'''deontic logic''' field philosophical logic concerned obligation permission related concepts alternatively deontic logic formal system attempts capture essential logical features concepts typically deontic logic uses ''oa'' mean ''it obligatory a'' ''it ought case a'' ''pa'' mean ''it permitted permissible a'' etymology term ' 'deontic'' derived ancient greek ' 'd on'' gen ' 'd ontos'' meaning binding proper standard deontic logic georg henrik

Humanities
Philosophy
Logic
Deontic Logic


five informal principles requires b b requires c requires c br ii requires b requires c requires b c br iii requires b obligatory b br iv unconditionally obligatory obligatory br v unconditionally obligatory require negation formalized principles took axioms f b b c f c br ii f b f c f b c br iii


f b b br iv u u br v u f axioms mally deduced theorems many rightly considered strange karl menger showed theorem thus introduction sign irrelevant ought case case ref name ref menger philosophers longer considered mally 's system viable gert lokhorst lists mally 's theorems gives proof menger 's theorem http platostanfordedu stanford encyclopedia philosophy http platostanfordedu entries mally deontic ''mally 's deontic logic'' first plausible system


time even today difficult estimate life span advanced marine animals aristotle 's death much knowledge gained cetaceans lost discovered renaissance many medieval texts cetaceans come mainly scandinavia iceland came mid th century one better known ''speculum regale'' text described various species lived around island iceland mentions ''orcs'' dog like teeth would demonstrate kind aggression towards cetaceans

Natural science
Biology
Zoology
Cetology


humpback whales often distinct markings enable scientists identify individuals studying cetaceans presents numerous challenges cetaceans spend time surface surface breathe little behavior seen surface also impossible find signs animal area cetaceans leave tracks followed however dung whales often floats collected tell important information diet role environment many times


'''metallurgy''' domain materials science engineering studies physical chemical behavior metallic elements inter metallic compounds mixtures known alloys metallurgy encompasses science technology metals way science applied production metals engineering metal components used products consumers manufacturers metallurgy distinct craft metalworking metalworking relies metallurgy similar manner medicine relies medical science technical advancement specialist practitioner metallurgy

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Metallurgical Engineering


workpiece gold silver zinc needs two electrodes different materials one material coating material one receiving coating material two electrodes electrically charged coating material stuck work piece used reduce corrosion well improve product 's aesthetic appearance also used make inexpensive metals look like expensive ones gold silver shot peening shot peening cold working process used finish metal parts process shot peening small round


shot blasted surface part finished process used prolong product life part prevent stress corrosion failures also prevent fatigue shot leaves small dimples surface like peen hammer cause compression stress dimple shot media strikes material forms many overlapping dimples throughout piece treated compression stress surface material strengthens part makes resistant fatigue failure stress failures corrosion failure cracking thermal spraying


affects learning drain taxpayers money federal state governments along districts must invest complete human capital systems best approach preparing retaining committed capable mentors long term reasonable strategy talent management education sector must focus recruitment development retention intelligent efficient teachers teacher education initial continuing teachers need go back school periodically become better educators good mentors become outstanding going textbooks logic behind continuing education technology

Applied science
Public administration
Education policy


postgraduate specialty training obtaining dental degree recently ada 's commission dental accreditation coda passed updated educational standards prosthodontics programs united states mandates surgical placement dental implants subcrestal prosthodontics depth competency level par surgical dental specialties training consists rigorous clinical didactic preparation basic sciences head neck anatomy biomedical sciences biomaterial sciences implant surgery function occlusion bite tmj treatment planning experience treating full mouth reconstruction cases esthetics due extensive training prosthodontists required treat

Applied science
Medicine and health
Dentistry
Prosthodontics


keep confidential records secure personnel files instance hold sensitive personal data may held locked cabinet control log track access digital records systems may include role based access controls allowing permissions view change delete allocated staff depending role organisation ''audit trail'' showing access changes maintained ensure integrity records records organization come variety formats storage records vary throughout organization file maintenance may carried

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Records management


life record satisfied according predetermined period legal holds pending authorized final disposition may include destruction transfer permanent preservation ' 'disaster recovery plan'' written approved course action take disaster strikes details organization restore critical business functions reclaim damaged threatened records ''active record'' record needed perform current operations subject frequent use usually located near user past 'records management' sometimes used refer


policies practices regarding records including organization disposal developing records storage plan includes short long term housing physical records digital information identifying classifying storing records coordinating access records internally outside organization balancing requirements business confidentiality data privacy public access identification maintenance records per specified retention period executing retention policy disposal records longer required operational reasons according organizational policies statutory requirements regulations may involve either destruction permanent preservation


legally held period time records must held hold location records retention schedule records retention schedule document often developed using archival appraisal concepts analysis business legal contexts within intended jurisdictions outlines long certain types records need retained destroyed retention schedule utilized number guidelines need put place considered implementation managing physical records managing physical records involves different disciplines capabilities may


approved highest level inventory records disposed maintained including certification destroyed records never simply discarded refuse organizations use processes including pulverization paper shredding incineration commercially available products manage records processes active inactive archival retention scheduling disposal also utilize rfid technology tracking physical file managing digital records general principles records management apply records format digital records however raise specific issues difficult ensure


professional certification practitioners certified records manager designation crm electronic records management systems electronic document records management system computer program set programs used track store records term distinguished imaging document management systems specialize paper capture document management respectively electronic records management systems commonly provide specialized security auditing functionality tailored needs records managers national archives records administration nara endorsed us department defense standard adequate appropriate basis addressing basic challenges


british india university california press berkeley windisch ernst geschichte der sanskrit philologie und indischen altertumskunde vols strasbourg tr bner kj zachariae theodor opera minora zur indischen wortforschung zur geschichte der indischen literatur und kultur zur geschichte der sanskritphilologie ed claus vogel wiesbaden external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwomilosmeletongr en default enasp omilos meleton http indologyinfo wwwindologyinfo since associated discussion forum since https webarchiveorg web http indologiaitaliablogspotcom italian blog many links indological websites http wwwdkagenciescom books related indology commercial publisher 's website http wwwgiffordlecturesorg browseasppubid tpphyr volume issue articleid veda studied european scholars gifford lectures online '''institutes''' http wwwistbunivieacat vienna http wwwsaiuni heidelbergde abt ind heidelberg http wwwindologieuni hallede halle http wwwindologieuni mainzde mainz https webarchiveorg web http wwwifpindiaorg indology html french

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Indology


care therapeutic intervention rehabilitation injuries athlete injured athletic trainer key treatment rehabilitation working closely athlete throughout rehabilitation physiotherapists physiotherapists us physical therapists often primary allied health sports medicine team members countries usa physiotherapists specialize many areas sports physiotherapy major subspecialty see also athletic trainer exercise exercise physiology nutrition overtraining physical fitness physical therapy physiatry sports chiropractic sports injuries sports nutrition sports science sports training references reading orthopedic surgical procedures

Human physical performance and recreation


systematic approach cases taught native speakers english example high school students preparing enter job market one also study college university institutes around world courses modules available lead degree subject ref name anglia https wwwwebarchiveorguk wayback archive http wwwangliaacuk ruskin en home prospectus ugft qn html international business english non native speakers ba hons anglia ruskin university ref see also international association teachers english foreign language references references external links https webarchiveorg web http peocambridgeorg professional english online cambridge university press http businesscasestudiescouk business english case studies http esp worldinfo

Humanities
Languages and literature
Linguistics
Business English


defined commander orchestrating providing support specific combat operations within theater operations divided strategic directions military regions depending whether war peacetime united states armed forces split unified combatant commands regions assigned particular theater military operations strategic direction group armies also known task field forces battlegroups strategic command direction general essence would combine number tactical military formations operational command modern military strategic

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Theater (warfare)


http philsci archivepittedu archive ref foundations chemistry major philosophical questions arise soon one attempts define chemistry studies atoms molecules often assumed fundamental units chemical theory ref name schummer schummer joachim philosophy science ''encyclopedia philosophy second edition'' new york ny macmillan ref traditional descriptions molecular structure chemical bonding fail account properties many substances including metals metal complexes ref name gammon ebbing gammon ''general chemistry'' boston houghton mifflin ref aromaticity ref name plk pavia lampman g kriz g ''organic chemistry volume ''

Humanities
Philosophy
Applied philosophy
Philosophy of chemistry


library archival science '' 'digital preservation''' formal endeavor ensure digital information continuing value remains accessible usable involves planning resource allocation application preservation methods technologies ref name day michael pp day michael long term preservation web content web archiving berlin springer pp ref combines policies strategies actions ensure access reformatted born digital content regardless challenges media failure technological change goal digital preservation accurate rendering authenticated content time ref name evans evans mark carter laura

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Digital preservation


filename implementing file naming protocol essential maintaining consistency efficient discovery retrieval objects collection especially applicable digitization analog media using file naming convention filename warez standard naming ensure compatibility systems facilitate migration data deciding descriptive containing descriptive words numbers non descriptive often randomly generated numbers file names generally determined size scope given collection however filenames good semantic identification non permanent labels


digital file fixed unchanged file fixity checking process validating file changed altered previous state effort often enabled creation validation management checksums checksums primary mechanism monitoring fixity individual file level important additional consideration monitoring fixity file attendance whereas checksums identify file changed file attendance identifies file designated collection newly created deleted moved tracking reporting file attendance fundamental component


selecting sustainable file formats include disclosure adoption transparency self documentation external dependencies impact patents technical protection mechanisms considerations selecting sustainable file formats include format longevity maturity adaptation relevant professional communities incorporated information standards long term accessibility required viewing software ref name ref example smithsonian institution archives considers uncompressed tiffs good preservation format born digital digitized still images maturity wide adaptation various communities thorough documentation ref name formats proprietary one software vendor likely affected format obsolescence well used standards


attributes compliance reference model open archival information system oais administrative responsibility organizational viability financial sustainability technological procedural suitability system security procedural accountability trusted digital repository model outlines relationships among attributes report also recommended collaborative development digital repository certifications models cooperative networks sharing research information digital preservation regard intellectual property rights henry gladney proposed another approach digital object preservation called creation trustworthy digital objects tdos tdos digital objects speak authenticity


used future development emulators viewers converters machine readable specifications ref name referencea http wwwifstuwienacat dp dpe dpe challenge reports ferreira reportpdf solutions walkthrough report jos miguel ara jo ferreira department information systems university minho guimar es portugal ref method encapsulation usually applied collections go unused long periods time ref name referencea persistent archives concept developed san diego supercomputing center funded national archives records administration method requires development comprehensive extensive infrastructure enables preservation organisation collection well objects make


collection maintained platform independent form ref name day michael pp persistent archive includes data constituting digital object context defines provenance authenticity structure digital entities allows replacement hardware software components minimal effect preservation system method based virtual data grids resembles oais information model specifically archival information package metadata attachment metadata data digital file includes information creation access rights restrictions preservation history rights management metadata attached


bodies providing audit certification candidate trustworthy digital repositories november ref name iso ref best practices although preservation strategies vary different types materials institutions adhering nationally internationally recognized standards practices crucial part digital preservation activities best recommended practices define strategies procedures may help organizations implement existing standards provide guidance areas formal standards developed ref name sound directions ref best practices digital preservation continue evolve may encompass processes performed content prior


best practices transferring analog discs tapes'' defined procedures reformatting sound analog digital provided recommendations best practices digital preservation ''digital audio best practices'' prepared collaborative digitization program digital audio working group covers best practices provides guidance digitizing existing analog content creating new digital audio resources ''sound directions best practices audio preservation'' published sound directions project ref name sound directions describes audio preservation workflows recommended best practices used basis


two major areas still image audio visual prestocenter publishes general audiovisual information advice european level online library research white papers digital preservation costs formats association moving image archivists amia sponsors conferences symposia events aspects moving image preservation including digital http wwwamiatechreviewcom ''amia tech review'' contains articles reflecting current thoughts practices archivists' perspectives ''video preservation millennia '' published ''amia tech review'' details various strategies ideas behind current state video preservation national archives


original avoidance unnecessary trans coding encoding ref name ref name lack consensus date among archival community standard codec used digitization analog video long term preservation digital video single right codec digital object archival institution must make decision part overall preservation strategy ref name ref name ref ref name scart website audiovisual heritage packed website wwwscartbe access date ref ref name digital container format wrapper also required moving images must


programmes research technological development developed tools methodologies keep digital software objects available original context digital software objects video games might get lost digital obsolescence non availability required legacy hardware operating system software software referred abandonware source code often available longer ref name videogaem preservation ref emulation preservation opportunity keep provided emulation framework help creation emulators keep developed vincent joguin first launched february coordinated elisabeth freyre


middle twentieth century second world war ended neo gothic elements replaced pure gotic ones altar church drawings walls ceilings much architectural variance presented challenge chance combine different technologies large space goal high resolution results rather good available view online education digital preservation outreach education dpoe part library congress serves foster preservation digital content collaborative network instructors collection


computer science humanities http wwwnationalvideocomau challenges audio visual digitization digital preservation challenges av digitization digital preservation records management


principle roger b myerson http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde q information topicid result number monetary business cycles imperfect information christian hellwig http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde p q information topicid result number prediction markets justin wolfers eric zitzewitz http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde q information topicid result number social networks labour markets antoni calv armengol yannis ioannides http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde edition current q strategic extensive form games martin j osborne asymmetric information microeconomics fr economie de l'information

Social science
Economics
Information economics


integration ref name auto new theories approaches used political science last years thanks comparative politics focus political culture dependency theory developmentalism corporatism indigenous theories change comparative political economy state society relations new institutionalism ref name auto examples comparative politics studying differences presidential parliamentary systems democracies dictatorships parliamentary systems different countries multi party systems canada two party systems united states comparative politics must conducted specific point time usually present researcher cannot compare systems

Social science
Political science
Comparative politics


ethnic religious politics democratization regime change elections electoral party systems political economy development collective action voting behavior origins state comparative political institutions methodologies comparative political research many researchers research regimes research institutions identified according categories foci uncommon claim geographic country specialization differentiating category division comparative politics international relations artificial processes within nations shape international processes international processes shape processes within states scholars called integration fields comparative


eds ''the sage handbook comparative politics'' london sage publications lichbach mark irving alan zuckerman eds ''comparative politics rationality culture structure'' nd ed new york cambridge university press mair peter comparative politics overview pp robert e goodin hans dieter klingemann eds ''a new handbook political science'' oxford oxford university press munck gerardo l past present comparative politics pp gerardo munck richard snyder ''passion craft method comparative politics'' baltimore md johns hopkins university press munck gerardo l richard snyder eds


''passion craft method comparative politics'' baltimore md johns hopkins university press pepinsky thomas b return single country study ''annual review political science'' vol schmitter philippe c nature future comparative politics ''european political science review'' von beyme klaus evolution comparative politics pp daniel caramani ed ''comparative politics'' oxford oxford university press wilson matthew charles trends political science research progress comparative politics ''ps political science politics'' external links https webarchiveorg web http polihaifaacil levi methodhtml comparative methods political


social research useful resources prof david levi faur 's course university haifa https webarchiveorg web http wwwpoliticacomparadacomar comparative politics argentina latin america site dedicated development comparative politics latin america paper works articles links specialized web sites http wwwcprgat comparative politics research group initiative university innsbruck containing useful resources references scientific publications subfields political science political science politics


energy sector assets organizations active participation co ordination incentives mineral fuels exploration see geological survey energy related research development policy command fiscal policies related energy products services taxes exemptions subsidies energy security international policy measures international energy sector treaties alliances general international trade agreements special relations energy rich countries including military presence domination frequently dominant issue energy policy risk supply demand mismatch see energy crisis current energy policies also address environmental issues see climate change particularly challenging need

Applied science
Public administration
Energy policy


extent energy self sufficiency nation future energy sources derive future energy consumed eg among sectors fraction population acceptable endure energy poverty goals future energy intensity ratio energy consumed gdp reliability standard distribution reliability environmental externalities acceptable forecast form portable energy forecast eg sources fuel motor vehicles energy efficient hardware eg hybrid vehicles household appliances encouraged national policy drive province state municipal


national measures fact certain activities vital energy policy realistically cannot administered national level monitoring energy conservation practices process building construction normally controlled state regional municipal building codes although appear basic federal legislation america brazil brazil th largest energy consumer world largest south america time important oil gas producer region world 's second largest ethanol fuel producer governmental agencies responsible energy policy


less reliance oil coal fraught partisan conflict issues revolve around best balance competing values environmental protection economic growth demands rival organized interests fossil fuel industry newer renewable energy businesses energy policy act epa addresses energy production united states including energy efficiency renewable energy oil gas coal tribal energy nuclear matters security vehicles motor fuels including ethanol hydrogen electricity energy tax


psychologists walther poppelreuter lecture write political psychology identified hitler psychologist eric jaensch contributed racist book ''the anti type'' united kingdom turn century oxford university cambridge university introduced disciplinary political psychology courses sciences man along foundation psychological society sociological society oxford historian g b grundy noted political psychology sub discipline history motivated social political behavior world war deemed new branch historical

Social science
Psychology
Political psychology


sanford university california american jewish committee subsidized research publishing theory since revolved around ideas developed world war ii events adorno explained authoritarian personality type psychoanalytic point view suggesting result highly controlled conventional parenting adorno explained individuals authoritarian personality type stunted terms developing ability control sexual aggressive id impulses resulted fear thus development defense mechanisms avoid confronting authoritarian


context placed type political climate running reason group behavior also instrumental understanding sociopolitical environments political psychology groups group behavior key structure stability popularity ability make successful decisions political parties individual behavior deviates substantially group setting therefore difficult determine group behavior looking solely individuals comprise group group form stability based upon several variables size structure purpose group serves group development influences upon


either perpetrators bystanders altruists behavior perpetrators often explained authoritarian personality type individual differences levels empathy used explain whether individual chooses stand authority ignore conflict rotter 's locus control theory personality psychology also used determine individual differences reaction situations conflict group behavior conflict often affects actions individual bystander effect introduced darley latane demonstrates group behavior causes individuals monitor whether others think necessary


react situation thus base behavior judgment also found individuals likely diffuse responsibility group situations theories applied situations conflict genocide individuals remove personal responsibility therefore justify behavior social identity theory explains holocaust world war ii political leaders used jews group order increase group cohesion allowed perpetrators depersonalize situation diffuse responsibility groups held separate confines dehumanized order


conventional thought terrorists rational actors see also political psychologists community psychology experimental political science international society political psychology political cognition political economy public choice references footnotes bibliography year title crowds psychology politics location cambridge england publisher cambridge university press isbn ref year title mass movements darwinist freudian marxist perspective trotter freud reich war revolution reaction location apeldoorn netherlands publisher spinhuis isbn ref external links http securityprerauedu international bulletin political psychology http wwwpolisciumnedu cspp center study political psychology https waybackarchive itorg http wwwpsychqubacuk crespp center research political psychology queen 's university belfast http ispporg


'''''political psychology''''' peer reviewed academic journal published bimonthly wiley behalf international society political psychology editors chief orla muldoon university limerick ireland james liu massey university new zealand journal international society political psychology dedicated analysis interrelationships psychological political processes international contributors draw diverse range sources including cognitive psychology political science economics history international relations philosophy political theory sociology social clinical psychology according ''journal citation reports'' journal


jay alastair nightingale book review editor kristen monroe new editorial team led orla muldoon james liu appointed took position february '''''advances political psychology''''' second publication international society political psychology given continued growth explosion information interest political psychology society sensed increasing need place cumulative research findings theoretical developments synthesized integrated form accessible scholars students practitioners ''advances political psychology'' annual series fills need


recording state field highlighting innovative developments interested keep abreast happening political psychology annual volume includes selection articles capture diversity subject matter studied political psychologists editors chief steve nicholson university california merced efr n p rez ucla see also list political science journals list psychology journals references external links http wwwispporg news journal http wwwispporg news advances wiley blackwell academic journals bimonthly journals publications established english language journals psychology journals political science journals political psychology


mobile emergency operations center case operated north carolina air national guard '''emergency management''' organization management resources responsibilities dealing humanitarian aspects emergencies prevention preparedness response mitigation recovery aim prevent reduce harmful effects hazards including disasters world health organization defines emergency state normal procedures interrupted immediate measures management need taken prevent becoming disaster even harder recover disaster management

Applied science
Public administration
Emergency management


risk management framework number guidelines publications regarding emergency planning published professional organizations asis national fire protection association nfpa international association emergency managers iaem health safety workers cleanup disaster recovery involves many occupational hazards often hazards exacerbated conditions local environment result natural disaster employers responsible minimizing exposure hazards protecting workers possible including identification thorough assessment potential hazards application appropriate personal protective equipment ppe distribution


direct risk contagion infectious disease near human remains people directly involved recovery efforts require handling dead bodies viruses bacteria perish along human body death therefore excessive measures necessary handling human remains indirectly however workers direct contact human remains universal precautions exercised order prevent unnecessary exposure blood borne viruses bacteria relevant ppe includes eye protection face mask shield gloves predominant health risk gastrointestinal infections fecal oral


infections avoiding water open wound present minimum cover open wound waterproof bandage contact flood water occur open wound washed thoroughly soap clean water psychosocial exposures according cdc sources stress emergency responders may include witnessing human suffering risk personal harm intense workloads life death decisions separation family substance abuse mental health services administration samhsa provides stress prevention management resources disaster recovery responders volunteer responsibilities federal emergency management agency fema advises


appropriately trained staff members responsible decision making emergency occurs training plans include internal people contractors civil protection partners state nature frequency training testing testing plan 's effectiveness occur regularly instances several business organisations occupy space joint emergency plans formally agreed parties put place drills exercises preparation foreseeable hazards often held participation services involved handling emergency people affected drills held


fema subsequently prepared contingency purchasing hundreds thousands freeze dried food emergency meals ready eat mres dispense communities emergency shelter evacuations implemented guidelines household preparedness published online state colorado topics water food tools emergency preparedness difficult measure cdc focuses evaluating effectiveness public health efforts variety measurement assessment programs disaster preparation hampered several cognitive biases features certain types disasters ref name ostrich ref


tendency value certain short term costs value uncertain long term rewards long time local disasters given type allowing fading emotional impact lends urgency preparedness many people personal experience type disaster inertia resulting inaction cases overcome eg making insurance opt rather opt optimism bias normalcy bias make people tend believe disasters happen elsewhere disaster happens locally neighbors affected ok single action bias may lead


transportation routes extremely hazardous substances description emergency response procedures site designation community coordinator facility emergency coordinator implement plan outline emergency notification procedures description determine probable affected area population releases description local emergency equipment facilities persons responsible outline evacuation plans training program emergency responders including schedules methods schedules exercising emergency response plans according epa many lepcs expanded activities beyond requirements epcra encouraging accident prevention risk


live shooters gas leaks nearby bank robberies educational institutions plan cyberattacks windstorms industry specific guidance exists horse farms boat owners survey found american families felt prepared disaster kitchen fire extinguisherdisasters take variety forms include earthquakes tsunamis regular structure fires disaster emergency large scale terms population acreage impacted duration make less disaster people area impacted much learned


retrofit home minimize hazards flood include installing backflow prevention device anchoring fuel tanks relocating electrical panels marked gas shut given explosive danger posed natural gas leaks readygov states unequivocally vital household members know shut natural gas property owners must ensure special tools needed particular gas hookups readygov also notes wise teach responsible household members shut electricity cautioning individual circuits


disaster management smaug model identifying prioritizing risk hazards associated natural technological threats effective tool smaug stands seriousness manageability acceptability urgency growth criteria used prioritization hazard risks smaug model provides effective means prioritizing hazard risks based upon aforementioned criteria order address risks posed hazards avail effecting effective mitigation reduction response recovery methods ref name annexb seriousness relative impact terms people dollars includes potential lives lost


potential injury well physical social economic losses may incurred manageability relative ability mitigate reduce hazard managing hazard community hazards presenting high risk requiring significant amounts risk reduction initiatives rated high ref name annexb ref acceptability degree risk hazard acceptable terms political environmental social economic impact urgency related probability risk hazard defined terms imperative address hazard ref


organizations international emergency management society international emergency management society tiems international non profit ngo registered belgium tiems global forum education training certification policy emergency disaster management tiems' goal develop bring modern emergency management tools techniques practice exchange information methodology innovations new technologies tiems provides platform stakeholders meet network learn new technical operational methodologies focuses cultural differences understood included society 's events education research programs establishing local chapters worldwide


significance secretary homeland security initiate national response framework nrf nrf allows integration federal resources local county state tribal entities management resources handled lowest possible level utilizing national incident management system nims centers disease control prevention offer https wwwemergencycdcgov hazards specificasp information specific types emergencies disease outbreaks natural disasters severe weather chemical radiation accidents etc https wwwcdcgov niosh emres emergency preparedness response program national institute occupational safety health develops resources address responder safety


cancers basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma dangerously malignant melanoma non cancerous conditions include vitiligo impetigo purpura pruritus spider veins warts moles oral genital herpes chancre sores syphilis exposure poison ivy similar plants venom sources rashes cysts abscesses corns dermabrasions cases dealing wrinkles peeling skin autoimmune attacks skin therefore dermatopathologists must maintain broad base knowledge clinical dermatology familiar several specialty areas medicine certification dermatopathology united states several countries requires completion

Natural science
Biology
Pathology
Dermatopathology


local forms founder backgrounds ritual philosophical traditions despite diversity common core summarised four theological cosmological moral concepts ''tian'' transcendent source moral meaning ''qi'' breath energy animates universe ''jingzu'' veneration ancestors ''bao ying'' moral reciprocity together two traditional concepts fate meaning ''ming yun'' personal destiny burgeoning ''yuan fen'' fateful coincidence good bad chances potential relationships yin yang polarity describes order

Humanities
Theology
Chinese Folk Religion


mind soul ' 'shen'' gives form vital breath ''qi'' humans develops ''po'' stretching moving intelligently order grasp things ''po'' soul ' 'shen'' controls physiological psychological activities humans ref name lu gong p lu gong p ref ''hun'' ' 'shen'' attached vital breath ''qi'' soul ' 'shen'' totally independent corporeal substance ref name lu gong p ''hun'' independent perpetual never allows limited matter ref


world ''ming'' life right given status life ''yun'' defines circumstance individual choice ''ming'' given influenced transcendent force ''tian'' divine right ''tianming'' ancient rulers identified mencius personal destiny ''ming yun'' thus perceived fixed life flexible open ended since individual choose behave ''bao ying'' ''yuan fen'' fateful coincidence describing good bad chances potential relationships scholars k yang ho


descent lines unity lineage whole based upon ritual focus senior descent line trace back founding ancestor eldest son succession eldest sons ibid contrast south china model called associational mode patrilineal kinship mode lines descent equal access corporate resources held lineage lineage segment based upon equality kinship ties asserted associational mode however distinction north south model somewhat


incorporated altars ref name davis daoists zhengyi taoists trained priests sect historically received formal ordination celestial master ref name pas p pas p ref although rd celestial master zhang enpu fled taiwan chinese civil war lineages ritual masters ''fashi'' also referred practitioners faism also called folk taoism southeast china red taoism operate within chinese folk religion outside institution official taoism ref name pas p ritual masters role


stars heaven 's chancellor yamen gate opened give life belowstyle text align left theory hierarchy divinity chinese religions polytheistic meaning many deities worshipped part defined ''y zh u sh nl n'' translated cosmotheism worldview divinity inherent world ref name lu gong p gods ' 'shen'' growth beings give birth ref name lu gong p lu gong p ref interwoven energies principles generate phenomena reveal reproduce way heaven


indian ''mandala'' traditional chinese religious cosmology shows huangdi embodiment shangdi hub universe wudi four gods directions seasons emanations diagram illustrated based ''huainanzi'' correspond five phases creation five constellations rotating around celestial pole five sacred mountains five directions space four cardinal directions centre five dragon gods ''l ngsh n'' represent mounts say chthonic forces preside yellow god


arranged bixia center two goddesses sides frequently lady eyesight lady offspring ref name wicks ann elizabeth barrott wicks ''children chinese art'' university hawaii press pp goddesses enlisted note p ref different figure astral connections bixia qixing niangniang goddess seven stars also cluster holy mothers three skies ''sanxiao shengmu'' ladies three skies ''sanxiao niangniang'' composed ''yunxiao guniang''


able reach absolute reality religious practice therefore regarded bridge link human world spiritual source maintaining harmony micro macrocosmos protecting individual world disruption ref name zavidovskaya p sense chinese view human life deterministic one master life choose collaborate deities harmonious world ref name zavidovskaya p chinese culture holistic system every aspect part whole chinese folk religious practice


' 's ish '' communal ritual body association organises events extension become another name event activities include rituals theatrical performances processions gods' images throughout villages cities offerings temples ref name davis north china temple gatherings generally week long large events attracting tens thousands people south china tend smaller village based events ref name davis demographics mainland china taiwan plum flower folk religious sect xingtai hebei according yang hu according research


cold war space race ref name mid century emergence futures studies truly emerged academic discipline mid ref name ref first generation futurists included herman kahn american cold war strategist rand corporation wrote ''on thermonuclear war'' ''thinking unthinkable'' ''the year framework speculation next thirty three years'' bertrand de jouvenel french economist founded futuribles international dennis gabor hungarian british scientist wrote ''inventing future'' ''the mature society

Social science
Sociology
Futures studies


knowledge attempting falsify predictions exposing uncertainty ref name sense science futures studies share goal difference futures studies attempts understand mitigate utilize uncertainty methodologies terms methodology futures practitioners employ wide range approaches models methods theory practice many derived informed academic professional disciplines https booksgooglecom booksid ilj pfmglqsc pg pa lpg pa dq futurists borrow disciplines source bl ots ycowoegcis sig j nv szqav dlsgc zupyv hl en sa x ved ahukewi u ggmhsahxpj qkhuxbcoaq aeiizaa v onepage q futurists borrow nowiki nowiki including social sciences economics psychology sociology religious studies cultural studies history geography political science physical life sciences physics chemistry


uncertainties end articulating scenarios practice scenario development facilitates examination worldviews assumptions causal layered analysis method others creation preferred visions future use exercises backcasting connect present alternative futures apart extrapolation scenarios many dozens methods techniques used futures research see therefore general practice futures studies also sometimes includes articulation normative preferred futures major thread practice involves connecting extrapolated exploratory normative research


spot trends argue trend persists long term long range affects many societal groups grows slowly appears profound basis fad operates short term shows vagaries fashion affects particular societal groups spreads quickly superficially futurists decidedly mixed reputation patchy track record successful prediction many futurists predicted commonplace space tourism year ignored possibilities ubiquitous cheap computers hand many forecasts portrayed future degree accuracy sample predicted futures range predicted


near term predictions long running tradition various cultures especially media involves various spokespersons making predictions upcoming year beginning year predictions thought provokers sometimes base current trends culture music movies fashion politics sometimes make hopeful guesses major events might take place course next year evidently predictions may come true year unfolds though many fail predicted events fail take place authors predictions may state misinterpretation signs


attempted estimate time appearance education foresight expanded include broader range social concerns levels types education addressed including formal informal education many countries beginning implement foresight education policy programs listed finland 's finnsight implementation began though time referred foresight tend display characteristics foresight program singapore 's ministry education master plan information technology education third masterplan continues built


storytelling way futurists would experiential scenarios works science fiction novels futurists william gibson neuromancer ace books pioneering cyberpunk novel kim stanley robinson red mars spectra story founding colony mars bruce sterling heavy weather bantam story world drastically altered climate weather iain banks culture novels space operas distance future thoughtful treatments advanced ai government agencies several governments formalized strategic foresight agencies encourage long range strategic societal planning notable governments singapore finland


together deputy secretary level officers foresight units across government discuss emerging trends may implications singapore ref name kuosa since finland integrated strategic foresight within parliament prime minister 's office ref name boston ref government required present report future parliamentary term review parliamentary committee future led prime minister 's office government foresight group coordinates government 's foresight efforts ref name boston futures research supported finnish society futures studies established finland futures research centre established


shell focuses stretching company 's thinking rather making predictions planning meant link embed scenarios organizational processes strategy making innovation risk management public affairs leadership development foresight studies also consider possibility wild card events events many consider would impossible envision although often events imagined remote possibilities part foresight work one many possible areas focus foresight lens could also identifying conditions potential scenarios high level risks society


practitioners foresight profession seeks provide organizations individuals images future help prepare contingencies maximize opportunities foresight project begins question ponders future given subject area including technology medicine government business futurists engage environmental scanning search drivers change emerging trends may effect focus topic scanning process includes reviewing social media platforms researching already prepared reports engaging delphi studies reading articles sources relevant information preparing


'' global forecast next forty years '' stroom den haag '' food city '' andy hines peter c bishop '' teaching future '' james dator '' advancing futures futures studies higher education '' ziauddin sardar '' future matters '' emma marris '' rambunctious garden saving nature post wild world '' sohail inayatullah '' works case studies practice foresight ''


important preserve hygienic nutritional sensory qualities food heat transfer methods include induction convection radiation methods used create variations physical properties food freezing baking deep frying products also applying ohmic heating infrared radiation food tools allow food engineers innovate creation transformation food products food safety management systems fsms food safety management system fsms systematic approach controlling food safety hazards within business order ensure food product

Applied science
Agriculture
Agricultural engineering
Food engineering


w b eerdmans publishing company reading hutchings arthur ''church music nineteenth century'' series ''studies church music'' new york oxford university press p robin sheldon ed ''in spirit truth exploring directions music worship today'' london hodder stoughton x p external links christian music genres christian liturgical music

Humanities
Performing arts
Music
Church music


'''nonfiction''' also spelled '''non fiction''' document media content intends good faith present truth accuracy regarding information events people ref name litfiction ref nonfictional content may presented either objectively subjectively sometimes taking form story nonfiction one fundamental divisions narrative writing specifically prose contrast fiction offers information events characters expected partly largely imaginary else leaves open work refers reality ref name litfiction nonfiction 's specific factual assertions descriptions may may

Humanities
Languages and literature
Creative writing
Non-fiction


chanting one significant example sri lankan tradition traditional ceremony performed drummers offering music also popularly known sabda puja christian music according scholars earliest music christian church came jewish worship music additional syriac influence believed music lay somewhere singing speaking speaking understood ritual cadence however another opinion roots early christian music come early ascetic monastic orders hymns christian music diversified time reflecting

Applied science
Divinity
Field ministry
Sacred music


prayer jewish music earliest synagogal music based system temple jerusalem according talmud joshua ben hananiah served sanctuary levitical choir told choristers went synagogue orchestra altar talmud suk participated services neopagan music neopagan music music created influenced modern paganism appeared many styles genres including folk music classical music singer songwriter post punk heavy metal ambient music rastafarian music


institutional aspects description peace studies classified multidisciplinary encompassing elements politics international relations particularly critical international relations theory sociology geography psychology anthropology economics critical theory also widely used peace conflict studies multilevel peace studies examines intrapersonal peace peace individuals neighbours ethnic groups marriages states civilisations multicultural gandhi often cited paradigm peace studies however true multiculturalism remains aspiration peace studies centres located west analytic normative normative discipline peace studies involves value judgements

Social science
Political science
Peace and conflict studies


ethnic cleansing example three simply understand three direct violence harming hurting body mind structural violence economic exploitation political repression cultural violence underlying values epistemic models legitimize direct structural violence cost conflict cost conflict tool attempts calculate price conflict human race idea examine cost terms deaths casualties economic costs borne people involved also social developmental environmental


original qualitatively normatively oriented work emerged peace studies conflict research schools eg see oslo peace research institute research project liberal peace ethics peacebuilding liberal peace transitions project university st andrews critical ideas peacebuilding recently developed many european non western academic policy circles scholars pointed towards hybrid outcomes arisen practice indicating potential problems hybrid forms peace everyday orientation suggestive


studies noted many peace studies programs american universities run marxist far left professors broadly argued peace studies dominated belief america wellspring world problems professors peace studies argue terrorist positions deserve respect negotiating table seldom tolerate alternative views p eace studies rule rejects questioning guiding ideology ref name bawer http wwwcity journalorg html peace rackethtml peace racket bruce bawer city journal summer ref regarding claim peace studies supports violence pursuit leftist


areas finally peace conflict studies debates generally confirmed undermined broad consensus western beyond importance human security human rights development democracy rule law though vibrant debate ongoing contextual variations applications frameworks time research field characterized number challenges including tension objective critical research practical relevance see also arms control center global nonkilling conflict resolution research list peace activists global peace index nonkilling nonviolence peace


peace studies cultural perspective'' london palgrave macmillan dooley kevin l sp udayakumar reconceptualizing global conflicts us versus us versus ''journal global change governance'' volume spring duffield mark ''global governance new wars merging development security'' london zed books dugan peace studies graduate level ''the annals american academy political science peace studies past future'' dunn dj ''the first fifty years peace research'' aldershot ashgate fukuyama francis state building ''governance world


violence'' manchester jabri vivienne ''war transformation global politics'' london palgrave keynes john maynard ''the economic consequences peace'' london macmillan koppensteiner norbert ''the art transpersonal self transformation aesthetic energetic practice'' atropos new york dresden kumar schmiem samrat ''bhakti yoga love trans rational approaches peaec studies'' lit nster vienna lederach j ''building peace sustainable reconciliation divided societies'' tokyo united nations university press l pez mart nez mario dir ''enciclopedia de paz conflictos'' granada tomos lund michael kind peace


edinburgh university press richmond op ''a post liberal peace'' routledge routledge contemporary security studies series ''women peace security translating policy practice'' first published introduction funmi olonisakin director conflict security development group king college london karen barnes chapter lesley abdela nepal implementation unscr hbk rummel rj ''the peace'' california tadjbakhsh shahrbanou chenoy anuradha ''human security concepts implications'' london routledge taylor paul j r groom eds ''the un millennium'' london continuum tidwell alan c ''conflict resolved'' london pinter


social work devoted entire chapter visiting teacher book ''what social casework'' testing movement influenced school social work growth well testing movement educators gaining knowledge individual differences underscoring need children attend school children whose social conditions related test scores lastly time leaders field like sophonisba breckinridge expressed concerns school education would relate future success happiness expressed need connect school home order relate

Applied science
Social work 2
School social work


educational support train life look forward child regardless race socioeconomic characteristics right equal treatment school national association social workers us provides code ethics school social work professionals theoretical framework services school social work structured around range practice models traditional clinical model john alderson first describe existed traditional clinical models generally schools followed ' 'social change model'' whose major focus dysfunctional conditions school community school model urged


system time example explain one species finch survives drought others die holistic method looks entire ecosystem reducing ecosystem parts case would less effective explaining overall behavior case decrease biodiversity individual organisms must understood context ecosystems holists argue must lower level biological processes understood broader context living organism take part proponents view cite growing understanding multidirectional multilayered

Humanities
Philosophy
Applied philosophy
Philosophy of biology


including movements examine instance molecular biology scientific discovery process research biology continues less guided theory sciences especially case availability high throughput screening techniques different omics fields genomics whose complexity makes predominantly data driven data intensive scientific discovery considered fourth paradigm empiricism theory computer simulation ref name fourth paradigm http researchmicrosoftcom en us collaboration fourthparadigm hey ed fourth paradigm data intensive scientific discovery ref others reject idea data driven research replace theory ref name displacement theory ref ref name dougherty ref


groups revise portion material writing written test motivates students fear writing test learn reinforce already learnt method one learning strategies designed robert slavin purpose review mastery learning method basically increase student 's skills increase interaction self esteem students technique students study class material supplied taught groups individually different activities students receiving material review

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Cooperative learning


work one another cooperative learning increases self esteem self concept ethnic physically mentally handicapped barriers broken allowing positive interactions friendships occur cooperative learning results increased higher level reasoning increased generation new ideas solutions greater transfer learning situations cooperative learning significant business ref name siltala cooperative learning seen characteristic innovative businesses five stage division cooperative learning creates useful method analyzing learning innovative businesses innovativity connected cooperative learning seems make creation innovations possible limitations problems


effective application cooperative learning hinges active instructor teachers implementing cooperative learning may also challenged resistance hostility students believe held back slower teammates students less confident feel ignored demeaned team ref name sharan students often provide feedback form evaluations reviews success teamwork experienced cooperative learning experiences peer review evaluations may reflect true experiences due perceived competition among peers students might feel pressured submitting inaccurate


student forming group hate difficult say b c cause group hate simply due fact group unique everyone different however several concerns lead students developing group hate concerns teachers' role concerns students' role concerns fairness use resources nbsp concerns teachers' role usually stem lack communication teacher exactly expected group nbsp difficult teacher strike sweet spot helicopter teacher


remain involved project also loosey goosey nbsp good teacher may able strike balance every time difficult task teachers tend lean one way cause confusion students amplified students put groups asked complete project little instructions way teacher chooses structure project influence student perceives project overall nbsp whether student likes teaching style


influence develop group hate ref name ref next concern leads students developing group hate simply students get sick working group members nbsp cooperative learning nbsp becoming common students beginning develop group hate simply many group projects students express opinion many group projects people others business ref name building personal relationships positive aspect cooperative learning nbsp also


students fear take place nbsp leads students developing group hate nbsp blockquote fear members group act passengers social loafers derive benefit generally good grade group activity undermines effectiveness group students hoard intellectual capital make sure one unjustly benefits ironically students indignant slackers freeloaders make immediate assumptions peers insist outset take care everything order maintain control


place ref name nbsp limiting student feelings group hate lead students better group experiences learning work better groups cooperative learning nbsp becoming popular within american education system almost uncommon cooperative learning nbsp elements within collage class however uncommon hear students expressing negative opinions regarding cooperative learning nbsp feichtner davis ref name ref put elegantly stating entirely many students leaving classroom experiencing frustrations cooperative learning nbsp numerous


benefits possible team based effort one main flaws see previous research research almost always done perspective instructor nbsp nbsp giving us flawed view cooperative learning nbsp instructors one participating cooperative learning nbsp often blind viewpoint instructors always viewed cooperative learning nbsp added advantage students opportunity receive additional support working closely peers nbsp never really considered disastrous experience frustrated students


individualistic efforts studies also show competition individualistic efforts constructive encouraged appropriately structured ref name referencea conditions constructive competition winning relatively unimportant participants reasonable chance win clear specific rules procedures criteria winning conditions constructive individualistic efforts cooperation costly difficult cumbersome unavailability skilled potential cooperators unavailability resources need cooperation take place goal perceived important relevant worthwhile


biology '''taxonomy''' scientific study naming defining circumscribing classifying groups biological organisms based shared characteristics organisms grouped taxa singular taxon groups given taxonomic rank groups given rank aggregated form inclusive group higher rank thus creating taxonomic hierarchy principal ranks modern use domain kingdom phylum ' 'division'' sometimes used botany place ''phylum'' class order family genus species swedish botanist carl linnaeus regarded founder current system

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Classification
Taxonomic classification


chain western scholastic tradition ref name roanoke deriving ultimately aristotle aristotelian system classify plants fungi due lack microscopes time ref name britannica taxonomy ideas based arranging complete world single continuum per ' 'scala naturae'' natural ladder ref name palaeos well taken consideration great chain ref name palaeos advances made scholars procopius timotheos gaza demetrios pepagomenos thomas aquinas medieval thinkers used abstract philosophical logical categorizations


emerged since ref name britannica since linnaeus julian huxley used term ''clad''e ref name biologydiscussion later cain harrison introduced term ''cladistic'' ref name biologydiscussion salient feature arranging taxa hierarchical evolutionary tree desideratum named taxa monophyletic ref name britannica since linnaeus taxon called monophyletic includes descendants ancestral form ref name mike taylor ref ref name ncse ref groups descendant groups removed termed paraphyletic ref name mike taylor groups representing one branch tree life


catalogue life paleobiology database resource fossils application biological taxonomy sub discipline biology generally practiced biologists known taxonomists though enthusiastic naturalists also frequently involved publication new taxa taxonomy aims describe organize life work conducted taxonomists essential study biodiversity resulting field conservation biology classifying organisms biological classification critical component taxonomic process result informs user relatives taxon hypothesized


fact regulated list standard abbreviations see list botanists author abbreviation system assigning authorities differs slightly botany zoology ref name herbarium however standard genus species changed since original description original authority 's name placed parentheses phenetics phenetics also known taximetrics numerical taxonomy organisms classified based overall similarity regardless phylogeny evolutionary relationships ref name biologydiscussion results measure evolutionary distance taxa phenetic methods become relatively rare modern times


''cyclical rhythms'' represent short term fluctuation economy ' 'secular trends'' mean deeper long run tendencies general economic growth decline ref name iw ref name tb term ''contradiction'' means general controversy system usually concerning short term versus long term tradeoffs example problem underconsumption wherein driving wages increases profit capitalists short term long term decreasing wages may crucially harmful effect reducing demand product last temporal feature ''crisis'' crisis occurs constellation

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems theory
World-systems theory


world economy many political units tied together interstate system division labor based capitalist enterprises ref name iw importance world systems theory useful understanding world history core countries' motives imperialization involvements like us aid following natural disasters developing central american countries imposing regimes core states interstate system system constant relative economic power three tiers points internal inequalities rise states appear developing


partially deflect political pressures groups primarily located peripheral areas might otherwise direct core states stabilise world system ref name tb ref name glob semi peripheries come existence developing peripheries declining cores ref name ph historically two examples semiperipheral states would spain portugal fell early core positions still managed retain influence latin america ref name ph countries imported silver gold american colonies use pay manufactured goods core countries england france ref name ph th century


netherlands hegemon ref name glob result new british dominance world system became relatively stable th century british began expand globally many colonies new world africa asia colonial system began place strain british military along factors led economic decline great deal core conflict british lost clear dominance time germany later italy japan provided new threat industrialization another ongoing process


far simple superstructure capitalist world economy international states system transnational structure military competition originally created capitalism throughout modern world history represents analytically autonomous level world capitalism reducible ref name pieterse concept perceive critique mostly renewal concept coloniality anibal quijano nepantla coloniality power eurocentrism latin america issued think tank group modernity coloniality es grupo modernidad colonialidad latin america uses concept world working division


name ph according wallerstein globalization becoming world 's system process coterminous spread development capitalism past years janet abu lughod argues pre modern world system extensive across eurasia existed th century prior formation modern world system identified wallerstein janet abu lughod contends mongol empire played important role stitching together chinese indian muslim european regions th century rise modern world system debates wallerstein contends lughod 's system


connexion rise school poetry kingdom sicily obs de biguli present singer coronation emperor frederick ii already king sicily guillem augier novella guilhem figueira thereafter important occitan poets frederick 's court fled albigensian crusade like aimeric de peguilhan crusade devastated languedoc forced many troubadours area whose poetry always kind church hierarchy flee italy italian tradition papal criticism begun protected

Humanities
Languages and literature
Italian Literature


kind literature already existed th century ''ritmo cassinese'' ''ritmo di sant'alessio'' ''laudes creaturarum'' ''ritmo lucchese'' ''ritmo laurenziano'' ''ritmo bellunese'' classified cesare segre et al archaic works componimenti arcaici labeled first literary works italian vernacular dates ranging last decades th century early decades th segre however points early literature yet present uniform stylistic linguistic traits early development however simultaneous whole peninsula varying subject matter


kind verse marked assonance poetic device widespread northern europe poems previously attributed francis generally recognized lacking authenticity jacopone da todi poet represented religious feeling made special progress umbria jacopone possessed st francis 's mysticism also satirist mocked corruption hypocrisy church personified pope boniface viii persecutor jacopone dante jacopone 's wife died stands public tournament collapsed sorrow sudden death caused jacopone sell


poetry entirely democratic form government created style poetry stood strongly medieval mystic chivalrous style devout invocation god lady came cloister castle streets cities everything gone treated ridicule biting sarcasm folgore da san gimignano laughs sonnets tells party sienese youths occupations every month year teaches party florentine lads pleasures every day week cenne della chitarra laughs


allegory still connects medieval literature new individual art poet classic art transfused first time romance form whether describes nature analyses passions curses vices sings hymns virtues dante notable grandeur delicacy art took materials poem theology philosophy history mythology especially passions hatred love pen poet dead come life become men speak language


art exquisite sweetness lyrics petrarch longer transcendental like dante 's keep entirely within human limits second part ''canzoniere'' passionate ''trionfi'' inferior petrarch tried imitate ''divina commedia'' failed ''canzoniere'' includes also political poems one supposed addressed cola di rienzi several sonnets court avignon remarkable vigour feeling also showing compared dante petrarch sense broader italian consciousness wooed


work length artistic merit ''teseide'' oldest italian romantic poem ''filostrato'' relates loves troiolo griseida troilus cressida may boccaccio knew french poem trojan war benoit de sainte interest poem lies analysis passion love ''ninfale fiesolano'' tells love story nymph mesola shepherd africo ''amorosa visione'' poem triplets doubtless owed origin ''divina commedia'' ''ameto'' mixture prose poetry first


development medieval ''mistero'' mystery play although belonged popular poetry authors literary men much renown lorenzo de medici example wrote ''san giovanni e paolo'' feo belcari wrote ''san panunzio'' ''abramo ed isaac'' th century element comic profane found way sacra rappresentazione biblical legendary conventionalism poliziano emancipated ''orfeo'' although exterior form belonging sacred representations yet substantially detaches contents artistic element introduced


th century made appear every light intelligence extinguished strong independent thinkers bernardino telesio lucilio vanini bruno campanella turned philosophical inquiry fresh channels opened way scientific conquests galileo galilei great contemporary ren descartes france francis bacon england galileo great man science also occupied conspicuous place history letters devoted student ariosto seemed transfuse prose qualities great poet clear frank freedom


said ''generosi rabbuffi'' precursor patriotic literature inaugurated revival th century tassoni showed independent judgment midst universal servility ''secchia rapita'' proved eminent writer heroic comic poem time epic personal satire bold enough attack spaniards ''filippiche'' urged duke carlo emanuele savoy persist war agriculture paganino bonafede ''tesoro de rustici'' gave many precepts agriculture beginning


monsignore giusto fontanini girolamo tiraboschi count giovanni maria mazzuchelli brescia devoted literary history new spirit times led investigation historical sources also encouraged inquiry mechanism economic social laws francesco galiani wrote currency gaetano filangieri wrote ''scienza della legislazione'' cesare beccaria ''trattato dei delitti e delle pene'' made contribution reform penal system promoted abolition torture metastasio melodramma reforming movement sought throw conventional artificial return


lombard village educated milan youth known among arcadian poets name darisbo elidonio even arcadian parini showed originality collection poems published twenty three years age name ripano eupilino poet shows faculty taking scenes real life satirical pieces exhibits spirit outspoken opposition times poems though derivative indicate resolute determination challenge literary conventionalities improving poems youth


work made immortal doubt idea historical novel came sir walter scott manzoni succeeded something historical novel narrow meaning word created eminently realistic work art reader 's attention entirely fixed powerful objective creation characters greatest least wonderful verisimilitude manzoni able unfold character particulars follow different phases abbondio renzo perfect azzeccagarbugli


fame collection poems ''il canzoniere'' eugenio montale winner nobel prize literature described critics hermeticists neorealism developed alberto moravia eg ''il conformista'' primo levi documented experiences auschwitz ''se questo un uomo'' ''if man'' books cesare pavese eg ''the moon bonfires'' corrado alvaro elio vittorini dino buzzati wrote fantastic allegorical fiction critics compared kafka beckett italo calvino also ventured fantasy trilogy ''i nostri


communication moved theories hypodermic needle model magic bullet theory modern theories computer mediated communication types mass communication advertising advertising relation mass communication marketing product service persuasive manner encourages audience buy product use service advertising generally takes place form mass media television studying effects methods advertising relevant study mass communication advertising paid impersonal one way marketing persuasive information

Journalism, media studies and communication


historical discipline one approaches areas theology using methods employed study historical phenomena ref name ref based notion theology historical rather speculative starting point instance bible writings ecumenical councils considered historical sources contents treated witness accounts covers bulk schleiermacher termed true body theology could include exegetical theology dogmatics church history ref name branch theology investigates socio historical cultural mechanisms


publish financial econometrics research include econometrica journal econometrics journal business economic statistics journal financial econometrics exclusive focus financial econometrics edited federico bandi andrew patton close relationship sofie nobel memorial prize economic sciences awarded significant contribution financial econometrics robert f engle methods analyzing economic time series time varying volatility clive granger methods analyzing economic time series common trends eugene fama lars peter hansen

Social science
Economics
Financial econometrics


utilizing ecological science theory applying types ecosystems adapting engineering design methods acknowledging guiding value system barrett ref name ba ref offers literal definition term design construction operation management engineering landscape aquatic structures associated plant animal communities ecosystems benefit humanity often nature barrett continues terms equivalent similar meanings include ecotechnology two terms often used erosion control field soil bioengineering biotechnical engineering however ecological engineering confused

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Civil Engineering
Ecological engineering


holistic model development simulation defines system interest identifies system 's boundary diagrams energy material moves within system order identify use renewable resources ecosystem processes increase sustainability system describes collection ie group components ie parts connected type interaction interrelationship collectively responds stimulus demand fulfills specific purpose function understanding systems ecology ecological engineer efficiently design ecosystem components processes within design utilize


'''environmental psychology''' interdisciplinary field focuses transactions individuals surroundings examines way natural environment built environments shape us individuals environmental psychology emphasizes humans change environment environment changes humans' experiences behaviors field defines term environment broadly encompassing natural environments social settings built environments learning environments informational environments environmental psychology fully recognized field late scientists began question tie human behavior natural built environments

Social science
Psychology
Environmental psychology


field develops model human nature retaining broad inherently multidisciplinary focus explores dissimilar issues common property resource management wayfinding complex settings effect environmental stress human performance characteristics restorative environments human information processing promotion durable conservation behavior lately alongside increased focus climate change society social sciences emergence limits growth concerns increased focus environmental sustainability issues within field multidisciplinary paradigm characterized dynamic environmental psychology


early developments often seen part 'architectural psychology' harold proshansky william ittelson set environmental psychology program city university new york nd st new york term environmental psychology replaces architectural psychology widely used term study ways people made sense interacted surroundings institutionalised canter established journal environmental psychology kenneth craik personality psychologist university california berkeley president nixon 's


windows particularly ones opened ones provide view well light high ceilings doors divide spaces baum davies provide access control room shape square rooms feel less crowded rectangular ones dresor using partitions create smaller personalized spaces within open plan office larger work space providing increases cognitive control aspects internal environment ventilation light privacy etc conducting cognitive appraisal environment feelings crowding different settings example one might comfortable crowding


bedding would behave confined environment circumstances males became aggressive exclusively homosexual others became pansexual hypersexual seeking every chance mount rat encountered result mating behaviors upset increase infant mortalities parents failing provide proper nests thoughtlessly ditching young even attacking infant mortality rose high certain sections calhoun published results population density social pathology edition ''scientific american'' creating barriers customizing space ways creating personal space eg using


pictures one 's family office setting increases cognitive control one sees oneself control competitors personal space therefore able control level density crowding space systems oriented systems oriented approach experimenting applied individuals people part communities groups organizations approach particularly examines group interaction opposed individual 's interaction emphasizes factors social integration laboratory experiments focus cause effect processes within human nature ref name proshansky proshansky p ref interdisciplinary oriented


personal connection place gain sense belonging purpose gives significance meaning life five central functions place identity depicted recognition meaning expressive requirement mediating change anxiety defense function place identity becomes cognitive database every physical setting experienced ref name proshanskyet activities person often overlap physical settings create background rest life 's interactions events individual frequently unaware array feelings values memories singular place simply becomes


master science degree design research two degree paths environmental design health path includes study community practitioners researchers design related fields including health community design public policy research typically includes data collection engaged research practices design thinking participatory design area investigation potential create innovative health educational partnerships economic opportunities neighborhood initiatives relates strategic mission university highly engaged civic sustainability inland norway university applied sciences offers master environmental psychology focus


speaks deeper meaning african american presence nation presence always test case nation 's claims freedom democracy equality inclusiveness ref name coon p african american literature explores issues freedom equality long denied blacks united states along themes african american culture racism religion slavery sense home segregation migration feminism african american literature presents experience african american point view early republic african american literature represented way free blacks negotiate

Humanities
Languages and literature
World literature
African-American literature


prolific writer beginning account escape freedom experience slavery brown wrote ''clotel president 's daughter'' considered first novel written african american based persistent later confirmed true rumor president thomas jefferson fathered mixed race daughter enslaved woman sally hemings jefferson owned late th century dna testing affirmed jefferson father six children hemings four survived adulthood gave freedom novel first published england


threat actual perpetration rape tool slavery harriet beecher stowe asked write foreword jacob 's book refused frederick douglass frederick douglass frederick douglass c first came public attention north orator abolition author moving slave narrative eventually became prominent african american time one influential lecturers authors american history born slavery maryland douglass eventually escaped worked numerous abolitionist causes also edited


number newspapers douglass' best known work autobiography ''narrative life frederick douglass american slave'' published time critics attacked book believing black man could written eloquent work despite book immediate bestseller douglass later revised expanded autobiography republished ''my bondage freedom'' addition serving number political posts life also wrote numerous influential articles essays spiritual narratives early african american spiritual autobiographies published


patriarchal church system assertion women 's rights within methodist church nancy prince born newburyport massachusetts african native american descent turned religion age attempt find comfort trials life married nero prince traveled extensively west indies russia became missionary tried raise funds missionary work west indies publishing pamphlet entitled ''the west indies description islands progress


women escaping south led successful effort desegregate streetcars washington dc counseled president abraham lincoln truth never learned read write worked olive gilbert sympathetic white woman write ''narrative sojourner truth'' narrative contribution slave narrative female spiritual narratives post slavery era end slavery american civil war number african american authors wrote nonfiction works condition african americans united states many african american women wrote


race groundbreaking drew du bois 's personal experiences describe african americans lived rural georgia larger american society du bois wrote problem twentieth century problem color line statement since considered prescient du bois believed african americans common interests work together battle prejudice inequity professor atlanta university later howard university another prominent author period booker washington many ways represented opposite views du bois washington


novel length fiction writings fell obscurity decades work rediscovered article alice walker search zora neale hurston published ''ms'' magazine walker found hurston role model female african american writers hurston hughes two influential writers come harlem renaissance number writers also became well known period include jean toomer author ''cane'' famous collection stories poems sketches rural urban black life dorothy west whose


essay brought zora neale hurston classic novel ''their eyes watching god'' back attention literary world walker pulitzer prize american book award novel ''the color purple'' epistolary novel book written form letters ''the color purple'' tells story celie young woman sexually abused stepfather forced marry man physically abuses novel later made film steven spielberg also saw african american


books african american life topping bestseller lists among first ''roots saga american family'' alex haley fictionalized account haley 's family history beginning kidnapping ancestor kunta kinte gambia life slave united states ''roots'' pulitzer prize became popular television miniseries haley also wrote ''the autobiography malcolm x'' important writers recent years include literary fiction writers gayl jones rasheed clark ishmael reed jamaica kincaid randall kenan john edgar wideman african american poets


even greater recognition many literary pieces written non english speaking white authors translated english language works widely known across united states proof considerable gap literature available us readers issue contributes problem racial discrimination fostering ignorant awareness white community finally african american literature gained added attention work talk show host oprah winfrey repeatedly leveraged fame promote literature medium


neglected american literature jay general consensus view appears american literature breaking apart new genres african american literature instead american literature simply reflecting increasing diversity united states showing signs diversity history andrews mckay african american criticism criticism african american literature years come within community argue black literature sometimes portray black people positive light w e b du bois wrote


cooper anna julia cooper book titled ''a voice south black woman south'' argued greater widespread attainment higher education african americans especially women work attempts cultivate sense educational rigor african american female intellectuals black community us would benefit whole counter overly aggressive male dominated academic writings higher education balance female voices hence cooper widely recognized mother black


th century babylonian academies brought rationalist philosophy biblical talmudic judaism philosophy generally competition kabbalah schools would become part classic rabbinic literature though decline scholastic rationalism coincided historical events drew jews kabbalistic approach ashkenazi jews emancipation encounter secular thought th century onwards altered philosophy viewed ashkenazi sephardi communities later ambivalent interaction secular culture western europe varied responses modernity jewish philosophical ideas developed across range emerging religious movements developments could


philosophy means defending justifying jewish religious ''truths'' ''truths'' regarded fixed determinate philosophy used aid ''truth'' means arriving end philo chose philosophical tenets greeks refusing harmonize judaism aristotle 's doctrine ''eternity indestructibility world'' dr bernard revel dissertation karaite halakha points writings th century karaite jacob qirqisani quotes philo illustrating karaites made use philo 's works development karaite judaism philo 's works


philosophical work rabbi akiva also viewed philosophical figure statements include '' favored man created image image elokim made man '' gen ix '' '' '' everything foreseen freedom '' '' given every man '' '' world governed mercy divine decision made preponderance good bad one 's actions '' bar kokhba revolt rabbinic scholars gathered tiberias safed assemble assess judaism laws theology liturgy beliefs leadership structure


heretic according sa'adya gaon jewish community balkh afghanistan divided two groups jews people called jews hiwi al balkhi member latter hiwi generally considered first jewish philosopher subject pentateuch critical analysis hiwi viewed scholars intellectually conflicted man torn judaism zoroastrianism gnostic christianity manichaean thought hiwi espoused belief miraculous acts described pentateuch simply examples people using skills reasoning undertake perform seemingly miraculous


'l kath r ya ibn zakariyy al katib al tabariya extent ab l kath r 's influence saadia 's thought cannot established however ab l kath r 's profession also unclear al mas calls ''k tib'' variously interpreted secretary government official biblical scribe masorete book copyist lack information scholars tried identify ab l kath r hebrew grammarian ab al judah ben n likewise tiberias seems karaite jew however al mas unequivocally describes abu l kath r well student saadia ashma th rabbanite book articles


samuel ibn naghrillah born rida spain lived c rdoba child prodigy student hanoch ben moshe samuel ibn naghrillah hasdai ibn shaprut moshe ben hanoch founded lucena yeshiva produced brilliant scholars isaac ibn ghiyyat maimon ben yosef father maimonides ibn naghrillah 's son yosef provided refuge two sons hezekiah gaon daud ibn chizkiya gaon ha nasi yitzhak ibn chizkiya gaon ha nasi though philosopher build infrastructure allow philosophers thrive gaon isaac ben moses ibn sakri


object speculative reason knowledge order arrive true faith ba ya borrows sufism jewish kalam integrating neoplatonism proof bahya borrowed sufism underscored fact title eighth gate ''mu asabat al nafs'' self examination reminiscent sufi ''abu abd allah arith ibn asad'' surnamed ''el mu asib'' self examiner say biographers always immersed introspection yehuda ha levi kuzari judah halevi toledo spain defended rabbinic judaism islam christianity karaite judaism student


samuel ben ali chief opponent maimonides east excommunicated daud ibn hodaya al daudi exilarch mosul maimonides' attacks samuel ben ali may entirely altruistic given position maimonides' laws competing yeshivas western europe controversy halted burning maimonides' works christian dominicans avraham son rambam continued fighting father 's beliefs east desecration maimonides' tomb tiberias jews profound shock jews throughout diaspora caused pause reflect upon


yemen heavily influenced nethanel ben al fayyumi maimonides saadia gaon al ghazali connection epistle brethren purity ismailism suggests adoption work one main sources would become known jewish ismailism found late medieval yemenite judaism jewish ismailism consisted adapting judaism ismaili doctrines cosmology prophecy hermeneutics many examples brethren purity influencing yemenite jewish philosophers authors period traces brethren purity doctrines well numerology


followers maimonides maimonideans therefore several generations delmedigo leading users translators disseminators works ibn rushd jewish circles advocates ibn rushd even islamic rejection radical views maimonideans regarded maimonides ibn rushd following general line book delmedigo portrays defender maimonidean judaism like many maimonideans emphasized rationality jewish tradition moses almosnino moses almosnino born thessaloniki died constantinople abt student levi ibn habib


baruch spinoza founded spinozism broke rabbinic jewish tradition placed ''herem'' beit din amsterdam influence work maimonides leone ebreo evident elia del medigo claims student works spinoza contemporary critics eg wachter ''der spinozismus im judenthum'' claimed detect influence kabbalah others eg leibniz regarded spinozism revival averroism talmudist manner referencing maimonidean rationalism centuries lapsed since ''herem'' declaration scholars examined works spinoza


described jewish existentialist jewish rationalism hermann cohen rationalism emerged popular perspective among jews contemporary jewish rationalism often draws ideas associated medieval philosophers maimonides modern jewish rationalists hermann cohen cohen german jewish neo kantian philosopher turned jewish subjects end career early th century picking ideas maimonides america steven schwarzschild continued cohen 's legacy another prominent contemporary jewish rationalist lenn goodman works traditions medieval jewish rationalist philosophy


views many writings contemporary jewish philosophy philosophers associated orthodox judaism eliezer berkovits monsieur chouchani eliyahu dessler israel eldad elimelech lizhensk david hartman samson raphael hirsch abraham isaac kook yeshayahu leibowitz menachem mendel kotzk nachman breslov franz rosenzweig tamar ross daniel rynhold menachem mendel schneerson joseph soloveitchik michael wyschogrod chaim volozhin shneur zalman liadi philosophers associated conservative judaism bradley shavit artson elliot n dorff neil gillman abraham joshua heschel william e kaufman max kadushin alan mittleman david novak ira f stone philosophers


adorno joseph agassi israeli philosopher science developed karl popper 's ideas hannah arendt raymond aron zygmunt bauman walter benjamin henri bergson isaiah berlin ernst bloch allan bloom harold bloom susan bordo judith butler noam chomsky american linguist philosopher cognitive scientist political activist h l ne cixous arthur danto jacques derrida hubert dreyfus ronald dworkin american philosopher law yehuda elkana israeli philosopher science bracha l ettinger viktor frankl sigmund freud erich fromm tamar gendler emma goldman lewis gordon jack halberstam gnes heller max horkheimer edmund husserl alberto jori italian jewish philosopher hans jonas melanie klein


states ussr many european powers time darpa funded nationwide computer networks one eventually internet protocol post cold war era decline government funding many countries met increase industrial private investment funding science major factor historical global development although science hypothetically international scope practical sense usually centered around wherever could find funding scientific revolution early scientists communicated latin

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of the history of science


continue studies came discoveries showed worth political rulers admiral zheng could continue voyages exploration emperors withdrew support another famous example suppression work galileo twentieth century galileo would pardoned patterns history science one major occupations interested history science whether displays certain patterns trends usually along question change one scientific theories generally speaking historically


theories progressively closer truth model scientific progress linear accumulation facts one adding last model physics aristotle bc bc simply subsumed work isaac newton ndash classical mechanics eclipsed work albert einstein ndash relativity later theory quantum mechanics established one accurate last major challenge model came work historian philosopher thomas kuhn ndash work ''the structure scientific


scientific canon many theories scientific change proposed years various changes emphasis implications general though float somewhere three models change scientific theory connection theory truth nature scientific progress nature scientific discovery individual ideas accomplishments among famous aspects science internally larger society breakthrough figures like sir isaac newton albert einstein often celebrated geniuses heroes science popularizers science including news media


negative feedback loop closed environment circular causation differs fundamentally theories behaviorism cognitive psychology model stimuli causes behavior linear causation pct research published experimental psychology neuroscience ethology anthropology linguistics sociology robotics developmental psychology organizational psychology management number fields pct applied design administration educational systems led psychotherapy called method levels history pct roots physiological insights claude bernard th century control systems engineering cybernetics classical negative feedback control

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Control theory
Perceptual control theory


intention particular behavioral actions organism mdash goal actions consistently work attain despite disturbances exceptions current state neuroscience internally maintained reference value seldom directly observed eg rate firing neuron since researchers trace relevant electrical chemical variables specific pathways living organism engaging externally observe behavior however working negative feedback system simulated digital computer performs essentially identically observed organisms well understood negative feedback structure


'plant' ref name astrom engineering control theory reference signal set point public pct rather must deduced results test controlled variables described methodology section living systems reference signal externally accessible input instead originates within system hierarchical model error output higher level control loops described next section evokes reference signal ''r'' synapse local memory strength ''r'' proportional weighted strength


seen babies progresses structured learning association apparent infants finally systematic learning covering adult ability learn internally externally generated stimuli events way pct provides valid model learning combines biological mechanisms ltp explanation progression change mechanisms associated developmental ability plooij ref name plooij ref ref name plooij plooij ref ref name plooij ref plooij plooij ref name plooij plooij ref ref name plooij plooij ref powers produced simulation arm co ordination ref name powers suggested order move


reference signals closely due system reorganised powers suggests order achieve coordination joint angles produce desired movements instead calculating multiple joint angles must change produce movement brain uses negative feedback systems generate joint angles required single reference signal varied higher order system generate movement requires several joint angles change time ref name powers hierarchical organisation botvinick proposed one founding insights cognitive revolution recognition hierarchical