style height microvascular reconstruction maxillofacial surgery hearing temporal bone allergy phono surgery cleft lip palate sleep apnea surgery style text align center vertical align top style height endocrine surgery traumatic reconstruction balance skull base surgery anterior skull base swallowing disorders airway sleep investigations style text align center vertical align top style height endoscopic surgery craniofacial surgery dizziness apnea snoring vascular malformations style text align center vertical align top style height cochlear implant baha cochlear implant baha currently recognized american board medical subspecialties topics


geography include david mark daniel montello max j egenhofer andrew u frank christian freksa edward tolman barbara tversky among others conference spatial information theory cosit biennial international conference focus theoretical aspect space spatial information us national research council published book titled learning think spatially written committee support thinking spatially committee believes incorporating gis spatial technologies k curriculum would promote spatial thinking reasoning origin early works connection spatial cognition human activity

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Cognitive geography


survival exists ancient times learned etymology geometry origins land surveying annual floods nile river ref name ref spatial cognition developed study cognitive psychology began considered separate field late ulric neisser book ''cognitive psychology'' ref name initially research spatial cognition hindered due many leading researchers believing visual spatial world could explained using language processing ref name later research imagery showed reducing representation visual spatial world


models geographical space ''international journal geographical information science'' montello daniel r cognitive geography pp nbsp ''international encyclopedia human geography'' montello daniel r et al http wwwgeouzhch sara pubs montello etal cosit pdf testing first law cognitive geography point display spatializations pp nbsp ''spatial information theory foundations geographic information science'' berlin heidelberg springer portugali juval ed ''the construction cognitive maps'' vol springer science business media external links human geography cognitive science environmental social science


name introduction elementary mathematical logic latter major concern early th century mathematical logic pursued program logicism pioneered philosopher logicians gottlob frege bertrand russell mathematical theories supposed logical tautologies programme show means reduction mathematics logic ref name principia various attempts carry met failure crippling frege 's project ''grundgesetze'' russell 's paradox defeat hilbert 's program g del 's incompleteness theorems set theory originated study


looking modality driven many applications computational linguistics computer science dynamic logic non classical logic non classical logics systems reject various rules classical logic motivated view classical logic accurately represent nature truth reasoning one major non classical paradigm intuitionistic logic rejects law excluded middle intuitionism developed dutch mathematicians lej brouwer arend heyting underpin constructive approach mathematics existence mathematical object proven constructing intuitionism


anything profession ref name oed names royal military academy united states military academy reflect however time napoleonic wars 'military' began used reference armed forces whole 'military service' 'military intelligence' 'military history' connotes activity performed armed force personnel ref name oed history contemporary physical training regimes riace bronzes c bc military history often considered history conflicts history state militaries

Applied science
Military sciences
Strategy
Defensive


pay expense maintaining military facilities military support services economics caption ref label type data type bar width width units em data max label data label data label data label data label


points also used provide military engineering services recovery defective derelict vehicles weapons maintenance weapons field repair field modification weapons equipment peacetime life extension programmes undertaken allow continued use equipment one important role logistics supply munitions primary type consumable storage disposal combat primary reason existence military engage combat required national defence policy


greeks romans wrote prolifically military campaigning among best known roman works julius caesar 's commentaries gallic wars roman civil war written bc two major works tactics come late roman period ''taktike theoria'' aelianus tacticus ''de militari'' 'on military matters' vegetius ''taktike theoria'' examined greek military tactics influential byzantine world golden age islam ''de militari'' formed basis european military tactics late th century perhaps enduring maxim ''igitur


technological change realized tangible increase military capability greater effectiveness sharper edge defeating leather armour improved density materials used manufacture weapons land first really significant technological advance warfare development ranged weapons notably sling next significant advance came domestication horses mastering equestrianism mounted armoured knight armour cavalry dominated battlefield invention firearms arguably greatest invention affected military society adoption


public however transparency military sector crucial fight corruption showed government defence anti corruption index transparency international uk published militaries often function societies within societies military communities economies education medicine aspects functioning civilian society although 'military' limited nations many private military companies pmc 's used 'hired' organizations figures security escort means protection police agencies militaries absent trusted ideology ethics swedish king


six official languages united nations also sacred language billion muslims around world ref name gordonconwelledu ref ref name pewmuslim ref language written greatest works literature science history world according teachings islam classical arabic language god chose speak mankind muhammad seventh century christian era language quran holy book islam language islamic classical texts ref name ref modern arabic language books news

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Arab studies


history science political economy development themes history arabs expansion arab empire understand history arabs provides indispensable basis understand aspects arabs culture themes special interest history arabs early arab conquests theology ''kalam'' one religious sciences islam arabic word means discussion refers arabic tradition seeking theological principles dialectic scholar ''kalam'' referred ''mutakallim'' arabic eschatology philosophy arabic manuscript


often included missouri maryland delaware well however south also social political economic cultural construct transcends geographical boundaries ref name ref southern literature described scholars occupying liminal space within wider american culture ref name american revolution writers us outside south frequently othered southern culture particular slavery method standing apart imperial world order ref name negative portrayals american south eventually diminished abolition slavery us particularly period spanish american

Humanities
Languages and literature
Southern Literature


southern writer remains ambiguous chesapeake region meanwhile antebellum authors enduring interest include john pendleton kennedy whose novel ''swallow barn'' offered colorful sketch virginia plantation life nathaniel beverley tucker whose work ''the partisan leader'' foretold secession southern states imagined guerrilla war virginia federal secessionist armies noteworthy southern authors period white frederick douglass 's ''narrative'' perhaps famous first person account black slavery antebellum south harriet jacobs meanwhile recounted experiences bondage north


serious genre based realism dominated western novel since balzac one tackled complex untidy emotional lives characters today widely regarded one important female writers american literature one important chroniclers post civil war south one first writers treat female experience complexity without condescension first half th century lawyer politician minister orator actor author thomas dixon jr wrote number


journal'' mdash present ''mississippi quarterly'' mdash refereed scholarly journal dedicated life culture american south past present http wwwmissqmsstateedu ''oxford american'' mdash quarterly journal fiction nonfiction poetry photography music south '' http wwwdeadmulecom dead mule school southern literature '' mdash present monthly journal features poetry creative non fiction essays short fiction ''the southern review'' mdash famous literary journal focusing southern literature ' 'storysouth'' mdash journal new writings american south features fiction poetry nonfiction ''southern cultures'' mdash journal center


pedology theories cognitive development children however piaget commonly recognized developmental psychologist origins paedology origins trend psychology pedagogy go back end th century separation branch psychology would form basis pedagogy pedagogic psychology experimental pedagogic psychology experimental pedagogy experimental education g stanley hall fostered pedology separate study also became instrumental development modern educational psychology american researcher oscar chrisman proposed term pedology

Social science
Psychology
Pedology (children study)


'''baptist beliefs''' completely consistent one church another baptists central governing authority however baptists hold common beliefs among almost baptist churches since early days baptist movement various denominations adopted common confessions faith basis cooperative work among churches following list confessions important development various baptist churches throughout history would include beliefs one god virgin birth impeccability miracles vicarious atoning death burial bodily resurrection christ

Humanities
Theology
Christian theology
Baptist theology


overview following acrostic acronym spelling small baptist small summarizes baptists' distinguishing beliefs '''b'''iblical authority '''a'''utonomy local church '''p'''riesthood believers '''t'''wo ordinances believer 's baptism lord 's supper '''i'''ndividual soul liberty '''s'''aved baptized church membership '''t'''wo offices church elder deacon practices baptists practice ''believer 's baptism'' lord 's supper communion two acts faith obedience example commands given christ christians matthew corinthians baptists call ordinances meaning


known ''medium scale integration'' msi improvements led ''large scale integration'' lsi ie systems least thousand logic gates current technology moved far past mark today 's microprocessors many millions gates billions individual transistors one time effort name calibrate various levels large scale integration vlsi terms like ''ultra large scale integration'' ulsi used huge number gates transistors available common devices rendered fine distinctions moot terms suggesting greater vlsi levels integration longer widespread use

Formal science
Computer science
VLSI design


billion transistor processors became commercially available became commonplace semiconductor fabrication advanced current generation nbsp nm processes current designs unlike earliest devices use extensive design automation automated logic synthesis lay transistors enabling higher levels complexity resulting logic functionality certain high performance logic blocks like sram static random access memory cell still designed hand ensure highest efficiency structured design structured vlsi design modular methodology originated carver mead lynn conway saving microchip area minimizing interconnect fabrics area


rehabilitation psychology e altmaier j c hansen eds ''oxford handbook counseling psychology'' pp new york ny oxford university press ref rehabilitation psychologists work advocates persons disabilities eliminate attitudinal policy physical barriers emphasize employment environmental access social role community integration rehabilitation psychologists provide clinical services varied healthcare settings including acute care hospitals inpatient outpatient rehabilitation centers assisted living centers long term care facilities specialty clinics community agencies ref name typically work interdisciplinary teams often including physiatrist physical therapist occupational therapist speech therapist ref

Social science
Psychology
Rehabilitation psychology


well psychologists regularly involved healthcare settings psychologists became increasingly involved caring persons disabilities often result combat injuries ref name advances technology led increased number people surviving injuries illnesses would fatal previous generations ref name individuals living disabilities chronic health conditions needed help adjust rehabilitation psychology emerged meet needs using psychological knowledge help maximize independence health welfare ref name ref vocational rehabilitation act passed providing grant funding


must identify barriers recovery also personal strengths resiliency factors foster continued recovery social reintegration ref name ref rehabilitation psychology 's focus personal strengths resiliency influential field positive psychology rehabilitation psychologists take consideration medical diagnosis referral question background history pre morbid functioning independence basic instrumental activities daily living current functioning physical cognitive psychological personality characteristics goals career academic personal depending upon referral question individual patient goals structured focused assessment may include combination following components cognitive function decisional capacity


mental status neurocognitive function physical function fatigue health behavior pain sleep psychological function emotional adjustment interpersonal social functioning personality mental health conditions aspects individual 's environment also assessed including cultural community home rehabilitation school vocational social environments ref name addition clinical assessment interview standardized measures helpful understanding component areas greater detail cognitive rehabilitation cognitive rehabilitation refers broad range evidence based interventions designed improve cognitive functioning impaired result changes brain due injury illness specialized training


certain subjective psychological pressure unemployment rapid industrialization urbanization psychological disturbance reaches certain threshold tension produce disposition participate unconventional means political participation protesting ref name additionally approaches common view participation contentious politics unconventional irrational protests result emotional frustrated reaction grievances rather rational attempt improve situation ref name stekelenburg j van en klandermans b social movement theory past present prospect movers shakers ref psychologically based theories

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of social movements


stated emergence industrial society caused two problems '''anomie''' insufficient ways regulate behavior due increasing size complexity modern society '''egoism''' excessive individuation people due weakening local communities problems signify weakened restraining social network control behavior individuals according durkheim lead dysfunctional behavior suicide arthur kornhauser applied theory social movements book ''the politics mass society'' stated mass society anomie egoism cause small local groups


north approaches like resource mobilization political process theory therefore overt focus democratic contestation developed economies thus fail take south different historical political cultural context account postcolonial critique criticized failing come new empirical findings offer different explanations development behaviour social movements explain transnational movements also argued postcolonial social movements studies despite forwarding accurate criticism risk creating form cultural essentialism 'new orientalism'


colspan style background yellow pg style text align left japan colspan style background white g colspan style background purple color white pg colspan style background black color white r colspan style background black color white r style background white n style text align left kazakhstan colspan style background white colspan style background black color white colspan style background red color white colspan style background red color white colspan style background black color white style background black color white style background white color black n rowspan style text align left kuwait rowspan colspan style background white e colspan style background red color white pg

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Classification
Film classification


maritime provinces accompanied adult ref name manitoba ref ref name nova scotia ref maritimes british columbia along saskatchewan also provide classification adult content ref name nova scotia ref name british columbia provinces nova scotia reserve right prohibit films altogether ref name nova scotia general categories ref name chvrs '''g''' suitable viewing ages '''pg''' parental guidance advised '''not recommended young children''' film may inappropriate young children young children would persons age ''' a''' suitable people years age older


''' ans et plus''' years may viewed rented purchased persons years age ''' ''' ''' ans et plus''' years may viewed rented purchased persons years age film contains real explicit sexual activity explicit sexuality appended classification retail video industry storeowners required place film room reserved adults chile films classified council cinematographic classification ''consejo de calificaci n cinematogr fica''


'''ms ''' recommended '''ms ''' recommended '''k ''' prohibited unless accompanied adult '''k ''' prohibited unless accompanied adult '''k ''' prohibited unless accompanied adult finland image fi v kivaltasvg alt violence image fi seksisvg alt sex image fi ahdistussvg alt fear image fi p ihdesvg alt substance abuse footer finnish film content icons films finland classified national audiovisual institute


proof identity may required '''g ''' general exhibition open ages '''pg ''' customer may aged years must accompanied someone years old older please note content may appropriate years booking discretion guardians parents '''pg ''' customer may aged years must accompanied someone years old older please note content may appropriate years booking discretion guardians


''' ''' viewers aged ''' ''' viewers aged restricted licensed venues pm local time kuwait kuwait films rated censor board committee authority ministry information committee may sanction edits outright ban certain films order comply cultural laws values kuwait ministry information originally established age classifications system films decision number article year system rated films either general audiences g


years may attend accompanied adult ''' ''' suitable persons years ''' ''' suitable persons years ''' ''' suitable persons years mexico general directorate radio television cinematography spanish ''direcci n general de radio televisi n cinematograf a'' issuer ratings motion pictures rtc agency department state ''secretar de gobernaci n'' classification system follows '''aa''' informative rating understandable children years '''a''' information rating


guardian recommended younger viewers '''m''' films games label sold hired shown anyone films label suitable mature audiences years '''rp ''' restricted persons years unless accompanied parent guardian '''rp ''' restricted persons years unless accompanied parent guardian '''rp ''' restricted persons years unless accompanied parent guardian online content '''r ''' restricted persons years '''r ''' restricted persons years '''r ''' restricted persons


viewers aged older '''m ''' passed viewers aged older '''m ''' passed viewers aged older '''m ''' passed viewers aged older '''p''' special rating supplementary age rating denoting pornography romania ratings romania set national center cinematography cnc '''ag''' '''' general audience '''ap ''' '''' parental guidance children '''n ''' '''' recommended children '''im ''' '''' prohibited minors '''im xxx''' '''' prohibited minors projection public '''ic'''


replaced previous r rating allow screening certain art house films would otherwise banned without said rating increased age restriction set years age r rating since replaced nc children mature r restricted pg parental guidance rating introduced latest rating introduced g pg pg ratings advisory nc r carry age restrictions video ratings mostly cinema ratings except go


computer games must comply following '''a''' suitable '''pg''' parental guidance ''' pg''' suitable children age children aged years old may admitted unless accompanied adult ''' pg''' suitable children age children aged years old may admitted unless accompanied adult ''' ''' suitable children age ''' ''' suitable persons age ''' ''' suitable persons age '''x ''' one admitted restricted


film intended audiences underage audiences accompanied parent guardian allowed ''' ''' one allowed watch film '''restricted screening''' film needs certain restriction screening advertisement considered highly bad influence universal human dignity social value good customs national emotion due excessive expression nudity violence social behavior etc technically age restriction films rating may screened adults theatres age majority set


children law council operates sfs mandates assess relative risk children 's well legal requirement submit film media council ref name swedish ratings ref councils classification applies public exhibition law require classification home media following categories used ref name swedish ratings ref '''btl''' ''barntill ten'' ages ''' ''' children age accompanied adult admitted films passed children age ''' '''


audiovisual media http wwwcncfr france centre national de la cin matographie cnc http wwwspiode germany spitzenorganisation der filmwirtschaft e v spio http wwwkvikmyndaskodunis iceland f lag r tthafa sj nvarps og kvikmyndai na http cbfcindiagovin india central board film certification http wwwifcoie irish film censor 's office http wwweirinjp english japan administration commission motion picture code ethics http globalkmrborkr south korea korea media rating board http wwwfilemkitacom maklumat lpf html malaysia lembaga penapisan filem malaysia malaysia film filter board http wwwkijkwijzernl netherlands kijkwijzer nicam https webarchiveorg web http wwwcensorshipgovtnz new zealand office film literature classification http wwwmedietilsynetno norway media authority http wwwmtrcbgovph philippines movie television review classification board https webarchiveorg web http wwwmdagovsg public mediaclassification filmsandvideos pages ratingsfilmsandvideosaspx singapore media development authority http statensmedieradse om statens medierad english sweden statens


awareness parts scriptures could interpreted strictly consistent sequence events talmud cites dictum ascribed third century teacher abba arika chronological order torah examples often presented discussed later jewish exegesis according abraham joshua heschel ongoing discourse would follow views rabbi ishmael born ce torah speaks human language compared mystical approach rabbi akiva ce deviations signpost

Humanities
History
Ancient history
Biblical history


e p sanders n wright widely read discussed works matter published dale allison bart ehrman richard bauckham maurice casey earliest new testament texts refer jesus pauline epistles usually dated ce since paul records little jesus' life activities little help determining facts life jesus although may contain references information given paul eyewitnesses jesus ref name marginal jew john p meier ''a marginal jew'' volume doubleday


harper one ref four eight decades crucifixion although based earlier traditions texts q logia ' 'sayings gospels'' passion account earlier literature see list gospels scholars argue accounts compiled witnesses although view disputed scholars scholars believe gospel mark shows signs lack knowledge geographical political religious matters judea time jesus thus today common opinion author unknown geographically historically


th century bce th century bce one popular hypothesis points reign josiah th century bce hypothesis events example exodus would happened centuries finally edited important point keep mind documentary hypothesis using biblical evidence claims demonstrate current version based older written sources lost although modified heavily years scholars accept form hypothesis also number scholars


bible views strongly criticized william g dever helga weippert amihai mazar amnon ben tor andr lemaire states ''ancient israel abraham roman destruction temple'' principal points biblical tradition solomon generally trustworthy kenneth kitchen argue solomon ruled comparatively wealthy mini empire rather small city state recently finkelstein joined conservative amihai mazar explore areas agreement disagreement signs intensity debate called minimalist maximalist scholars diminishing ref


name r ref view also taken richard hess shows fact plurality views maximalists minimalists jack cargill shown popular textbooks fail give readers date archaeological evidence also fail correctly represent diversity views present subject megan bishop moore brad e kelle provide overview respective evolving approaches attendant controversies especially period mid book ''biblical history israel 's past'' see also academic view ezra biblical archaeology


history fan studies grew cultural studies research examining reception popular media fans early drawing work stuart hall john fiske others ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio ref name fathallah emphasis shifted towards examining works created fans ref name jenkins biblio earliest academic publications fan studies appeared mid ref name busse hellekson intro include romantic myth transcendence ''star trek'' zines patricia frazer lamb diane veith pornography women women love joanna russ ref name busse hellekson intro ref name scott ref name fathallah ref

Journalism, media studies and communication


considered part fabric everyday lives study fandom used gain understanding contemporary life ref name booth early fan studies work often concentrated production fan fiction especially slash fanzines largely within anglophone cultures ref name jenkins biblio frequently focusing areas fandom dominated women ref name scott focus subsequently broadened consider fannish practices particularly fanvidding forms fan film making well intellectual property issues fanworks often raise ref name jenkins biblio early researchers attempted counter prevalent negative views


online platforms youtube streaming services important expand context musicking applies go beyond physical person performance developing deeper understanding within fan studies fans interact idols musical performances therefore important use fans engage person virtually musicking '''technology modern fan studies musicking ''' expanded version musicking particularly significant considering almost inseparable entanglement music technology today ''online concerts'' particular concert performances longer depend physical venues ie


event product artist strategy originated largely smaller record label companies responding larger monopolistic record distributors trying shut rap smaller music labels radio mass distribution due public stigma particular entertainment labels utilized street teamers affordable highly effective bridge target audiences require traditional outlets paper advertisements radio tv interviews etc instead record labels production companies would try identify tastemaker influential teen fan act bridge respective neighborhood strong


realms social justice making lasting impact musicking lastly musicking shows fans contribute significantly circulation accessibility music around world especially fan subbers translations first ways allowed globalization music make impact fans around world able understand lyrics song another language therefore musicking acts foundational piece understanding fans idols production companies interact ultimately fans make impact overall musical landscape specialist journals four


sex lives cult television characters sara gwenllian jones ref name busse hellekson intro ref name fathallah ref name coppa ''fan cultures'' matt hills ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio ref name gilbert ''the democratic genre fan fiction literary context'' sheenagh pugh ref name jenkins biblio ref name fathallah ref name coppa ''cyberspaces female fandoms online'' rhiannon bury ref name jenkins biblio ref name fathallah ref name coppa 'digital get down' postmodern boy band slash queer female space kristina busse ref name fathallah ''fans mirror consumption'' cornel sandvoss ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio ''media audiences identity


harrington ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio ref name fathallah ''adolescents online fan fiction'' rebecca w black ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio ref name fathallah limit play fan authorship source text intertext context louisa e stein busse ref name fathallah ''otaku japan 's database animals'' hiroki azuma translated jonathan e abel shion kono ref name jenkins biblio fannish taxonomy hotness francesca coppa fanvids ref name jenkins biblio fannish field value online fan gift culture hellekson ref name jenkins biblio fan fiction free abigail de kosnik ref name jenkins biblio


school social work mary e richmond conceptualized social casework text ''social diagnosis'' term social casework began fade use term psychiatric social work became common well application psychoanalytic theory ehrenkranz reported first use term clinical social work louisiana state university school social work offered clinical curriculum national federation societies clinical social work established later became clinical social work association

Social science
Social work
Clinical social work


fires also create soot deposits cause discoloration dull surface textures permanently alter objects ''light'' fades materials colors fade disappear within little hours direct sunshine years low museum lighting types objects fade resistant due specific materials ultraviolet light causes yellowing chalking weakening disintegration materials infrared light heats surface objects form incorrect temperature different deterioration phenomena often occur simultaneously ''inaproppriate temperature'' another source deterioration several ways temperature

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Object conservation


effects wide range object materials storage solutions relative humidity quality air ranges damp dry causes damage objects damp relative humidity damp causes several types deterioration mold rapid corrosion extreme forms mechanical damage mold damages form organic material ''physical forces'' results direct indirect actions impact objects surroundings physical force damage objects directly causing rotation deformation stress pressure may also damage objects indirectly causing collision


ways like dissociation cause deterioration much harder control due institution 's ability address vulnerabilities facilities security measures visitors many systems control help prevent theft vandalism ever occurring ''pests'' defined national park service nps management policies section defines pest organism interferes management objective site museums pest defined organism jeopardizes museum resources pests include limited rodents insects birds


restoring item properly art form finishes might may stripped redone essential original patination retained possible stripping done last resort especially antique furniture engines might rebuilt new parts necessary holes silver pot might may patched practices frowned many museums scholars experts many people little value antique unusable able displayed poor restoration bane trained restorer working


organize information way make easily accessible ref name bair ref cataloging different kinds materials cataloging process made different kinds institutions eg libraries archives museums different kinds materials books pictures museum objects etc literature library information science dominated library cataloging important consider forms cataloging example special systems cataloging museum objects developed eg ''nomenclature museum cataloging'' also formats developed opposition library cataloging

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Cataloging


formats example ''the common communication format'' bibliographical databases cataloging different kinds cultural objects see o'keefe oldal six functions bibliographic control ronald hagler identified six functions bibliographic control identifying existence types information resources made available ref name taylorpg taylor arlene g daniel n joudrey ''the organization information'' rd ed englewood libraries unlimited p ref existence identity information resource must known found identifying works contained within information resources parts ref name taylorpg


subject cataloging subject cataloging ref name tuftsedu https wwwperseustuftsedu publications berti costa alexandria kentuckypdf ref may take form classification subject indexing classification involves assignment given document class classification system dewey decimal classification library congress subject headings indexing assignment characterizing labels documents represented record classification typically uses controlled vocabulary indexing may use controlled vocabulary free terms history libraries made use catalogs form since ancient times earliest evidence categorization ca bce collection clay


bibliographic context frbr created tiered view bibliographic entity item manifestation expression work item refers physical form book manifestation refers publication expression meaning translation book languages work refers content ideas book view incorporated cataloging rules subsequent aacr r known resource description access rda england bodleian library oxford university developed cataloging code code emphasized authorship books author listed together catalog


trace origins modern library cataloging practice back anthony panizzi 's rules panizzi 's singular insight large catalog needed consistency entries serve user first major english language cataloging code developed sir anthony panizzi british museum catalog panizzi 's rules approved british museum published british museum rules revised library departments british museum became part new british library germany prussia


access rda recent attempt make standard crosses domains cultural heritage institutions digital formats libraries currently use marc standards first piloted january june encode transport bibliographic data ref name web data ref standards seen critiques recent years old unique library community difficult work computationally library congress currently developing bibframe rda schema expressing bibliographic data bibframe revised piloted currently library congress still available public


done would need separate catalogs script ethical issues ferris maintains catalogers using judgment specialized viewpoint uphold integrity catalog also provide added value process bibliographic control resulting added findability library 's user community ref name ferris ref added value also power harm resulting denial access information ref name bair mistakes biases cataloging records stigmatize groups people inaccurate demeaning labels create impression certain points view normal others ref name knowlton


toward code ethics cataloging ref name bair criticism sanford berman former head cataloger hennepin county library minnetonka minnesota leading critic biased headings library congress subject headings berman 's publication ''prejudices antipathies tract lc subject heads concerning people'' ''p amp a'' sparked movement correct biased subject headings ''p amp a'' berman listed headings proposed alterations additions deletions cross references accurately reflect language used addressing topics rectify errors bias better guide librarians readers


native americans often engaged activity frequency warfare hunter gatherer cultures matter dispute examples warfare known several tribal societies societies develop particular emphasis warrior culture nuer south sudan ref name auto ref ori new zealand dugum dani papua ref name auto yanomami dubbed fierce people amazon ref name auto culture inter tribal warfare long present new guinea communal societies well capable escalation wars annihilation tribes thus

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Endemic warfare