developed independently individual applications note definition applied economics within economics profession differing views belongs core one draws line research contributing core research applying core relative importance significance research topics core versus applied economics research ref name backhouse examples problems applied economics various fields issues examples problems applied economics macroeconomics one example macroeconomics


methodological dispute whether neoclassical price theory reality use critique dominance econometrics swann queries dominance econometric techniques within applied economics suggests describes vernacular everyday practice economics taken seriously swann points econometrics 's privileged position supported disappointing results rather suggests applied techniques vernacular also worthy consideration approaches applied economics include simulation engineering economics case studies common sense ref name swann see also applied anthropology

Social science
Economics
Applied economics


important commercial centers region viceroyalty however short lived due lack internal cohesion among many regions lack spanish support ships spain became scarce spanish defeat battle trafalgar gave british maritime supremacy british tried invade buenos aires montevideo defeated times santiago de liniers victories achieved without help mainland spain boosted confidence city beginning peninsular war spain capture spanish king


wars governor juan manuel de rosas cayetano descalzi around defeat spanish followed long civil war unitarians federalists organization country role buenos aires unitarians thought buenos aires lead less developed provinces head strong centralized government federalists thought instead country federation autonomous provinces like united states period government would kidnap protestors torture information period united provinces rio de la


plata lacked head state since unitarian defeat battle cepeda ended authority supreme directors constitution new attempt write constitution leading designation bernardino rivadavia president argentina rejected provinces rivadavia resigned due poor management cisplatine war constitution repealed time governors buenos aires province received power manage international relations confederation including war debt payment dominant


founded called general strike police shooting ended killed injured general luis dellepiane marched buenos aires establish civil order despite called initiate coup yrigoyen remained loyal president sole condition latter would allow free hand repression demonstrations social movements thereafter continued ''forestal'' british company patagonia hector varela headed military repression assisted argentine patriotic league killing hand yrigoyen 's


long agitating decisive action military forces military coup initiated period known infamous decade characterized electoral fraud persecution political opposition mainly ucr pervasive government corruption background global depression brief tenure president uriburu cracked heavily anarchists far left groups resulting illegal executions members anarchist communist groups famous perhaps symbolic anarchism 's decay argentina time execution severino di giovanni captured


controlled government though many claimed polls fraudulent roberto ortiz elected president took office next year due fragile health succeeded vice president ram n castillo castillo effectively took power formally assumed leadership revolution ' civilian government appeared close joining allies many officers argentine armed forces ordinary argentine citizens objected due fear spread communism wide support stay neutral conflict world


raised concerns among catholic nationalist forces leading organization far right tacuara nationalist movement tacuara first urban guerrilla group argentina engaged several anti semitic bombings particular following adolf eichmann 's kidnapping mossad visit dwight eisenhower argentina february eisenhower president united states tacuara headed nationalist demonstrations leading imprisonment several leaders among joe baxter ousting president arturo illia initially broadly supported later


declarations ref name anzorena oscar anzorena p ref growing instability de facto government ''revoluci n argentina'' left began regain power underground movements mainly violent guerrilla groups later return peronism expected calm heated waters exactly opposite creating violent breach right wing left wing peronism leading years violence political instability culminated coup d' tat subversion years various armed actions headed ''fuerzas armadas de liberaci n'' fal composed former members revolutionary communist party


ezeiza airport per n 's speaking platform camouflaged far right gunmen fired masses shooting peronist youth movement montoneros killing least thirteen injuring three hundred became known ezeiza massacre c mpora vice president solano lima resigned july deputy ra l alberto lastiri jos l pez rega 's son law also p member promoted presidency organize elections c mpora 's followers chancellor juan carlos puig interior minister esteban righi immediately replaced alberto j vignes benito llambi ej rcito revolucionario del


flow miniplant technology chip systems mainly used liquid liquid application flow miniplant systems deal solids viscous material scale microwave reactions microwave reactors frequently used small scale batch chemistry however due extremes temperature pressure reached microwave often difficult transfer reactions conventional non microwave apparatus subsequent development leading difficulties scaling studies flow reactor suitable high temperature ability pressure control directly accurately mimic conditions created microwave reactor eases

Natural science
Chemistry
Flow chemistry


constitutive helps shape human understanding environmental issues nature examples include values attitudes ideologies regarding nature environmental issues book ''pragmatic environmentalism towards rhetoric eco justice'' environmental philosopher shane ralston criticizes cox 's pragmatic function environmental communication shallow instrumental recommending instead deeper account borrowed pragmatism n even better way move beyond conception pragmatic rhetoric shallow instrumentalism deepen meaning pragmatic look instead philosophical pragmatism rich resources instance fallibilism experimentalism meliorism environmental nature

Journalism, media studies and communication


international environmental communication association ieca professional association environmental communication practitioners teachers scholars http theconversationcom climate clock counting climateclock clock counting c temperature rise lexington book series https rowmancom action series lexecn environmental communication nature conflict ecoculture anthropocene environmental communication nature conflict ecoculture anthropocene https talkeco talkeco resources environmental communicators website featuring curated resources environmental communication professionals https theiecaorg resources environmental communication matters environmental communication matters mark meisner https theiecaorg bibliographies environmental communication books bibliography books environmental communication mark meisner http wwwecoresearchnet ecoresearch network research network environmental online communication http indicationswordpresscom indications environmental communication blog inactive https webarchiveorg web http enviroicahdqorg ohana website indexcfmp environmental


phd levels classes related disciplines mental health psychiatrists social workers psychologists occupational therapists community support allied health workers represented new direct support professional workforce united states eg psychiatric aides workers seek effect changes person 's environment person 's ability deal environment facilitate improvement symptoms personal distress life outcomes services often combine pharmacologic treatment often required program admission independent living social skills training psychological support clients families housing vocational rehabilitation employment social

Social science
Social work
Psychosocial rehabilitation


'''bootstrapping''' test metric uses random sampling replacement eg mimicking sampling process falls broader class resampling methods bootstrapping assigns measures accuracy bias variance confidence intervals prediction error etc sample estimates ref name http libstatcmuedu bootstrapfuns software ref technique allows estimation sampling distribution almost statistic using random sampling methods ref name varian bootstrapping estimates properties estimator variance measuring properties sampling approximating distribution one standard choice approximating distribution empirical distribution function observed

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Statistics
Bootstrap (Statistics)


result confidence intervals basis monte carlo simulation bootstrap could misleading athreya states unless one reasonably sure underlying distribution heavy tailed one hesitate use naive bootstrap types bootstrap scheme univariate problems usually acceptable resample individual observations replacement case resampling unlike subsampling resampling without replacement valid much weaker conditions compared bootstrap small samples parametric bootstrap approach might preferred problems ' 'smooth bootstrap''


distribution math bar x math first resample data obtain ''bootstrap resample'' example first resample might look like ''x'' sub sub ''x'' sub sub ''x'' sub sub ''x'' sub sub ''x'' sub sub ''x'' sub sub ''x'' sub sub ''x'' sub sub ''x'' sub sub ''x'' sub sub duplicates since bootstrap resample comes sampling replacement data also number data points bootstrap resample equal number data points original observations compute mean resample obtain first ''bootstrap mean'' '' '' sub sub repeat process obtain second resample ''x'' sub sub


resampling residuals another approach bootstrapping regression problems resample residuals method proceeds follows fit model retain fitted values math widehat math residuals math widehat varepsilon widehat dots n math pair ''x sub sub '' ''y sub sub '' ''x sub sub '' possibly multivariate explanatory variable add randomly resampled residual math widehat varepsilon j math fitted value math widehat math words create synthetic response variables math widehat widehat varepsilon j math ''j'' selected randomly list ''n'' every ''i'' refit model using fictitious


data set math b math equal sized buckets aggregating data within bucket pre aggregated data set becomes new sample data draw samples replacement method similar block bootstrap motivations definitions blocks different certain assumptions sample distribution approximate full bootstrapped scenario one constraint number buckets math b n gamma math math gamma math authors recommend usage math b n math general solution choice statistic bootstrap distribution point estimator population parameter


p nbsp math widehat theta theta alpha widehat theta theta alpha math math theta alpha math denotes math alpha math percentile bootstrapped coefficients math theta math '''percentile bootstrap''' percentile bootstrap proceeds similar way basic bootstrap using percentiles bootstrap distribution different formula note inversion left right quantiles math theta alpha theta alpha math math theta alpha math denotes math alpha math percentile bootstrapped coefficients math theta math see davison hinkley equ p nbsp efron tibshirani equ p nbsp method applied statistic


true otherwise example applications smoothed bootstrap simon newcomb took observations speed light data set contains two outliers greatly influence sample mean sample mean need consistent estimator population mean mean needs exist heavy tailed distribution well defined robust statistic central tendency sample median consistent median unbiased population median bootstrap distribution newcomb 's data appears convolution method regularization reduces discreteness


'''action theory''' '''theory action''' area philosophy concerned theories processes causing willful human bodily movements less complex kind area thought involves epistemology ethics metaphysics jurisprudence philosophy mind attracted strong interest philosophers ever since aristotle 's ''nicomachean ethics'' third book advent psychology later neuroscience many theories action subject empirical testing philosophical action theory '''philosophy action''' confused sociological theories social action action theory established

Humanities
Philosophy
Metaphysics
Philosophy of Action


'''chicana studies''' also known '''chican studies''' originates chicano movement late study chicana latina experience ref name ref chican studies draws upon variety fields including history sociology arts chican literature ref name arellano area studies additionally emphasizes importance chican educational materials taught chican educators chican students ref name arellano many universities across united states chicana studies linked ethnic studies black studies asian american studies native american studies many students

Social science
Sociology
Cultural studies
Chicano Studies


perspectivist since ref name thus according soldatenko approach 's widespread popularity signals significance furtherance field chican studies ref name responses chican studies positive responses chican studies impact greater american educational system separated two categories positive negative ref name rodriguez ref name arellano ref name acosta see programs studies positive believe chican studies create positive academic changes chican students ref name rodriguez example chican educator curtis acosta noted shift chican students' minds


exposed literature written chican intended chican ref name acosta according acosta chican often felt excluded traditional educational systems felt meant educational success success tied whiteness educational standard attain ref name acosta acosta noted students exposed chican literature felt empowered believed educational success higher education meant ref name acosta therefore view studies positive believe chican education assists chican students'


royal melbourne institute technology rmit promoted thai studies research discipline social studies inaugural open access ''thai studies journal'' launched rmit rmit hosted three thai studies conferences references external links http lrccornelledu asian courses thai thai language cornell university http wwwsiam societyorg siam society http wwwthaiconferencetuacth th international conference thai studies http wwwartschulaacth international thai thai studies center chulalongkorn university http wwwcarchulaacth tic thailand information center chulalongkorn university http wwwtuacth org tkri index enghtm thai khadi research institute thammasat university http wwwthaistudiesnet thaistudiesnet international forum students thailand based northern illinois university http seasiawiscedu home page students thai studies uw madison thai studies

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Thai studies


dutch east indies philippines second world war attracted increased attention west newfound attention led establishment mountbatten 's south east asia commant seac publication first map southeast asia national geographic society postwar immediately conclusion second world war beginnings cold war drew attention united states think tanks intelligence organizations away southeast asia events revolution china fear spread communism

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Southeast Asian studies


external links mass media occupations theatrical occupations

Humanities
Performing arts
Theatre
Playwrighting


hold ''theologoumena'' private theological opinions long contradict traditional eastern orthodox teaching sometimes various holy fathers may contradictory opinions certain question consensus exists individual free follow conscience tradition also includes nicene creed decrees seven ecumenical councils writings church fathers well eastern orthodox laws canons liturgical books icons etc defense extrabiblical tradition eastern orthodox church quotes apostle paul therefore brethren stand fast hold traditions ye taught

Humanities
Theology
Christian theology
Eastern Orthodox theology


god evil introduction issues michael l peterson pg https booksgooglecom booksid rkif j xdwc pg pa ref attempted develop theodicies judeo christian god ref name theodicy pg church taught gnostics cosmos fallen god created dysfunctional humanity misused freedom love chose path separating god idolatrously proclaiming self sufficiency humanity made choice taught eastern patristics reality ie every sphere human experience fell corrupted eastern orthodox understanding creation stands radical contrast


eastern orthodoxy god created humanity ability freely love gave humans direction follow man adam woman eve chose rather disobey god eating tree knowledge good evil thus changing perfect mode existence man flawed fallen one since fallen nature come result ancestral sin entrance death world adam humans end sinning follow ways rom heb


realm ascetics choice birth one takes sins world hell detail hell painting depicting second coming georgios klontzas late th century eastern orthodox church well non chalcedonian churches ie oriental orthodoxy assyrian church east teach elect lost enter presence god death elect experience presence light rest lost experience darkness torment orthodox see doctrine supported scripture


orthodox believers refrain kneeling prostrating sundays observance thereof even liturgical commemorations passion christ holy week frequent allusions ultimate victory completion deification ultimate goal orthodox christian achieve ''theosis'' deification conformity intimate union god sometimes expressed thus god became man man might become god greatest saints achieved life measure process individual achieves ''theosis'' never realizes accomplishment perfect humility


christ son term 'theotokos' tremendous theological significance orthodox christians center christological debates th th centuries ad great role accomplished church believes remained virgin continuing serve god ways traveled much son present passion cross ascension heaven also believed first know son 's resurrection archangel gabriel appearing revealed


avoid abuses ecumenical patriarchate constantinople begun follow longstanding practice local orthodox churches issuing special encyclical letters ''tomoi'' church acknowledges popular veneration saint glorification usually happens believers already begun venerating saint numerous small local followings countless saints yet recognized entire orthodox church strong element favor glorification perceived miraculous condition physical remains relics although alone considered sufficient orthodox countries custom


soul comprise person end body soul reunited therefore body saint shares holiness soul saint orthodox venerate saints ask prayers consider brothers sisters christ jesus saints venerated loved asked intercede salvation given worship accorded god holiness believed come god fact anyone worships saint relics icons excommunicated general rule clergy


effort user therefore even early firearms arquebus much powerful human powered weapons firearms became increasingly important effective th century th century progressive improvements ignition mechanisms followed revolutionary changes ammunition handling propellant us civil war new applications firearms including machine gun ironclad warship emerged would still recognizable useful military weapons today particularly limited conflicts th century warship propulsion changed sail power fossil fuel powered steam engines bayonet used knife

Applied science
Military sciences
Weapons Systems


ww ii continuous evolution weapon systems major industrial powers major armament firms schneider creusot based france koda works czechoslovakia vickers great britain committed disarmament outlawing war poison gas rearmament picked rapidly munitions makers responded nimbly rapidly shifting strategic economic landscape main purchasers munitions big three companies romania yugoslavia greece turkey lesser extent poland finland baltic states soviet union criminalizing poison gas


methods warfare geneva protocol issued accepted policy major countries poison gas manufactured large quantities used except nations lacked modern weapons gas masks world war ii many modern military weapons particularly ground based ones relatively minor improvements weapon systems developed world war ii ''see military technology world war ii detailed discussion'' world war ii however perhaps marked frantic period weapons development history humanity massive numbers new designs concepts fielded


existing technologies improved powerful weapon invented period atomic bomb however many weapons influenced world jet planes radar overshadowed visibility nuclear weapons long range rockets nuclear weapons since realization mutually assured destruction mad nuclear option war longer considered survivable scenario cold war years following world war ii united states soviet union engaged nuclear arms race country


targets anti tank weapons designed defeat armored targets area denial weapons target territory making unsafe unsuitable enemy use travel hunting weapons weapons used hunt game animals infantry support weapons designed attack various threats infantry units manufacture weapons arms industry global industry involves sales manufacture weaponry consists commercial industry involved research development engineering production servicing military material equipment facilities many industrialized countries domestic arms industry supply military forces


'''non associative algebra''' '' 'distributive algebra''' algebra field binary multiplication operation assumed associative algebraic structure ''a'' non associative algebra field ''k'' vector space ''k'' equipped ''k'' bilinear binary multiplication operation ''a'' ''a'' ''a'' may may associative examples include lie algebras jordan algebras octonions three dimensional euclidean space equipped cross product operation since assumed multiplication associative using parentheses indicate

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Algebra
Non-associative algebra


unit algebra examples include finite dimensional alternative algebras algebra real matrices isomorphism alternative quadratic real algebras without divisors zero reals complexes quaternions octonions cayley dickson algebras ''k'' '''r''' begin '''c''' commutative associative algebra quaternions '''h''' associative algebra octonions alternative algebra sedenions infinite sequence cayley dickson algebras power associative algebras hypercomplex algebras finite dimensional unital '''r''' algebras thus include cayley dickson algebras many poisson algebras considered geometric quantization


industrialized nations united states challenges arise trying achieve successful applied psychology culture one challenge finding adequate resources another challenge shaping practice psychology suit circumstances new culture important able understand difference indigenous psychologies psychological specialties psychological specialties include topics study lifespan developmental psychology health psychology organizational psychology social psychology indigenous psychologies culturally specific aim describe explain predict psychological phenomena within given culture 's worldview indigenous psychology defined

Social science
Psychology
Indigenous psychology


knowledge across borders attempt establish common goals develop homogenized world view psychology ref name bullock according lawson graham baker challenge facing global psychology trying find way integrate psychology culture complete understanding human affective behavioral cognitive systems ref name lawsongrahambaker globalization also linked indigenous psychology globalization psychology hope western psychological ideals integrated indigenous psychologies order address specific needs particular countries cultures bullock apa addresses


death son result alcohol abuse book harold suggests people suffering kind post traumatic stress syndrome result great death culture people nearly wiped disease traumatic experiences resulting contact european settlers suggests denial ''nallunguarluku'' literally 'pretending n't happen' become something cultural trait one manifestation difficulty talking painful circumstanceswhich lead alienation anger self destructive behavior people seek numb


teaching exploring aboriginal justice'' ref name ross latin american psychology latin american community attempting rectify current status even challenge professionals field psychology latin america areas often looked upon problematic individuals latin american societies progress research help american psychologists continue studies america well demographics may different however many cultural aspects continue affect latin american population america today issues


social religious philosophical pressures beliefs since affected psychology region huge ways ref name lawsongrahambaker formal institutions cultivated oppressed psychology india asia region ref name lawsongrahambaker turbulent shaky good words describe political atmosphere regions endured course reflected field psychology lack intellectual infrastructure result scarce financial resources certainly felt specific areas turn led impoverished sociocultural context centralized government control resources ref name lawsongrahambaker said psychology


increment surplus value higher initial investment rapidly efficiently possible moreover driving imperative leads capitalism expansion worldwide scale crises marx identified natural historically specific ie structural barriers accumulation interrelated interpenetrated one another times crises different types crises realization crises overproduction crises expressions capitalism 's inability constructively overcome barriers moreover upshot crises increased centralization expropriation many capitalists centralization interacting forces competition endemic crises intensive extensive

Social science
Economics
Socialist economics


ex mazzinian republicans respect mikhail bakunin make differences collectivist anarchism explicit bakunin 's death early european anarchist movement adopted anarcho communist position advocating abolition wage labour distribution according need ironically collectivist label became commonly associated marxist state socialists advocated retention sort wage system transition full communism left wing market anarchism strongly affirm classical liberal ideas self ownership free markets maintaining taken logical


yugoslavia based bureaucratic top administration economic directives micromanagement worker workplace inspired capitalist models scientific management result socialist movements argued said economies socialist due lack equal power relations workplace presence new elite commodity production took place economies economic social systems classified either bureaucratic collectivist state capitalist deformed workers' states critics exact nature ussr ''et al'' remains unresolved within


cooperation state agencies enterprises including joint ventures projects allied cmea international development bank established international bank economic cooperation founded counterparts world bank bank international settlements international monetary fund non socialist world main tasks cmea plan coordination production specialization regional trade nikita khrushchev soviet leader put forward proposals establishing integrated centrally planned socialist commonwealth geographic region would specialize production line set


economies existed claimed follows class national oppression totally eradicated unemployment hunger poverty illiteracy uncertainty future eliminated every citizen guaranteed right work rest education health care abode security old age maintenance event disability material standards living rising steadily everyone free access knowledge values world national culture every citizen right practice take part discussing solving problems life


decline growth rates reflected combination diminishing returns capital accumulation low innovation well micro economic inefficiencies high rate saving investment unable counter cmea supposed ensure coordination national plans failed even develop common methodology planning could adopted member states member state reluctant give national self sufficiency cmea 's efforts encourage specialization thwarted joint ventures therefore little intra enterprise technology transfer trade capitalist world


state owned enterprises set day day running advantages nationalization include ability state direct investment key industries distribution state profits nationalized industries overall national good ability direct producers social rather market goals greater control industries workers well benefits burdens publicly funded research development extended wider populace redistribution wealth tax spending policies aim reduce economic inequalities social democracies typically employ various forms progressive


often implemented many reforms result set economic institutions least partly influenced socialist ideology india gaining independence britain india adopted broadly socialist inspired approach economic growth like countries democratic transition mixed economy abolish private property capital india proceeded nationalizing various large privately run firms creating state owned enterprises redistributing income progressive taxation manner similar social democratic western european nations planned economies soviet union


government also operates sovereign wealth fund government pension fund norway whose partial objective prepare norway post oil future ref name economist singapore singapore pursued state led model economic development people 's action party initially adopted leninist approach politics broad socialist model economic development originally also infighting moderates radicals including left wing communist wing party saw many imprisoned socialist policies practised pap first decades power pragmatic kind characterized


collaborative decision making michel bauwens identifies emergence open software movement peer peer production emergent alternative mode production capitalist economy based collaborative self management common ownership resources direct production use values free cooperation producers access distributed capital ref name ctheory ref commons based peer production generally involves developers produce goods services aim profit directly freely contribute project relying upon open common pool resources software code cases production carried directly use software


victor gollancz ltd cohen g ''if 're egalitarian come 're rich'' harvard horvat branko ''the political economy socialism'' sharpe inc kaser michael c ''soviet economics'' london world university library weidenfeld nicolson kennedy liam ed ''economic theory co operative enterprises selected readings'' plunkett foundation co operative studies lebowitz michael ''beyond capital marx 's political economy working class'' palgrave noel thompson ''left wilderness political economy british democratic socialism since '' acumen publishing sweezy paul ''the theory capitalist development''


vygotsky german born psychologist kurt lewin important influences theory bronfenbrenner 's work provides one foundational elements ecological counseling perspective espoused robert k conyne ellen cook university cincinnati counseling program many different theories related human development human ecology theory emphasizes environmental factors central development ref name development see also bioecological model ecosystem ecosystem ecology systems ecology systems psychology theoretical ecology references diagram ecosystemic model created buehler part dissertation assessing interactions child family

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems theory
Ecological systems theory


health difficulties conflicts law enforcement agencies unemployment educational difficulties subsumed ecological model would enable practitioners assess factors relevant problems hepworth rooney rooney strom gottfried larsen p nbsp thus examining ecological contexts parenting success children disabilities particularly important utilizing bronfenbrenner ecological framework article explores parenting success factors micro ie parenting practice parent child relations meso ie caregivers marital relations religious social support macro system levels ie cultural variations racial ethnic disparities health care delivery system


model dance research along primitivist vein associates indigenous peoples animals nature closely humanity ref name primitivist art movement created progressive model art art began indigenous art forms ultimately developed western modern art therefore positing western art forms socially developed indigenous peoples ref name see also choreomusicology external links http wwwcordanceorg congress research dance references references dance research ethnomusicology

Humanities
Performing arts
Dance
Ethnochoreology


'''humanistic informatics''' one several names chosen study relationship human culture technology term fairly common europe little known english speaking world though digital humanities also known ''humanities computing'' many cases roughly equivalent humanistic informatics departments generally started universities rarely taught humanities based approaches rapidly developing computerized society reason field quite broadly defined included courses humanities computing basic introductions computers work historical developments technology technology learning digital

Formal science
Computer science
Social sciences
Humanistic informatics


dialects accents english spoken british isles '''world englishes''' term emerging localized indigenized varieties english especially varieties developed territories influenced united kingdom united states study world englishes consists identifying varieties english used diverse sociolinguistic contexts globally analyzing sociolinguistic histories multicultural backgrounds contexts function influence use english different regions world issue world englishes first raised examine concepts regional englishes globally pragmatic factors appropriateness

Humanities
Languages and literature
Linguistics
World Englishes


become principal tongue england without undergone significant change ref name intro renaissance patriotic feelings regarding english brought recognition english national language england language advocated acceptable learned literary use great vowel shift language period matured standard differed significantly middle english period becoming recognizably modern th century three main forces driving direction english language reduce language rule effect standard correct


varieties spoken modern north america caribbean south africa australia new zealand modified response changed changing sociolinguistic contexts migrants example contact indigenous native american khoisan bantu aboriginal maori populations colonies ref name jenkins jenkins jennifer ''world englishes resource book students'' london new york routledge ref second dispersal english transported asia africa second diaspora result colonization asia africa led development 'new englishes' second language varieties english


expansion great britain asia africa regions english native tongue serves useful lingua franca ethnic language groups higher education legislature judiciary national commerce may carried predominantly english circle includes india nigeria bangladesh pakistan malaysia tanzania kenya non anglophone south africa philippines colonized us others total number english speakers outer circle estimated range million million singapore outer circle may drifting


english better categorized partial membership modiano 's model english modiano 's model english center consists users english international language core set features comprehensible majority native competent non native speakers english second circle consists features may become internationally common may fall obscurity finally outer area consists five groups american english british english major varieties local varieties foreign varieties features peculiar speech community unlikely understood


respect buildings related engineering design fields structural engineering structural engineering involves analysis design built environment buildings bridges equipment supports towers walls concentrating buildings sometimes informally referred building engineers structural engineers require expertise strength materials structural analysis predicting structural load weight building occupants contents extreme events wind rain ice seismic design structures referred earthquake engineering architectural engineers sometimes incorporate structural one aspect designs structural discipline

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Civil Engineering
Structural engineering
Architectural engineering


ects units according bologna accords education architectural structural mechanical electrical engineering branches well established educational requirements usually fulfilled completion university program air handling unit used heating cooling air central location click image legend bringing together knowledge acoustic engineering hvac one example multi disciplined nature architectural engineering architectural engineering single integrated field study multi disciplinary engineering approach differentiates architectural engineering architecture field architect


contour crafting history architectural engineering international building code mechanical electrical plumbing outline architecture references engineering building engineering engineering occupations architecture occupations architectural design engineering disciplines


tool current social order state serves particular interests powerful claiming represent interests representation disadvantaged groups state processes may cultivate notion full participation illusion ideology inequality global level characterized purposeful underdevelopment third world countries colonization national independence global system ie development agencies world bank international monetary fund benefits powerful countries multi national corporations rather subjects development economic political military actions

Social science
Sociology
Conflict theory


slps work public private hospitals private practices skilled nursing facilities snfs long term acute care ltac facilities hospice home healthcare slps may also work part support structure education system working public private schools colleges universities slps also work community health providing services prisons young offenders' institutions providing expert testimony applicable court cases following american speech language hearing association 's approval delivery speech language services via video conference telepractice slps united states begun use service model research

Applied science
Medicine and health
Speech–language pathology


college education offer education training programs ms degree beyond master 's degree slps may choose earn clinical doctorate speech language pathology eg cscd slpd doctoral degree research professional focus eg phd edd degrees must university holds regional accreditation master 's degree accredited asha clinicians required complete clinical hours observation hours often completed undergraduate degree hours graduate clinical practicum


must pass multiple comprehensive exams also called knowledge skills acquisition kasa exams requirements met slp 's path earning graduate degree slps must state licensure national certification passing national speech language pathology board examination praxis successfully complete clinical fellowship year cfy clinical fellow cf mentorship fully licensed mentor clinician cfy less weeks full time experience totaling minimum hours cfy cf cannot earn cfy hours unless work hours


psychoanalytic broadly psychodynamic theory continues influence psychological anthropologists gilbert herdt douglas hollan robert levine contributed significantly approaches person centered ethnography clinical ethnography thus may make sense consider psychoanalytic anthropology since latter part th century style set research agendas cut across several approaches within anthropology see also robert levy ari kiev culture personality personality overall characteristics person possesses characteristics acquired within culture however

Social science
Anthropology
Psychological Anthropology


inertia cultural models people 's assumptions way world works hard change patterns association roy d'andrade sees history cognitive anthropology proper divisible four phases first began explicit formulation culture knowledge anthropologists ward goodenough anthony wallace late mid attention focused categorization componential analysis technique borrowed structuralist linguistics native folk systems knowledge ethnoscience eg ethnobotany ethnolinguistics well discoveries patterns color


recently cultural creation pharmaceutical self globalizing world jenkins recent research focuses specific relationships history conscience cultural self suffering roberto beneduce etnopsichiatria sofferenza mentale e alterit fra storia dominio e cultura primarily trained psychiatrists rather anthropologists abram kardiner arthur kleinman robert levy roberto beneduce roland littlewood research done genetic predisposition family 's contribution genesis psychopathology contribution environmental factors tropical diseases natural catastrophes occupational hazards today


common subjects methods different addition interface colloid science studies macroscopic phenomena occur heterogeneous systems due peculiarities interfaces history field surface chemistry started heterogeneous catalysis pioneered paul sabatier hydrogenation fritz haber haber process ref name nobel ref irving langmuir also one founders field scientific journal surface science ''langmuir'' bears name langmuir adsorption equation used model monolayer adsorption surface adsorption sites affinity adsorbing species interact

Natural science
Chemistry
Surface chemistry


well defined single crystal surfaces catalytically active materials platinum often used model catalysts multi component materials systems used study interactions catalytically active metal particles supporting oxides produced growing ultra thin films particles single crystal surface relationships composition structure chemical behavior surfaces studied using ultra high vacuum techniques including adsorption temperature programmed desorption molecules scanning tunneling microscopy low energy electron diffraction auger electron spectroscopy results fed chemical models used toward rational design new catalysts reaction mechanisms


personal knowledge material variety specialized print online resources come appropriate suggestions goal direct readers advisory ' 'suggest'' titles based reader 's individual interests tastes librarians simply recommend favorite books little regard patron 's interests performing readers' advisory example patron requests good book readers' advisor might ask reader describe book enjoyed focus conversation recitation plot aforementioned appeal

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Readers' advisory


'''stem cell research policy''' varies significantly throughout world overlapping jurisdictions international organizations nations states provinces government policies determine allowed versus prohibited whereas others outline research publicly financed course practices prohibited implicitly permitted organizations issued recommended guidelines stem cell research conducted international bodies united nations adopted declaration human cloning interpreted calling member states prohibit somatic cell nuclear transfer therapeutic cloning divided vote member states

Applied science
Public administration
Science policy
Stem cell research policy


high acid levels cooking partially breaks food making easily digestible food enters body effectively partly digested food processing reduces work digestive system means selection smaller digestive organs tissue energetically expensive ref name smaller digestive organs process food lower energetic cost larger organs ref name ref cooking notable energy available food increases cooked also means less time spent looking food ref name fonseca azevedo

Social science
Anthropology
Gene-Culture Coevolution


changes archaeological pottery technology patent applications ref name artsciwustl changes songs song birds also thought arise drift processes distinct dialects different groups occur due errors songbird singing acquisition successive generations cultural drift also observed early computer model cultural evolution guided variation cultural traits may gained population process individual learning individual learns novel trait transmitted members population process guided variation depends


adaptive standard determines cultural variants learned biased transmission understanding different ways culture traits transmitted individuals important part dit research since transmission biases occur cultural variants favored others process cultural transmission ref name boyd boyd r p richerson ''culture evolutionary process'' chicago university chicago press ref boyd richerson ref name boyd defined analytically modeled number possible transmission biases list biases refined years especially


groups two properties rare genetic transmission necessary group selection operate based earlier model cavalli sforza feldman boyd richerson show conformist biases almost inevitable traits spread social learning implying group selection common cultural evolution analysis small groups new guinea imply cultural group selection might good explanation slowly changing aspects social structure rapidly changing fads ref name soltis ref ability cultural evolution maintain intergroup diversity allows study


rules different forms biased transmission population level effects conflicts cultural genetic evolution book 's conclusion also outlined areas future research still relevant today current future research book boyd richerson outlined agenda future dit research agenda outlined called development theoretical models empirical research dit since built rich tradition theoretical models past two decades however comparable level empirical work interview harvard biologist e wilson


use sem commonly justified social sciences way identify latent variables believed exist cannot directly observed reality ref name kline researchers using sem employ software programs https wwwstatmodelcom mplus https lavaanugentbe lavaan https wwwr projectorg r lisrel spss stata estimate strength sign coefficient modeled arrow numbers shown figure example provide diagnostic clues suggesting indicators model components might produce inconsistency model data hypothetical model suggesting intelligence

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Statistics
Structural Equation Model


exogenous causal variables ref name westland one several programs karl gustav j reskog developed early educational testing services lisrel embedded latent variables psychologists knew latent factors factor analysis within path analysis style equations sociologists inherited wright duncan factor structured portion model incorporated measurement errors thereby permitted measurement error adjusted estimation effects connecting latent variables loose confusing terminology used obscure weaknesses methods particular pls pa also known pls pm conflated partial least squares regression plsr substitute ordinary


uniquely identifies model recursive definition equivalent formulation given different parameter value data point variable observed scores like variable containing scores question number times respondents buy car parameter value interest might regression coefficient exogenous endogenous variable factor loading regression coefficient indicator factor fewer data points number estimated parameters resulting model unidentified since


name maccallum sample size requirements achieve particular significance power sem hypothesis testing similar model three algorithms pls pa lisrel systems regression equations used testing explanation communication set models interpreted claims constructs made based best fitting model caution always taken making claims causality even experimentation time ordered studies done term ''causal model'' must understood mean model conveys causal


initially released also several packages r open source statistical environment openmx r package provides open source enhanced version mx application another open source r package sem lavaan ref name lavaan scholars consider good practice report software package version used sem analysis different capabilities may use slightly different methods perform similarly named techniques see also causal model graphical model multivariate statistics partial least squares path modeling partial least squares regression simultaneous equations model ''structural equations


however goal always teaching users would transfer learned new situations reference tools environments new would learn learn research libraries bibliographic instruction started mainstream standard library service library instruction pioneer miriam sue dudley 's library instruction materials originally produced chicano student group ucla example materials available online library instruction evolving adapt changing concepts information use understanding model programs order meaningful

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Library instruction


notes references bishop w w training use books ''sewanee review'' july pp nbsp davis r c teaching bibliography colleges ''library journal'' september pp nbsp hopkins f l century bibliographic instruction historic claim professional academic legitimacy ''college research libraries'' may pp nbsp lorenzen encouraging community library instruction jigsaw experiment university library skills classroom ''illinois libraries'' external links http instructionwikiorg main page library instruction wiki http wwwlibraryinstructioncom library instructioncom https webarchiveorg web http wwwemichedu public loex loexhtml loex clearinghouse library instruction library resources


organizations geolinguistic organizations identify associations linguists rather geographers includes two oldest date amici linguarum language friends founded erik v gunnemark american society geolinguistics prof mario pei research geolinguistics organizations others geographically oriented promote often interdisciplinary times simultaneously linguistic geographic also times linked sub disciplines linguistics well going beyond linguistics connect sociology anthropology ethnology history demographics political science

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Language geography


orientation solidified early adulthood contrast increasing persistence hypothesis posits attitudes become less likely change individuals become older life long openness hypothesis proposes attitudes individuals remain flexible regardless age ref name krosnick ref short term influences political orientation short term factors also affect voting behavior media impact individual election issues among factors factors differ long term factors often short lived however crucial modifying political orientation ways two sources interpreted often relies

Social science
Political science
Political behavior


quantitative qualitative approach advantages disadvantages quantitative models predict certain kinetic parameters behavior system certain time point concentration point disadvantage applied small number reactions prior knowledge kinetic parameters needed hand qualitative models take account reactions return provide less details kinetics system thing common approaches lose simplicity become useless number components drastically increase

Natural science
Biology
Systems biology
Systems immunology


ordinary differential equation model ordinary differential equations odes used describe dynamics biological systems odes used microscopic mesoscopic macroscopic scale examine continuous variables equations represent time evolution observed variables concentrations protein transcription factors number cell types usually used modelling immunological synapses microbial recognition cell migration last years models used study sensitivity tcr agonist ligands roles cd cd co receptors br kinetic rates equations represented


binding dissociation rates interacting species models able present concentration steady state interacting molecule network ode models defined linear non linear equations nonlinear ones used often easier simulate computer ''in silico'' analyse limitation model every network kinetics molecule known model could applied ode model used examine antigens bind b cell receptor


law merchant ''boston university law review'' c gross h hall eds selden society ''select cases law merchant'' wh hamilton 'the ancient maxim caveat emptor' yale law journal shows ''caveat emptor'' never place roman law civil law ''lex mercatoria'' probably mistake implemented common law http wwwtrans lexorg g malynes ''consuetudo vel lex mercatoria'' london paul milgrom douglass north barry weingast https webstanfordedu milgrom publishedarticles role institutions revival trade pdf role institutions revival trade medieval law merchant ''economics politics''

Humanities
Law
Legal management
Mercantile law


diagram beside shows structure enterprise architecture benefits step improvement decision making enterprise increases efficiency aspects also minimize loss organization business strategies process operation business application interaction communication along process used company information logical data statistics organization required run properly actively technology software hardware different operation systems used company elements dependent rely

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems engineering
Enterprise systems engineering


enterprise systems engineering information enterprise systems engineering iese system builds meet requirements expectations different stakeholders organization must input device collect information output device satisfy information needs three different aspects framework iese functional view topology view physical view also different rules iese model interchangeable point view detailed views well displayed showing specific method solution techniques consistent views supported viewpoints social enterprise system engineering


industrial engineering systems engineering soft systems methodology system systems system systems engineering sose risk management plan technology roadmap references reading giachetti design enterprise systems crc press boca raton florida https booksgooglecom booksid vecmwppa qgc printsec frontcover dq giachetti enterprise hl en sa x ved ahukewichjaakoplahxoxyykhrviaciq aeihdaa v onepage q giachetti enterprise f false oscar saenz chin sheng chen https webarchiveorg web http wwwlacceiorg proceedings finalpapers pdf framework enterprise systems engineering robert swarz joseph k derosa http wwwmitreorg work tech papers tech papers pdf framework enterprise systems engineering processes external links http iseillinoisedu department industrial enterprise systems engineering university illinois urbana champaign https webarchiveorg web http esdmitedu mit engineering systems division enterprise modelling systems engineering


faroese icelandic languages well accompanying literature culture universities offering education performing research scandinavian studies located throughout north america parts europe learned societies within field include society advancement scandinavian study sass quarterly journal ''scandinavian studies'' international association scandinavian studies iass association advancement scandinavian studies canada aassc departments scandinavian studies united states found university california berkeley university washington university wisconsin madison university college london

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Scandinavian studies


european origin people african origin brought area slaves west indian also refer things traced back west indies creators live elsewhere west indian term coined colonising european powers caribbean hand defined caribbeanits people cultures issues include language classifications like creole caribbean literature anglophone caribbean literature different languages also make different references texts terminology obsolete issue requires acknowledgement since literature

Humanities
Languages and literature
West Indian Literature


writer instead trinidadian writer jamaica kincaid paule marshall american writers west indian readers critics still consider writers west indian west indian literature ranges subjects themes wide national literature general many west indian writers share special concern questions identity ethnicity language rise caribbean historical experience marlon james brooklyn book festival one unique pervasive characteristic caribbean literature use dialect forms national language often termed creole


naipaul born trinidad resident united kingdom since saint john perse nobel prize born french territory guadeloupe notable names anglophone caribbean literature included una marson earl lovelace austin clarke claude mckay louise bennett orlando patterson andrew salkey edward kamau brathwaite born barbados lived ghana jamaica linton kwesi johnson velma pollard michelle cliff name recent times number literary voices emerged caribbean well caribbean


nobel prize literature kamau brathwaite edouard glissant giannina braschi lorna goodinson aim fernand c saire linton kwesi johnson kwame dawes claudia rankine common themes include exile return motherland relationship language nation colonialism postcolonialism self determination liberty racial identity women writers great abundance talent styles subjects covered caribbean women writers spanning genres poetry theater short stories essays novels also burgeoning field scholarship women authors address women 's lives dictatorships eroticism body history


colony hispaniola ref name th century epics approach subjects racist legacies economic terrorism decolonization caribbean culture politics nobel prize winner derek walcott pens one greatest modern epic written english language omeros epic poem divided seven books containing sixty four chapters poem composed three line form reminiscent terza rima form dante used ''the divine comedy'' work uses local island folklore ancient greek myths homer' ''iliad'' address legacies


james anthony joseph roi kwabena harold sonny ladoo john la rose earl lovelace john lyons rabindranath maharaj ian mcdonald alfred mendes shani mootoo shiva naipaul v naipaul lakshmi persaud nourbese philip jennifer rahim kenneth ramchand roger robinson monique roffey lawrence scott samuel selvon frances anne solomon eintou pearl springer kenneth vidia parmasad eric williams virgin islands tiphanie yanique west indian literary periodicals ''the beacon'' trinidad ''bim'' barbados ''dialogue'' trinidad ''the caribbean writer'' u virgin islands ''focus'' jamaica ''kyk al'' guyana ''the caribbean review books'' trinidad ''savacou'' journal caribbean artists movement'' london uk ''moko caribbean arts


materials colors patterns styles though clothing worn everyday wear falls within narrow range conventional styles unusual garments usually sought special occasions evening wear party dresses clothes made specifically individual case haute couture bespoke tailoring today clothing designed mass market especially casual every day wear called ready wear education become fashion designer training certifications help succeed profession however n't need college degree

Applied science
Architecture and design
Fashion design


frederick worth first designer label sewn garments created former draper set ''maison couture'' fashion house paris clothing design creation handled largely anonymous seamstresses high fashion descended worn royal courts worth 's success able dictate customers wear instead following lead earlier dressmakers done term ''couturier'' fact first created order describe articles clothing time period


twice year main seasons fashion week include spring summer fall winter resort swim bridal half way garments alternative ready wear peg pr porter fashion half way garments intentionally unfinished pieces clothing encourages co design primary designer garment would usually considered passive consumer ref name hirnim hirscher niinimaki fashion activism participatory design th european academy design conference crafting future april helinski finland https wwwresearchgatenet publication fashion activism participatory design ref differs ready wear fashion consumer able participate process making co designing clothing


going catch producing versions original look save money time use cheaper fabrics simpler production techniques easily done machines end product therefore sold much cheaply type design called kutch originated german word ''kitschig'' meaning trashy aesthetically pleasing ''kitsch'' also refer wearing displaying something therefore longer fashion income median annual wages salaried fashion designers may middle percent earned


traditional mexican clothing shifted take spanish resemblance mexican indigenous groups rely specific embroidery colors differentiate ref name valdiosera ram n pp valdiosera ram n rosa mexicano moda marca artes de xico pp ref mexican pink significant color identity mexican art design general spirit term rosa mexicano described ram n valdiosera established prominent figures dolores del r designer ram n val new york ref name valdiosera ram n pp newspapers magazines el imparcial


profession involves overview aspects athletic program 's competition within sports industry examples sport managers include front office system professional sports college sports managers recreational sport managers sports marketing event management facility management sports economics sports finance sports information sport management structures help managers organize sport basic foundation sports right sports management structures generally evolve response social changes also addresses specific issues segment sorts industry history sports management sports management existed form

Human physical performance and recreation


seem clear designer stepping back empathizing user yield best results helps identify prove disprove assumptions find commonalities across target audience members recognize needs goals mental models visual design visual design also commonly known graphic design user interface design communication design visual communication represents aesthetics look feel front end user interface graphic treatment interface elements often perceived visual design purpose visual design use visual elements like colors images

Applied science
Architecture and design
User experience design


means evaluate create ux deliverables ux designers perform number different tasks therefore use range deliverables communicate design ideas research findings stakeholders ref name regarding ux specification documents requirements depend client organization involved designing product four major deliverables title page introduction feature wireframes version history depending type project specification documents also include flow models cultural models personas user stories scenarios prior user research ref name ref deliverables


visual designers guide discussions brand emotive aspects experience interaction designers communicate priority information flow functionality interface technical communicators historically technical professional communication tpc industry practices writing communication however recently ux design become prominent tpc companies look develop content wide range audiences experiences ref name ref expectation technical professional skills coupled ux design verhulsdonck howard tham state enough write


preventing dealing aggression environment victimless crimes crimes state would rendered moot legal realm would limited contractual disputes tort damages assault burglary pollution forms aggression concept similar polycentric law within economics discussion concept largely confined austrian school hans hoppe 's article private production defense published mises institute accord authors pdas different motives existing statist defense agencies believe survival depends quality

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Private defense agency


positing cooperating network firms could use aggressive force enforce cartel 's market domination noting advocates pdas typically argue abuses would prevented presence rival agencies acting authority rulings made arbitrators empowered inter agency arbitration agreements cowen opines adjudication network stable use force put outlaw agencies accept higher order arbitration decisions network could also use force put firms adhere collusive agreement anarcho capitalists argue competing


become subject severe business ostracism suggest honest productive individuals would dissociate fearing might use aggressive force event dispute might become accidental casualties retaliatory force used one victims reputation would suffer due ties moreover say private defense agency 's reputation would suffer would regarded poor credit insurance risk latter due high risk claims resulting involvement


benefit continuing investment fellow men specialized skills market joseph r stromberg notes american revolution occurred despite fact individuals might free riders benefited without funding opines successful defense freedom often relies precise allocations cost nationalism religion desire freedom hatred enemy social pressure right thing might represent enlightened self interest linda morris tannehill believe big businesses


life whole operates including evolution heredity development particular organisms accounted incorporating many layers structure process conventional concepts gene environment normally allow words although claim structures equal development systems theory fundamentally opposed reductionism kinds short developmental systems theory intends formulate perspective presume causal ontological priority particular entity thereby maintains explanatory openness empirical fronts example

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems theory
Developmental systems theory


many dispersed heterogeneous agents action given agent depends upon anticipated actions agents aggregate state economy '''no global controller''' controls provided mechanisms competition coordination agents economic actions mediated legal institutions assigned roles shifting associations global entity controls interactions traditionally fictitious ''auctioneer'' appeared mathematical analyses general equilibrium models although nobody claimed descriptive accuracy models traditionally many mainstream models imposed ''constraints'' requiring budgets balanced constraints avoided

Social science
Economics
Complexity economics


know economic complexity pdf summary complexity economics http atlasmediamitedu harvard hks mit media lab observatory economic complexity https wwwnaturecom articles foundations complexity economics complex systems theory


fixed public switched telephone network relays telephone calls land line telephones earth station transmitted receiving satellite dish via geostationary satellite earth orbit improvements submarine communications cables use fiber optics caused decline use satellites fixed telephony late th century still exclusively service remote islands ascension island saint helena diego garcia easter island submarine cables service also continents regions countries landline telecommunications rare

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Electrical Engineering
Telecommunications engineering


optical fiber used medium telecommunication computer networking flexible bundled cables especially advantageous long distance communications light propagates fiber little attenuation compared electrical cables allows long distances spanned repeaters charles k kao george hockham proposed optical fibers stc laboratories stl harlow england showed losses nbsp db km existing glass compared nbsp db km coaxial cable due contaminants could potentially removed optical fiber


late industry promoters research companies kmi rhk predicted massive increases demand communications bandwidth due increased use internet commercialization various bandwidth intensive consumer services video demand internet protocol data traffic increasing exponentially faster rate integrated circuit complexity increased moore 's law concepts radio transmitter room basic elements telecommunication system transmitter transmitter information source takes information converts signal transmission electronics telecommunications transmitter radio transmitter electronic


socket scapula head upper arm bone normally fits rotates labrum healed rim shoulder blade see stress gradually gather strength important injure healing much motion strengthening arm allowed surgery also depends upon many factors surgeon let know limitations fast progress variability injury type repair done

Applied science
Medicine and health
Shoulder Surgery


output due input math x math math math hence system time invariant output depend particular time input applied fundamental result lti system theory lti system characterized entirely single function called system 's impulse response output system math math simply convolution input system math x math system 's impulse response math h math called continuous time system similarly discrete time linear time invariant generally shift invariant system defined one operating

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems theory
LTI system theory


sinusoid output system also sinusoid perhaps different amplitude different phase always frequency upon reaching steady state lti systems cannot produce frequency components input lti system theory good describing many important systems lti systems considered easy analyze least compared time varying nonlinear case system modeled linear differential equation constant coefficients lti system examples systems electrical circuits made


resistors inductors capacitors rlc circuits ideal spring mass damper systems also lti systems mathematically equivalent rlc circuits lti system concepts similar continuous time discrete time linear shift invariant cases image processing time variable replaced two space variables notion time invariance replaced two dimensional shift invariance analyzing filter banks mimo systems often useful consider vectors signals linear system time invariant solved using approaches green function method continuous time


int infty infty h e mathrm math dependent parameter ' 's'' system 's response scaled version input particular math mathbb c math system output product input math e st math constant math h math hence math e math eigenfunction lti system corresponding eigenvalue math h math direct proof also possible directly derive complex exponentials eigenfunctions lti systems let 's set math v e omega math complex exponential math v e omega math


square integrable stable systems fourier transform often applied spectra infinite signals via wiener khinchin theorem even fourier transforms signals exist due convolution property transforms convolution gives output system transformed multiplication transform domain given signals transforms exist math display block hx mathrel stackrel text def int infty infty h tau x tau mathrm tau mathrel stackrel text def mathcal l h x math one use system response directly determine particular frequency component


taken transforms simple multiplication laplace variable ' 's'' math display block mathcal l left frac mathrm mathrm x right x math derivative simple laplace transform partly explains utility transform another simple lti operator averaging operator math display block mathcal left x right mathrel stackrel text def int x lambda mathrm lambda math linearity integration math display block begin align mathcal c x c x int c x lambda c x lambda mathrm lambda c int x lambda mathrm lambda c int x lambda mathrm lambda c mathcal x c mathcal x


system '''bounded input bounded output stable''' bibo stable every bounded input output finite mathematically every input satisfying math display block x infty infty math leads output satisfying math display block infty infty math finite maximum absolute value math x math implies finite maximum absolute value math math system stable necessary sufficient condition math h math impulse response l sup sup finite l sup sup norm math display block h int infty infty h mathrm infty math frequency domain region convergence must contain


proving million per year orchestras cities would enable citizens cities country see live orchestra shows however funding orchestras would mean funding would go ensembles meet highest standards excellence thus excellence broadening access often trade offs theoretical approaches railway museum japan displays antique locomotives cultural policy small part budgets even generous governments governs sector immense complexity entails large heterogeneous set individuals

Applied science
Public administration
Cultural policy


governments may place policy areas list ministries departments example national parks may assigned environment department public humanities may delegated education department since culture public good ie contributes public value society hard exclude non payers society benefits arts culture something generally viewed merit good governments pursued programs promote greater accessibility way thinking significant aesthetic works paintings sculptures made broadly available


esoteric culture focuses art music types art seen museums galleries populists dismissed pandering philistines promoting trivialized commercialized culture endorse value popular music folk art however mutual stereotypes belie complementariness two bookends artistically autonomous politically accountable cultural policy synthesis termed latitudinarian approach public culture one aesthetically inclusive broadly accessible glocalization arts musicologists david hebert mikolaj rykowski write music recognized invaluable cultural


educational background dr mulcahy said conceiving public policy opportunity provide alternatives readily available marketplace public cultural agencies would better positioned complement efforts private sector rather duplicate activities similarly cultural agencies promote community development supporting artistic heritages competitive disadvantage cultural world increasingly profit driven sum excellence viewed achievements greatness horizontal rather vertical perspective cultural policy supporting totality varieties


justification continued public support american model essentially privatized culture increasingly attractive governments seeking curtail cultural subsidies system mixed funding public culture nurture arts groups cultural activities contribute individual self worth community definition even counting less economic bottom line root cultural policy creating public spheres dependent upon profit motives validated commercial values political democracy dependent upon existence civil society socio economic pluralism cultural policy stands essential


european universities middle ages beginning renaissance history diagram fly robert hooke 's innovative micrographia earliest roots science included medicine traced ancient egypt mesopotamia around bce ref name lindberg ref ref name grant ref contributions later entered shaped greek natural philosophy classical antiquity ref name lindberg ref name grant ancient greek philosophers aristotle bce contributed extensively development biological knowledge works ''history animals'' especially important revealed naturalist leanings


occurring ionic compounds ions atoms groups atoms electrostatic charge atoms gain electrons make negatively charged ions called anions whereas lose electrons make positively charged ions called cations unlike ionic bonds covalent bond involves sharing electron pairs atoms electron pairs stable balance attractive repulsive forces atoms share electrons known covalent bonding hydrogen bond primarily electrostatic force attraction hydrogen atom covalently bound electronegative atom group


water number hydrogen ions balances equals number hydroxyl ions resulting ph neutral hydrogen ions exceed hydroxyl ions ph solution would acidic conversely solution 's ph would turn basic hydroxyl ions exceed hydrogen ions organic compounds organic compounds glucose vital organisms organic compounds molecules contain carbon bonded another element hydrogen ref name freeman b exception water nearly molecules make organism contain carbon ref name freeman b ref


four fused rings ref name freeman f phospholipids consist glycerol linked phosphate group two hydrocarbon chains fatty acids ref name freeman f glycerol phosphate group together constitute polar hydrophilic head region molecule whereas fatty acids make nonpolar hydrophobic tail region ref name freeman f thus water phospholipids tend form phospholipid bilayer whereby hydrophobic heads face outwards interact water molecules conversely hydrophobic tails face inwards towards hydrophobic tails avoid contact water ref name freeman f


name freeman c side chains individual amino acids interact giving rise secondary structure protein ref name freeman c two common types secondary structures alpha helices beta sheets ref name freeman c folding alpha helices beta sheets gives protein three dimensional tertiary structure finally multiple tertiary structures combine form quaternary structure protein nucleic acids polymers made monomers called nucleotides ref name freeman ref function store transmit express hereditary information ref name


cells synthesis proteins turn play central role influencing final phenotype organism two polynucleotide strands make dna run opposite directions thus antiparallel strand composed nucleotides nucleotide containing one four nitrogenous bases cytosine c guanine g adenine thymine sugar called deoxyribose phosphate group nucleotides joined one another chain covalent bonds sugar one nucleotide phosphate next resulting


single pre mrna transcript generate nine proteins result alternative splicing ref name hillisetal k humans eighty percent genes alternatively spliced ref name hillisetal k given chimpanzees humans similar number genes thought alternative splicing might contributed latter 's complexity due greater number alternative splicing human brain brain chimpanzees ref name hillisetal k translation regulated three known ways one involves binding tiny rna molecules called microrna mirna target mrna transcript


using recombinant dna technology ref name hillisetal one goals molecular cloning identify function specific dna sequences proteins encode ref name hillisetal specific dna sequence studied manipulated millions copies dna fragments containing dna sequence need made ref name hillisetal involves breaking intact genome much large introduced host cell smaller dna fragments although longer intact collection dna fragments still make organism genome collection referred


collection cdnas specific tissue particular time called cdna library provides snapshot transcription patterns cells specific location time ref name hillisetal biotechnology tools include dna microarrays expression vectors synthetic genomics crispr gene editing ref name hillisetal ref name freeman ref approaches pharming produce large quantities medically useful products use genetically modified organisms ref name hillisetal many tools also wide applications creating medically useful proteins improving plant cultivation animal husbandry ref name hillisetal


eukaryotes ref name futuyma ref ref name pearce ref name rosing ref ref name ohtomo ref microbal mats coexisting bacteria archaea dominant form life early archean epoch many major steps early evolution thought taken place environment ref name nisbetfowler ref earliest evidence eukaryotes dates billion years ago ref name fedonkin ref may present earlier diversification accelerated started using oxygen metabolism later around billion years ago multicellular organisms began appear differentiated cells performing specialised functions ref name bonner ref algae like multicellular land plants


dated back even billion years ago although evidence suggests microorganisms formed earliest terrestrial ecosystems least billion years ago microorganisms thought paved way inception land plants ordovician period land plants successful thought contributed late devonian extinction event ref name algeoscheckler ref ediacara biota appear ediacaran period vertebrates along modern phyla originated million years ago cambrian explosion ref name gshu et al ref permian period synapsids including ancestors


system shoot system ref name hillisetal x ref root system anchors plants place roots absorb water minerals store photosynthetic products shoot system composed stem leaves flowers stems hold orient leaves sun allow leaves conduct photosynthesis flowers shoots modified reproduction shoots composed phytomers functional units consist node carrying one leaves internode one buds plant body two basic patterns apical basal radial axes


rectum ref name hillisetal ad breathing respiratory system bird respiratory system consists specific organs structures used gas exchange animals anatomy physiology make happen varies greatly depending size organism environment lives evolutionary history land animals respiratory surface internalized linings lungs ref name biology ref gas exchange lungs occurs millions small air sacs mammals reptiles called alveoli birds known atria microscopic air sacs


breaking dead organic matter decomposers release carbon back atmosphere facilitate nutrient cycling converting nutrients stored dead biomass back form readily used plants microbes ref name chapinetal ref earth 's physical environment shaped solar energy topography ref name hillisetal ao amount solar energy input varies space time due spherical shape earth axial tilt variation solar energy input drives weather climate patterns weather day day temperature precipitation activity whereas climate long term average


community either species intraspecific interactions different species interspecific interactions effects may short term like pollination predation long term often strongly influence evolution species involved long term interaction called symbiosis symbioses range mutualism beneficial partners competition harmful partners every species participates consumer resource consumer resource interactions form core food chains food webs ref name hillisetal aq ref different trophic levels within food web lowest level


biotic biosphere abiotic lithosphere atmosphere hydrosphere compartments earth biogeochemical cycles nitrogen carbon water cycles ' 'reservoirs'' substance remains sequestered long period time climate change includes global warming driven human induced emissions greenhouse gases resulting large scale shifts weather patterns though previous periods climatic change since mid th century humans unprecedented impact earth 's climate system caused change global scale largest driver warming emission


means testing administrative measures housing need one regard social housing potential remedy housing inequality '''private housing''' form housing tenure property owned individual private developer non profit organization although common goal public housing provide affordable housing details terminology definitions poverty criteria allocation vary within different contexts history boundary street three years later london county council began slum clearance alt social housing existed sporadically prior modern developments oldest still

Applied science
Public administration
Housing policy


became widespread globally second world war africa south africa south african apartheid featured high poverty rates black south africans due racial segregation discrimination post apartheid government sought build social housing poor black households urban areas economic opportunity https wwwhdmlthse fileadmin hdm alumni papers ad ad pdf reconstruction development breaking new ground programs provided million houses fully meet demand built away inner urban areas exacerbating racial divides housing shortage


tenant 's income result program began serving poorest tenants federal housing urban development hud department 's hope vi program addressed concerns distressed properties blighted superblocks revitalization funding projects renewal public housing decrease density allow tenants mixed income levels ref name billiongrants ref ref name hudpressrelease ref projects continue reputation violence drug use prostitution especially new orleans new york city philadelphia los angeles chicago washington dc well others leading passage federal one strike 're


france rue jean fautrier th arrondissement paris alt world war ii population increased rate previously unknown rural exodus increased war damage reduced number houses many cities rental prices dramatically rose government made law block effectively ending economic benefits housing investment rents gradually deregulated debate led current rental law theoretically balancing landlord tenant relations however major homelessness crisis


people people living housing projects either usually apartments rent usually private landlord 's usually mix social classes housing projects united kingdom salford greater manchester england park hill sheffield yorkshire england local authority storey tower block cwmbran south wales alt united kingdom public housing often referred british public council housing council estates based historical role district borough councils running public housing mass council house building began order


replace older dilapidated properties ref name hollow followed 'addison' act provison central state subsidies local authority municipal housing provided housing major policy area wilson 's labour government accelerated pace new building still great deal unfit housing needing replacement tower blocks first built featured prominently era proportion council housing rose nation 's housing total ref name shorthistory short history labour party alastair j reid


directory ceu opportunities largest online providers rt continuing education https wwwatra onlinecom page continuingeducation atra american therapeutic recreation association webinars https wwwrectherapytodaycom rec therapy today https smartceushubcom smart ceus hub success makers rec therapists unlimited nctrc pre approved ceus '''conferences''' american therapeutic recreation association atra state branches atra recreation therapists attend conferences provided related professional organizations earn ceus pending session meets therapeutic recreation tr knowledge areas required nctrc e '''internships externships''' supervised guidance practice professional organizations american therapeutic recreation association atra canadian therapeutic recreation association

Applied science
Medicine and health
Recreational therapy


http wwwatra onlinecom american therapeutic recreation association atra http wwwnrpaorg national therapeutic recreation society http wwwblsgov ooh healthcare recreational therapistshtm us bureau labor recreational therapist http wwwiamarecreationaltherapistcom recreational therapist first stop things recreational therapy http wwwnctrcorg national council therapeutic recreation certification nctrc http wwwrectherapytodaycom rec therapy today http wwwtherecreationaltherapistcom recreational therapist http wwwtogetherjustcom together community mental health service allied health professions rehabilitation team leisure


aitken http wwwrenewableenergyfocuscom download transitioning renewable energy future international solar energy society january p ref ref name mapren net ref name ren ref countries germany denmark spain led way implementing innovative policies driven growth past decade germany commitment energiewende transition sustainable energy economy denmark commitment renewable energy countries renewable energy policy targets renewable energy continued rapid growth providing multiple benefits new record set installed

Applied science
Public administration
Energy policy
Renewable energy policy


homes businesses heat also used industrial process applications energy input uses cooling equipment many warmer climates solar heating system provide high percentage domestic hot water energy china million rooftop solar water heaters photovoltaics nellis solar power plant nellis air force base panels track sun one axis president barack obama speaks desoto next generation solar energy center photovoltaic pv cells also called solar cells convert light electricity


germany republic ireland australian state south australia wind power championed premier mike rann comprises state 's electricity generation edging coal fired power end south australia australia 's population nation 's installed wind power capacity wind power 's share worldwide electricity usage end largest wind farms world class wikitable sortable style float left margin em em large onshore wind farms


international energy agency cellulosic ethanol biorefineries could allow biofuels play much bigger role future organizations iea previously thought cellulosic ethanol made plant matter composed primarily inedible cellulose fibers form stems branches plants crop residues corn stalks wheat straw rice straw wood waste municipal solid waste potential sources cellulosic biomass dedicated energy crops switchgrass also promising cellulose sources sustainably produced many regions ocean energy ocean energy


class wikitable style width px margin px px colspan added capacity align center china align right align center japan align right align center united states align right align center uk align right align center germany align right align center france align right align center australia align right align center south korea


renewable energy target ref name bmwi b ref targets ambitious ref name buchan ref berlin based policy institute agora energiewende noted german approach unique worldwide speed scope ''energiewende'' exceptional ref name agora ref ''energiewende'' also seeks greater transparency relation national energy policy formation ref name acatech etal b ref germany made significant progress ghg emissions reduction target achieving decrease however germany need maintain average ghg emissions abatement rate per annum reach ''energiewende'' goal equal


existing nine plants close earlier planned one factor inhibited efficient employment new renewable energy lack accompanying investment power infrastructure bring power market believed nbsp km power lines must built upgraded ref name economist different german states varying attitudes construction new power lines industry rates frozen increased costs ''energiewende'' passed consumers rising electricity bills voluntary market mechanisms renewable electricity


council noted sufficient domestic renewable resources exist allow renewable electricity play significant role future electricity generation thus help confront issues related climate change energy security escalation energy costs renewable energy attractive option renewable resources available united states taken collectively supply significantly greater amounts electricity total current projected domestic demand ref name nrc ref significant barriers widespread implementation large scale renewable energy low carbon energy strategies primarily political technological according ''post


redemption foresight perdition reject strands protestant teachings corporeal real presence lutheranism agree justification faith alone zwinglianism doctrine common property certain anabaptists transubstantiation rejected ie bread wine remain natural properties however real essential presence christ eucharist affirmed heavenly spiritual manner unlike scottish reformers articles hew ''via media'' roman catholic extreme protestant views alluded

Humanities
Theology
Christian theology
Anglican theology


allow latitude outside church england articles even less secure status generally treated edifying historical document binding doctrine practice homilies title page cranmer 's book homilies homilies two books thirty three sermons developing reformed doctrines greater depth detail thirty nine articles religion reigns edward vi elizabeth thomas cranmer english reformers saw need local congregations taught christian theology practice


communion intended reinforce unity collegiality manifesting episcopate discuss matters mutual concern pass resolutions intended act guideposts held roughly every ten years invitation archbishop canterbury anglican consultative council meets usually three year intervals consisting representative bishops clergy laity chosen thirty eight provinces body permanent secretariat anglican communion office archbishop canterbury president primates' meeting recent manifestation international consultation deliberation first


initiative british association pakistan studies established forum wider views topic common historiographical contexts encourages research dialogue involves academics practitioners forum acknowledges topic received sort individual attention country society deserve therefore strives increase international awareness subject also larger multinational multicultural organizations provide pluralist platforms discussions debates pakistan studies within wider contexts asia asia foundation example

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Pakistan studies


independence new pak studies syllabus eliminates prejudice non muslims includes concept enlightened moderation economic privatisation policies october coup daily times new voice new pakistan december h nayyar ahmed salim critical issues education policy citizens review national education policy sdpi h nayyar ahmed salim eds https webarchiveorg web http wwwsdpiorg whats new reporton state curr textbookspdf subtle subversion report curricula textbooks pakistan urdu english social studies civics report project civil society initiative curricula textbooks reform sustainable


command post exercise cpx typically focuses battle readiness staffs particular unified combatant command one components level may run parallel ftx equivalent stand alone event headquarters staff heavy emphasis simulated events field historical names field exercise full scale rehearsal military maneuvers practice warfare military services british commonwealth include schemes military services united states known field training exercises ftx

Applied science
Military sciences
Organization
Military exercises


irreversibly accumulate body tissue two phases metabolism excretion also grouped together title elimination study distinct phases involves use manipulation basic concepts order understand process dynamics reason order fully comprehend ''kinetics'' drug necessary detailed knowledge number factors properties substances act excipients characteristics appropriate biological membranes way substances cross characteristics enzyme reactions

Applied science
Medicine and health
Pharmaceutical sciences
Pharmacokinetics


means liberation phase others include phase combines distribution metabolism excretion disposition phase authors include drug 's toxicological aspect known ''adme tox'' ''admet'' phases subject physico chemical interactions drug organism expressed mathematically pharmacokinetics therefore based mathematical equations allow prediction drug 's behavior place great emphasis relationships drug plasma concentrations time elapsed since drug 's administration analysis bioanalytical methods bioanalytical methods


quadratics since response mass spectrometers linear across large concentration ranges currently considerable interest use high sensitivity mass spectrometry microdosing studies seen promising alternative animal experimentation ref name emea md ref recent studies show secondary electrospray ionization sesi ms used drug monitoring presenting advantage avoiding animal sacrifice population pharmacokinetics ''population pharmacokinetics'' study sources correlates variability drug concentrations among individuals target patient population receiving clinically relevant doses drug interest ref name pmid ref ref name pmid ref ref


one another way dadaism influenced postmodern literature development collage specifically collages using elements advertisement illustrations popular novels collages max ernst example artists associated surrealism developed dadaism continued experimentations chance parody celebrating flow subconscious mind andr breton founder surrealism suggested automatism description dreams play greater role creation literature used automatism create novel ''nadja'' used photographs replace description parody overly descriptive novelists often

Humanities
Languages and literature
History of literature
Post-modern literature


etc sometimes listed postmodernists labeling however without problems spanish speaking latin america ''modernismo'' ''posmodernismo'' refer early th century literary movements direct relationship ''modernism'' ''postmodernism'' english finding anachronistic octavio paz argued postmodernism imported grand r cit incompatible cultural production latin america along beckett borges commonly cited transitional figure vladimir nabokov like beckett borges nabokov started publishing beginning postmodernity russian english though famous novel ''lolita''


idea employing literature start postmodernists modernists often playful ironic became central features many postmodern works fact several novelists later labeled postmodern first collectively labeled black humorists john barth joseph heller william gaddis kurt vonnegut bruce jay friedman etc common postmodernists treat serious subjects playful humorous way example way heller vonnegut address events world war ii central concept heller 's ''catch '' irony idiomatic catch narrative


br myers polemic ''a reader 's manifesto'' attack maximalist novel disorganized sterile filled language play sake empty emotional commitment therefore empty value novel yet counter examples pynchon 's ''mason dixon'' david foster wallace 's ''infinite jest'' postmodern narrative coexists emotional commitment minimalism literary minimalism characterized focus surface description readers expected take active role creation story characters minimalist stories novels tend unexceptional generally


dispersed throughout entire work general interrupted sequence events character development action first glance look modern fragmentation purports however depict metaphysically unfounded chaotic universe occur language sentence structure grammar ''z exit'' fictional diary greek writer dimitris lyacos one major exponents fragmentation postmodern literature almost telegraphic style adopted devoid part articles conjunctions text interspersed lacunae everyday language combines poetry biblical references leading syntax disruption