mounds received five times amount photosynthetically active radiation par summed sampled microsites throughout first growing season control treatment consistently received daily background par mounds received november fall frosts reduced shading eliminating differential quite apart effect temperature incident radiation also important photosynthetically average control microsite exposed levels light compensation point three hours ie one quarter daily light period whereas mounds received light compensation point eleven hours ie


search heuristic person treats opportunity research information last rather contingent plan indicates done based results search directed cognition considers one search conducted alternative researched '''elimination aspects''' whereas satisficing directed cognition compare choices elimination aspects compares certain qualities person using elimination aspects heuristic first chooses quality value searching sets aspiration level may repeated refine

Social science
Economics
Behavioural economics


market value current price stock bond always trades fair value proponents traditional theories believe investors entire market rather attempting outperform market behavioral finance emerged alternative theories traditional finance behavioral aspects psychology sociology integral catalysts within field study evolution foundations behavioral finance traced back years several original books written early marked beginning behavioral


finance collection anomalies true branch finance anomalies either quickly priced market explained appealing market microstructure arguments however individual cognitive biases distinct social biases former averaged market create positive feedback loops drive market fair price equilibrium observed problem general area behavioral finance serves complement general economics similarly anomaly


occur behavioral game theory behavioral game theory invented colin camerer analyzes interactive strategic decisions behavior using methods game theory experimental economics experimental psychology experiments include testing deviations typical simplifications economic theory independence axiom neglect altruism fairness framing effects positive side method applied interactive learning social preferences research program subject development last three decades artificial intelligence much decisions made either human beings


behavioral economics typically stress rationality economic agents fundamental critique provided maialeh argues behavioral research establish economic theory examples provided account include pillars behavioral economics satisficing behavior prospect theory confronted neoclassical perspective utility maximization expected utility theory respectively author shows behavioral findings hardly generalizable disprove typical mainstream axioms related rational behavior others essayist former trader nassim taleb note cognitive theories prospect


drawing ecg labels intervals '''cardiac electrophysiology''' science elucidating diagnosing treating electrical activities heart term usually used clinical context describe studies phenomena invasive intracardiac catheter recording spontaneous activity well cardiac responses programmed electrical stimulation pes see clinical cardiac electrophysiology cardiac electrophysiology also encompasses basic research translational research components someone studies cardiac electrophysiology either clinically solely research known cardiac electrophysiologist description studies performed assess complex arrhythmias elucidate

Applied science
Medicine and health
Internal medicine
Cardiac electrophysiology


mid hein j j wellens professor medicine university maastricht netherlands attending cardiologist academic hospital maastricht first microprocessor based stimulator developed textbook author definitive textbook field late mark e josephson former robinette professor medicine chief cardiology university pennsylvania school medicine philadelphia pennsylvania professor medicine harvard medical school attending cardiologist beth israel deaconess medical center boston massachusetts recent published edition ''clinical cardiac electrophysiology


considered academics mostly usa extension english discipline even though taught around world many languages english discipline traditionally seen critical study literary forms creation literary forms academics see creative writing challenge tradition uk australia well increasingly us rest world creative writing considered discipline right offshoot discipline ref support creative writing programs

Humanities
Languages and literature
Creative writing


either part separate english discipline argue academic worth creative writing experience argue creative writing hones students abilities clearly express thoughts creative writing entails depth study literary terms mechanisms applied writer 's work foster improvement critical analysis skills used literary studies outside creative writing sphere indeed process creative writing crafting thought original piece considered constitute experience creative problem solving despite


moral actions took response augusto blasi proposed self model links ideas moral judgment action moral commitment moral goals central self concept likely take moral action feel greater obligation motivated attain unique moral identity ref name hardy ref following independent publication pair landmark papers respectively led jonathan haidt joshua greene ref name haidt ref ref name greene ref surge interest moral psychology across broad range subfields psychology

Social science
Psychology
Moral psychology


called value justification hypothesis ref name kristiansen hotte theory comparable jonathan haidt 's social intuitionist theory ref name haidt individuals justify intuitive emotions actions post hoc moral reasoning kristiansen hotte also found independent selves actions behaviors influenced thoughts feelings interdependent selves actions behaviors self concepts based thoughts feelings others westerners two dimensions emotions activation pleasantness japanese one range interdependent relationships markus kitayama found two different


process must applicable moral judgement well second argument based research motivated reasoning claims people behave like intuitive lawyers searching primarily evidence serve motives social relatedness attitudinal coherence thirdly haidt found people post hoc reasoning faced moral situation posteriori fact explanation gives illusion objective moral judgement reality subjective one 's gut feeling lastly research shown moral emotion stronger link moral action moral reasoning citing damasio 's research somatic


morally mandated issue less likely reach consensus compared discussing non moral issues intersections fields sociological applications research shows people tend self segregate based moral political views ref name haidt ref ref name motyl ref exaggerate magnitude moral disagreements across political divides avoid exposure opinions opposing political views normative implications researchers begun debate implications moral psychology research subfields ethics normative ethics meta ethics example peter singer citing haidt 's work social intuitionism greene 's dual process


lettuce wheat grown aeroponic apparatus nasa '''aeroponics''' process growing plants air mist environment without use soil aggregate medium word aeroponic derived greek meanings ''aer'' air ''ponos'' labour aeroponic culture differs conventional hydroponics aquaponics vitro plant tissue culture growing unlike hydroponics uses liquid nutrient solution growing medium essential minerals sustain plant growth aquaponics uses water fish waste aeroponics conducted without growing medium ref


higher density plants per square meter compared traditional forms cultivation hydroponics soil nutrient film technique nft commercial aeroponic systems incorporate hardware features accommodate crop 's expanding root systems researchers described aeroponics valuable simple rapid method preliminary screening genotypes resistance specific seedling blight root rot isolating nature aeroponic system allowed avoid complications encountered studying infections soil culture water nutrient hydro atomization aeroponic equipment involves use sprayers misters foggers devices create


fine mist solution deliver nutrients plant roots aeroponic systems normally closed looped systems providing macro micro environments suitable sustain reliable constant air culture numerous inventions developed facilitate aeroponic spraying misting key root development aeroponic environment size water droplet commercial applications hydro atomizing spray employed cover large areas roots utilizing air pressure misting variation mist technique known fogponics employs use ultrasonic foggers mist nutrient solutions low pressure aeroponic devices water droplet


maintenance labor saving features ergonomics long term reliability features commercial aeroponic systems like high pressure devices used cultivation high value crops multiple crop rotations achieved ongoing commercial basis advanced commercial systems include data gathering monitoring analytical feedback internet connections various subsystems history diagram standalone commercial aeroponics system vmartsikhovski published journal experienced agronomy article air plant cultures talks method physiological studies root systems spraying various substances surrounding air aeroponics method


aeroponics made easier propagate important medicinal plants mehandru et al ref name mehandru p ulmus americana almost completely wiped dutch elm disease along cultivars species also shown success propagation aeroponics allowing elm trees available market oakes et al aeroponics viable alternative traditionally used process overhead misters peterson et al ref name peterson b j peterson b j e burnett sanchez submist effective propagation korean lilac


inkberry stem cuttings horttechnology ref higher success rate use aeroponics compared overhead misters overhead misters drawbacks needing apply large volumes water potentially unsanitary conditions irregular misting coverage potential leaching foliar nutrients peterson et al ref name peterson b j short cloning became easier aeroponic apparatus initiated faster cleaner root development sterile nutrient rich highly oxygenated moist environment hughes ref name stoner clawson air rooted transplants cloned aeroponics transplanted directly soil aeroponics significantly


apparatus controlled microprocessor aeroponics became known time cost saver economic factors aeroponic contributions agriculture taking shape genesis growing system gti 's aeroponic growing system greenhouse facility gti introduced second generation aeroponics hardware known genesis growing system second generation aeroponic apparatus closed loop system utilized recycled effluent precisely controlled microprocessor aeroponics graduated capability supporting seed germination thus making gti 's world 's first plant harvest aeroponic system many open loop unit closed loop aeroponic


kings nurseries used different design aeroponics system grow strawberry plants plants flourished produced heavy crop strawberries picked nursery 's customers system proved particularly popular elderly customers appreciated cleanliness quality flavor strawberries fact stoop picking fruit r stoner filed patent first microprocessor interface deliver tap water nutrients enclosed aeroponic chamber made plastic stoner gone develop numerous companies researching advancing aeroponic


direct contact hydro atomized nutrient solution time spent without water allows roots capture oxygen efficiently furthermore hydro atomized mist also significantly contributes effective oxygenation roots example nutrient film technique nft nutrient throughput liter per minute compared aeroponics throughput milliliters per minute reduced volume nutrient throughput results reduced amounts nutrients required plant development another benefit reduced throughput major significance space based use reduction water volume used reduction water volume


prevent initial contamination pathogens introduced external environment minimize spread one plant others pathogens may exist st century aeroponics modern aeroponics allows high density companion planting many food horticultural crops without use pesticides due unique discoveries aboard space shuttle aeroponics improvement artificial life support non damaging plant support seed germination environmental control rapid unrestricted growth compared hydroponics drip irrigation techniques used decades traditional agriculturalists contemporary aeroponics contemporary aeroponic techniques


researched nasa 's research commercialization center http wwwcoloradoedu engineering bioserve bioserve space technologies located campus university colorado boulder colorado research includes enclosed loop system research ames research center scientists studying methods growing food crops low gravity situations future space colonization stoner granted patent organic disease control biocontrol technology allows pesticide free natural growing aeroponic systems ed harwood founder aerofarms invented aeroponic system grows lettuces micro fleece cloth aerofarms utilizing harwood 's


aeroponics grow genetically modified corn according reese historical feat grow corn aeroponic apparatus bio massing university past attempts grow types corn using hydroponics ended failure using advanced aeroponics techniques grow genetically modified corn reese harvested full ears corn containing corn pollen spent effluent water preventing entering environment containment products ensures environment remains safe gmo contamination reese says aeroponics offers ability make bio pharming economically practical ref name nasa spinoff large scale integration aeroponics


p xylylenediammonium bound within cucurbituril lehn beautiful foldamer helvchimacta jpg intramolecular self assembly foldamer silsesquioxane interpenetrated network dalton transactions png interpenetrated network crystal structure silsesquioxane gallery history existence intermolecular forces first postulated johannes diderik van der waals however nobel laureate hermann emil fischer developed supramolecular chemistry 's philosophical roots fischer suggested enzyme substrate interactions take form lock key fundamental principles molecular recognition host guest chemistry early twentieth century non covalent bonds understood gradually detail

Natural science
Chemistry
Supramolecular chemistry


hydrogen bond described latimer rodebush use principles led increasing understanding protein structure biological processes instance important breakthrough allowed elucidation double helical structure dna occurred realized two separate strands nucleotides connected hydrogen bonds use non covalent bonds essential replication allow strands separated used template new double stranded dna concomitantly chemists began recognize study synthetic structures based non covalent interactions


work molecular information processing devices began emerging science nanotechnology also strong influence subject building blocks fullerenes nanoparticles dendrimers becoming involved synthetic systems control thermodynamics supramolecular chemistry deals subtle interactions consequently control processes involved require great precision particular non covalent bonds low energies often activation energy formation demonstrated arrhenius equation means unlike covalent bond forming chemistry rate bond formation increased higher temperatures fact chemical equilibrium equations show


provide suitable environment molecules directed assemble non covalent interactions self assembly may subdivided intermolecular self assembly form supramolecular assembly intramolecular self assembly folding demonstrated foldamers polypeptides molecular self assembly also allows construction larger structures micelles membranes vesicles liquid crystals important crystal engineering ref name ariga ref molecular recognition complexation molecular recognition specific binding guest molecule complementary host molecule form host guest complex often definition species host


topology non covalent interactions may exist different components often utilized construction system covalent bonds supramolecular chemistry template directed synthesis particular key efficient synthesis compounds examples mechanically interlocked molecular architectures include catenanes rotaxanes molecular knots molecular borromean rings ravels dynamic covalent chemistry dynamic covalent chemistry covalent bonds broken formed reversible reaction thermodynamic control covalent bonds key process system directed non covalent forces form lowest energy structures biomimetics


many synthetic supramolecular systems designed copy functions biological systems biomimetic architectures used learn biological model synthetic implementation examples include photoelectrochemical systems catalytic systems protein design self replication imprinting molecular imprinting describes process host constructed small molecules using suitable molecular species template construction template removed leaving host template host construction may subtly different guest finished host binds simplest form imprinting utilizes steric interactions


complex systems also incorporate hydrogen bonding interactions improve binding strength specificity molecular machinery molecular machines molecules molecular assemblies perform functions linear rotational movement switching entrapment devices exist boundary supramolecular chemistry nanotechnology prototypes demonstrated using supramolecular concepts jean pierre sauvage sir j fraser stoddart bernard l feringa shared nobel prize chemistry 'design synthesis molecular machines' building blocks supramolecular systems rarely designed first principles rather chemists range well studied structural


hearing aid baha cochlear implant computational audiology dichotic listening test earplug electronystagmography eng vng european federation audiology societies hearing aid hearing impairment listening noise induced hearing loss otoacoustic emissions otolaryngology otology speech language pathology spatial hearing loss tympanometry references external links otology rehabilitation team auditory system acoustics sound de h rger teakustiker sv audionom th

Applied science
Medicine and health
Audiology


example iaf well gamaliel foundation faith action direct action research training center national regional umbrella groups organized one point around approach broad based organizing emerged fbco reflecting inclusion broader range institutions groups beyond religious ones parts iaf early movers direction range forms neighborhood based organizing either organizes individuals creates new scratch kinds organizations ref name ref include doorknocking organizers go

Social science
Social work
Community practice
Community organizing


door door draw individuals organization acorn key example organization using approach block club organizing blocks two sides street block organized club sometimes tenants building organized tom gaudette shel trapp involved developing approach generally block club model also includes higher level forms organization street clubs larger areas block clubs alone felt form strong foundation organizing organization better austin chatham avalon park


focuses adoption local laws intent demonstrate use governing authority protect community rights expose misuse governing authority benefit corporations adoption rights based municipal ordinances legal strategy organizing strategy courts predictably deny legal authority municipalities legislate defiance state federal law corporations government agencies initiate legal actions overturn ordinances forced argue opposition community 's right make governing decisions issues harmful direct


local impact first rights based municipal laws prohibited corporations monopolizing horticulture factory farming banned corporate waste dumping within municipal jurisdictions recent rights based organizing pennsylvania new hampshire maine virginia california prohibited corporate mining large scale water withdrawals chemical trespass similar attempt made denton texas restrict fracking initially successful overturned legislation passed prevent texas communities enacting similar bans political orientations community organizing solely domain progressive politics dozens fundamentalist organizations operation christian coalition


time period alinsky wrote ''reveille radicals'' published ''rules radicals'' published books alinsky first person america codify key strategies aims community organizing following excerpts ''reveille radicals'' give sense alinsky 's organizing philosophy style pubilc engagement ''a people 's organization conflict group must openly fully recognized sole reason coming wage war evils cause suffering unhappiness people 's organization banding


process white flight ability middle class white americans move majority black areas professionalization community organizations c nonprofits among issues increasingly dissolved tight ethnic racial communities prevalent urban areas first part century result community organizers began move away efforts mobilize existing communities towards efforts ''create'' community fostering relationships community members community organizers like alinsky long worked churches trends led increasing focus congregational organizing


nation improving british sign language provision deaf young people getting parkinson 's nurse based north east wales getting local authority recycle instead building incinerator getting homeless shelter wrexham tcc 's https wwwtcc walesorguk stopschoolhunger stop school hunger dysgu nid llwgu campaign led welsh government committing funding poorest pupils wales able afford breakfast well lunch school tcc runs ongoing programme community organising training adults young people community leaders tcc 's diverse membership work together


living wage million living wages lifting families working poverty living wage number hourly rate set independently every year greater london authority london calculated according cost living gives minimum pay rate required worker provide family essentials life london rate per hour london copied cities around uk result citizens uk set living wage foundation provide


often referred participatory development participatory rural appraisal participatory action research local capacity building robert chambers particularly notable advocate techniques members staff acorn created acorn international since developed organization campaigns peru india canada kenya argentina dominican republic mexico honduras czech republic italy elsewhere see also community activists astroturfing community education community film community practice community psychology critical consciousness conscientization critical psychology homeowner association humanism large group capacitation organization workshop political machine relational meeting union organizer references bibliography robert fisher peter romanofsky


''community organizing urban social change historical perspective'' greenwood press robert fisher ''let people decide neighborhood organizing america'' twayne publishers neil betten michael j austin ''the roots community organizing '' philadelphia temple university press harry c boyte ''commonwealth return citizen politics'' new york free press mark warren ''dry bones rattling community building revitalize america'' princeton princeton university press heidi swarts ''organizing urban america secular faith based progressive movements'' minneapolis university minnesota press aaron schutz empowerment primer new york routledge aaron


saul alinsky eine rekonstruktion'' bremer beitr ge zur politischen bildung akademie f r arbeit und politik der universit bremen bremen leo j penta ''community organizing die macht der beziehungen'' edition korber stiftung kristin layng szakos joe szakos ''we make change community organizers talk why'' nashville vanderbilt university press david walls ''community organizing fanning flame democracy'' cambridge uk polity books external links https snccdigitalorg resources themes organizing tradition sncc digital gateway organizing tradition digital documentary website created sncc legacy project duke university telling story student nonviolent


gandhi conference gave asian religious teachers first wide american audience ref name siegler nazareth baptist church first one largest modern african initiated churches founded isaiah shembe south africa ref name siegler early th century also saw rise interest asatru saw rise nation islam jehovah 's witnesses united states rise rastafari movement jamaica rise cao h h vietnam rise soka gakkai japan

Humanities
Theology
New Religious Movements


order solar temple committed suicide canada switzerland members japanese new religion aum shinrikyo murdered number people including sarin attack tokyo subway members heaven 's gate group committed suicide belief spirits would leave earth join passing comet also cases members nrms killed engaged dangerous actions due mistaken belief invincibility example uganda several hundred


members holy spirit movement killed approached gunfire leader alice lakwena told would protected bullets oil shea tree leadership succession mary baker eddy many nrms founded led charismatic leader death religion 's founder represents significant moment history months years following leader 's death movement die fragment multiple groups consolidate position change nature become something quite different founder intended


cases nrm moves closer religious mainstream death founder number founders new religions established plans succession prevent confusion deaths mary baker eddy american founder christian science spent fifteen years working book ''the manual mother church'' laid group run successors leadership bah faith passed succession individuals assumed universal house justice members elected


may also generate mixed emotions ex members lose feelings absolute certainty held group reception academic scholarship academic study new religious movements known 'new religions studies' nrs study draws disciplines anthropology psychiatry history psychology sociology religious studies theology ref name teaching bromley ref barker noted five sources information nrms information provided groups provided ex members well friends relatives members organisations collect information nrms mainstream media


issue ref opposition opposition nrms throughout history ref name gallagher eugene v gallagher ''the new religious movement experience america'' greenwood press ref historical events anti mormonism persecution jehovah 's witnesses persecution bah ref name affolter ref persecution falun gong ref name orgharv also instances violence directed new religions united states founder latter day saint movement joseph smith killed lynch mob ref name dqdm ref india mob killings members


salvationist religions history religion list new religious movements religious pluralism sociological classifications religious movements references citations sources year title studying sociological case keeping nova journal nova religio journal alternative emergent religions volume number jstor nr doi nr url http eprintslseacuk libfile repository content barker c e studying barker studying pdf pages year contribution sociology new religious movements title cambridge companion new religious movements publisher cambridge university press location cambridge new york editor olav hammer editor mikael rothstein pages isbn contribution introduction new religions title oxford handbook new religious movements pages year b url https booksgooglecom booksid srzuho qic editor james r lewis editor link james r lewis scholar


marcia langton authors important australian histories aboriginal torres strait islander writers themes david unaipon first aboriginal author '''writing aboriginal torres strait islander people''' father james unaipon c contributed accounts aboriginal mythology written missionary george taplin david unaipon provided first accounts aboriginal mythology written aboriginal ''legendary tales aborigines'' known first aboriginal author oodgeroo noonuccal famous aboriginal poet writer rights activist credited publishing first aboriginal book

Humanities
Languages and literature
Australian Literature


kim scott joint winner thea astley ''benang'' ''that deadman dance'' alexis wright award novel ''carpentaria'' melissa lucashenko award novel ''too much lip'' also short listed stella prize australian women 's writing letters written notable aboriginal leaders like bennelong sir douglas nicholls also retained treasures australian literature historic yirrkala bark petitions first traditional aboriginal document recognised australian parliament austlit 's blackwords


settlement sydney watkin tench captain marines first fleet arrive poet explorer journalist politician william wentworth published first book written australian ''a statistical historical political description colony new south wales dependent settlements van diemen 's land particular enumeration advantages colonies offer emigration superiority many respects possessed united states america'' advocated elected assembly new south wales trial


australian bush female perspective albert facey wrote experiences goldfields gallipoli ''a fortunate life'' ruth park wrote sectarian divisions life impoverished inner city sydney ''the harp south'' experience australian pows pacific war recounted nevil shute ''a town like alice'' autobiography sir edward dunlop alan moorehead australian war correspondent novelist gained international acclaim number notable classic works international writers deal australian subjects among h lawrence 's ''kangaroo''


kathleen mitchell award victorian premier 's award ''sleeping dogs'' guardian children 's fiction prize aurealis award best young adult novel australian speculative fiction ''thursday 's child'' cbca children 's book year award older readers ''forest'' tan career contribution children 's young adult literature broadest sense ref name almase ref tan awarded various literary awards including deutscher jugendliteraturpreis ''tales outer suburbia'' new york times best illustrated children 's books award ''the arrival'' ref name almase alongside numerous literary awards tan 's


sub culture sydney late early ''oz'' satirical magazine originating sydney later produced london long media career clive james remains leading humourist author based britain whose memoir series rich reflections australian society including recent book ''cultural amnesia'' robert hughes produced number historical works australia including ''the art australia'' ''the fatal shore'' barry humphries took dadaist absurdist theatrical talents pen london becoming


rural regional australians th century showing aspects australian life unknown many city dwellers australian literature term ''mateship'' often employed denote intensely loyal relationship shared experience mutual respect unconditional assistance existing friends ''mates'' australia relationship often male loyalty remained central subject australian literature colonial times present day alexander harris wrote habits mutual helpfulness mates arising otherwise solitary bush men would often stand one another thick


poetry australia 's first published poet michael massey robinson watercolour edward charles close c state library new south wales cj dennis poet humourist australian vernacular poetry played important part early australian literature first poet published australia michael massey robinson convict public servant whose odes appeared ''the sydney gazette'' charles harpur henry kendall first poets consequence henry lawson son norwegian sailor born widely recognised australia 's poet people


poets th century include dame mary gilmore hope judith wright gwen harwood kenneth slessor les murray bruce dawe recently robert gray john forbes john tranter john kinsella judith beveridge dorothea mackellar writer ''my country'' contemporary australian poetry mostly published small independent book publishers however kinds publication including new media online journals spoken word live events public poetry projects gaining increasingly vibrant popular presence saw poetry art collaborations sydney newcastle buses ferries including artransit meuse press


skills also support proper knowledge interactions animals plants promote sustaining life period time survival skills often associated need survive disaster situation survival skills often basic ideas abilities ancients invented used thousands years outdoor activities hiking backpacking horseback riding fishing hunting require basic wilderness survival skills especially handling emergency situations bushcraft primitive living often self implemented require many skills first aid first aid kit containing

Human physical performance and recreation


tree pit shelter snow cave completely man made structures tarp tent longhouse noted common properties structures location away hazards cliffs nearby materials like food sources insulation ground rain wind air sun heat source either body heat fire heated personal group shelter multiple individuals fire fire chemical reaction typically produces carbon dioxide water heat light smoke resulting heat reaction postpone prevent risk hypothermia lighting


water per day ordinary conditions hot dry cold weather four six liters water liquids generally required day wilderness avoid dehydration keep body functioning properly ref name balance http borealnet articles survival training water balancephp water balance key cold weather survival bruce zawalsky chief instructor bwi ref us army survival manual recommend drinking water thirsty leads underhydrating instead water drunk regular intervals groups recommend rationing water water discipline lack water causes dehydration may result


degree polynomial chosen polynomial chosen way minimize worst case error goal minimize maximum value math mid p x f x mid math ''p'' ''x'' approximating polynomial ''f'' ''x'' actual function ''x'' varies chosen interval well behaved functions exists ''n'' span style padding left em th span degree polynomial lead error curve oscillates back forth math varepsilon math math varepsilon math total ''n'' times giving worst case error math varepsilon math seen exists ''n'' span style padding left em th span degree

Formal science
Mathematics
Applied mathematics
Approximation theory


approximately within math math correct result next round remez 's algorithm typically started choosing extrema chebyshev polynomial math n math initial points since final error function similar polynomial main journals journal approximation theory constructive approximation east journal approximations see also estimation theory generalized fourier series orthogonal polynomials orthonormal basis fourier series schauder basis pad approximant function approximation references n achiezer akhiezer theory approximation translated charles j hyman frederick ungar publishing co new york x pp f timan ''theory approximation


marine engineers reviewing ship plans '''marine engineering''' engineering boats ships submarines marine vessel also taken include engineering ocean systems structures referred certain academic professional circles ocean engineering marine engineering applies number engineering sciences including mechanical engineering electrical engineering electronic engineering computer science development design operation maintenance watercraft propulsion ocean systems includes limited power propulsion plants machinery piping automation control systems marine vehicles

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Mechanical Engineering
Marine engineering


nearly every person earth ocean deeply intertwined everyday life covering three quarters earth 's surface ocean traversed approximately percent global commerce volume percent value way digital communications transoceanic cables carry percent digital signal traffic internationally additionally percent world 's population lives within km coastline environmental standpoint ocean contains vast majority earth living species biomass provides much food even living land helps


design offshore oil platforms involves number marine engineering challenges platforms must able withstand ocean currents wave forces saltwater corrosion remaining structurally integral fully anchored seabed additionally drilling components must engineered handle challenges high factor safety prevent oil leaks spills contaminating ocean offshore wind farms offshore wind farms encounter many similar marine engineering challenges oil platforms provide source renewable energy higher yield wind farms land encountering less resistance general


virtue rests opposing idea vice good without evil justice without crime ref name macionis j deviance defines moral boundaries people learn right wrong defining people deviant serious form deviance forces people come together react way deviance pushes society 's moral boundaries turn leads social change social deviance committed collective conscience offended durkheim describes collective conscience set social norms members society follow ref

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of deviance


order feel respectable ritualists reject society 's goals accept society 's institutionalised means ritualists commonly found dead end repetitive jobs unable achieve society 's goals still adhere society 's means achievement social norms '''retreatism''' rejection cultural goals means letting person question drop retreatists reject society 's goals legitimate means achieve merton sees true deviants commit acts deviance achieve things always go along society 's values '''rebellion''' somewhat similar


listener delivers similarly constructed expectation original speaker react ongoing process like game charades full fledged conversation term symbolic interactionism come use label relatively distinctive approach study human life human conduct ref name ref symbolic interactionism reality seen social developed interaction others symbolic interactionists believe physical reality indeed exist individual 's social definitions social definitions develop part relation something real people thus


others judging accordingly defining labeling someone 's behavior deviant otherwise characterized invention selection manipulation beliefs define conduct negative way selection people categories labeling theory suggests deviance caused deviant 's labeled morally inferior deviant 's internalizing label finally deviant 's acting according specific label ie individual labelled deviant act accordingly time goes deviant takes traits constitute deviance committing deviations conform label


encourage increase larger transgressions suggests greater policing minor forms deviance would lead decrease major crimes theory tested variety settings including new york city compared country 's average time violent crime rates fell percent result campaign critics theory question direct causality policing statistical changes occurred control theory control theory advances proposition weak bonds individual society free people deviate


research develop theory biological deviance states people genetically predisposed criminal behavior believed criminals product earlier genetic forms main influence research charles darwin theory evolution lombroso theorized people born criminals words less evolved humans biologically related primitive animalistic urges research lombroso took darwin 's theory looked primitive times regards deviant behaviors found skeletons studied mostly low


research suggests police likely make arrest offence serious bystanders present suspect visible minority ref name macionis j '''courts''' courts rely adversarial process attorneys one representing defendant one representing crown present cases presence judge monitors legal procedures practice courts resolve cases plea bargaining though efficient method puts less powerful people disadvantage ref name macionis j '''corrections system''' community based corrections include probation parole ref name


crime linking micro macro level sources self control criminal behavior life course bartel phil http cecvcnbcca cmp modules cri devhtm deviance ''social control responses variant behaviour'' module vancouver community network web accessed april https webarchiveorg web http platoacadiauca courses soci thomson criminaljustice deviance deviancehtm types deviance ''criminal justice'' acadia university archived http platoacadiauca courses soci thomson criminaljustice deviance deviancehtm original oct retrieved feb https wwwcsc sccgcca research index engshtml research abbr csc abbr abbr abbr ''correctional service canada'' government canada web retrieved feb macionis john linda gerber emile durkheim basic insight ''sociology'' th ed macionis john linda gerber criminal justice system ''sociology'' th


effect development distinct modern african political philosophy resonance continent african diaspora one well known example economic philosophical works emerging period african socialist philosophy ujamaa propounded tanzania parts southeast africa african political economic philosophical developments also notable impact anti colonial movements many non african peoples around world definition debate defining ethnophilosophical parameters africana philosophy identifying differentiates philosophical traditions one implicit

Humanities
Philosophy
Philosophical traditions and schools
African philosophy


african individuals africana philosophy must produced african authors contrast universalist groups suggest african philosophy analyses critical engagement individual african thinkers work africana philosophy based focal point tradition african philosophy must pull african cultural backgrounds thought processes independent racial considerations use african term solidarity lewis gordon writes ref methods communitarian method communitarian method africana philosophy emphasizes mutualism thought commonly used researchers following ubuntu


caliphate present day nigeria princess nana asma'u horn africa horn africa number sources documenting development distinct ethiopian philosophy first millennium onwards among notable examples tradition emerge work th century philosopher zera yacob disciple walda heywat yacob writings discusses religion morality existence comes belief every person believe faith right one men created equal southern africa southern africa


sort individualist version ethnophilosophy one records beliefs certain special members community premise although societies demand degree conformity belief behaviour members certain members reach particularly high level knowledge understanding cultures' worldviews people sages cases sage goes beyond mere knowledge understanding reflection questioning mdash become targets philosophical sagacity critics approach note reflection questioning philosophical besides african


philosophie bantoue'' ''bantu philosophy'' elisabethville full text french https webarchiveorg web http wwwaequatoriabe tempels philbant lovaniahtm kwasi wiredu ''philosophy african'' cambridge university press kwasi wiredu ed ''a companion african philosophy'' blackwell kwasi wiredu https webarchiveorg web http webafricaufledu asq v htm ''toward decolonizing african philosophy religion'' african studies quarterly online journal african studies volume issue olabiyi babalola yai guest editor https webarchiveorg web http webafricaufledu asq v v htm ''african studies quarterly'' volume issue ''religion philosophy africa'' https booksgooglecom booksid lez pzurcsic printsec frontcover dq africana philosophy ''an introduction africana philosophy'' lewis gordon https booksgooglecom booksid bveqaaaaiaaj q philosophy born struggle dq philosophy born struggle ei wu sc enohwmmvs myo pgis ''philosophy born struggle'' leonard harris https booksgooglecom booksid odl ka e zwc printsec frontcover dq robert bernasconi ei nsu sdzjcihwml g zsc ppa ''race racism continental philosophy''


coined dr j b harrington adopted fill need canada term denote provincial agriculturalist title professional agrologist conferred persons least bachelor 's degree agriculture demonstrate qualities needed responsibly teach practise conduct experiments research agricultural sciences according agricultural institute canada website agrologist also hold degree field related agriculture provinces pass rigorous prescribed examinations attain professional designation agrology regulated profession


feelings actions characteristics demonstrating willingness attentively listen without interruption judgement giving advice ''empathy'' therapist communicates desire understand appreciate client 's perspective processes rogers believed therapist embodies three critical reflexive attitudes three core conditions help liberate client confidently express true feelings without fear judgement achieve client centered therapist carefully avoids directly challenging client 's way communicating session order enable deeper exploration issues intimate free

Social science
Social work
Person-centered therapy


slowly retreating forces clarke 's success one first times armor used mobile defense see also counter offensive ''battleplan'' documentary tv series notes references references reading military tactics military terminology

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Counter-attack


print books audiobooks may customized locations populations served bookmobiles based various means conveyance including bicycles carts motor vehicles trains watercraft wagons well camels donkeys elephants horses mules ref name bashaw history th century perambulating library warrington england united states america american school library traveling frontier library published harper brothers smithsonian institution 's national museum american history complete original set series complete wooden carrying case ''the

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Bookmobile


bring library services community events seattle library cruiser book bike volusia county libraries debuted florida september library staff ride various locations offering library books checkout well wifi service ebook access help information obtaining library card ref name dbfol ref south america biblioburro mobile library colombian teacher luis soriano two donkeys alfa beto bring books children rural villages twice week cnn chose soriano one heroes year gallery


team performed tumor surgery procedure milestone practice anesthesia ferdinand hasbrouck 's son james f hasbrouck discussed among founders columbia university college dental oral surgeons oral maxillofacial surgeon dr niels jorgensen first develop intravenous moderate sedation technique administering pentobarbital meperidine scopolamine intravenously widely accepted first taught loma linda university school medicine beginning united states close educational professional relationship oral maxillofacial surgery anesthesiology persists

Applied science
Medicine and health
Dentistry
Oral and maxillofacial surgery


present day ref name fenster pp craniofacial surgery oral maxillofacial surgery stands pillar modern practice plastic surgery plastic surgery 's recognition surgical specialty united states early plastic surgery founded professional organization oral surgeons elite training interest plastic reconstructive surgery american association oral plastic surgery time exclusive organization began elect small number non oral surgeon members first legendary general surgeon dr vilray blair washington


hasbrouck graduate students devoted entire second two years specialization surgery columbia presbyterian hospital provided extraordinary preparation possibility post graduate residency training oral surgery ref name columbia alumni news hasbrouck notable specialty received dental medical degree prior father oral surgeon ferdinand hasbrouck discussed pioneer anesthesiology hasbrouck 's wald 's sons theodore f hasbrouck arthur h wald graduated columbia 's college dental oral surgery arthur wald made advances grafting


script substantially changed standards make difficult establish identity number screenwriters contributed film 's creation established writers called rewrite portions script late development process commonly referred script doctors prominent script doctors include christopher keane steve zaillian william goldman robert towne mort nathan quentin tarantino peter russell many coming screenwriters work ghost writers television writing freelance television writer typically uses spec scripts previous credits reputation obtain contract

Humanities
Languages and literature
Screenwriting


uncle 's moisture farm '''inciting incident''' also known ''catalyst'' ' 'disturbance'' something bad difficult mysterious tragic catalyzes protagonist go motion take action event starts protagonist path toward conflict luke sees tail end hologram princess leia begins sequence events culminates plot point '''plot point i''' also known ''first doorway return'' ''first turning point'' last scene act surprising development radically changes


conflict drama reminding audience overall conflict imperial stormtroopers attack millennium falcon mos eisley reminding audience empire stolen death star plans r carrying luke ben kenobi trying get rebel base '''midpoint''' important scene middle script often reversal fortune revelation changes direction story field suggests driving story toward midpoint keeps second act sagging luke companions learn princess leia aboard


focuses describing literal visual aspects story rather internal thoughts characters screenwriting aim evoke thoughts emotions subtext action symbolism modern screenplays least hollywood related screen cultures written style known '''master scene format''' '''master scene script''' format characterized six elements presented order likely used script scene heading slug action lines big print character name parentheticals dialogue


time written side side conventionally known dual dialogue final element scene transition used indicate current scene transition next generally assumed transition cut using cut redundant thus element used sparingly indicate different kind transition dissolve screenwriting applications final draft software celtx fade software slugline scrivener software highland allow writers easily format script adhere requirements master


plaintiff 's attempts remedy infringement delayed registration process additionally many infringement cases plaintiff able recoup attorney fees collect statutory damages copyright infringement unless plaintiff registered infringement began purpose establishing evidence screenwriter author particular screenplay related legal copyrighting status work writers guild america registers screenplays however since service one record keeping regulated law variety commercial non profit organizations


art cultures periods valued works even works include decorative media example islamic art many periods places consists entirely decorative arts often using geometric plant forms art many traditional cultures distinction decorative fine arts useful appreciating chinese art neither understanding early medieval art europe period europe fine arts manuscript illumination monumental sculpture existed prestigious works tended

Applied science
Architecture and design
Decorative arts


definition existing sets based new data level flexibility ideal handling ever changing world internet classifier technology built top languages web ontology language allow logical semantic level existing internet layer called semantic web temporal logic used reasoning concurrent systems see also automated reasoning computational logic logic programming references reading external links http platostanfordedu entries logic ai article ''logic artificial intelligence'' stanford encyclopedia philosophy https webarchiveorg web http wwwinformatikhu berlinde lics ieee symposium

Formal science
Computer science
Logic in computer science


necessity educated workforce technological economies various social political perspectives concerning globalization dependency theory suggest effects due changes status workers third world four underlying principles four principles posited underlie social stratification first social stratification socially defined property society rather individuals society second social stratification reproduced generation generation third social stratification universal found every society variable differs across time place fourth social stratification involves quantitative inequality

Social science
Sociology
Social stratification


way weber envisioned weber derives many key concepts social stratification examining social structure germany notes contrary marx 's theories stratification based simple ownership capital weber examines many members aristocracy lacked economic wealth yet strong political power many wealthy families lacked prestige power example jewish weber introduced three independent factors form theory stratification hierarchy class status power '''class''' person 's economic position society based birth individual achievement weber


military spending '''the corporate elite ''' mills explains military emphasis recognized corporate leaders worked prominent military officers dominated development policies corporate leaders high ranking military officers mutually supportive ref name doob ref name mills sup pp nbsp sup mills shows power elite inner core made individuals able move one position institutional power another example prominent military officer becomes political adviser powerful politician becomes corporate executive ref name doob people knowledge


representation individual beliefs uncertainties mathematician john von neumann economist oskar morgenstern developed axiomatic basis utility theory way expressing individual preferences uncertain outcomes contrast social choice theory addresses problem deriving group preferences individual preferences statistician leonard jimmie savage developed alternate axiomatic framework decision analysis early resulting expected utility theory provides complete axiomatic basis decision making uncertainty basic theoretical developments established

Applied science
Transportation
Operations research
Decision analysis


set subsequent textbooks additional developments documented reading although decision analysis inherently interdisciplinary involving contributions mathematicians philosophers economists statisticians cognitive psychologists historically considered branch operations research decision analysis society formed special interest group within operations research society america orsa later merged institute management sciences tims become institute operations research management sciences informs beginning informs published dedicated journal topics decision analysis following along


charles rennie mackintosh music room interior architect frank lloyd wright 's robie house ''the archectural record'' selected robie house one seven notable residences ever built america window designed frank lloyd wright robie house '''interior architecture''' design building shelter inside design new interior type home fixed refer initial design plan used building 's interior interior 's later redesign made accommodate

Humanities
Visual arts
Applied arts
Interior architecture


place building physical socio political context temporal requirements changing owners users sense building good bones original architectural idea therefore first iteration internal spatial hierarchy structure others bound follow cities dense buildings perhaps originally built banks restaurants perhaps industrial mills loft apartments even railway stations become art galleries case collective memory shape character city


maintain visually unchanged accommodating unseen modern utilities access structural stabilization restoration needs second demolished make way new building site abandoned becoming ruins finally redesigned altered accommodate new uses many different degrees alteration minor one enable building conform new legal codes likely prolong first indeed later iteration interior space major alteration retention facade intents purposes new building possibilities


within two extremes domain interior architect practice architecture concerned art science new building practice interior architecture concerned alteration existing buildings new uses ref name intarrisd sustainability critical part evolution interior architecture design central theme sustainability consciously thinking environment materials sourced energy use site selection water usage material selection leigh bacon sub category interior architecture focuses finding creative holistic ways


substances use sale prohibited like mdma party drugs belief certain forms discrimination unethical take something away person restrictions ostracised furthermore restrict women 's girls' rights access empowerment opportunities resources person duty care aged persons within family particularly true countries asia much aged care falls unpaid labor refuse favor known persons would abuse power relationship n't make promise know

Applied science
Military sciences
Military weapons
Unconventional


ca n't keep n't ask money know ca n't pay back person place practice honesty deceive innocent false promises obtain economic benefits gratuities 's suitable make pledge allegiance united states prompted social context gentlemen 's agreement gentleman 's agreement informal legally non binding agreement two parties follow business dealings say something wo n't falter


westminster system government many rules unwritten international law term convention also used international law refer certain formal statements principle convention rights child conventions adopted international bodies international labour organization united nations conventions adopted usually apply countries ratify automatically apply member states bodies conventions generally seen force international treaties ratifying countries best


war created immediate need well designed documentation support use technologies technical writing high demand time technical writer became official job title world war ii ref name msubillingsedu following world war ii technological advances led increase consumer goods standards living ref name msubillingsedu post war boom public services like libraries universities well transport systems like buses highways saw substantial growth need writers chronicle processes increased ref name msubillingsedu also period large business universities started

Journalism, media studies and communication


content focus document ref name mike markel example evaluation report discussing scientific study 's findings written group highly skilled scientists differently constructed one intended general public technical writers subject matter experts smes often collaborate smes complete tasks require knowledge subject possess ref name mike markel technical writing must accurate technical writer analyzing audience knows need communicate needs convey message


solely produced technical writers almost anyone works professional setting produces technical documents variety examples technical documentation include ''' https dictionarycambridgeorg dictionary english instruction instructions procedures''' documents help either developers end users operate configure device program ref name tebeaux examples instructional documents include user manuals troubleshooting guides computer programs computer hardware household products medical equipment mechanical products automobiles '''proposals''' projects begin proposal document describes purpose project tasks performed project methods used complete project


furness abbey berwick northampton castle well ancient walls york chester newcastle berkhamsted castle became first historic site england officially protected statute london birmingham railway acts though new railway line demolish castle 's gatehouse outer earthworks south ref name wheeler ref another early preservation event also occurred berkhamsted lord brownlow lived ashridge house tried enclose adjoining berkhamsted common steel fences attempt claim part

Applied science
Architecture and design
Historic preservation


variety threatened buildings first property alfriston clergy house first nature reserve wicken fen first archaeological monument white barrow focus country houses gardens comprise majority visited properties came mid th century realised private owners many properties longer able afford maintain town country planning act town country planning act took steps toward historic preservation unprecedented scale concern


limit activities single historic place object society operated national organization protect natural scenery preservation historic landmarks preserve landmarks records past present erect memorials promote appreciation scenic beauty america charles e peterson influential figure mid th century establishing historic american buildings survey habs advising establishment independence national historical park helping first graduate degree program historic preservation united states columbia university author architectural firm


level dutch history closely intertwined water maritime museums amsterdam rotterdam tell story dutch maritime heritage much legal documentation preserve example according sarah dromgoole shipwrecks dutch east india company found around world still property netherlands dutch government rarely takes responsibility property found outside territory north macedonia north macedonia historic preservation falls overarching category cultural heritage preservation


tyler norman ted j ligibel ilene r tyler http tylertopicscom writing books historic preservation book ''historic preservation introduction history principles practice'' new york ww norton company viollet le duc eug ne emmanuel ''the foundations architecture selections dictionnaire raisonn '' new york george braziller originally published important introduction restoration theory external links http wwwusicomosorg preservation overview preservation united states us icomos http wwwnpsgov history archeology tools laws indexhtm archeology laws guide professionals national park service http wwwhistoricplacesca sta norm stan easpx standards guidelines conservation historic places canada http wwwnpsgov history preservationhtm standards guidelines preservation united states architectural history


macarthur strongly disagreed truman believed containment north korea north th parallel macarthur pressed destroying routing rollback north korea disagreement escalated end macarthur 's command career exasperated frustrated truman 's limited war policy truman gave following reasons policy blockquote kremlin soviet union trying trying long time drive wedge us nations wants see us isolated wants see us distrusted wants see

Applied science
Military sciences
Grand strategy
Limited war


libertarian ref name dejacque joseph jacque http josephdejacquefreefr ecrits lettreapjphtm de l' tre humain le et femelle lettre pj proudhon par joseph jacque french ref unlike proudhon argued product labor worker right satisfaction needs whatever may nature ref name graham ref name josephdejacquefreefr http josephdejacquefreefr libertaire n lib htm l'echange article ''le libertaire'' september new york ref ref name alain pengam anarchist communism jacque criticized french mutualist anarchist pierre joseph proudhon far proudhonist version ricardian socialism centred reward labour power

Social science
Economics
Anarchist economics


jacque question unambiguous 'it product labour worker right satisfaction needs whatever may nature' jacque hand communal state affairs phalanstery 'without hierarchy without authority' except 'statistics book' corresponded 'natural exchange' ie 'unlimited freedom production consumption abolition sign agricultural individual artistic scientific property destruction individual holding


products work demonarchisation demonetarisation manual intellectual capital well capital instruments commerce buildings http wwwtheanarchistlibraryorg html alain pengam anarchist communismhtml toc alain pengam anarchist communism ref returning new york able serialise book periodical ''le libertaire journal du mouvement social'' published twenty seven issues june february ''le libertaire'' first anarcho communist journal published united states economics organized mass social anarchism mikhail bakunin anti authoritarian sections first international proclaimed st imier congress aspirations proletariat


forbid suppress sovereign decree ground rent interest capital believe forms human activity remain free optional insofar ensure workers right full product labor mutualists support markets private property product labor however argue conditional titles land whose private ownership legitimate long remains use occupation proudhon called possession proudhon 's mutualism supports labor owned cooperative firms associations need hesitate choice


work pierre joseph proudhon term mutualism seen variety related uses charles fourier first used french term ''mutualisme'' although reference economic system first use noun mutualist ''new harmony gazette'' american owenite early labor organization lyons france called mutuellists pierre joseph proudhon involved lyons mutualists later adopted name describe teachings ref name woodcock george p ''what mutualism'' clarence lee swartz gives account


monetization forms wealth extension free credit closely associated william batchelder greene greene drew work proudhon edward kellogg william beck well land bank tradition mutualists argue association necessary organic combination forces instance operation requires specialization many different workers performing individual tasks complete unified product ie factory situation workers inherently dependent without association related subordinate


purpose establishment absolutely free economic organization federation founded upon labour equality absolutely independent political government worker right enjoyment gross product labours thereby means developing full intellectual material moral powers collective setting revolutionary transformation could outcome spontaneous action proletariat trades bodies autonomous communes ref name blackrosebooksnet similar position adopted workers' federation spanish region


anti organizationalist sections ref name alain pengam ref russian revolution anarchists nestor makhno worked create defend revolutionary insurrectionary army ukraine anarcho communism free territory ukraine conquered bolsheviks commander peasant revolutionary insurrectionary army ukraine also known anarchist black army makhno led guerrilla campaign opposing bolshevik reds monarchist whites revolutionary autonomous movement part made various tactical military pacts fighting various forces reaction organizing free territory ukraine


spheres society stephen r shalom begun work participatory political vision calls parpolity inclusive democracy according inclusive democracy id project economic democracy authority demos community economic sphere requires equal distribution economic power case direct democracy economic democracy today feasible level confederated demoi involves ownership control means production demos radically different two main forms concentration economic power capitalist


open market anarcho capitalism developed austrian school economics study law economics public choice theory since employers generally categorised rulers political sociology always anarchist theory anarchists associate anarcho capitalism anarchist thought belief need police force kind centralised law enforcement prevent crime whether privatised criticised anarchists constituting state since police group monopoly force majority anarchist theorists consider anarcho capitalism part anarchist movement due


direct democracy voluntary federation popular autonomy aspects life including physical communities economic enterprises advent industrial revolution thinkers proudhon marx elaborated comparison wage labor slavery context critique societal property intended active personal use ref name proudhon ref ref name marx c ref luddites emphasized dehumanization brought machines later emma goldman famously denounced wage slavery saying difference hired slaves instead block slaves goldman believed economic system capitalism


difference chattel slavery renting one 's self owner wage slavery feels attack personal integrity undermines individual freedom holds workers control workplace many libertarian socialists argue large scale voluntary associations manage industrial manufacture workers retain rights individual products labor see distinction concepts private property personal possession whereas private property grants individual exclusive control thing whether use regardless productive capacity


possession grants rights things use addition anarchist benjamin tucker 's big four monopolies land money tariffs patents emerged capitalism neo mutualist economist kevin carson argues state also transferred wealth wealthy subsidizing organizational centralization form transportation communication subsidies believes tucker overlooked issue due tucker 's focus individual market transactions whereas carson also focuses organizational issues theoretical sections ''studies mutualist political economy'' presented attempt integrate marginalist critiques labor


firm ref name digitalcommonsshuacuk http digitalcommonsshuacuk ciod papers ridley duff r j cooperative social enterprises company rules access finance management practice ''social enterprise journal'' forthcoming ref traditional forms worker cooperative shares held workforce outside consumer owners member one voting share practice control worker owners may exercised individual collective majority ownership workforce retention individual collective majority voting rights exercised one member one vote basis ref name digitalcommonsshuacuk worker cooperative therefore characteristic majority workforce shares


theorist free banking anarchist mutualists argued free banking taken back people establish systems free credit contend banks monopoly credit capitalists monopoly land banks essentially creating money lending deposits actually belong charging interest difference mutualists argue establishing democratically run mutual savings bank credit union would possible issue free credit money could created benefit participants rather


property debates bastiat proudhon propose funding national bank voluntary tax proudhon also argued abolition taxes american mutualist william batchelder greene best known works ''mutual banking'' proposed interest free banking system organized citizens brookfield warren ware massachusetts petition state 's general court charter establish mutual bank upon petitions committee banks banking hearing arguments petitioners reported simply leave withdraw ''the radical deficiency


social sciences gift economy gift culture mode exchange valuable goods services regularly given without explicit agreement immediate future rewards ie formal ''quid pro quo'' exists ref name cheal ref ideally voluntary recurring gift exchange circulates redistributes wealth throughout community serves build societal ties obligations contrast barter economy market economy social norms custom governs gift exchange rather explicit exchange goods services money commodity ref name r kranton r kranton ''reciprocal exchange self sustaining


argues advent great axial age civilizations nexus coinage calculability economic values concomitant disrupt graeber calls human economies found among iroquois celts inuit tiv nuer malagasy people madagascar among groups according graeber held radically different conception debt social relations based radical incalculability human life constant creation recreation social bonds gifts marriages general sociability author postulates growth military coinage slave complex around time


capitalism ref name american experience doc ref although free stores uncommon united states since freegan movement inspired establishment free stores today idea kept alive new generations social centres anarchists environmentalists view idea intriguing way raise awareness consumer culture promote reuse commodities peer peer peer peer p p restricted technology covers every social process peer peer dynamic whether peers humans computers peer peer term originated popular


corporate hierarchy determine allocation resources must therefore distinguished capitalist market though linked embedded broader market production state corporate planning mode governance differs traditional linear hierarchies mode property differs traditional private property state based collective public property rather common property producers users whole humankind unlike private property peer property inclusive rather exclusive nature share ownership widely rather


economic systems addressed daniel gu rin ''anarchism theory practice'' reports following blockquote spanish anarcho syndicalism long concerned safeguard autonomy called affinity groups many adepts naturism vegetarianism among members especially among poor peasants south ways living considered suitable transformation human preparation libertarian society saragossa congress members forget consider fate groups naturists nudists unsuited industrialization groups would unable


article terry phillips favour mixed economy http theanarchistlibraryorg topics economics archive anarchist economic articles anarchist library https webarchiveorg web http wwwsyndicalistorg theory anarchist economicsshtml anarchist economics compiled jon bekken overview topic extensive reading lists syndicalistorg https webarchiveorg web http wwwthefeaturearchivescom html open source currency article douglas rushkoff http wwwthefeaturearchivescom feature archives https webarchiveorg web http wwwunisyscom financial insights insights compendium wpaper blietaerbergdahlpdf future payment systems discussion paper bernard lietaer chapter complementary currency systems starts page https webarchiveorg web http wwwinfoshoporg money indexhtml economics kiosk infoshoporg http wwwsocial ecologyorg institute social ecology http wwwpareconorg pareconorg information participatory economics http wwwpanarchyorg panarchy panarchy voluntarism aterritorialism http invisiblemolotovfileswordpresscom anarchisteconbtpdf anarchist economics


growing number mature students even obtaining phds jewish studies judging quantity courses programs available many hope obtain employment field jewish education jewish communal service agencies christians search understanding jewish background jesus christ christianity source monotheism sprang judaism seeking understanding complex volatile relationship islam judaism others searching spirituality philosophy therefore seek classes kabbalah jewish mysticism jewish philosophy

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Jewish studies


minor hebrew language literature additionally history department offers master 's degree judaic studies phd ancient history relevant major fields including history israel biblical period history jewish people antiquity anthropology department conjunction judaic studies program offers graduate training near eastern archaeology focus israel jordan school also involved usc shoah foundation visual history archive academic authority study genocide personal testimony many free interviews videos may


jews united states military co editor two volume ''jewish women america historical encyclopedia'' leading faculty members include zvi gitelman todd endelman anita norich madeline kochen mikhail krutikov elliot ginsburg scott spector julian levinson recent arrivals include ryan szpiech spanish sephardic culture medieval iberia rachel neis rabbinics late antique judaism university oklahoma university oklahoma offers bachelor arts degree judaic studies minors judaic studies hebrew also offers fellowships students pursuing graduate degrees history university home schusterman


talks collaboration youngstown state university youngstown area jewish federation dr jacob ari labendz currently serves clayman assistant professor judaic holocaust studies endowed professorship europe university college london university college london ucl houses largest department hebrew jewish studies europe department one uk offer full degree course research supervision jewish studies ba honours mphil phd levels every subject hebrew jewish studies philology history literature covering virtually entire chronological geographical span


training course study hebrew language history classic jewish texts recent years jewish autonomous oblast grown interested jewish roots students study hebrew yiddish jewish school birobidzhan jewish national university jewish center founded sunday school children studyyiddish learn jewish folk dance learn history israel israeli government helps fund program center jewish studies heidelberg center jewish studies heidelberg hochschule f r j dische studien heidelberg fully recognized accredited non denominational institution higher learning


online judaic studies cultural studies ethnic studies middle eastern studies oriental studies asian studies


isi led creation new systems public automated citation indexing first citeseer citeseerx soon followed cora focused primarily field computer science information science later followed large scale academic domain citation systems google scholar microsoft academic autonomous citation indexing yet perfect citation extraction citation clustering error rate estimated though careful statistical sampling yet done resulted authors ann arbor

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Cataloging
Citation analysis


vnsa theorized state vs state conflict fourth generation warfare would involve use computer hackers international law obtain weaker side 's objectives logic civilians stronger state would lose fight result seeing state engage alleged atrocities bank accounts harmed three principal attributes new age terrorism held hybrid structure opposed traditional microscopic command control pattern ref name schmittpaper schmitt john f http wwwvirtualschooledu mon bionomics militaryimplicationshtml command control military

Applied science
Military sciences
Military history
Fourth-generation warfare


phytochemicals plants including foxglove lily valley include digoxin digitoxin act diuretics ref name usdaingredients ref gallery widths px mode nolines file senna alexandrina mill cassia angustifolia l senna plant jpg ''senna alexandrina'' containing anthraquinone glycosides used laxative millennia ref name hietala digitalis purpurea jpg foxglove ''digitalis purpurea'' contains digoxin cardiac glycoside plant used treat heart conditions long glycoside identified ref name usdaingredients file digoxinsvg digoxin used treat atrial fibrillation atrial flutter sometimes heart failure ref name usdaingredients gallery polyphenols polyphenols several classes widespread plants including anthocyanins phytoestrogens tannins gallery widths px

Natural science
Chemistry
Phytochemistry


references phytochemicals biochemistry chemistry botany herbalism branches botany pharmacognosy


philosophy history question nature possibility sound historical method raised within sub field epistemology study historical method different ways writing history known historiography source criticism source criticism information evaluation process evaluating qualities information source validity reliability relevance subject investigation gilbert j garraghan jean delanglez divide source criticism six inquiries ''when'' source written unwritten produced date ''where'' produced localization


scene heard events someone else gottschalk says historian may sometimes use hearsay evidence primary texts available writes cases uses secondary witnesseshe asks whose primary testimony secondary witness base statements secondary witness accurately report primary testimony whole details accurately report primary testimony satisfactory answers second third questions may provide historian whole gist primary testimony


great number persons tradition must generally believed least definite period time definite period must gone without protest even persons interested denying tradition must one relatively limited duration elsewhere garraghan suggests maximum limit years least cultures excel oral remembrance critical spirit must sufficiently developed tradition lasted necessary means critical investigation must hand critical minded persons would surely


history chinese whispers historical criticism historical significance historiography list history journals philosophy history scholarly method scientific method source criticism unwitting testimony footnotes references gilbert j garraghan ''a guide historical method'' fordham university press new york louis gottschalk ''understanding history primer historical method'' alfred knopf new york martha howell walter prevenier ''from reliable sources introduction historical methods'' cornell university press ithaca c behan mccullagh ''justifying historical descriptions'' cambridge university press new york r j shafer ''a guide historical method''


'''xenobiology''' '''xb''' subfield synthetic biology study synthesizing manipulating biological devices systems name xenobiology derives greek word ''xenos'' means stranger alien xenobiology form biology yet familiar science found nature ref name markusschmidteu ref practice describes novel biological systems biochemistries differ canonical dna rna amino acid system see central dogma molecular biology example instead dna rna xb explores nucleic acid analogues termed xeno nucleic acid xna information carriers ref name referencea ref also focuses


study using binary g genetic cassette two non dna bases hx u extended cena gna seems alien moment natural biological system used template dna synthesis extended bases using natural dna backbone could likewise transliterated natural dna although limited extent aside used extensions template dna strands xna activity tested use genetic catalysts although proteins common components cellular enzymatic activity nucleic acids also used cell catalyze reactions


found able pcr amplify oligonucleotide containing third type base pair pinheiro et al demonstrated method polymerase evolution design successfully led storage recovery genetic information less bp length six alternative genetic polymers based simple nucleic acid architectures found nature xeno nucleic acids genetic code engineering one goals xenobiology rewrite genetic code promising approach change code reassignment seldom used even unused codons ideal scenario genetic


protein possible finally repertoire canonical amino acids expanded also reduced reassigning transfer rna trna aminoacyl trna synthetase pairs codon specificity changed cells endowed aminoacyl trna synthetases thus able read mrna sequences make sense existing gene expression machinery altering codon trna synthetases pairs may lead vivo incorporation non canonical amino acids proteins past reassigning codons mainly done limited scale however farren isaacs george church harvard


integrated disciplines mainly linguistics various social political sciences particularly via topics globalism linguistic justice management multilingualism new forms mobility institute linguistics amu extramural interlinguistic studies program course three years studies provide students basic knowledge general linguistics interlinguistics international intercultural communication focus linguistics culture movement internationally dispersed naturally functioning planned language esperanto every third year interlinguistic studies program also organizes international interlinguistic symposium university

Humanities
Languages and literature
Linguistics
Interlinguistics


fachbibliotek f r interlinguistik '' faka biblioteko por interlingvistiko '' eo fr http wwwcdeliorg centre de documentation et d' tude sur la langue internationale '' cdeli http wwwcdeliorg wwwcdeliorg en http wwwesperanticorg en publications ifi information interlinguists interlinguistics esperanto studies pl http jkiamuedupl pl dla autorow j zyk komunikacja informacia jki see also international auxiliary language constructed language conlanging art crafting tongues metalinguistics translingualism references br language contact translation studies


social movement set opinions beliefs population represents preferences changing elements social structure reward distribution society according paul van seeters paul james defining social movement entails minimal conditions 'coming together' ref history beginning satirical engraving wilkes william hogarth wilkes holding two editions ''the north briton'' early growth social movements connected broad economic political changes england mid th century including political representation market capitalization proletarianization ref name first

Social science
Sociology
Collective behavior
Social movements


theatre tina rosenberg join club peer pressure transform world shows movements grow core enthusiastic players encourage others join types social movement ref sociologists distinguish several types social movement scope reform movement movements advocating changing norms laws examples movement would include trade union goal increasing workers rights green movement advocating set ecological laws movement supporting introduction capital punishment right abortion reform


change innovation movement movements want introduce change particular norms values etc singularitarianism movement advocating deliberate action effect ensure safety technological singularity example innovation movement conservative movement movements want preserve existing norms values etc example anti technology th century luddites movement modern movement opposing spread genetically modified food could seen conservative movements aimed fight specific technological changes targets group focus movements focused affecting groups society general example advocating


large societies feel insignificant socially detached social movements according theory provide sense empowerment belonging movement members would otherwise little support found theory aho study idaho christian patriotism find members movement likely socially detached fact key joining movement friend associate member movement structural strain theory social strain theory proposal pressure derived social factors


tilly mobilization revolution reading massachusetts addison wesley charles tilly ''social movements '' boulder co paradigm publishers pp nbsp hardback paperback leonard weinberg democracy terrorism new york routledge quintan wiktorowicz ''islamic activism social movement theory approach'' bloomington indiana university press marco g giugni ''how social movements matter'' university minnesota press rod bantjes ''social movements global context'' cspi michael barker ''conform reform social movements mass media'' fifth estate online international journal radical mass media criticism february https webarchiveorg web http wwwfifth estate onlinecouk criticsm conformorreformsocialmovementshtml fifth estate onlinecouk dennis chong collective action


chemical substances may include pure substances mixtures defined composition manufacturing process example eu regulation reach defines monoconstituent substances multiconstituent substances substances unknown variable composition latter two consist multiple chemical substances however identity established either direct chemical analysis reference single manufacturing process example charcoal extremely complex partially polymeric mixture defined manufacturing process therefore although exact chemical identity unknown identification made sufficient accuracy cas index also includes mixtures

Applied science
Military sciences
Military weapons
Chemical


technical applications research chemicals produced individually research searching synthetic routes screening substances pharmaceutical activity effect price per gram high although sold cause difference production volume complexity molecular structure chemical bulk chemicals usually much less complex fine chemicals may complex many simple enough sold building blocks synthesis complex molecules targeted single use named ''production'' chemical includes


value setpoint reason closed loop controllers also called feedback controllers feedback control systems example single industrial control loop showing continuously modulated control process flow basic feedback loop case linear feedback systems control loop including sensors control algorithms actuators arranged attempt regulate variable setpoint sp everyday example cruise control road vehicle external influences hills would cause speed changes driver ability alter desired set

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Control theory
Control systems


control loop rather affecting process variables directly system several different measured variables controlled separate control systems present control engineering many applications produces control systems complex pid control examples fields applications fly wire aircraft control systems chemical plants oil refineries model predictive control systems designed using specialized computer aided design software empirical mathematical models system controlled fuzzy logic fuzzy logic attempt apply easy design logic controllers control complex continuously varying


reduced single quick calculation begins resemble conventional feedback loop solution might appear fuzzy design unnecessary however fuzzy logic paradigm may provide scalability large control systems conventional methods become unwieldy costly derive fuzzy electronics electronic technology uses fuzzy logic instead two value logic commonly used digital electronics physical implementation dcs control room large screens display plant information operators view control part process computer screens whilst retaining plant overview


authors find contemporary economic system structurally misaligned goals sustainable development date nation provide decent living standards sustainable levels energy resource use provide analysis factors social provisioning assess improving beneficial provisioning factors infrastructure would allow sustainable forms sufficient need satisfaction characteristics public service may sometimes characteristics public good non rivalrous non excludable services may according prevailing social norms provided market cases public services services ie

Applied science
Public administration
Public service


th th century encouraged imperialism colonialism economic political changes resulted global decolonization modern capitalism favored free trade take advantage increased efficiency due national comparative advantage economies scale larger universal market critics applied term neo colonialism power imbalance multi national corporations operating free market vs seemingly impoverished people developing countries mixed economy precise definition mixed economy theoretically may refer economic system combines one three characteristics public

Social science
Economics
Economic systems


combination state owned enterprises central planning using material balances method extent economic systems achieved socialism represented viable alternative capitalism subject debate orthodox marxism mode production tantamount subject article determining superstructure relations entirety given culture stage human development components multiple components economic system decision making structures economy determine use economic inputs factors production distribution output level centralization decision making


older economic systems opposed modern economic systems non monetary economy without use money opposed monetary economy subsistence economy without surplus exchange market trade gift economy exchange made without explicit agreement immediate future rewards profits barter economy goods services directly exchanged goods services participatory economics decentralized economic planning system production distribution goods guided public participation post scarcity economy hypothetical form resources n't scarce ownership means production


three departments report senior manager prevent unethical practices lend credibility process departments purchasing receiving accounts payable engineering purchasing accounts payable plant manager purchasing accounts payable combinations vary significantly purchasing department accounts payable usually two three departments involved receiving department involved typically called two way check two way purchase order situation purchasing department issues purchase order receipt required invoice arrives


allocated research development expense used side note equipment bought research development added inventory capitalized assets purchasing topics acquisition process revised acquisition process major systems us department defense shown next figure process defined series phases technology defined matured viable concepts subsequently developed readied production systems produced supported field ref name daup http wwwdaumil pubs pdf sefguide pdf ''systems engineering fundamentals''


exclude international suppliers depending organizational goals criteria companies looking increase pacific rim supplier base may exclude suppliers americas europe australia organizations may looking purchase domestically ensure quicker response orders well easier collaboration design production organizational goals dictate criteria selection process bidders also possible product service procured specialized number bidders limited criteria must wide permit competition one firm


evaluation particular region known frequent labor disputes manufacturing lead time time placement order time final drawings submitted buyer seller goods manufactured prepared delivery lead times vary commodity range several days years transportation time evaluated comparing delivery goods buyer 's required use date goods shipped remote port infrequent vessel transportation transportation time could exceed schedule adjustments would need made delivery charges


niche formats sharing resources within clusters stations de emphasizing local news information concern whether concentration serves public opposition says range political views expressed greatly narrowed local concerns neglected including local emergencies communication critical automation resulted many stations broadcasting many hours day one station premises history radio first became popular used source information rather people listened radio solely entertainment


technicians grips business changes broadcast journalism changing rapidly causing issues within business well many people longer find jobs broadcast journalism much online even need broadcast person others laid invest money new technologies changes include innovations allowing tv stations better alert viewers emergencies higher quality services online convergence convergence sharing cross promoting content variety media theory converge become one medium


enjoyed earlier emergence greater support among greater archaeological community early feminist studies notable challenges raised early feminist archaeologists concerned hunting stone tool making among many topics man hunter paradigm anthropology named symposium given prominent names archaeology bifurcated hominid sexual division labor along male female sexes males charge hunting presumably activity developed important evolutionary traits increased brain size meanwhile females stayed home raised young assumption behind

Social science
Archaeology
Feminist archaeology


philosopher alison wylie delineates several guidelines imperative conducting feminist archaeology propose research questions address people oppressed systems inequality structured gender order change conditions feminist research grounded situated experience women groups marginalized conventional gender structures researchers held accountable affected research means feminist research exploit others feminist researchers engage self reflexivity recognizing personal social positions interests values discussing interact research contrast gender archaeology


one another sustained amount time ways amhs neanderthals thought interacted cultural transmission competition ref name interaction cultural transmission thought seen ch telperronian tool tradition well presence worked ivory upper paleolithic sites assumed diffused amhs interpretation cultural interaction amhs neanderthals sterling claims assumes neanderthals inferior race superior cro magnons learned nothing species evolved thousands years


significantly affect substitutability particular lack supply skilled labour labour union requirements constrain substitution capital labour land availability also constrain substitutability area interest delineated ie larger area suppliers land substitution possible land use controls zoning bylaws also reduce land substitutability adjustment mechanism basic adjustment mechanism stock flow model reflect fact market existing stock flow new buildings right

Social science
Economics
Real estate economics


adjacent diagram stock housing supply presented left panel new flow right panel four steps basic adjustment mechanism first initial equilibrium price '''ro''' determined intersection supply existing housing stock '''sh''' demand housing '''d''' rent translated value '''vo''' via discounting cash flows value calculated dividing current period rents discount rate perpetuity value compared construction costs '''cc''' order determine whether profitable opportunities


wireless personal area networks wpans connect devices within relatively small area generally within person 's reach example bluetooth radio invisible infrared light provides wpan interconnecting headset laptop zigbee also supports wpan applications wi fi pans becoming commonplace equipment designers start integrate wi fi variety consumer electronic devices intel wifi windows virtual wi fi capabilities made wi fi pans simpler easier set configure wireless lan wireless lans often used connecting local resources

Formal science
Computer science
Computer communications (networks)
Wireless computing


radio satellites communicate across world emergency services police utilize wireless networks communicate effectively well individuals businesses use wireless networks send share data rapidly whether small office building across world properties general general sense wireless networks offer vast variety uses business home users ref name dean ref blockquote industry accepts handful different wireless technologies wireless technology defined standard describes unique functions physical data


nodes communicating ap leads difficulties media access control collisions exposed terminal node problem px exposed terminal problem node one network unable send co channel interference node different network shared resource problem wireless spectrum limited resource shared nodes range transmitters bandwidth allocation becomes complex multiple participating users often users aware advertised numbers eg ieee equipment lte networks