gerrymandering provide counter benefits dilution value votes ref name gerrymandering cause people doubt value votes certain elections process provided benefits minorities marginalized groups majority studies descriptive representation suggested districts least voter base composed minority voters higher likelihood minority representation ref name additionally minority representatives elected districts frequently reelected increase ability gain seniority legislature


house congress state parties exist fifty states though structures differ according state law well party rules national state level despite weak organizations elections still usually portrayed national races political parties known presidential coattails candidates presidential elections become ' 'de facto'' leader respective party thus usually bring supporters turn vote party 's candidates offices hand federal midterm elections congress president

Social science
Political science
American politics


thing actually getting majority votes encourages two party system see duverger 's law absence multi seat congressional districts proportional representation impossible third parties cannot thrive senators originally selected state legislatures elected popular vote since although elections senate elect two senators per constituency state staggered terms effectively result single seat constituencies elections senate another critical factor ballot access law originally voters went polls publicly stated candidate supported later developed process


political parties yet laws start arise first red scare hit america world war state legislatures began enact tough laws made harder minor political parties run candidates office requiring high number petition signatures citizens decreasing length time petition could legally circulated although party members usually toe line support party 's policies free vote party vote opposition cross aisle please


us political system political representation access policymaking limited ref name similarly women lack proportional representation united states bringing question extent women 's issues adequately addressed ref name ref minority groups lgbtq community also disadvantaged absence equitable representation especially since scholars noted gradual shift originally perceived moral political issue considered actual constituency ref name ref political representation also essential part making sure citizens faith representatives political institutions democracy


african american members us senate blue hispanics latinos red native americans asian americans green whites gray african americans although african americans begun continually win elected positions increase overall political representation still lack proportional representation across variety different levels government ref name ref estimates indicate gains african americans minorities general occurred higher levels government rather sub levels federal state governments ref name additionally congressional data revealed african


remarkable poet period fray jos luis de tejeda wrote ''coronas l ricas'' ''el peregrino de babilonia'' cultural independence spain salon generation rest continent strong feelings emancipation spain present argentina independence neoclassical authors juan cruz varela produced numerous works related revolutionary spirit still paradoxical spanish domain argentina 's true break spanish tradition manifested literature adoption french romanticism model postulating return popular sources medieval

Humanities
Languages and literature
Argentine Literature


rosas' power increased literary works opposition produced juan bautista alberdi 's play ''el gigante amapolas'' good example local sainete genre essay domingo faustino sarmiento published ''facundo'' particular vision facundo quiroga 's life deterministic point view sarmiento conveyed aspects sociology semiotics analysis echeverr rmol sarmiento among group writers known generaci n del considered first generation local intellectuals poetry lessened combative spirit turned towards anecdotal sentimental carlos guido


notes references reading external links http wwwnaisaorg native american indigenous studies association http nativeartsorg native american art studies association https cpb us w wpmucdncom sitesuwmedu dist f files guide dq hx pdf guide native american studies programs united states canada http publicationsusaskca nativestudiesreview native studies review native american topics american studies postmodernism

Social science
Sociology
Cultural studies
Native American Studies


simple efficient possible terms accomplishing user goals user centered design good user interface design facilitates finishing task hand without drawing unnecessary attention graphic design typography utilized support usability influencing user performs certain interactions improving aesthetic appeal design design aesthetics may enhance detract ability users use functions interface ref name normanattractiveworksbetter ref design process must balance technical functionality visual elements eg mental model create system operational also usable adaptable

Applied science
Architecture and design
User experience design
User interface design


interface software modified suit task needs individual preferences skills user suitability learning dialogue suitable learning supports guides user learning use system concept usability defined iso standard effectiveness efficiency satisfaction user part gives following definition usability usability measured extent intended goals use overall system achieved effectiveness resources expended achieve intended goals efficiency


korean cold war august north korean government said us south korean military cooperation would prompt north korea trigger new cold war korean peninsula region china 's defense ministry spokesman geng yansheng ''the diplomat'' editor shannon tiezzi ''the guardian'' columnist simon tisdall used term refer tensions china japan china soviet union british writer edward crankshaw used term also refer relationship china soviet union sino soviet split look current scenario

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Cold war (general term)


religious communities thus pastoral counseling offers relationship understanding life faith pastoral counseling uses psychological theological resources deepen understanding pastoral relationship ref name hunter ref membership several organizations combine theology mental health grown recent years pastoral counselors developed special training programs encourage cooperation religious professionals medical professionals treatment issues like addiction since spirituality important part recovery many people history pastoral counseling beginnings separate discipline north america first

Applied science
Divinity
Field ministry
Pastoral counseling


religious professionals began include clinical pastoral education part clerical training also minister norman vincent peale psychiatrist dr smiley blanton collaborated form american foundation religion psychiatry known blanton peale institute today hundreds mental health centers links specific religious traditions may found across north america american association pastoral counselors founded provide professional certification pastoral counselors pastoral counseling centers ref name augsburger ref see also christian counseling nouthetic counseling references reading external links religious occupations practical


options management also create discover real options creation discovery process comprises entrepreneurial business task real options valuable uncertainty high management significant flexibility change course project favorable direction willing exercise options real options analysis discipline extends application corporate finance decision making uncertainty general adapting techniques developed financial options real life decisions example r managers use real options valuation help deal various uncertainties

Applied science
Transportation
Operations research
Real options analysis


marked projects major flexibility contingency volatility ref name mauboussin financial options higher volatility underlying leads higher value application real options valuation philippine banking industry exhibited increased levels income volatility may adversely affect option values loan portfolio presence information asymmetry considered case increased volatility may limit value option part criticism subsequently slow adoption real options valuation practice academe stems generally higher values underlying assets functions generate


combined effect makes rov technically challenging alternatives valuing real option analyst must therefore consider inputs valuation valuation method employed whether technical limitations may apply conceptually valuing real option looks premium inflows outlays particular project inputs value real option time discount rates volatility cash inflows outflows affected terms business external environmental factors project exists terms business information regarding ownership data


businesses key characteristics ref name mauboussin may less relevant otherwise ref name damodaran overview important consider following determining ro framework applicable corporate strategy adaptive contingent events corporations face organizational rigidities unable react market changes case npv approach appropriate practically business must positioned appropriate information flow opportunities act often market leader firm enjoying economies scale scope


value price underlying cannot directly observed always much uncertainty value ie spot price volatility complicated uncertainty management 's actions future often difficult capture rules relating exercise consequent actions management project may portfolio embedded real options may mutually exclusive ref name zhang babovic theoretical difficulties serious may also arise ref name dias see marco dias http wwwpuc riobr marcoind faq html risk neutral valuation mean investors risk neutral http wwwpuc riobr marcoind faq html


sequel project ''harvard business school publishing'' case ref reflecting mainstreaming rov professor robert c merton discussed essential points arundel nobel prize lecture arundel involves group investors considering acquiring sequel rights portfolio yet released feature films particular investors must determine value sequel rights first films produced investors face two main choices produce original movie sequel time ''or'' wait decide


sequel original film released second approach states provides option ''not'' make sequel event original movie successful real option economic worth valued monetarily using option pricing model see option filmmaking see also option contract opportunity cost monte carlo methods finance contingent claim valuation fuzzy pay method real option valuation datar mathews method real option valuation contingent value rights references reading '''standard texts ''' kodukula p papudesu c project valuation using real options practitioner 's guide j ross publishing


'''german studies''' field humanities researches documents disseminates german language literature historic present forms academic departments german studies often include classes german culture german history german politics addition language literature component common german names field english terms '''germanistics''' '''germanics''' sometimes used mostly germans subject often referred ''german studies'' ''german language literature'' ''german philology'' modern german studies usually seen combination

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
German studies


legal historical source material medieval bible translations undertaken german renaissance sixteenth century truly initiating field german studies independent university subject german studies introduced beginning nineteenth century georg friedrich benecke brothers grimm karl lachmann university departments research institutions us department german studies university arizona tucson german program department world languages literatures university arkansas fayetteville department german studies brown university department german university california berkeley department germanic languages


''l' preuve de l' tranger culture et traduction dans l'allemagne romantique herder goethe schlegel novalis humboldt schleiermacher h lderlin'' paris gallimard beutin wolfgang ''deutsche literaturgeschichte von den anf ngen bis zur gegenwart'' stuttgart j b metzler bogdal klaus michael kai kauffmann georg mein ''ba studium germanistik ein lehrbuch'' collaboration meinolf schumacher johannes volmert reinbek bei hamburg rowohlt burger harald ''sprache der massenmedien'' berlin walter de gruyter ernst peter ''germanistische sprachwissenschaft'' vienna wuv fohrmann j rgen wilhelm vo kamp eds ''wissenschaftsgeschichte der germanistik im jahrhundert'' stuttgart j b metzler hartweg fr ric g ''fr hneuhochdeutsch eine einf hrung


die deutsche sprache des sp tmittelalters und der fr hen neuzeit'' bingen niemeyer hermand jost ''geschichte der germanistik'' reinbek bei hamburg rowohlt hickethier knut ''film und fernsehanalyse'' stuttgart j b metzler hickethier knut ed ''aspekte der fernsehanalyse methoden und modelle'' hamburg lit hohendahl peter uwe ''german studies united states historical handbook'' new york modern language association america kanzog klaus ''einf hrung die filmphilologie'' munich schaudig bauer ledig muckenhaupt manfred ''text und bild grundfragen der beschreibung von text bild kommunikation aus sprachwissenschaftlicher sicht'' bingen gunter narr prokop dieter ''medienprodukte zug nge verfahren


world around ref name elle sillitoe 's words mangyan count hanun among members men mindoro island philippines harold conklin ethnobiological work 'second' phase marked ref name elle northern america mid harold conklin 's completing doctorate entitled '' relation hanun https webarchiveorg web http wwwmangyanorg tribal indexhtml hanunoo culture plant world '' britain mid publication claude l vi strauss' book ''the savage mind'' legitimating folk biological classification worthy cross cultural research endeavour france mid andr georges haudricourt 's linguistic studies botanical nomenclature r porteres' others work economic


many tertiary institutions educational programs around world ref name elle methods manuals readers textbooks subjects inquiry usage societies make use biological world situated wide differences use informed perceived need available technology culture 's sense morality sustainability ethnobiologists investigate lifeforms used purposes particular techniques use reasons choices symbolic spiritual implications taxonomy different societies divide living world different ways ethnobiologists attempt


proper practices realities exist beyond behind physical experience understanding elements societies' perspective important cultural research general ethnobiologists investigate societies' view natural world informs informed traditional ecological knowledge order live effectively given place people needs understand particulars environment many traditional societies complex subtle understandings places live ethnobiologists seek share understandings subject ethical concerns regarding intellectual property cultural


line proposed process redesign system development document business requirements system support using appropriate documentation standards line core business analyst role could defined internal consultancy role responsibility investigating business situations identifying evaluating options improving business systems defining requirements ensuring effective use information systems meeting needs business sub disciplines business analysis discipline includes requirements analysis sometimes also called requirements engineering focuses ensuring changes made organisation

Applied science
Business
Business analysis


effect national world legislation environmental local national world environmental issues heptalysis used perform depth analysis early stage businesses ventures seven important categories market opportunity product solution execution plan financial engine human capital potential return margin safety steer essentially another take pestle notice factors elements pestle n't considered tool except author user prefers use acronym opposed pestle steer puts consideration following socio cultural technological economic ecological


failure postpones realization expense reductions another month vast majority cases opportunities never captured analyzed resulting misleading roi calculations two opportunity costs lost revenue egregious effects greater longer lasting lot projects particularly larger ones project manager one responsible ensuring project completed time ba 's job ensure project completed time least highest priority requirements


met document right requirements business analysts want make sure define requirements way meets business needs example applications requirements need meet end users' needs essentially want define right application means must document right requirements listening carefully customer feedback delivering complete set clear requirements technical architects coders write program business analyst limited tools skills help elicit right requirements


restricted supply natural materials silk rubber necessitated increased production synthetic substitutes nylon ref name acs landmarks nylon ref synthetic rubber ref name acs landmarks synthetic rubber ref intervening years development advanced polymers kevlar teflon continued fuel strong growing polymer industry growth industrial applications mirrored establishment strong academic programs research institute herman mark established polymer research institute brooklyn polytechnic first research facility united states dedicated polymer research mark

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Materials Science and Engineering
Polymer science


also recognized pioneer establishing curriculum pedagogy field polymer science ref name acs landmarks pri ref poly division american chemical society formed since grown second largest division association nearly members fred w billmeyer jr professor analytical chemistry said although scarcity education polymer science slowly diminishing still evident many areas unfortunate appears exist lack awareness rather lack


study visual images produced part culture art photographs film video fonts advertisements computer icons landscape architecture machines fashion makeup hair style facial expressions tattoos parts complex visual communication system produced members societies use understanding visual images governed socially established symbolic codes visual images constructed may deconstructed may read texts variety ways analyzed techniques developed diverse fields literary criticism art theory criticism content analysis

Social science
Sociology
Visual sociology


medical doctors levels including entry level post graduate continuing medical education specific requirements entrustable professional activities must met moving stages medical education common techniques evidence base medical education applies theories pedagogy specifically context medical education medical education leader field evidence based education development evidence syntheses best evidence medical education collection formed aimed move opinion based education evidence based education common evidence based techniques include objective structured clinical examination commonly known

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Medical education


'osce assess clinical skills reliable checklist based assessments determine development soft skills professionalism however persistence ineffective instructional methods medical education matching teaching learning styles edgar dales 'cone learning' entry level education faculty medicine comenius university bratislava slovakia entry level medical education programs tertiary level courses undertaken medical school depending jurisdiction university may either undergraduate entry europe asia south america oceania graduate entry programs mainly australia philippines north america jurisdictions universities


break monotony online delivered lectures research areas online medical education include practical applications including simulated patients virtual medical records see also telehealth compared intervention simulation medical education training associated positive effects knowledge skills behaviors moderate effects patient outcomes however data inconsistent effectiveness asynchronous online learning compared traditional person lectures furthermore studies utilizing modern visualization technology ie virtual augmented reality shown great promise means supplement lesson content physiological anatomical education telemedicine telehealth education


students may years including selection intercalated bsc taking one year point pre clinical studies programs culminate bachelor medicine surgery degree abbreviated mbchb mbbs mbbch bm etc followed clinical foundation years afterward namely f f similar internship training students register uk general medical council end f end f may pursue years study system australia similar registration australian medical council amc


knowledge inclinical reasoning equip doctors interactional skills needed apply insight knowledge reasoning human clinical care group hidden curriculum may include use unprofessional behaviours efficiency viewing academic hierarchy important patient concept professionalism may used device ensure obedience complaints ethics safety labelled unprofessional integration health policy medical professional stakeholders field health care ie entities integrally involved health care system affected


activities ref name ref students one medical school study taught higher intensity curriculum vs lower intensity three four times likely perceive appropriately trained components health care systems felt take away getting poorer training areas additionally recruiting retaining diverse set multidisciplinary instructors policy economic experts sufficient knowledge training may limited community based programs schools without health policy public health departments graduate programs remedies may include online courses site trips capitol


fuel cycle measures include efficiency standards safety regulations emission standards fiscal policies legislation energy trading transport nuclear waste contaminated materials storage governments might subsidize nuclear energy arrange international treaties trade agreements import export nuclear technology electricity nuclear waste uranium since term nuclear renaissance used refer possible nuclear power industry revival nuclear electricity generation lowest level since ref name wna ref name intro http wwwworld nuclearorg info inf html nuclear renaissance world nuclear association ref following march

Applied science
Public administration
Energy policy
Nuclear energy policy


two san onofre units usa meant produced power full year belgium doel tihange action six months compared nuclear industry produced less electricity ref name wna ref reactions fukushima following fukushima nuclear disaster germany permanently shut eight reactors pledged close rest italians voted overwhelmingly keep country non nuclear switzerland spain banned construction new reactors ref name nweek ref japan prime minister called dramatic reduction


suggested critical values legal system include impartiality neutrality certainty equality openness flexibility growth assumes state 's courts function ' 'dispute resolution systems'' avoid violence often otherwise accompanies private resolution disputes citizens encouraged use court system resolve disputes certain predictable outcome court action less incentive go court loss probable certainty must subject needs individual justice hence development equity judge

Applied science
Public administration
Public policy doctrine


aspects concept sovereignty reflect essence territoriality thus public laws either define constitution state regulate powers apply within boundaries agreed part process ' 'de jure'' recognition statehood international community policies aspects social contract define regulate relationship state citizens owe allegiance extent policies interact sometimes overlap civil rights human rights number rights defined supranational


'''television studies''' academic discipline deals critical approaches television usually distinguished mass communication research tends approach topic social sciences perspective defining field problematic institutions syllabuses distinguish media studies classify subfield popular culture studies one form television studies roughly equivalent longer standing discipline film studies often concerned textual analysis yet approaches center social functions television example analyses quality television

Humanities
Performing arts
Television
Television studies


television understood conceptualized political methodological point view another impact disciplinary hybridity diversity types studies carried early television studies included histories television biographies television producers archival research historians sociological studies role television set played homes television studies television mass media forms conceptualised within frameworks ownership national international regulation media production distribution professional ideologies public opinion media audiences field television studies developed


coerce government citizens react accordance terrorists' goals terrorism part broader insurgency counter terrorism may employ counter insurgency measures united states armed forces use term foreign internal defense programs support countries attempts suppress insurgency lawlessness subversion reduce conditions threats security may develop history first counter terrorism body ever formed special irish branch metropolitan police later renamed special branch expanded remit beyond original focus fenian terrorism

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Counter-terrorism


government fid involve non military military aspects counter terrorism study found governance civil society aid effective dampening domestic terrorism effect present recipient country experiencing civil conflict military us marines afghanistan terrorism often used justify military intervention countries like pakistan terrorists said based primary stated justification us invasion afghanistan also stated justification second russian invasion chechnya military intervention always


iron dome david 's sling batteries intercept incoming threat air iron dome successfully intercepted hundreds qassam rockets grad rockets fired palestinians gaza strip sophisticated target hardening approach must consider industrial critical industrial infrastructure could attacked terrorists need import chemical weapons cause major industrial accident bhopal disaster halifax explosion industrial chemicals manufacturing shipping storage need greater protection efforts progress put risk perspective first major lethal chemical


beyond local level medical services emergency medical services triage treat transport severely affected victims hospitals need mass casualty triage plans place public health agencies local national level maybe designated deal identification sometimes mitigation possible biological attacks sometimes chemical radiologic contamination tactical units royal malaysia police ''pasukan gerakan khas'' officers today many countries special units designated handle terrorist threats besides various security agencies elite tactical units also known special mission units whose role


used greek writers first three centuries ce mean copying books hand th century word started used intellectual activity composing books th century saw emergence modern meaning description books currently field bibliography expanded include studies consider book material object bibliography systematic pursuit understanding past present written printed documents describes way means extracting information material bibliographers


reference source 's physical nature materiality textual transmission enumerative list may comprehensive selective one noted example would tanselle 's bibliography exhaustively enumerates topics sources related forms bibliography common particular instance enumerative bibliography relates specific sources used considered preparing scholarly paper academic term paper citation styles vary entry book bibliography usually contains following elements creator title place publication publisher printer date publication entry journal periodical article


national libraries effectively serve national bibliographies national libraries almost countries' publications descriptive bibliography fredson bowers described formulated standardized practice descriptive bibliography ''principles bibliographical description'' scholars day treat bowers' scholarly guide authoritative classic text bowers describes basic function bibliography providing sufficient data reader may identify book described understand printing recognize precise contents descriptive bibliographies scholarly product descriptive bibliographies scholarly product usually include information


gatherings example quarto consists signed gatherings leaves signed leaves signed b leaves signed c leaves signed would represented collation formula sup sup b c sup sup sup sup binding description binding techniques generally books printed title page transcription transcription title page including rule lines ornaments contents listing contents section book paper description physical properties paper including production process account chain line measurements description watermarks present illustrations description


rather equipment places children centre learning ensures individual children 's learning developmental needs taken account met effectively linda tallent uk based educational consultant worked extensively schools develop outdoor spaces learning environments agrees believes focussing activities skill development possible develop outdoor learning curriculum 'shoe string' cites comment nixon reminds readers 'using real world way learning happened human existence last

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Outdoor education


see also north america around world section history outdoor education uk documented lyn cook history outdoor education new zealand published pip lynch 's ''camping curriculum'' philosophy theory philosophy theory outdoor education tends emphasise effect natural environments human beings educative role stress challenge experiential learning ref name trunitynet one view participants rawest level outdoors stripped many conveniences modern life


clement found resonating previous findings teachers study reported engaged child initiated activity outdoor environment half children classroom perceived 'underachieving' appeared behave differently p nbsp work aims support notion natural outdoor spaces child initiated activities take place directly indirectly diminish perception underachievement important number studies shown expectations based perception students important student learning may also


camp fire girls edward urner goodman scoutmaster camp director treasure island scout reservation national program director boy scouts america founder order arrow bear grylls edward michael grylls outdoor adventurer summitted mt everest chief scout scout association luther halsey gulick proponent playground education co founder boy scouts america camp fire girls kurt hahn kurt matthias robert martin hahn experiential educator founder schule schloss salem gordonstoun united world colleges system founded outward bound lawrence durning holt jim hogan originator moray badge forerunner


boy scouts america camp fire girls chief scout boy scouts america topics adventure therapy adventure travel deep ecology ecopsychology educational progressivism environmental psychology green exercise minimal impact code natural environment outdoor recreation rite passage summer camp team building wilderness therapy forest kindergarten references external links experiential learning


adequately taking board countless intimate spheres history retold surreptitiously concluded complex relationships private public forms history await teased related fields public history refers wide variety professional academic fields include applied history archival science cultural heritage management digital history heritage interpretation historic preservation historical archaeology museology oral history public humanities popular history addition sub field scholarly study developed past several decades focuses history theory collective memory history making


political economic social historiographical developments worked reverse trend converging produce new field explicitly identified public history social justice movements sparked interest histories non dominant people groups example women working class people ethnic racial minorities rather great men traditionally focus many historical narratives britain emerged history workshop movement many historians embraced social history subject eager become involved public projects way using


one constitutive co operation partners journal ''public history weekly'' ifph published journal ''international public history'' edited andreas etges lmu munich david dean carleton university ottawa public history continues develop define currently many graduate undergraduate public history programs us canada countries see list links field natural synergy digital history emphasis access broad participation creation historical knowledge recent years growing body


public historical scholarship including works recognized annual http ncphorg cms page id ncph book award several countries studies conducted explore people understand engage past deepening public historians sense work best connect audiences high profile history wars taken place public exhibits interpretations history many places recent years example australia 's ongoing debate history colonisation indigenous peoples furor jack granatstein 's book ''who killed canadian history'' controversy national


public history hellenic open university patras greece ba bs history concentration public history ball state university muncie indiana united states ba history emphasis public history grand canyon university phoenix arizona united states public history northern kentucky university highland heights kentucky united states history concentration public history graduate certificate public history university louisville louisville kentucky united states master 's degree france ''histoire publique'' public history paris est cr teil university cr teil france footnotes bibliography andrew hurley ''beyond preservation using public history revitalize inner


cities'' temple university press pages focus successful projects st louis cities http ncphorg cms public history public history ncph http tphucpressedu content reflections idea ncph first decade barbara j howe chair 's annual address public historian vol summer pp nbsp public history canada special issue ''the public historian'' vol winter juniele r almeida marta g rovai ed ''introdu hist ria p blica'' letra e voz first brazilian public history handbook https wwwacademiaedu la public history una disciplina fantasma public history ghost discipline la public history una disciplina fantasma serge noiret ed


cell culture laplaca et al neuromodulation neuromodulation aims treat disease injury employing medical device technologies would enhance suppress activity nervous system delivery pharmaceutical agents electrical signals forms energy stimulus establish balance impaired regions brain researchers field face challenge linking advances understanding neural signals advancements technologies delivering analyzing signals increased sensitivity biocompatibility viability closed loops schemes brain new treatments clinical applications

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Mechanical Engineering
Biomedical engineering
Neural engineering


involves temporary regeneration biomaterial scaffolds chronic electrodes must manage body 's response foreign materials microelectrode arrays recent advances used study neural networks cullen pfister optical neural interfaces involve optical recordings optogenetics making certain brain cells sensitive light order modulate activity fiber optics implanted brain stimulate silence targeted neurons using light well record photon activity proxy neural activity instead using electrodes two photon excitation microscopy study living neuronal networks communicatory


epidemiology theory practice rd ed burlington mass jones bartlett learning ref modern medical geography arose united states pioneering work jacques may ref name monmonier mark monmonier jacques may professional geographer doi j x https wwwtandfonlinecom doi abs j xjournalcode rtpg ref worked surgeon thailand vietnam noticed differences health experiences patients locations europe ref name meade emch meade emch medical geography guilford press new york ref although notion environment could influence human health

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Health geography


culinary arts instructor gwinnett technical college lawrenceville georgia '''culinary arts''' ''culinary'' means related cooking cuisine arts food preparation cooking presentation food usually form meals people working field nbsp especially establishments restaurants nbsp commonly called chefs cooks although general terms culinary artist culinarian also used table manners table arts sometimes referred culinary art expert chefs required knowledge food science nutrition diet responsible

Applied science
Agriculture
Food science
Culinary arts


legally taken act made lawful take game provision game licence provided appointment gamekeepers around country purposes law balance needs preservation harvest manage environment populations fish game game act protects game birds england wales early game laws also enacted us rhode island closed hunting season white tailed deer may november ref name bolen eric g bolen eric g robinson william wildlife ecology

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Environmental management
Wildlife management


management prentice hall ref regulations time focused primarily restricting hunting time lawmakers consider population sizes need preservation restoration wildlife habitats ref name bolen eric g emergence wildlife conservation late th century saw passage first pieces wildlife conservation legislation establishment first nature conservation societies sea birds preservation act passed britain first nature protection law world extensive lobbying association protection seabirds royal society


world war ii help gi bill postwar boom recreational hunting important step wildlife management united states national parks occurred several years public controversy regarding forced reduction elk population yellowstone national park united states secretary interior stewart udall appointed advisory board collect scientific data inform future wildlife management paper known leopold report committee observed culling programs national parks ineffective recommended active management yellowstone 's elk


implementation endangered species act wildlife conservation policies conservation biologists shifted focus conservation away wildlife management 's concern protection restoration single species toward maintenance ecosystems biodiversity types wildlife management two general types wildlife management '''manipulative management''' acts population either changing numbers direct means influencing numbers indirect means altering food supply habitat density predators prevalence disease appropriate population harvested slides


species membership ie speciesism environmentalists also opposed hunting believe unnecessary negatively affect biodiversity critics game keeping note habitat manipulation predator control often used maintain artificially inflated populations valuable game animals including introduced exotics without regard ecological integrity habitat gamekeepers uk claim necessary wildlife conservation amount countryside look exceeds factor nine amount nature reserves national parks management hunting seasons wildlife management studies research lobbying interest


close billion year farmers combined farms covering approximately land mass given figures agricultural programs place school universities important future county several high schools operate across country specifying agriculture education predominantly high schools set rural areas access land majority cases students often travel nbsp km attend schools taking residence schools boarders school term one biggest australia

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Agricultural education


found tegurwangi sumatra indonesia ce indonesian archipelago formed thaw last glacial maximum early humans travelled sea spread mainland asia eastward new guinea australia ''homo sapiens'' reached region around years ago evidence uncovered neighbouring east timor showing years ago early settlers high level maritime skills implication technology needed make ocean crossings reach australia islands catching consuming large numbers big deep sea fish tuna

Humanities
History
Asian history
Indonesian history


originated taiwan period parts indonesia participated maritime jade road existed years bc ad dong son culture spread indonesia bringing techniques wet field rice cultivation ritual buffalo sacrifice bronze casting megalithic practises ikat weaving methods practices remain areas including batak areas sumatra toraja sulawesi several islands nusa tenggara early indonesians animists honoured spirits dead believing souls life force could still help living example rice


summit mount raksa panaitan island also archaeological evidence sunda kingdom west java dating nd century jiwa temple batujaya karawang west java probably built around time south indian culture spread southeast asia south indian pallava dynasty th th centuries th century stone inscriptions written pallava scripts found java borneo number hindu buddhist states flourished declined across indonesia seven rough plinths dating beginning th century ce found


ce located west java close modern day jakarta th century king purnawarman established earliest known inscriptions java ciaruteun inscription located near bogor inscriptions called pasir awi inscription muncul inscription monument king purnawarman inscribed name made imprint footprints well elephant 's footprints accompanying inscription reads footprints king purnavarman heroic conqueror world inscription written pallava script sanskrit still clear years purnawarman apparently built


mentioned srivijaya ceased exist parameswara kingdom 's last prince fled temasik malacca later son converted islam founded sultanate malacca malay peninsula singhasari majapahit despite lack historical evidence known majapahit dominant indonesia 's pre islamic states ref name ricklefs p ref hindu majapahit kingdom founded eastern java late th century gajah mada experienced often referred golden age indonesian history influence extended much


geographer ottoman turks earliest accounts indonesian archipelago date abbasid caliphate according early accounts indonesian archipelago famous among early muslim sailors mainly due abundance precious spice trade commodities nutmeg cloves galangal many spices although muslim traders first travelled south east asia early islamic era spread islam among inhabitants indonesian archipelago dates th century northern sumatra ref name ricklefs pages ref although known spread islam began


view untenable arguing european influence times early arrivals th th centuries limited area depth part due europe advanced dynamic area world early th century rather major expansionist force time islam example ottoman turks conquered constantinople islam continued spread indonesia philippines european influence particularly dutch would greatest impact indonesia th th centuries


th century voc established firmly indonesian archipelago controlling inter island trade part asian business includes india ceylon formosa japan voc established important bases ports java maluku parts sulawesi sumatra malay peninsula french british interlude java great post road commissioned daendels fall netherlands first french empire dissolution dutch east india company profound changes european colonial administration east indies company 's


indigenous third class foreign easterners added upgrading infrastructure ports roads high priority dutch goal modernising economy pumping wages local areas facilitating commerce speeding military movements dutch engineers built upgraded road network nbsp km asphalted surface nbsp km metalled road area nbsp km gravel surfaces addition dutch built railways bridges irrigation systems covering million hectares sq mi rice fields several harbours public drinking water systems


portuguese rule invaded indonesia indonesian government declared territory indonesian province relinquished emergence indonesia indonesian national awakening sukarno indonesian nationalist leader later first president indonesia october first nationalist movement formed budi utomo september first nationalist mass movement formed sarekat islam ref name brown ref december sarekat islam members ref name brown dutch responded first world war repressive measures nationalist leaders came small group young professionals students


educated netherlands post world war era indonesian communists associated third international started usurp nationalist movement repression nationalist movement led many arrests including indonesia 's first president sukarno imprisoned political activities december also arrested mohammad hatta first vice president indonesia additionally sutan sjahrir later became first prime minister indonesia arrested date exiled dutch socialist henk sneevliet founded indies social democratic association initially small


march japanese established investigating committee preparatory work independence bpupk initial stage establishment independence area control japanese th army first meeting may soepomo spoke national integration personal individualism muhammad yamin suggested new nation claim british borneo british malaya portuguese timor pre war territories dutch east indies committee drafted constitution remains force though much amended august sukarno hatta radjiman wediodiningrat


flown meet marshal hisaichi terauchi vietnam told japan intended announce indonesian independence august japanese surrender however sukarno unilaterally proclaimed indonesian independence august later un report stated four million people died indonesia result japanese occupation indonesian national revolution indonesian flag raising shortly declaration independence pressure radical politicised ''pemuda'' 'youth' groups sukarno hatta proclaimed indonesian independence august two days japanese emperor 's surrender pacific following day central indonesian


even works take new dimensions new meanings abroad world literature series published china estonia new institute world literature offering month long summer sessions theory pedagogy inaugural session peking university next sessions istanbul bilgi university harvard university since middle first decade new century steady stream works provided materials study history world literature current debates valuable collections essays include

Humanities
Languages and literature
World literature


d'haen theo http cesardominguezgal c sar dom nguez mads rosendahl thomsen eds ''world literature reader'' london routledge damrosch david ''how read world literature'' london blackwell damrosch david ''what world literature'' princeton princeton university press damrosch david april alliston marshall brown page dubois sabry hafez ursula k heise djelal kadir david l pike sheldon pollock bruce robbins haruo shirane jane tylus pauline yu eds ''the longman anthology world literature'' new york pearson longman vols davis paul john f crawford gary harrison david johnson patricia clark smith eds ''the bedford anthology


sizable user communities klingon toki pona interslavic see also modern language association endangered language references languages time language education

Humanities
Languages and literature
Linguistics
Modern Language


african scholars played valuable role via research direct cultural connections africa development africana studies ref name nolte addition royal african society collaborating asauk keep viable various african scholars eg reginald cline cole raufu mustapha ola uduku tunde zack williams united kingdom steered development african studies newer direction accountability african leaders including african diaspora scope research focus ref name nolte african countries experienced economic turmoil middle african higher education system

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
African studies


eg afro pessimism african studies ref name olukoshi factor non governmental organizations africa use scholarship african studies resulted funders non governmental organizations also influencing focus development scholarship renowned africanists scholarship becomes used future development policies funders renowned africanists may even serve policy consultants european countries providing funding eg neopatrimonialist analysis african policy economy society international institutions informed analyzes conditional policies employed induce neo liberal market reforms


years africanization curriculums eg theory method evidence africa remains ongoing ref name olukoshi historiographic conceptual problems north africa sub saharan africa historiographic conceptual problems current major problem african studies mohamed ref name mohamed ref ref name mohamed ii ref identified inherited religious orientalist colonial paradigm european africanists preserved present day secularist post colonial anglophone african historiography ref name mohamed african african american scholars also bear responsibility perpetuating european africanist preserved paradigm ref name mohamed following conceptualizations africa developed leo africanus hegel european africanists conceptually separated continental africa


associated dark skin trans saharan slave trade conflated modeled analogy african americans trans atlantic slave trade ref name mohamed trans saharan slave trade used literary device narratives analogically explain origins darker skinned north africans north africa islamic world ref name mohamed caravans equated slave ships amount forcibly enslaved africans transported across sahara alleged numerically comparable considerably large amount forcibly enslaved africans transported across atlantic ocean ref name mohamed simulated narrative


comparable numbers contradicted limited presence darker skinned north africans present day maghreb ref name mohamed part simulated narrative post classical egypt also characterized plantations ref name mohamed another part simulated narrative orientalist construction hypersexualized moors concubines eunuchs ref name mohamed concubines harems used explanatory bridge allegation comparable numbers forcibly enslaved africans limited amount present day darker skinned maghrebians characterized diasporic descendants ref name mohamed eunuchs characterized sentinels


middle east north africa established diminishing differences two selectively focusing similarities two ref name merolla francophone world construction racialized regions black africa sub saharan africans white africa north africans eg berbers arabs also developed ref name merolla despite invoked utilized identities reference racialized conceptualizations africa eg north africa sub saharan africa oppose imposed identities berbers invoked north african identity oppose arabized islamicized identities sub saharan africans eg negritude black consciousness


african studies association north america african studies association australasia pacific australasia pacific asauk projects bamum scripts archives project internet library sub saharan africa ilissafrica timbuktu manuscripts project degree programs '''canada''' carleton university institute african studies combined honours undergraduate degrees collaborative masters african studies '''egypt''' cairo university institute african research studies '''ethiopia''' university addis ababa center african studies '''germany''' humboldt university bachelor area studies asia africa master african studies ref name auto '''ghana''' university ghana masters phd african studies '''netherlands''' leiden university african studies centre


popular work ''an account letters'' clement ohrid worked translations greek credited several important religious books john exarch wrote ''shestodnev'' translated ''on orthodox christianity'' john damascus naum preslav also significant contribution bulgarian scholars works influenced slavic world spreading old church slavonic cyrillic glagolithic alphabet kievan rus' medieval serbia medieval croatia tetraevangelia ivan alexander bulgarian empire subjugated byzantines bulgarian literary activity declined however establishment second

Humanities
Languages and literature
Bulgarian Literature


writer works great importance zahari stoyanov ''memoirs bulgarian uprisings '' writings historical biographical artistic value bulgarian literature bulgaria received partial independence russo turkish war recently established bulgarian church developing national school system return educated bulgarians abroad enthusiasm lately arrived renaissance among factors contributed forming new bulgarian literature lost much revolutionary spirit writings pastoral regional type became common ivan vazov


publish book poems lifetime ''motor songs'' copies sentenced death underground communist activity government bulgarian prose flourished period world wars manly stories short novels elin pelin yordan yovkov quite prolific became popular home countries also abroad subjects stand close traditions realism focus rural life yordan yovkov known


books communist regime decades come works form main novelesque body modern bulgarian literature writer emiliyan stanev directors nikola korabov rumen surdzhiyski set ivan kondarev genres almost sentenced death like crime fiction science fiction writers cultivated svetoslav minkov pavel vezhinov svetoslav slavchev lyuben dilov generally writers tempted forced turn realist historical subjects allegorical theater comedies dramas became skillful way evade censure could cost writers ban


published repressions exiles sentence prison even concentration camp fact bulgarian national prose quite completely isolated western literature ideas surrealism expressionism existentialism postmodernism structuralism theoretical paradigms avant garde literature movements scarcely unsystematically represented experiments language form widely regarded non conforming principals dominant ideology aesthetics political belonging convictions writer became leading feature judgement works separate books banned writers altogether


led father cultural geography carl sauer university california berkeley result cultural geography long dominated american writers geographers drawing tradition see cultures societies developing local landscapes also shaping landscapes ref name sauer sauer carl morphology landscape ref interaction natural landscape humans creates cultural landscape understanding foundation cultural geography augmented past forty years nuanced complex concepts culture drawn wide range

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Cultural geography


societies groups https webarchiveorg web http scgrgorg social cultural geography research group royal geographical society institute british geographers http communityaagorg aag communities viewcommunities groupdetails communitykey c f e cac bdd e e b b cultural geography specialty group association american geographers https webarchiveorg web https wwwiagorgau study groups cultural geography study group cultural geography study group institute australian geographers see also cultural area environmental determinism possibilism geography references reading carter george f ''man land cultural geography'' new york holt rinehart winston tuan yi fu centennial forum cultural geography glances backward forward annals association american geographers


gantija temples gozo malta world 's oldest free standing structures '''stone age''' broad prehistoric period stone widely used make tools edge point percussion surface period lasted roughly million years ref name nhmacuk ref ended bce bce advent metalworking though simple metalworking malleable metals particularly use gold copper purposes ornamentation known stone age melting smelting copper marks end stone

Humanities
History
Ancient history
The Stone Age


continuation rift levant vast grasslands asia starting million years ago mya single biome established south africa rift north africa across asia modern china called transcontinental 'savannahstan' recently starting grasslands rift ''homo erectus'' predecessor modern humans found ecological niche tool maker developed dependence becoming tool equipped savanna dweller stone age archaeology beginning stone age obsidian projectile point oldest indirect evidence found


ref prior discovery lomekwian tools oldest known stone tools found several sites gona ethiopia sediments paleo awash river serve date tools come busidama formation lies disconformity missing layer would nbsp mya oldest sites discovered contain tools dated nbsp mya one striking circumstances sites late pliocene prior discovery tools thought evolved


adopted goodwin lowe 's stage system time stages called early middle later problem transitions problem transitions archaeology branch general philosophic continuity problem examines discrete objects sort contiguous way presumed relationship sort archaeology relationship one causality period b presumed descend period must boundary b b boundary problem


europe africa middle east asia earliest known hand axes found olduvai gorge tanzania association remains h erectus alongside hand axe tradition developed distinct different stone tool industry based flakes stone special tools made worked carefully shaped flakes flint europe clactonian industry one example flake tradition early flake industries probably contributed development middle paleolithic flake tools mousterian industry associated remains neanderthal man mode


sharp edged rock locations nature provided additional evidence oldowan mode tools utilized percussion technology designed gripped blunt end strike something edge use given name choppers modern science able detect mammalian blood cells mode tools sterkfontein member east south africa blood must come fresh kill tool users likely done killing used tools


reached italy spain along coasts northern europe pebble tools found earliest happisburgh united kingdom mya last traces kent 's cavern dated mya time ''h erectus'' regarded extinct however modern version apparently evolved ''homo heidelbergensis'' must inherited tools also explains last acheulean germany mya late th early th centuries archaeologists worked assumptions succession hominans cultures prevailed one replaced another today


food gathering food producing one revolutionary changes human history accompanied called neolithic revolution development pottery polished stone tools construction complex larger settlements g bekli tepe atal h k features began certain localities even earlier transitional mesolithic first neolithic cultures started around bce fertile crescent spread concentrically areas world however near east probably nucleus agriculture cultivation maize meso america rice


structures world erected c bce earliest evidence established trade exists neolithic newly settled people importing exotic goods distances many hundreds miles facts show sufficient resources co operation enable large groups work projects extent basis development elites social hierarchies matter ongoing debate although late neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms similar polynesian societies ancient hawaiians based societies modern tribesmen equivalent


technological level neolithic societies relatively simple egalitarian comparison art two ages leads theorists conclude neolithic cultures noticeably hierarchical paleolithic cultures preceded african chronology early stone age esa acheulean biface lake langano area ethiopia early stone age africa identified old stone age translation paleolithic paleolithic earlier stone age originally meant became paleolithic mesolithic initial decades definition pan african congress prehistory


petroglyphs petroglyph sydney australia petroglyphs appeared neolithic petroglyph intaglio abstract symbolic image engraved natural stone various methods usually prehistoric peoples dominant form pre writing symbols petroglyphs discovered different parts world including australia sydney rock engravings asia bhimbetka india north america death valley national park south america cumbe mayo peru europe finnmark norway rock paintings paleolithic times mostly animals painted theory ones used food represented strength rhinoceros large cats


rituals animals accompanied signs suggest possible magic use arrow like symbols lascaux sometimes interpreted calendar almanac use evidence remains interpretative scenes mesolithic however typed therefore judging various modifications fairly clear one battle scene organized bands archers example marching warriors rock painting cingle de la mola castell n spain dated bce depicts bowmen two groups marching running step toward man carrying


'''men 's studies''' interdisciplinary academic field devoted topics concerning men masculinity gender culture politics sexuality academically examines means man contemporary society origins sociologists psychologists nordic countries norwegians erik gr nseth per olav tiller early pioneers men 's studies research field gr nseth tiller 's classic study father absence sailor families impact children 's personality development often regarded starting point men 's studies nordic countries anglophone countries men 's

Social science
Sociology
Gender studies
Men's studies


establishment critical theory particularly work associated frankfurt school social research antipositivism would facilitated rejections 'scientism' science ''as ideology'' j rgen habermas argues ''on logic social sciences'' positivist thesis unified science assimilates sciences natural scientific model fails intimate relationship social sciences history fact based situation specific understanding meaning explicated hermeneutically access symbolically prestructured reality cannot gained

Social science
Sociology
Interpretive sociology


new york pp ref ref name agger addition roots first generation frankfurt school critical theory also influenced gy rgy luk cs antonio gramsci additionally second generation frankfurt school scholars influential notably j rgen habermas habermas 's work critical theory transcended theoretical roots german idealism progressed closer american pragmatism concern social base superstructure one remaining marxist philosophical concepts much contemporary critical theory ref name outhwaite william pp outhwaite william ''habermas key contemporary thinkers'' nd ed ref overview ''stanford encyclopedia philosophy'' distinguishes

Social science
Sociology
Critical sociology


utter ed transgressions names fathers postmodern era ''qualitative inquiry'' example critical postmodern work sim stuart borin van loon ''introducing critical theory'' short introductory volume illustrations thomas jim ''doing critical ethnography'' london sage pp nbsp tracy j https wwwresearchgatenet profile sarah tracy publication emotion labor correctional officers study emotion norms performances unintended consequences total institution links ba aedfe ec ebc pdf becoming character commerce emotion labor self subordination discursive construction identity total institution ''management communication quarterly'' example critical qualitative research willard charles arthur '' https philpapersorg rec wilaat argumentation social grounds knowledge '' university alabama press


'''cultural psychology '''is study cultures reflect shape psychological processes members ref name heine j ''cultural psychology ''new york w w norton company ref main tenet cultural psychology cases still mind culture inseparable mutually constitutive meaning people shaped culture culture also shaped ref name fiske kitayama markus hr nisbett http wwwpsychologyiastateedu faculty caa classes readings heine cult psypdf cultural matrix social psychology gilbert fiske g lindzey eds handbook

Social science
Psychology
Cultural psychology


acronym weird describes populations western educated industrialized rich democratic thus far weird populations vastly overrepresented psychological research ref name arnett ref ref name weirdest analysis top journals psychology discipline found subjects participated studies came western industrialized countries coming united states largely due fact authors journals western universities american universities information concluded psychological findings come


products reinforce cultural behaviors daily basis stories songs architecture advertisements methods interaction guide individuals culture promote certain values teach behave ref name example japan smoking signs emphasize impact smoke others illustrating path smoke affects surrounding people us smoking signs focus individual action simply saying smoking signs reflect underlying cultural norms values people see encouraged behave accordance greater


one goal intercultural empathy lend toward broader intercultural understanding across cultures societies four important facets cultural empathy ref name wang et al taking perspective someone different culture understanding verbal behavioral expression occurs ethnocultural empathy cognizant different cultures treated larger entities job market media accepting differences cultural choices regarding language clothing preference food choice etc four aspects may especially helpful practicing cultural competence clinical setting given psychological practices


trial error learn change preconceptions phenomena physics discover underlying concepts ancient greece aristotle wrote considered first textbook physics aristotle 's ideas taught unchanged late middle ages scientists started making discoveries n't fit example copernicus' discovery contradicted aristotle 's idea earth centric universe aristotle 's ideas motion n't displaced end th century newton published ideas today 's physics students often think physics concepts aristotelian terms despite taught newtonian concepts hong kong high

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Physics education


astronomy astrophysics classical mechanics quantum mechanics quantum information statistical physics theoretical physics computer simulation soft matter practical electronics contemporary physics instrumentation statistical mechanics solid state physics meteorology nanoscience optical physics theory relativity particle physics etc ref name cuhk ref different approaches delivering physics lectures different universities hong kong cuhk relevant knowledge including quantitative methods computer simulation learnt department physics may let students learn deeper concept applied physics problems ref name cuhk whereas hkust quantitative methods computer simulation learnt students


languages occupied since today celtic studies taught handful german universities including bonn trier mannheim johannes gutenberg university mainz philipps university marburg also taught university vienna marburg vienna bonn maintain formal programs study even usually subsection comparative general linguistics marburg offers course specifically celtic studies celtic studies research taken place former centres freiburg hamburg berlin since last

Social science
Sociology
Area studies
Celtic studies


science notable celticists notable academic journals ''zeitschrift f r celtische philologie'' zcp est halle ''revue celtique'' rc est paris continued '' tudes celtiques'' '' riu'' est dublin ''the bulletin board celtic studies'' bbcs est cardiff merged ''studia celtica'' '' tudes celtiques'' ec est paris ''celtica journal school celtic studies'' est dublin ''studia celtica'' est cardiff '' igse journal irish studies'' est dublin ''cambrian medieval celtic studies'' cmcs est aberystwyth formerly ''cambridge medieval celtic studies'' ''peritia journal medieval academy ireland''


may include activities walking local shop cleaning working active transport etc lack physical activity associated range negative health outcomes whereas increased physical activity improve physical mental health well cognitive cardiovascular health least eight investments work increase population level physical activity including whole school programmes active transport active urban design healthcare public education mass media sport workplaces community wide programmes physical activity increases energy expenditure key regulator controlling body weight see summermatter cycle terminology

Human physical performance and recreation


activity throughout week least minutes vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity throughout week equivalent combination moderate vigorous intensity activity aerobic activity performed bouts least minutes duration additional health benefits adults increase moderate intensity aerobic physical activity minutes per week engage minutes vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity per week equivalent combination moderate vigorous intensity activity muscle strengthening activities done involving major muscle groups days week adults aged


moderate vigorous intensity activity adults age group poor mobility perform physical activity enhance balance prevent falls days per week muscle strengthening activities done involving major muscle groups days week adults age group cannot recommended amounts physical activity due health conditions physically active abilities conditions allow children adolescents aged children youth aged accumulate least minutes moderate vigorous intensity


'''optimal maintenance''' discipline within operations research concerned maintaining system manner maximizes profit minimizes cost cost functions depending reliability availability maintainability characteristics system interest determine parameters minimize parameters often considered cost failure cost per time unit downtime example revenue losses cost per time unit corrective maintenance cost per time unit preventive maintenance cost repairable system replacement cassady pohl foundation maintenance model relies correct description

Applied science
Transportation
Operations research
Optimal maintenance


un general assembly resolution november united nations convention prevention punishment crime genocide geneva convention amelioration condition wounded sick armed forces field geneva convention ii amelioration condition wounded sick shipwrecked members armed forces sea geneva convention iii relative treatment prisoners war geneva convention iv relative protection civilian persons time war hague convention protection cultural

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Laws of war


still visible grander ancient harbor works disappeared following fall western roman empire coastal efforts directed port structures venice lagoon example measures related ports protection shore nathan heenan england netherlands began th century earlier ancients understood phenomena mediterranean currents wind patterns wind wave cause effect link romans introduced many innovations harbor design built walls underwater constructed solid breakwaters structures made using roman concrete cases

Applied science
Environmental studies and forestry
Environmental management
Coastal management


groynes increasingly viewed detrimental aesthetics coastline face opposition many coastal communities groynes considered soft solution beach enhancement groyne construction creates problem known terminal groyne syndrome terminal groyne prevents longshore drift bringing material nearby places problem along hampshire sussex coastline uk eg worthing seawalls walls grass paper used protect settlement erosion flooding typically high older style vertical seawalls reflected


zones coastal estuarine ecosystems act buffer zones natural hazards environmental disturbances floods cyclones tidal surges storms role play absorb portion impact thus lessen effect land ref name davidsuzukiorg ref wetlands include saltwater swamps salt marshes vegetation supports trees root mats etc retain large amounts water surface water snowmelt rain groundwater slowly releases back decreasing likeliness floods mangrove forests protect coastal shorelines tidal erosion erosion currents process


photograph objects ground level displaced toward centre image figure severity displacement negatively associated decreases flight altitude radial distance centre photograph increases distortion minimised photographing multiple swaths creating mosaic images technique creates focus centre photograph distortion minimised error common shoreline mapping relief fairly constant however important consider mapping cliffs ideally aerial photographs taken


security difficult think clearly completeness security rules operation stated sub policies super policy usually turn rambling rules fail enforce anything completeness consequently top level security policy essential serious security scheme sub policies rules operation meaningless without see also access control computer security policy environmental design information protection policy information security policy national security policy military strategy photo identification physical security policy remote access policy security security engineering user account policy references security

Applied science
Public administration
Security policy


simulation semantics low level machine whereby low level abstract machine contains primitive operations high level abstract machine definition given language proof demonstrates low level machine faithfully implements high level machine also possible relate multiple semantics abstractions via theory abstract interpretation history robert w floyd credited founding field programming language semantics see also computational semantics formal semantics logic formal semantics linguistics ontology ontology information science semantic equivalence semantic technology references

Formal science
Computer science
Programming languages
Program semantics


' 'semantic fact'' ie proposition represented horse red words propositional function like algorithm meaning red case whatever takes entity horse turns statement horse red ref name stainton stainton robert j https archiveorg details philosophicalper stai philosophical perspectives language peterborough ont broadview press ref linguists developed least two general methods understanding relationship parts linguistic string put together syntactic semantic trees syntactic trees draw upon words sentence

Humanities
Philosophy
Applied philosophy
Philosophy of language


able keep track exact quantities one study german spanish speakers asked describe objects opposite gender assignment two languages descriptions gave differed way predicted grammatical gender example asked describe key word masculine german feminine spanish german speakers likely use words like hard heavy jagged metal serrated useful whereas spanish speakers likely say golden intricate little lovely shiny tiny describe bridge feminine german


told names could correctly categorize per cent aliens compared per cent rest concluded naming objects helps us categorize memorize another series experiments group people asked view furniture ikea catalog half time asked label object whether chair lamp example rest time say whether liked found asked label items people later


less likely recall specific details products whether chair arms concluded labeling objects helps minds build prototype typical object group expense individual features meaning topic received attention philosophy language ''nature'' meaning explain meaning mean talk meaning within area issues include nature synonymy origins meaning apprehension meaning nature composition


expresses thought abstract universal objective sense sub sentential expression consists contribution thought embedding sentence expresses senses determine reference also modes presentation objects expressions refer referents objects world words pick senses sentences thoughts referents truth values true false referents sentences embedded propositional attitude ascriptions opaque contexts usual senses ref name gf frege g sense reference ''frege senso funzione e concetto''


co referential names ''samuel clemens'' ''mark twain'' cause problems directly referential view possible someone hear mark twain samuel clemens surprised thus cognitive content seems different despite differences views frege russell generally lumped together descriptivists proper names descriptivism criticized saul kripke 's ''naming necessity'' kripke put forth come known modal argument argument rigidity consider name ''aristotle'' descriptions greatest student plato founder


derrida ref name volli volli u ''manuale di semiotica'' rome bari editori laterza ref semiotics study transmission reception meaning signs symbols general field human language natural artificial one among many ways humans conscious beings able communicate allows take advantage effectively manipulate external world order create meaning transmit meaning others every object every person every event every force communicates ' 'signifies'' continuously ringing telephone example ''is''


position man real insofar really exists men moderate realism man entity separate men informs formal versus informal approaches another questions divided philosophers language extent formal logic used effective tool analysis understanding natural languages philosophers including gottlob frege alfred tarski rudolf carnap less skeptical formalizing natural languages many developed formal languages use sciences


using tools logic logic one thing language something entirely different important expressions people use communication hence austin developed theory speech acts described kinds things done sentence assertion command inquiry exclamation different contexts use different occasions strawson argued truth table semantics logical connectives eg math land math math lor math math rightarrow math capture meanings natural language counterparts


university press denyer nicholas ''language thought falsehood ancient greek philosophy'' london routledge kneale w kneale ''the development logic'' oxford clarendon modrak deborah k w ''aristotle theory language meaning'' cambridge uk cambridge university press sedley david ''plato cratylus'' cambridge uk cambridge university press external links one five parts others found https wwwyoutubecom watchv fc vosolrz hl en fs https wwwyoutubecom watchv pmnmfal xrm https wwwyoutubecom watchv cfx wz bmw https wwwyoutubecom watchv mpykwynt bm also lectures searle beginning http sprachlogikblogspotcom sprachlogik short articles philosophies logic language http wwwsilorg linguistics glossaryoflinguisticterms contentshtm glossary linguistic terms http linguisticsconcordiaca language


direct engagement studies show strong art education programs demonstrated increased student performance academic areas due art activities' exercising brains' right hemispheres delateralizing thinking also see betty edwards' ''drawing right side brain'' art education limited formal educational institutions professional artists provide private semi private instruction studios may take form apprenticeship student learns professional artist assisting artist work one form teaching style atelier

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Art education


method exemplified gustave moreau taught picasso braque many artists apprenticeship ''the drawing class'' michiel sweerts c historically art taught europe via atelier method system artists took apprentices learned trade much way guilds stonemasons goldsmiths free time formal training took place art workshops often homes alone outside ateliers artists learned craft apprenticeship masters relationship controlled guild statutes florentine


several jobs much easier others significantly engagement arts teaches youth perceive complexity pleasure possibility irritating uncertainty heightened self awareness extended heightened awareness others ref name lowenfeldlecture oliviagude blockquote michelle marder kamhi written art education highly critical recent trends field united states elsewhere dismisses much contemporary art shown major museums political gestures art rethinking art education chapter book ''who says 's art'' focuses two trends field


education classrooms causes students motivated enthusiastic cases even promote learning subject areas current trends theory scholarship domain art education broadening include wider range visual popular culture current trends scholarship employ postmodern visual culture approaches art education consider effects globalism production interpretation images ref name delacruz delacruz e arnold kuo parson globalism art education reston va national art education association ref focus renewed interest issues creativity ref name zimmerman zimmerman e ed


exposure front knee detachment part quadriceps muscle vastus medialis patella patella displaced one side joint allowing exposure distal end femur proximal end tibia ends bones accurately cut shape using cutting guides oriented long axis bones cartilages anterior cruciate ligament removed posterior cruciate ligament may also removed tibial fibular collateral ligaments preserved metal components impacted

Applied science
Medicine and health
Joint Replacement


phenomenon known osteolysis '''polyethylene synovitis''' wear weight bearing surfaces polyethylene thought wear weight bearing joints hip rate mm per year may problem since bearing surfaces often less nbsp mm thick may deform get thinner wear may also cause problems inflammation caused increased quantities polyethylene wear particles synovial fluid many controversies much research effort orthopedic community directed studying improving joint replacement


herbert simon mimic human reasoning proving theorems demonstrated fifty two theorems chapter two principia mathematica proving thirty eight addition proving theorems program found proof one theorems elegant one provided whitehead russell unsuccessful attempt publishing results newell shaw herbert reported publication ''the next advance operation research'' '' world machines think learn create moreover ability things

Formal science
Computer science
Artificial intelligence
Automated reasoning


prime number hol light harrison analytic proof feit thompson coq gonthier et al ref name gonthier ref bender glauberman peterfalvi boolean pythagorean triples problem formalized sat heule et al ref name heule ref none proof systems boyer moore theorem prover nqthm design nqthm influenced john mccarthy woody bledsoe started edinburgh scotland fully automatic theorem prover built using pure lisp main aspects nqthm use lisp working logic


'''philosophy war''' area philosophy devoted examining issues causes war relationship war human nature ethics war certain aspects philosophy war overlap philosophy history political philosophy international relations philosophy law works philosophy war carl von clausewitz painting karl wilhelm wach perhaps greatest influential work philosophy war ''on war'' carl von clausewitz combines observations strategy questions human nature purpose

Applied science
Military sciences
Grand strategy
Philosophy of war


war clausewitz especially examines teleology war whether war means end outside whether end concludes latter cannot war politics different means ie war must exist sake must serve purpose state leo tolstoy 's novel ''war peace'' contains frequent philosophical digressions philosophy war broader metaphysical speculations derived christianity tolstoy 's observations napoleonic wars influential later thought


espoused leo tolstoy epic novel ''war peace'' sees war bane humanity whether avoidable inevitable serves little purpose outside causing destruction suffering may cause drastic change society teleological sense tolstoy 's view may placed subcategory global cataclysmic philosophy war another subcategory cataclysmic school thought ethnocentric cataclysmic view focused specifically plight specific ethnicity nation example view judaism war


''the poker face wall street'' wiley march ref led second major extension range computational methods used finance also move away personal computers mainframes supercomputers ref name brown around time computational finance became recognized distinct academic subfield first degree program computational finance offered carnegie mellon university ref name cm ref last years field computational finance expanded virtually every area finance demand practitioners grown dramatically ref name seydel moreover many specialized companies

Formal science
Computer science
Social sciences
Computational finance


assertion machines could possibly act intelligently perhaps better act intelligent called 'weak ai' hypothesis philosophers assertion machines actually thinking opposed simulating thinking called 'strong ai' hypothesis ref hobbes' mechanism 'reason' nothing 'reckoning' adding subtracting consequences general names agreed upon 'marking' 'signifying' thoughts ref name h ref machine display general intelligence possible create machine solve ''all'' problems humans

Humanities
Philosophy
Metaphysics
Philosophy of artificial intelligence


brain harnessing sort quantum computation furthermore timescale quantum decoherence seems fast influence neuron firing dreyfus primacy implicit skills hubert dreyfus argued human intelligence expertise depended primarily implicit skill rather explicit symbolic manipulation argued skills would never captured formal rules ref name see also ref dreyfus 's argument anticipated turing paper computing machinery intelligence classified argument informality behavior turing argued


mind searle goes argue actual mental states consciousness require yet described actual physical chemical properties actual human brains argues special causal properties brains neurons gives rise minds words brains cause minds related arguments leibniz' mill davis 's telephone exchange block 's chinese nation blockhead gottfried leibniz made essentially argument searle using thought experiment expanding brain size mill lawrence davis imagined duplicating brain using telephone lines offices staffed


question whether consciousness searle understands exists searle argues experience consciousness ca n't detected examining behavior machine human animal daniel dennett points natural selection cannot preserve feature animal effect behavior animal thus consciousness searle understands ca n't produced natural selection therefore either natural selection produce consciousness strong ai correct consciousness detected suitably designed turing test thinking kind computation


scientists worry machines may outsmart man john markoff ny times july ref experts academics questioned use robots military combat especially robots given degree autonomous functions us navy funded report indicates military robots become complex greater attention implications ability make autonomous decisions president association advancement artificial intelligence commissioned study look issue point programs like language acquisition device emulate


mentioned secondary antibody must raised igg animal species primary antibody raised method sensitive direct detection strategies signal amplification due binding several secondary antibodies primary antibody secondary antibody conjugated fluorescent enzyme reporter ref name amplification achieved secondary antibody conjugated several biotin molecules recruit complexes avidin streptavidin neutravidin protein bound enzyme ref name difference three biotin binding proteins

Natural science
Chemistry
Histochemistry


example would fc constant region thus even small number anti rabbit secondary antibodies generated could adhere primary rabbit antibody ref name particularly useful researcher labeling one primary antibody whether due polyclonal selection producing array primary antibodies singular antigen interest multiple antigens direct method would necessary label primary antibody every antigen interest counterstains immunohistochemical staining target antigen second stain often applied


place arms ammunition whether privately publicly owned made maintained repaired stored issued combination products arms industry include guns artillery ammunition missiles military aircraft military vehicles ships electronic systems night vision devices holographic weapon sights laser rangefinders laser sights hand grenades landmines arms industry also provides logistical operational support stockholm international peace research institute sipri estimated military expenditures billion represented relative decline military expenditures made world gdp part money

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Defense industry


sources provide data international transfers arms include national reports national governments arms exports un register conventional arms annual publication us congressional research service includes data arms exports developing countries compiled us intelligence agencies due different methodologies definitions used different sources often provide significantly different data world largest postwar arms exporter share arms sales country source provided sipri sipri uses trend indicator values tiv based known unit production costs


cure seeing trying exterminate autistic people individuality ref name harmon ref name solomon ref controversial autism communities advocacy led significant infighting two camps ref name solomon ref ref name ref ref name ref ref name ref dominant paradigm pathology paradigm followed largely autism research scientific communities neurodiversity movement highly popular within autism advocacy autism rights organizations many autism related events celebrations including world autism awareness day autism sunday autistic pride day autism diagnosed frequently males females ref name bazelongirls terminology

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of autism


observation males autism spectrum therefore likely identify men boys autism female counterparts ref name many autistic females lack diagnosis late diagnosis results missing supports interventions valuable implemented younger age females receive diagnosis provided supports often face many created males mind may acknowledge physical psychological societal differences females face autistic women


context disability rights emphasizes concept neurodiversity viewing autism spectrum result natural variations human brain rather disorder cured ref name solomon ref arm advocates variety goals including greater acceptance autistic behaviors ref name aap http wwwtaaprojectcom us mission statement mission statement autism acceptance project retrieved ref therapies focus coping skills rather imitating behaviors neurotypical peers ref name aff http wwwaspiesforfreedomcom mission statement aspies freedom retrieved ref creation social networks events allow autistic people socialize terms ref name autreat http aniautisticsorg autreathtml autism network international presents


encouraged embrace challenges autistic people face celebrate strengths rather making autism crippling disability acceptance integrates autistic spectrum everyday society instead encouraging people wear blue autism awareness day autism acceptance day encourages people wear red autreat autreat annual autistic gathering participants compared movement gay rights activists deaf culture sign language preferred surgery might restore hearing ref name harmon local organizations also arisen example european counterpart autscape created around ref name gal ref twainbow


points three episodes popular media depicted special talents autistic people including exceptional abilities seen movie ''rain man'' portrayals criticized scientific studies media analysts years fostering pigeonholing image autism leads false expectations real life autistic individuals ''rain man'' singled popularizing ref name draaisma ref ref name knights ref ref name mccarthy ref ref name bradley ref since fictional portrayals autistic people asperger syndrome ascs become frequent ref name murray public perception autism often based


name american actress daryl hannah star movies ''splash steel magnolias'' ''wall street'' diagnosed autism spectrum child diagnosed fifteen heather kuzmich appeared ''america 's next top model'' ref name although win competition kuzmich voted viewers' favourite eight weeks row since signed elite model management ref name new zealand born musician ladyhawke gold medal winning british paralympic swimmer jessica jane applegate also autistic additionally media speculation contemporary figures autism spectrum


article illustrating differences us european theatre design practices design theatrical occupations stagecraft film production

Humanities
Performing arts
Theatre
Stage design


approach problems way asking certain questions entrepreneurial economics challenges fundamental principles using insights models theories natural sciences studies entrepreneurs economics psychology sociology largely relate four major currents thought early thinkers max weber emphasized occurrence context religious belief system thereby suggesting belief systems encourage entrepreneurship contention however challenged many sociologists karl marx considered economic system mode production sole determinants weber suggested direct relation ethics

Social science
Economics
Entrepreneurial economics


entrepreneur someone undertakes business decisions conditions 'uncertainty' knightian uncertainty exists basis objective probabilities unmeasureable decisions made using subjective judgment entrepreneur earns economic profits reward good judgment entrepreneurs seen confident venturesome schumpeter schumpeter 's concept synthesis three different notions entrepreneur risk bearer innovator coordinator assigned role innovator entrepreneur driving economic growth process creative destruction capitalist capitalists supply capital


preserving items climate controlled storage facilities also study cataloguing accession retrieval safe handling advent digital documents along development electronic databases caused field evaluate means ends generally associated museums libraries field also pertain individuals maintain private collections business archives archival science taught colleges universities usually umbrella information science paired history program list foundational thinkers archival studies could include american archivist theodore schellenberg british

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Archival science


physically cases however original order still respected intellectually structure arrangement finding aids practices emergence provenance following french revolution newfound appreciation historical records emerged french society records began acquir e dignity national monuments ref name posner p posner p ref care entrusted scholars trained libraries ref name douglas emphasis historical research seemed obvious time records arranged catalogued manner would facilitate every kind scholarly use ref name posner p ref


original record ref name cloonan metadata key preservation context within archival science metadata defined saa data data ref name saametadata data help archivists locate specific record variety records within certain category assigning appropriate metadata records record aggregates archivist successfully preserves entirety record context created allows better accessibility improves authenticity record ref name cumming kate cumming metadata matters managing electronic records ed julie mcleod catherine hare london facet publishing


democratic republic congo pakistan china contributed almost global child deaths targeting efforts countries essential reducing global child death rate ref name liu child mortality caused factors including poverty environmental hazards lack maternal education ref name leading ref world health organization created list interventions following table judged economically operationally feasible based healthcare resources infrastructure nations contribute infant child deaths table indicates many infant child deaths could

Applied science
Medicine and health
Preventive medicine


smokers million passive smokers annual death toll million ref name china recommended actions reduce tobacco use include decreasing tobacco supply increasing tobacco taxes widespread educational campaigns decreasing advertising tobacco industry increasing tobacco cessation support resources ref name china wuhan china school based program implemented anti tobacco curriculum adolescents reduced number regular smokers though significantly decrease number adolescents initiated smoking program therefore effective secondary primary prevention shows school based programs potential reduce tobacco


use skin cancer image melanoma one deadliest forms skin cancer skin cancer common cancer united states ref name skin mmwr recommendations reports morbidity mortality weekly report recommendations reports centers disease control rr ref lethal form skin cancer melanoma leads annual deaths united states ref name skin childhood prevention particularly important significant portion ultraviolet radiation exposure sun occurs childhood adolescence subsequently lead skin cancer adulthood furthermore childhood prevention lead


cervical cancer ref name cervical colorectal cancer colorectal cancer globally second common cancer women third common men ref name world cancer report ref fourth common cause cancer death lung stomach liver cancer caused deaths also highly preventable percent colorectal cancers begin benign growths commonly called polyps easily detected removed colonoscopy methods screening polyps cancers include fecal occult blood testing lifestyle changes may reduce risk colorectal cancer include increasing


low especially among latinos african americans ref name aspirin ref overall preventive services difficult implement healthcare providers limited time patients must integrate variety preventive health measures different sources ref name aspirin specific services bring small net savings every preventive health measure saves costs study showed preventing heart attacks treating hypertension early drugs actually save money long run money saved evading treatment heart attack stroke amounted quarter cost


drugs similarly found cost drugs dietary changes decrease high blood cholesterol exceeded cost subsequent heart disease treatment due findings argue rather focusing healthcare reform efforts exclusively preventive care interventions bring highest level health prioritized ref name nejm cohen ''et al'' outlined arguments made skeptics preventive healthcare many argue preventive measures cost less future treatment proportion population would become ill absence prevention fairly