division sleep medicine brigham women 's hospital discovered leading cause fatal driver heavy truck crashes fatigue related though rarely associated directly sleep disorders sleep apnea drugs alcohol number two cause sleep deprivation also significant factor dramatic accidents exxon valdez oil spill nuclear incidents chernobyl three mile island explosion space shuttle ''challenger'' scope classification competence sleep medicine requires understanding plethora diverse disorders many

Applied science
Medicine and health
Sleep medicine


sleep disturbance level alertness normal environment parallel journal kept parent bed partner also helpful sleep logs also used self monitoring connection behavioral treatment image top page nighttime middle weekend middle shows layout aid noticing trends actigraph unit motion sensing device worn wrist generally one two weeks gives gross picture sleep wake cycles often


evaluation patients insomnia circadian rhythm disorders except needed rule disorders ref name cataletto usually definitive test sleep apnea home sleep tests hst home sleep apnea tests hsat types sleep studies performed patient 's home identify obstructive sleep apnea devices increasing utilization due convenience cost effectiveness multiple sleep latency test mslt often performed entire day polysomnography electrodes equipment still place patient given nap opportunities every


third officers official classifications unlicensed members deck department able seaman ordinary seaman common deck crew ship includes chief officer chief mate second officer second mate third officer third mate boatswain able seamen ordinary seamen deck cadet person carrying mandatory sea time achieve officer watch certificate time board spent learning operations tasks everyday life merchant vessel engine department ship 's engine department consists members ship 's crew

Applied science
Transportation
Marine transportation


port limits seafarer 's free time ashore moreover foreign seamen entering us ports watch list countries face restrictions shore leave due maritime security concerns however shore leave restrictions us ports impact american seamen well example international organization masters mates pilots notes trend us shipping terminal operators restricting seamen traveling ship terminal gate furthermore cases transit allowed special security fees times assessed restrictions shore leave coupled reduced time port translate longer


entrepreneur person willing able convert new idea invention successful innovation entrepreneurship employs schumpeter called gale creative destruction replace whole part inferior innovations across markets industries simultaneously creating new products including new business models way creative destruction largely responsible dynamism industries long run economic growth supposition entrepreneurship leads economic growth interpretation residual endogenous growth theory hotly debated academic economics alternative description posited

Applied science
Business
Entrepreneurship


opportunity realize interests value highly notion widely applied millennial term millennial entrepreneur refers business owner affiliated millennials also known generation people born approximately ref name rauch ref offspring baby boomers early gen xers ref name strauss ref generation brought using digital technology mass media millennial business owners well equipped knowledge new technology new business models strong grasp business applications many breakthrough businesses come


involves entrepreneurs working business students get analytical work done ideas social student organizers green club newcomb college institute formed social entrepreneurship organization social entrepreneurship use start companies entrepreneurs develop fund implement solutions social cultural environmental issues concept may applied variety organizations different sizes aims beliefs profit entrepreneurs typically measure performance using business metrics like profit revenues increases stock prices social entrepreneurs either non profits blend profit goals


entrepreneurship terms risk taking entrepreneur willing put career financial security line take risks name idea spending time well capital uncertain venture however entrepreneurs often believe taken enormous amount risks perceive level uncertainty high people knight classified three types uncertainty risk measurable statistically probability drawing red color ball jar containing five red balls


potentially help identify may become entrepreneur early age determined best measures identify young entrepreneur family social status parental role modeling entrepreneurial competencies age academic attainment age generalized self efficacy social skills entrepreneurial intention experience unemployment strategic entrepreneurship scholars constructed operational definition specific subcategory called strategic entrepreneurship closely tied principles strategic management form entrepreneurship concerned growth creating value customers subsequently creating wealth owners ref name hitt ref article


academy management provided three step input process output model strategic entrepreneurship model 's three steps entail collection different resources process orchestrating necessary manner subsequent creation competitive advantage value customers wealth benefits proper use strategic management leadership techniques implementation risk bearing entrepreneurial thinking strategic entrepreneur therefore able align resources create value wealth ref name hitt leadership leadership entrepreneurship defined process social influence one person enlist


''strategic management'' th ed mason ohio south western cengage learning ref entrepreneur typically mindset seeks potential opportunities uncertain times ref name referencea entrepreneur must leadership skills qualities see potential opportunities act upon core entrepreneur decision maker decisions often affect organization whole representative entrepreneurial leadership within organization growing global market increasing technology use throughout industries core entrepreneurship decision making become ongoing process rather isolated incidents becomes knowledge


like leadership entrepreneurship always translate well cultures languages example north america leader often thought charismatic german culture frowns charisma due charisma nazi leader adolf hitler cultures european countries view term leader negatively like french participative leadership style prevalent united states considered disrespectful many parts world due differences power distance many asian middle eastern countries open door policies


grants us government effect taxes entrepreneurs faced liquidity constraints often lack necessary credit needed borrow large amounts money finance venture ref name ref many studies done effects taxes entrepreneurs studies fall two camps first camp finds taxes help second argues taxes hurt entrepreneurship cesaire assah meh found corporate taxes create incentive become entrepreneur avoid double taxation ref name donald bruce john deskins found literature suggesting higher


military tactic used military unit larger division implement specific mission achieve specific objective advance toward specific target terms tactic strategy often confused tactics actual means used gain objective strategy overall campaign plan may involve complex operational patterns activity decision making govern tactical execution united states department defense ''dictionary military terms'' defines tactical level level war battles engagements planned executed accomplish military

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics


objectives assigned tactical units task forces activities level focus ordered arrangement maneuver combat elements relation enemy achieve combat objectives example overall goal win war another country one strategy might undermine nation 's ability wage war preemptively annihilating military forces tactics involved might describe specific actions taken specific locations like surprise attacks military facilities missile attacks offensive weapon stockpiles specific techniques involved accomplishing objectives


malignant melanoma skin would appear patient malignant melanoma skin section tissue stained hematoxylin eosin viewed microscope slide '''surgical pathology''' significant time consuming area practice anatomical pathologists surgical pathology involves gross microscopic examination surgical specimens well biopsies submitted surgeons non surgeons general internists medical subspecialists dermatologists interventional radiologists practice surgical pathology allows definitive diagnosis disease lack thereof case tissue

Natural science
Biology
Pathology
Surgical pathology


testing ref name cai scientific discipline encompasses development molecular genetic approaches diagnosis classification human diseases design validation predictive biomarkers treatment response disease progression susceptibility individuals different genetic constitution develop disorders molecular pathology commonly used diagnosis cancer infectious diseases techniques numerous include quantitative polymerase chain reaction qpcr multiplex pcr dna microarray ''in situ'' hybridization ''in situ'' rna sequencing dna sequencing antibody based immunofluorescence tissue assays molecular profiling pathogens analysis bacterial genes antimicrobial

Natural science
Biology
Pathology
Molecular pathology


behavioral sciences emphasis psychology history founding interdisciplinary field children 's studies founded brooklyn college city university new york fall aim promote unified approach study children youth across disciplines arts humanities natural social sciences medicine law new concept children 's studies emphasis interdisciplinary comprehensive approach study generational cohort children years age introduced coined contradistinction child study movement

Social science
Sociology
Cultural studies
Childhood Studies


initiated stanley hall turn th century focus child psychology development academic institutions established children 's studies programs subsequent years concept childhood studies emerged alongside field children 's studies today find children 's studies childhood studies programs numerous academic institutions worldwide whereas childhood studies claims major focus understand childhood field children 's studies made beginnings ontological claim children must viewed fullness human beings generational social class


rationale emerging field children 's studies according lenzer disciplines arts sciences failed provide special focus children indeed advertisers politicians discovered childhood scholars past two decades lenzer argues increasing number disciplines arts sciences begun manifest interest children youth humanities growing subfields include children 's literature history childhood philosophy children however lenzer suggests even recent sharpening focus children youth


william corsaro michael sebastian honig basingstoke hampshire etc palgrave macmillan bernstein robin https booksgooglecom booksid f mgpps xxsc printsec frontcover dq racial innocence hl en sa x ei nvabt kdc ggu atrag ved cdeq aewaa v onepage q racial innocence f false''racial innocence performing american childhood slavery civil rights'' new york new york university press bowman vibiana editor ''scholarly resources children childhood studies research guide annotated bibliography'' lanham md scarecrow press cleverley john dc phillips visions childhood influential models locke spock new york ny teachers college press corsaro william 're friends right inside kids' culture washington dc joseph henry press corsaro william https ussagepubcom en us nam sociology childhood book sociology childhood th edition thousand oaks ca


sage hadnot ira j lenzer champions growing field children 's studies ''the dallas morning news'' june sec j p nbsp james allison james adrian key concepts childhood studies sage publications james allison prout alan constructing reconstructing childhood contemporary issues sociological study childhood routledge kehily mary jane ''an introduction childhood studies'' oxford uk open university press klein julie thompson ''interdisciplinarity history theory practice detroit mi wayne state university press'' krupp anthony ''reason 's children childhood early modern philosophy'' bucknell university press lenzer gertrud children 's studies


february p b b wells karen childhood global perspective polity '''journals''' childhood journal global child research children sociology global studies childhood https webarchiveorg web http wwwwwwordscouk gsch journal applied research children http digitalcommonslibrarytmcedu childrenatrisk journal history childhood youth sociological studies childhood child development early childhood education childhood human development child welfare united states child related organizations united states


indian government able intercept telecommunications certain checks balances prevent misuse actions however written rules clear clear government follows rules iran '''internet censorship''' november iranian government shut internet mobile data access million citizens due widespread protest rising gasoline prices restrict communication protests rallies government sparking iranian government gone threw waves internet shutdowns many popular social media

Applied science
Public administration
Science policy
Technology policy


gathered actual observation one readily discover example long takes construct pontoon bridge given conditions given manpower data generate norms expected performance similar conditions future serve refine bridge building process form training regarded simulation strictest sense word inasmuch simulates operational environment however many exercises take place test new ideas models provide participants skills operate within

Applied science
Military sciences
Organization
Military simulation


would merit anything larger well major operations cost secrecy issue true planning small operation ai small increasing level abstraction still simulation moves towards environment readily recognised civilian wargamers type simulation ''manual'' implying little computer involvement ''computer assisted'' fully computerised graf helmuth von moltke nowadays regarded grandfather modern military simulation although inventor ''kriegsspiel'' greatly impressed young officer chief staff


must handled correctly model modeller 's assumptions rules must adequately reflect reality results nonsense various mathematical formulae devised years attempt predict everything effect casualties morale speed movement army difficult terrain one best known lanchester square law formulated british engineer frederick lanchester expressed fighting strength modern force proportional ''the square numerical strength multiplied fighting value individual units''


relatively late adopt trend wargaming firmly embedded culture us navy royal navy projected adversary political military simulations take different approach purely military counterparts since largely concerned policy issues rather battlefield performance tend less prescriptive operation however various mathematical techniques arisen attempt bring rigor modeling process one techniques known game theory commonly used method non zero sum analysis score tables drawn


participants equivalent rank real life although hard fast rule often disregarded whilst major purpose political military simulation provide insights applied real world situations difficult point particular decision arising certain simulation especially simulations usually classified years even released public domain sometimes heavily censored due unwritten policy non attribution avoid disclosing sensitive information potential adversary true


winter hoping reach port antwerp force allies sue peace according german general friedrich j fangor staff fifth ''panzerarmee'' met november game defensive strategies simulated american attack sooner begun exercise reports began arriving strong american attack h rtgen area exactly area gaming map table ''generalfeldmarschall'' walther model ordered participants apart commanders whose units actually attack continue playing using messages receiving


making certain moves possible send message opponent intentions example conspicuously conducting field exercises near disputed border nation indicates readiness respond hostile incursions fine theory formed basis east west interaction much cold war also problematic dogged criticism instance doctrine 's shortcomings seen bombing offensives conducted united states vietnam war us commanders decided largely result ''sigma'' simulations


inventions whether mechanical pharmaceutical electronic interpretations patent law made government patent granting agencies united states patent trademark office example courts subject matter specific significant impact incentives drug development availability lower priced generic drugs example recent decision united states court appeals federal circuit pfizer v apotex f fedcir held invalid patent pharmaceutical salt formulation previously patented active ingredient decision overturned

Applied science
Public administration
Health policy
Pharmaceutical policy


united states supreme court generic versions drug controversy norvasc amlodipine besylate available much earlier reasoning federal circuit case applied generally patents pharmaceutical formulations would significant impact speeding generic drug availability conversely negative impact incentives funding research development new drugs licensing involves approval product sale jurisdiction typically national agency us food drug administration specifically center


us medicare part scheme public plans may structured variety ways including universal australia 's pharmaceutical benefits scheme br restricted age ontario drug benefit plan seniors br segmented disease group manitoba 's cystic fibrosis drug plan br geared income us medicaid programs many states additionally plans may structured respond 'catastrophic' impact drug expenses incurred serious diseases high drug spending relative income patient populations often called 'medically needy' may part


sesha iyengar dravidologist renowned book ''dravidian india'' k nilakanta sastri px renowned dravidologist prolific historian authored historical works mostly history south india p srinivasa iyengar noted dravidologist th century authored numerous works tamil indian history sakkottai krishnaswami aiyangar noted work turning around running ''journal indian history'' authored many historical works

Humanities
Theology
Hindu theology
Dravidian Studies


economic meet production goals producers direct users eg food security profitability risk aversion well goals wider community eg poverty alleviation welfare future generations environmental conservation focuses sustainability time tries incorporate possible stakeholders planning level reducing possible future conflicts conceptual basis inrm evolved recent years convergence research diverse areas sustainable land use participatory planning integrated watershed management adaptive management ref name conservation ecology ref ref name holling cs pages holling cs meffe

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Environmental management
Natural resource management


cheap replacement traditional cricket bats schools developing countries nevertheless lillee decided use test match marketing stunt point rules using bat first time lillee used aluminium bat employed one days previously test west indies without incident trouble began fourth ball day lillee straight drove ball ian botham ball went three runs nothing appeared untoward however australian

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Combat


''armed forces society'' vol pp nbsp herspring dale http afssagepubcom cgi content abstract undermining combat readiness russian military ''armed forces society'' jul vol pp nbsp ben shalom uzi lehrer zeev ben ari eyal http afssagepubcom cgi content abstract cohesion military operations field study combat units al aqsa intifada ''armed forces society'' vol pp nbsp woodruff todd kelty ryan segal archie cooper david r http afssagepubcom cgi content abstract propensity serve motivation enlist among american combat soldiers ''armed forces society'' apr vol pp nbsp dienstfrey stephen http afssagepubcom cgi content abstract women veterans exposure combat ''armed forces


plasmid traditional method creating recombinant dna typically involves use plasmids host bacteria plasmid contains genetic sequence corresponding recognition site restriction endonuclease ecor foreign dna fragments also cut restriction endonuclease inserted host cell restriction endonuclease gene expressed applying heat introducing biomolecule arabinose upon expression enzyme cleave plasmid corresponding recognition site creating sticky ends plasmid ligases joins sticky ends

Natural science
Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Bioengineering
Biomolecular engineering


part commercializing process example insulin produced genetically modified escherichia coli bacteria initialized lab scale made commercially viable scaled industrial level order achieve scale lot lab data used design commercial sized units example one steps insulin production involves crystallization high purity glargin insulin order achieve process large scale want keep power volume ratio lab scale large scale crystallizers order


applications biomedical engineering include biomaterials design new materials implantation human body analysis effect body cellular engineering design new cells using recombinant dna development procedures allow normal cells adhere artificial implanted biomaterials tissue engineering design new tissues basic biological building blocks form new tissues artificial organs application tissue engineering whole organs medical imaging imaging tissues using cat scan mri ultrasound x ray technologies medical optics lasers application lasers


deliver newspaper stories online videotex closed due failing meet end user demand american newspaper companies took notice new technology created videotex systems largest ambitious viewtron service knight ridder launched others keycom chicago gateway los angeles closed next came computer bulletin board systems late early several smaller newspapers started online news services using bbs software telephone modems first albuquerque tribune

Journalism, media studies and communication


write articles post internet definition journalism changing becoming increasingly simple average person impact news world tools like blogs even comments news stories reputable news websites becomes increasingly difficult sift massive amount information coming digital area journalism great advantages digital journalism new blogging evolution people becoming accustomed disadvantages instance people used already know


exposing problems related television piece president george w bush 's national guard service recent legal judgements determined bloggers entitled protections journalists subject responsibilities united states electronic frontier foundation https wwwefforg cases apple v instrumental advocating https wwwefforg cases apple v rights journalist bloggers canada supreme court canada ruled second preliminary question new defence called arguments us defence referred responsible journalism test value capturing


planning events performances negotiating contracts developing community interest arts organization arts administrator often directs hiring training personnel devises schedules task assignments employed non profit profit canada organizations charge organizing fund raising events enlisting financial supporters additionally arts administrators expected conduct grant research apply grants disburse acquired funding programming continue arts administrator employed small organization responsible marketing events event booking managing project budges arts administrator employed larger

Humanities
Performing arts
Arts Administration


underwater land based communications cable taps cameras microphones traffic sensors monitors sniffers similar systems require mission go undetected unsuspected clandestine sensors may also unmanned underwater vehicles reconnaissance spy satellites misty low observability unmanned aerial vehicles uav unmanned detectors operation igloo white successors hand placed clandestine human operations united states department defense dictionary military associated terms joint publication jp dated november amended february defines clandestine clandestine intelligence collection clandestine operation dod dictionary

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Clandestine operation


alerts target located enemy targeting component exact method used locate targets remain clandestine world war ii targets found cryptanalysis radio communication attacked aerial reconnaissance area case shootdown admiral isoroku yamamoto sighting could attributed coastwatchers vietnam war trucks attacked ho chi minh trail completely unaware sensors airborne black crow device sensed ignition


prusak note organization changes culture information policies among last thing change market perspective martin points although cyberspace mechanisms change rapidly laws change slowly businesses use gap competitive advantage similarly sparr discerned governments interest means govern new areas technology past laws generally yet cover emerging technologies new laws take time create number authors indicated

Applied science
Public administration
Knowledge policy


soul 's preexistence embryos thus persons gregory human exceptional created image god humanity theomorphic self awareness free latter gives individual existential power gregory disregarding god one negates one 's existence ''song songs'' gregory metaphorically describes human lives paintings created apprentices master apprentices human wills imitate master 's work life christ beautiful colors virtues thus man strives reflection christ ref name brill maspero

Humanities
Theology
Theological Anthropology


ad insisted body pertains essence human person augustine 's favourite figure describe ''body soul'' unity marriage ''caro tua coniunx tua body wife'' initially two elements perfect harmony fall humanity experiencing dramatic combat one another two categorically different things body three dimensional object composed four elements whereas soul spatial dimensions soul kind substance participating reason fit ruling body augustine preoccupied plato


fact paul cannot conceive even future human existence death `when perfect come' existence without ' 'soma'' contrast view corinth deny resurrection cor especially vv ff man ' 'soma'' ' 'soma'' soul semantic domain biblical soul based hebrew word ''nepes'' presumably means breath breathing word never means immortal soul incorporeal part human survive death body


incapable choosing good therefore pursuing god salvation becomes either cooperation human divine grace see synergism act divine apart human agency see monergism pelagius position condemned council carthage council ephesus second council orange however councils soften augustine position predestination protestant reformation monergism resurgence john calvin devolvement doctrine total depravity within protestant circles debate happened followers john calvin calvinists reformed tradition


question arises exactly disembodied soul go death theologians refer subject intermediate state old testament speaks place called ' 'sheol'' spirits dead reside new testament ''hades'' classical greek realm dead takes place ' 'sheol'' particular jesus teaches luke lazarus dives ''hades'' consists two separate sections one righteous one unrighteous teaching consistent intertestamental jewish thought subject fully developed christian theology goes step


basis texts luke philippians traditionally taught souls dead received immediately either heaven hell experience foretaste eternal destiny prior resurrection roman catholicism teaches third possible location purgatory though denied protestants eastern orthodox souls righteous made perfect holiness received highest heavens behold face god light glory waiting full redemption bodies


souls wicked cast hell remain torments utter darkness reserved judgment great day ''westminster confession'' christian groups stress monistic anthropology deny soul exist consciously apart body example seventh day adventist church teaches intermediate state unconscious sleep teaching informally known soul sleep final state christian belief righteous unrighteous resurrected last judgment righteous receive incorruptible immortal bodies corinthians


reference supporting holistic anthropology similar soul sleep gilson tienne gregory nyssa anthropology ''history christian philosophy middle ages'' reprinted london sheed ward pp nbsp couturier charles sj ''la structure taphysique de l'homme d'apr saint augustin'' ''augustinus magister congr international augustinien communications'' paris vol pp nbsp hendrics e ''platonisches und biblisches denken bei augustinus'' '''augustinus magister congr international augustinien communications'' paris vol english translation ''man nt'' london epworth mann w e ''inner life ethics'' masutti egidio ''il problema del corpo san agostino'' roma


analysis biochemical systems practical guide biochemists molecular biologists'' cambridge university press cambridge uk nv torres eo voit ''pathway analysis optimization metabolic engineering'' cambridge university press cambridge uk '''scientific articles ''' savageau ''biochemical systems analysis mathematical properties rate law component enzymatic reactions'' j theor biol pp nbsp savageau ''development fractal kinetic theory enzyme catalysed reactions implications design biochemical pathways'' biosystems pp nbsp mr atkinson et al ''design gene circuits using power law models'' cell

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems theory
Biochemical systems theory


virtually manufactured goods brought age consumerism modern developments modern manufacturing engineering studies include intermediate processes required production integration product 's components industries semiconductor steel manufacturers use term fabrication processes automation automation used different processes manufacturing machining welding automated manufacturing refers application automation produce goods factory main advantages automated manufacturing manufacturing process realized effective implementation automation include higher consistency quality reduction

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Mechanical Engineering
Manufacturing engineering


fundamentals engineering fe exam often taken immediately graduation principles practice engineering exam taken four years working chosen engineering field society manufacturing engineers sme certification usa sme administers qualifications specifically manufacturing industry degree level qualifications recognized professional engineering level following discussion deals qualifications usa qualified candidates certified manufacturing technologist certificate cmfgt must pass three hour question multiple choice exam exam covers math manufacturing processes manufacturing management automation


related subjects additionally candidate must least four years combined education manufacturing related work experience certified manufacturing engineer cmfge engineering qualification administered society manufacturing engineers dearborn michigan usa candidates qualifying certified manufacturing engineer credential must pass four hour question multiple choice exam covers depth topics cmfgt exam cmfge candidates must also eight years combined education manufacturing related work experience minimum four years work experience certified engineering manager cem certified engineering manager certificate also designed engineers


eight years combined education manufacturing experience test four hours long multiple choice questions cem certification exam covers business processes teamwork responsibility management related categories modern tools cad model cnc machined part many manufacturing companies especially industrialized nations begun incorporate computer aided engineering cae programs existing design analysis processes including solid modeling computer aided design cad method many benefits including easier exhaustive visualization products ability create virtual assemblies parts ease use designing


instructions manufacturing parts technical drawing computer model hand drawn schematic showing dimensions necessary manufacture part well assembly notes list required materials pertinent information us engineer skilled worker creates technical drawings may referred drafter draftsman drafting historically two dimensional process computer aided design cad programs allow designer create three dimensions instructions manufacturing part must fed necessary machinery either manually programmed instructions use


worldwide composite products range skateboards components space shuttle industry generally divided two basic segments industrial composites advanced composites employment manufacturing engineering one facet engineering manufacturing industry manufacturing engineers enjoy improving production process start finish ability keep whole production process mind focus particular portion process successful students manufacturing engineering degree programs inspired notion starting natural resource block wood ending


'''postcolonial literature''' literature people formerly colonized countries exists continents except antarctica postcolonial literature often addresses problems consequences decolonization country especially questions relating political cultural independence formerly subjugated people themes racialism colonialism range literary theory evolved around subject addresses role literature perpetuating challenging postcolonial critic edward said refers cultural imperialism ref name ref migrant literature postcolonial literature show considerable overlap however migration takes place

Humanities
Languages and literature
History of literature
Post-colonial literature


english colonies nations belonged british commonwealth even though term included literature britain commonly used writing english written british colonies scholars commonwealth literature used term designate writing english dealt topic colonialism advocated inclusion literary curricula hitherto dominated british canon however succeeding generation postcolonial critics many belonged post structuralist philosophical tradition took issue commonwealth label separating non british writing english language literature written britain also


german heritage paternal great grandfather reflected poems describes family heritage totally samoan even though german surname however explicitly deny german heritage another notable figure region sia figiel born contemporary samoan novelist poet painter whose debut novel ''where belonged'' commonwealth writers' prize ''best first book '' ''south east asia south pacific region'' sia figiel grew amidst traditional samoan singing poetry heavily influenced writing figiel 's greatest influence


''legendary tales australian aborigines'' known first aboriginal author oodgeroo noonuccal born kath walker australian poet political activist artist educator also campaigner aboriginal rights ref name awap ref oodgeroo best known poetry first aboriginal australian publish book verse ''we going'' sally morgan 's novel ''my place'' considered breakthrough memoir terms bringing indigenous stories wider notice leading aboriginal activists marcia langton ''first australians'' noel pearson ''up mission''


zimbabwe novels known poetic prose difficult subject matter strong women characters firmly rooted zimbabwe 's difficult past tsitsi dangarembga born notable zimbabwean author filmmaker ng g wa thiong'o born ref name profile ref kenyan writer formerly working english working gikuyu work includes novels plays short stories essays ranging literary social criticism children 's literature founder editor gikuyu language journal ''m iri'' bate besong cameroonian playwright poet critic described pierre fandio


south african citizenship chapman bypasses problem including southern african literatures second problem african languages accessibility since african languages regional languages none claim readership national scale comparable afrikaans english sotho instance transgressing national borders rsa hand mainly spoken free state bears great amount relation language natal example zulu language cannot claim national readership hand international sense


born barbados lived ghana jamaica linton kwesi johnson michelle cliff recent times number literary voices emerged caribbean well caribbean diaspora including kittitian caryl phillips lived uk since one month age edwidge danticat haitian immigrant united states anthony kellman barbados divides time barbados united states andrea levy united kingdom jamaicans colin channer marlon james author man booker prize winning novel ''a brief history


claim blacks written traditions bearers inferior culture ref name stryz p ghost beloved specter scarlet letter jan stryz ''the new romanticism collection critical essays'' eberhard alsen p ref refuting claims dominant culture african american writers also attempting subvert literary power traditions united states scholars assert writing traditionally seen something defined dominant culture white male activity ref name stryz p means


welsh said lacked necessary grasp language employ poems although anglican priest fervent nationalist advocated boycotts english owners holiday homes wales ref name latimesobit admirer saunders lewis thomas defended need use english since wales mother tongue continues flourish proper welshman look english means rekindling interest welsh language leading people back mother tongue creation national assembly wales


received bariatric surgery compared routine non surgical care whereas life expectancy gain years longer obese adults without diabetes ref name national institute health symposium held summarized available evidence found mortality reduction year remission rate type diabetes fewer cardiovascular events lower rate diabetes related complications long term non randomized matched intervention year follow study swedish obese subjects study symposium also found similar results utah study using modern gastric bypass techniques though follow periods

Applied science
Medicine and health
Surgery
Bariatric surgery


determining postoperative success patients body mass index nbsp kg sup sup greater fold risk depression half bariatric surgery candidates depressed weight loss general malabsorptive procedures lead weight loss restrictive procedures however higher risk profile meta analysis university california los angeles reports following weight loss months ref name pmid biliopancreatic diversion lbs nbsp kg roux en gastric bypass rygb lbs nbsp kg open lbs nbsp kg laparoscopic lbs nbsp kg vertical banded gastroplasty lbs


nbsp kg meta analysis showed bariatric surgery effective weight loss adolescents assessed months intervention meta analysis noted additional data needed determine whether also effective long term weight loss adolescents according canadian agency drugs technologies health comparative evidence base bariatric surgery adolescents young adults limited studies narrow scope relatively small sample sizes another meta analysis reported effective reducing weight among morbidly obese adults


china reduced mortality morbidity short term weight loss bariatric surgeries associated reductions comorbidities obesity diabetes metabolic syndrome sleep apnea benefit hypertension uncertain uncertain whether given bariatric procedure effective another controlling comorbidities high quality evidence concerning longer term effects compared conventional treatment comorbidities ref name cochrane ref bariatric surgery shown linked longer life expectancy compared non operated control patients obesity ref name carlsson ref bariatric surgery older patients also


reoperation within years compared patients received roux en gastric bypass effects fewer reported adjustable gastric banding rate complications appears reduced procedure performed experienced surgeon guidelines recommend surgery performed dedicated experienced units ref name pmid observed rate leaks greater low volume centres whereas high volume centres showed lesser leak rate leak rates globally decreased mean metabolic bone disease manifesting osteopenia


achieve similar better results via endoscopic procedures blocking procedures procedures block absorption food although also reduce stomach size biliopancreatic diversion operation termed ''biliopancreatic diversion'' bpd ''scopinaro procedure'' original form procedure rarely performed problems replaced modification known duodenal switch bpd ds part stomach resected creating smaller stomach however patient eat free diet restrictive component distal part small intestine connected pouch bypassing


includes foods clear broth diluted fruit juices sugar free drinks gelatin desserts diet continued gastrointestinal tract recovered somewhat surgery next stage provides blended pureed sugar free diet least two weeks may consist high protein liquid soft foods protein shakes soft meats dairy products foods high carbohydrates usually avoided possible initial weight loss period post surgery overeating curbed exceeding capacity stomach causes nausea vomiting diet restrictions recovery


hydrogen bonds hydrophobic interactions study non covalent interactions also used study binding cooperativity supramolecular assemblies macrocyclic compounds crown ethers cryptands act hosts guest molecules acid base chemistry induction resonance used explain different acid dissociation constant pk sub sub values phenol '''a''' ''p'' nitrophenol '''b''' '''b''' electronegative nitro group stabilizes conjugate base phenoxide anion via induction resonance delocalizing negative charge properties acids bases relevant physical organic chemistry organic chemists

Natural science
Chemistry
Physical organic chemistry


chemists also used principle thermodynamic versus kinetic control influence reaction products rate laws study chemical kinetics used determine rate law reaction rate law provides quantitative relationship rate chemical reaction concentrations pressures chemical species present ref name mcquarrie note amazon rather google allows access text ref rate laws must determined experimental measurement generally cannot elucidated chemical equation experimentally determined rate law refers stoichiometry transition state structure relative


insight effects ref name anslyn solvent effects solvents powerful effect solubility stability reaction rate change solvent also allow chemist influence thermodynamic kinetic control reaction reactions proceed different rates different solvents due change charge distribution chemical transformation solvent effects may operate ground state transition state structures ref name anslyn example effect solvent organic reactions seen comparison sub n sub sub n sub reactions solvent also significant effect thermodynamic


collection experimental data wavefunctions provide total energy given molecular state guessed molecular geometries optimized give relaxed molecular structures similar found experimental methods reaction coordinates simulated transition state structures solved solving complete energy surface given reaction therefore possible calculations applied many problems organic chemistry kinetic data unavailable difficult acquire ref name anslyn spectroscopy spectrometry crystallography physical organic chemistry often entails identification molecular structure dynamics concentration reactants


performed visible ultraviolet regions electromagnetic spectrum useful probing difference energy highest energy occupied homo lowest energy unoccupied lumo molecular orbitals information useful physical organic chemists design organic photochemical systems dyes absorption different wavelengths visible light give organic molecules color detailed understanding electronic structure therefore helpful explaining electronic excitations careful control molecular structure possible tune homo lumo gap give desired colors excited state properties ref


name visible ultraviolet spectroscopy ref mass spectrometry mass spectrometry technique allows measurement molecular mass offers complementary data spectroscopic techniques structural identification typical experiment gas phase sample organic material ionized resulting ionic species accelerated applied electric field magnetic field deflection imparted magnetic field often combined time takes molecule reach detector used calculate mass molecule often course sample ionization large molecules break


'''appalachian studies''' area studies field concerned appalachian region united states old customs house knoxville tennessee united states building home knox county library 's mcclung collection scholarship first well known appalachian scholarship done cratis williams thesis english university kentucky focused ballads songs eastern kentucky phd dissertation new york university called southern mountaineer fact fiction part appearing ''the appalachian journal'' williams

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Appalachian studies


distorted educational institutions additionally course study strives introduce afro centric perspective including phenomena related culture according robert harris jr emeritus professor history africana studies research center cornell four stages development africana studies second world war numerous organizations developed analyze culture history african peoples second stage focus turned african americans third stage bevy newly conceived academic programs established black studies ref name harris ref

Social science
Sociology
Cultural studies
Africana studies


protest unfair rule prohibited political clubs fundraising excluding democrat republican clubs ref name taylor police arrested students students formed freedom speech movement mario savio became poetic leader stating freedom speech something represents dignity human ref name autogenerated students democratic society sds well connected organized club hosted conference entitled black power challenges ref name taylor black leaders directly tied ongoing civil rights movements spoke predominantly white audience


insensitivity administration general campus life occupied north hall presented administration set demands efforts led eventual creation black studies department center black studies similar activism happening outside california yale university committee headed political scientist robert dahl recommended establishing undergraduate major african american culture one first american university ernie davis syracuse university became first african american win heisman trophy college football


lack financial resources available students faculty ref name bsccd ref many universities colleges around country provided black studies programs small budgets therefore difficult department purchase materials hire staff due budget allocated black studies limited faculty jointly appointed therefore causing faculty leave home disciplines teach discipline may familiar budgetary issues make difficult black studies programs departments function promote racism perpetrated many administrators alleged


postmodernist experience thereby contributing intellectual dialogue world art discourse internationalism multiculturalism arts ''phylon'' ''race class'' ''souls critical journal black politics culture society'' https soulsuicedu ''transition magazine'' references african diaspora african studies african american studies african american society african american culture pan africanism postmodernism


tariffs applied accordingly certification product 's origin also unfairly holds back smaller countries less resources spend others argue ptas hinder negotiations trade disputes places emphasis country power ref name ref ways commercial policy affected tariffs trade tariffs tax placed import foreign goods tariffs increase price imports usually levied onto country goods imported governments use tariffs way promote

Applied science
Public administration
Trade Policy


believing math p q math also ''believes'' math mathcal b p mathcal b q math math forall p forall q mathcal b p q mathcal b mathcal b p mathcal b q math '''reflexive reasoner''' ref name logicians ref name forever reflexive reasoner one every proposition math p math proposition math q math reasoner believes math q equiv mathcal b q p math math forall p exists q mathcal b q equiv mathcal b q p math reflexive reasoner type see believes math mathcal b p p math believe p parallelism l b 's theorem reasoners '''unstable

Humanities
Philosophy
Logic
Doxastic Logic


q math believe believe math p math believe math q math type reasoner shade self awareness type reasoner math forall p forall q mathcal b p q mathcal b mathcal b p mathcal b q math '''type reasoner''' ref name logicians ref name belief ref name modal ref name forever reasoner type type every math p math math q math correctly believe ever believe math p math math p q math believe math q math type also believe logically equivalent proposition


math mathcal b p math believe math r math proposition math mathcal b p math stable believe math p math ref name logicians ref name forever see also epistemic modal logic belief revision common knowledge logic george boolos jaakko hintikka modal logic raymond smullyan references reading belief belief revision modal logic reasoning


proposed timeline origin space physical cosmology see astronomical object list specific types entities scientists study see earth 's location universe orientation astronomy outline astronomy fields astronomy defined approach observational astronomy observatories ground well space observatories take measurements celestial entities phenomena astrometry studies position movements celestial objects amateur astronomy theoretical astronomy mathematical modelling celestial entities phenomena fields astronomy defined scope astrophysics study physics universe


prabandha india 's greatest patriotic saga medieval times padman bha 's epic account k nha ade new delhi voice india references http wwwiiasnl iiasn theme html narrative traditions rajasthan international institute asian studies http indiansagacom languages rajasthani langhtml rajasthani language indiansagacom external links https webarchiveorg web http wwwbastigiriorg crs centre rajasthani studies bastigiriorg http wwwethnologuecom show familyaspsubid rajasthani ethnologue http tdilmitgovin coilnet ignca rj htm jain poets rajasthani technology development indian languages ministry information technology indian literature language rajasthani language rajasthani culture

Humanities
Languages and literature
Rajasthani Literature


unconscious mind selecting appropriate words appropriate form words lexicon morphology organization words syntax phonetic properties words retrieved sentence articulated articulations associated phonetic properties linguistics articulatory phonetics articulation refers tongue lips jaw vocal cords speech organs used produce sounds used make sounds speech sounds categorized manner articulation place articulation place articulation refers airstream mouth constricted


known precisely assessed reported terms likelihood experiencing defined range outcomes ' 'stochastic uncertainty'' stemming chance unrelated factors ref name arvai adaptive management considered useful framework dealing situations high levels uncertainty though without detractors common scientific concept impetus behind environmental resource management carrying capacity simply put carrying capacity refers maximum number organisms particular resource sustain concept carrying capacity whilst understood many cultures history roots

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Environmental management


malthusian theory example visible eu water framework directive however argued western scientific knowledge often insufficient deal full complexity interplay variables environmental resource management concerns recently addressed shift environmental resource management approaches incorporate different knowledge systems including traditional knowledge ref name raymond ref reflected approaches adaptive co management community based natural resource management transitions management among others ref name raymond sustainability sustainability environmental resource management involves managing economic social ecological systems within outside organizational entity


sustain system exists ref name avery ref ref name dunphy ref context sustainability implies rather competing endless growth finite planet development improves quality life without necessarily consuming resources sustainably managing environmental resources requires organizational change instills sustainability values portrays values outwardly levels reinforces surrounding stakeholders ref name avery ref name dunphy result symbiotic relationship sustaining organization community environment many drivers compel environmental resource management take sustainability issues account today 's economic paradigms protect


management closely aligned european eco management audit scheme emas common auditing standard iso standard explains combine quality management environmental management systems ems tend based iso standard many extend various ways green dragon environmental management standard five level ems designed smaller organisations iso may onerous larger organisations wish implement iso manageable step step approach ref name greendrag ref bs phased standard help smaller


material american society cybernetics offer suggested reading materials beer wrote many papers six key books others contributed perhaps equal amount barry clemson beer 's urging wrote introduction management organizational cybernetics patrick hoverstadt wrote introduction using real life examples jd espejo reyes describe management complexity using vsm systemic theory perspective stewart described ternary analysis work working organisations based cybernetic three fold ontology action systems formation fredmund malik wrote extensive series books applying management cybernetics business strategy governance

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Cybernetics
Management cybernetics


systems theory perspective also drawing beer cybernetics also takes social dimension consideration extending principles autonomous agency theory aat cultural agency theory cat formulated generation higher cybernetic orders researchers economics public administration political science focus changes institutions organisation mechanisms social steering various levels sub national national european international different sectors including private semi private public sectors latter sector emphasised ref name nsm http wwwrunl imr programmes programmes oc organisational cybernetics nijmegen school management netherlands ref also extensive


support deployed combat units see battlefield medicine administration practice health care military service members dependents non deployed peacetime settings may united states consist medical system paralleling medical specialties sub specialties exist civilian sector see also veterans health administration serves us veterans medical research development specifically bearing upon problems military medical interest historically encompasses medical advances emerging medical research efforts directed addressing problems encountered deployed military forces eg vaccines drugs soldiers

Applied science
Military sciences
Military medicine


medical evacuation systems drinking water chlorination etc many ultimately prove important beyond purely military considerations inspired legal status military medical personnel engage humanitarian work protected persons international humanitarian law accordance first second geneva conventions additional protocols established legally binding rules guaranteeing neutrality protection wounded soldiers field ship 's medical personnel specific humanitarian institutions armed conflict international humanitarian law makes distinction medical personnel members armed forces hold military ranks


civilian volunteers medical personnel considered non combatants international humanitarian law humanitarian duties may attacked taken prisoners war hospitals medical facilities transports identified whether military civilian may attacked either red cross red crescent red crystal protective signs recognised international humanitarian law used military medical personnel facilities purpose attacking military medical personnel patients care medical facilities transports legitimately marked


national museum civil war medicine veterans health administration us army surgeon general us army army medical department battalion aid stations borden institute combat support hospital fort detrick fort sam houston forward surgical teams medical corps united states army nurse corps united states army veterinary corps united states army mobile army surgical hospital portable surgical hospital w combat medic ''textbook military medicine'' published us army united states army medical department center school united states army medical department museum us army dental command us army medical command united states army medical research


casualties reported deaths reported injuries reported missing reported property damage burial displaced

Social science
Geography
Physical geography
Quaternary science


inquiries inquest coroner arrests suspects


blank label blank label blank label website notes quaternary science


encouragements extraordinary restraints upon investments field obvious forms encouragements restraints may assume course bounties taxes pigou p blockquote pigou suggested market failure externalities overcome introduction taxes government intervene market using emission tax example create efficient outcome pigouvian tax optimal policy prescription aggregate negative externality economist ronald h coase proposed alternative scheme whereby negative externalities dealt appropriate assignment

Social science
Economics
Public economics


p contribution theory taxation ''classics theory public finance'' ed ra musgrave peacock stigler george j paul samuelson dialogue proper economic role state ''selected papers'' chicago university chicago graduate school business starrett david ''foundations public economics'' cambridge https booksgooglecom bookshl en lr id r yljdyyikc oi fnd pg pr dq onepage q f false description scroll chapter preview https booksgooglecom booksid r yljdyyikc dq gbs navlinks links stiglitz joseph e https webarchiveorg web http www gsbcolumbiaedu faculty jstiglitz download papers rethinking economic role ofthe statepdf 'rethinking economic role state publicly provided private goods' unpublished role government contemporary world vito tanzi


peculiar economics bureaucracy ''the american economic review'' vol may http wwwuves atortosa niskanenpdf niskanen william ''bureaucracy representative government'' orshansky mollie children poor ''social security bulletin'' vol july orshansky mollie counting poor another look poverty profile ''social security bulletin'' vol jan samuelson paul pure theory public expenditure ''review economics statistics'' xxxvi https webarchiveorg web http sambafsvcunicz hava ls disk citanka textu vererejne statky externality samuelson pure theory public expenditurepdf tiebout charles pure theory local expenditure ''the journal political economy'' vol oct https webarchiveorg web http wwwbookshdcom product journal political economy volume wicksell


arts business affect control theory analyzed use quantitative methods research using mathematics look data interpret findings however recent applications theory explored concept affect control theory qualitative research methods process involves obtaining data use interviews observations questionnaires affect control theory explored qualitative measures interviewing family friends loved ones individuals murdered looking idea forgiveness changes based interpretation situation computer programs also

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Control theory
Affect control theory


thus synonymous depending context moving rightward order connotative level holism decreases level specificity concrete instances increases thus health care contexts senses always noncount word ''care'' tends imply broad idea everything done protect improve someone 's health example terms ''preventive care'' ''primary care'' connote ongoing action although sometimes implies narrower idea example simplest cases wound care postanesthesia care particular steps sufficient

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems psychology
Systemic therapy


home health aides making house calls care caregivers family members patient self care primary care meant main kind care general ideally medical home unifies care across referred providers secondary care care provided medical specialists health professionals generally first contact patients example cardiologists urologists dermatologists patient reaches secondary care next step primary care typically provider referral although sometimes patient self initiative tertiary care specialized consultative care usually inpatients


issue produces intolerable side effects additional second line therapies may substituted added treatment regimen followed third line therapies example context formalization treatment algorithms ranking lines therapy extensive chemotherapy regimens great difficulty successfully treating forms cancer one line another may tried oncology count therapy lines may reach even often multiple therapies may tried simultaneously combination therapy polytherapy thus combination chemotherapy also called polychemotherapy


whereas chemotherapy one agent time called single agent therapy monotherapy adjuvant therapy therapy given addition primary main initial treatment simultaneously opposed second line therapy neoadjuvant therapy therapy begun main therapy thus one consider surgical excision tumor first line therapy certain type stage cancer even though radiotherapy used radiotherapy neoadjuvant chronologically first primary sense main event premedication conceptually far words


virginia satir jay haley mri palo alto early schools family therapy represented therapeutic adaptations larger interdisciplinary field systems theory originated fields biology physiology early forms systemic therapy based cybernetics understanding systems theory central structural minuchin strategic haley selvini palazzoli schools family therapy would later develop systemic therapy light postmodern critique notion one could control systems say objectively came increasingly question based largely


approaches problems practically rather analytically ie attempt determine past causes psychoanalytic approach assign diagnosis sick victim rather systemic therapy seeks identify stagnant patterns behavior groups people family address patterns directly irrespective analysis cause key point postmodern perspective denial absolutes humble recognition therapist hold capacity change people systems systemic therapist 's role


families supply side reduction involves measures enacting foreign policy aimed eradicating international cultivation plants used make drugs interception drug trafficking fines drug offenses incarceration persons convicted drug offenses policies help mitigate drug use include needle syringe programs drug substitution programs free facilities testing drug 's purity drugs subject control vary jurisdiction jurisdiction example heroin regulated almost everywhere substances qat codeine regulated places others jurisdictions also regulate prescription drugs medicinal drugs

Applied science
Public administration
Drug policy


drug crimes processed prisoners kept prison built hold ref name ref urban regions ecuador many male inmates serving time drug charges prison demographic rises female inmates ref name ecuador 's new constitution current prisoners serving time allowed smuggler pardon prosecuted purchasing carrying nbsp kg drug already served sentence later law replaced organic penal code


coip coip contains many rules regulations law established clear distinctions among large medium small drug traffickers well mafia rural growers prosecutes accordingly ref name ecuadorian government left andean trade promotion drug eradication act germany compared eu countries germany 's drug policy considered progressive still stricter example netherlands federal constitutional court ruled drug addiction crime possession small amounts drugs


atpa began enjoying benefits ref name agreeing terms agreement countries worked concert united states fight drug trafficking production source act aimed substitute production coca plant agricultural products return efforts towards eradication coca plant countries granted us tariff exemptions certain products certain types fruit peru ceased complying atpa lost tariff exemptions previously granted united states


use dependent users prescribed drugs doctors part treatment drug use increasingly criminalised framework still place largely determined misuse drugs act ref name analpol http karkentacuk analysis uk drug policypdf analysis uk drug policy monograph prepared uk drug policy commission peter reuter university maryland alex stevens university kent april ref united states modern us drug policy still roots war drugs started president richard nixon united states illegal drugs fall


parts ''exiles'' represent psychological trauma often childhood carry pain fear exiles may become isolated parts polarize system managers firefighters try protect person 's consciousness preventing exiles' pain coming awareness ''managers'' take preemptive protective role influence way person interacts external world protecting person harm preventing painful traumatic experiences flooding person 's conscious awareness ''firefighters'' emerge exiles break demand attention work divert attention away

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems psychology
Family systems theory


either manager firefighter parts extreme roles carry burdens painful emotions negative beliefs taken result past harmful experiences often childhood burdens intrinsic part therefore released unburdened ifs therapy allowing part assume natural healthy role self agent psychological healing therapists help clients access remain self providing guidance along way protectors usually ca n't let go protective roles transform exiles


trust self allow lead system creating internal harmony guidance first step help client access self next self gets know protector positive intent develops trusting relationship protector 's permission client accesses exile uncover childhood incident relationship source burden carries exile retrieved past situation guided release burdens finally protector let go protective role assume healthy


traced somewhat later early th century emergence ''child guidance'' movement ''marriage counseling'' ref name sholevar sholevar gp family theory therapy sholevar gp schwoeri ld https wwwgooglecom booksid lqh e zzcc pg pr ''textbook family couples therapy clinical applications'' washington dc american psychiatric publishing inc ref formal development family therapy dates early founding ''american association marriage counselors'' precursor aamft work various independent clinicians groups united kingdom john bowlby tavistock clinic


number original models moderation earlier stridency theoretical purism beginnings general softening strict demarcations schools moves toward rapprochement integration eclecticism although nevertheless hardening positions within schools trends reflected influenced lively debates within field critiques various sources including feminism post modernism reflected part cultural political tenor times foreshadowed emergence various '' post systems '' constructivist


power control values ethics often pronounced relationship therapy individual therapy debate within profession different values implicit various theoretical models therapy role therapist 's values therapeutic process prospective clients best go finding therapist whose values objectives consistent early paper ethics family therapy written vincenzo di nicola consultation bioethicist asked basic questions whether strategic interventions mean say


modeling systematic desensitization shaping charting examining irrational beliefs collaborative language systems therapy harry goolishian harlene anderson tom andersen lynn hoffman peggy penn individuals form meanings experiences within context social relationship personal organizational level collaborative therapists help families reorganize dis solve perceived problems transparent dialogue inner thoughts knowing stance intended illicit new meaning conversation collaborative therapy approach avoids particular theoretical perspective favor client centered philosophical process dialogical conversation knowing curiosity public reflecting teams


epston people use stories make sense experience establish identity social political constructs based local knowledge narrative therapists avoid marginalizing clients positioning co editor reality idea person problem problem problem deconstruction externalizing problems mapping asking permission object relations therapy hazan shaver david scharff jill scharff james framo individuals choose relationships attempt heal insecure attachments childhood negative patterns established parents object


projected onto partners detriangulation co therapy psychoanalysis holding environment psychoanalytic family therapy nathan ackerman applying strategies freudian psychoanalysis family system therapists gain insight interlocking psychopathologies family members seek improve complementarity psychoanalysis authenticity joining confrontation solution focused therapy kim insoo berg steve de shazer william o'hanlon michelle weiner davis paul watzlawick inevitable onset constant change leads negative interpretations past language shapes meaning individual 's situation diminishing hope causing


'''polymer engineering''' generally engineering field designs analyses modifies polymer materials polymer engineering covers aspects petrochemical industry polymerization structure characterization polymers properties polymers compounding processing polymers description major polymers structure property relations applications history word polymer introduced swedish chemist j j berzelius considered example benzene c sub sub h sub sub polymer ethyne c sub sub h sub sub later definition underwent subtle modification history human use polymers long since mid th century entered chemical

Natural science
Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Polymer engineering


terms soil loss plant loss erosion aquatic systems many recreational activities aquatic systems examined recreational power boating water skiing swimming ref name activities cause physical disturbances aquatic habitat sound movement well subject systems influx nutrients introduction pathogens sedimentation ref name wildlife disturbances outdoor recreation many impacts wildlife wildlife disturbances habitat destruction hiking camping may affect wildlife habitats trampling destruction wildlife habitats ref name ref additionally hiking

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Recreation ecology


focused study chaotic systems field study also called ' 'dynamical systems'' ''mathematical dynamical systems theory'' ''mathematical theory dynamical systems'' lorenz attractor example non linear dynamical system studying system helped give rise chaos theory overview dynamical systems theory chaos theory deal long term qualitative behavior dynamical systems focus finding precise solutions equations defining dynamical system often hopeless rather answer questions like system settle

Applied science
Business
Systems science
Systems theory
Mathematical system theory


time future advent fast computing machines solving dynamical system required sophisticated mathematical techniques could accomplished small class dynamical systems excellent presentations mathematical dynamic system theory include concepts dynamical systems dynamical system concept mathematical formalization fixed rule describes time dependence point 's position ambient space examples include mathematical models describe swinging clock pendulum flow water pipe


perturbations initial conditions behavior chaotic systems appears random happens even though systems deterministic meaning future dynamics fully defined initial conditions random elements involved behavior known deterministic chaos simply ''chaos'' complex systems complex systems scientific field studies common properties systems considered complex nature society science also called ''complex systems theory'' ''complexity science'' ' 'study complex systems'' ' 'sciences complexity'' key problems systems difficulties formal


interdisciplinary branch engineering mathematics part deals influencing behavior dynamical systems ergodic theory ergodic theory branch mathematics studies dynamical systems invariant measure related problems initial development motivated problems statistical physics functional analysis functional analysis branch mathematics specifically analysis concerned study vector spaces operators acting upon historical roots study functional spaces particular transformations functions fourier transform well


study differential integral equations usage word ''functional'' goes back calculus variations implying function whose argument function use general attributed mathematician physicist vito volterra founding largely attributed mathematician stefan banach graph dynamical systems concept graph dynamical systems gds used capture wide range processes taking place graphs networks major theme mathematical computational analysis graph dynamical systems relate structural properties eg


hill ref early nematology research continued descriptive taxonomic focusing primarily free living nematodes plant animal parasites ref name vangundy van gundy perspectives nematology research pp ''vistas nematology'' j veech w dickson eds society nematologists inc hyattsville maryland ref period number productive researchers contributed field nematology united states abroad beginning needham continuing cobb nematologists compiled continuously revised broad descriptive morphological taxonomy nematodes history present

Natural science
Biology
Zoology
Nematology


productive career contributed major discoveries areas nematode taxonomy morphology methodology many techniques still unsurpassed '' perhaps one person favorable impact field nematology nathan augustus cobb various state run agricultural experimental stations investigated important problems relating agro economy though stations devoted much attention plant parasitic nematodes accounts history nematology exist mention three major events occurring affected relative importance nematodes eyes farmers legislators


motsinger r e history society nematologists pages vistas nematology j veech w dickson eds society nematologists inc hyattsville maryland van gundy sd nematology status prospects let 's take blinders broaden horizons journal nematology subfields zoology


ad libitum one 's pleasure dialogue accompaniment '''dialogue accompaniment''' form call response lead accompaniment alternate accompaniment playing rests lead providing drone silence main melody vocal notation improvisation accompaniment instrumentalists singers provided fully notated accompaniment part written printed sheet music norm classical music large ensemble writing eg orchestra pit orchestra choir popular music traditional music accompaniment instrumentalists often improvise accompaniment either

Humanities
Performing arts
Music
Accompanying


sdi common listing special libraries article comprehensive special libraries field defined public school academic national libraries special libraries may called libraries information centers information resource collections names typically decided institution library attached may may generally trained qualified librarian staff libraries select procure documents sources relevant documents particular field disseminate updated information concerned field gives pinpointed technical information

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Special library


designed support study research dissemination information related transportation provide resources related policy regulations operations aspects transportation users transportation libraries include engineers city planners contractors academic researchers general public transportation libraries located federal state local levels government well universities research institutes major transportation libraries found united states canada united kingdom sweden australia japan museum libraries museum libraries libraries within museums like special library museum libraries aspects traditional


libraries focus also depends museum work associated libraries within met art institute chicago art museums focus art history national museum natural history library washington dc focuses natural history collaboration museum bears name museums libraries collaborate work order function properly without one could survive organizations provide support working within museum libraries include institute museum library


archives recent web pages performing arts libraries performing arts library specialize collecting items relating faction performing arts including music theatre dance film recorded sound generally libraries open public though patrons allowed study items within library reason rare fragile resources type library usually organized divisions containing materials related aforementioned art forms photographs programs reviews videotapes newspaper articles costume designs posters financial records


audio recordings music non music sheet music manuscripts fine prints portraits even printed materials like books periodicals libraries adapting digital age performance libraries starting include digital collection patrons get small sample items part library 's physical collection especially rare ones performing arts library vast convenient resource materials studied students professionals alike one example new york public library performing arts new york city


home hundreds thousands rare materials also location library located lincoln center performing arts right metropolitan opera house vivian beaumont theater block away juilliard school making access students professionals relatively easy theological libraries theological libraries provide many different types resources assist educating promoting study theology religion libraries assist students faculty staff researchers use primary secondary sources advance knowledge religion


section begin map caption section end map '''vaccination policy''' health policy government adopts relation vaccination vaccination policies developed approximately two centuries since invention vaccination purpose eradicating disease creating herd immunity population government aims protect vaccination advisory committees within country usually responsible providing information governments used make evidence based decisions regarding vaccine immunization policy vaccinations voluntary countries mandatory others mandatory vaccination policies sometimes leading opposition

Applied science
Public administration
Health policy
Vaccination policy


governments pay part costs vaccinations national vaccination schedule cost benefit analyses vaccinations shown economic incentive implement vaccination policies vaccinations save significant number lives costs generally vaccine supply highly regulated local government also large cost developing vaccine prices vaccines mostly high therefore vaccine policy affected regulations competition goals immunity herd immunity vaccination policies aim produce immunity preventable diseases besides individual protection getting ill


janeiro brazil following urban renewal program displaced many poor government program mandatory smallpox vaccination triggered vaccine revolt several days rioting considerable property damage number deaths compulsory vaccination difficult policy issue requiring authorities balance public health individual liberty blockquote vaccination unique among de facto mandatory requirements modern era requiring individuals accept injection medicine medicinal agent bodies provoked spirited opposition opposition began first vaccinations ceased probably never


realiation arises difficult issue mainstream medical authorities approach anti vaccination movement passive reaction could construed endangering health society whereas heavy handed approach threaten values individual liberty freedom expression cherish ref name wolfe rm sharp lk blockquote ethical dilemma may emerge health care providers attempt persuade vaccine hesitant families towards receiving vaccinations persuasion may lead violating autonomy ref name pmid investigation different types vaccination policy finds strong evidence standing orders allowing healthcare workers without prescription authority


infectious diseases decreasing necessity polypharmacy antibiotics one study done western europe found estimated cost vaccinating one person lifetime potentially debilitating pathogens would assuming compliance another european study found adults vaccinated seasonal influenza million cases influenza related deaths could avoided million saved annually solely european continent international organizations world health organization unicef created global immunization vision strategy givs organization created ten year


ref name id section begin countries section end countries nowrap ref name ref name reuters covid id section begin countries jp section end countries nowrap


id section begin countries sg section end countries nowrap id section begin countries sk section end countries nowrap ref name id section begin countries si section end countries


vaccinated run risk fined charged negligence canada vaccination canada voluntary ref name cbc vaccination generally required attend school ontario new brunswick exemptions given opposed ref name cbc ref mature minor doctrine minors capable granting informed consent generally vaccinated without parental approval alberta british columbia new brunswick ontario quebec china china passed world health organization 's regulatory vaccine assessments demonstrating adhere international standards chinese government 's expanded program immunization epi created provides


associated low coverage rates changsheng bio technology co ltd wuhan institute biological products fined selling ineffective vaccines december china enacted new laws imposing strict controls production inspection aspects vaccine production research development testing production distribution costa rica november costa rica first country world decided make covid vaccination mandatory children age done adding covid list infectious diseases vaccines


children could barred attending school without proving vaccination ref name margottini although implementations would make italy european frontrunner vaccination experts questioned need several vaccines physicians worried potential punishment may face comply proposed regulations ref name margottini cases measles european union law compelling children ten vaccinations enroll state schools came effect march august


temporary ad hoc non legal ref name japanact trans ref ref name egov orderart article category diseases order article category b diseases order article vaccine recipients vaccination schedule city mayors' initiatives date march website e gov law database access date february publisher administrative management bureau ministry internal affairs communications quote version information amendment order language ja archive date april archive url https webarchiveorg web https elawse govgojp documentlawid co url status live ref ref name jpeds ref infections first two types defined related january sixteen infections total legal listsfourteen


population vaccinated tbe south africa south africa vaccination voluntary ref name nel ref south african vaccination immunisation centre began alliance south african department health vaccine industry academic institutions stakeholders saivc works south african national department health educate research provide technical support advocate work increase rates vaccination improve nation 's health spain spain 's autonomous communities consisting regions two cities follow health policies established inter territorial health council formed


incorporated national immunization schedule ref name delgado spanish association pediatrics conjunction spanish medicines agency outlines specifications vaccination schedules policies provides history vaccination policies implemented past well legislature pertaining public currently spain 's constitution mandate vaccination voluntary unless authorities require compulsory vaccination case epidemics ref name vaccination asp ref vaccination became mandatory smallpox bases health act mandated compulsory vaccination diphtheria smallpox suspended elimination


guaranteeing right protection health states employers must provide vaccines workers risk exposure due vaccination coverage community little anti vaccine activity opposition current schedule organized groups vaccines ref name delgado universal public health care provides coverage residents central regional support programs extend coverage immigrant populations however national funds granted communities vaccine purchases vaccines financed taxes paid full community government ref name delgado law


massachusetts prevent spread smallpox ref name mcallister grum ref school vaccination requirement put place compulsory school attendance law caused rapid increase number children public schools increasing risk smallpox outbreaks early movement towards school vaccination laws began local level including counties cities boards education boston become first city mandate children entering public schools show proof vaccination ref name hodge ref addition commonwealth massachusetts established statewide vaccination requirements


history reveal us world connection music emotions th century debate began whether purely instrumental music could convey emotions depict imaginary scenes meaning relation music contributions music philosophy made philosophers music critics musicologists music theorists scholars philosophical issues definition music explications concept music usually begin idea music organized sound go note characterization broad since many examples organized sound

Humanities
Philosophy
Applied philosophy
Philosophy of music


sociology music'' translated eb ashton continuum book new york seabury press adorno theodor w ''in search wagner'' translated rodney livingstone london nlb adorno theodor w ''quasi una fantasia essays modern music'' translated rodney livingstone verso classics london new york verso cloth pbk pbk adorno theodor w ''beethoven philosophy music fragments texts'' edited rolf tiedemann translated edmund jephcott stanford stanford university press adorno theodor w ''sound figures'' translated rodney livingstone stanford stanford university press cloth


message founded seneca prophet handsome lake sganyodaiyo sup sup movement combines reinterprets elements traditional iroquois religious beliefs elements adopted christianity primarily quakers gaihwi io currently practicing members originally gaihwi io known new religion opposition prevailing animistic beliefs since become known old religion opposition christianity mexicayotl mexicayotl nahuatl word meaning essence mexican mexicanity spanish ''mexicanidad'' see '' yotl'' movement reviving indigenous religion philosophy traditions ancient mexico aztec religion aztec philosophy amongst

Humanities
Theology
Native American Religions


movement founding kaltonal house sun also called native mexican church onwards mexcayotl grown developing web local worship community groups called ''calpulli'' ''kalpulli'' ref name rostas spreading mexican americans chicanos united states also developed strong ties mexican national identity movements chicano nationalism sanchez 's native mexican church confederation calpullis officially recognized government mexico native american church flowering peyote cactus peyote religion legally termed


well many others belonged mississippian ideological interaction sphere stomp dance ceremonial usually held designated stomp dance ground may held anywhere social may preceded game stickball game previously surrounded much ceremonial practice sun set men gather arbors amount depend tribe women children sit around ceremonial square beside arbors chief 's speaker call lead first song ask men


structures hinder certain parts human development whilst allowing parts thrive ref name throughout challenges ahistoricism modern sociology discipline limited enagement past studying social structures whilst simultaneously critiquing disengagement historical study differences societies broader social patterns historical events ref name interdisciplinary field operates within spectrum history sociology 'sociology history' residing one end 'history society' residing another diverse range people found throughout

Social science
Sociology
Historical sociology


spectrum explore history sociological lens compared others dissect society historical events although valid lines research based singular disciplinary approaches reductionist nature middle spectrum '''historical sociology''' found works intertwine mono discipline efforts interdisciplinary approach origins time passed history sociology developed two different specific academic disciplines historical data used used today mainly three ways first one examining theory parallel investigation correspond


years websites dedicated reporting wildlife across broad taxonomic ranges become available example http wwwwildlifecrossingnet california california roadkill observation system provides mechanism citizen scientists california report wildlife species killed vehicles http wwwwildlifecrossingnet maine maine audubon wildlife road watch allows reporting observations dead live animals along roads recent addition wildlife observation tools web sites facilitate uploading management images remote wildlife cameras example smithsonian institution supports http emammalwordpresscom emammal http siwildsiedu smithsonian wild programs provide mechanism volunteer deployment

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Wildlife observation


decrease could due external factor pollution introduction new predator ref name studycom deceased wildlife observation example wildlife crossing sign online systems mobile apps many states already begun set websites systems public main purpose behind movement notify individuals road killed wildlife enough people fill forms located websites government become notified occurrences loss animal life take steps required


carbon dioxide removed atmosphere mode switching rising sea levels one notable effects climate change environment rising sea levels around world past years sea level risen approximately millimeters year ref name actforlibrariesorg actforlibrariesorg website wwwactforlibrariesorg access date ref steady rise sea levels attributed steadily increasing temperatures earth faces year causes ice caps glaciers melt ref name actforlibrariesorg increase sea level detrimental coastal ecosystems exist around world polar


portions cleared ref name society deforestation numerous subsequent side effects notably clearing entire forests instances destroys habitat hundreds species animals percent animals reside forest die result ref name society additionally deforestation causes reduction total canopy cover leads extreme temperature swings ground level branches leaves catch sun 's rays ref name society way combat severe effects loss animal life would stop cutting


field isd late early national society programmed instruction renamed national society performance instruction nspi international society performance improvement ispi chyung hpt evolved systemic systematic approach address complex types performance issues assist proper diagnosis implementation solutions close performance gaps among individuals origins hpt primarily traced back work thomas gilbert geary rummler karen brethower roger kaufman bob mager donald tosti lloyd

Applied science
Education
Educational Technology
Human performance technology


business process reengineering business process management educational technology instructional systems design lean organizational development process improvement management pi total quality management reading http wwwispiorg ispi http wwwafc ispiorg repository hptprimerhtml human performance technology hpt primer https hpttreasureswordpresscom human performance technology hpt treasures references bolin au hpt military settings ''performance improvement'' brethower ks maintenance systems neglected half behavior change ''managing instructional programming effort'' geary rummler joseph p yaney albert w schrader eds ann arbor bureau industrial relations university michigan retrieved november http wwwnickolsus brethowerpdf


chyung foundations instructional performance technology amherst hrd press gilbert thomas f ''human competence engineering worthy performance '' pfeiffer harless j ''an ounce analysis'' newnan ga guild v publications retrieved april https webarchiveorg web https ispi thfileswordpresscom harless ounce analysis pdf ispi human performance technology retrieved june http wwwispiorg contentaspxid mager r p pipe ''analyzing performance problems'' belmont fearon pitman rummler g brache ''improving performance manage white space organization chart nd ed '' san francisco jossey bass stolovitch h e keeps


human performance technology h stolovitch e keeps eds handbook performance improvement technology nd ed pp nbsp san francisco jossey bass educational technology learning methods educational psychology ergonomics


university management departments colleges business sometimes ob topics taught industrial organizational psychology graduate programs additional developments ob research practice anthropology become increasingly influential led idea one understand firms communities introducing concepts organizational culture organizational rituals symbolic acts ref name moorhead leadership studies also become part ob although single unifying theory remains elusive ob researchers shown increased interest ethics importance organization ob researchers become interested aesthetic sphere organizations

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of organizations


research methods used variety methods used organizational behavior many found social sciences quantitative methods statistical methods used ob research commonly include correlation analysis variance meta analysis multilevel modeling multiple regression structural equation modeling time series analysis ref name brewerton brewerton pm millward lj ''organizational research methods guide students researchers thousand oaks ca sage ref computer simulation computer simulation prominent method organizational behavior many uses computer simulation ob researchers used computer simulation understand organizations firms


state fully liable damages result space object crash nuclear powered soviet satellite kosmos canadian territory led claim filed convention liability convention introduce legal penalties leaving space debris earth 's orbit registration convention registration convention ratified september ref name ref convention 's provisions require states provide details date location launch well basic orbital parameters united nations space object ref name moon

Applied science
Public administration
Science policy
Space policy


government accountability office history landing man moon end decade response contemporary soviet space successes speech rice university september famous quote choose go moon decade things easy hard early history united states space policy linked us soviet space race national aeronautics space act creating nasa passed launch


beginning space shuttle program support funding projects mars landing colonization moon permanent space station ref name presidency goldman pp ref space shuttle first launched ronald reagan 's administration reagan announced renewed active space effort included initiatives construction space station freedom military strategic defense initiative later term percent increase nasa 's budget space shuttle challenger disaster january led reevaluation future


national space program national commission space report ride report ref name presidency united states participated international space station beginning space shuttle program continued although space shuttle columbia disaster led planned retirement space shuttle mid current debate post space shuttle future civilian space program constellation program george w bush administration directed nasa create set new spacecraft goal sending astronauts moon mars


obama administration cancelled constellation program opting instead emphasize development commercial rocket systems vision space exploration established george w bush administration replaced new policy released barack obama june recent years us space operators decisionmakers become increasingly concerned threats us space leadership civil sector driven largely us dependence russia crew access international space station iss since termination space shuttle program national security foreign development


applications scale demand early nasa 's nebula enhanced reservoir european commission funded project became first open source software deploying private hybrid clouds federation clouds mid gartner saw opportunity cloud computing shape relationship among consumers services use services sell observed organizations switching company owned hardware software assets per use service based models projected shift computing nbsp result dramatic growth products areas significant reductions

Formal science
Computer science
Computer communications (networks)
Cloud computing


oracle announced oracle cloud cloud offering poised first provide users access integrated set solutions including applications saas platform paas infrastructure iaas layers may google compute engine released preview rolled general availability december linux common os used microsoft azure ref name linux azure ref december amazon announced aws outposts fully managed service extends aws infrastructure aws services apis tools virtually customer datacenter co location


saved emailed time may saved information need entered fields matched users need install application software upgrades computer ref name smith ref availability improves use multiple redundant sites makes well designed cloud computing suitable business continuity disaster recovery scalability elasticity via dynamic demand provisioning resources fine grained self service basis near real time ref name vmstartuptime ref note vm startup time varies vm type location os cloud providers ref name vmstartuptime without users engineer peak loads ref name ref