graduating ophthalmologist must pass oral written portions royal college exam either english french india india completing mbbs degree postgraduate study ophthalmology required degrees doctor medicine master surgery diploma ophthalmic medicine surgery diplomate national board concurrent training work experience form junior residency medical college eye hospital institution supervision experienced faculty work experience form fellowship registrar senior resident refines skills eye surgeons


infrared astronomy efforts made starting continuing th century detect infrared radiation astronomical sources radiation moon first detected charles piazzi smyth astronomer royal scotland expedition tenerife test ideas mountain top astronomy ernest fox nichols used modified crookes radiometer attempt detect infrared radiation arcturus vega nichols deemed results inconclusive even ratio flux reported two stars consistent modern value george rieke

Natural science
Space science
Astronomy
Infrared astronomy


many space telescopes instruments capable infrared observation listed notable space observatories instruments cosmic background explorer cobe satellite diffuse infrared background experiment dirbe instrument hubble space telescope near infrared camera multi object spectrometer nicmos instrument hubble space telescope wide field camera wfc camera observes infrared airborne observatories three airplane based observatories used aircraft also used occasionally host infrared space studies study sky infrared galileo observatory


expansion new vocational curricula courses often developed collaboration industry increase variety work based learning routes offer young people ref name opinions models wilhelm von humboldt 's educational model goes beyond vocational training letter prussian king wrote undeniably certain kinds knowledge must general nature importantly certain cultivation mind character nobody afford without people obviously cannot good craftworkers merchants soldiers businessmen unless regardless occupation

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Vocational education


education leading providers technical vocational education country national technological university utn universidad tecnol gica nacional utn national university arts una universidad nacional de las artes una australia australia vocational education training mostly post secondary provided vocational education training vet system registered training organisations however secondary schools offer school based apprenticeships traineeships students years technical colleges australia independent trade colleges remain three queensland one townsville


vocational education training focusing occupation bricklayer students obtain ''maturata'' vocational qualification end successfully completed programme demand vocational training labour market among students declined increased upper secondary schools delivering ''maturata'' india vocational training india historically subject handled ministry labour central ministries various state level organizations harmonize variations multiplicity terms standards costs national skills qualification framework launched december national


complement larger framework credit equivalency transnational standards quality assurance standards managed ministry national skill development agency autonomous body ministry close partnership industry led sector specific bodies http wwwskilldevelopmentgovin sschtml sector skill councils various line ministries india bilateral collaboration governments including uk australia germany canada uae intention implementing globally acceptable standards providing indian workforce overseas job mobility israel israel offers post high school college education system technical occupations engineering aimed


one subsystem conalep includes two thirds students programme involves general subjects vocational subjects students required complete hours practical training programme awarding technological baccalaureate bachillerato tecnol gico title professional technician cnico professional offered various subsystems includes general less vocational education general subjects vocational subjects ref name autogenerated netherlands nearly leaving lower secondary school enter upper secondary education around follow one four vocational programmes technology economics agricultural personal social services health care programmes vary


levels diploma level whereas level degree equivalent qualification training courses provided many institutions island wide training providers public private must obtain institutional registration course accreditation tertiary vocational education commission tvec order obtain registration institutions must satisfy specific criteria infrastructure basic services tools equipment quality instruction staff based curriculum syllabus quality management monitoring systems government ministries agencies involved vocational training ministry vocational technical training mvtt tertiary vocational education


initial idea thought school opened ref name stanley nat biog ref system vocational education uk initially developed independently state bodies rsa city guilds setting examinations technical subjects education act made provision tripartite system grammar schools secondary technical schools secondary modern schools british senior pupils technical schools compared two thirds equivalent german age group ref name wolf wolf ''does education matter myths education economic growth'' london penguin ref successive


dual professionalism concept review literature sources knowledge concerning occupational pedagogy teachers pedagogic delineation knowledge teaching knowledge may include knowledge relevant disciplines becher bernstein smeby psychology sociology eg learning theories education field teaching knowledge may explicit tacit shulman polanyi nonaka takeuchi verloop et al loughran et al collins may include teacher 's wider life experiences clandinin occupational work related practices loo knowledge concerning occupational practices ie non teaching also requires


employment ref name ref uses many forms education including formal non formal informal learning said important social equity inclusion well sustainability development tvet literacy higher education one three priority subsectors unesco indeed line work foster inclusive equitable quality education lifelong learning opportunities ref name ref development definition tvet one parallels types education training vocational education however tvet officiated international level better


sync fields chronobiology interdisciplinary field investigation interacts medical research fields sleep medicine endocrinology geriatrics sports medicine space medicine photoperiodism see also bacterial circadian rhythms biological clock aging circadian rhythm circannual cycle circaseptan day biological cycle familial sleep traits frank brown jr hitoshi okamura light effects circadian rhythm photoperiodism suprachiasmatic nucleus scotobiology time perception references reading hastings michael '' http bmjbmjjournalscom cgi content full brain circadian rhythms clock genes '' clinical review ''bmj'' december us congress office technology assessment '' http wwwprincetonedu ota disk pdf biological rhythms implications


made simple ''y'' point vector field ''v'' ''y'' nbsp nbsp change coordinates region around ''y'' vector field becomes series parallel vectors magnitude known rectification theorem ' 'rectification theorem'' says away singular points dynamics point small patch straight line patch sometimes enlarged stitching several patches together works whole phase space ''m'' dynamical system ''integrable''

Formal science
Mathematics
Applied mathematics
Dynamical systems


complicated structures phase space example ruelle ndash takens scenario describes periodic orbit bifurcates torus torus strange attractor another example feigenbaum period doubling describes stable periodic orbit goes series period doubling bifurcations ergodic systems many dynamical systems possible choose coordinates system volume really dimensional volume phase space invariant happens mechanical systems derived newton 's laws long coordinates position momentum volume measured


teschl research groups http wwwmathrugnl broer dynamical systems group groningen iwi university groningen http www chaosumdedu chaos umd concentrates applications dynamical systems http wwwmathstonybrookedu dynamical systems suny stony brook lists conferences researchers open problems http wwwmathpsuedu dynsys center dynamics geometry penn state http wwwcdscaltechedu control dynamical systems caltech https webarchiveorg web http lanoswwwepflch laboratory nonlinear systems ecole polytechnique f rale de lausanne epfl https webarchiveorg web http wwwmathuni bremende idshtml center dynamical systems university bremen https webarchiveorg web http wwwengoxacuk samp systems analysis modelling prediction group university oxford http sdistutlpt non linear dynamics group instituto superior cnico technical university lisbon http wwwimpabr dynamical systems impa instituto nacional de matem tica pura e


music students popular music abandon musicology middleton p nbsp notes lipman samuel ''the house music art era institutions'' published dr godine references musicology

Humanities
Performing arts
Music
Music history


lower military level taking account need states protect security ref name un first special session disarmament un general assembly https wwwunorg disarmament homepage ssod pdf final document first special session disarmament para ref history hague peace conferences government delegations debated disarmament creation international court binding powers court considered necessary understood nation states could disarm vacuum world war revulsion futility tremendous cost war widespread commonly held belief

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Disarmament


destruction non proliferation treaty npt biological weapons convention bwc chemical weapons convention cwc space outer space treaty definitions disarmament definition disarmament david carlton writes oxford university press political dictionary confidence measures arms control especially unaccompanied extensive means verification strengthened revelation soviet union last years successfully concealed consistent systematic cheating obligations biological weapons convention also notes freeze mutually agreed increase strictly speaking


kinematic geometries also called non euclidean geometry essential difference metric geometries nature parallel lines euclid 's fifth postulate parallel postulate equivalent playfair 's postulate states within two dimensional plane given line point ''a'' exactly one line ''a'' intersect hyperbolic geometry contrast infinitely many lines ''a'' intersecting elliptic geometry line ''a'' intersects another way describe differences

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Geometry
Non-Euclidean geometry


basis rejecting known obtuse angle case obtain consistent set axioms includes axiom parallel lines axioms must tweaked adjustments depend upon axiom system used among others tweaks effect modifying euclid 's second postulate statement line segments extended indefinitely statement lines unbounded riemann 's elliptic geometry emerges natural geometry satisfying axiom models non euclidean geometry sphere sum angles


also one standard models real projective plane difference model elliptic geometry metric introduced permitting measurement lengths angles model projective plane metric elliptic model given line point ''a'' lines ''a'' intersect hyperbolic geometry even work lobachevsky gauss bolyai question remained model exist hyperbolic geometry model hyperbolic geometry answered


way viewed subjects geometers called lobachevsky copernicus geometry due revolutionary character work existence non euclidean geometries impacted intellectual life victorian england many ways particular one leading factors caused examination teaching geometry based euclid 's elements curriculum issue hotly debated time even subject book ''euclid modern rivals'' written charles lutwidge dodgson better known lewis carroll author ''alice wonderland'' planar algebras


application kinematics physical cosmology introduced hermann minkowski minkowski introduced terms like worldline proper time mathematical physics realized submanifold events one moment proper time future could considered hyperbolic space three dimensions already alexander macfarlane charting submanifold algebra physics hyperbolic quaternions though macfarlane use cosmological language minkowski relevant structure called hyperboloid model hyperbolic geometry non euclidean planar algebras support kinematic geometries


annali di mat ser ii carroll lewis ''euclid modern rivals'' new york barnes noble reprint h coxeter ''non euclidean geometry'' university toronto press reissued mathematical association america jeremy gray ''ideas space euclidean non euclidean relativistic'' nd edition clarendon press greenberg marvin jay ''euclidean non euclidean geometries development history'' th ed new york w h freeman morris kline ''mathematical thought ancient modern times'' chapter non euclidean geometry pp oxford university press bernard h lavenda new perspective


mathematical notes commentaries blanchard coll sciences dans l'histoire paris external links roberto bonola https archiveorg details noneuclideangeom bonorich non euclidean geometry open court chicago http www groupsdcsst andacuk history histtopics non euclidean geometryhtml mactutor archive article non euclidean geometry http wwwencyclopediaofmathorg indexphp non euclidean geometries non euclidean geometries ''encyclopedia math'' european mathematical society springer science business media https wwwwebcitationorg koaax cturl http cageocitiescom cocklebio synsptmhtml synthetic spacetime digest axioms used theorems proved wilson lewis archived webcite


foundational discourse political actors employ order position variety issues gender studies also discipline incorporating methods approaches wide range disciplines ref name companion ref field came regard gender practice sometimes referred something performative ref name performativity gender feminist theory psychoanalysis articulated mainly julia kristeva bracha l ettinger informed freud lacan object relations theory influential gender studies influences psychoanalytic theory number theorists influenced field


critical way develop gender theory ref name gender trouble ref ref name ettinger ref ref name gallop ref according j b marchand gender studies queer theory rather reluctant hostile see psychoanalytic approach jean claude guillebaud gender studies activists sexual minorities besieged consider psychoanalysis psychoanalysts new priests last defenders genital normality morality moralism even obscurantism judith butler 's worries psychoanalytic outlook sexual difference undeniable pathologizing effort suggest paramount unambiguous according daniel beaune caterina rea gender studies often


two sites heavily researched comparison gender asia polynesia certain issues associated gender eastern asia pacific region complex depend location context example china vietnam thailand philippines indonesia heavy importance defines woman comes workforce countries gender related challenges tend related economic empowerment employment workplace issues example related informal sector workers feminization migration flows work place conditions long term social security ref name auto world bank http webworldbankorg wbsite external countries eastasiapacificext exteapregtopsocdev contentmdk menupk pagepk pipk thesitepk html gender east


pakistan individuals face higher rates hiv infection depression homelessness polynesian language also consistent idea third gender non binary gender samoan term ''fa'afafine'' meaning manner woman used refer third gender non binary role society sexualities expressed across spectrum although literature suggested ''fa'afafine'' individuals form sexual relations one another one issue remains consistent throughout provinces different stages development women weak voice comes decision making one reasons


growing trend decentralization moved decision making levels women 's voice often weakest even women 's civil society movement powerful advocate national level struggles organize heard ref name auto east asia pacific 's approach help mainstream issues gender relies three pillar method pillar one partnering middle income countries emerging middle income countries sustain share gains growth prosperity pillar two supports developmental underpinnings peace renewed growth poverty reduction poorest fragile


areas final pillar provides stage knowledge management exchange dissemination gender responsive development within region begin programs already established successful vietnam thailand china well philippines efforts starting made laos papua new guinea timor leste well pillars speak importance showcasing gender studies ref name auto judith butler concept gender performativity core philosopher gender theorist judith butler 's work ''gender trouble'' butler 's terms performance gender sex sexuality


spokesperson stated government 's standpoint people born either male female consider acceptable us talk socially constructed genders rather biological sexes ban attracted criticism several european universities offer program among budapest based central european university whose charter revoked government widely seen part hungarian ruling party 's move away democratic principles china central people 's government supports studies gender social development gender history practices lead


generate product business sells added sixth element alternatively analyses view management subset administration specifically associated technical operational aspects organization distinct executive strategic functions academic degrees bachelor business administration bachelor business administration bba bba bsba bsba bs bs bsc bachelor commerce bcom bcomm bachelor 's degree commerce business administration duration degree often three years europe four years united states

Applied science
Business
Business administration


scientific analysis society engaged sociology ideas values albeit commitment critical rationalism enlightenment strove progress change secularism freedom freedom individuals decide fate commitment practical science mankind centre opposed god gods real source social science new science interested revealed knowledge ''a priori'' knowledge workings humanity human practices social variety regularities western thought therefore

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of knowledge


concept ' 'repr sentations collectives'' collective representations outlined ''the elementary forms religious life'' ''repr sentations collectives'' symbols images come represent ideas beliefs values elaborated collectivity reducible individual constituents include words slogans ideas number material items serve symbol cross rock temple feather etc durkheim elaborates ' 'repr sentations collectives'' created intense social interaction products collective activity representations particular


traditional positivist social scientist utilization phenomenological methods leading proponent phenomenological sociology alfred sch tz sch tz sought provide critical philosophical foundation max weber 's interpretive sociology use phenomenological methods derived transcendental phenomenological investigations edmund husserl husserl 's work directed establishing formal structures intentional consciousness sch tz 's work directed establishing formal structures life world sch tz husserl 's work conducted transcendental phenomenology consciousness sch tz 's work conducted mundane phenomenology life world natanson difference


human sciences claimed transformed th th century studies general grammar modern linguistics natural history modern biology analysis wealth modern economics though claimed foucault without loss meaning according foucault th century transformed knowledge perhaps foucault 's best known claim man exist th century foucault regarded notions humanity humanism inventions modernity accordingly cognitive bias introduced unwittingly science trusting individual doctor scientist 's ability see state things objectively foucault


roots argument rediscovery kant though thought significantly influenced nietzsche philosopher declaring death god th century anti humanists proposing death man th ''discipline punish birth prison'' foucault concentrates correlation knowledge power according knowledge form power conversely used individuals form power result knowledge socially constructed argues knowledge forms discourses discourses form dominant ideological ways thinking


education used analyse growing range social cultural practices across increasingly different institutional national contexts within beyond education approach builds primary work basil bernstein pierre bourdieu also integrates insights sociology including durkheim marx weber foucault systemic functional linguistics philosophy karl popper critical realism early cultural studies anthropology especially mary douglas ernest gellner approaches lct centre knowledge building university sydney parlo singh sociologist education highly critical


phyllium sp mimicking leaf '''entomology''' ref name liddell ref scientific study insects branch zoology past term insect less specific historically definition entomology would also include study animals arthropod groups arachnids myriapods crustaceans wider meaning may still encountered informal use like several fields categorized within zoology entomology taxon based category form scientific study focus insect related inquiries definition entomology entomology therefore overlaps


dutch surinam early entomological works associated naming classification species followed practice maintaining cabinets curiosity predominantly europe collecting fashion led formation natural history societies exhibitions private collections journals recording communications documentation new species many collectors tended aristocracy spawned trade involving collectors around world traders called era heroic entomology william kirby widely considered father entomology england collaboration william spence


college station texas university minnesota st paul campus umsp minnesota university kansas natural history museum lawrence kansas university nebraska state museum lincoln nebraska university missouri enns entomology museum university missouri columbia missouri canada canadian museum nature ottawa ontario canadian national collection insects arachnids nematodes ottawa ontario eh strickland entomological museum university alberta edmonton alberta lyman entomological museum macdonald campus mcgill university sainte anne de bellevue quebec montreal insectarium montreal quebec newfoundland insectarium reidville newfoundland labrador royal alberta museum edmonton alberta royal ontario museum toronto ontario university guelph insect collection guelph ontario


''damp'' acronym used criteria gauge viability target market elements damp '''discernable''' segment differentiated segments '''accessible''' segment accessed via marketing communications produced firm '''measurable''' segment quantified size determined '''profitable''' sufficient return investment attained segment 's servicing next step targeting process level differentiation involved segment serving three modes differentiation exist commonly applied firms


'''undifferentiated''' company produces like product market segment '''differentiated''' firm produced slight modifications product within segment '''niche''' organization forges product satisfy specialized target market '''''positioning''''' concerns position product minds consumers inform attributes differentiate competitor 's products firm often performs producing perceptual map denotes similar products produced industry according consumers perceive price quality product 's placing


personal selling young female beer sellers admonish photographer also buy tireli market mali sales promotion involves short term incentives encourage buying products examples incentives include free samples contests premiums trade shows giveaways coupons sweepstakes games depending incentive one elements promotional mix may used conjunction sales promotion inform customers incentives ref name public relations use media tools promote monitor positive view company product


may stimulate marketing communications sustain sales entrants enter market reap apparent high profits industry producing product hits '''maturity''' starts level increasing number entrants market produce price falls product firms may use sales promotions raise sales '' 'decline''' demand good begins taper firm may opt discontinue manufacture product revenue product comes efficiency savings production actual sales good service


published soil survey includes interpretive tables soil properties support limit activities uses internationally accepted soil taxonomy allows uniform communication soil characteristics soil functions national international soil survey efforts given profession unique insights landscape scale functions landscape functions soil scientists called upon address field seem fall roughly six areas '''land based treatment wastes''' septic system manure municipal biosolids food fiber processing waste '''identification protection environmentally critical areas''' sensitive unstable soils wetlands unique soil situations support

Natural science
Earth science
Soil Science


wcss references soil survey staff https webarchiveorg web http soilsusdagov technical manual contents chapter html soil survey early concepts soil html ''soil survey manual usda handbook '' soil conservation service us department agriculture url accessed earth sciences


cut polished gem gemstones basically categorized based crystal structure specific gravity refractive index optical properties pleochroism physical property hardness defined non linear mohs scale mineral hardness gemologists study factors valuing appraising cut polished gemstones gemological microscopic study internal structure used determine whether gem synthetic natural revealing natural fluid inclusions partially melted exogenous crystals evidence heat treatment enhance color spectroscopic analysis cut gemstones also allows gemologist


method uses similar principle prism works separate white light component colors gemological spectroscope employed analyze selective absorption light gem material essentially light passes one medium another bends blue light bends red light much light bends vary depending gem material coloring agents chromophores show bands spectroscope indicate element responsible gem 's color identification inclusions inclusions help gemologists determine whether gemstone


india gii center gemological indonesia cog professional gemstone testing laboratory pgtl himalaya gem testing laboratory hgtl publications ''the journal gemmology'' ''gems gemology'' references long mineralogy gemological laboratories


earth 's surface objects ranging small nails driven ground large beacons seen long distances surveyors set instruments position measure nearby objects sometimes tall distinctive feature steeple radio aerial position calculated reference point angles measured ''triangulation'' method horizontal location favoured days edm gps measurement determine distances elevations directions distant objects since early days surveying primary

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Civil Engineering
Surveying


caused part error allocated proportional way common methods adjustment bowditch method also known compass rule principle least squares method surveyor must able distinguish accuracy precision united states surveyors civil engineers use units feet wherein survey foot breaks ths ths many deed descriptions containing distances often expressed using units nbsp ft subject accuracy surveyors often held standard one one hundredth


produce plans building survey may conducted renovation works commercial purpose end construction process ''mining surveying'' mining surveying includes directing digging mine shafts galleries calculation volume rock uses specialised techniques due restraints survey geometry vertical shafts narrow passages ''mortgage survey '' ''mortgage survey'' ''physical survey'' simple survey delineates land boundaries building locations checks ''encroachment'' building setback restrictions shows nearby flood zones many places mortgage


survey works survey works square miles square kilometers treated plane beyond treated geodetic geodetic surveying necessary corrections applied reduced levels bearings observations profession surveying oceania pundit cartographer nain singh rawat th century received royal geographical society gold medal efforts exploring himalayas british female surveying crew idaho basic principles surveying changed little ages tools used surveyors evolved engineering especially civil engineering


chartered surveyors rics world recognised governing body working within built environment cadastral surveying one primary roles land surveyor determine boundary real property ground surveyor must determine adjoining landowners wish put boundary boundary established legal documents plans prepared attorneys engineers land surveyors surveyor puts monuments corners new boundary might also find resurvey corners property monumented prior surveys '''cadastral land surveyors''' licensed governments


'''infiltration''' may refer science medicine engineering infiltration hydrology downward movement water soil infiltration hvac heating ventilation air conditioning term air leakage buildings infiltration medical diffusion accumulation substances cells normal amounts excess normal infiltration inflow leakage groundwater sanitary sewers uses entryism infiltration political organisation another usually larger organisation espionage using double agents join enemy organization infiltration tactics tactics developed german army early broke trench warfare stalemate

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Infiltration


infliction wounds forensic entomology divided three subfields urban stored product medico legal medico criminal entomology history historically several accounts applications experimentation forensic entomology concept forensic entomology dates back least th century however last years forensic entomology systematically explored feasible source evidence criminal investigations experiments interest arthropods death sung tzu francesco redi bergeret arbois jean pierre gnin physiologist hermann reinhard helped lay foundations today 's modern forensic

Natural science
Biology
Zoology
Forensic entomology


town square would temporarily relinquish sickles ref name haskell within minutes mass blow flies gathered around one sickle none attracted scent traces blood unseen naked eye ref name haskell became apparent owner sickle culprit latter pleading mercy detained authorities ref name haskell song ci sometimes referred sung tzu judicial intendant lived china ad ad song ci wrote book entitled ''washing away


mites developed every days comparing initial count infant able estimate long infant dead ref name benecke book asserted exposed corpses subject eight successional waves whereas buried corpses subject two waves gnin made many great discoveries helped shed new light many general characteristics decaying flora fauna gnin 's work study larval adult forms insect families found cadavers sparked interest future entomologists encouraged research


neural networks also integral advancing mathematics needed study complex systems notion self organizing systems tied work nonequilibrium thermodynamics including pioneered chemist nobel laureate ilya prigogine study dissipative structures even older work hartree fock quantum chemistry equations later calculations structure molecules regarded one earliest examples emergence emergent wholes science one complex system containing humans classical political economy scottish enlightenment later developed austrian school

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Complex systems


large system separate parts organizations instance divide work departments deal separate issues engineering systems often designed using modular components however modular designs become susceptible failure issues arise bridge divisions complexity management projects acquisitions become increasingly complex companies governments challenged find effective ways manage mega acquisitions army future combat systems acquisitions fcs rely web interrelated parts interact unpredictably acquisitions become network centric complex businesses forced find ways


width style text align center jel classification codes journal economic literature classification codes financial economics one primary classifications jel g follows monetary international economics precedes public economics detailed subclassifications see ''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' nd ed also uses jel codes classify entries v subject index including financial economics pp nbsp links entry abstracts new palgrave https webarchiveorg web http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom dictionary online primary secondary jel category fewer per page similar google searches http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom search resultsq field content edition topicid g

Social science
Economics
Financial economics


seen time money traded money future uncertainty risk amount money transferred future uncertain options one party transaction make decision later time affect subsequent transfers money information knowledge future reduce possibly eliminate uncertainty associated future monetary value fmv applying framework concepts leads required models derivation begins assumption uncertainty expanded incorporate considerations ref name fama


applications uncertainty see development uncertainty choice uncertainty twin assumptions rationality market efficiency closely defined lead modern portfolio theory mpt capital asset pricing model capm ''equilibrium based'' result black scholes merton theory bsm often simply black scholes option pricing ''arbitrage free'' result intuitive link latter derivative prices calculated arbitrage free respect fundamental equilibrium determined securities prices see briefly intuitively consistent


histopathology microscopic appearance invasive ductal carcinoma breast slide stained haematoxylin eosin histopathology microscopic appearance invasive ductal carcinoma breast slide stained antibody immunohistochemistry oncogene neu dark brown reaction indicates tumor expresses gene cytopathology microscopic appearance pap test pink cell center large nucleus abnormal compatible low grade dysplasia autopsy brain surrounded pus yellow greyish coat around brain dura lifted forceps result bacterial meningitis gross examination

Natural science
Biology
Pathology
Anatomical pathology


medicine https webarchiveorg web http wwwiafmonlinecom iafm also publishes quarterly journal indian academy forensic medicine https webarchiveorg web http wwwiafmonlinecom iafmjournalshtm regularly association specialist member strength indonesia indonesia forensic medicine also known legal medicine '' kedokteran kehakiman '' year specialty program taken directly completing medical school separate anatomical pathology clinical pathology upon completion program forensic medicine specialist obtain title ''spesialis forensik'' ''spf'' may addressed public ''dokter forensik'' forensic doctor note

Natural science
Biology
Pathology
Forensic pathology


posts currently actively training imminent changes result tooke report may require two years fulfilled general rotational placements option histopathology arises royal college yet issued response matter united states united states forensic pathologists typically complete least one year additional training fellowship completing anatomical pathology residency passed board examination administered american board pathology american osteopathic board pathology board certified becoming anatomic pathologist


grammatik der indogermanischen sprachen'' kurzer abriss der indogermanischen ursprache des altindischen altiranischen altgriechischen altitalischen altkeltischen altslawischen litauischen und altdeutschen vols weimar h boehlau reprinted minerva gmbh wissenschaftlicher verlag

Humanities
Languages and literature
Linguistics
Historical linguistics


latter case letterforms typeface may designed variable bodies making typeface proportional may designed fit within single body measure making typeface fixed width monospaced structural groups designing letterforms characters analogous structures grouped consideration shared visual qualities latin example archetypal groups made basis dominant strokes letter verticals horizontals diagonals verticals diagonals horizontals diagonals circular strokes circular strokes verticals verticals

Applied science
Architecture and design
Visual communication
Type design


england wrote elegant royal biographies creating stark contrast canadian english literatures however one earliest canadian writers virtually always included canadian literary anthologies thomas chandler haliburton ndash born raised nova scotia died two years canada 's official birth remembered comic character sam slick appeared ''the clockmaker'' humorous works throughout haliburton 's life charles g roberts poet belonged informal group known confederation poets group poets known confederation poets

Humanities
Languages and literature
Canadian Literature


george elliott clarke canadian poets expanding boundaries originality christian b k ken babstock karen solie lynn crosbie patrick lane george elliott clarke barry dempster imprinted unique consciousnesses onto map canadian imagery notable anthology canadian poetry ''the new oxford book canadian verse'' edited margaret atwood anne carson probably best known canadian poet living today carson lannan literary award poetry foundation 's awards poetry fiction nonfiction came us canadian authors


cbc literary awards canada council molson prize distinguished contributions canada 's cultural intellectual heritage danuta gleed literary award first collection short fiction canadian author writing english dayne ogilvie prize emerging writer lesbian gay bisexual transgender communities doug wright awards graphic literature novels floyd chalmers canadian play awards best canadian play staged canadian theatre company hilary weston writers' trust prize nonfiction best work nonfiction gerald lampert award best new poet lane anderson award best canadian


non fiction science giller prize best canadian novel book short stories english governor general 's awards best canadian fiction poetry non fiction drama translation english french griffin poetry prize best book poetry one award canadian poet international poet indigenous voices awards works literature first nations tis inuit writers marian engel award female writers mid career matt cohen award honour canadian writer lifetime distinguished achievement milton acorn poetry awards outstanding people 's poet national


europe depicted antwerp cartographer abraham ortelius '''history europe''' concerns discovery collection study organization presentation interpretation past events affairs people europe since beginning written records neolithic era time indo european migrations europe saw human inflows east southeast subsequent important cultural material exchange period known classical antiquity began emergence city states ancient greece later roman empire came dominate entire mediterranean basin fall


competitor region southeast europe centuries byzantine art architecture political dominance bulgarian cultural linguistic achievements left great legacy orthodox slavic europe beyond middle ages day viking age period migrations scandinavian peoples occurred late th century middle th century normans descendants vikings settled northern france significant impact many parts europe norman conquest england sicily rus' people founded kievan rus' evolved russia crusades


americas asia religious wars continued fought europe peace westphalia spanish crown maintained hegemony europe leading power continent signing treaty pyrenees ended conflict spain france begun thirty years' war unprecedented series major wars political revolutions took place around europe world period watt steam engine steam engine fuelled primarily coal propelled industrial revolution th century northwestern


late th century bc greek city states asia minor incorporated persian empire latter made territorial gains balkans macedon thrace paeonia etc eastern europe proper well course th century bc greek city states attempted overthrow persian rule ionian revolt failed sparked first persian invasion mainland greece point ensuing greco persian wars namely second persian invasion greece precisely battle thermopylae


ii macedon united greek city states control son philip ii known alexander great invaded neighboring persia toppled incorporated domains well invading egypt going far india increasing contact people cultures regions marked beginning hellenistic period death alexander empire split multiple kingdoms ruled generals diadochi diadochi fought series conflicts called wars diadochi beginning nd century bc


punic wars marked start roman hegemony first governed kings senatorial republic roman republic rome finally became empire end st century bc augustus authoritarian successors roman empire greatest extent ad emperor trajan roman empire centre mediterranean controlling countries shores northern border marked rhine danube rivers emperor trajan nd century ad empire reached maximum expansion controlling approximately land surface including


constantinople istanbul whereas diocletian severely persecuted christianity constantine declared official end state sponsored persecution christians edict milan thus setting stage church become state church roman empire decline roman empire map partition roman empire death theodosius western roman empire shown red eastern roman empire byzantine empire shown purple roman empire repeatedly attacked invading armies northern europe


also may contributed success muslim conquests early middle ages early middle ages span roughly five centuries europe early middle ages east southeast europe new dominant states formed avar khaganate old great bulgaria khazar khaganate c danube bulgaria founded asparuh constantly rivaling hegemony byzantine empire th century byzantine history greatly affected rise islam caliphates muslim arabs first invaded historically


age saw rise modern nation states western europe ascent famous italian city states florence venice influential popes catholic church called volunteer armies across europe series crusades seljuq turks occupied holy land rediscovery works aristotle led thomas aquinas thinkers develop philosophy scholasticism divided church great schism western catholic eastern orthodox christian churches sparked pope leo ix asserting authority three seats


mercantilism early modern period represents decline eventual disappearance much european sphere feudalism serfdom power catholic church period includes renaissance protestant reformation disastrous thirty years' war european colonisation americas european witch hunts renaissance ''portrait luca pacioli'' founder accounting jacopo de' barbari museo di capodimonte despite crises th century also time great progress within arts sciences renewed interest ancient greek roman led italian renaissance


great part south america caribbean philippines britain took whole australia new zealand india large parts africa north america france held parts canada india nearly lost britain indochina large parts africa caribbean islands netherlands gained east indies indonesia islands caribbean portugal obtained brazil several territories africa asia later powers germany belgium italy russia acquired colonies expansion helped economy countries


war particularly glorious revolution european military conflict cease less disruptive effects lives europeans advanced northwest enlightenment gave philosophical underpinning new outlook continued spread literacy made possible printing press created new secular forces thought samuel dunn map world union krewo see central eastern europe dominated kingdom poland grand duchy lithuania th th centuries central eastern europe arena conflict domination


major war france opposed coalition england netherlands habsburg monarchy prussia duke marlborough commanded english dutch victory battle blenheim main issue whether france king louis xiv would take control spain 's extensive possessions thereby become far dominant power forced share power major nations initial allied successes long war produced military stalemate ended treaty utrecht based balance power europe historian russell weigley


metal machine tools first two decades th century facilitated manufacture production machines manufacturing industries effects spread throughout western europe north america th century eventually affecting world impact change society enormous era french revolution historians rr palmer joel colton argue france fell revolution world never since french revolution far momentous upheaval whole revolutionary age replaced old regime


relatives installed various european thrones king frederick william iii prussia emperor francis ii austria barely clung thrones king george iii great britain lost better part first british empire american revolution first successful revolt colony european power proclaimed words thomas jefferson men created equal position based principles enlightenment rejected aristocracy established republican form government george washington attracted worldwide attention


military genius napoleon ranks alexander great julius caesar greatness however political realm historians debate whether napoleon enlightened despot laid foundations modern europe instead megalomaniac wrought greater misery man coming hitler religion th century governments increasingly took traditional religious roles paying much attention efficiency uniformity religiosity secular bodies took control education away churches abolished taxes tithes support established religions excluded bishops


beginning greek war independence began rebellion greek revolutionaries ruling ottoman empire serbia breakup yugoslavia centuries orthodox christian serbs ruled muslim controlled ottoman empire success serbian revolution ottoman rule marked foundation modern principality serbia achieved ' 'de facto'' independence finally gained recognition great powers berlin congress serbs developed larger vision nationalism pan slavism russian support sought pull slavs


austria could autonomous bulgarian exarchate established diocese bulgaria well wherein least two thirds orthodox christians willing join april uprising indirectly resulted establishment bulgaria poland cause polish nationalism repeatedly frustrated germany russia austria partitioned poland napoleon set duchy warsaw new polish state ignited spirit nationalism russia took congress poland tsar king


congress vienna major powers europe managed produce peaceful balance power among various european empires known metternich system powerbase support aristocracy great landed wealth control government church military countries however reactionary efforts unable stop spread revolutionary movements middle classes deeply influenced ideals french revolution industrial revolution brought important economical social changes radical intellectuals looked working classes


largest russia took soviet union 's seat united nations security council violent dissolution happened yugoslavia balkans four slovenia croatia bosnia herzegovina north macedonia six yugoslav republics declared independence violent war ensued parts lasting montenegro seceded became independent state post cold war era nato eu gradually admitting former members warsaw pact looking half century war historian walter lacquer concluded postwar generations


heavy industries important field computer technology european nations lagged behind united states also faced high government deficits growing unrest led militant labour unions urgent need new economic directions germany sweden sought create social consensus behind gradual restructuring germany 's efforts proved highly successful britain leadership margaret thatcher solution shock therapy high interest rates austerity selling inefficient corporations well public housing sold tenants one result escalating social tensions


battle mamede formation portuguese sovereignty bulgarian sovereignty reestablished anti byzantine uprising bulgarians vlachs death emperor frederick ii end effective ability german emperors exercise control italy period crusades avignon papacy great famine northern europe petrarch father humanism becomes first poet laureate since antiquity hundred years' war england france black death kills one third europe 's population johannes gutenberg invents first movable type


university textbook https archiveorg details europeanworldhis blum online davies norman ''europe history'' advanced university textbook gay peter rk webb ''modern europe '' https archiveorg details moderneurope gayp online university textbook gay peter rk webb ''modern europe since '' university textbook gooch brison ed ''interpreting european history renaissance napoleon'' online ''interpreting european history metternich present'' online readings scholars mckay john p et al ''a history western society'' th ed vol pp university textbook moncure james ed ''research guide european historical biography present''


vol pp historiographical guide major political military leaders roberts jm ''the penguin history europe'' survey https wwwamazoncom penguin history europe j roberts dp excerpt simms brendan ''europe struggle supremacy present'' survey emphasis germany stearns peter ed ''the encyclopedia world history'' comprehensive global coverage geography atlases ''cambridge modern history atlas'' online free maps catchpole brian ''map history modern world'' darby h c h fullard eds ''the new cambridge modern history vol atlas'' east w gordon ''an historical geography europe''


affairs hitler 's europe '' https archiveorg details inernetdli online wasserstein bernard ''barbarism civilization history europe time'' since https archiveorg details barbarismciviliz wass online world war ii agriculture economy berend iv n ''an economic history twentieth century europe'' gras norman ''a history agriculture europe america'' https archivetoday http chlalibrarycornelledu cgi text text idxc chla idno free online edition milward alan sb saul ''the development economies continental europe '' murray jacqueline ''the first european agriculture'' pollard sidney ed ''wealth poverty economic history th century'' pp global perspective https archiveorg details wealthpovertyeco poll online


member reported earning us including salary bonus ref name spe salary survey salary survey society petroleum engineers website wwwspeorg access date ref average base pay reported ref name spe salary survey base pay compensation average highest united states base pay us drilling production engineers tended make best base pay us drilling engineers us production engineers base pay average ranged us ref name ref still significant gender pay gaps plus minus us average pay gap

Natural science
Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Process design
Petroleum engineering


jobs usa http wwwbestpetroleumengineeringschoolscom petroleum engineering https webarchiveorg web http bharatsarkarinaukriin career opportunities petroleum engineeringhtml career opportunities petroleum engineering https edgevarsitycom oil gas piping engineeringhtml oil gas online certification courses engineering disciplines


epidemics spanish physician villalba ''epidemiolog espa ola'' ref name carol buck p epidemiologists also study interaction diseases population condition known syndemic term epidemiology widely applied cover description causation epidemic infectious disease disease general including related conditions examples topics examined epidemiology include high blood pressure mental illness obesity therefore epidemiology based upon pattern disease causes change function human beings history

Applied science
Medicine and health
Epidemiology


inverse proportion observed greater exposure leads lower incidence ref name bh '''plausibility''' plausible mechanism cause effect helpful hill noted knowledge mechanism limited current knowledge ref name bh '''coherence''' coherence epidemiological laboratory findings increases likelihood effect however hill noted lack laboratory evidence cannot nullify epidemiological effect associations ref name bh '''experiment''' occasionally possible appeal experimental evidence ref name bh '''analogy''' effect similar factors may considered ref name bh legal interpretation


affects measurement transient inconsistent manner impossible correct random error random error sampling procedures called sampling error precision epidemiological variables measure random error precision also inversely related random error reduce random error increase precision confidence intervals computed demonstrate precision relative risk estimates narrower confidence interval precise relative risk estimate two basic ways reduce random error epidemiological study first increase


sample size study words add subjects study second reduce variability measurement study might accomplished using precise measuring device increasing number measurements note sample size number measurements increased precise measuring tool purchased costs study usually increased usually uneasy balance need adequate precision practical issue study cost systematic error systematic error bias occurs


training epidemiologic research related topics training generally substantially less offered training programs focused epidemiology public health reflecting strong historical tie epidemiology medicine formal training programs may set either schools public health medical schools public health health protection practitioners epidemiologists work number different settings epidemiologists work 'in field' ie community commonly public health health protection service often forefront investigating combating disease outbreaks others work non profit organizations universities hospitals


ism ultimately contributes molecular clouds replenishes ism matter energy planetary nebulae stellar winds supernovae interplay stars ism helps determine rate galaxy depletes gaseous content therefore lifespan active star formation ''voyager '' reached ism august making first artificial object earth interstellar plasma dust studied estimated mission end date twin ''voyager '' entered ism november ref name nasa ref ''voyager ''

Natural science
Space science
Interstellar medium


however previously absorbed line first lyman beta reaches lyman alpha frequency redshifting process stops hydrogen lines strongly absorbed stop perfect energy frequency shifted lyman beta frequency produces slow redshift successive redshifts separated lyman absorptions generate many absorption lines frequencies deduced absorption process obey law dependable karlsson 's formula previous process excites atoms de excitation obeys einstein 's law coherent interactions variation di radiance light


probes according researchers implies density gradient large scale feature vlism local interstellar medium general direction heliospheric nose ref name sa ref ref name ajl ref interaction interplanetary medium ibex 's interstellar matter observations interstellar medium begins interplanetary medium solar system ends solar wind slows subsonic velocities termination shock astronomical units sun region beyond termination shock called heliosheath interstellar matter interacts solar wind ''voyager '' farthest human made object earth crossed


attention astronomers scientists centuries understanding ism developed however first acknowledge basic concept interstellar space term appears first used print interstellar skie hath much affinity starre rotation well starre later natural philosopher discussed inter stellar part heaven several modern epicureans would empty modern electromagnetic theory early physicists postulated invisible luminiferous aether existed medium


epsilon zeta orionis first steps study complex interstellar sightline towards orion asymmetric absorption line profiles result superposition multiple absorption lines corresponding atomic transition example k line calcium occurring interstellar clouds different radial velocities cloud different velocity either towards away observer earth absorption lines occurring within cloud either blue shifted red shifted respectively lines' rest wavelength doppler effect observations confirming matter


enable guard nests rare birds united kingdom avoid possibility prosecution owners old egg collections must retain sufficient proof show balance probabilities eggs pre date however owners genuinely old collections unlikely face prosecution experienced investigators prosecutors able distinguish recently collected eggs ref name rspb oldcollection ref illegal sell collection regardless eggs' age old collections may disposed giving eggs away destroying museums reluctant accept donations


take eggs stages incubation freshly laid eggs much easier blow usually small inconspicuous hole drilled specialized drill side eggshell egg blowing also done domestic bird 's eggs hobby egg decorating major research collections natural history museum eggs uk delaware museum natural history eggs us h l white collection melbourne australia national museum natural history eggs washington dc us mus um de toulouse eggs toulouse france san bernardino county museum clutches eggs ref name henderson western


foundation vertebrate zoology clutches eggs california us santa barbara museum natural history formerly museum comparative oology egg sets species santa barbara california us oologists egg collectors charles bendire archibald james campbell author ''nests eggs australian birds including geographical distribution species popular observations thereon'' sheffield england pawson brailsford reissued wren melbourne victoria australia e j court washington dc charles johnson maynard author ''eggs north american birds'' boston dewolfe fiske co francis charles robert


principles torah interpreted date back least hillel elder although thirteen principles set forth baraita rabbi ishmael perhaps best known principles ranged standard rules logic eg ''a fortiori'' argument known hebrew nbsp nbsp nbsp ''kal v'chomer'' expansive ones rule passage could interpreted reference another passage word appears gezerah shavah rabbis ascribe equal persuasive power various principles traditional jewish hermeneutics differed greek method


mind according dilthey comprehension level contains comprehension incomprehension incomprehension means less ''wrong understanding'' assumed comprehension produces coexistence understands understands others understand stays alone heidegger th nbsp century martin heidegger 's philosophical hermeneutics shifted focus interpretation existential understanding rooted fundamental ontology treated direct thus authentic way world ''in der welt sein'' merely way knowing example called special hermeneutic empathy dissolve classic philosophic issue


postmodern hermeneutical revolution began heidegger made several articles lonergan specialist frederick g lawrence paul ric ur developed hermeneutics based upon heidegger 's concepts work differs many ways gadamer karl otto apel b elaborated hermeneutics based american semiotics applied model discourse ethics political motivations akin critical theory j rgen habermas b criticized conservatism previous hermeneutists especially gadamer focus tradition seemed undermine possibilities social criticism transformation also criticized marxism previous members


frankfurt school missing hermeneutical dimension critical theory habermas incorporated notion lifeworld emphasized importance social theory interaction communication labor production viewed hermeneutics dimension critical social theory rudolf makkreel b proposed orientational hermeneutics brings contextualizing function reflective judgment extends ideas kant dilthey supplement dialogical approach gadamer diagnostic approach deal ever changing multicultural world andr ortiz os developed symbolic hermeneutics mediterranean response


marking piece paper putting box might considered meaningless act unless put context election act putting ballot paper box friedrich schleiermacher widely regarded father sociological hermeneutics believed order interpreter understand work another author must familiarize historical context author published thoughts work led inspiration heidegger 's hermeneutic circle frequently referenced model claims one 's understanding individual parts text


kerja persidangan conference papers kuala lumpur university malaya library mantzavinos c ''naturalistic hermeneutics'' cambridge university press oevermann u et al structures meaning objective hermeneutics meha v et al eds ''modern german sociology'' european perspectives series social thought cultural ctiticism new york columbia university press pp nbsp olesen henning salling ed cultural analysis depth hermeneutics ''historical social research'' focus pp nbsp wierci ski andrzej ''hermeneutics philosophy theology imperative think incommensurable'' germany nster lit verlag external links http wwwdigitalpeircefeeunicampbr p infwirhtm abductive inference literary


theory pragmatism hermeneutics semiotics written http wwwdigitalpeircefeeunicampbr wirthhtm uwe wirth http wwwmetajournalorg display pagephptitle home meta research hermeneutics phenomenology practical philosophy international peer reviewed journal https archivetoday http wwwobjective hermeneuticscom bibliography bibliographic databasehtml objective hermeneutics bibliographic database provided http wwwobjective hermeneuticscom association objective hermeneutics de berg henk https wwwyoutubecom watchv yttitgstbye gadamer 's hermeneutics introduction de berg henk https wwwyoutubecom watchv hmefaaem ie ricoeur 's hermeneutics introduction http wwwmacedu faculty richardpalmer palmer richard e liminality hermes meaning hermeneutics palmer richard e relevance gadamer 's philosophical hermeneutics thirty six topics fields human activity lecture delivered department philosophy southern illinois university carbondale il april https webarchiveorg web http wwwmacedu faculty richardpalmer relevancehtml


report sparks given different metals distinct emission spectra observation later built upon l foucault demonstrated identical absorption emission lines result material different temperatures equivalent statement independently postulated anders jonas ngstr work ''optiska unders kningar'' theorized luminous gases emit rays light frequencies light may absorb spectroscopic data began take upon theoretical importance johann balmer 's observation spectral lines exhibited samples hydrogen followed

Natural science
Chemistry
Astrochemistry


significant source interstellar oxygen h sub sub co formaldehyde discovered significant first observed organic polyatomic molecule interstellar space discovery interstellar formaldehyde later molecules potential biological significance water carbon monoxide seen strong supporting evidence abiogenetic theories life specifically theories hold basic molecular components life came extraterrestrial sources prompted still ongoing search interstellar molecules either direct biological importance interstellar glycine discovered ref


name glycine discovery announcement ref exhibit biologically relevant properties like chirality example propylene oxide discovered alongside basic astrochemical research spectroscopy one particularly important experimental tool astrochemistry spectroscopy use telescopes measure absorption emission light molecules atoms various environments comparing astronomical observations laboratory measurements astrochemists infer elemental abundances chemical composition temperatures stars interstellar clouds possible ions atoms molecules characteristic spectra absorption emission


ideas exist around simplify understanding world ref name mcgarty craig et al social categorization international encyclopedia social behavioral sciences pp ref categorization something humans organisms ' 'do'' right thing right ''kind'' thing activity categorizing things nonverbal verbal humans concrete objects abstract ideas recognized differentiated understood categorization objects usually categorized adaptive pragmatic purposes categorization grounded features distinguish category 's members nonmembers categorization important

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Categorization


least inclusive ref name referencea three levels abstraction follows '''superordinate level''' eg flower highest inclusive level abstraction exhibits highest degree generality lowest degree within category similarity ref name markman b markman b wisniewski e j similar different differentiation basic level categories journal experimental psychology learning memory cognition ref '''basic level''' eg rose middle level abstraction rosch colleagues suggest basic level cognitively efficient ref name referencea basic level categories exhibit high within category ' 'similarities''


common category features lastly ideal category member caricature emphasizes distinct features category ref name kruschke j k kruschke j k models categorization cambridge handbook computational psychology ref important consideration prototype representation necessarily reflect existence actual instance category world ref name kruschke j k furthermore prototypes highly sensitive context example one 's prototype category beverages may soda seltzer context brunch might lead select mimosa


extracted labeled example categories classify stimuli appropriate category may involve abstraction rule concept relating observed object features category labels unsupervised learning tasks provide learners category labels learners must therefore recognize inherent structures data set group stimuli together similarity classes unsupervised learning thus process generating classification structure tasks used study category learning take various forms '''rule based tasks''' present categories participants learn explicit reasoning processes kinds tasks classification stimuli accomplished via


models however model differentially weighted distinguishing features two categories given model 's performance reed concluded strategy participants used face categorization task construct prototype representations two categories faces categorize test patterns category associated similar prototype furthermore results suggested similarity determined categories discriminating features exemplar models '''generalized context model ref name nosofsky r nosofsky r attention similarity identification categorization relationship journal experimental psychology general ref ''' medin schaffer 's context


stimulus category 's exemplars exemplar provides vote ref name kruschke j k respective categories varies strength based exemplar 's similarity stimulus strength exemplar 's association category effectively assigns category selection probability determined proportion votes receives fit data rule based models '''rulex rule plus exception model''' simple logical rules ineffective learning poorly defined category structures proponents rule based theory categorization suggest imperfect rule used


classes without error '''imperfect''' search rule uses single attribute discriminate classes errors '''conjunctive''' search rule uses multiple attributes discriminate classes errors '''exception''' search exceptions rule method rulex uses perform searches follows ref name navarro j first rulex attempts exact search successful rulex continuously apply rule misclassification occurs exact search fails identify rule either imperfect conjunctive search begin sufficient though imperfect rule


cognition categorization https webarchiveorg web http toolserverorg dapete catgraph wikipedia categories visualizer https webarchiveorg web http wwwrevue emulationsnet archives n categentretien interdisciplinary introduction categorization interview dvora yanov political sciences amie thomasson philosophy thomas serre artificial intelligence https wwwiskoorg cyclo classification birger hj rland classification ''isko encyclopedia knowledge organization'' eds birger hj rland claudio gnoli cognition concepts epistemology knowledge representation semantics


institutions non profit organisations resources dedicated internal km efforts often part business strategy human resource management departments ref name addicot ref several consulting companies provide advice regarding km organizations ref name addicot knowledge management efforts typically focus organisational objectives improved performance competitive advantage innovation sharing lessons learned integration continuous improvement organisation ref name gupta ref efforts overlap organisational learning may distinguished greater focus management knowledge strategic asset encouraging sharing knowledge ref name unc ref name maier ref

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Knowledge management


implicit knowledge ref name nonaka hayes walsham describe knowledge knowledge management two different perspectives ref name hayes ref content perspective suggests knowledge easily stored may codified relational perspective recognises contextual relational aspects knowledge make knowledge difficult share outside specific context developed ref name hayes early research suggested km needs convert internalised tacit knowledge explicit knowledge share effort must permit individuals internalise make personally meaningful codified knowledge retrieved km


entire organisation groups project teams elearning software enables organisations create customised training education include lesson plans monitoring progress online classes planning scheduling software software automates schedule creation maintenance planning aspect integrate project management software ref name harv telepresence software enables individuals virtual face face meetings without assembling one location videoconferencing obvious example semantic technology ontologies systems encode meaning alongside data give machines ability extract infer information categories overlap workflow example significant aspect


web failed see widespread adoption commentators argued success knowledge barriers like knowledge transfer knowledge sharing term knowledge barriers uniformly defined term differs meaning depending author ref name paulinandsuneson paulin suneson k knowledge transfer knowledge sharing knowledge barriers three blurry terms km proceedings european conference knowledge management eckm ref knowledge barriers associated high costs companies individuals ref name riege riege three dozen knowledge sharing barriers managers must consider ''journal


export military training services also realised profit million germany offence recruit german citizens military duty military military like facility support foreign power span class plainlinks print http wwwgesetze im internetde stgb hhtml nbsp h span stgb furthermore german enlists armed forces state also citizen risks loss citizenship span class plainlinks print https webarchiveorg web http wwwgesetze im internetde rustag html nbsp span stag south africa south africa passed foreign military assistance act banned citizens residents involvement foreign wars except

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Mercenary


combat genocide civilian slaughter un countries unwilling unable intervene february british foreign commonwealth office fco report pmcs noted demands military service un international civil organizations might mean cheaper pay pmcs use soldiers yet considering using pmcs support un operations un secretary general kofi annan decided october united nations released two year study stated although hired security guards private contractors performing military duties


city called daedala daidala india called indo cretan city probably settlement cretan mercenaries carthage carthage contracted balearic islands shepherds slingers punic wars rome vast majority carthaginian military except highest officers navy home guard mercenaries xanthippus carthage spartan mercenary general employed carthage greek mercenaries hired carthage fight dionysius syracuse dionysius made carthage pay high ransom carthaginian prisoners


forms employment often becoming mercenaries ref name lanning michael p free companies would often specialize forms combat required longer periods training available form mobilized militia ''routiers'' formed distinctive subculture medieval france alternated serving mercenaries wartime bandits peacetime ''routiers'' destructive became significant social problem treaty br tigny ended war england france french countryside overrun free companies ''routiers'' french crown lacked necessary


small minority south slavic origin among leaders also members old byzantine greek noble families palaiologoi comneni stratioti pioneers light cavalry tactics era early th century heavy cavalry european armies principally remodeled albanian stradioti venetian army hungarian hussars german mercenary cavalry units schwarzreitern employed hit run tactics ambushes feigned retreats complex maneuvers ways tactics echoed ottoman sipahis akinci notable successes also french heavy


largest single group twelve swiss regiments including swiss guard units german one irish brigade wild geese originally made irish volunteers difficulties obtaining genuinely irish recruits led german foreigners making bulk rank file officers however continued drawn long established franco irish families reign louis xv also scottish ''garde cossaise'' swedish ''royal su dois'' italian ''royal italien'' walloon ''horion liegeois'' regiment recruited outside borders france foreign infantry


yangtze river valley played decisive role defeating taipings technically mercenary gordon assigned british government lead ever victorious army ''times'' london leader editorial august declared part soldier fortune days difficult play honourbut ever actions soldier fighting foreign service ought viewed indulgence even admiration exceptional tribute due colonel gordon french conquest vietnam persistent


nechaev 's rampage men vented fury sacking especially brutal manner nearest town ref name fenby jonathan p another group russians wore tartar hats traditional dark greycoats fought marshal zhang zuolin old marshal ruled manchuria ref name fenby jonathan p russian mercenaries considerable effectiveness ill trained armies chinese warlords one contemporary mentioned marshal zhang 's russians went chinese troops like knife butter ref name fenby jonathan p early stages second sino japanese war number foreign


prejudices men madras army south india bengal army largely high cast hindus northern india bombay army prided melting pot east india company ultimately end th century came offer higher pay maharajahs offered novelty india paying pension veterans families came attract best indian mercenaries initially mercenaries serving company 's armies brought along weapons normal practice india


company began arm standard british weapons east india company generally known britain india company sufficient lobbying power london ensure several british army regiments also stationed work alongside company army whose troops mostly ''sepoys'' indians company never entirely trusted loyalty ' 'sepoys'' company officer training school addiscombe military seminary company 's armies trained western style end th century troops ranked


conquest united states vast majority men trained camps white men saw para military training reverse previous twenty years american history take back symbolic territory lost possibility becoming mercenaries gave fantastic possibility escaping present lives reborn warrior remaking world ref name burke ref owing legal problems posed boland amendments reagan administration turned self proclaimed mercenaries arm train contra guerrillas ref name auto ref cia created


egyptian forces medjay generic term given tribal scouts light infantry recruited nubia serving late period old kingdom new kingdom warriors recruited outside borders egypt included libyan syrian canaanite contingents new kingdom sherdens sardinia appear distinctive horned helmets wall paintings body guards ramesses ii celtic mercenaries greatly employed greek world leading sack delphi celtic settlement galatia greek rulers ptolemaic egypt


war flew improvised rospatiale alouette iii atlas oryx gunships angola mozambique support south african expeditionary forces conducting external raids retired colonel upon end apartheid piloting yugoslav mil mi operational freelancer ellis returned participate angolan civil war private military firm executive outcomes eventually dispatched sierra leone battle freetown instrumental fighting revolutionary united front insurgents mil mi hind providing air support british forces executing operation barras founded


biafran general staff replied helped would made difference single one came work secessionist forces rolf steiner stayed longest bad influence anything else happy get rid ref name oyewole ref one biafran officer fola oyewole wrote sacking steiner late steiner 's departure biafra removed shine white mercenaries myth white man 's superiority art soldering ref name oyewole oyewole wrote white mercenaries hated


press p ref trial established georgiou personally murdered least angolans ref name axelrod alan p inept military leader brutal georgiou notably failed commander believed recruiting white mercenaries fight angola would similar impact mercenaries congo angola mercenaries failed completely brogan described efforts debacle ref name brogan patrick p anything white mercanaries disdain blacks case georgiou murderous hatred


ruler denard proved extremely greedy rapaciously plundered comorian economy make rich man ref name axelrod alan p axelrod alan ''mercenaries guide private armies private military companies'' washington cq press p ref denard served commander comorian presidential guard became largest single landowner comoros developing best land sea luxury resorts catering tourists wanted enjoy tropics ref name axelrod alan p denard converted islam prevailing religion comoros took advantage


chief staff ibrahim pasha son ''vali'' favorite general muhammad ali 's mercenaries created mass conscript army trained fight western style together schools training egyptian officers factories manufacturing western style weapons ''vali'' wish dependent upon imported arms muhammad ali 's grandson ismail magnificent ruled khedive egypt recruited mercenaries large scale napoleon iii made unfavorable arbitration ruling share royalties


newly opened suez canal cost ismail egyptian pounds per year ismail came distrust french mercenaries began look elsewhere number italian mercenaries romolo gessi gaetamo casati andreanni somani giacomo messedaglia played prominent roles egyptian campaigns sudan ismail also recruited british mercenaries samuel baker swiss mercenaries werner munzinger ismail recruited american mercenaries command army general charles pomeroy stone formerly united states army served chief egyptian general staff


city north edsa philippines dermatologists leaders field cosmetic surgery ref name andrews james william berger timothy elston dirk ''andrews' diseases skin clinical dermatology'' th ed saunders page ref dermatologists complete fellowships surgical dermatology many trained residency use botulinum toxin fillers laser surgery dermatologists perform cosmetic procedures including liposuction blepharoplasty face lifts dermatologists limit cosmetic practice minimally invasive procedures despite absence formal guidelines american board dermatology many cosmetic fellowships offered

Applied science
Medicine and health
Dermatology


e mohs procedure defined type ccpdma processing physicians trained technique must comfortable pathology surgery dermatologists receive extensive training residency physicians perform mohs surgery receive training specialized technique dermatology residency many seek additional training either formal preceptorships become fellows american society mohs surgery one year mohs surgery fellowship training programs administered american college mohs surgery american board dermatology abd received approval american


uses patch testing contact dermatitis systemic therapies include antibiotics immunomodulators novel injectable products topical therapies use many numerous products compounds used topically dermatologic pharmacology categorized based anatomical therapeutic chemical atc classification system specifically atc code see also cutaneous condition history dermatology list cutaneous conditions list dermatologists centro studi gised references external links


possess landscape architect license called landscape architect definition landscape architecture landscape architecture multi disciplinary field incorporating aspects urban design architecture geography ecology civil engineering structural engineering horticulture environmental psychology industrial design soil sciences botany fine arts activities landscape architect range creation public parks parkways site planning campuses corporate office parks design residential estates design civil infrastructure management large wilderness areas reclamation degraded landscapes mines

Applied science
Architecture and design
Landscape architecture


relate practical problems landscape work projects range site surveys ecological assessment broad areas planning management purposes may also report impact development importance particular species given area landscape planners concerned landscape planning location scenic ecological recreational aspects urban rural coastal land use work embodied written statements policy strategy remit includes master planning new developments landscape evaluations assessments preparing countryside management policy plans


ggn piet oudolf file high line park new second sectionjpg high line second section repurposed area new york city united states file madrid parque madrid rio solsticio view panoramiojpg parque madrid rio formal use water madrid spain file schouwburgplein rotterdam dscf jpg schouwburgplein urban park rotterdam netherlands file memorial parkjpg memorial park memorial park new york city united states gallery see also energy efficient landscape design environmental graphic design green roof hard landscape materials landscape architecture design competitions landscape detailing landscape painting landscape engineering landscape products landscape urbanism list landscape architects list schools


image editing image restoration independent component analysis linear filtering neural networks partial differential equations pixelation point feature matching principal components analysis self organizing maps wavelets digital image transformations filtering digital filters used blur sharpen digital images filtering performed convolution specifically designed kernels filter array spatial domain ref name ref masking specific frequency regions frequency fourier domain following examples show methods ref name gonzalez ref class wikitable filter type kernel mask example '''original image''' align center math begin bmatrix

Formal science
Computer science
Computer graphics
Image processing


col halfw c halfw row halfh r halfh dpointd row halfh dpointu row halfh dpointl col halfw dpointr col halfw dneighbor dil image dpointd dpointu dpointl dpointr filter dneighbor se extractmax row col max filter end end imwrite extractmax scene diljpg end syntaxhighlight denoising picture dilation method '''erosion''' align center math begin bmatrix end bmatrix math use matlab erosion syntaxhighlight lang matlab imwrite image 'scene erojpg' extractmin


extract minimum window row range image height column range image width fill minimum value zero matrix save new image boundary still improved since method boundary ignored padding elements applied deal boundaries erosion take dilation image input create zero matrix size original image erosion structuring window structuring window matrix convolution loop


floor math tfrac math '''gray level histogram method''' generally given gray level histogram image changing histogram uniform distribution image usually called histogram equalization figure figure discrete time area gray level histogram math sum k h p math see figure area uniform distribution math sum k g q math see figure 's clear area wo n't change math sum k h p sum k g q math uniform distribution probability math q math math tfrac n q k q math math k math continuous time


feasible plan upcoming year process begins facilitation board see announces list indicative prices final consumer good well capital good natural resource category labor available society indicative prices calculated reflect estimated opportunity costs producing various goods services incorporate social costs pollution impacts response list prices individuals draft annual consumption plan goods services wish consume coming year also meet neighborhood councils

Social science
Economics
Participatory economics


societies show peoples' daily needs cannot established well advance simply asking people want ref name fotopoulos albert hahnel note markets hardly adjust prices instantaneously suggest participatory economy facilitation boards could modify prices regular basis according hahnel act according democratically decided guidelines composed members regions impossible bribe due parecon 's non transferable currency ref name robin hahnel p michael albert robin hahnel looking forward pp ref however takis fotopoulos argues kind economic organisation based


reconstruction th century naval architect 's office aberdeen maritime museum ''tahitian princess'' rshavn faroe islands august general course study leading naval architecture degree '''naval architecture''' '''naval engineering''' engineering discipline incorporating elements mechanical electrical electronic software safety engineering applied engineering design process shipbuilding maintenance operation marine vessels structures naval architecture involves basic applied research design development design evaluation classification calculations stages life marine vehicle preliminary design vessel detailed design construction trials operation

Applied science
Military sciences
Naval science
Naval architecture


floating body degrees freedom movements categorized either rotation translation fore aft translation termed surge transverse translation termed sway vertical translation termed heave rotation transverse axis termed trim pitch rotation fore aft axis termed heel roll rotation vertical axis termed yaw longitudinal stability longitudinal inclinations stability depends upon distance center gravity longitudinal meta center words basis ship maintains center gravity


cases must generally pursued within three years suits cruise lines may need brought within one year limitations contained passenger ticket notice requirements ticket may require formal notice brought within six months injury us cruise line passenger tickets also provisions requiring suit brought either miami seattle england case ''adler v dickson himalaya '' allowed shipping line escape liability bosun 's negligence resulted passenger injured since


refinements side scanning sonars many ships previously missing located treasure salvage less risky endeavor past although still highly speculative expensive international conventions prior mid international conventions concerning maritime trade commerce originated private organization maritime lawyers known comit maritime international international maritime committee cmi founded cmi responsible drafting numerous international conventions including hague rules international convention bills lading visby amendments


amending hague rules salvage convention many others cmi continues function advisory capacity many functions taken international maritime organization established united nations become truly effective imo prepared numerous international conventions concerning maritime safety including international convention safety life sea solas standards training certification watchkeeping stcw international regulations preventing collisions sea collision regulations colregs maritime pollution regulations


signatory nations either port state control national courts cases within ambit european union 's emsa may heard cjeu luxembourg contrast disputes involving law sea may resolved itlos hamburg provided parties signatories unclos piracy throughout history piracy defined ''hostis humani generis'' enemy mankind flag state normally jurisdiction ship high seas universal jurisdiction case piracy means nation may


law state doctrine known reverse erie doctrine erie doctrine requires federal courts hearing state actions must apply substantive state law reverse erie doctrine requires state courts hearing admiralty cases apply substantive federal admiralty law however state courts allowed apply state procedural law change significant features us admiralty law cargo claims claims damage cargo shipped international commerce governed carriage goods sea act cogsa us enactment hague rules one key


'''commercial law''' also known '''mercantile law''' '''trade law''' body law applies rights relations conduct persons business engaged commerce merchandising trade sales ref name cornellcommerciallaw ref often considered branch civil law deals issues private law public law commercial law includes within compass titles principal agent carriage land sea merchant shipping guarantee marine fire life accident insurance bills exchange negotiable instruments contracts partnership many categories fall within financial

Humanities
Law
Legal management
Commercial law


financially lucrative trade brought valuable spice europe far east including india china roman commerce allowed empire flourish endure latter roman republic pax romana roman empire produced stable secure transportation network enabled shipment trade goods without fear significant piracy rome become sole effective sea power mediterranean conquest egypt near east ancient greece hermes god trade commerce weights measures romans ''mercurius'' also god merchants whose


example director operations logistics officer working similar problems furthermore term supply chain management originally referred among issues integrated vision production logistics point origin point production terms may suffer semantic change side effect advertising logistics activities fields '''inbound logistics''' one primary processes logistics concentrating purchasing arranging inbound movement materials parts unfinished inventory suppliers manufacturing assembly plants warehouses retail stores '''outbound logistics'''

Applied science
Military sciences
Logistics


loading units sorting assembling items based destination package formation weighting labeling packing order consolidation gathering packages loading units transportation control bill lading ref name autogenerated df bozutti bueno da costa r ruggeri log stica vis global e picking edufscar ref picking manual automated manual picking man goods ie operator using cart conveyor belt goods man ie operator benefiting presence mini load asrs vertical horizontal carousel automatic vertical storage system avss automatic picking done either dispensers


depalletizing robots sorting done manually carts conveyor belts automatically sorters transportation cargo ie merchandise transported moved variety transportation means organized different shipment categories unit loads usually assembled higher standardized units iso containers swap bodies semi trailers especially long distances product transportation likely benefit using different transportation means multimodal transport intermodal transport handling combined transport minimal road transport moving cargo typical constraints maximum weight volume operators involved transportation include


orchestrators supply chains create sustain competitive advantage thus bringing new levels logistics outsourcing concept '''fourth party logistics''' pl provider first defined andersen consulting accenture integrator assembles resources planning capabilities technology organization organizations design build run comprehensive supply chain solutions whereas third party logistics pl service provider targets single function pl targets management entire process described pl general contractor manages pls truckers forwarders custom house agents


others essentially taking responsibility complete process customer horizontal alliances logistics service providers horizontal business alliances often occur logistics service providers ie cooperation two logistics companies potentially competing ref name rauewieland ref horizontal alliance partners benefit twofold one hand access tangible resources directly exploitable example extending common transportation networks warehouse infrastructure ability provide complex service packages achieved combining resources hand partners access intangible resources


prague business terms human activities impact environment systems engineering


law system rules divided primary rules conduct secondary ones rules addressed officials administer primary rules secondary rules divided rules adjudication resolve legal disputes rules change allowing laws varied rule recognition allowing laws identified valid two hart 's students continued debate book ''law 's empire'' ronald dworkin attacked hart positivists refusal treat law moral issue dworkin argues law interpretive concept ref name dworkin law 's empire requires


judges find best fitting solution legal dispute given constitutional traditions joseph raz hand defended positivist outlook criticised hart 's soft social thesis approach ''the authority law'' ref name jra raz ''the authority law'' ref raz argues law authority identifiable purely social sources without reference moral reasoning view categorisation rules beyond role authoritative instruments mediation best left sociology rather jurisprudence history king hammurabi revealed code laws mesopotamian


split chiang kai shek 's nationalists fled mao zedong 's communists control mainland current legal infrastructure people 's republic china heavily influenced soviet socialist law essentially inflates administrative law expense private law rights due rapid industrialisation today china undergoing process reform least terms economic social political rights new contract code represented move away administrative domination furthermore negotiations lasting fifteen years china joined


mainly contained body law jurisprudence known sharia fiqh respectively another example torah old testament pentateuch five books moses contains basic code jewish law israeli communities choose use halakha code jewish law summarizes talmud 's interpretations nevertheless israeli law allows litigants use religious laws choose canon law use members catholic church eastern orthodox church anglican communion canon law ''corpus


amendments proposed different political factions country entrenched constitution special majority changes constitution may required making changes law difficult government usually leads process formed members parliament eg uk germany however presidential system government usually formed executive appointed cabinet officials eg united states brazil executive g meetings composed representatives country 's executive branch executive legal system serves


name w state usually help police takes lead prosecution common law countries cases cited ''the people'' v ''r'' rex regina v also lay juries often used determine guilt defendants points fact juries cannot change legal rules developed countries still condone capital punishment criminal activity normal punishment crime imprisonment fines state supervision probation community service modern criminal law affected considerably social sciences especially


surroundings equity trusts court chancery london england early th century equity body rules developed england separately common law common law administered judges barristers lord chancellor hand king 's keeper conscience could overrule judge made law thought equitable meant equity came operate principles rigid rules whereas neither common law civil law systems allow people split ownership control one piece property


seen sub discipline sociology ties academic discipline law equally strong best seen transdisciplinary multidisciplinary study focused theorisation empirical study legal practices experiences social phenomena united states field usually called law society studies europe often referred socio legal studies first jurists legal philosophers suspicious sociology law kelsen attacked one founders eugen ehrlich sought make clear differences connections positive law


cambridge university press pp ref ref name rafferty p rafferty john p ''geological sciences geology landforms minerals rocks'' new york britannica educational publishing pp ref furthermore promoted theory gradual climate change centuries time ancient petrified bamboos found preserved underground dry northern climate zone ''yanzhou'' modern day yan'an shaanxi province ref name nj ref name rafferty p rafferty john p ''geological sciences geology landforms minerals rocks'' new york britannica educational publishing p ref previous chinese authors also presented ideas changing landforms scholar official du

Social science
Geography
Physical geography
Geomorphology


geomorphology seems first used laumann work written german keith tinkler suggested word came general use english german french john wesley powell w j mcgee used international geological conference john edward marr scientific study scenery considered book 'an introductory treatise geomorphology subject sprung union geology geography' early popular geomorphic model ''geographical cycle'' ''cycle erosion'' model broad scale landscape evolution developed


land surface lava tephra releasing pyroclastic material forcing rivers new paths cones built eruptions also build substantial new topography acted upon surface processes plutonic rocks intruding solidifying depth cause uplift subsidence surface depending whether new material denser less dense rock displaces tectonic processes tectonic effects geomorphology range scales millions years minutes less effects tectonics landscape heavily dependent nature underlying


treasure laden ships along bronze coins reign ptolemy ii pottery dating back third fourth centuries bc found sunken city heracleion investigations conducted egyptian european divers led underwater archaeologist franck goddio also uncovered ruins city 's main temple egypt 's north coast september archaeologists announced discovery year old temple believed belong ptolemy iv philosopher ptolemaic kingdom kom shakau village tama township researchers also revealed limestone walls carved inscriptions hapi

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Egyptology