socio political exploration society power contestation people marxist portrait picture karl marx marx 's ideas state divided three subject areas pre capitalist states states

Social science
Sociology
Applied sociology
Political sociology


nation greater chances sustain democracy lipset 's modernization theory continued significant factor academic discussions research relating democratic transitions referred lipset hypothesis lipset thesis videos tawnya adkins covert https sksagepubcom video political sociology political sociology sage paywall v bautista https wwwyoutubecom watchv uzm vb e introduction political sociology youtube research organisations political sociology aalborg university https wwwpolitics societyaaudk research research groups polsoc '''political sociology research group''' american sociological association https wwwasanetorg asa communities sections political sociology '''section political sociology''' european consortium political research https ecpreu standinggroups standinggrouphomeaspxid '''political sociology standing group''' university


subseteq l math join ie least upper bound denoted math vee b math called '''meet semilattice''' two element subset meet ie greatest lower bound denoted math wedge b math math l leq math called '''lattice''' join meet semilattice definition makes math wedge math math vee math binary operations operations monotone respect given order math leq math math b leq b math implies math vee b leq vee b math math wedge b leq wedge b math follows induction argument every

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Algebra
Lattice theory


lattices '''pic nbsp ''' monotonic map math f math lattices preserves neither joins meets since math f u vee f v u prime vee u prime u prime math math neq math math prime f f u vee v math math f u wedge f v u prime wedge u prime u prime math math neq math math prime f f u wedge v math appropriate notion morphism two lattices flows easily algebraic definition given two lattices math left l vee l wedge l right math math left vee wedge right math '''lattice homomorphism''' ''l'' ''m'' function math f l math math b l math math display block f left


vee l b right f vee f b text math math display block f left wedge l b right f wedge f b math thus math f math homomorphism two underlying semilattices lattices structure considered morphisms respect extra structure particular '''bounded lattice homomorphism''' usually called lattice homomorphism math f math two bounded lattices math l math math math also following property math display block f left l right text math math display block f left l right math order theoretic formulation conditions state homomorphism lattices function preserving binary meets joins bounded


lattices preservation least greatest elements preservation join meet empty set homomorphism lattices necessarily monotone respect associated ordering relation see limit preserving function converse true monotonicity means implies required preservation meets joins see pic nbsp although order preserving bijection homomorphism inverse also order preserving given standard definition isomorphisms invertible morphisms bijective lattice homomorphism similarly lattice homomorphism lattice


also distributive boolean algebra distributive lattice complement math x math exists unique case complement unique write equivalently corresponding unary operation math l math called complementation introduces analogue logical negation lattice theory heyting algebras example distributive lattices members might lacking complements every element math z math heyting algebra hand pseudo complement also denoted ''x'' pseudo complement greatest element math math math x wedge math pseudo complement every


real numbers usual order element join irreducible none completely join irreducible '''join prime''' math x leq vee b math implies math x leq text x leq b math generalized obtain notion '''completely join prime''' dual notion '''meet prime''' every join prime element also join irreducible every meet prime element also meet irreducible converse holds math l math distributive let math l math bottom element element math x math math l math atom math x math exists element


formalized official activity authenticates fact commission crime authorizes punitive rehabilitative treatment offender history first civilizations generally distinguish civil law criminal law first written codes law designed sumerians around bc ur nammu neo sumerian king ur enacted written legal code whose text discovered ''code ur nammu'' although earlier code urukagina lagash bc also known existed another important early code code hammurabi formed


core babylonian law fragments early criminal laws ancient greece survived eg solon draco old bailey london venue criminal trials including death penalty cases roman law gaius 's ''commentaries twelve tables'' also conflated civil criminal aspects treating theft ''furtum'' tort assault violent robbery analogized trespass property breach laws created obligation law ''vinculum juris'' discharged payment monetary compensation


''involuntary'' manslaughter recognized killing lacks attenuated guilty intent recklessness settled insanity possible defense personal offenses many criminal codes protect physical integrity body crime battery traditionally understood unlawful touching although include everyday knocks jolts people silently consent result presence crowd creating fear imminent battery assault also may give rise criminal liability non consensual intercourse rape particularly egregious form


marked beginning criminal fault individuals individuals acting behalf government tried violations international law without benefit sovereign immunity international criminal court established rome statute ref name unorg ref see also administrative law international law legal socialization public criminology martial law european union law international criminal law crimes humanity international criminal law united states international criminal court universal jurisdiction national criminal law australian criminal law canadian criminal law criminal code russia penal code romania criminal law singapore criminal law


began assyrian captivity continued much larger scale babylonian captivity jews also widespread throughout roman empire carried lesser extent period byzantine rule central eastern mediterranean ce byzantine empire lost control levant arab islamic empire caliph omar conquered jerusalem lands mesopotamia syria egypt golden age jewish culture spain coincided middle ages europe period muslim rule throughout much iberian peninsula


periods majority jews lived exile rect periods majority jews lived land israel full partial independence rect periods jewish temple existed rect jewish history rect shoftim rect melakhim rect first temple rect second temple rect zugot rect tannaim rect amoraim rect


babylonia bc persian empire adherents led prophets ezra nehemiah returned homeland traditional practices judeans return post exilic period c bce model second temple jerusalem following return jerusalem return exile persian approval financing construction second temple completed bce leadership last three jewish prophets haggai zechariah malachi death last jewish prophet still persian rule leadership jewish people


bar kokhba revolt centuries ref name translation pg many judaean jews sold slavery others became citizens parts roman empire book acts new testament well pauline texts make frequent reference large populations hellenised jews cities roman world hellenised jews affected diaspora spiritual sense absorbing feeling loss homelessness became cornerstone jewish creed much supported persecutions various parts


jewish population constantinople remained place conquest city mehmet ii perhaps th century kingdom semien jewish nation modern ethiopia established lasting th century gallery file roman mosaic menorah lulav ethrog th century cejpg ''mosaic menorah lulav ethrog'' th century ce brooklyn museum file beit alphajpg mosaic pavement synagogue beit alpha th century file zodiacmosaictzipporijpg mosaic tzippori synagogue th century file hammat gaderjpg mosaic pavement recovered hamat gader synagogue th th century gallery islamic period


limited casualties increased forced conversions proved ineffective many jews reverted original faith later pope protested emperor henry iv agreed permitting reversions ref name abraham malamat massacres began new epoch jewry christendom jews preserved faith social pressure preserve sword point massacres crusades strengthened jewry within spiritually jewish perspective struggle israel 's struggle hallow name god jews helped arabs


spain conducted pogroms jews occurred cordoba granada middle ages governments egypt syria iraq yemen enacted decrees ordering destruction synagogues certain times jews forced convert islam face death parts yemen morocco baghdad almohads taken control much islamic iberia surpassed almoravides fundamentalist outlook treated ' 'dhimmis'' harshly expelled jews christians morocco islamic spain faced choice death conversion


either fleeing expelled migrated poland prospered another golden age early modern period historians study modern jewry identified four different paths european jews modernized thus integrated mainstream european society common approach view process lens european enlightenment jews faced promise challenges posed political emancipation scholars use approach focused two social types paradigms decline jewish tradition agents sea changes jewish culture


converso community perhaps quarter million conversos thus gradually absorbed dominant catholic culture although among secretly practiced judaism subject years intense repression spanish inquisition particularly case trials conversos inquisition dropped total similar expulsions sephardic jews occurred sicily jews portugal expelled spanish jews fled mainly ottoman empire north africa portugal small number also settled holland england


history jews england history jews scotland resettlement jews england history jews united states american jews history jews baltimore history jews chicago history jews colonial america history jews los angeles history jews new york history jews philadelphia history jews san francisco history jews south florida history jews washington dc see also crypto judaism genetic studies jews historical jewish population comparisons history


real life version cyberware another variant motion control advanced mechatronics presently recognized key technology mechatronics robustness motion control represented function stiffness basis practical realization target motion parameterized control stiffness could variable according task reference system robustness motion always requires high stiffness controller avionics also considered variant mechatronics combines several fields electronics telecom aerospace engineering internet things internet things

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Electrical Engineering
Mechatronics


classification logics modern developments area logic resulted great proliferation logical systems ref name haackdeviant ref stands stark contrast historical dominance aristotelian logic treated one canon logic two thousand years ref name jacquette treatises modern logic often treat different systems list separate topics without providing clear classification however one classification frequently mentioned academic literature due susan haack distinguishes classical logic extended logics deviant logics ref name haacklogics ref name haackdeviant ref name wolf classification

Humanities
Philosophy
Logic
Philosophical logic


also valid inferences ref name haackdeviant ref name wolf deviant logic hand class well formed formulas coincides classical logic b valid inferences classical logic valid inferences ref name haackdeviant ref name wolf term quasi deviant logic used introduces new vocabulary well formed formulas classical logic also well formed formulas ii even restricted inferences using vocabulary classical logic valid inferences classical logic valid inferences ref name haackdeviant ref name wolf term


extension whether extension includes whole domain ref name magnus ref quantification allowed individual terms predicates contrast higher order logics ref name v n nen ref ref name hintikka extended logics alethic modal alethic modal logic influential logic philosophy provides logical formalism express ''possibly'' ''necessarily true'' ref name cambridge ref name britannica ref name garson ref ref name benthem ref ref name burgess ref ref name macmillannonclassical constitutes extension first order logic able express ''true simpliciter'' extension happens introducing two new symbols possibility


extension first order logic system extension system k important discussions within philosophical logic concern question system modal logic correct ref name garson ref name benthem ref name burgess usually advantageous strongest system possible order able draw many different inferences brings problem additional inferences may contradict basic modal intuitions specific cases usually motivates choice basic system axioms ref name garson ref name benthem ref name burgess possible worlds semantics influential formal semantics modal logic


epistemology ref name stanfordepistemic ref ref name britannicaepistemic ref ref name macmillanmodal ref name britannica aims capture logic knowledge belief modal operators expressing knowledge belief usually expressed symbols stands propositions socrates wise expresses proposition agent knows socrates wise expresses proposition agent believes socrates wise axioms governing operators formulated express various epistemic principles ref name macmillanmodal ref name stanfordepistemic ref name britannicaepistemic example axiom schema expresses whenever something known true reflects


often interpreted meaning higher order logic brings form platonism ie view universal properties relations exist addition individuals ref name cambridge ref name ketland deviant logics intuitionistic intuitionistic logic restricted version classical logic ref name moschovakis ref ref name burgess ref ref name macmillannonclassical restricted sense certain rules inference used classical logic constitute valid inferences concerns specifically law excluded middle double negation elimination ref name moschovakis ref name burgess ref name macmillannonclassical law excluded middle states every sentence either


preserved created repeated interactions individuals interpretation process occurs interactions helps create recreate meaning shared understanding interpretations meaning affect interaction individuals individuals act premise shared understanding meaning within social context thus interaction behavior framed shared meaning objects concepts attached view people live natural symbolic environments symbolic interactionism comes sociological perspective developed around middle twentieth century continues

Social science
Sociology
Interpretive sociology
Symbolic interactionism


result occurring present situation cause unfolds present social interaction present thinking present definition society 's encounters us past causes action past experience instead social interaction thinking definition situation takes place present past enters actions primarily think apply definition present situation human beings described active beings relation environment words conditioning responding controlled


specifies understanding focal objects analysis whether self concepts identities roles practices even social movements basically means neither individual society self others exist relation therefore fully understood terms interaction '''symbolization''''' '' highlights processes events conditions artifacts people environmental features take particular meanings becoming nearly objects orientation human behavior partly contingent object orientation symbolizes means '''emergence''' focuses attention processual non habituated side


occurs meaning something become identified concept meaning starts construct framework social reality aligning social reality blumer suggests language meaning interaction communication especially form symbolic interactionism connected language language initiates forms communication verbal non verbal blumer defines source meaning connection arises social interaction people critical perspective according social theorist patricia burbank concepts synergistic diverging properties shape


viewpoints humans social beings two concepts different sense views human freedom level focus according burbank actions based effects situations occur process social interaction another important factor meaningful situations environment social interaction occurs environment influences interaction leads reference group connects perspective concludes definition situation illustrates proper steps define situation approval action occurs


symbolic interactionism nbsp ''symbolic interaction'' society study symbolic interaction liamputtong pranee douglas ezzy ''qualitative research methods'' new york oxford university press milliken p j rita schreiber examining nexus grounded theory symbolic interactionism nbsp ''international journal qualitative methods'' nbsp nbsp manning philip david r maines editorial introduction theory method symbolic interactionism nbsp ''symbolic interaction'' proquest central research library sociological abstracts plummer ken nd ''a world making symbolic interactionism twentieth century'' print plummer kenneth ''sexual stigma interactionist account'' london routledge kegan paul robinson


experience phenomenological lifeworld scientific methods inadequate fully understand conditions intelligibility continental philosophy usually considers conditions possible experience variable determined least partly factors context space time language culture history thus continental philosophy tends toward historicism historicity analytic philosophy tends treat philosophy terms discrete problems capable analyzed apart historical origins much scientists consider history science inessential scientific inquiry continental philosophy typically suggests philosophical argument cannot divorced textual

Humanities
Philosophy
Philosophical traditions and schools
Continental philosophy


contextual conditions historical emergence continental philosophy typically holds human agency change conditions possible experience human experience contingent creation recreated ways thus continental philosophers tend take strong interest unity theory practice often see philosophical inquiries closely related personal moral political transformation tendency clear marxist tradition philosophers ''interpreted'' world various ways point however ''change'' also central existentialism post structuralism


work immanuel kant closely linked romanticism revolutionary politics enlightenment besides central figures listed important contributors german idealism also included friedrich heinrich jacobi gottlob ernst schulze karl leonhard reinhold friedrich schleiermacher institutional roots continental philosophy many cases directly descend phenomenology ref group lower roman eg largest academic organization devoted furthering study continental philosophy society phenomenology existential philosophy ref edmund husserl always canonical figure continental philosophy nonetheless husserl


dissimilar path anglo germanic analytic schools one might say began henri bergson ref name illustration important differences ''analytic'' ''continental'' styles philosophy found rudolf carnap 's elimination metaphysics logical analysis language berwindung der metaphysik durch logische analyse der sprache paper observers described particularly polemical carnap 's paper argues heidegger 's lecture metaphysics violates logical syntax create nonsensical pseudo statements moreover carnap claimed many german metaphysicians era similar heidegger writing statements syntactically meaningless


without merit however ''alexandrian'' aristotelianism averroes followed strict study text aristotle introduced avicenna large amount traditional neoplatonism incorporated body traditional aristotelianism ref name schmolders ref albertus magnus c among first medieval scholars apply aristotle 's philosophy christian thought produced paraphrases works aristotle available ref name sep albert ref digested interpreted systematized whole aristotle 's works gleaned latin translations notes arabian commentators accordance church doctrine efforts resulted

Humanities
Philosophy
Philosophical traditions and schools
Aristotelianism


kant hegel applied history totality although project criticized trendelenburg brentano un aristotelian hegel 's influence often said responsible important aristotelian influence upon marx postmodernists contrast reject aristotelianism 's claim reveal important theoretical truths follow heidegger 's critique aristotle greatest source entire tradition western philosophy contemporary ethics aristotelianism understood proponents critically developing plato 's theories recent aristotelian ethical 'practical' philosophy gadamer mcdowell often premised upon


conventional apolitical effectively conservative uses aristotle example gadamer mcdowell important contemporary aristotelian theorists include fred miller jr politics rosalind hursthouse ethics meta ontology neo aristotelianism meta ontology holds goal ontology determine entities fundamental non fundamental entities depend ref name schaffer ref concept fundamentality usually defined terms metaphysical grounding fundamental entities different non fundamental entities grounded entities ref name schaffer example sometimes held elementary particles fundamental


renaissance aristotelians aristotle modern aristotelians' macintyre ''ethics politics selected essays'' volume cambridge university press moraux paul ''der aristotelismus bei den griechen von andronikos bis alexander von aphrodisias'' vol die renaissance des aristotelismus im jhv chr vol ii der aristotelismus im und ii jhn chr vol iii alexander von aphrodisias edited j rgen wiesner chapter ethics robert w sharples riedel manfred ed ''rehabilitierung der praktischen philosophie'' rombach volume volume ritter joachim ''metaphysik und politik studien zu


aristoteles und hegel'' suhrkamp schrenk lawrence p ed ''aristotle late antiquity'' catholic university america press sharples r w ed ''whose aristotle whose aristotelianism'' ashgate shute richard ''on history process aristotelian writings arrived present form'' arno press originally sorabji richard ed ''aristotle transformed ancient commentators influence'' duckworth stocks john leofric ''aristotelianism'' harrap veatch henry b ''rational man modern interpretation aristotelian ethics'' indiana university press external links http wwwontologyco corpus aristotelicumhtm rediscovery corpus aristotelicum birth aristotelianism


modern day art school programs ref name professional curriculum professional curricula began appearing art schools end twentieth century teach students artistry perspective business typically focus modern pop culture within works programs designed teach students promote artwork modern wide variety art mediums styles integrated modern art school programs different mediums taught include painting printmaking drawing illustration theatre sculpture newer programs include graphic design filmmaking

Humanities
Visual arts
Applied arts
Studio art


name art schools ''art america'' vol art america llc pp ref north america canada alberta university arts emily carr university art design nscad university ocad university https wwwmtaca lassondeschool pierre lassonde school fine arts mount allison university canada nscad university halifax canada 's first degree granting art school universities colleges four independent art design universities canada public institutions emily carr university art design vancouver nscad university halifax ocad university toronto alberta college art design


hall sam fox school design visual arts washington university st louis st louis mo united states academy art university california institute arts kendall college art design maine college art moore college art design pacific northwest college art parsons school design pennsylvania academy fine arts pratt institute rhode island school design ringling college art design sam fox school design visual arts savannah college art design school art institute chicago university


art schools history sweden since first half th century students may attend royal institute art got start established originally part time art school sunday artisans university college arts crafts design known konstfack arts college offering bachelor 's master 's degrees ceramics glass textiles metalworking also tertiary art schools attached universities gothenburg malm ume indonesia first art school indonesia ''universitaire leergang voor tekenleraren en handenarbeit''


located bandung part technical faculty universiteit van indonesie indonesian ''fakultas teknik universitas indonesia'' school initiated simon admiraal art teacher jakarta lyceum ries mulder hollands artist year school integrated institut teknologi bandung faculty art design location previous school following establishment universitaire leergang asri indonesian visual art academy opened jogjakarta isi jogjakarta currently prominent art school every major islands indonesia following establishment isi indonesian art institute


humanities charles darwin university school communication creative industries charles sturt university school design art curtin university technology school communication creative arts deakin university australia school arts humanities edith cowan university school arts federation university queensland college art griffith university department creative arts english latrobe university fine art department monash university national art school art design north metropolitan tafe school design queensland university technology school art rmit university school arts social sciences southern cross university school design swinburne university


industrial research providing tax incentives organizations fund research vannevar bush director office scientific research development us government july wrote science proper concern government vannevar bush directed forerunner national science foundation writings directly inspired researchers invent hyperlink computer mouse darpa initiative support computing impetus internet protocol stack way scientific consortiums like cern high energy physics commitment public knowledge access public

Applied science
Public administration
Science policy


projects significantly reduce suffering larger numbers people approach would mainly consider numbers people helped research policy research likely supported costs less greater benefits utilitarian research often pursues incremental improvements rather dramatic advancements knowledge break solutions commercially viable contrast monumental science policy science supported sake greater understanding universe rather specific short term practical goals designation covers large


projects often large facilities smaller research obvious practical applications often overlooked projects may always obvious practical outcomes provide education future scientists advancement scientific knowledge lasting worth basic building blocks science ref name vuong ref practical outcomes result many monumental science programs sometimes practical outcomes foreseeable sometimes classic example monumental science program focused towards practical outcome manhattan project example monumental science


natural sciences engineering research council nserc canadian institutes health research cihr additional research funding agencies include canada foundation innovation genome canada sustainable development technology canada several tri council supported networks centres excellence brazil brazil two important research agencies national council scientific technological development cnpq portuguese conselho nacional de desenvolvimento cient fico e tecnol gico organization brazilian federal government ministry science technology paulo research foundation fapesp portuguese funda de amparo pesquisa estado de paulo public foundation


progress science policy close dangerous science science policy risk analysis scientists engineers journals issues science technology science public policy research policy references external links innovation economics public policy politics issue research policy policy public finance research management


past classical thinkers involved following religious teachings authority monarch common factor among classical theories agreement history humanity pursuing fixed path differed path would lead social progress technological progress decline even fall social cycle theorists skeptical western achievements technological progress argued progress illusion ups downs historical cycles classical approach criticized many modern sociologists theorists among karl popper robert nisbet charles tilly


manners part explanation political historic events ref name callinicos philosophers including jean jacques rousseau voltaire denis diderot developed new social ideas enlightenment period based reason methods scientific inquiry jean jacques rousseau time played significant role social theory revealed origin inequality analyzed social contract social compact forms social integration defined social sphere civil society jean jacques rousseau also emphasized man liberty change world assertion made possible program change


society adam smith addressed question whether vast inequalities wealth represented progress explained wealthy often demand convenience employing numerous others carry labor meet demands smith argued allows wealth redistributed among inhabitants share progress society smith explained social forces could regulate market economy social objectivity without need government intervention smith regarded division labor important factor economic progress john millar suggested improved status women important


progress society millar also advocated abolition slavery suggesting personal liberty makes people industrious ambitious productive first modern social theories known classical theories begin resemble analytic social theory today developed simultaneously birth science sociology auguste comte known father sociology regarded first philosopher science laid groundwork positivism well structural functionalism social evolutionism karl marx rejected comtean positivism nevertheless aimed establish ' 'science society'' based


unger argues classical social theory born proclaiming society made imagined expression underlying natural order time capacity checked equally prevalent ambition create law like explanations history social development human sciences developed claimed identify small number possible types social organization coexisted succeeded one another inescapable developmental tendencies deep seated economic organization psychological constraints marxism star example ref name unger ref unger calling efforts super theory thus sought develop comprehensive view


harris james katz ''lawrence arabia'' ''my fair lady'' several alfred hitchcock films michael thau ''superman'' kevin brownlow ''intolerance'' ''napoleon'' organizations ucla film television archive also preserved restored films major part ucla 's work includes projects ''becky sharp'' select paramount famous studios warner bros cartoons whose credits altered due rights taken different entities studio efforts hays asked film studios preserve films storing degrees low humidity eastman kodak

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Film preservation


ang lee alexander payne added board directors film foundation aligned directors guild america working partnership leading film archives studios film foundation saved nearly films often restoring pristine condition many cases original footage excised censored production code us original negative reinstated addition preservation restoration presentation classic cinema foundation teaches young people film language history ''the story movies''


educational program claimed used educators nationwide age digital television high definition television dvd film preservation restoration taken commercial well historical importance since audiences demand highest possible picture quality digital formats meanwhile dominance home video ever present need television broadcasting content especially specialty channels meant films proven source long term revenue degree original artists studio management rise media never imagined thus media companies strong financial incentive


commons license allows anyone use clips attribution case attribution vafp site author clip company obstacles restoration regardless age print damage may occur stored improperly damage film caused tears print curling film base due intense light exposure temperature humidity etc significantly raise difficulty cost preservation processes ref name distillations many films simply enough information left film piece together new master although careful


moving image'' external links http lcweblocgov film national film preservation board https webarchiveorg web http wwwhistorical filmvideo preservation societycomau historical film video preservation society australia http wwwfilm foundationorg film foundation martin scorsese president http wwwfilmpreservationorg national film preservation foundation http wwwfolkstreamsnet vafp video aids film preservation vafp https wwwlocgov programs national film preservation board resources public research centers archives public moving image archives research centers http wwwamianetorg association moving image archivists amia http wwwfiafnetorg international federation film archives fiaf http coolconservation usorg bytopic motion pictures conservation online motion picture film preservation http digitalnitrateprizegooglepagescom digital nitrate prize film preservation https webarchiveorg web http diamantjoanneumat film frestoration collection film restoration issues collected joanneum research http wwwnfsagovau preservation national film sound archive preservation https webarchiveorg web http wwwfiafnetorg uk publications fep journalhtml ''journal film preservation'' published


venus de milo louvre '''art history''' study aesthetic objects visual expression historical stylistic context traditionally discipline art history emphasized painting drawing sculpture architecture ceramics decorative arts yet today art history examines broader aspects visual culture including various visual conceptual outcomes related ever evolving definition art art history encompasses study objects created different cultures around world throughout history convey meaning importance serve usefulness primarily visual representations discipline art history distinguished art


object close reading elements possible trace lineage draw conclusions regarding origins trajectory motifs turn possible make number observations regarding social cultural economic aesthetic values responsible producing object many art historians use critical theory frame inquiries objects theory often used dealing recent objects late th century onward critical theory art history often borrowed literary scholars involves


published psychoanalytical interpretation michelangelo 's moses titled der moses des michelangelo one first psychology based analyses work art ref name freud sigmund freud http wwwclasufledu users burt filmphilology freudmosespdf moses michelangelo standard edition ''complete psychological works sigmund freud'' translated german general editorship james strachey collaboration anna freud assisted alix strachey alan tyson volume xiii totem taboo works london hogarth press institute psycho analysis st edition ref freud first published work shortly reading vasari 's ''lives'' unknown purposes


n ''the penguin concise dictionary art history'' new york penguin reference pollock g ''differencing canon'' routledge harrison charles paul wood jason gaiger ''art theory anthology changing ideas'' malden blackwell minor vernon hyde ''art history 's history'' nd ed upper saddle river nj prentice hall robinson hilary ''feminism art theory anthology'' malden blackwell clark tj ''farewell idea episodes history modernism'' new yale university press buchloh benjamin ''neo avantgarde culture industry'' cambridge mit press mansfield elizabeth ''art history


data compression ' 'source coding'' error control ''channel coding'' cryptographic coding line coding data compression attempts remove redundancy data source order transmit efficiently example zip data compression makes data files smaller purposes reduce internet traffic data compression error correction may studied combination error correction adds extra data bits make transmission data robust disturbances present transmission channel ordinary user may aware many applications using error correction typical music

Formal science
Mathematics
Applied mathematics
Combinatorics
Coding theory


used many applications example syndrome coset uniqueness property linear block codes used trellis shaping one best known shaping codes convolutional codes idea behind convolutional code make every codeword symbol weighted sum various input message symbols like convolution used lti systems find output system know input impulse response generally find output system convolutional encoder convolution input bit states convolution encoder


registers fundamentally convolutional codes offer protection noise equivalent block code many cases generally offer greater simplicity implementation block code equal power encoder usually simple circuit state memory feedback logic normally xor gates decoder implemented software firmware viterbi algorithm optimum algorithm used decode convolutional codes simplifications reduce computational load rely searching likely paths although optimum generally found give good


honey seeker depicted year old cave painting near valencia spain early history depictions humans collecting honey wild bees date years ago beekeeping pottery vessels began years ago north africa ref name kya ref domestication bees shown egyptian art around years ago simple hives smoke used honey stored jars found tombs pharaohs tutankhamun th century european understanding colonies biology bees allowed construction

Applied science
Agriculture
Animal husbandry
Beekeeping


traditional basket top bar movable comb hives greece known greek beehives also allowed beekeeper avoid killing bees oldest testimony use dates back although probable use years old lorenzo langstroth br th century saw revolution beekeeping practice completed perfection movable comb hive american lorenzo lorraine langstroth langstroth first person make practical use huber 's earlier discovery specific spatial measurement wax combs later called ''the bee


movable wooden frames consist floor brood box honey super crown board roof hives traditionally constructed cedar pine cypress wood recent years hives made injection molded dense polystyrene become increasingly important hives also use queen excluders brood box honey supers keep queen laying eggs cells next containing honey intended consumption also advent th century mite pests hive floors often replaced part whole year wire mesh removable tray flow


comb means centrifugal force original idea support combs metal framework spin around within container collect honey thrown centrifugal force meant honeycombs could returned hive undamaged empty saving bees vast amount work time materials single invention significantly improved efficiency honey harvesting catalyzed modern honey industry walter kelley american pioneer modern beekeeping early mid th century greatly improved upon beekeeping equipment


abushady established bee kingdom league organ bee kingdom india r n mattoo pioneer worker starting beekeeping indian honeybee ''apis cerana indica'' early beekeeping european honeybee ''apis mellifera'' created dr atwal team members p sharma n p goyal punjab early remained confined punjab himachal pradesh late later dr r c sihag working haryana agricultural university hisar haryana introduced established


cannot spun honey extractors usually easy expand hive additional honey storage space required horizontal top bar hives widely used developing countries africa asia growing number beekeepers usa uk using various top bar hives vertical stackable hives three types vertical stackable hives hanging top access frame sliding side access frame top bar hanging frame hives include langstroth british national dadant layens rose differing primarily size number frames


tested scientifically many types fuel used smoker long natural contaminated harmful substances fuels include hessian burlap twine pine needles corrugated cardboard mostly rotten punky wood indian beekeepers especially kerala often use coconut fibers readily available safe negligible expense beekeeping supply sources also sell commercial fuels like pulped paper compressed cotton even aerosol cans smoke beekeepers use sumac fuel ejects much smoke lacks odor beekeepers


variable circumstances many beginners often achieve good honey harvest formation new colonies colony reproduction swarming supersedure swarm land new wax combs basement joists colonies totally dependent queen egg layer although queens year adult lifespan diminished longevity queens less year commonly increasingly observed choose whether fertilize egg lays develops female worker bee lays unfertilized egg


becomes male drone decides type egg lay depending size open brood cell encounters comb small worker cell lays fertilized egg finds larger drone cell lays unfertilized drone egg time queen fertile laying eggs produces variety pheromones control behavior bees hive commonly called ''queen substance'' various pheromones different functions queen ages begins run


northerly black races said swarm less supersede whereas southerly yellow grey varieties said swarm frequently truth complicated prevalence cross breeding hybridization sub species swarm attached branch factors trigger swarming beekeepers may monitor colonies carefully spring watch appearance queen cells dramatic signal colony determined swarm swarm looks shelter beekeeper may capture introduce new hive


chapter ''bava kamma'' contains formulation law torts worded first person ref name encjudaica boundaries jewish law determined halakhic process religious ethical system legal reasoning rabbis generally base opinions primary sources ''halakha'' well precedent set previous rabbinic opinions major sources genre ''halakha'' consulted include foundational talmudic literature especially mishna babylonian talmud commentaries talmudic hermeneutics science defines rules methods investigation exact determination meaning


principles permit judicial discretion deviation ben menahem notwithstanding potential innovation rabbis jewish communities differ greatly make changes ''halakha'' notably ''poskim'' frequently extend application law new situations consider applications constituting change ''halakha'' example many orthodox rulings concerning electricity derived rulings concerning fire closing electrical circuit may cause spark contrast conservative ''poskim'' consider switching electrical equipment physically chemically like turning water tap permissible ''halakha'' lighting


laid torah five books moses rabbinical laws rabbinical decrees customs combined rabbis made many additions interpretations jewish law accordance regulations believe given purpose moses mount sinai see see orthodox judaism beliefs jewish law tradition conservative judaism holds ''halakha'' normative binding developed partnership people god based sinaitic torah wide variety conservative views common belief ''halakha'' always


historical political sociological text written ancestors believe every word torah true even morally correct torah old torah disagreed questioned humanistic jews believe entire jewish experience torah studied source jewish behavior ethical values jews believe gentiles bound subset ''halakha'' called seven laws noah also referred noahide laws set imperatives according talmud


authority rabbis hold derives institutional personal authority sages ''communal'' decision recognize authority much community recognizes certain judicial system resolve disputes interpret laws given covenental relationship rabbis charged connecting contemporary community traditions precedents past presented contemporary issues rabbis go halakhic process find answer classical approach permitted new rulings regarding modern technology example rulings guide jewish observers proper use


around ''hilchot'' ''the rif'' fact independent work printed every edition talmud since illuminated manuscript ''arba'ah turim'' arba'ah turim lit four columns ''tur'' rabbi jacob ben asher toledo spain work traces ''halakha'' torah text talmud rishonim ''hilchot'' alfasi starting point ben asher followed maimonides 's precedent arranging work topical order however ''tur'' covers areas jewish law


four sections ''shulchan aruch'' reflecting strict hungarian customs th century became immensely popular publication due simplicity still popular orthodox judaism framework study always practice work considered binding way mishneh torah ''shulchan aruch'' chayei adam chochmat adam avraham danzig poland similar ashkenazi works first covers ''orach chaim'' second large ''yoreh de'ah'' well laws ''even ha'ezer'' ''choshen mishpat'' pertinent


american psychological association dewsbury ed ''unification division histories divisions american psychological association'' vol v washington dc american psychological association ref primarily type therapy encourages self awareness mindfulness helps client change state mind behaviour one set reactions healthier one productive self awareness thoughtful actions essentially approach allows merging mindfulness behavioral therapy positive social support article association humanistic psychology benefits humanistic therapy described crucial opportunity

Social science
Psychology
Humanistic psychology


information bearing complexity human personality development longer used human beings except persons closed neuro psychiatric ward prisoners solitary confinement people never become fully cognitive general orientation operant conditioning second force arose freudian psychoanalysis composed psychologists like alfred adler erik erikson carl jung erich fromm karen horney melanie klein harry stack sullivan sigmund freud ref name ahp history ahp history http wwwahpweborg aboutahp whatishtml humanistic psychology ref maslow emphasized necessity third force even though