concern soldiers describing special status rights duties military penal code ''wehrstrafgesetz'' applies soldiers extending civil penal code ''strafgesetzbuch'' crimes committed military duty general offenses desertion illegal use weapons offenses interfere military hierarchy mutiny abuse law enforcing inside branch done military police ''feldj ger'' investigating working attorney equivalent german police civil issues cases groups involved german terrain regular military police


appeals armed forces caaf federal appellate court consisting five civilian judges appointed president united states caaf decisions subject direct review supreme court united states offenses covered ucmj include encompassed high crimes misdemeanors covers officials generally includes perjury oath abuse authority bribery intimidation misuse assets failure supervise dereliction duty conduct unbecoming refusal obey lawful order also includes ordinary crimes perhaps different standards proof punishment

Applied science
Military sciences
Military law


occurs march division planetary sciences dps meeting held annually since different location year predominantly within mainland us occurs around october american geophysical union agu annual fall meeting december san francisco american geophysical union agu joint assembly co sponsored societies april may various locations around world meteoritical society annual meeting held northern hemisphere summer generally alternating north america europe european planetary science congress epsc held annually around september location within europe smaller workshops conferences particular fields occur worldwide throughout

Natural science
Space science
Planetary science


''exploring planetary worlds'' w h freeman hargitai h et al ''classification characterization planetary landforms'' hargitai h ed encyclopedia planetary landforms springer nowiki https linkspringercom content pdf bbm f pdf nowiki hauber e et al ''planetary geologic mapping'' hargitai h ed planetary cartography gis springer page ''the geology planetary landforms'' hargitai h ed encyclopedia planetary landforms springer rossi ap van gasselt eds ''planetary geology'' springer external links http wwwpsrdhawaiiedu planetary science research discoveries articles https webarchiveorg web http planetaryorg home planetary society world 's largest space interest group see also active news http wwwplanetaryorg blog blog http planetarynewsorg planetary exploration newsletter psi published


'''interaction design''' often abbreviated '''ixd''' practice designing interactive digital products environments systems services ref name aboutface ref beyond digital aspect interaction design also useful creating physical non digital products exploring user might interact common topics interaction design include design human computer interaction software development interaction design interest form similar design fields main area focus rests behavior ref name aboutface rather analyzing things interaction design synthesizes imagines things could element interaction design

Applied science
Architecture and design
User experience design
Interaction design


primary care may provided community health centres '''primary care''' day day healthcare given health care provider typically provider acts first contact principal point continuing care patients within healthcare system coordinates specialist care patient may need ref name cookie ref patients commonly receive primary care professionals primary care physician general practitioner family physician physician assistant nurse practitioner localities professional may registered nurse pharmacist clinical officer parts africa

Applied science
Medicine and health
Primary care


hypertension angina diabetes asthma copd depression anxiety back pain arthritis thyroid dysfunction primary care also includes many basic maternal child health care services family planning services vaccinations context global population ageing increasing numbers older adults greater risk chronic non communicable diseases rapidly increasing demand primary care services expected around world developed developing countries ref name simmons simmons j http wwwhealthleadersmediacom content topic ws hlm phy primary care needs new innovations meet growing demandshtml ''primary care needs new innovations meet growing demands'' ''healthleaders media'' may ref funding primary care varies great deal different countries general


act aca law law estimated expanded health insurance coverage million people early expected expand health care million people ref name aamcorg ref success expansion health insurance aca large measure depends availability primary care physicians unfortunately aca drastically exacerbated projected deficit primary care physicians needed ensure care insured americans according association american medical colleges aamc without aca united states would short roughly physicians


business processes within scope corresponding information systems organizations therefore process data modeling involves professional data modelers working closely business stakeholders well potential users information system three different types data models produced progressing requirements actual database used information system ref name rs simison graeme c witt graham c ''data modeling essentials'' rd edition morgan kaufmann publishers ref data requirements initially recorded conceptual data model essentially set technology independent specifications

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Data modeling


data model flexible enough changes business implemented within data model relatively quick efficient way entity types often identified identified incorrectly lead replication data data structure functionality together attendant costs duplication development maintenance therefore data definitions made explicit easy understand possible minimize misinterpretation duplication data models different systems arbitrarily different result complex interfaces required systems


'''psephology''' greek branch political science quantitative analysis elections balloting psephology attempts explain elections using scientific method psephology related political forecasting psephology uses historical precinct voting data public opinion polls campaign finance information similar statistical data term coined united kingdom w f r hardie asked friend r b mccallum word describe study elections first written use ref name butler https booksgooglebg booksid hhcfzoqalk c pg pa lpg pa dq psephology hardie source bl ots lfi gmpx sig nkwsatj qtqyv z vej qkm w hl en sa x ved ahukewioge bu vahxbl akhckbcssq aeildab v onepage q psephology hardie f false chapter british psephology

Social science
Political science
Psephology


maximal aerobic capacity vo sub sub max ref name exercise sv ref name aerobicmotorcapability well decrease resting heart rate rhr ref name exercise rhr ref ref name exercise rhr ref ref name exercise rhr ref long term adaptations resistance training common form anaerobic exercise include muscular hypertrophy ref name exercise hypertrophy ref ref name exercise hypertrophy ref increase physiological cross sectional area pcsa muscle increase neural drive ref name exercise neuraldrive ref ref name anaerobicstrength lead increased muscular strength ref name exercise muscularstrength ref neural adaptations begin quickly plateau prior hypertrophic response ref name neuralvshypertrophy ref ref name neuralvshypertrophy ref adaptation exercise key principle kinesiology relates improved fitness athletes well

Human physical performance and recreation


ways nervous system could achieve task ref name bernstein ref redundancy appears multiple levels chain motor execution kinematic redundancy means desired location endpoint eg hand finger many configurations joints would produce endpoint location space muscle redundancy means net joint torque could generated many different relative contributions individual muscles motor unit redundancy means net muscle force could generated many different relative contributions motor units within muscle concept


strategies improve health individuals communities community health workers collect data discuss health concerns members specific populations communities athletic training kinesiologists working athletic training work cooperation physicians athletic trainers strive prevent athletes suffering injuries diagnose suffered injury apply appropriate treatment athletic coaches scouts kinesiologists pursue career athletic coach develop new talent guide athlete 's progress specific sport teach amateur professional athletes skills need succeed


forces lennard jones potential introduces inaccuracies become significant short distances generally cutoff radius used speed calculation atom pairs distances greater cutoff van der waals interaction energy zero electrostatic terms notoriously difficult calculate well fall rapidly distance long range electrostatic interactions often important features system study especially proteins basic functional form coulomb potential falls ''r'' sup minus sup variety methods used

Natural science
Chemistry
Molecular mechanics


energy minimum low energy states finite temperature molecule spends time low lying states thus dominate molecular properties global optimization accomplished using simulated annealing metropolis algorithm monte carlo methods using different deterministic methods discrete continuous optimization force field represents enthalpic component free energy component included energy minimization possible include entropic component use additional methods normal mode analysis molecular mechanics potential energy functions


quantities traded markets converge values would predicted economic theory perfect competition despite conditions meeting many assumptions perfect competition large numbers perfect information years smith pioneered along collaborators use controlled laboratory experiments economics established legitimate tool economics related fields charles plott california institute technology collaborated smith pioneered experiments political science well using experiments inform economic design engineering

Social science
Economics
Experimental economics


pp https webarchiveorg web http expecongsuedu jccox reading econtheorycpdf gunnthorsdottir anna vragov roumen seifert stefan kevin mccabe near efficient equilibria contribution based competitive grouping journal public economics pp nbsp http acels cdncom mainpdf tid f e aacb acdnat ec bb e b da e e fd c fcfc guala francesco ''the methodology experimental economics'' cambridge description contents http wwwcambridgeorg gb knowledge isbn item site locale en gb links ch https webarchiveorg web http wwwcambridgeorg servlet file store item version item excerptpdf excerpt hertwig ralph andreas ortmann experimental practices economics methodological challenge psychologists ''behavioral brain sciences'' pp https webarchiveorg web http dseunivrit vele images stories risk aversion experimental practices economics methodological challenge psychologistspdf holt charles susan k laury risk aversion incentive effects ''american economic review'' pp https webarchiveorg web http wwwexcengsuedu jccox reading holt laury pdf kagel john h ''et al'' experimental studies consumer demand


modern sports association football cricket athletics rugby first organized codified something resembling would recognize today andrew warwick suggested boat race provided first mass spectator event journalistic coverage race annual rowing event university cambridge university oxford held annually cricket possibly esteemed place society regularly attracted elegant writers ''manchester guardian'' first half th century employed neville cardus cricket correspondent well


friendship solidarity common interests sports journalists countries assure best possible working conditions members horse racing horserace writers photographers association founded revived represents interests racing journalists every branch media press room philips stadion home psv eindhoven prior press conference britain sports journalists' association founded stages two awards events annual sports awards ceremony recognizes outstanding performances british sportsmen women previous year


history male female worked final four nba finals world series monday night football super bowl olympics us open broadcasts voted female sportscaster time ongoing debate whether female reporters allowed locker rooms games denied access gives male reporters competitive advantage field interview players locker room games locker room access denied reporters male


female controversy male journalists would likely resent female reporters access taken away n't female sports journalists allowed enter locker rooms interviews sports illustrated reporter melissa ludtke sued new york yankees allowing interview players locker room world series federal judge ruled ban violation equal protection clause th amendment female reporters include adeline daley consider jackie robinson female sportswriters anita martini tracy dodds


spanish armada fighting english navy battle gravelines british danish navies line battle battle copenhagen indian navy 's western fleet escorts aircraft carriers arabian sea '''navy''' '''naval force''' '''maritime force''' branch nation 's armed forces principally designated naval amphibious warfare namely lake borne riverine littoral ocean borne combat operations related functions includes anything conducted surface ships amphibious ships submarines seaborne aviation well ancillary support communications training

Applied science
Military sciences
Strategy
Naval


vessels even temporarily converted military vessels latter especially important common th century military technology existed merely adding artillery naval infantry sailing vessel could render fully martial military owned vessel privateering rendered obsolete blue water strategy since modern missile aircraft systems grew leapfrog artillery infantry many respects privateering nevertheless remains potentially relevant littoral warfare limited asymmetric nature history temple isis pompeii naples national archaeological museum naval warfare developed humans first fought


extensive use heavy long ranged antisurface missiles counter numerous united states carrier battle groups two nations united states france presently operate catobar carriers size russia china india operate sizeable stobar carriers although three originally russian design united kingdom also operating two carriers largest stovl vessels service india currently building one aircraft carrier considering another france also looking new carrier probably using catobar system possibly based british ''queen elizabeth'' design


major reasons historically cited us navy extended duty tours close conditions afford almost privacy united kingdom 's royal navy similar restrictions australia canada norway spain previously opened submarine service women sailors ranks chinese sailors officers celebrate new positions throwing midshipmen covers air part us naval academy graduation commissioning ceremony president p e svinhufvud commander einar schwank finnish navy crichton vulcan shipyard turku finland navy typically two


cervantes 's quixote considered emblematic work canon spanish literature founding classic western literature '''spanish literature''' generally refers literature spanish poetry prose drama written spanish language within territory presently constitutes kingdom spain development coincides frequently intersects literary traditions regions within territory particularly catalan literature galician intersects well latin jewish arabic literary traditions iberian peninsula literature spanish america important branch spanish literature

Humanities
Languages and literature
Spanish Literature


century ad put end roman spain tribes relative lack advanced culture including kind literary tradition meant written literature produced iberian peninsula continued along romanized lines outstanding amongst works produced saint isidore seville c ''etymologiae'' attempted summa classical knowledge called last scholar ancient world st isidore penned theological proto scientific treatises letters series histories would serve models rest western europe throughout middle ages arrival muslim invaders ce brought


french tienne bonnot condillac jean jacques rousseau denis diderot cause new feeling dissatisfaction tyranny reason emphasizes right individuals express personal emotions repressed neoclassicals among figures fundamentally love current announces decline neoclassicism opens door romanticism romanticism early romanticism appeared singular figure manuel jos quintana ngel de saavedra '''romanticism''' beginning th century important topics poetry jos de espronceda poets prose several forms historical


first major work generation 's leading voice jos ortega gasset number slightly younger writers established place within spanish cultural field leading voices include poet juan ram n jim nez academics essayists ram n men ndez pidal gregorio mara manuel aza eugeni d'ors ortega gasset novelists gabriel mir ram n p rez de ayala ram n g mez de la serna still driven national existential questions obsessed writers approached topics greater sense distance objectivity writers enjoyed


unclassifiable within group novelist ram n g mez de la serna carried narrative experiments unamuno valle incl n absurd extremes novel ''el novelista'' varieties plays narrative subjectivity result chapters envisioned eyes voice street lamps approachable enduring g mez de la serna 's greguer original form aphorism described humor plus metaphor generation around younger group writers mostly poets began publishing works beginnings revealed extent younger


franco 's censors would provide first sign literary revival post war spain camilo jos cela 's novel used enough experimental arrangement temporally disjointed narrative development problematize simple accusations political cause effect critique prefaces post scripts confuse authorial intentions avoid censors cuts present discerning spanish readers expos spiritually troubled socially impoverished structurally violent society cela remain next five decades one spain 's important novelists eventually receiving nobel prize literature publication nadal


prize winning carmen laforet release miguel delibes 's readers intelligent spanish narrative last cause hope fresh joyful experimentation spain 's silver age writers disappeared cela laforet delibes least showed renewed commitment kind writing first connected spain 's material reality second would stretch aesthetically attempts capture experience middle next decade whole new generation novelists latching onto early models laid cela laforet equally influenced


films italian neorealists novelists luis romero rafael nchez ferlosio jes fern ndez santos carmen mart n gaite ignacio aldecoa juan goytisolo produced social realist tradition celebrated short lived spanish poetry experienced renewal along similar lines maso alonso 's poem insomnia captures much angst sense violence informed works cela ''et al'' would infuse spanish poetry era poems jos hierro blas de otero gabriel


pulling spanish narrative collar relative dark social realism towards aesthetic standards europe 's elite avant garde many novels proved almost unreadable much public reality nicely embodied end juan goytisolo 's trilogy already deconstructed spanish prose gradually transforms unreadable arabic novel 's experimentation shadowed spanish poetry jos mar castellet 's publication ''nueve nov simos poetas espa oles'' recognized group artists whose works similarly returned early century experimentation works pere gimferrer guillermo carnero leopoldo panero arguably


first time since pre war era many new generation became literary cultural celebrities living work writers blessing curses including obligation publish perish pressure produce large publishing houses clearly diminishing early literary promise writers hand like javier mar publishing since early finally achieved international fame appearing best seller lists throughout europe mar 's novels ''coraz n tan blanco'' ''ma ana en la batalla piensa en ''


decade primavera alfaguara lara prizes return caf gij n biblioteca breve prizes carried large sums winners guaranteed often obligated long international book tours economically charged mix stepped two new phenomena literary superstar literary celebrity former almost entirely embodied journalist turned novelist arturo p rez reverte managed merit certain critical acclaim topping sales charts nearly every novel writes many novels converted popular films lesser figure far novel sales


''fuenteovejuna'' pedro calder n de la barca ''la vida es sue o'' tirso de molina ''el burlador de sevilla'' juan ruiz de alarc n spanish classical poetry garcilaso de la vega juan bosc n fray luis de le n luis de g ngora francisco de quevedo saint john cross saint teresa vila philosophy francisco de vitoria juan luis vives antonio de nebrija ''gram tica castellana'' g mez pereira bartolom de las casas ''brev sima relaci n de la destrucci n de las indias'' francisco su rez luis de molina th century neoclassical prose jos cadalso ''cartas marruecas'' ''noches l gubres'' benito jer nimo feijoo jos francisco de isla gaspar melchor


ease head also tilt side exposing vulnerable area neck high comfort display often seen courtship nearly impossible mimic tense suspicious ref name navarro ref gestures subdivided three groups adapters hand movements considered gestures consist manipulations either person object eg clothing pencils eyeglasses kinds scratching fidgeting rubbing tapping touching people often hands behaviors show person experiencing anxiety feeling discomfort typical

Journalism, media studies and communication


individual one control conversation situation therefore expresses uneasiness subconsciously behaviors referred adapters may perceived meaningfully related speech accompany may serve basis dispositional inferences speaker 's emotion nervous uncomfortable bored types movements believed express unconscious thoughts feelings person thoughts emotions one trying consciously hide symbolic hand movements gestures movements specific conventionalized meanings called symbolic gestures


nonverbal verbal cues useful detecting deception typical people detecting lies rely consistently verbal cues hinder well detect deception lying telling truth possess different forms nonverbal verbal cues important keep mind addition important note understanding cultural background person influence easily deception detectable nonverbal cues may differ depending culture addition eye contact nonverbal cues


hand gesture ref name give permission allow action japan however sign means money refers zero nothing several cultures besides two argentina belgium french portuguese eastern european cultures ok sign considered vulgar swearing gesture speech independent gestures speech independent gestures nonverbal cues communicate word expression commonly dictionary definition ref name ref although differences nonverbal gestures across cultures speech independent gestures must agreeable understanding among people affiliated culture subculture


rooted nonverbal social experience ref name paradise r children participate everyday interactions simultaneously learning cultural meanings behind interactions children 's experience nonverbally organized social interaction helps constitute process enculturation ref name paradise r indigenous communities americas children reported one main reasons working home build unity within family way desire build solidarity within communities indigenous children learn importance putting work form nonverbal communication evidence


defines universal case others movements universal ref name ref evidence suggests humans smile happy something frowning something upsetting bad ref name genetics study nonverbal communications limbic brain action isbecause part brain reacts world around us reflexively instantaneously real time without thought ref name navarro evidence nonverbal cues made person person entirely something environment ref name pease b along gestures phenotypic


individual credibility opposite said maintain eye contact likely deemed distrustful eye contact also found related higher levels likability believability people interacted real life example service workers study found workers welcomed customers smiles seemed like warmer individuals smile customers reported without smiles open body movements waving handshaking lacking warmth deemed less friendly ref name


considerably emotionally stable adults mere wire mother harlow touching treated differently one country another socially acceptable levels touching vary one culture another remland thai culture example touching someone 's head may thought rude remland jones studied groups people communicating found touching rare among english french dutch compared italians greeks striking pushing pulling pinching kicking strangling hand hand fighting forms touch context


structure versus non structure verbal communication highly structured form communication set rules grammar rules verbal communication help understand make sense people saying example foreigners learning new language hard time making understood hand nonverbal communication formal structure comes communicating nonverbal communication occurs without even thinking behavior mean different things crying sadness joy therefore cues need interpreted carefully get correct meaning ref


life like virtue wealth love tamil poet mamulanar explored historical incidents happened india lived sangam period common indian languages assamese literature center lakshminath bezbaroa assamese poet novelist playwright modern assamese literature center buddhist charyapadas often cited earliest example assamese literature charyapadas vajrayana buddhist songs composed th th centuries writings bear similarities oriya bengali languages well phonological morphological traits songs extant bear strong resemblance assamese charyapadas

Humanities
Languages and literature
Indian Literature


period may split pre vaishnavite b vaishnavite sub periods earliest known assamese writer hema saraswati wrote small poem prahlada charita time king indranarayana kamatapur two poets harihara vipra kaviratna saraswati composed asvamedha parva jayadratha vadha respectively another poet named rudra kandali translated drona parva assamese well known poet pre vaishnavite sub period madhav kandali rendered valmiki 's ramayana assamese verse kotha ramayana th century patronage mahamanikya kachari king jayantapura assamese writers


english literature compared american slang india 's nobel laureate literature bengali writer rabindranath tagore wrote work originally english english translations bengali india 's best selling english language novelists time contemporary writers like chetan bhagat manjiri prabhu ashok banker recent major writers english either indian indian origin derive much inspiration indian themes r k narayan vikram seth salman rushdie arundhati roy raja rao amitav ghosh rohinton mistry vikram chandra mukul kesavan


nair smita agarwal vihang naik among others generation exiles also sprang indian diaspora among names like agha shahid ali sujata bhatt richard crasta yuyutsu sharma shampa sinha tabish khair vikram seth recent years english language writers indian origin published west increasing rate salman rushdie arundhati roy kiran desai arvind adiga prestigious man booker prize salman rushdie going win booker bookers hindi literature hindi literature started religious philosophical poetry medieval periods dialects


language developed mainly lushai language significant influence pawi language paite language hmar language especially literary level mizo languages pawi language paite language etc remained unwritten beginning th century however unwritten secular literature form folktales war chants etc passed one generation another rich religious literature form sacerdotal chants chants used two types priests namely ''bawlpu'' ''sad wt'' article written literature nepali literature odia


got back special identity stood tall among best country current state odisha language odia evolved many contributions sacrifices punjabi literature history punjabi literature starts advent aryans punjab punjab provided perfect environment compose ancient texts rig veda first example references made rivers flora fauna punjab punjabi literary tradition generally conceived commence fariduddin ganjshakar farid 's mostly spiritual devotional verse compiled death


later developed concept kur primordial saltwater sea named nammu became known tiamat ur iii period creation story ref main source information sumerian creation myth prologue epic poem ''gilgamesh enkidu netherworld'' ref name kramer briefly describes process creation originally nammu primeval sea ref name kramer nammu gave birth sky ki earth ref name kramer ki mated causing ki give birth enlil god


ereshkigal 's husband ref name choksi pantheon development dragon mu u u vase gudea circa bce generally agreed sumerian civilization began point c bc earliest historical records date around bc sumerians originally practiced polytheistic religion anthropomorphic deities representing cosmic terrestrial forces world ref name nemet earliest sumerian literature third millennium bc identifies four primary deities enlil ninhursag enki early deities believed occasionally behave mischievously towards generally viewed involved


primary consort ninhursag sumerian goddess earth ref name black ninhursag worshipped cities kesh adab ref name black akkadian cylinder seal depicting inanna resting foot back lion ninshubur stands front paying obeisance c bc ref name wolkstein ref inanna sumerian goddess love sexuality prostitution war ref name black divine personification planet venus morning evening star ref name black main cult center eanna temple uruk originally dedicated deified kings may enacted


deity serving vizier messenger doorkeeper legacy akkadians assyrian stone relief temple ninurta kalhu showing god thunderbolts pursuing anz stolen tablet destinies enlil 's sanctuary ref name black austen henry layard ''monuments nineveh'' nd series sumerians ongoing linguistic cultural exchange semitic akkadian peoples northern mesopotamia generations prior usurpation territories sargon akkad bc sumerian mythology religious practices rapidly integrated akkadian culture ref name thesumerians ref presumably blending original akkadian belief


'''zoosemiotics''' semiotic study use signs among animals precisely study semiosis among animals ie study something comes function sign animal study animal forms knowing considered part biosemiotics zoosemiotics related fields ethology animal communication developed semiotician thomas sebeok based theories german estonian biologist jakob von uexk field defined subject matter semiotic processes shared animals humans

Natural science
Biology
Zoology
Zoosemiotics


monsters made parallel emergence phenotypic similarity domestication pain biorhetorics zoorhetorics k r bird sounds nature writing human perspective animal communication e vladimirova sign activity mammals means ecological adaptation c brentari konrad lorenz epistemological criticism towards jakob von uexk klopfer p linguistics perspectives zoosemiotics thomas sebeok ''american anthropologist'' felice cimatti ''mente e linguaggio negli animali introduzione alla zoosemiotica cognitiva'' roma carocci remo gramigna augustine 's legacy history zoosemioitcs ''hortus semioticus'' kull kalevi


design history current terms typical interior one houses folk architecture reservation vlkol nec slovakia past interiors put together instinctively part process building ref name autogenerated pile j interior design rd edn pearson new jersey usa ref profession interior design consequence development society complex architecture resulted development industrial processes pursuit effective use space user well functional design contributed development contemporary interior design profession

Applied science
Architecture and design
Interior design


th th century early th century interior decoration concern homemaker employed upholsterer craftsman would advise artistic style interior space architects would also employ craftsmen artisans complete interior design buildings commercial interior design management mid late th century interior design services expanded greatly middle class industrial countries grew size prosperity began desire domestic trappings wealth cement new status large furniture firms began branch general


interior design management offering full house furnishings variety styles business model flourished mid century role increasingly usurped independent often amateur designers paved way emergence professional interior design mid th century ref name wiley ref james shoolbred company published upholsterers began expand business remits framed business broadly artistic terms began advertise furnishings public meet growing demand contract interior work projects


spatial branding use space medium express corporate brand corporate office design kind business banks healthcare design hospitals assisted living facilities medical offices dentist offices psychiatric facilities laboratories medical specialist facilities hospitality recreation includes hotels motels resorts cruise ships cafes bars casinos nightclubs theaters music concert halls opera houses sports venues restaurants gyms health clubs spas etc institutional government offices financial institutions banks credit unions schools universities religious facilities etc industrial facilities manufacturing training facilities well import export


scientific visualization simulation rayleigh taylor instability caused two mixing fluids surface rendering ''arabidopsis thaliana'' pollen grains confocal microscope '''scientific visualization''' also spelled '' 'scientific visualisation''' interdisciplinary branch science concerned visualization scientific phenomena ref name mf michael friendly http wwwmathyorkuca scs gallery milestone milestonepdf milestones history thematic cartography statistical graphics data visualization ref also considered subset computer graphics branch computer science purpose scientific visualization graphically illustrate scientific data enable scientists understand illustrate glean insight data

Formal science
Computer science
Computer graphics
Scientific visualization


information systems gis allowing one plot raster data terrain data visualizations featured image shows plot dem dataset containing mountainous areas near dunsmuir ca elevation lines added plot help delineate changes elevation ''tornado simulation'' image created data generated tornado simulation calculated ncsa 's ibm p computing cluster high definition television animations storm produced ncsa included episode pbs television series nova called hunt supertwister tornado shown spheres colored according


lineout operators queries curves featured image correspond elevation data along lines drawn dem data created feature lineout capability lineout allows interactively draw line specifies path data extraction resulting data plotted curves ''image annotations'' featured plot shows leaf area index lai measure global vegetative matter netcdf dataset primary plot large plot bottom shows lai whole world plots top actually annotations contain images generated


proxy actors series costly drawn direct engagements middle east spurred recurrence war weariness war terror syndrome ref name nations may also resort proxy warfare avoid potential negative international reactions allied nations profitable trading partners intergovernmental organizations united nations especially significant standing peace treaties acts alliance international agreements ostensibly forbid direct warfare breaking agreements could lead variety negative consequences due either negative international reaction see punitive provisions listed prior

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Proxy war


rickli ''surrogate warfare transformation war st century'' georgetown ''london review books'' vol october pp nbsp nuclear weapons judged least powerful used seem preclude wars destruction major powers today p nbsp references external links wars type warfare type


order archivists process records physically placing acid free folders boxes ensure long term survival also process records intellectually determining records consist organized finding aids need created finding aids box lists descriptive inventories indexes even original arrangement unclear unhelpful terms accessing collection rarely rearranged something makes sense preserving original order shows creator records functioned records

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Archivist


focusing hereditary diseases affecting lungs cystic fibrosis alpha antitrypsin deficiency exposure toxicants tobacco smoke ref name brelandsoule ref asbestos exhaust fumes coal mining fumes e cigarette aerosol ref name perikleoussteiropoulos ref exposure infectious agents certain types birds malt processing autoimmune diathesis might predispose certain conditions pulmonary fibrosis pulmonary hypertension physical diagnostics important fields medicine inspection hands signs cyanosis clubbing chest wall respiratory rate palpation cervical lymph nodes trachea chest wall movement percussion lung fields dullness hyper resonance auscultation stethoscope

Applied science
Medicine and health
Internal medicine
Pulmonology


politics reality citizens see every day ref name kettldonald kettl donald james fessler ''the politics administrative process'' washington dc cq press ref study government decision making analysis policies various inputs produced inputs necessary produce alternative policies word public administration combination two words public administration every sphere social economic political life administration means proper functioning organisation institution must properly ruled managed concept


produced prisons roads laws schools security implementors public managers engage products participate making living democracy living democracy environment changing organic imperfect inconsistent teaming values stewardship emphasized public administration concerned accountability effective use scarce resources ultimately making connection making democratic values recently scholars claim public administration generally accepted definition scope subject great debatable easier


reagan administration evidence different reality range pluralist authors critiqued niskanen 's universalist approach scholars argued officials tend also motivated considerations public interest dunleavy 's bureau shaping bureau shaping model modification niskanen holds rational bureaucrats maximize part budget spend agency 's operations give contractors interest groups groups able organize flowback benefits senior officials would according theory receive increased budgetary attention instance rational officials


analysis quest patterns regularities administrative action behavior cpa integral part analysis public administration techniques process comparison allows widely applicable policies tested variety situations comparative public administration emerged post world war ii period order seek international developmental strategies aided containment communism cold war riggs heady ref name referencea utminersutepedu spena pad cpappt ref developers field expanded general theory research agenda generalized lessons learned riggs heady prominent figure


national level david clark author field states spite similarities public management reform rhetoric argued increasing divergence philosophy practice public service two nations differences reflect regimes incorporate different ideals citizenship highlights benefit proper comparison public administration examining patterns emerge international public sectors one identify similarities differences many things including ideals citizenship local level although united states failed use comparative public administration


buildings combined use electricity produced account electricity expenditures annual co sub sub emission attributed electricity consumption us buildings constitute country 's annual total co sub sub emission approximately equivalent total co sub sub emission japan france united kingdom combined levels support claim intergovernmental panel climate change energy use buildings offer potential reducing carbon emission single sector united states abroad ref name example compares co sub sub emission united states


schools teleadministration theories administration study administration societies international institute administrative sciences american society public administration chinese public administration society dutch association public administration indian institute public administration joint university council applied social sciences korea institute public administration royal institute public administration public management academic resources public policy administration electronic print sage publications joint university council applied social sciences international journal public sector management emerald group publishing public management review electronic paper routledge public works management policy electronic


products used newborn infant care potential causes false positive thc screening results external links http wwwcsccca en canadian society clinical chemists notes elsevier academic journals biochemistry journals laboratory medicine journals medicinal chemistry journals english language journals publications established

Applied science
Medicine and health
Clinical laboratory sciences
Clinical biochemistry


ankle structures leg us podiatric medical school curriculum similar us md counterparts includes lower extremity anatomy general human anatomy physiology general medicine physical assessment biochemistry neurobiology pathophysiology genetics embryology microbiology histology pharmacology women 's health physical rehabilitation sports medicine research ethics jurisprudence biomechanics general principles orthopedic surgery foot ankle surgery several podiatric medical schools western university health sciences entire didactic classroom portion curriculum taken alongside md students us trained podiatric physicians surgeons rotate major areas

Applied science
Medicine and health
Podiatry


podopaediatrics podopaediatrics specialty podiatric medicine focuses treatment medical lower limb issues children ref name healthcentre ref specific country practices australia australia podiatry considered allied health profession practised individuals licensed podiatry board australia eight teaching centres well auckland university technology new zealand two levels awards bachelor 's degree pass honours bachelor podiatric medicine offered charles sturt university university western sydney master level postgraduate doctor podiatric medicine offered university


ranging years education first years program generally focused various biomedical science subjects including functional anatomy microbiology biochemistry physiology pathophysiology pharmacology evidence based medicine sociology patient psychology similar medical curriculum following one years spent focusing podiatry specific areas podiatric anatomy biomechanics human gait podiatric orthopaedics non surgical management foot abnormalities podopaediatrics sports medicine rheumatology diabetes vascular medicine mental health wound care neuroscience neurology pharmacology general medicine general pathology local general anaesthesia minor major podiatric


wide variety disorders injuries foot deformities infections local manifestations systemic conditions '''chiropodist''' primary care professional practising podiatric medicine ontario specializes assessment management prevention diseases disorders foot essential member inter professional healthcare team chiropodist skilled assessing needs patients managing chronic acute conditions affecting foot lower limb function primary care provider capable independent clinical practice skills often practised independent medical referral medical supervision iran


introduced auckland university technology provider podiatry training new zealand united kingdom mobile chiropodist chorley scope practice uk podiatrists registration obtaining degree podiatry includes use supply prescription medicines injection therapy non invasive surgery eg performing partial total nail resection removal chemical destruction tissues podiatrists complete supervised clinical hours course training enables recognise systemic disease manifests foot refer


states accredited council podiatric medical education arizona school podiatric medicine midwestern university barry university school podiatric medicine california school podiatric medicine des moines university college podiatric medicine surgery new york college podiatric medicine kent state university college podiatric medicine dr william scholl college podiatric medicine rosalind franklin university medicine science temple university school podiatric medicine college podiatric medicine western university health sciences recently authorized university texas system pending accreditation council podiatric medical


earlier facilities include first electron electron beam beam collider vep conducted experiments electron positron colliders vepp operated successor vepp performed experiments cern european organization nuclear research franco swiss border near geneva main project large hadron collider lhc first beam circulation september world 's energetic collider protons also became energetic collider heavy ions began colliding lead ions earlier facilities include large electron positron collider

Natural science
Physics
Elementary particle physics


also areas work theoretical particle physics ranging particle cosmology loop quantum gravity division efforts particle physics reflected names categories arxiv preprint archive hep th theory hep ph phenomenology hep ex experiments hep lat lattice gauge theory practical applications principle physics practical applications developed therefrom derived study fundamental particles practice even particle physics taken mean high energy atom smashers many technologies developed pioneering investigations later find wide uses society particle


beyond standard model several powerful experimental reasons expect new physics including dark matter neutrino mass also theoretical hints new physics found accessible energy scales much effort find new physics focused new collider experiments large hadron collider lhc completed help continue search higgs boson supersymmetric particles new physics intermediate goal construction international linear collider ilc complement lhc allowing precise measurements properties


institute physics nobes matthew introduction standard model particle physics kuro hin http wwwkuro hinorg story part http wwwkuro hinorg story part http wwwkuro hinorg story part http wwwkuro hinorg story part b http publicwebcernch public cern european organization nuclear research https webarchiveorg web http particleadventureorg particle adventure educational project sponsored particle data group lawrence berkeley national laboratory lbnl particle physics


like fluid dynamics understood th century scientists december wright brothers performed first sustained controlled flight powered heavier air aircraft lasting seconds saw development aeronautical engineering design world war military aircraft world wars ii great leaps made field accelerated advent mainstream civil aviation notable airplanes era include curtiss jn farman f goliath fokker trimotor notable military airplanes period include mitsubishi zero supermarine spitfire messerschmitt

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Mechanical Engineering
Aerospace engineering


industrial revolution mechanical harvesters planters would replace field hands food cash crop industries th century rise reliable engines airplanes cropdusters implemented disperse pesticides introduction engineering concepts field agriculture allowed enormous boost productivity crops dubbed second agricultural revolution late th century genetically modified foods gmos created giving another large boost crop yields resistance pests sub disciplines agricultural engineering many sub disciplines common

Applied science
Agriculture
Agricultural engineering


emotional behavior habitual behavior additionally social cognitive applications psychology used enforcement road safety education campaigns also therapeutic rehabilitation programs ref name gold broad theories cognition ref name regan http psycnetapaorg psycinfo doi r ref sensory motor neurological aspects psychology also applied field traffic psychology studies factors attention memory spatial cognition inexperience stress inebriation distracting ambiguous stimuli fatigue secondary tasks phone conversations used understand investigate experience actions road users ref name gold ref name groeger groeger j understanding driving applying cognitive psychology

Social science
Psychology
Traffic psychology


wet narrow dark conditions exposes drivers far greater risk driving sunny day open road one type road factor crashes sullman goes explain detail crashes include lack visibility obstructions unclean road loose material poor road conditions road markings horizontal curvature road environmental influences cold hot weather noise vibration likely impact stress fatigue states variability driver 's age personality temperament stress expertise affect speed control


surgery fellowship qualified general surgeons offered several training sites including university alberta university british columbia university toronto thoracic surgery separate year fellowship general cardiac surgery canada cardiac surgery programs canada university alberta position university british columbia position university calgary position dalhousie university position every year universit laval position every three years university manitoba position mcgill university position every three years mcmaster university

Applied science
Medicine and health
Surgery
Cardiothoracic surgery


developed combined general thoracic surgery residency consisting four years general surgery training three years cardiothoracic training institution integrated six year cardiothoracic residency place general surgery residency plus cardiothoracic residency established many programs applicants match integrated six year programs directly medical school application process extremely competitive positions approximately applicants spots us may


souttar 's physician colleagues time decided procedure justified could continue ref name ellis ref name cohn lawrence h cohn cardiac surgery adult page ref cardiac surgery changed significantly world war ii four surgeons carried successful operations mitral stenosis resulting rheumatic fever horace smithy charlotte revived operation due dr dwight harken peter bent brigham hospital using punch remove portion mitral valve charles bailey hahnemann hospital philadelphia dwight harken boston russell brock guy 's hospital


nett large multicentre study n comparing lvrs non surgical treatment results suggested overall survival advantage lvrs group except mainly upper lobe emphysema poor exercise capacity significant improvements seen exercise capacity lvrs group later studies shown wider scope treatment better outcomes ref name jtd ref possible complications lvrs include prolonged air leak mean duration post surgery chest tubes removed days people predominantly upper lobe emphysema lung volume reduction surgery could result better


material energy approach equilibria best analyzed using disciplines fluid mechanics transport phenomena disciplines within field mechanics need applied presence fluids porous dispersed media materials engineering principles also need applied relevant ref name manufacturing field process engineering involves implementation process synthesis steps regardless exact tools required process engineering formatted use process flow diagram pfd material flow paths storage equipment tanks silos transformations

Natural science
Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Process engineering


rise hard left militant tendency within world academic history well within labour party new history often strongly marxist fed work brilliant evangelists like raphael samuel new left review famous journal like past present society labour history work large number younger scholars engaged field non scholars like tony benn joined new influence marxism upon labour studies came affect study history whole morgan sees benefits many

Applied science
Business
Industrial and labor relations
Labor history


revival public political interest topics meanwhile navickas examines recent scholarship including histories collective action environment human ecology gender issues focus work james epstein malcolm chase peter jones outside marxist orbit social historians paid good deal attention labour history well addison notes britain labour history sharp decline longer much interest history white male working class instead 'cultural turn' encouraged historians explore wartime constructions


ingres moved emerging sql standard ibm one test implementation relational model prtv production one business system discontinued honeywell wrote mrds multics two new implementations alphora dataphor rel dbms implementations usually called ' 'relational'' actually sql dbmss university michigan began development micro information management system based dl childs' set theoretic data model micro used manage large data sets us department labor us environmental protection agency researchers

Formal science
Computer science
Social sciences
Databases


early offering teradata britton lee inc database machine another approach hardware support database management icl 's cafs accelerator hardware disk controller programmable search capabilities long term efforts generally unsuccessful specialized database machines could keep pace rapid development progress general purpose computers thus database systems nowadays software systems running general purpose hardware using general purpose computer data storage however idea still pursued certain applications companies like netezza oracle exadata late sql dbms ibm started working


distributed system satisfy two guarantees time three reason many nosql databases using called eventual consistency provide availability partition tolerance guarantees reduced level data consistency newsql class modern relational databases aims provide scalable performance nosql systems online transaction processing read write workloads still using sql maintaining acid guarantees traditional database system use cases databases used support internal operations organizations underpin online


federated database management system fdbms transparently integrates multiple autonomous dbmss possibly different types case would also heterogeneous database system provides integrated conceptual view sometimes term ''multi database'' used synonym federated database though may refer less integrated eg without fdbms managed integrated schema group databases cooperate single application case typically middleware used distribution typically includes atomic commit protocol acp eg two phase commit protocol allow distributed global


memory server database use trend minimize amount manual configuration cases embedded databases need target zero administration paramount large major enterprise dbmss tended increase size functionality involved thousands human years development effort lifetime early multi user dbms typically allowed application reside computer access via terminals terminal emulation software client server architecture development application resided client desktop database


application program interface api via database language particular api language chosen need supported dbms possible indirectly via preprocessor bridging api api 's aim database independent odbc commonly known example common api 's include jdbc adonet database languages database languages special purpose languages allow one following tasks sometimes distinguished sublanguages data control language dcl controls access data data definition language ddl defines data types creating altering dropping tables relationships among


eg see physical security interpretation parts meaningful information eg looking strings bits comprise concluding specific valid credit card numbers eg see data encryption change access logging records accessed attributes changed changed logging services allow forensic database audit later keeping record access occurrences changes sometimes application level code used record changes rather leaving database monitoring set attempt detect security breaches transactions concurrency


dubai via frankfurt one flight two maybe even three answers questions establish definitions terminology used entities customers products flights flight segments relationships attributes producing conceptual data model sometimes involves input business processes analysis workflow organization help establish information needed database left example help deciding whether database needs hold historic data well current data produced conceptual data model


affect performance scalability recovery security like depend particular dbms often called ''physical database design'' output physical data model key goal stage data independence meaning decisions made performance optimization purposes invisible end users applications two types data independence physical data independence logical data independence physical design driven mainly performance requirements requires good knowledge expected workload access patterns deep understanding features offered chosen dbms


atomic transaction concept related concurrency control techniques query languages query optimization methods raid database research area several dedicated academic journals example ''acm transactions database systems'' tods ''data knowledge engineering'' dke annual conferences eg acm sigmod acm pods vldb ieee icde see also comparison database tools comparison object database management systems comparison object relational database management systems comparison relational database management systems data hierarchy data bank data store database theory database testing database centric architecture flat file database journal database management question focused dataset notes references sources reading ling liu


name goldstein assessment rehabilitation neuropsychopathologies focus clinical neuropsychologist ref name goldstein clinical neuropsychologist must able determine whether symptom may caused injury head interviewing patient order determine actions taken best help patient ref name goldstein another duty clinical neuropsychologist find cerebral abnormalities possible correlations ref name goldstein evidence based practice research treatment paramount appropriate clinical neuropsychological practice ref name goldstein assessment primarily way neuropsychological tests also includes patient history qualitative observation

Social science
Psychology
Clinical neuropsychology


compliant houston conference guidelines completion year undergraduate degree psychology year doctoral degree psyd phd must completed completion doctoral coursework training dissertation students must complete year internship followed additional years supervised residency doctoral degree internship residency must undertaken american psychological association approved institutions completion training students must apply become licensed state practice psychology american board clinical neuropsychology american board professional neuropsychology


known akkadian onwards growing suspicion semite inhabitants babylon assyria inventors cuneiform system writing instead borrowed language culture edward hincks published paper suggesting cuneiform instead invented non semitic people preceded semites babylon rawlinson came similar conclusions class iii inscriptions recognized written ancient language language called akkadian scythian

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Assyriology


'''evolutionary anthropology''' interdisciplinary study evolution human physiology human behaviour relation hominids non hominid primates builds natural science social science various fields disciplines evolutionary anthropology include human evolution anthropogeny paleoanthropology paleontology human non human primates primatology primate ethology sociocultural evolution human behavior including phylogenetic approaches historical linguistics evolutionary psychology evolutionary linguistics humans archaeological study human technology changes time space human evolutionary genetics changes human

Social science
Archaeology
Evolutionary anthropology


'''covert operation''' military operation intended conceal identity allow plausible denial party instigated operation covert operations confused clandestine operations performed secret meant stay secret covert operations aim secretly fulfill mission objectives without anyone knowing sponsored carried operation cases without anyone knowing operation even occurred impact according study university chicago politician scientist austin carson covert operations may beneficial effect

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Covert operation


steam turbine used provide electric power '''power engineering''' also called '''power systems engineering''' subfield electrical engineering deals generation transmission distribution utilization electric power electrical apparatus connected systems although much field concerned problems three phase ac power standard large scale power transmission distribution across modern world significant fraction field concerned conversion ac dc power development specialized power systems used aircraft

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Electrical Engineering
Power engineering


uk us professional societies long existed civil mechanical engineers iee founded uk aiee united states societies contributed exchange electrical knowledge development electrical engineering education international level international electrotechnical commission founded prepares standards power engineering electrotechnical experts countries developing global specifications based consensus see also energy economics power electronics power system simulation references external links http wwwieeeorg portal site pes ieee power engineering society http wwwjaduniveduin view departmentphpdeptid


''m'' dimensional euclidean space high dimensional geometric topology high dimensional topology characteristic classes basic invariant surgery theory key theory '''characteristic class''' way associating principal bundle topological space ''x'' cohomology class ''x'' cohomology class measures extent bundle twisted mdash particularly whether possesses sections words characteristic classes global invariants measure deviation local product structure global product structure one unifying geometric concepts algebraic topology differential geometry

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Geometry
Geometric topology


algebraic geometry '''surgery theory''' collection techniques used produce one manifold another 'controlled' way introduced surgery refers cutting parts manifold replacing part another manifold matching along cut boundary closely related identical handlebody decompositions major tool study classification manifolds dimension greater technically idea start well understood manifold ''m'' perform surgery produce manifold ''m ''


relativism ''history human sciences'' gilbert g n mulkay '' https booksgooglecom bookshl en lr id js aaaaiaaj oi fnd pg pr dq opening pandora box sociological analysis scientists discourse ots zks tsrrl sig vrcggeizdoge bedwe bn fq v onepage q opening pandora 's box sociological analysis scientists' discourse f false opening pandora 's box sociological analysis scientists' discourse '' cambridge cambridge university press latour b woolgar ''laboratory life construction scientific facts'' nd edition princeton princeton university press ssk book similar approach science studies latour b '' https booksgooglecom bookshl en lr id sc bk dzxtqc oi fnd pg pa dq science action follow scientists engineers society ots wbjdfn bnd sig xc hrn tzlol tk rxqjioepbnm v onepage q science action follow scientists engineers society f false science action follow scientists engineers society '' cambridge harvard university press ssk book similar approach science studies pickering

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of science


'' https aaptscitationorg doi pdf constructing quarks sociological history particle physics '' chicago university chicago press schantz richard markus seidel '' http wwwdegruytercom viewbooktoc product problem relativism sociology scientific knowledge '' frankfurt ontos shapin schaffer ''leviathan air pump'' princeton nj princeton university press williams r edge ''the social shaping technology'' research policy vol pp nbsp https webarchiveorg web http wwwcomunicazioneuniroma materiali williamsedge thesocialshapingoftechnologypdf willard charles arthur '' https booksgooglecom bookshl en lr id ou aafuhvcc oi fnd pg pp dq liberalism problem knowledge new rhetoric modern democracy ots nahtiqmk q sig xelccjtarrgjmdcap bvyy cz v onepage q liberalism problem knowledge new rhetoric modern democracy f false liberalism problem knowledge new rhetoric modern democracy '' university chicago press zuckerman harriet sociology science nj smelser


glass windows store others join begin looting merchandise people find situation vague ambiguous confusing new norms emerge spot people follow emergent norms may odds normal social behavior turner killian argue several different categories participants follow different patterns behavior due differing motivations '''value added theory''' neil smelser argues collective behavior actually sort release valve built tension strain within social system community group

Social science
Sociology
Collective behavior


trade vital interests must made selective engagement however mitigates effect trade precisely moderate strategic policy cooperative security authors ref name auto ref write important distinguishing feature cooperative security proposition peace effectively indivisible ref name pages ref unlike three alternatives cooperative security draws upon liberalism well realism approach international relations stressing importance world peace international cooperation view supposes growth democratic governance use international institutions hopefully overcome security

Applied science
Military sciences
Grand strategy


means united states far less threatening great powers situated oceans away authors claim moreover competitor would hard time matching us military might united states far ahead militarily quantitative qualitative terms security guarantees also give leverage prevent allies giving military technology potential us rivals united states dominates high end defense industry trade access defense market allies' agreement transfer key military technologies competitors ref name brooks


isolationism ref name carpenter ref adherence light switch model carpenter argues reflects intellectual rigidity effort stifle discussion range alternatives status quo selective engagement strategy sits primacy isolationism given growing multipolarity american fiscal precariousness taken seriously selectivity merely option comes embarking military interventions imperative major power wishes preserve strategic insolvency otherwise overextension national exhaustion become increasing dangers ref name carpenter carpenter thinks loading us security responsibility must


overseas security commitments largely avoid involvement conflicts abroad america would take advantage posen calls remarkably good strategic position united states rich distant great powers defended powerful nuclear deterrent great powers present weaker united states close one another face pressures defend united states ref name proponents strategic restraint argue consistent realist tradition states self interested accordingly look interests balance aggressors however


significantly higher rates homosexual behavior relatively common among boys british single sex boarding schools adult britons attended schools likely engage homosexual behavior extreme case sambia people ritually require boys engage homosexual behavior adolescence access females yet boys become heterosexual ref name levay ref name balthazart fully understood genes causing homosexuality persist gene pool one hypothesis involves kin selection suggesting homosexuals invest heavily enough

Social science
Sociology
Sexology
Human sexuality


human penis glans penis making extremely sensitive touch ref name francoeur ref ref name carroll isbn first janell l last carroll ref ref name ca n't feel ref clitoral glans small elongated erectile structure one known function sexual sensations female 's sensitive erogenous zone main source orgasm women ref name clitoris ref ref name flaherty ref ref name kenneth mah ref ref name kammerer doak ref thick secretions called smegma collect around clitoris ref name referencea vaginal opening urethral opening visible labia minora parted openings many nerve endings make sensitive


imbalance diabetes heart disease psychological causes includes limited stress anxiety depression sexual dysfunction affects men women four major categories sexual problems women desire disorders arousal disorders orgasmic disorders sexual pain disorders ref name referencea sexual desire disorder occurs individual lacks sexual desire hormonal changes depression pregnancy arousal disorder female sexual dysfunction arousal disorder means lack vaginal lubrication addition blood flow problems may affect arousal disorder lack orgasm also known anorgasmia another sexual


knowledge sex responsibly according data national longitudinal survey youth many teens intend abstinent fail teenagers sex many use safe sex practices contraceptives sexuality history sexuality important vital part human existence throughout history ref name referencec ref civilizations managed sexuality sexual standards representations behavior ref name referencec rise agriculture groups hunter gatherers nomadic groups inhabited world groups less restrictive sexual standards emphasized sexual pleasure enjoyment


modern era sex research collected data questionnaires given students indiana university switched personal interviews sexual behaviors kinsey colleagues sampled men women found people masturbated many engaged oral sex women capable multiple orgasms many men type homosexual experience lifetimes ref name referencea william masters physician virginia johnson behavioral scientist study anatomy physiological studies sex still limited experiments laboratory animals


marital rape female genital mutilation restricted availability contraception common around world stigma contraceptives us emma goldman margaret sanger leaders birth control movement began spread information regarding contraception opposition laws comstock law demonized one main purposes assert birth control movement empowering women personal reproductive economic freedom could afford parent child simply want one goldman sanger saw necessary


religious influences example cardinal krol voiced aids act vengeance sin homosexuality clarifies specific meaning behind pope 's mention moral source aids activism aids crisis focused promoting safe sex practices raise awareness disease could prevented safe sex hot sex campaign example aimed promote use condoms ref name geiling ref campaigns us government however diverged advocacy safe sex congress even denied federal funding awareness campaigns promoted encouraged directly


related sex directly related significant reductions stress greater contentment better sleep sex promotes sexual intercourse also disease vector million new cases sexually transmitted diseases std every year us ref name cdc centers disease control prevention https wwwcdcgov std stats surv completepdf sexually transmitted disease surveillance atlanta ga us department health human services november https wwwcdcgov std stats survfactsheetpdf fact sheet ref worldwide million std infections year ref name world health organization fact sheet sexually transmitted diseases accessed may ref half occur


christianity particular tend view sexuality terms behavior ''ie'' homosexuality heterosexuality someone certain sexualities bisexuality tend ignored result conservatives tend promote celibacy gay people may also tend believe sexuality changed conversion therapy ref name tolerance ref prayer become ex gay may also see homosexuality form mental illness something ought criminalised immoral abomination caused ineffective parenting view sex marriage threat society ref name tolerance ref


purusharthas aims life dharma artha kama moksha hindu ''kama sutra'' deals partially sexual intercourse exclusively sexual religious work sikhism sikhism views chastity important sikhs believe divine spark ''waheguru'' present inside every individual 's body therefore important one keep clean pure sexual activity limited married couples extramarital sex forbidden marriage seen commitment ''waheguru'' viewed part spiritual companionship rather sexual intercourse monogamy deeply emphasised


cost policy '''feasibility''' policy technically feasible '''acceptability''' relevant policy stakeholders view policy acceptable strategic effects dimensions pose certain limitations due data collection however analytical dimensions effects directly influences acceptability degree acceptability based upon plausible definitions actors involved feasibility feasibility dimension compromised put implementation risk entail additional costs finally implementation dimensions collectively influence policy 's ability produce results impacts five e approach one model

Social science
Political science
Policy studies
Policy analysis


differ cocaine mainly abuse potential act https wwwncbinlmnihgov pmc articles pmc sympathoadrenergic system ie produce hypertension local vasoconstriction exception ropivacaine mepivacaine produce weak vasoconstriction unlike forms anesthesia local used minor procedure surgeon 's office put state unconsciousness however physician sterile environment available procedure office local anesthetics vary pharmacological properties used various

Applied science
Medicine and health
Regional Anesthesia


abscess non medical local anesthetic techniques local pain management uses techniques analgesic medication include transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation found ineffective lower back pain however might help diabetic neuropathy ref name pmid ref pulsed radiofrequency neuromodulation direct introduction medication nerve ablation may used target either tissue structures organ systems responsible persistent nociception nociceptors structures implicated source chronic pain ref name varrassi g paladini ref ref name meglio ref ref name boswell mv trescott ref ref name romanelli p esposito v ref see also continuous wound infiltration fascia


language attrition loss first language ability multilingual speakers second language attrition loss second language ability proper names attrition band electronic music band attrition website security website see also attrition rate deterioration disambiguation retention disambiguation

Applied science
Military sciences
Strategy
Attrition


inertial coordinate system motion particles governed newton 's second law applied numblk math frac mathbf r dt mathbf v qquad frac mathbf v dt frac mathbf f mathbf r ldots mathbf r n mathbf v ldots mathbf v nt quad ldotsn math three dimensional radius vectors math displaystyle mathbf r ldots mathbf r n math built single math displaystyle n n math dimensional radius vector similarly three dimensional velocity vectors math displaystyle mathbf v ldots mathbf v n math built single math displaystyle n n math dimensional velocity vector numblk math mathbf r begin vmatrix mathbf r vdots mathbf r n end vmatrix qquad qquad mathbf v begin vmatrix mathbf v vdots mathbf v n end vmatrix math terms multidimensional vectors equations written numblk math frac mathbf r dt mathbf v qquad frac mathbf v dt mathbf f mathbf r mathbf

Natural science
Physics
Newtonian dynamics


metric tensor induced metric given formula numblk math displaystyle g ij left frac partial mathbf r partial q frac partial mathbf r partial q j right math math displaystyle math scalar product associated euclidean structure kinetic energy constrained newtonian dynamical system since euclidean structure unconstrained system math displaystyle n math particles introduced kinetic energy induced riemannian structure configuration space math displaystyle n math constrained system preserves relation kinetic energy numblk math frac sum n sum n j g ij w w j math formula derived substituting taking account constraint forces


move remote working march proportion telephone appointments increased patient satisfaction patients rate overall experience primary care good practices run limited companies operating apms contracts small minority performed worse four five key indicators frequency consulting preferred doctor ability get convenient appointment rating doctor communication skills ease contacting practice telephone overall experience northern ireland particularly acute problems general practice northern ireland

Applied science
Medicine and health
Primary care
General practice


proved difficult recruit doctors rural practices british medical association collected undated resignation letters gps threatened leave nhs charge consultation fees demanded increased funding recruitment improved computer systems new gp contract announced june northern ireland department health included funding practice based pharmacists extra million increased indemnity costs million population growth million premises upgrades references reading national health service


maintenance board certification family medicine changed well american specialty boards series yearly tests differing areas american board family medicine well specialty boards requiring additional participation continuous learning self assessment enhance clinical knowledge expertise skills board created program called maintenance certification program family physicians mc fp require family physicians continuously demonstrate proficiency four areas clinical practice professionalism self assessment lifelong learning cognitive expertise performance practice three


combined us allopathic osteopathic medical school seniors select family medicine specialty ref name pmid ref initiative termed x student choice collaborative following eight family medicine organizations committed resources reaching goal american academy family physicians american academy family physicians foundation american board family medicine american college osteopathic family physicians association departments family medicine association family medicine residency directors north american primary care research group society teachers family medicine waning interest family medicine us likely due


general practitioners working group practices primary care centres single practices health centres australia general practice services australia funded medicare benefits scheme mbs public health insurance scheme australians need referral gp able access specialist care general practitioners work general practitioner practice gpp gps supported practice nurses administrative staff move incorporate health professionals pharmacists general practice provide integrated multidisciplinary healthcare team


deliver primary care india family medicine fm came recognized medical specialty india late according national health policy acute shortage specialists family medicine family physicians play important role providing affordable universal health care people government india promoting practice family medicine introducing post graduate training dnb diplomate national board programs severe shortage postgraduate training seats causing lot struggle hardship


career bottleneck newly qualified doctors passing medical school family medicine training seats ideally fill gap allow doctors pursue family medicine careers however uptake awareness development specialty slow although family medicine sometimes called general practice identical india medical graduate successfully completed bachelor medicine bachelor surgery mbbs course registered indian medical council state medical council considered general practitioner family physician however primary care physician


government india declared family medicine focus area human resource development health sector national health policy discussion ongoing employ multi skilled doctors dnb family medicine qualification specialist posts nrhm national rural health mission ref name afpi ref three possible models family physicians practise specialty india might evolve namely private practice practising primary care clinics hospitals practising consultants secondary tertiary care hospitals british model group doctors based birmingham set social enterprise company


language insert api calls parallel execution models via programming model parallel programming models classified according abstractions reflect hardware shared memory distributed memory message passing notions ''place'' visible code forth considered flavors programming paradigm apply parallel languages programming models criticism programming language researchers criticise notion paradigms classification programming languages eg harper krishnamurthi argue many programming languages cannot strictly classified one

Formal science
Computer science
Programming languages
Programming paradigms


echolocation'' bats one model system neuroethology '''neuroethology''' evolutionary comparative approach study animal behavior underlying mechanistic control nervous system interdisciplinary science combines neuroscience study nervous system ethology study animal behavior natural conditions central theme neuroethology differentiates branches neuroscience focus behaviors favored natural selection eg finding mates navigation locomotion predator avoidance rather behaviors specific particular disease state

Natural science
Biology
Zoology
Neuroethology


intracellular dyes make maps identified neurons possible use brain slices bring vertebrate brains better observation intracellular electrodes hoyle currently fields toward neuroethology may headed include computational neuroscience molecular genetics neuroendocrinology epigenetics existing field neural modeling may also expand neuroethological terrain due practical uses robotics neuroethologists must use right level simplicity effectively guide research towards accomplishing goals neuroethology critics neuroethology might consider branch neuroscience concerned 'animal trivia' though


develop treatments devastating human diseases history neuroethology owes part existence establishment ethology unique discipline within zoology although animal behavior studied since time aristotle bc early twentieth century ethology finally became distinguished natural science strictly descriptive field ecology main catalysts behind new distinction research writings konrad lorenz niko tinbergen konrad lorenz born austria widely known contribution theory fixed action patterns faps


insect walking behavior create robots designed walk uneven surfaces beer et al neuroethology technology contribute one another bidirectionally neuroethologists seek understand neural basis behavior would occur animal 's natural environment techniques neurophysiological analysis lab based cannot performed field setting dichotomy field lab studies poses challenge neuroethology neurophysiology perspective experiments must designed controls objective rigor contrasts ethology perspective experiment applicable animal 's natural


akira watanabe kimihisa takeda discovered behavior jamming avoidance response knifefish ''eigenmannia'' sp collaboration th bullock colleagues behavior developed finally work w heiligenberg expanded full neuroethology study examining series neural connections led behavior ''eigenmannia'' weakly electric fish generate electric discharges electrocytes tail furthermore ability electrolocate analyzing perturbations electric field however frequency neighboring fish 's current close less


curare prevented natural electric organ discharging electrode placed mouth another placed tip tail likewise neighboring fish 's electric field mimicked using another set electrodes experiment allowed neuroethologists manipulate different discharge frequencies observe fish 's behavior results able conclude electric field frequency rather internal frequency measure used reference experiment significant reveal crucial neural mechanism underlying behavior also demonstrates


construction whiteness ideology tied social status pioneers field include w e b du bois jefferson davis representative civilization ''darkwater'' james baldwin ''the fire next time'' theodore w allen ''the invention white race'' expanded ruth frankenberg ''white women race matters social construction whiteness'' author literary critic toni morrison ''playing dark whiteness literary imagination'' historian david roediger ''the wages whiteness'' mid numerous works across many disciplines analyzed whiteness

Social science
Sociology
Cultural studies
Whiteness studies


european origin p xi race science developed europe included intense analysis different groups europeans classified belonging three four different races admirable northern europe pp nbsp ndash early days united states whiteness criterion full citizenship acceptance society american definition whiteness evolved time initially groups jews southern europeans regarded white skin color became primary criterion gradually accepted painter argues st century


consequence whiteness area investigation whiteness studies sociologist matthew hughey described examination racially based backlash within historical context another approach study whiteness centres white back lash advances born civil rights movement political scientist danielle allen analyzed intersection whiteness north american demographic changes stating provoke resistance whose well status self esteem connected historical privileges 'whiteness' discussing method resistance veronica strong boag 's co edited ''rethinking canada promise women 's


name struggle invention white race vol racial oppression social control ref name intervention vol invention white race vol origin racial oppression anglo america ref name intervention vol ii summary argument 'the invention white race' parts ref name summary pt ref ref name summary pt ref defense affirmative action employment policy 'race' 'ethnicity' history census roediger 's wages whiteness revised edition ref name wages ref historical work allen asserted white race invented ruling class social


meanings field suffers number potentially fatal methodological conceptual flaws ref name arnesen ref first arnesen writes core theses whiteness studies racial categories arbitrary social constructs without definite biological basis white americans benefit racist discrimination non whites common wisdom academia many decades hardly novel controversial whiteness studies scholars seem believe additionally arnesen accuses whiteness studies scholars sloppy thinking making claims supported sources overstating supporting evidence cherry picking neglect contrary information


unity plurality eastern orthodoxy 'either or' one many attempt made subordinate many one roman catholic model one many protestant model view canonically theologically correct speak church churches vice versa historically ecclesiological concept applied practice patriarchal pentarchy embodied ecclesiastical unity five major patriarchal thrones rome constantinople alexandria antioch jerusalem disagreement ecumenical patriarchate constantinople


patriarchate moscow question separation ecclesiological theological primacy separation different ecclesiological levels https mospatru en news position moscow patriarchate problem primacy universal church https wwwpatriarchateorg theological studies asset publisher govoni kiiut content primus sine paribus hapantesis eis peri proteiou keimenon tou patriarcheiou moschas tou sebasmiotatou metropolitou prouses k elpidophorouinheritredirect false redirect https f fwwwpatriarchateorg ftheological studies fp p id instance govoni kiiut p p lifecycle p p state dnormal p p mode dview p p col id dcolumn p p col pos p p col count instance govoni kiiut languageid en us first without equals response text primacy moscow patriarchate elpidophoros lambriniadis metropolitan bursa ecclesiology church east historical development church east outside political borders late roman empire eastern successor byzantine empire resulted creation distinctive theological ecclesiological traditions regarding


women ref name investigating motherhood ref argue mothering female role social construction highly influenced gender belief systems roles associated motherhood variable across time culture ref name investigating motherhood universalist approach universalist approach motherhood aimed conceptualizing work mothers approach identifies mothers rather feel mothers share set activities known maternal practice universal even though vary individuals across cultures activities include nurturing protecting training children

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of fatherhood


women ages older united states study found average woman spends years working building career children mothers working non salary jobs began children age compared mothers salary positions became pregnant age ref name forbescom ref study shows difference age child birth related education since longer woman school older enters workforce ref name forbescom sociology fatherhood father two daughters relationship according anthropologist


states one florida depend opinions county judge charge case county judges base decisions best interest child regards child adoption sex couple best interest child seems driving force behind push back reasoning remaining lack support homosexual couples partnerships adopting raising children central argument debate legal rights policies overall support related idea sex couples raising children well


fictive kin others related blood marriage significant emotional relationship variously called fictive kin chosen kin voluntary kin example close family friend one would refer aunt uncle shares genetic marital relationship sociology childhood values learned childhood important development socialization children family considered agency primary socialisation first focal socialisation agency history since new subfield sociology childhood gained increasing attention triggered


emotion affect embodiment materiality somewhat problematically relatively little overlap two strands scholarship despite sharing common conceptual foundations work post structuralism new materialism posthumanism nevertheless mid called 'spatial turn' childhood education studies saw increasing cross fertilisation fields take children 's geographers' work sociologists others therefore prospects cross disciplinary scholarship around hybridity spatiality 'new wave' remain promising perhaps evident recent volume julie seymour abigail hackett lisa procter gender childhood


goals boys focus asserting dominance peer group agenda oriented goals ref name rose significant social differences also exist boys girls experiencing dealing social stress boys experience social stress among peers girls form verbal physical abuse girls experience social stress strains friendships social networks deal social stress girls support seeking express emotions friends ruminate boys boys use humor distraction stress seek less emotional support within


less invested daughters' higher education sons' tend save money average anticipation sons' enrollment educational institutions high school graduation however may lead academic work success sons later life parents also likely underestimate daughters' abilities math science overestimating sons daughters also average also housework sons reflects gendered divisions workplace household society ref name raley sibling relations unlike parental relations show consensus literature


nature identity particularly nature identity time ancient medieval views earliest recorded philosophy time expounded ancient egyptian thinker ptahhotep c bc said accessed december th ref ''vedas'' earliest texts indian philosophy hindu philosophy dating back late nd millennium bc describe ancient hindu cosmology universe goes repeated cycles creation destruction rebirth cycle lasting years ancient greek philosophers including parmenides heraclitus wrote essays nature time incas regarded space time

Humanities
Philosophy
Metaphysics
Philosophy of space and time


one influential works history philosophy space time describes time ''a priori'' notion together ''a priori'' notions space allows us comprehend sense experience kant holds neither space time substance entities learned experience holds rather elements systematic framework use structure experience spatial measurements used quantify far apart objects temporal measurements used quantitatively compare interval duration events although


continue spin spin continues surface remain concave concave surface apparently result interaction bucket water since surface flat bucket first starts spin becomes concave water starts spin remains concave bucket stops response clarke argues necessity existence absolute space account phenomena like rotation acceleration cannot accounted purely relationalist account clarke argues since curvature water


observer given gravitational field felt observer accelerating frame reference indistinguishable led conclusion mass object warps geometry space time surrounding described einstein 's field equations classical physics inertial reference frame one object experiences forces accelerate general relativity inertial frame reference one following geodesic space time object moves geodesic experiences force object free fall experience


b series example temporal indexicals dualities quantum field theory models shown possible theories two different space time backgrounds like ads cft duality equivalent presentism eternalism according presentism time ordering various realities certain time things exist others reality deal cannot example say homer exists present time eternalist hand holds time dimension reality par


commonly referred plastics rubbers major components composite materials polymer chemistry also included broader fields polymer science even nanotechnology described encompassing polymer physics polymer engineering ref name ullmann hans heinrich moretto manfred schulze gebhard wagner silicones ''ullmann 's encyclopedia industrial chemistry'' wiley vch weinheim ref history work henri braconnot work christian sch nbein led discovery nitrocellulose treated camphor produced celluloid dissolved ether acetone becomes collodion

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used wound dressing since us civil war cellulose acetate first prepared years properties rubber polyisoprene found greatly improved heating sulfur thus founding vulcanization process hilaire de chardonnet started first artificial fiber plant based regenerated cellulose viscose rayon substitute silk flammable leo baekeland invented first polymer made independent products organisms thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin called bakelite around time hermann leuchs reported


sometimes case toxic harmful effects contamination become apparent later date ref name harrison harrison rm edited ''understanding environment introduction environmental chemistry pollution third edition'' royal society chemistry ref medium soil organism fish affected pollutant contaminant called ' 'receptor'' whilst ' 'sink'' chemical medium species retains interacts pollutant carbon sink effects microbes environmental indicators chemical measures water quality include dissolved oxygen chemical oxygen

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demand cod biochemical oxygen demand bod total dissolved solids tds ph nutrients nitrates phosphorus heavy metals soil chemicals including copper zinc cadmium lead mercury pesticides applications environmental chemistry used environment agency england natural resources wales united states environmental protection agency association public analysts environmental agencies research bodies around world detect identify nature source pollutants include heavy metal contamination land industry transported water bodies taken living organisms pahs polycyclic


members open full range profession established scholars junior scholars post graduate students activities tend grouped following disciplines linguistics language teaching literature religion history ideas history politics international relations economics economic social history anthropology sociology urban environmental studies visual performing arts eajs website contains database european dissertations field japanese studies reached eajs home page https webarchiveorg web http wwweajsorg european association japanese studies ''links institutions japanese studies

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whole solutions complex problems example signal processing systems control systems communication system forms high level modelling design specific fields engineering aerospace systems biological systems engineering earth systems engineering management electronic systems enterprise systems engineering software systems systems analysis applications disciplines earth system science climate systems systems geology systems biology computational systems biology synthetic biology systems immunology systems neuroscience systems chemistry systems ecology ecosystem ecology agroecology systems psychology ergonomics family systems theory systemic therapy systems scientists

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acquiring necessary skills may need perform tasks well environmental side adaption imagine various situations involving family birth child new job parent children attend college move away home instances environment adapted necessary changes members ' 'succession'' every setting history created current structures norms attitudes policies intervention setting must appreciate history understand current system exists form

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local programs organizations grants special populations social issues interest granting students chance practice work community psychologist supervision faculty member many community psychologists find clinical psychologists involved work communities collaboration academic departments encouraged disseminate field make community psychology education free online ''introduction community psychology'' textbook published june peer reviewed journals following journals provide peer reviewed articles related community psychology https onlinelibrarywileycom journal ''american journal community psychology'' society community research action scra journal