ethicists use reason philosophy natural law social sciences bible formulate modern interpretations principles christian ethics applies areas personal societal ethics originating early christianity ad christian ethics continued develop middle ages rediscovery aristotle led scholasticism writings thomas aquinas reformation fifteenth sixteenth centuries subsequent counter reformation christian humanism heavily impacted christian ethics particularly political economic teachings branch christian theology history christian ethics


civil government sphere influence ref name wogaman using natural law old testament covenant model reformation theology ethics calvin provided grassroots federal theology used nations churches struggling justice liberty reformers contributed ideas popular sovereignty asserting human beings subjects state members state ref name wogaman reformation protestant christians pioneered ethics religious toleration religious freedom ref name scribner ref protestants also valued virtue ethics reformation aristotle 's nicomachean ethics continued main authority


reformation even whether would taken form ref name wogaman roman catholic church th century responded reformation protestantism three ways ref name humanities first counter reformation began pope paul iii secondly new monastic orders grew response challenges protestantism presented influential new orders order jesuits ref name humanities jesuits' commitment education put forefront many colonial missions ref name humanities third response council trent council asserted


something say nature existence ref name jaco gericke ref according rolf knierim bible 's metaphysic dynamistic ontology says reality ongoing dynamic process ref name jaco gericke view god gives universe basic order formal statistical patterns generally referred ''natural laws'' also allows develop organically minimum interference ref name rem b edwards ref according roger e olson christian view nature reality also called biblical theism biblical personalism belief ultimate reality personal god acts shows


persons created sense god sensus divinitatis even sense apparent person sin still prompt believe live life faith means belief god may seen properly ''basic'' belief similar basic human beliefs belief persons exist world exists believe exist basic belief plantinga calls warranted belief even absence evidence ref name taliaferro paul moser argues volitional epistemology systematically


divine views sexuality early church diverse fiercely debated within various communities continues contemporary christian ethics variety views issues sexual orientation homosexuality many christian denominations vary condemning homosexual acts sinful divided issue seeing morally acceptable even within denomination individuals groups may hold different views members denomination necessarily support church 's views homosexuality ref name referenceb ref applied ethics politics christian involvement politics


personality ref name luthardt demonstrated focus relationship primary concern christian ethics ref name kieran cronin ref neighbors ''the good samaritan'' harold copping traditional christian ethics recognizes command love thy neighbor one two primary commands called greatest commands jesus ref name wayne grudem ref reflects attitude aims promoting another person 's good stanley j grenz calls enlightened unselfishness ref name stanley j grenz ref pharisee asked jesus neighbor luke grenz says questioner intended limit circle


effort abolitionists reformers supporters slavery using christian ethics justify relative positions ref name herbert klein racial violence last decades twentieth century early decades twenty first demonstrate troubled issues involving race remain ref name paul harvey ref paul harvey says religious power civil rights movement transformed american conception race ref name paul harvey social power religious right responded recapturing recasting many evangelical concepts political terms including support racial separation ref name paul harvey since


seeks harmony god 's redeeming activity christ includes confidence god 's ability sustain direct put trust ref name stanley rudman alcohol addiction marriage cana les noces de cana james tissot th century christian ethic concerning alcohol fluctuated one generation next nineteenth century largest proportion christians denominations resolved remain alcohol free true contemporary christians including pentecostals baptists methodists continue believe one ought abstain alcohol majority


heal harm ref name ref christian ethics responses assisted suicide rooted belief personal autonomy love ref name rae cox remains problematic arguments commonly used defend pas concepts justice mercy described minimalist understanding terms minimal concept justice respects autonomy protects individual rights attempts guarantee individual right act according preferences humans fully independent autonomous humans live community others minimalist view


mind ''santosha'' contentment acceptance circumstances optimism ''tapas'' perseverance meditation austerity ''swadhyaya'' lifelong learning ''pranidhan'' right attitude contemplation ref name ah ethical life hinduism essential liberated life one without craving one content attained knowledge abstaining evil hindu literature variously discuss ethics one four topics ''gunas'' inner tendencies conduct found every individual large measure psychology ''purushartha'' proper aims life every individual self development happiness dharma artha kama moksha ''ashramas'' ethics


individual different periods one 's lifetime ethical expectations child distinguished adults old age ''varnasramas'' ethics conduct every individual relation society ref name agw ancient literature foundation various hindu traditions primarily discuss first three last attracted greater attention since th century early th century literature wondered ethics ever serious topic study hinduism ref name wfg william f goodwin ethics value indian philosophy philosophy east west vol jan pp


broken give refuses silence occupied thought looking admonition command right islam way life work isolation business practice example muslims call adhere good business ethical values cheat charge interests buyers research also observed islamic religiosity influences work ethics business ethics jain ethics nishidhi stone depicting vow ' 'sallekhana'' th century karnataka jainism


name bowker taoist ethics laozi lao tzu taoist daoist authors argued even greater passivity part rulers confucians laozi lao tzu ideal ruler one virtually nothing directly identified ruling clearly daoism confucianism presume human nature basically good main branch confucianism however argues human nature must nurtured ritual ''li'' culture ''wen'' things daoists taoists argued trappings society gotten rid taoist


intention inventing new field study ref name ref baas becking 's understanding geobiology heavily influenced predecessors including martinus beyerinck teacher dutch school microbiology others included vladimir vernadsky argued life changes surface environment earth biosphere book sergei vinogradsky famous discovering lithotrophic bacteria first laboratory officially dedicated study geobiology baas becking geobiological laboratory australia opened doors ref name however took another years geobiology become

Social science
Geography
Physical geography
Geobiology


name butterfield ref important concepts geobiology founded upon core concepts unite study earth life many aspects studying past present interactions life earth unclear several important ideas concepts provide basis knowledge geobiology serve platform posing researchable questions including evolution life planet co evolution two genetics historical functional standpoint metabolic diversity life sedimentological preservation past life origin life


fight including dealing plunder enslavement enemy women children forbidding destruction fruit bearing trees sun tzu sun tzu 's ''the art war'' written approximately bc listed five basic factors commander consider moral law discipline unity command heaven weather factors earth terrain commander method discipline included logistics supply however sun tzu implied individual initiative principle warfare stating according circumstances favorable one modify one 's plans napol bonaparte since first appearance english

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Principles of war


guide many military organizations focus thinking military commanders political leaders toward concepts methods successful prosecution wars smaller military operations although originally concerned strategy grand strategy tactics due changing nature warfare military technology since interwar period principles largely applied strategic decision making cases operational mobility forces carl von clausewitz principles war identified carl von clausewitz essay ''principles war'' later enlarged book ''on war'' influential


forces concentrated main point attack lines communication takes effect slowly victory field battle bears fruit immediately strategy therefore side surrounded enemy better side surrounds opponent especially equal even weaker forces cut enemy 's line retreat however strategic envelopment turning movement effective physically morally superior stores supplies whose preservation operations absolutely depend provisioning troops necessary condition warfare thus


judicious exploitation manpower materiel time relation achievement objectives '''flexibility''' ability change readily meet new circumstances nbsp comprises agility responsiveness resilience acuity adaptability '''cooperation''' cooperation entails incorporation teamwork sharing dangers burdens risks opportunities every aspect warfare '''sustainability''' sustain force generate means fighting power freedom action maintained principles war commonly used armed forces commonwealth countries australia soviet union russia soviet adoption


principles war considered part military art therefore system knowledge blockquote theory practice preparing conducting military operations land sea air blockquote includes following principles high combat readiness surprise decisiveness active seeking secure initiative full use means combat coordination interaction types branches decisive concentration simultaneous attack depth full use morale political factor firm continuous command control inexorability decisiveness mission security


expected directly supervise subordinates detailed manner order ensure compliance ''steadfastness'' nbsp subordinate commanders carry spirit letter plan ''security'' nbsp security complements surprise aspects security deception secrecy severe discipline subordinates action inaction allow information fall hands vigorously carried ''logistics'' nbsp restoration reserves restoration combat capability paramount concern modern fast paced battlefield thus seen military art soviet


force ever left without purpose allocation available combat power tasks limited attacks defense delays deception even retrograde operations measured order achieve mass elsewhere decisive point time battlefield ''maneuver'' nbsp place enemy position disadvantage flexible application combat power maneuver movement forces relation enemy gain positional advantage effective maneuver keeps enemy balance protects force used exploit successes preserve freedom action


entire new market fill need sale manufacturing muskets began time frederick winslow taylor introduced stopwatch method accurately measuring time perform single task complicated job developed scientific study productivity identifying coordinate different tasks eliminate wasting time increase quality work next generation scientific study occurred development work sampling predetermined motion time systems pmts work sampling used measure random variable associated

Applied science
Business
Operations management


prototypical example english industrial revolution first industrial revolution work mainly done two systems domestic system craft guilds domestic system merchants took materials homes artisans performed necessary work craft guilds hand associations artisans passed work one shop another example leather tanned tanner passed curriers finally arrived shoemakers saddlers beginning industrial revolution usually associated th century english textile industry invention flying shuttle john kay


management characterized scientific management also known taylorism development true science scientific selection worker scientific education development worker intimate friendly cooperation management workers taylor also credited developing stopwatch time study combined frank lillian gilbreth motion study gave way time motion study centered concepts standard method standard time frank gilbreth also responsible introducing flow process chart contemporaries taylor worth


defined control methods time measurement mtm developed hb maynard jl schwab gj stegemerten mtm first series predetermined motion time systems predetermined sense estimates time determined loco derived industry standard explained originators book published called method time measurement point history optimization techniques known long time simple methods employed fwharris elaborate techniques calculus variations developed


first hard cover book subject ref name grubb mrp ii developed gene thomas ibm expanded original mrp software include additional production functions enterprise resource planning erp modern software architecture addresses besides production operations distribution accounting human resources procurement dramatic changes occurring service industries well beginning mcdonald 's provided one first innovations service operations mcdonald 's founded idea production line approach service requires standard limited menu assembly line type production


services purchases fast delivery forefront business customer system production delivery service distinguishes services manufacturing recent trends field revolve around concepts business process engineering launched michael hammer business management strategy focusing analysis design workflows business processes within organization bpr seeks help companies radically restructure organizations focusing ground design business processes lean systems systemic method elimination


production however may feasible set reduction standard tool achieving heijunka box capacity buffers ideally jit system would work zero breakdowns however hard achieve practice nonetheless toyota favors acquiring extra capacity extra wip deal starvation set reduction typically necessary achieve mixed model production key distinction made internal external setup internal setups eg removing die refers tasks machine working external setups completed machine running ex transporting dies


sample upper control line lower control line fixed statistic moves bounds alarm given possible causes investigated drawing statistic choice mean red points represent alarm points since real production processes always affected disturbances inputs outputs many companies implement form quality management quality control seven basic tools quality designation provides summary commonly used tools check sheets pareto charts ishikawa diagrams cause effect diagram control charts histogram scatter diagram stratification used


approaches like total quality management six sigma keeping quality control relevant increasing customer satisfaction reducing processing waste operations management textbooks usually cover demand forecasting even though strictly speaking operations problem demand related production systems variables example classic approach dimensioning safety stocks requires calculating standard deviation forecast errors demand forecasting also critical part push systems since order releases planned ahead actual clients orders also serious discussion capacity planning involves adjusting company outputs


thousands years art upper paleolithic includes figurative art beginning years ago non figurative cave paintings consisting hand stencils simple geometric shapes even older paleolithic cave representations animals found areas lascaux france altamira spain europe maros sulawesi asia gabarnmung australia ancient egypt ink drawings papyrus often depicting people used models painting sculpture drawings greek vases initially geometric later developed human form black figure pottery th century bc paper becoming


used opposed western woodcut uses oil based inks allowing wide range vivid color glazes color transparency photography photography process making pictures means action light light patterns reflected emitted objects recorded onto sensitive medium storage chip timed exposure process done mechanical shutters electronically timed exposure photons chemical processing digitizing devices known cameras word comes greek ''phos'' light ''graphis'' stylus paintbrush ''graph '' together meaning drawing


timeline metropolitan museum art arts type communication design visual arts media


petrochemical industry olefins ie mainly ethylene propylene called c derivatives including butadiene aromatics called distinctive perfumed smell ie mainly benzene toluene xylenes petrochemicals go various processes eventually contribute final output products like plastics soaps detergents healthcare products like aspirin synthetic fibres clothes furniture rubbers paints insulating materials etc references external links chemistry petroleum natural gas

Natural science
Chemistry
Petrochemistry


considered fundamental component human culture behavior cultures around world different approaches music education largely due varying histories politics studies show teaching music cultures help students perceive unfamiliar sounds comfortably also show musical preference related language spoken listener sounds exposed within culture th century many distinctive approaches developed refined teaching music widespread impact dalcroze method

Humanities
Performing arts
Music
Music education


music history technique classes private instruction specific instrument ensemble participation depth observations experienced educators music education departments north american european universities also support interdisciplinary research areas music psychology music education historiography educational ethnomusicology sociomusicology philosophy education study western art music increasingly common music education outside north america europe including asian nations south korea japan china time western universities colleges widening curriculum include music outside western art music canon including music


dalcroze method mile jaques dalcroze dalcroze method developed early th century swiss musician educator mile jaques dalcroze method divided three fundamental concepts use solf ge improvisation eurhythmics sometimes referred rhythmic gymnastics eurhythmics teaches concepts rhythm structure musical expression using movement concept dalcroze best known focuses allowing student gain physical awareness experience music training engages senses particularly kinesthetic according dalcroze method music fundamental language


foundation notable methods addition four major international methods described approaches influential lesser known methods described gordon 's music learning theory edwin gordon 's music learning theory based extensive body research field testing edwin e gordon others larger field music learning theory provides music teachers comprehensive framework teaching musicianship audiation gordon 's term hearing music mind understanding comprehension sound physically present sequence instructions discrimination learning inference learning


specially planned classroom allows child learn fundamentals music exploring touch ref name madeleine popular music pedagogy students paul green school rock music performing fremont fair seattle washington 'popular music pedagogy' alternatively called rock music pedagogy modern band popular music education rock music education development music education consisting systematic teaching learning rock music forms popular music inside outside formal classroom settings popular music pedagogy tends emphasize group improvisation commonly associated


nafme keokuk iowa rise school band orchestra movement leading performance oriented school music programs growth music methods publications frances elliot clark develops promotes phonograph record libraries school use carl seashore ''measures musical talent'' music aptitude test starts testing people music middle th century st century following table illustrates notable developments period class wikitable date major event historical importance music education child 's bill rights music student centered philosophy


formally espoused menc american school band directors association formed band movement becomes organized launch sputnik increased curricular focus science math technology less emphasis music education contemporary music project purpose project make contemporary music relevant children placing quality composers performers learning environment leads comprehensive musicianship movement american choral directors association formed choral movement becomes organized yale


murdered ref name many examples show originality creativity modern latin american music cross cultural music education music languages sounds exposed within cultures determine tastes music affect way perceive music cultures many studies shown distinct differences preferences abilities musicians around world one study attempted view distinctions musical preferences english japanese speakers providing groups people series tones


rhythms type study done english french speakers studies suggested language spoken listener determined groupings tones rhythms appealing based inflections natural rhythm groupings language ref name psychologytodaycom ref another study europeans africans try tap along certain rhythms european rhythms regular built simple ratios african rhythms typically based irregular ratios groups people could perform rhythms european qualities european group struggled african rhythms


ubiquity complex polyrhythm african culture familiarity type sound ref name psychologytodaycom culture musical qualities appeals incorporating cross cultural curricula music classrooms help teach students better perceive music cultures studies show learning sing folk songs popular music cultures effective way understand culture opposed merely learning music classrooms discuss musical qualities incorporate styles cultures brazilian roots bossa nova afro cuban


shown improve skills dyslexic children similar areas mentioned earlier focusing visual auditory fine motor skills strategies combat disability since research area sparse cannot convincingly conclude findings true however results research done show positive impact students learning difficulties diagnosed research need done positive engaging way bringing music classroom cannot forgotten students generally show positive reaction form


area music teachers feel must actively seek greater public endorsement music education legitimate subject study perceived need change public opinion resulted development variety approaches commonly called music advocacy music advocacy comes many forms based upon legitimate scholarly arguments scientific findings examples controversially rely emotion anecdotes unconvincing data recent high profile music advocacy projects include mozart effect national anthem project movement world music pedagogy also known cultural diversity


ellen winner conclude arts advocates made bogus claims detriment defending study music research debunking claims music education improves math example ref name david j david j elliot marissa silverman music matters philosophy music education new york oxford university press ref researchers glenn schellenberg eugenia costa giomi also criticize advocates incorrectly associating correlation causation giomi pointing strong relationship music participation academic achievement ''causal'' nature relationship questionable ref name david j philosophers david elliott marissa silverman suggest


guide brain new york pantheon books rauscher fh et al music spatial task performance causal relationship university california irvine seashore carl measurement musical talent new york g schirmer seashore carl psychology musical talent boston new york etc silver burdett company seashore carl approaches science music speech iowa city university seashore carl http vlpmpiwg berlinmpgde library data lit psychology music new york london mcgraw hill book company inc schippers huib facing music new york oxford university press weinberger norm impact


cobalamin bacteria measurement radioactivity isolated cobalamin shown bacteria convert available cobalt methylcobalamin medicine pet positron emission tomography scans commonly used diagnostic purposes radiative tracer injected intravenously patient taken pet machine radioactive tracer releases radiation outward patient cameras machine interpret radiation rays tracer pet scan machines use solid state scintillation detection high detection efficiency nai tl crystals absorb tracers radiation produce photons

Natural science
Chemistry
Radiochemistry


subdivided academic clinical sub specialties although reality fluid continuum '''public health microbiology''' '''clinical microbiology''' state art clinical laboratories depends continual improvements academic medicine research laboratories history anton van leeuwenhoek first observe microorganisms using microscope anton van leeuwenhoek observed bacteria microorganisms using single lens microscope design edward jenner developed method using cowpox successfully immunize child smallpox principles used developing vaccines today following

Applied science
Medicine and health
Clinical laboratory sciences
Clinical microbiology


mixture nutrients salts agar single microbe agar plate grow colonies clones cells identical containing thousands cells primarily used culture bacteria fungi liquid culture cells grown inside liquid media microbial growth determined time taken liquid form colloidal suspension technique used diagnosing parasites detecting mycobacteria ref name ller ref cell culture human animal cell cultures infected microbe interest cultures observed determine effect microbe


higher number acute stressors mothers well chronic stress mother child relationship age increased levels maternal stress mother child relationship stress age predicted higher levels maternal depression youth years old ref name raposa looking closely data authors found chronic stress mother child relationship child related acute stressors linchpins child psychopathology maternal depression stress fueled fires mother child mental health

Social science
Psychology
Psychopathology
Child psychopathology


children sensitive pathological familial environments thus showing high stress environment maternal depression older male sibling depression anti social behavior higher risk female children developing psychopathological disorders ref name compton ref small study research needs done especially older female children paternal relationships maternal paternal child stress relationships caregiver child stress relationships child orphaned raised biological child reach conclusive child parent stress model effects familial environmental pathology child 's development


published ref name mm foerster 's cybernetics cybernetics ref name hvf book developed course option biological computer laboratory bcl cybernetic texts analysed according principles put forward sense second order cybernetics considered conscience ref name rg cybernetics attending subject 's consistency clarity generally second order cybernetics reflexive practice cybernetics cyberneticians understand participants part systems study act taking second order position whether termed

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Cybernetics
Second-order cybernetics


scientific https doiorg ref would come called second order qualities evident work cyberneticians warren mcculloch ref name su gregory bateson ref name rg foerster mead macy conference participants instigators second order cybernetics mead bateson instance noted wiener understood participant observers contrast detached input output approach typical engineering ref name brand sense second order cybernetics thought distinct tradition within cybernetics developed along different lines narrower framing


departure become actor oriented observer dependent summary new sociocybernetics much subjective uses sociological approach classical cybernetics approach emphasis control new approach distinct emphasis steering decisions furthermore seen constituting reconceptualization many concepts often routinely accepted without challenge ref name kb applications influence others associated influenced second order cybernetics include henri atlan biophysicist influenced foerster stewart brand associated bateson foerster proceeds brand 's whole


earth catalogue funded publication foerster 's cybernetics cybernetics book nicholas negroponte whose architecture machine group pask worked consultant william irwin thompson areas application include artificial neural networks ref name lf luciano floridi ''the blackwell guide philosophy computing information'' pp ref living systems new robotic approaches ref name lf reflexive understanding political communication social dimensions cognitive science sustainable development ref name loet leydesdorff ''a sociological theory communication self organization knowledge based society'' http wwwupublishcom leydesdorffhtm universal publishers upublishcom p ref symbolic artificial intelligence ref name lf systemic


recent discipline physics ref name ref application mathematics psychology done hope emulating success approach physical sciences dates back least seventeenth century mathematics psychology used extensively roughly two areas one mathematical modeling psychological theories experimental phenomena leads mathematical psychology statistical approach quantitative measurement practices psychology leads psychometrics ref name quantification behavior fundamental endeavor theory measurement central

Social science
Psychology
Mathematical psychology


guiding principle assuming human brain evolved solve problems optimized way central themes cognitive psychology eg limited vs unlimited processing capacity serial vs parallel processing implications central rigorous analysis mathematical psychology mathematical psychologists active many fields psychology especially psychophysics sensation perception problem solving decision making learning memory language quantitative analysis behavior contribute work subareas psychology clinical psychology social psychology educational psychology psychology music history ernst heinrich weber gustav fechner


europe ''australasian mathematical psychology'' conference see also computational cognition outline psychology psychological statistics quantitative psychology references external links https bpspsychubonlinelibrarywileycom journal ''british journal mathematical statistical psychology'' https webarchiveorg web http smaunilu empg european mathematical psychology group https wwwjournalselseviercom journal mathematical psychology ''journal mathematical psychology'' https webarchiveorg web http wwwmathpsycuni bonnde tutorialshtm online tutorials mathematical psychology open distance learning initiative university bonn http mathpsychorg society mathematical psychology branches psychology applied mathematics


game design possibilities technologies field game design different characteristics types software industries consider prototyping game design different category need new perspective ref name ref testing game testing major part game development testing players play game provide feedback gameplay usability components screen elements clarity goals rules ease learning enjoyment game developer developer revises design components presentation rules testing later testing may take

Human physical performance and recreation


like printers facilitating production game pieces board game prototypes modern adaptation figure games miniature wargames like ''warhammer '' card games card games include games cards custom tailored game many modern games well whose design constricted type deck cards like tarot four suited latin decks card games played fun go fish gambling games poker asian cultures special sets tiles serve function cards


video game design human computer interaction ref name pippinbarrcom ref game feel war games h g wells playing ''little wars'' first military war games kriegsspiel designed prussia th century train staff officers ref name krieg ref also played hobby entertainment modern war games designed test doctrines strategies tactics full scale exercises opposing forces venues like ntc jrtc jmrc involving nato countries see also gamification play activity video game design notes references reading baur wolfgang ''complete kobold guide game design'' open design llc


map showing earth 's land areas shades green yellow land bodies water point reyes national seashore california '''land''' solid surface earth permanently submerged water land situated elevations sea level variable geologic time frames consists mainly crustal components rock sand soil sometimes ice vast majority human activity throughout history occurred land areas support agriculture habitat various natural resources life forms including terrestrial plants terrestrial animals developed

Applied science
Military sciences
Battlespace
Land


begun demarcation lines vary due tides weather reference business terminology land also associated factor production well land first factor production income profit earned help land treated rent etymology terminology word ''land'' derived old english 'ground soil' also 'definite portion earth 's surface home region person people territory marked political boundaries' evolved proto germanic proto indo european 'land open land


moon short distance one another cosmology encyclopedia americana grolier online author giorgio abetti astrophysical observatory arcetri firenze ref ref group note earth usually described disk encircled water cosmological metaphysical speculations cultivated public committed writing rather considered secrets torah passed sundry ketubot study god 's creation prohibited speculations beneath mishnah hagigah


composition still fully understood study wiktorowicz et al ruled possibility water ocean existing neptune ref name wiktorowiczingersoll ref though studies suggested exotic oceans liquid diamond possible ref name silvera ref entire surface rocky planet moon considered land even lack seas oceans contrast planetary bodies thin atmosphere often land marked impact craters since atmospheric conditions would normally break incoming objects erode rough impact sites land planetary bodies earth


recognition values overtly taken account realistic systems paradigm contrary mechanism still widely used modelling behavior natural systems central text approach midgley 's book ''systemic intervention philosophy methodology practice'' approach called critical systems thinking critical sense reflective major focus university hull 's centre systems studies midgley director rousseau value realism fourth development initiated david rousseau grounded concern

Humanities
Philosophy
Applied philosophy
Systems philosophy


survive despite changes evolving environment call ' 'systems'' way ervin laszlo accommodated intrinsic continuity cosmos understood plenum insisting contained real systems whose properties emerge inherent dynamics universe although solving social problems means taking social norms perspectives account systems philosophy proposes problems proper solution real systems alexander laszlo pointed natural systems complex interacting parts interrelated way interactions sustain boundary maintaining entity


'''earthquake engineering''' interdisciplinary branch engineering designs analyzes structures buildings bridges earthquakes mind overall goal make structures resistant earthquakes earthquake seismic engineer aims construct structures damaged minor shaking avoid serious damage collapse major earthquake earthquake engineering scientific field concerned protecting society natural environment man made environment earthquakes limiting seismic risk socio economically acceptable levels ref name bozorgnia ref traditionally narrowly defined

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Civil Engineering
Earthquake engineering


earthquake exposure expectations compliance building codes ref name seismicdesigncodes ref properly engineered structure necessarily extremely strong expensive properly designed withstand seismic effects sustaining acceptable level damage shake table crash testing regular building model left base isolated building model right ucsd seismic loading tokyo skytree equipped tuned mass damper world 's tallest tower world 's second tallest structure '''seismic loading''' means application earthquake generated excitation structure geo structure


verifying analysis methods thus properly validated computational models numerical procedures tend carry major burden seismic performance assessment structures analytical numerical assessment snapshot shake table video story non ductile concrete building destructive testing '''seismic performance assessment''' seismic structural analysis powerful tool earthquake engineering utilizes detailed modelling structure together methods structural analysis gain better understanding seismic performance building non building structures technique formal concept relatively recent development general seismic structural analysis based


non linear soil structure interaction computer models basically numerical analysis conducted order evaluate seismic performance buildings performance evaluations generally carried using nonlinear static pushover analysis nonlinear time history analysis analyses essential achieve accurate non linear modeling structural components beams columns beam column joints shear walls etc thus experimental results play important role determining modeling parameters individual components especially subject significant non linear deformations individual components assembled create full non linear model structure thus created


provide better reliable seismic performance conventional structure increasing dissipation seismic input energy five major groups hysteretic dampers used purpose namely '''fluid viscous dampers fvds ''' viscous dampers benefit supplemental damping system oval hysteretic loop damping velocity dependent minor maintenance potentially required viscous dampers generally need replaced earthquake expensive damping technologies used seismic wind loads


commonly used hysteretic damper '''friction dampers fds ''' friction dampers tend available two major types linear rotational dissipate energy heat damper operates principle coulomb damper depending design friction dampers experience stick slip phenomenon cold welding main disadvantage friction surfaces wear time reason recommended dissipating wind loads used seismic applications wear problem required maintenance rectangular hysteretic loop long


roof floor systems soft story collapse due inadequate shear strength ground level loma prieta earthquake '''soft story effect''' absence adequate stiffness ground level caused damage structure close examination image reveals rough board siding covered brick veneer completely dismantled studwall rigidity floor combined support two hidden sides continuous walls penetrated large doors street sides preventing full collapse structure effects soil liquefaction


joints completely shattered revealing '''inadequate confinement steel''' resulted second story collapse transverse direction composite end shear walls consisting two wythes brick layer shotcrete carried lateral load peeled apart '''inadequate ties''' failed improper construction site foothill poor detailing reinforcement lack concrete confinement columns beam column joints inadequate splice length seismically weak soft story first floor long cantilevers heavy dead load whittier '''sliding foundations effect''' relatively rigid residential building structure


around thirty percent world 's population lives works earth made construction adobe type mud bricks one oldest widely used building materials use adobe common world 's hazard prone regions traditionally across latin america africa indian subcontinent parts asia middle east southern europe adobe buildings considered vulnerable strong quakes however multiple ways seismic strengthening new existing adobe buildings available key factors improved seismic performance adobe construction quality construction compact box type


layout seismic reinforcement limestone sandstone structures base isolated city county building salt lake city utah limestone common architecture especially north america europe many landmarks across world made limestone many medieval churches castles europe made limestone sandstone masonry long lasting materials rather heavy weight beneficial adequate seismic performance application modern technology seismic retrofitting enhance survivability unreinforced masonry structures example salt lake city county building


structures tv towers power stations floating storage offshore facilities nuclear reactor vessels numerous kinds bridge systems ref name prestressedconcrete ref beneficial idea ''prestressing'' apparently familiar ancient rome architects look eg tall attic wall colosseum working stabilizing device wall piers beneath steel structures collapsed section san francisco oakland bay bridge response loma prieta earthquake '''steel structures''' considered mostly earthquake resistant failures occurred great number welded steel moment resisting frame buildings looked earthquake proof surprisingly experienced brittle behavior


''impure blood'' considered one powerful serbian novels period based world town vranje place merchants landowners way together turks retreating region long struggle old serbia balkan wars petar ko well known highly lyrical prose quest independence bosnia herzegovina unification serbia ko 's play ''the badger court'' austro hungarian authorities mocked proclivity rule

Humanities
Languages and literature
Serbian Literature


vulevi ''goli otok'' dragoslav mihailovi prominent works dealing topic goli otok previously deemed undesirable controversial theme milorad pavi one widely acclaimed serbian authors notably ''dictionary khazars'' hazarski nik translated languages contemporary du kova evi wrote several plays screenplays praised public critics du kova evi biljana srbljanovi noted contemporary dramatists ljubomir simovi one chief poets second half


k stephens educational research developing countries qualitative strategies lewes falmer press higher education international perspective critical issues edited zaghloul morsy philip g altbach new york garland pub references external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwwccesnet world council comparative education societies http wwwjournalsuchicagoedu cer bibliog html general comparative international education bibliography https webarchiveorg web http nccrestedreformnet resource nccrest bibliography http wwwciesus comparative international education society cies http cesindianet comparative education society india cesi education subject philosophy education

Applied science
Education
Comparative education


argued successful counterinsurgency effort must proactive seizing initiative insurgents thompson outlines five basic principles successful counterinsurgency government must clear political aim establish maintain free independent united country politically economically stable viable government must function accordance law government must overall plan government must give priority defeating political subversion guerrilla fighters guerrilla phase insurgency government must secure base areas first ref

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Counter-insurgency


domestic political support akali omeni another writer explores trio features relevant understanding counterinsurgency akali omeni within contemporary context coin warfare african militaries tends margins theoretical debate even though africa today faced number deadly insurgencies ''counter insurgency nigeria'' omeni nigerian academic discusses interactions certain features away battlefield account battlefield performance insurgent warfare specifically omeni argues trio historical experience organisational culture oc doctrine help explain institution coin within


machiavelli nuclear age'' oxford oxford university press pp ref oil spot approach later one justifications given pentagon papers strategic hamlet program cordon search cordon search military tactic one basic counterinsurgency operations area cordoned premises searched weapons insurgents related operations cordon knock cordon kick cordon search part new doctrine called stability support operations saso technique used hard


insurgents counterinsurgency battle ideas implementation integration programs important success social political economic programs coordinated administered host nation 's leaders well successful coin warfare allows population see counterinsurgency efforts including host nation building programs war fought among people people insurgents counterinsurgents counterinsurgency utilizing strategic communications information operations successfully counterinsurgency competition ideas ideologies socio political movements


order combat insurgent ideologies one must understand values characteristics ideology religion additionally counterinsurgency efforts need understand culture insurgency resides order strategically launch information communication operations insurgent ideology religion counterinsurgency information operatives need also identify key audiences communicators public leaders know influence reach information ref name krawchuk ref information operations public diplomacy information operations achieved complete understanding culture operating counterinsurgency operations must


referendum algerian self determination meet expectations colonial officers salan formed underground organisation arm e secr te oas right wing terrorist group whose actions included assassination attempt de gaulle west africa france taken barnett 's leviathan role ref name barnett ref chad ivory coast latter two occasions significantly ref name ivory ref situation france ivory coast classic fid situation france attacked ivorian forces provoked un peacekeepers another noteworthy instance counterinsurgency west africa nigerian armed forces experience


major role rr well supported central reserve police force crpf border security force bsf indo tibetan border police itbp state government police counter insurgency jungle warfare school cijws located northeastern town vairengte indian state mizoram personnel countries united states united kingdom france russia kazakhstan tajikistan bangladesh vietnam attended school ref name dawn ref high quality graduate level training joint staff highly trained special operators camp taji phoenix academy counterinsurgency centre excellence provided


india ref name gs ref well many indian officers portugal portugal 's experience counterinsurgency resulted pacification campaigns conducted portuguese african asian colonies end th century beginning th century early portugal conducted large scale counterinsurgency operations angola portuguese guinea mozambique independentist guerrillas supported eastern bloc china well western countries although campaigns collectively known portuguese colonial war fact three different ones angolan independence war guinea bissau war


much country environment composite indicators table gdp stands gross domestic product generally taken equal gnp composite measures include pqli physical quality life index precursor hdi used infant mortality rate instead gnp per capita rated countries calculated assigning country score indicator compared countries world average three numbers makes pqli country

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Development geography


bays sea sediment usually builds bays waves weaker due wave refraction sediment carried away exposed headlands lack sediment headlands removes protection waves makes vulnerable weathering gathering sediment bays longshore drift unable remove protects bays erosion makes pleasant recreational beaches atmospheric processes onshore winds blowing beach pick sand move beach form sand dunes rain

Social science
Geography
Physical geography
Coastal geography


called bar barrier barriers come several varieties form manner similar spits usually enclose bay form lagoon join two headlands join headland mainland island joined mainland bar barrier known tombolo usually occurs due wave refraction also caused isostatic change change level land eg chesil beach see also beach erosion accretion beach evolution beach nourishment modern recession


rediscovering ancient culture developed greece rome classical period ref name stanfordedu partly need address theological problems integrate sacred doctrine secular learning history medieval philosophy traditionally divided two main periods period latin west following early middle ages th century works aristotle plato rediscovered translated studied upon golden age th th th centuries latin west witnessed culmination recovery ancient philosophy along

Humanities
History
Philosophical history
Medieval philosophy


ancient philosophers particular aristotle deference authority ''auctoritas'' obligation co ordinate insights philosophy theological teaching revelation ''concordia'' ref name gracia one heavily debated things period faith versus reason avicenna averroes leaned side reason augustine stated would never allow philosophical investigations go beyond authority god ref name kretzmann ref anselm attempted defend saw partly assault faith approach allowing faith reason augustinian solution


significant departure neoplatonic augustinian thinking dominated much early scholasticism aquinas showed possible incorporate much philosophy aristotle without falling errors commentator averroes start th century historian philosopher martin grabmann first scholar work outlines ongoing development thought scholasticism see thomas aquinas response development thought rather single coherently emerged organic whole although grabmann 's works german numerous


'rediscovery' aristotle 's metaphysics mid twelfth century many scholastics wrote commentaries work particular aquinas scotus problem universals one main problems engaged period subjects included hylomorphism development aristotelian doctrine individual things compound material form statue compound granite form sculpted existence qua causality discussion causality consisted mostly commentaries aristotle mainly physics heavens generation corruption approach


'''english studies''' usually called simply '''english''' academic discipline taught primary secondary post secondary education english speaking countries confused english taught foreign language distinct discipline involves study exploration texts created english literature english studies include study literature especially novels plays short stories poetry majority comes britain united states ireland although english language literature country may studied local national literature usually emphasized given country english composition

Humanities
Languages and literature
Linguistics
English studies


practicable protecting property maintaining restoring critical activities maintaining normal services appropriate level promoting facilitating self help affected communities facilitating investigations inquiries eg preserving scene effective records management facilitating recovery community including humanitarian assistance economic infrastructure environmental impacts evaluating response recovery effort identifying taking action implement lessons identified disaster response planning united states national fire protection association nfpa standard nfpa specify elements emergency response defined responsibilities specific actions taken must include protective

Applied science
Public administration
Disaster response


harms caused infrastructures accessibility issues exponential need medical emergency services situations use mobile phones mhealth vital especially communication infrastructures hindered conditions abundance mobile technology developing countries provide opportunity harnessed helping victims vulnerable people mobile health information technology platforms acute phase disaster response create common operational framework improves disaster response standardizing data acquisition organizing information storage facilitating communication among medical staff one challenges disaster


'''edaphology''' greek ''edaphos'' ground '' logia'' concerned influence soils living things particularly plants one two main divisions soil science pedology edaphology includes study soil influences humankind 's use land plant growth well people 's overall use land general subfields within edaphology agricultural soil science known term agrology regions environmental soil science pedology deals pedogenesis soil morphology soil classification russia edaphology considered equivalent pedology recognized

Natural science
Earth science
Edaphology


perceptible unintelligible associated flux heraclitus studied likes science reality imperceptible intelligible associated unchanging parmenides studied likes mathematics geometry main motivation plato also shows influence pythagoras forms typically described dialogues ''phaedo'' ''symposium'' ''republic'' perfect archetypes objects everyday world imperfect copies aristotle 's third man argument famous criticism antiquity ''republic'' highest form identified

Humanities
Philosophy
Philosophical traditions and schools
Platonism


athens school continued long plato 's death three periods old middle new academy chief figures old academy speusippus plato 's nephew succeeded head school bc xenocrates bc sought fuse pythagorean speculations number plato 's theory forms skeptical academy around bc arcesilaus became head academy phase known middle academy strongly emphasized philosophical skepticism characterized attacks stoics assertion


certainty truth knowledge new academy began carneades bc fourth head succession arcesilaus still largely skeptical denying possibility knowing absolute truth arcesilaus carneades argued maintaining genuine tenet plato middle platonism around bc antiochus ascalon rejected skepticism making way period known middle platonism platonism fused certain peripatetic many stoic dogmas middle platonism platonic forms transcendent immanent rational minds physical world


influence christianity clement alexandria origen ref name oxford cappadocian fathers ref name cambridge armstrong h ed cambridge history later greek early medieval philosophy cambridge ref st augustine heavily influenced platonism well encountered latin translations marius victorinus works porphyry plotinus ref name oxford platonism considered authoritative middle ages ref name oxford platonism also influenced eastern western mysticism ref name oxford ref name louth louth andrew origins christian mystical tradition plato denys oxford oxford university press ref meanwhile platonism influenced


state local level process initiatives referendums allow citizens place new legislation popular ballot place legislation recently passed legislature ballot popular vote initiatives referendums along recall elections popular primary elections signature reforms progressive era written several state constitutions particularly western states local government local governments including counties municipalities townships school districts special districts local governments directly serve needs

Social science
Political science
American politics


people providing everything police fire protection sanitary codes health regulations education public transportation housing typically local elections nonpartisan local activists suspend party affiliations campaigning governing people live cities population city governments chartered states charters detail objectives powers municipal government big cities cooperation state federal organizations essential meeting needs residents types city governments vary widely across nation however almost


elections candidates nominated political party seek public office independent state significant discretion deciding candidates nominated thus eligible appear election ballot typically major party candidates formally chosen party primary convention whereas minor party independents required complete petitioning process political parties class wikitable style font size style float right colspan american voter registration statistics br october colspan style width em party style width em registered voters style width em percentage


tell going voting result american political parties weak central organizations little central ideology except consensus party really cannot prevent person disagrees majority positions party actively works party 's aims claiming party membership long voters choose vote primary elections elect person office elected official may change parties simply declaring intent federal level two major parties national committee see democratic


republican party liberal wing became dominant democratic party presidential election heralded rise conservative wing among republicans liberal conservative wings within democratic party competitive george mcgovern 's candidacy marked triumph liberal wing similarly happened republican party candidacy later landslide election ronald reagan marked triumph conservative wing election major party largely become identified dominant political orientation strong showings reformist


influence corporations wealthy special interest groups leaving individual citizens less impact economic elites organized interest groups political process ref name gilenspage ref study political scientists martin gilens princeton university benjamin page northwestern university released april concluded us government n't represent interests majority citizens instead ruled rich powerful researchers analysing nearly us policies stated government policies tend favour special interests lobbying organizations whenever


current governmental demographics raised concerns equity political representation united states particular scholars noted levels descriptive representation refers political representatives share demographic backgrounds characteristics constituents match racial gender makeup us ref name ref descriptive representation noted beneficial symbolic representative benefits source emotional identification one 's representatives ref name ref furthermore descriptive representation lead substantive functional representation well greater institutional power result minority constituents representatives


ratio white black voters significant impact black candidate 's chance winning election large black populations tend increase resources available african american candidates ref name despite variety obstacles contributed lack proportional representation african americans factors found increase likelihood black candidate winning election based data study louisiana prior black incumbency well running office black candidates pursued past increased likelihood african


name scholars partially attributed discrepancy electoral system united states provide mechanism types gender quotas seen countries ref name additionally even though gerrymandering concentrated political representation essentially ensure least representation minority racial ethnic groups women relatively evenly spread throughout united states receive similar benefits practice ref name among individuals however identifying source unequal gender representation predicted along party ideological lines survey attitudes toward women candidates


revealed democrats likely attribute systemic issues gender inequalities political representation republicans less likely hold perspective ref name identifying exact source inequality may ultimately prove unlikely recent studies suggested political ambitions women may influenced wide variety proposed factors attributed underrepresentation women ref name contrast attributing specific reasons unequal representation political party also identified way predicting woman running office likely receive support


result backlash presence ref name despite risk negative consequences least one study concluded lgbt community receives net benefits increased openly lgbt representation ref name federal level presence congressional lgbtq equality caucus identified improving ability congress address intersectional issues faced lgbt community well provide source pressure constituency members congress address lgbt issues ref name additionally non lgbt members caucus criticized sponsoring enough legislation


''argentina manuscrita'' prose chronicle ruy az de guzm n argentine literature began around work mat rojas de oquendo pedro gonz lez de prado santiago del estero first important urban settlement argentina wrote prose poetry partly inspired oral aboriginal poetry particular according carlos abreg virreyra ''lules'' ''jur es'' ' 'diaguitas'' ''tonocot s'' symbiosis emerged aboriginal spanish traditions creating distinct literature geographically limited well th century argentine north central regions province c rdoba

Humanities
Languages and literature
Argentine Literature


nicotra fiction writers left highly charged testimony times beatriz guido david vi marco denevi silvina bullrich majority writers strong influence anglo saxon italian poetry perceived particular interest poetic works two marechal 's disciples poets rafael squirru fernando demar new trend started continuing influences heterogeneous sartre camus eluard spanish writers like camilo jos cela previous argentine writers like borges arlt cort zar marechal two trends evidence tracing


metaphysical time historicity horacio salas alejandra pizarnik ram n plaza examination urban social disarray abelardo castillo marta lynch manuel puig alicia steinberg dirty war dark period intellectual creation argentina epoch characterised exile juan gelman antonio di benedetto death roberto santoro haroldo conti rodolfo walsh major writers remaining literary journalists like liliana heker veiled opinions work journalists rodolfo walsh poets agust n taviti n antonio aliberti fiction writers osvaldo soriano fernando sorrentino essayists ricardo herrera mar rosa lojo stood


construcci n patriarcal de g nero naci n https webarchiveorg web https wwwlibutexasedu etd arcee arcee pdf archive phd thesis university texas austin may english abstract included external links http surdelsurcom es historia literatura argentina historia de la literatura argentina spanish http memberstripodcomar republica argentina literaturahtm literatura argentina spanish http wwwtodo argentinanet literatura argentina la generacion del htm generaci n del spanish https webarchiveorg web http wwwidelberavelarcom archives literatura argephp biblioteca b sica de literatura argentina http wwwescanercl escaner acorreohtml scanner cultural https webarchiveorg web http didatticaspbouniboit pais bonaldi ipertesto literaturahtml la inmigraci n en la literatura argentina spanish https webarchiveorg web http wwwnavegocomar biografias historia arg origenes literatura arghtml genes de la literatura argentina spanish https webarchiveorg web http asterionxxicomar numero dossierjuanelehtm dossier juan l ortiz https webarchiveorg web http wwwargentinaar sw contenidophpid argentine literature argentinaar english latin american literature country south american literature spanish language literature


un farmed districts still state nature later used extension country opposed town southern africa get bushman dutch 'boschjesman' applied dutch colonists natives living bush north america also considerable colonisation dutch word 'bushwacker' close dutch 'bosch wachter' 'boswachter' meaning 'forest keeper' 'forest ranger' historically term spotted following books amongst others preliminary titles ''the art travel'' francis galton published


Natural science
Biology
Zoology
Apiology


order validate forms establish links perform desired action software maintenance deployment new interface occasional maintenance may required fix software bugs change features completely upgrade system decision made upgrade interface legacy system undergo another version design process begin repeat stages interface life cycle requirements dynamic characteristics system described terms dialogue requirements contained seven principles part ergonomics standard iso

Applied science
Architecture and design
User experience design
User interface design


value open one store year thus value real option invest one store wait year invest next year given firm opt opening one store simple example shows '''negative net present value imply firm invest''' flexibility available management nbsp ie actual real options nbsp generically relate project size project timing operation project established cases non recoverable upfront

Applied science
Transportation
Operations research
Real options analysis


conditions turn favourable project option expand cost establish excess option premium worth without possibility expansion equivalent call option '''option contract ''' project engineered output contracted future conditions turn unfavourable forgoing future expenditures constitutes option exercise equivalent put option excess upfront expenditure option premium '''option expand contract''' project


'''korean studies''' academic discipline focuses study korea includes republic korea democratic people 's republic korea diasporic korean populations areas commonly included rubric include korean history korean culture korean literature korean art korean music korean language linguistics korean sociology anthropology korean politics korean economics korean folklore korean ethnomusicology increasingly study korean popular culture may compared area studies disciplines american studies chinese studies korean studies sometimes included within broader regional area focus including east

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Korean studies


united states comes strongly armstrong 's perspective teaching history columbia university work focusing discipline history traces emergence korean studies evolution field changing backgrounds american scholars working korea rapid growth korean studies since early ref name armstrongjck another historian andre schmid published early contribution debate challenging ways english academia pushing shaping directions korean studies schmid explained unequal global cultural arena


korea journal published academy korean studies ''acta koreana'' keimyung university daegu ''chosen gakuho journal academic association koreanology japan'' tenri university ''korean culture society'' association study korean culture society '' https wwwroutledgecom routledge research korea book series rrk routledge research korea series '' associations korean studies overseas http wwwtenri uacjp soc koreahtml academic association koreanology japan http koreanstudieseu association korean studies europe akse http askcsjp association study korean culture society japan http wwwbaksorguk british association korean studies baks http wwwkoreanstudiesorg committee korean studies association asian studies cks


state university kirksville missouri department germanic slavic languages vanderbilt university nashville tennessee department germanic russian university vermont burlington vermont department germanic languages literatures university virginia department germanics university washington seattle washington department germanic languages literatures washington university st louis st louis missouri department german nordic slavic university wisconsin madison department german yale university department linguistics germanic slavic asian african languages michigan state university uk department german university oxford department german university cambridge department german

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
German studies


linnaeus relied upon rumphius 's work also corresponded people around world developing biological classification scheme underlies arrangement much accumulated knowledge biological sciences th century charles darwin 'father' evolutionary theory voyage beagle took interest local biological knowledge peoples encountered phase ethnobiology distinctive practice emerged th century part records made peoples cultures practice nearly always


''ethnobiological classification principles categorization plants animals traditional societies'' princeton university press castetter ef domain ethnobiology ''the american naturalist'' volume number pages conklin hc ''the relation hanun culture plant world'' phd dissertation yale university cotton cm ''ethnobotany principles applications'' john wiley london cunningham ab ''applied ethnobotany people wild plant use conservation'' earthscan london ellen roy ''the cultural relations classification analysis nuaulu animal categories central seram'' cambridge cambridge university press harrington jp ethnobiology ''acta americana'' number


pages haudricourt andre georges botanical nomenclature translation teich r young eds ''changing perspectives history science essays honour joseph needham'' heinemann london pages johannes ed ''traditional ecological knowledge'' iucn world conservation union cambridge laird sa ed ''biodiversity traditional knowledge equitable partnerships practice'' earthscan london levi strauss claude ''the savage mind'' weidenfeld nicolson london martin gj ''ethnobotany methods manual'' chapman hall london minnis p ed ''ethnobotany reader'' university oklahoma press norman plotkin mj importance


case change already made decided upon case term analyst lately considered somewhat misleading insofar analysts ie problem investigators also design work solution definers key responsibility areas business analyst collate client 's software requirements understand analyze business perspective business analyst required collaborate assist business assist function within organizational structure role business analysis exist variety structures within organizational framework business analysts typically act

Applied science
Business
Business analysis


specialisation business analysis modelling three widely recognised business analysis qualifications international institute business analysis iiba certified business analysis professional level entry level certificate business analysis ecba level certification capability business analysis ccba level certified business analysis professional cbap level yet available certified business analysis thought leader cbatl https wwwpmiorg certifications types business analysis pba project management institute professional business analysis pmi pba british computer society bcs offers range certifications ba qualification foundation certificate business analysis foundation certificate business change foundation certificate


researcher idea using elicit information belong subject example family photographs movies gathered sources including archives newspaper television morgues corporate collections typically interviewee 's comments analysis visual material recorded either audio tape video etc photo voice related research method researchers give studied still movie cameras research participants taught use image making technology responsible making photos movies subsequently

Social science
Sociology
Visual sociology


ref additionally several medical schools incorporated use blended learning combining use video asynchronous person exercises landmark scoping review published demonstrated online teaching modalities becoming increasingly prevalent medical education associated high student satisfaction improvement knowledge tests however use evidence based multimedia design principles development online lectures seldom reported despite known effectiveness medical student contexts enhance variety online delivery environment use serious games previously shown benefit medical education incorporated

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Medical education


achieve political emancipation jews europe european jews gradually began produce literature mould earlier middle eastern jewish authors moses mendelssohn 's translation hebrew bible german inspired interest hebrew language led founding quarterly review written hebrew periodicals followed poetry naphtali hirz wessely shire tif'eret mosiade made wessely speak poet laureate period ref name jewishencyclopedia th century nineteenth century galicia poets scholars popular writers contributed dissemination hebrew emancipation

Humanities
Languages and literature
Hebrew Literature


judaism zionism many hebrew writers late twentieth century dealt holocaust women 's issues conflict israelis arabs another topic tension jews european origin ashkenazim jews middle eastern mediterranean origin mizrahim sephardim palestinian israeli author anton shammas published hebrew novel arabesques marking milestone first major work hebrew literature written non jewish israeli shammas 's novel translated number foreign languages modern hebrew authors include ruth almog aharon appelfeld david grossman amalia kahana carmon


primary growth market nuclear energy foreseeable future despite continued uncertainty energy outlooks japan south korea others region reactors construction globally asia policy issues nuclear concerns nuclear accidents radioactive waste disposal major concerns ref name bm concerns include nuclear proliferation high cost nuclear power plants nuclear terrorism ref name bm brian martin http wwwbmartincc pubs sahtml opposing nuclear power past present ''social alternatives'' vol second quarter pp ref energy security countries nuclear

Applied science
Public administration
Energy policy
Nuclear energy policy


power affords energy independence words french coal oil gas choice ref name platts japan similarly lacking indigenous natural resources power supply relied nuclear power energy mix prior fukushima nuclear disaster since march japan sought offset loss nuclear power increased reliance imported liquefied natural gas led country 's first trade deficits decades therefore discussion future nuclear energy intertwined discussion energy security


use energy mix including renewable energy development nuclear power relatively unaffected embargoes uranium mined reliable countries including australia canada ref name platts ref ref name esat ref nuclear energy history trends olkiluoto construction first epr design problems workmanship supervision created costly delays led inquiry finnish nuclear regulator stuk ref name wnn ref december areva estimated full cost building reactor billion almost three times original delivery price billion ref


world nuclear association reported nuclear power generation suffered biggest ever one year fall bulk japanese fleet remained offline full calendar year data international atomic energy agency showed nuclear power plants globally produced twh electricity seven per cent less figures illustrate effects full year japanese power reactors producing power year permanent closure eight reactor units germany also factor problems crystal river fort calhoun


divorce available islamic states jewish divorce known ''get'' likely courts would cautious avoid implication discriminating religions equally difficult family laws regulate incestuous relationships capacity example probable one state quick condemn another allows marriage uncle niece allows marriage girl eg northern nigeria particularly parties proposing residence forum

Applied science
Public administration
Public policy doctrine


foreign judgments references cappalli richard b ''the disappearance legal method'' temp l rev dalton clare ''an essay deconstruction contract doctrine'' yale lj goodwin gill guy ''ordre public considered developed'' lqr moufang rainer ''the concept ordre public morality patent law'' geertrui van overwalle ed ''patent law ethics biotechnology'' katholieke universiteit brussel bruxelles ''richardson v mellish'' bing external links http wwwfljsorg courts courts making public policy research programme foundation law justice society


'''comparative sociology''' involves comparison social processes nation states across different types society example capitalist socialist two main approaches comparative sociology seek similarity across different countries cultures whereas others seek variance example structural marxists attempted use comparative methods discover general processes underlie apparently different social orderings different societies danger approach different social contexts overlooked search supposed universal structures ref name ref one sociologist employed comparative methods understand variance

Social science
Sociology
Comparative sociology


yamam one israel 's counter terrorism units united states coast guard counter terrorism patrol upper new york bay verrazano narrows bridge distance spanning narrows brooklyn left staten island right alt '''counterterrorism''' also spelled '''counter terrorism''' also known '''anti terrorism''' incorporates practice military tactics techniques strategy government military law enforcement business intelligence agencies use combat prevent terrorism counter terrorism strategy government 's plan use instruments national power neutralize terrorists organizations networks order render incapable using violence instill fear

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Counter-terrorism


prevention terrorism acts response troubles northern ireland temporary provisions act renewed annually acts replaced permanent terrorism act contained many powers prevention terrorism act anti terrorism crime security act formally introduced parliament november two months september attacks united states received royal assent went force december december law lords


ruled part incompatible european convention human rights however terms human rights act remained force prevention terrorism act drafted answer law lords ruling terrorism act creates new offenses related terrorism amends existing ones act drafted aftermath july london bombings like predecessors terms proven highly controversial since uk 's terrorism laws regularly reviewed security cleared independent reviewer


laws require review necessary updating legal framework capable safeguarding australians scourge terrorism australian anti terrorism act supplemented powers earlier acts australian legislation allows police detain suspects two weeks without charge electronically track suspects year australian anti terrorism act included shoot kill clause country entrenched liberal democratic traditions measures controversial criticized civil libertarians islamic groups israel monitors list


killed passengers commando injured kidnappers captured passengers rescued valign top munich massacre munich west germany israeli black september german federal border guard hostages murdered kidnappers killed kidnappers captured released valign top aia building hostage crisis aia building kuala lumpur malaysia mixed american swedish japanese red army special actions unit hostages rescued kidnappers flown libya valign top operation entebbe entebbe airport uganda israelis jews non jewish hostages released shortly


udt seal killed missing killed captured hostages rescued valign top lopota gorge hostage crisis lopota gorge georgia georgians ethnic chechen russian georgian militants special operations center sod kud army special forces kud members one special forces corpsman killed police officers wounded kidnappers killed wounded captured hostages rescued valign top lahad datu standoff lahad datu sabah malaysia malaysians royal security forces sultanate sulu north borneo jamalul kiram iii 's faction malaysian armed forces royal malaysia police malaysian


june washington dc james f pastor terrorism public safety policing implications obama presidency taylor francis jessica dorsey christophe paulussen http wwwicctnl download file icct dorsey paulussen boundaries battlefield report april docxpdf ''boundaries battlefield critical look legal paradigms rules countering terrorism'' international centre counter terrorism hague judy kuriansky editor terror holy land inside anguish israeli palestinian conflict praeger publishers lynn zusman editor http appsamericanbarorg abastore indexcfmpid section main fm productaddtocart law counterterrorism american bar association marc sageman ''understanding terror networks'' philadelphia pa university pennsylvania press newton lee ''counterterrorism cybersecurity


interested comparing versions texts rather interpreting meaning assessing significance field study bibliography specialized aspect library science library information science lis documentation science established belgian named paul otlet founder field documentation branch information sciences wrote science bibliography however recently voices claiming bibliographical paradigm obsolete today common lis defence bibliographical


bibliographers apply base descriptive practice descriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions associated classification description titles title pages transcribed quasi facsimile style representation illustration typeface binding paper physical elements related identifying book follow formulaic conventions bowers established foundational opus ''the principles bibliographic description'' thought expressed book expands substantively w w greg 's groundbreaking theory argued adoption formal bibliographic principles greg fundamentally analytical bibliography concerned objective physical analysis history book


office built home following closure palais mondial june ''bibliographer'' person describes lists books publications particular attention characteristics authorship publication date edition typography etc person limits efforts specific field discipline subject bibliographer bibliographer technical meaning word anyone writes books accepted meaning since least th century person attempts comprehensive account sometimes list sometimes fuller reckoning


outdoors training venturing co ed nature 's classroom environmental education program us boston schoolyard initiative elementary school based outdoor environmental education outdoor education group educational organization australia outward bound international educational organization solid rock outdoor ministries christian outdoor leadership education organization john muir award disambiguation forest school people robert stephenson smyth baden powell founder scout movement scout association juliette gordon low founder girl scouts usa daniel carter beard outdoorsman founder boy pioneers co founder boy scouts america

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Outdoor education


raised questions whether public history solely endeavor professional trained historians shared historical authority key element field others pointed existence many publics public history complicates task definition example historian peter novick questioned whether much termed public history actually called ''private'' history example creation corporate histories archives ''popular'' history example research exhibits conducted outside norms historical discipline cathy stanton also identified


air space museum 's planned exhibit enola gay bomber public historians tend welcome opportunities participate vigorous public discussions meanings past debating people arrive meanings evolving form locally collected publicly presented history seen projects like house could talk humanities truck less critical validated public presentation history yet offer engagement grass roots level may encourage new forms collecting history everyday internet people training discipline history


american social history project page putnam miller coordinating committee promotion history national coalition history university programs extensive listing undergraduate graduate programs public history us canada elsewhere national council public history website public history heritage interpretation historic preservation http wwwsemoedu history academics public historyhtml southeast missouri state university phd public history north carolina state university raleigh nc united states public history west virginia university morgantown wv united states public history university south carolina columbia


luo g ven tasoglu pp ref neural interfaces neural interfaces major element used studying neural systems enhancing replacing neuronal function engineered devices engineers challenged developing electrodes selectively record associated electronic circuits collect information nervous system activity stimulate specified regions neural tissue restore function sensation tissue cullen et al materials used devices must match mechanical properties neural tissue placed damage must assessed neural interfacing

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Mechanical Engineering
Biomedical engineering
Neural engineering


su sla polymers led development vitro vivo microelectrode systems characteristics high compliance flexibility minimize tissue disruption neural prostheses neuroprosthetics devices capable supplementing replacing missing functions nervous system stimulating nervous system recording activity electrodes measure firing nerves integrate prosthetic devices signal perform function intended transmitted signal sensory prostheses use artificial sensors replace neural input might missing biological


geography study health geography influenced repositioning medical geography within field social geography due shift towards social model health care rather medical model advocates redefinition health health care away prevention treatment illness one promoting well general model previous illnesses eg mental ill health recognized behavior disturbances types medicine eg complementary alternative medicine traditional medicine studied medicine researchers sometimes aid

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Health geography


associations geographical characteristics health outcomes essentially form foundation modern medical geography recognized years ago hippocrates treatise airs waters places ca bc industrial revolution brought plethora novel public health issues stemming rapid urban development poor sanitation conditions fueled development disease mapping medical cartography precursor medical geography medical cartography arose need communicate spatial discrepancies risk diseases unknown cause particularly urban outbreaks cholera


world complexity correlations diseases locations situates health geography alongside geographical sub disciplines trace human environment relations health geographers use modern spatial analysis tools map nowiki ispersion health including various diseases individuals spread amongst across wider spaces migrate ref name philo health geographers also consider types spaces presenting health risks natural disasters interpersonal violence stress potential dangers ref name philo health insurance coverage geography health care provision although healthcare public good equally


culinary arts often call utensils french term batterie de cuisine tools vary materials use cooking implements made anything wood glass various types metals newer silicone plastic seen many kitchens today within realm culinary arts wide array different cooking techniques originate various cultures continue develop time techniques shared cultures progress new technology different cooking techniques require use certain tools foods heat sources

Applied science
Agriculture
Food science
Culinary arts


oclc ref '''wildlife management''' management process influencing interactions among wildlife habitats people achieve predefined impacts attempts balance needs wildlife needs people using best available science wildlife management include wildlife conservation gamekeeping pest control wildlife management draws disciplines mathematics chemistry biology ecology climatology geography gain best results ref name humanaspect ref wildlife management aims halt loss earth 's biodiversity taking consideration ecological principles carrying capacity disturbance succession environmental conditions physical

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Environmental management
Wildlife management


protection birds founded plumage league emily williamson house manchester ref name milestones ref protest group campaigning use great crested grebe kittiwake skins feathers fur clothing group gained popularity eventually amalgamated fur feather league croydon form rspb ref name history ref society attracted growing support suburban middle classes well support many influential figures ornithologist professor alfred newton ref name milestones national trust formed manifesto promote permanent preservation


allowed take elk migrated outside park late herd populations dropped historic lows less northern range herd caused outrage among conservationists hunters park service stopped culling elk elk population rebounded twenty years later elk northern range herd historic high since tumultuous animal rights activists environmentalists began challenge aspects wildlife management profession overshadowed rise conservation biology although wildlife managers remain central


elementary level midwestern states southern states rich agriculture high schools agricultural education high school level focuses three main categories classroom instruction supervised agricultural experience sae active involvement national ffa organization future farmers america classroom instruction agricultural class teaches students basic concepts particular course hands learning experience students taught information curriculum order understand develop skills application problem solving issues would occur

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Agricultural education


student along way sae programs give students opportunity take information learned classroom setting use agricultural topic interests portion agricultural education give students idea working real world solving problems arise work field ref name ffa national organization agricultural classes high school level involved agricultural teacher leader particular schools ffa chapter guide students activities programs held throughout


farrer memorial agricultural high school central new south wales br agriculture education programme launched australian government helps teachers better understand products processes associated food fibre production gives students opportunity understand importance agriculture australian economy topics covered materials include designing making financial plan market garden free range chicken farming food security sustainable production practices food fibre agricultural environment changed enormously past years greater emphasis product quality issues


programs agricultural education ffa half million students developing skills leadership communication team building civic engagement prepared provide social economic cultural well small communities large urban centers alike work x concentrated eight national task forces operating next several years scope work includes national program content standards teacher recruitment preparation alternative program design data reporting public advocacy brand communication strategy program funding driving work x hundred top leaders


valuable nutmeg cloves cubeb pepper maluku dutch established dutch east india company voc became dominant european power following bankruptcy voc formally dissolved government netherlands established dutch east indies government control early th century dutch dominance extended current boundaries japanese invasion subsequent occupation wwii ended dutch rule encouraged previously suppressed indonesian independence movement two days surrender japan august nationalist leader sukarno declared independence

Humanities
History
Asian history
Indonesian history


east java mpu sindok eruption volcano mount merapi political pressure sailendrans based srivijaya empire may caused move first king mataram sri sanjaya left inscriptions stone ref name holing ref monumental hindu temple prambanan vicinity yogyakarta built pikatan dharmawangsa ordered translation mahabharata old javanese period ce ce kingdom saw blossoming classical javanese art architecture rapid increase temple construction occurred across landscape heartland


chola raids th century weakened srivijayan hegemony enabled formation regional kingdoms based like kediri intensive agriculture rather coastal long distance trade srivijayan influence waned th century island frequent conflict javanese kingdoms first singhasari majapahit islam eventually made way aceh region sumatra spreading influence contacts arabs indian traders late th century kingdom pasai northern sumatra converted islam last inscription dates crown prince ananggavarman


portuguese nutmeg plant native indonesia 's banda islands one world 's valuable commodities drew first european colonial powers indonesia new found portuguese expertise navigation shipbuilding weaponry allowed make daring expeditions exploration expansion starting first exploratory expeditions sent newly conquered malacca portuguese first europeans arrive indonesia sought dominate sources valuable spices extend catholic church 's missionary efforts portuguese turned east maluku military conquest alliance


anglo dutch treaty dutch state rule batavian jakarta tea factory voc dissolved following bankruptcy ref name ricklefsp ref short british rule thomas stamford raffles dutch state took voc possessions javanese uprising crushed java war system forced cultivations indentured labour introduced java cultivation system dutch ''cultuurstelsel'' system brought dutch indonesian allies enormous wealth cultivation system tied peasants land forcing work government owned


dutch east indies declared state siege july redirected exports intended japan us britain negotiations japanese aimed securing supplies aviation fuel collapsed june japanese started conquest southeast asia december year month factions sumatra sought japanese assistance revolt dutch wartime government japanese military defeated last dutch forces east indies march japanese commanders dutch east indies surrender july sukarno accepted japan 's offer


divisions indonesian society began appear included regional differences customs religion impact christianity marxism fears javanese political domination following colonial rule japanese occupation war dutch new country suffered severe poverty ruinous economy low educational skills levels authoritarian traditions ref name witton ref challenges authority republic included militant ''darul islam'' waged guerrilla struggle republic declaration independent republic south maluku ambonese formerly royal dutch indies army rebellions


received strong support party garnered quarter votes resulted short lived coalitions ref name witton guided democracy national emblem republic indonesia adopted sukarno openly criticising parliamentary democracy stating based upon inherent conflict ran counter indonesian notions harmony natural state human relationships instead sought system based traditional village system discussion consensus guidance village elders proposed threefold blend ''nasionalisme'' 'nationalism' ''agama'' 'religion' ''komunisme'' 'communism' co operative


expense army september six senior generals within military officers assassinated attempted coup insurgents known later september movement backed rival faction army took positions capital later seizing control national radio station claimed acting plot organised generals overthrow sukarno within hours major general suharto commander army strategic reserve kostrad mobilised counteraction evening october clear


revolution portugal caused authorities announce plans decolonisation portuguese timor eastern half island timor whose western half part indonesian province east nusa tenggara east timorese elections held fretilin left leaning party udt aligned local elite emerged largest parties previously formed alliance campaign independence portugal apodeti party advocating integration indonesia enjoyed little popular support indonesia alleged fretilin communist feared independent east timor would influence separatism


indonesian democratic party struggle pdi p led sukarno 's daughter megawati sukarnoputri vote golkar suharto 's party formerly legal party government united development party ppp led hamzah haz national awakening party pkb led abdurrahman wahid may riots indonesia may riots indonesia also known tragedy simply event incidents mass violence demonstrations civil unrest racial nature occurred throughout indonesia politics since indonesian election ballot since indonesians able vote


president directly october people 's consultative assembly mpr consists member parliament plus appointed members elected abdurrahman wahid commonly referred gus dur president megawati sukarnoputri vice president five year terms wahid named first cabinet early november reshuffled second cabinet august president wahid 's government continued pursue democratisation encourage renewed economic growth challenging conditions addition continuing economic malaise government faced regional interethnic interreligious conflict particularly aceh maluku islands irian jaya west timor


list presidents indonesia politics indonesia timeline jakarta museums jakarta history museum national museum indonesia reading burhanudin jajat kees van dijk eds ''islam indonesia contrasting images interpretations'' amsterdam university press distributed university chicago press pages scholarly articles dijk kees van ''a country despair indonesia '' kitlv press leiden schwarz adam ''a nation waiting indonesia 's search stability'' nd edition st leonards nsw allen unwin van zanden j l ''an economic history indonesia '' routledge tagliacozzo eric ed


'''world literature''' used refer total world 's national literature circulation works wider world beyond country origin past primarily referred masterpieces western european literature however world literature today increasingly seen international context readers access wide range global works various translations many scholars assert makes work considered world literature circulation beyond country origin example damrosch states work enters world literature double

Humanities
Languages and literature
World literature


serbian poetry well fascination seeing works translated discussed abroad especially france made famous statement january predicting world literature would replace national literature major mode literary creativity future reflecting fundamentally economic understanding world literature process trade exchange karl marx friedrich engels used term ''communist manifesto'' describe cosmopolitan character bourgeois literary production asserting martin puchner stated goethe keen sense world