's wrong empowerment american journal community psychology sarason sb ''the psychological sense community prospects community psychology'' san francisco jossey bass trickett ej towards distinctive community psychology ecological metaphor training conduct research american journal community psychology watzlawick p weakland j fisch r change principles problem formation problem resolution new york norton zimmerman empowerment theory psychological organizational community levels analysis handbook community psychology external links https wwwcommunitypsychologycom communitypsychologycom http scra org society community research


form math display block xy u xx xy u xy xy u yx xy u yy xy u x xy u xy u f xy math functions independent variables often mixed partial derivatives equated required discussion linearity constants independent pde called '''linear constant coefficients''' zero everywhere linear pde '''homogeneous''' otherwise '''inhomogeneous''' separate asymptotic homogenization studies effects high frequency oscillations

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Analysis
Partial differential equations


coefficients upon solutions pdes nearest linear pdes '' 'semilinear''' pdes highest order derivatives appear linear terms coefficients functions independent variables lower order derivatives unknown function may appear arbitrarily otherwise example general second order semilinear pde two variables math display block xy u xx xy u xy xy u yx xy u yy f u x u u x math '''quasilinear''' pde highest order derivatives likewise appear linear terms coefficients possibly functions unknown lower order


mathematical procedure used verify well posedness initial boundary value problems following example energy method used decide boundary conditions imposed resulting ibvp well posed consider one dimensional hyperbolic pde given math display block frac partial u partial alpha frac partial u partial x quad x ab math math alpha neq math constant math u xt math unknown function initial condition math u x f x math multiplying math u math integrating domain gives math display block int b u frac partial u partial mathrm dx


equation '''types boundary conditions''' dirichlet boundary condition neumann boundary condition robin boundary condition cauchy problem '''various topics''' jet bundle laplace transform applied differential equations list dynamical systems differential equations topics matrix differential equation numerical partial differential equations partial differential algebraic equation recurrence relation stochastic processes boundary value problems notes references reading nirenberg louis partial differential equations first half century development mathematics luxembourg birkh user basel


called doctrine free trade rests grounds different though equally solid principle individual liberty asserted essay restrictions trade production purposes trade indeed restraints restraint qua restraint evil blockquote neo classical synthesis paul samuelson author th century 's successful economics text combined mathematical models keynesian macroeconomic intervention advocated general success market backed american government 's antitrust policies mill shift economic theory emphasized precise theoretical model competition


simple neo classical model free markets holds production distribution goods services competitive free markets maximizes social welfare model assumes new firms freely enter markets compete existing firms use legal language barriers entry term economists mean something specific competitive free markets deliver allocative productive dynamic efficiency allocative efficiency also known pareto efficiency italian economist vilfredo pareto means resources economy long run go precisely willing


copyright trademarks patents industrial design rights jurisdictions trade secrets believed promotion innovation enforcement intellectual property rights may promote well limit competitiveness question rests whether legal acquire monopoly accumulation intellectual property rights case judgment needs decide giving preference intellectual property rights competitiveness antitrust laws accord special treatment intellectual property intellectual rights revoked granted antitrust laws violated concerns also arise anti competitive effects consequences due


''the antitrust paradox'' second edition new york free press friedman milton https webarchiveorg web http wwwcatoorg pubs policy report v n cpr pdf business community 's suicidal impulse ''cato policy report'' pp nbsp scroll press ''' ''' galbraith kenneth ''the new industrial state'' harrington joseph e antitrust enforcement ''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' nd edition http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde edition current q antitrust topicid result number abstract mill john stuart ''on liberty'' posner richard ''antitrust law'' nd ed https booksgooglecom bookshl en lr id vv xczc cc oi fnd pg pr dq false preview ''economic analysis law'' th ed prosser tony ''the limits competition law'' ch schumpeter joseph ''the process creative destruction'' smith adam ''an enquiry


victims ref name attackwounded ref armenia confirmed sites within armenia struck continuing deny attacked azerbaijan see also punitive expedition point targets decapitation strike targeted killing references warfare post targeting warfare military terminology

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Surgical strike


mathematics '''ordinary differential equation''' '''ode''' differential equation containing one functions one independent variable derivatives functions ref name zill ref term ''ordinary'' used contrast term partial differential equation may respect ''more than'' one independent variable differential equations linear differential equation differential equation defined linear polynomial unknown function derivatives equation form math x x y' x y'' cdots n x n b x math arbitrary differentiable

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Analysis
Ordinary differential equations


name ilchmannreis ref presumably additional derivatives hessian matrix forth also assumed non singular according scheme although note ode order greater one usually rewritten system odes first order makes jacobian singularity criterion sufficient taxonomy comprehensive orders behavior system odes visualized use phase portrait solutions given differential equation math f left x y' ldots n right math function ''i'' interval called


theory singular solutions differential equations first order accepted circa reduction quadratures primitive attempt dealing differential equations view reduction quadratures hope eighteenth century algebraists find method solving general equation ''n''th degree hope analysts find general method integrating differential equation gauss showed however complex differential equations require complex numbers hence analysts began substitute study functions thus opening new fertile field cauchy


first appreciate importance view thereafter real question longer whether solution possible means known functions integrals whether given differential equation suffices definition function independent variable variables characteristic properties fuchsian theory two memoirs fuchs inspired novel approach subsequently elaborated thom frobenius collet prominent contributor beginning method integrating non linear system communicated bertrand clebsch attacked theory


''c'' sup sup therefore locally lipschitz continuous satisfying picard lindel f theorem even simple setting maximum domain solution cannot math r math since solution math x frac x x math maximum domain math begin cases r pt left infty x frac right pt left x frac infty right end cases math shows clearly maximum interval may depend initial conditions domain ''y'' could taken math r setminus x math would lead domain


''c'' sub sub ''c'' sub sub arbitrary constants complex general differential equations equivalent alternative forms lead solution integration integral solutions dummy variables integration continuum analogues indices summation notation sup ''x'' sup ''f'' '' '' nbsp ' 'd '' means integrate ''f'' '' '' respect '' '' ''after'' integration substitute '' '' ''x'' without adding constants explicitly stated separable equations class wikitable scope col differential equation scope col solution method scope col general solution first order separable ''x''


linear inhomogeneous constant coefficients ref name mmpe mathematical methods physics engineering kf riley mp hobson sj bence cambridge university press isc n ref math frac dx b frac dy dx cy r x math complementary function ''y sub c sub '' assume substitute solve polynomial find linearly independent functions math e alpha j x math particular integral ''y sub p sub '' general method variation parameters though simple ''r'' ''x'' inspection may work ref name edebvp math c p math math c c e frac x left b sqrt b c right c e frac x left b sqrt b c right math math c


common solution physically behaves sinusoidal way case first order ode non homogeneous need first find de solution homogeneous portion de otherwise known characteristic equation find solution entire non homogeneous equation guessing finally add solutions together obtain total solution ode math text total solution text homogeneous solution text particular solution math software ode solving maxima open source computer algebra system copasi free artistic license software package


components visual communication color shape tones texture figure ground balance hierarchy ref name characteristics elements components play important role daily lives visual communication holds specific purpose aspects social media culture politics economics science considering different aspects visual elements present various uses convey information ref name bordley ref whether advertisements teaching learning speeches presentations involve visual aids communicate message reference visual aids following common chalkboard whiteboard poster board handouts

Applied science
Architecture and design
Visual communication


video excerpts projection equipment computer assisted presentations ref name roth ref overview debate nature visual communication dates back thousands years visual communication relies collection activities communicating ideas attitudes values via visual resources ie text graphics video evaluation good visual communication design mainly based measuring comprehension audience personal aesthetic artistic preference universally agreed upon principles aesthetics visual communication e mail textual medium commonly expressed ascii art emoticons embedded digital images visual communication become one


balance holds stable composition proper conveying informative visual communication asymmetrical balance balance visuals weighted one side instance color weighted one color symmetrical balance colors equally weighted ref name importance purpose social media major social media apps social media one effective ways communicate incorporation text images deliver messages quicker simplistic social media platforms potential drawback limited


control media gets interesting eye catching visual ref name schill '''dramatization function ''' similar agenda setting dramatization function targets specific policy political figure wants advocate function seen michelle obama promoted nutrition hosting media event planting vegetable garden martin luther king jr producing visuals campaign racial injustice cases images used icons social movements ref name schill '''emotional function ''' visuals used way provoke emotional response study


way appeal emotional side audience get visually relate argument hand ref name schill '''ambiguity function ''' visuals used interpret different meanings without add words adding words visuals normally used controversial arguments basis visual claims controversial held less strict standard compared symbols ref name schill economic economics built foundation visual elements graphs charts similar aspects


visual elements used graphs used economists clarify complex ideas graphs simplify process visualizing trends happen time along lines graphs able assist determining relationship two variables relationship determine positive correlation negative correlation variables graph economists rely heavily time series graph measures particular variable period time graph includes time x axis changing variable axis science medicine


far infrared region wavelength electromagnetic spectrum vibrational spectra near infrared nbsp spectra resulting electronic transitions mostly visible ultraviolet regions measuring rotational vibrational spectra properties molecules like distance nuclei specifically calculated one important aspect molecular physics essential atomic orbital theory field atomic physics expands molecular orbital theory see also born oppenheimer approximation electrostatic deflection molecular physics nanotechnology molecular energy state molecular modeling rigid rotor spectroscopy sources

Natural science
Physics
Molecular physics


'''cyber''' may refer computing internet ''cyber '' cybernetics transdisciplinary approach exploring regulatory purposive systems crime security cyber crime crime involves computers networks convention cybercrime first international treaty seeking address internet computer crime signed cybercrime countermeasures cyber attack offensive manoeuvre targets computing devices information systems infrastructures cyberinfrastructures networks cybersecurity computer security cybersex trafficking live streaming coerced sexual acts rape cyberterrorism use internet carry terrorism cyberwarfare targeting computers networks war

Applied science
Military sciences
Military weapons
Cyber


describe approach evangelical viewpoint instead systematic theologians would note instances systematic theology defined way solely depends bible highly conservative version evangelical theology speak evangelical theology ''in toto'' term also used refer theology self avowedly seeks perpetuate classical traditions thematic exploration theology described often means commentary upon classics tradition damascene aquinas john calvin melanchthon others normally


feminist theology hermeneutics historicism christianity liberal christianity liberation theology philosophical theology philosophy religion political theology postliberal theology process theology theology anabaptism references resources st augustine hippo ''de civitate dei'' barth karl ''church dogmatics'' thirteen volumes edinburgh clark berkhof hendrikus ''christian faith introduction study faith'' grand rapids eerdmans berkhof louis ''systematic theology'' grand rapids wm b eerdmans publishing co bloesch donald g ''christian foundations '' seven volumes inter varsity press calvin john ''institutes


ozone sub sub summer ozone sub sub winter sulphur dioxide sub sub iodine sub sub colspan '''water''' water vapour colspan highly variable br typically makes colspan '''notes''' colspan mean molecular mass dry air g mol content gas may undergo significant variations time time place place sup sup concentration co sub sub

Natural science
Chemistry
Atmospheric chemistry


formaldehyde h sub sub co ppb sup p ''polluted'' sup acetylene c sub sub h sub sub ppb sup p ''polluted'' sup ethene c sub sub h sub sub ppb sup p ''polluted'' sup sulfur hexafluoride sf sub sub sup p sup carbon tetrafluoride cf sub sub sup p sup total gaseous mercury hg sup p sup history schematic chemical transport processes related atmospheric composition ancient greeks regarded air one four elements first scientific studies atmospheric composition began th century chemists joseph


priestley antoine lavoisier henry cavendish made first measurements composition atmosphere late th early th centuries interest shifted towards trace constituents small concentrations one particularly important discovery atmospheric chemistry discovery ozone christian friedrich sch nbein th century atmospheric science moved studying composition air consideration concentrations trace gases atmosphere changed time chemical processes create destroy compounds air two particularly important examples


use greek latin roots devise new words telephone etc indication second language classical language comparison living languages large sphere influence known world languages general usage following languages generally taken classical stage stage limited time considered classical comes regarded literary golden age retrospectively thus classical greek language th th century bc athens small subset

Humanities
Languages and literature
Linguistics
Classical Language


th th centuries old uyghur turkic language spoken qocho th th centuries gansu classical maithili th century language ''varna ratn kara'' vidyapati 's works forms basis brajabuli sadhubhasha bengali eastern vernacular languages classical icelandic language icelandic sagas th century classical catalan language literature crown aragon th th centuries classical manding language mali empire th th centuries old ruthenian one language grand duchy lithuania th th centuries old anatolian turkish th th centuries


''h'' continuous linear operator ''n'' ''h'' ''h'' commutes hermitian adjoint ''n'' ''nn'' ''nn'' normal operators important spectral theorem holds today class normal operators well understood examples normal operators unitary operators ''n'' ''n'' sup sup hermitian operators ie selfadjoint operators ''n'' ''n'' also anti selfadjoint operators ''n'' ''n'' positive operators ''n'' ''mm'' normal matrices seen normal operators one takes hilbert space '''c''' sup ''n'' sup spectral theorem extends general class matrices

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Analysis
Operator theory


''a'' product ''a'' ''up'' ''u'' partial isometry ''p'' non negative self adjoint operator initial space ''u'' closure range ''p'' operator ''u'' must weakened partial isometry rather unitary following issues ''a'' one sided shift ''l'' sup sup '''n''' ''a'' ''aa'' sup sup ''i'' ''a'' ''u'' ''a'' ''u'' must ''a'' unitary existence polar decomposition consequence douglas' lemma '''lemma''' ''a'' ''b'' bounded operators


operators c algebras fore c algebras c algebra ''a'' banach algebra field complex numbers together map ''a'' ''a'' one writes ''x'' image element ''x'' ''a'' map following properties involution every ''x'' ''a'' math x x x math ''x'' ''y'' ''a'' math x x math math x x math every '''c''' every ''x'' ''a'' math lambda


name hasan signs symptoms periodontal disease bleeding gums gingival recession halitosis bad breath mobile teeth ill fitting dentures build plaque calculus ref name colgate ref individual risk factors include gender smoking alcohol consumption diabetes obesity metabolic syndrome osteoporosis vitamin conditions stress genetic factors ref name 'genco ' ref american academy periodontology aap reworked existing classification periodontal diseases alter weaknesses present old classification placed much emphasis age disease onset rate progression often difficult determine classification published

Applied science
Medicine and health
Dentistry
Periodontics


annals periodontology abbreviated version classification periodontal diseases conditions ref name 'genco ' '''i gingival diseases''' br dental plaque induced gingival diseases br b non plaque induced gingival lesions br gingivitis '''ii chronic periodontitis''' br slight nbsp mm cal moderate nbsp mm cal severe nbsp mm cal localised br b generalised sites involved '''iii aggressive periodontitis''' br slight nbsp mm cal moderate nbsp mm cal severe nbsp mm cal localised br b generalised sites involved br recession parodontale '''iv periodontitis manifestation systemic diseases''' br


exudate called gingival crevicular fluid also known gcf neutrophils recruited gingival crevice area signalled molecules released plaque microorganisms damage epithelial cells releases cytokines attract leukocytes assist inflammatory response balance normal cell responses beginning gingival disease much plaque bacteria neutrophils phagocytose degranulate releasing toxic enzymes cause tissue damage appears mouth red swollen inflamed gingiva may bleed probed clinically tooth brushing


disease progressed gingivitis periodontitis loss supporting periodontium structure irreversible ref name gurenlian risk factors risk factor variable health defined characteristic associated increased rate subsequently occurring disease ref name pmid ref risk factors variables contribute disease rather factors induce disease risk factors may seen modifiable non modifiable modifiable risk factors often behavioural nature changed individual environmental circumstances whereas non modifiable factors usually intrinsic individual 's genetics cannot


important role diagnosis treatment management periodontal diseases previously believed human risk developing periodontal diseases identification classification risk factors become well understood individual differing array risk factors generate susceptibility contribute severity periodontal disease individual modifiable risk factors include tobacco smoking tobacco smoking firmly established major risk factor periodontal disease relationship smoking exposure periodontal tissue destruction supported strongly various research papers


mechanisms oral bacteria process atherosclerosis may increase individuals chronic periodontitis stress various studies demonstrated individuals psychological ongoing chronic stress likely clinical attachment loss decreased levels alveolar bone due periodontal destruction due increased production certain immune cells interleukins decrease defensive mechanisms pathogenic bacteria therefore increasing chances developing periodontal disease non modifiable risk factors include genetics host response shown play important role periodontal disease development studies identical twins


patients good oral health plaque control genetic patients generally appear clinically healthy localised generally circumpubertal onset generalised usually occurs individuals age treatment determined severity disease age patient supragingival gums subgingival gums debridement antibiotics sometimes necessary maintain treatment prevent reoccurrence disease patient care necessary involves good oral hygiene like forms periodontitis gingivitis brushing twice day


applicable narrative content analogy grammars used basis parsing sentences forms linguistics procedure however typify work described narratological today percy lubbock 's work point view ''the craft fiction'' offers case point special issue journal ''communications'' proved highly influential becoming considered program research field even manifesto ref name herman p ref name bamberg p included articles roland barthes claude br mond g rard genette algirdas julien greimas tzvetan todorov others turn

Journalism, media studies and communication


frequency many authors sternberg ricoeur baroni insisted thematic modal narratology looked separately especially dealing function interest narrative sequence plot applications designating work narratological extent dependent academic discipline takes place theoretical position advanced approach applicable narrative classic studies vis vis propp non literary narratives commonly taken still term narratology typically applied literary theory literary criticism well film theory


patients transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation found ineffective lower back pain however might help diabetic neuropathy ref name pmid ref well illnesses tdcs transcranial direct current stimulation tdcs non invasive technique brain stimulation modulate activity specific brain cortex regions involves application low intensity constant direct current scalp electrodes order modulate excitability large cortical areas ref name ref tdcs may role pain assessment contributing efforts distinguishing somatic affective aspects

Applied science
Medicine and health
Pain Medicine


widely used southeast asian countries light therapy research found evidence light therapy low level laser therapy effective therapy relieving low back pain ref name chou ref interventional procedures interventional procedures typically used chronic back pain include epidural steroid injections facet joint injections neurolytic blocks spinal cord stimulators intrathecal drug delivery system implants pulsed radiofrequency neuromodulation direct introduction medication nerve ablation may used target either tissue structures organ systems responsible persistent nociception nociceptors


manuals determined widely varying nature resulting data makes useful systematic review meta analysis within field difficult ref name eccleston ref systematic review randomized controlled trials rcts evaluated clinical effectiveness psychological therapies management adult chronic pain excluding headaches evidence behaviour therapy bt effective reducing type pain however bt may useful improving persons mood immediately treatment improvement appears small short term duration ref name ref cbt may small


first line treatment could confirm efficacy managing chronic acute pain mindfulness based pain management mindfulness based pain management mbpm mindfulness based intervention mbi providing specific applications people living chronic pain illness ref name ref ref name ref adapting core concepts practices mindfulness based stress reduction mbsr mindfulness based cognitive therapy mbct mbpm includes distinctive emphasis practice 'loving kindness' seen sensitive concerns removing mindfulness teaching original ethical framework within buddhism ref name ref name ref developed vidyamala burch delivered


cox inhibitor proven effectiveness different surgical procedures wide use non opioid analgesics reduce opioid induced side effects antidepressants antiepileptic drugs antidepressant antiepileptic drugs used chronic pain management act primarily within pain pathways central nervous system though peripheral mechanisms attributed well generally used treat nerve brain results injury nervous system neuropathy due chronic high blood sugar levels diabetic neuropathy drugs also reduce pain viruses shingles phantom limb pain post stroke pain


invasions occurred led regions make armies defend slowly lead emergence crusades concept holy war terminology enemies god th century ref name peters first ref name levine war ref time crusades fought name god recognized ''milites christi'' soldiers knights christ crusades series military campaigns took place th th centuries muslim conquests originally goal recapture jerusalem

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Religious war


dominion pakistan million people displaced estimates loss life varying several hundred thousand million india emerged secular nation hindu majority pakistan established islamic republic muslim majority population ref name indian census ref abyssinia somalia abyssinian adal war broke horn africa arrival portuguese empire region abyssinian adal war military conflict abyssinians adal sultanate imam ahmad ibn ibrahim al ghazi nicknamed ''gurey'' somali ''gragn''


serious outbreaks christians muslims occurred kafanchan southern kaduna state border area two religions jos riots saw clashes muslim herders christian farmers near volatile city jos resulting hundreds casualties officials estimated people massacred night time raids rampaging muslim gangs buddhist uprising rule catholic ngo dinh diem south vietnam discrimination majority buddhist population generated growth buddhist institutions sought participate national politics gain better treatment buddhist


due islam rebellions broke dungan revolt fighting broke uyghurs hui sheng shicai expelled kazakhs xinjiang qinghai hui led general bufang massacred fellow muslims kazakhs left tensions uyghurs hui arose qing republican chinese authorities used hui troops officials dominate uyghurs crush uyghur revolts xinjiang 's hui population increased percent average annual growth rate percent


neuromodulator receptors neurotransmitter receptors general anesthetics thought work disordering neural membranes thereby altering na sup sup influx antacids chelating agents combine chemically body enzyme substrate binding way alter production metabolism key endogenous chemicals example aspirin irreversibly inhibits enzyme prostaglandin synthetase cyclooxygenase thereby preventing inflammatory response colchicine drug gout interferes function structural protein tubulin digitalis drug still used heart failure inhibits activity carrier molecule na k atpase pump widest class drugs act ligands

Applied science
Medicine and health
Pharmaceutical sciences
Pharmacodynamics


'''engineering physics''' '''engineering science''' refers study combined disciplines physics mathematics chemistry biology engineering particularly computer nuclear electrical electronic aerospace materials mechanical engineering focusing scientific method rigorous basis seeks ways apply design develop new solutions engineering ref name princereview ref ref name princeton ref ref name khare ref overview unlike traditional engineering disciplines engineering science physics necessarily confined particular branch science engineering physics instead engineering science physics meant provide thorough grounding applied physics selected specialty optics

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Electrical Engineering
Engineering physics


'''critical pedagogy''' philosophy education social movement developed applied concepts critical theory related traditions field education study culture insists issues social justice democracy distinct acts teaching learning goal critical pedagogy emancipation oppression awakening critical consciousness based portuguese term ''conscientiza o'' achieved critical consciousness encourages individuals effect change world social critique political action order self actualize critical pedagogy founded

Applied science
Education
Critical pedagogy


name po freire endorses students' ability think critically education situation method thinking thought practitioners critical pedagogy allow recognize connections individual problems experiences social contexts embedded ref name critical pedagogy web ref realizing one 's consciousness conscientization ''conscientiza '' needed first step praxis defined power know take action oppression stressing importance liberating education praxis involves engaging cycle theory application evaluation reflection back theory social


example critical pedagogy used classroom develops themes looking use freirean teaching methods context everyday life classrooms particular institutional settings suggests whole curriculum classroom must examined reconstructed favors change role student object active critical subject suggests students undergo struggle ownership states students previously lulled sense complacency circumstances everyday life


citizenship public wisdom ref name searle searle john ''the storm university'' ''the new york review books'' december ref varying moral perspectives right found john dewey referred tensions traditional progressive education searle argued critical pedagogy 's objections western canon misplaced disingenuous blockquote precisely inculcating critical attitude canon served demythologize conventional pieties american bourgeoisie provided student perspective critically analyze american culture institutions ironically


changing research performed developing economies leading contextual urban infrastructural development various parts world racial segregation urban residents united states played important role developing field one program founded research african american urban residents harvard mit joint center urban studies founded study residential segregation support affected communities ref name beyond civil rights ref recently studies related race urban life started focus ethnographic methods study individuals lived relation city


random access processing competitively fast suggesting process management important data management used batch processing time primary argument application software evolved real time interactive usage became obvious management processes important data well defined data would mis used applications process n't well defined impossible meet user needs topics topics data management include data governance data asset data governance data trustee data custodian guardian data steward

Formal science
Computer science
Social sciences
Data management


span region era attested th century bce developed mishnaic hebrew jewish roman wars first century ce image shiloachjpg imagecaption siloam inscription istanbul archaeological museum familycolor afro asiatic fam semitic fam west semitic fam central semitic fam northwest semitic fam canaanite script lc hbo ld ancient hebrew lc smp ld samaritan hebrew linglist hbo linglist smp

Humanities
Theology
Biblical studies
Biblical Hebrew


name sthist one jewish revolt romans led destruction second temple nbsp ce second bar kokhba revolt led large departure jewish population judea ref name sthist biblical hebrew second temple period evolved mishnaic hebrew ceased spoken developed literary language around ce hebrew continued used literary liturgical language form medieval hebrew hebrew began revival process th century culminating modern hebrew becoming official language israel


merged canaanite instance 'ox' written pronounced initial phenomenon also occurred arabs adopted nabatean alphabet see ref northwest semitic language hebrew shows shift initial similar independent pronoun system northwest semitic languages third person pronouns never containing archaic forms 'we' first person singular pronominal suffix ya commonly preceding pronominal suffixes ref name sclas case endings found northwest semitic languages second


ref however evidence word initial consonant proto semitic contradicting theory ref name bshib proto semitic sibilant sub sub transcribed traditionally reconstructed originally push type chain shift changed another sibilant sub sub transcribed traditionally reconstructed originally pushed sub sub many dialects eg gileadite others eg ephraimite sub sub sub sub merged hebrew spoken northern kingdom israel known also israelian hebrew shows phonological lexical


printing press ref name ybook modern hebrew alphabet also known assyrian square script descendant aramaic alphabet ref name yb phoenician script dropped five characters th century nbsp bce reflecting language 's twenty two consonantal phonemes ref name ref result letters paleo hebrew alphabet numbered less consonant phonemes ancient biblical hebrew particular letters could mark two different phonemes sound shift letters could mark one phoneme except samaritan hebrew still marked two old


hebrew orthography found older phoenician moabite texts show first temple period hebrew would written ref name ref phoenician inscriptions th century nbsp bce indicate matres lectiones middle end word example later similarly hebrew gezer calendar instance possibly ref name matres lectionis later added word finally instance mesha inscription later however stage yet used word medially compare siloam inscription


musical motifs used formal recitation text tiberian babylonian palestinian reading traditions extinct various systems pronunciation evolved time notably yemenite sephardi ashkenazi samaritan traditions modern hebrew pronunciation also used read biblical texts modern reading traditions stem solely tiberian system instance sephardic tradition 's distinction qamatz gadol qatan pre tiberian ref name length ref however orthographic system used mark vowels tiberian vocalization phonology phonology reconstructed biblical hebrew follows


q colspan colspan ref name b ref name r ref name ref rowspan fricatives style background caff style background caff style background eee aa style background caff ref name b ref name r style background eee aa ref name b style background caff style background caff style background caff ref name b ref name r style background eee aa ref name b


colspan ref name b ref name colspan approximants colspan trill colspan phonetic nature biblical hebrew consonants disputed called emphatics likely pharyngealized possibly ejective velarized ref name b ref ref name r pharyngealization emphatic consonants viewed central semitic innovation argue affricated ref name b egyptian starts using


phonemes distinguished combination spelling pronunciation written written pronounced written specific pronunciation based comparative evidence corresponding proto semitic phoneme still attested modern south arabian languages ref name b ref well early borrowings eg ''balsam'' greek ''balsamon'' hebrew ''ba am'' began merging late biblical hebrew indicated interchange orthographic possibly influence aramaic became rule mishnaic hebrew ref name b ref name r ref


else would contrastive cross linguistically rare however blau argues possible lenited could coexist even pronounced identically since one would recognized alternating allophone apparently case nestorian syriac see ref known occurred hebrew nd century nbsp ce certain point alternation became contrastive word medial final position though bearing low functional load word initial position remained allophonic ref name bbgd ref evidenced tiberian vocalization 's consistent use


unaffected still penultimate stress point change happen pausal position penultimate stress preserved vowel lengthening rather reduction occurs previous three changes occurred complex interlocking fashion shift stress universally penultimate loss final short vowels verbs pre stress lengthening open syllables pre stress lengthening lowering becomes surface filter remains rule language automatically affected new short vowels open syllables appear ultra short vowels unaffected stress movement light syllable


penultimate stress final short vowel loss verb pre tonic lengthening stress shift de stressed reduction tonic lengthening lowering final short vowel loss noun


'seven' differences greek latin transcriptions demonstrate began quite late ref name b attenuation generally occur eg tiberian 'key' versus 'opening construct ' often blocked geminate eg 'gift' ref name b attenuation rarely present samaritan hebrew eg ref group nb verbal forms samaritan may examples barth 's law rather attenuation ref tiberian tradition take offglide ref name b ref ref group nb known ''pata furtivum'' literally 'stolen pata ' perhaps mistranslation


subject person number gender nouns also construct form used genitive constructions nouns marked definite prefix ha followed gemination initial consonant noun ref name def ref tiberian hebrew vowel article may become certain phonetic environments example 'the wise man' 'the man' ref name def ref traditions differ form segolate nouns nouns stemming roots two final consonants anaptyctic tiberian tradition segolates appears septuagint rd century nbsp bce


form single volitional class cohortative used first person imperative prefixing second person positive jussive prefixing second person negative jussive third person also overlap semantically example jussive form like 'may soul ' semantically equivalent cohortative like 'may ' however three moods stem different classes proto west semitic preserved classical arabic originally three prefix tenses indicative ''yaqtulu'' jussive ''yaqtul'' subjunctive ''yaqtula'' existed every person biblical hebrew ''yaqtulu'' developed prefixing class ''yaqtul''


verbal forms future tense circumstances ref name '' u perfect u waw consecutive future'' analogy preterite simple future tense verb takes prefix conjunction appears beginning clause 's connected narrative sequence previous clauses conjunction translated 'and then' 'then' 'but' 'however' sometimes translated even parenthetical function suggesting clause like side note main focus narrative '' u perfect u waw consecutive subjunctive'' takes


alternatively p factor also interpreted index general impairment rather specific index causes psychopathology ref name mental symptoms term psychopathology may also used denote behaviours experiences indicative mental illness even constitute formal diagnosis example presence hallucinations may considered psychopathological sign even enough symptoms present fulfil criteria one disorders listed dsm icd general sense behaviour experience

Social science
Psychology
Psychopathology


causes impairment distress disability particularly thought arise functional breakdown either cognitive neurocognitive systems brain may classified psychopathology remains unclear strong distinction maladaptive traits mental disorders actually ref name neuroticismma ref ref name ormel ref eg neuroticism often described personal level minor psychiatric symptoms ref name ormel ref ''diagnostic statistical manual mental disorders'' ''diagnostic statistical manual mental disorders'' dsm guideline diagnosis understanding mental disorders serves reference range professionals


engineering geologist logging rock core field western australia '''engineering geology''' application geology engineering study purpose assuring geological factors regarding location design construction operation maintenance engineering works recognized accounted engineering geologists provide geological geotechnical recommendations analysis design associated human development various types structures realm engineering geologist essentially area earth structure interactions investigation earth earth processes impact human made structures human activities engineering geology studies may

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Civil Engineering
Geotechnical engineering
Engineering geology


performed planning environmental impact analysis civil structural engineering design value engineering construction phases public private works projects post construction forensic phases projects works completed engineering geologists include geologic hazards assessment geotechnical material properties landslide slope stability erosion flooding dewatering seismic investigations etc engineering geology studies performed geologist engineering geologist educated trained obtained experience related recognition interpretation natural processes understanding processes impact human made structures vice versa knowledge methods


'''incomes policies''' economics economy wide wage price controls commonly instituted response inflation usually seeking establish wages prices free market level ref name rothbard ref incomes policies often resorted wartime french revolution law maximum imposed price controls penalty death unsuccessful attempt curb inflation ref name gmu ref measures also attempted world war ii peacetime income policies resorted us august response inflation wage price controls

Applied science
Public administration
Economic policy
Incomes policy


committee public safety maximilien robespierre enabling focus larger political issues closely related completing french revolution creating general maximum robespierre shifted attention french people away government involvement widespread shortages money food fight consumers merchants text general maximum written towards businessmen profiting large scale demise french economy however practice law ultimately targeted local shopkeepers butchers bakers farmers merchants profiting least


walker inflation macroeconomic policy policy price controls


dose response profile often based toxicological studies models occupational hygienists work closely toxicologists see toxicology understanding chemical hazards physicists see physics physical hazards physicians microbiologists biological hazards see microbiology tropical medicine infection environmental occupational hygienists considered experts exposure science exposure risk management depending individual 's type job hygienist apply exposure science expertise protection workers consumers communities profession occupational hygienist british occupational hygiene society bohs defines occupational hygiene

Applied science
Medicine and health
Occupational hygiene


hazards evaluation worksite significant step helps industrial hygienists establish jobs worksites potential source problems evaluation industrial hygienist measures identifies problem tasks exposures tasks effective worksites assessment includes jobs work activities operations industrial hygienists inspect research evaluations given physical chemical hazards affect workers' health workplace contains health hazard industrial hygienist recommends appropriate corrective actions control measures include removing toxic chemicals replacing harmful toxic materials less hazardous ones


potential exposures health hazard evaluation program national institute occupational safety health example industrial hygiene walk survey sources basic characterization information include worker interviews observing exposure tasks material safety data sheets workforce scheduling production data equipment maintenance schedules identify potential exposure agents people possibly exposed information needs gathered sources apply specific type work hazards come mentioned previously examples sources include interviews people worked field


occupational hygiene'' published british occupational hygiene society since ref name annals ref national institute occupational safety health maintains searchable bibliographic database nioshtic occupational safety health publications documents grant reports communication products ref name nioshtic ref hierarchy controls important tool determine control hazards efficiently effectively workplace occupational hygiene career examples occupational hygiene careers include compliance officer behalf regulatory agency professional working behalf company protection workforce consultant working behalf companies researcher


management knowledge workplace environment issue satisfactorily resolve problem professional occupational hygienist experience wide practice possible required demonstrate knowledge areas occupational hygiene difficult specialists practice narrow subject areas limiting experience individual subject like asbestos remediation confined spaces indoor air quality lead abatement learning textbook review course disadvantage required demonstrate competence areas occupational hygiene information presented wikipedia


designation throughout world approximately cihs world making abih largest industrial hygiene certification organization caih certification program discontinued certified caih retain certification ongoing certification maintenance people currently certified abih found https webarchiveorg web http wwwabihorg members roster rostersearchcfm public roster abih recognized certification board international occupational hygiene association ioha cih certification accredited internationally international organization standardization international electrotechnical commission iso iec see ansi united states cih accredited


special training equipment conducting landings naval vessels shore agree definition since th century amphibious landing troops beachhead acknowledged complex military maneuvers undertaking requires intricate coordination numerous military specialties including air power naval gunfire naval transport logistical planning specialized equipment land warfare tactics extensive training nuances maneuver personnel involved operation type k mbt comes ashore american lcac march essence amphibious operations consist phases strategic

Applied science
Military sciences
Amphibious warfare


men including armada ships development th th centuries several european countries established expanded overseas colonies amphibious operations mostly aimed settle colonies secure strong points along navigational routes amphibious forces fully organized devoted mission although troops fought ashore board ships nature amphibious assaults involve highly complex operations demanding coordination disparate elements therefore disastrous results ensue insufficient planning one spectacular instances failure occurred


spanish west east indies havana cuba manila philippines respectively samuel nicholas continental marines progenitor united states marine corps made first successful landing battle nassau bahamas british rebuffed long franco spanish attempt seize gibraltar water borne forces franco spanish force invaded british held island minorca minorca experienced yet another many changes sovereignty captured british landing british empire expanded worldwide four colonies halifax nova scotia


first purpose built landing craft built campaign ss ''river clyde'' built collier adapted landing ship landing cape helles openings cut steel hull sally ports troops would emerge onto gangways bridge smaller boats ship beach boiler plate sandbags mounted bow behind battery machine guns installed machine gun battery manned royal naval air service men work began painting ''river clyde' 's


united kingdom united states involved four types amphibious operations raid demonstration assault withdrawal ref name wahlert analysis campaign world war ii led belief among many armed forces amphibious assaults could succeed modern defences perception continued normandy landings june despite successful examples amphibious operations earlier war italy tarawa gilbert islands pacific although negative perception prevailed among allied planners interwar years war situation


amphibious operations royal navy costly failure gallipoli campaign coupled emerging potential airpower satisfied many naval military circles age amphibious operations come close ref name maund maund leh ''assault sea'' methuen co ltd london pp ref still throughout animated discussion staff colleges britain indian army staff college quetta surrounded strategic potential dardanelles campaign compared strategic stalemate western front economic austerity worldwide economic depression


far locations us navy special role would amphibious landings enemy held islands took years figure mahanian notion decisive fleet battle required forward bases navy close enemy spanish american war marines gained mission occupying defending forward bases began training program culebra island puerto rico ref name millett semper fidelis ch millett ''semper fidelis'' ch ref early general board united states navy considered building advance bases naval operations


ramp produced large numbers second world war ''into jaws death'' troops us st division landing omaha beach part operation overlord second world war tactics equipment moved first use british landing craft opposed landing second world war saw disembarkation french foreign legionnaires th demi brigade supporting french hotchkiss h tanks beach bjerkvik span style white space nowrap eight nbsp miles nbsp nbsp km span narvik may norwegian campaign ref name buffetaut p buffetaut p ref first major


ref name tinarmada ref designated lct mark ordered july october ref name globalsecurity first lct mark launched hawthorn leslie november welded ton steel hulled vessel drew water bow sea trials soon proved mark difficult handle almost unmanageable sea conditions designers set correcting faults mark lct mark longer wider three paxman diesel napier lion petrol engines replaced hall scotts


beam let craft slide chocks sea cargo ships could lower three sections sea joined together ref name tinarmada canadian lst loads sherman allied invasion sicily development landing ship tank designation built support amphibious operations carrying significant quantities vehicles cargo landing troops directly onto unimproved shore british evacuation dunkirk demonstrated admiralty allies needed relatively large ocean going ships capable shore shore delivery


instead korean war inchon landings september covered us navy destroyer bottom center korean war us x corps consisting st marine division th infantry division landed inchon conceived commanded us general douglas macarthur landing considered many military historians tactical jewel one brilliant amphibious maneuvers history see analysis main article success battle eventually resulted link us army forces broke pusan perimeter


control valves actuators field typically signal ranged psi kpa kg cm standard standardized psi occasionally used larger valves transistor electronics enabled wiring replace pipes initially range v loop powered devices reducing v modern systems transmitter device produces output signal often form nbsp electrical current signal although many options

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Electrical Engineering
Electronic engineering
Instrumentation engineering


board walking back forth monitoring process indicators reduced number amount time process operators needed walk around units standard pneumatic signal level used years psig ref name anderson ref large integrated computer based systems pneumatic three term pneumatic pid controller widely used electronics became reliable cheaper safe use hazardous areas siemens telepneu example pre dcs scada era central control room whilst controls centralised one place still discrete integrated one system dcs control room plant


measured typically work industries automated processes chemical manufacturing plants goal improving system productivity reliability safety optimization stability control parameters process particular system devices microprocessors microcontrollers plcs used ultimate aim control parameters system instrumentation engineering loosely defined required tasks domain dependent expert biomedical instrumentation laboratory rats different concerns expert rocket instrumentation common concerns selection


entirely succeed ending philosophical dispute kant sparked storm philosophical work germany early nineteenth century beginning german idealism characteristic theme idealism world mind equally must understood according categories culminated work georg wilhelm friedrich hegel among many things said real rational rational real hegel 's work carried many directions followers critics karl marx appropriated hegel 's philosophy history empirical ethics dominant britain transforming hegel 's ideas

Humanities
History
Philosophical history
Modern philosophy


grew reforms american higher education system largely based german model james campbell describes professionalisation philosophy america follows professionalization england similarly tied developments higher education work th green denys leighton discusses changes british philosophy green 's claim title britain 's first professional academic philosopher end result professionalization philosophy meant work done field almost exclusively done university professors holding doctorate field publishing highly technical peer reviewed journals

Humanities
History
Philosophical history
Contemporary philosophy


right thing harry frankfurt 's bullshit examples works hold uncommon distinction written professional philosophers directed ultimately popular among broader audience non philosophers works became new york times best sellers professional philosophy today long formation western philosophical association portions american psychological association merged american philosophical association create today main professional organization philosophers united states american philosophical association association three divisions pacific central eastern division


challenge mainstream analytic philosophy philosophers like richard rorty continental philosophy deconstruction nbsp approach whether philosophy literary analysis fields one conducts textual readings view demonstrate text discrete whole instead containing several irreconcilable contradictory meanings existentialism nbsp existential philosophy explicit conceptual manifestation existential attitude begins sense disorientation confusion face apparently meaningless absurd world phenomenology nbsp phenomenology primarily concerned making structures consciousness phenomena appear acts consciousness objects


replicated disseminated various means including sharing information websites applications databases file sharing manner group defines cultural identity within construct technology infrastructure empowered hold valuable exchanges within spheres economics political power high popular culture education entertainment since inception internet world wide web seen exponential growth enterprises ranging electronic commerce social networking entertainment education well myriad contrivances file exchanges allow ongoing

Social science
Sociology
Community informatics


intended deliberately result social change community change particularly communities electronic communication secondary adequate income social survival communal dimension focus community informatics results strong interest studying developing strategies icts enable empower living physical communities particularly case communities ict access done communally telecentres information kiosks community multimedia centres technologies latter set approaches become considerable interest information communications technology development


willingly work certain joint activities ref name source second concept joint enterprise members community practice supposed discuss agree upon work responsibilities work harmony member knows responsibility expected contributions community ref name source addition two concepts members community practice shared repertoire procedures ways perform certain tasks ref name source usually agree upon procedures practices establish develop time ref name source conceptual approaches


order create awareness importance social issues computing one focus didactics social informatics within north america field represented largely independent research efforts number diverse institutions social informatics research diverges earlier deterministic social technological models measuring social impacts technology technological deterministic models characterized information technologies tools installed used pre determined set impacts society dictated technology 's stated capabilities similarly socially deterministic theory represented proponents social


construction technology scot social shaping technology theory see technology product human social forces criticisms tension practice research ends field extent reflects gap familiar disciplines community development community organizing community based research addition difficulty information systems recognising qualitative dimension technology research means kind approach taken supporters community informatics difficult justify positive field oriented towards solutions technical rather social


enabling communities information communications technologies'' edited michael gurstein pp url https wwwresearchgatenet publication access rainbow access rainbow conceptualizing universal access information communications infrastructure ref clement shade contended accomplishing insignificant specialized connectedness internet assurance individual group prevail regards appropriating new icts ways advance improvement independence empowerment approach multi layered socio specialized model universal access icts displayed seven layers starting fundamental technical components connectedness moving upward layers inexorably push essential social framework access seven layers


different institutes methodology degree unbending thusly cn specialists institutionally adaptable rush expel part public libraries community tending see library essentially store books upheld public subsidizing public libraries long standing custom association communities yet conditions concerns contrast community networks cns ref name source see also circuit rider technology community memory digital divide informatics living lab nonprofit technology piazza telematica social study information systems social identity model deindividuation effects side social informatics social


computer ibm used transistors magnetic core memory pipelined instructions prefetched data memory controller included pioneering random access disk drives ibm completed despite meeting challenge hundredfold increase performance purchased los alamos national laboratory customers england france also bought computer became basis ibm harvest supercomputer built cryptanalysis third pioneering supercomputer project early atlas university manchester built team led tom

Formal science
Computer science
Parallel computing
High-performance computing


concept computer instead feeds separate parts data entirely different processors recombines results illiac 's design finalized processors offer speed nbsp gflops compared cray 's peak nbsp mflops however development problems led processors built system could never operate quickly nbsp mflops much larger complex cray another problem writing software system difficult getting peak performance matter serious effort partial


many billions arithmetic operations per second osaka university 's links computer graphics system used massively parallel processing architecture microprocessors including zilog z control processors iapx floating point processors mainly used rendering realistic computer graphics fujitsu 's vpp unusual since achieve higher speeds processors used gaas material normally reserved microwave applications due toxicity fujitsu 's numerical wind tunnel supercomputer used vector processors gain top spot peak speed nbsp gigaflops gflops per processor hitachi


debug test parallel programs special techniques need used testing debugging applications distributed supercomputing opportunistic approaches example architecture grid computing system connecting many personal computers internet opportunistic supercomputing form networked grid computing whereby super virtual computer many loosely coupled volunteer computing machines performs large computing tasks grid computing applied number large scale embarrassingly parallel problems require supercomputing performance scales however basic grid cloud computing approaches rely volunteer computing cannot handle traditional supercomputing tasks fluid


dynamic simulations fastest grid computing system distributed computing project folding home f h f h reported nbsp exaflops x processing power nbsp pflops contributed clients running various gpus rest various cpu systems berkeley open infrastructure network computing boinc platform hosts number distributed computing projects boinc recorded processing power nbsp petaflops nbsp thousand active computers hosts network great internet mersenne prime search 's gimps distributed mersenne prime search achieved nbsp pflops nbsp million computers http wwwmersenneorg primenet internet primenet server supports gimps 's


stockpile early covid front center world supercomputers used different simulations find compounds could potentially stop spread computers run tens hours using multiple paralleled running cpu 's model different processes taiwanese supercomputer joined force scientific community help fight covid launched capacity two three petaflops development trends distribution top supercomputers among different countries november china united states european union others competed first create


nbsp exaflop sup sup one quintillion flops supercomputer erik p debenedictis sandia national laboratories theorized zettaflops sup sup one sextillion flops computer required accomplish full weather modeling could cover two week time span accurately systems might built around many monte carlo simulations use algorithm process randomly generated data set particularly integro differential equations describing physical transport processes random paths collisions energy momentum depositions neutrons photons ions electrons etc next step microprocessors may third dimension specializing monte


later uses figurational sociologists attempt look process social feature 's emergence evolution gain fuller understanding function present practitioners may said inspired ideal usual humanities barrier micro eg psychological macro eg state organization removed causal links opened examination consequence much work done name approach examined connection changes psychology personhood one hand changes macro social structures norbert

Social science
Sociology
Figurational sociology


introduced present new technological functions living cells genetic engineering includes approaches construct synthetic chromosomes minimal organisms like mycoplasma laboratorium biomolecular design refers general idea de novo design additive combination biomolecular components approaches share similar task develop synthetic entity higher level complexity inventively manipulating simpler part preceding level optimizing exogenous pathways unnatural systems takes iterative fine tuning individual biomolecular components select highest concentrations desired product

Natural science
Biology
Systems biology
Synthetic biology


synthetic transcription factors studies considered components dna transcription mechanism one desire scientists creating synthetic biological circuits able control transcription synthetic dna unicellular organisms prokaryotes multicellular organisms eukaryotes one study tested adjustability synthetic transcription factors stfs areas transcription output cooperative ability among multiple transcription factor complexes ref name khalil ref researchers able mutate functional regions called zinc fingers dna specific component stfs decrease affinity specific operator dna sequence sites thus decrease associated site specific


macromolecules well store information ability mutate ref name deamer ref nobody able create cell ref name 'deamer' completely synthetic bacterial chromosome produced craig venter team introduced genomically emptied bacterial host cells ref name gibson ref host cells able grow replicate mycoplasma laboratorium living organism completely engineered genome first living organism 'artificial' expanded dna code presented team used ''e coli'' genome extracted replaced chromosome expanded genetic


unified syncelleu initiative drug delivery platforms engineered bacteria based platform bacteria long used cancer treatment ''bifidobacterium'' ''clostridium'' selectively colonize tumors reduce size ref name zu ref recently synthetic biologists reprogrammed bacteria sense respond particular cancer state often bacteria used deliver therapeutic molecule directly tumor minimize target effects target tumor cells peptides specifically recognize tumor expressed surfaces bacteria peptides used include affibody molecule specifically targets human epidermal growth factor receptor


exception regulating synthetic biology biotechnology companies ref name b gl h et al ref however issues seen new raised earlier recombinant dna genetically modified organism gmo debates extensive regulations genetic engineering pathogen research already place many jurisdictions ref name bioethicsgov presidential commission study bioethical issues december http bioethicsgov synthetic biology report new directions ethics synthetic biology emerging technologies retrieved ref br european union european union funded project synbiosafe issued reports manage synthetic biology paper identified


determined messages languages museums past invites visitors reflect diverse roles museums history display collections museum antioquia medell n colombia exemplifies practice design gallery ''historias para pensar'' histories think focuses th century first half th century proposes critical review region art history thereby inquiring role collectors museum construction aesthetic paradigms gallery includes contemporary works order install dialogue

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Museology


curating workshops courses labs engage new museology critical museology museum spaces universities elsewhere instance http wwwbardedu ccs visit ccs bard mission bard center curatorial studies new york founded began offering graduate program germany http wwwcarmahberlin centre anthropological research museums heritage engaging social cultural political issues facing contemporary museums canada two innovative curating labs http hennessyiatsfuca mcl making culture lab simon fraser university vancouver http capslcerevca curating public scholarship lab concordia


nowiki http postatmomaorg content items messing moma critical interventions museum modern art nowiki truth reconciliation commission canada final report executive summary retrieved nowiki http wwwtrcca websites trcinstitution file honouring truth reconciling future july pdf nowiki ubc moa michael nicholl yahgulanaas meddling museum retrieved nowiki http facultywashingtonedu kbunn mangapdf nowiki university chicago press books nd peter vergo new museology nowiki http pressuchicagoedu ucp books book distributed n bo html nowiki van mensch p magpies mount helicon museum community icofom study series pp nbsp vergo p new museology london reaktion books wilson f mining museum grand street nowiki https wwwjstororg stable seq page scan tab contents nowiki whyte wanda nanibush named ago first curator indigenous art toronto star retrieved nowiki https wwwthestarcom entertainment visualarts wanda nanibush named agos first curator indigenous arthtml nowiki external links


https webarchiveorg web http wwwtrcca websites trcinstitution file findings calls action english pdf calls action truth reconciliation commission canada http wwwcarmahberlin centre anthropological research museums heritage curatorial dreams http cerevorg curatorialdreams http cerevorg curatorialdreams http capslcerevca curating public scholarship lab https wwwguerrillagirlscom guerrilla girls http icommuseum international council museums http hennessyiatsfuca mcl making culture lab making culture lab http museumsin touchorg uploaded web docs task force report pdf task force report museums first peoples https webarchiveorg web http wwwtrcca websites trcinstitution indexphpp truth reconciliation commission https webarchiveorg web http wwwtrcca websites trcinstitution file findings calls action english pdf trc calls action


gives least insight molluscan taxonomy historically shell often part exotic species available study even current museum collections common dry material shells greatly exceed amount material preserved whole alcohol conchologists mainly deal four molluscan orders gastropods snails bivalves clams polyplacophora chitons scaphopoda tusk shells cephalopods small internal shells exception nautiloidea groups sea slug nudibranchs lost shells altogether others

Natural science
Biology
Zoology
Conchology


diminish parties pursue new directions ref name controversies surrounding feminist geography leading journal feminist geography entitled ''gender place culture'' subject scholarly publishing hoax known grievance studies affair several authors disingenuously submitted paper titled human reactions rape culture queer performativity urban dog parks portland oregon ref name paper proposed dog parks rape condoning spaces place rampant canine rape culture systemic oppression oppressed dog human attitudes problems measured analysed

Social science
Geography
Feminist Geography


policy discipline unto earliest examples direct intervention government human welfare date back ancient rome 's ''cura annonae'' grain dole founded bc umar ibn al khatt b 's rule second caliph islam th century used ''zakat'' collections also governmental resources establish pensions income support child benefits various stipends people non muslim community enactment english poor laws helped curb poverty recidivism laws influenced justices berkshire implement speenhamland system first


social program modern sense word modern west proponents scientific social planning sociologist auguste comte social researchers charles booth contributed emergence social policymaking first industrialised countries following industrial revolution surveys poverty exposing brutal conditions urban slum conurbations victorian britain supplied pressure leading changes decline abolition poor law system liberal welfare reforms significant examples development social policy bismarckian welfare state th


social policy example john calvin idea pre destination protestant values hard work individualism moreover social darwinism helped mold america 's ideas capitalism ' 'survival fittest'' mentality catholic church 's social teaching also considerably influential development social policy united states politicians favored increasing government observance social policy often frame proposals around typical notions welfare benefits instead cases like ''medicare'' ''medicaid'' president lyndon johnson presented package called great society framed larger vision around


modernist pioneers adolphe appia edward gordon craig scenography proposes design practices within performance considered equal partner alongside elements literary texts performance technique within construction reception meaning practice scenography thereby holistic approach composition performance applied design curation events within outside conventional theatre environment pamela howard states book ''what scenography'' scenography seamless synthesis space text research art actors directors spectators contributes

Humanities
Performing arts
Theatre
Scenography


map evidently related concepts apply artistic social scenarios beyond institutional conceptions theatre attempt dissuade reader understanding notions scenographic singular monolithic adoption scenographics stresses inherent plurality multiplicities sustain scenographic encounter consequently scenographic traits result combination orientating stimuli exceed strict ontologies empiricism complicate neat separation theatrical crafts scenographics collection place orienting traits often explicit theatre yet also present within scenographic cultures gardening visual merchandising


removal chemical means alternatively various methods biological control used including sterilisation programmes history bronze cat ancient egypt bc pest control least old agriculture always need keep crops free pests long ago bc egypt cats used control pests grain stores rodents ferrets domesticated ad europe use mousers mongooses introduced homes control rodents snakes probably ancient egyptians conventional approach probably first

Applied science
Agriculture
Pest control


colorado potato beetle much discussion arsenical compounds used control beetle predicted poisoning human population occur led way widespread acceptance insecticides across continent ref name emden ref industrialisation mechanization agriculture th th centuries introduction insecticides pyrethrum derris chemical pest control became widespread th century discovery several synthetic insecticides ddt herbicides boosted development ref name emden biological control first recorded around ad china colonies


effective compound put effective stop biological control experiments problems resistance chemicals damage environment began emerge biological control renaissance chemical pest control still predominant type pest control today although renewed interest traditional biological pest control developed towards end th century continues day agriculture horticulture forestry control methods biological pest control biological pest control parasitoid wasp ''cotesia congregata '' adult pupal cocoons host tobacco hornworm ''manduca sexta'' green background biological


pest control method controlling pests insects mites using organisms relies predation parasitism herbivory parasitody natural mechanisms typically also involves active human management role classical biological control involves introduction natural enemies pest bred laboratory released environment alternative approach augment natural enemies occur particular area releasing either small repeated batches single large scale release ideally released organism breed survive provide long term


acute effects immediately exposure chronic effects continuous low level occasional exposure maximum residue limits pesticides foodstuffs animal feed set many nations hunting contemporary wood engraving varmint hunters shooting passenger pigeons varmint species known damage crops overhunting resulted complete extinction species pest control also achieved via culling pest animals generally small medium sized wild feral mammals birds inhabit ecological niches near farms pastures human settlements employing human hunters trappers physically


means pheromones synthetic volatile chemicals ultraviolet light attract insects sticky base electrically charged grid kill glueboards sometimes used monitoring cockroaches catch rodents rodents killed suitably baited spring traps caught cage traps relocation talcum powder tracking powder used establish routes used rodents inside buildings acoustic devices used detecting beetles structural timbers ref name o'connor historically firearms one primary methods used pest control garden guns


name eger ref common shot cartridge long rifle loaded shot distance maximum effective range pattern diameter standard rifle special smoothbore shotguns marlin model mg produce effective patterns yards using wmr shotshells hold oz shot contained plastic capsule poisoned bait rodent bait station chennai india poisoned bait common method controlling rats mice birds slugs snails ants cockroaches pests basic


members colony goes slow decline mosquitoes mosquito '' aedes aegypti '' biting human mosquitoes midge like flies family culicidae females species feed blood act vectors malaria diseases historically controlled use ddt chemical means since adverse environmental effects insecticides realized means control attempted insects rely water breed first line control reduce possible breeding locations draining marshes reducing


depression key member called brain trust developing many new deal policies berle means issued revised edition work preface added new dimension separation controllers companies owners shareholders stake posed question corporate structure really meant achieve blockquote stockholders toil neither spin earn dividends share price increases beneficiaries position justification inheritance founded upon social grounds

Social science
Economics
Institutional economics


''handbook new institutional economics'' c nard shirley eds ''handbook new institutional economics'' pp https doiorg f https booksgooglecom booksid kyrufh ejic pg p lpg bl ots sruo tvx sig zgqzs h wzmwfd en exwqcmfo hl en ei utgtlmtg h aba dub sa x oi book result ct result resnum ved cgeq aewcq v onepage q f false springer br nbsp nbsp oliver e williamson new institutional economics taking stock looking ahead ''journal economic literature'' pp http wwwndedu cmendoz williamson pdf ref institutionalist political economy vacillations institutions necessarily result incentives created institutions thus endogenous emphatically traditional institutionalism many ways response current economic orthodoxy reintroduction form institutionalist political economy thus explicit challenge neoclassical economics


''recent developments institutional economics'' elgar https webarchiveorg web http wwwe elgarcouk bookentry mainlassoid description https webarchiveorg web http wwwe elgarcouk bookentry contentslassoid contents ''the evolution institutional economics agency structure darwinism american institutionalism'' london new york routledge geoffrey hodgson thorbj rn knudsen http wwwthemontrealreviewcom darwin conjecturephp darwin 's conjecture ''the montreal review'' august hodgson samuels tool ''the elgar companion institutional evolutionary economics'' edward elgar keaney michael critical institutionalism american exceptionalism international relevance ''understanding capitalism critical analysis karl marx amartya sen'' ed doug dowd pluto press nicita vatiero contract


'''intercultural communication''' discipline studies communication across different cultures social groups culture affects communication describes wide range communication processes problems naturally appear within organization social context made individuals different religious social ethnic educational backgrounds sense seeks understand people different countries cultures act communicate perceive world around ref name intercultural communication focuses recognition respect cultural differences goal mutual adaptation two distinct cultures

Journalism, media studies and communication


competence defined thinking feeling pragmatically behaving ways defined appropriate dominant mainstream culture communication competence outcomes based measure conceptualized functional operational conformity environmental criteria working conditions beyond adaptation means need conform mainstream objective reality accepted modes experience ref name gudykunst w gudykunst w kim communicating strangers approach intercultural communication th ed new york mcgraw hill ref cultural adaptation process individuals able maintain stability reestablish environment unfamiliar cultural


yun kim identified three personality traits could affect someone 's cultural adaptation personality traits include openness strength positive personality traits individuals successful acculturating individuals possess traits kim proposes alternative acculturation complete assimilation communication acculturation theory attempts portray cross cultural adaptation collaborative effort stranger receiving environment engaged joint effort anxiety uncertainty management strangers communicate hosts experience uncertainty anxiety strangers need manage uncertainty well anxiety


trusting others problems intercultural communication usually come problems message transmission reception communication people culture person receives message interprets based values beliefs expectations behavior similar person sent message happens way message interpreted receiver likely fairly similar speaker intended however receiver message person different culture receiver uses information culture


determine message received context '''factors affect verbal communication ''' tone voice use descriptive words emphasis certain phrases volume voice way message received dependent factors give greater interpretation receiver meant message emphasizing certain phrase tone voice indicates important focused along attributes verbal communication also accompanied non verbal cues cues make message clearer give


refers gestures facial expressions tone voice eye contact lack thereof body language posture ways people communicate without using language minor variations body language speech rhythms punctuality often cause differing interpretations situation among cross cultural parties kinesic behavior communication body movement eg posture gestures facial expressions eye contact meaning behavior varies across countries clothing way people dress used form nonverbal communication object language material culture refers people communicate material artifacts eg architecture office design furniture clothing cars


bibliography aneas maria assumpta sand n mar paz intercultural cross cultural communication research reflections culture qualitative methods ''forum qualitative sozialforschung forum qualitative social research'' ''' ''' doi fqs issn nbsp bhawuk p brislin r measurement intercultural sensitivity using concepts individualism collectivism international journal intercultural relations ellingsworth hw adaptive intercultural communication gudykunst william b ed ''intercultural communication theory'' beverly hills sage evans adam suklun harika workplace diversity intercultural communication phenomenological study fleming dance opinions mastering written spoken communication


example although tort israeli law technically similar english law enacted british mandate palestine authorities took effect apparent split commonwealth countries principally england canada australia united states ref name cane cane p http digitalcommonspepperdineedu cgi viewcontentcgiarticle context plr searching united states tort law antipode ''pepperdine law review'' ref united states perceived particularly prone filing tort lawsuits even relative common law countries although perception criticized debated ref name atiyah atiyah ps http scholarshiplawdukeedu cgi viewcontentcgiarticle context dlj tort law alternatives


actions allowed special relationship existed plaintiff defendant ref name ballam united states courts scholars paid lip service ''derry'' however scholars william prosser argued misinterpreted english courts ref name ballam case ''ultramares corporation v touche'' limited liability auditor known identified beneficiaries audit rule widely applied united states ref name ballam restatement second torts expanded liability foreseeable users rather specifically identified foreseen users information dramatically expanding liability affecting professionals


respondeat superior example shop employee spilled cleaning liquid supermarket floor victim fell suffered injuries plaintiff might able sue either employee employer considerable academic debate whether vicarious liability justified better basis search solvent defendant whether well founded theory efficient risk allocation generally follows ''if want something done properly get someone else take risk


v transamerica delaval inc'' expanded across country non uniform manner leading confusion ref name among examples tort insurance bad faith arises contractual relationship collateral torts wrongful dismissal involving possible overlap labour law contracts ref name gergen overlap criminal law overlap criminal law tort example english law assault crime tort form trespass person tort allows person usually victim obtain remedy serves


considered medical experts like physicians psychiatrists past ones consulted criminal testimonies could criminal cases defendant 's mental state almost never mattered general rule medical men persons licensed law practice profession medicine testify experts question insanity propriety general limitation patent permit discussion training education legal psychologists typically hold phd area psychology eg clinical psychology social psychology cognitive psychology etc apply

Social science
Psychology
Legal psychology


trial consulting special training certification needed trial consultant though advanced degree generally welcomed would hire trial consultant american society trial consultants code ethics members legally binding ethical rules consultants psychologists work academics hired trial consultants expertise useful particular case psychologists consultants work established trial consultant firms practice law firms hiring house trial consultants becoming popular consultants


'''nanomaterials''' describe principle materials single unit small sized least one dimension nbsp nm usual definition nanoscale nanomaterials research takes materials science based approach nanotechnology leveraging advances materials metrology synthesis developed support microfabrication research materials structure nanoscale often unique optical electronic thermo physical mechanical properties ref name portelavidyasagar ref nanomaterials slowly becoming commercialized ref name nanotech ref beginning emerge commodities definition iso ts ''nanomaterial'' defined material external dimension nanoscale

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Materials Science and Engineering
Nanomaterials


significant fraction crystal grains nanoscale nanoporous materials term ''nanoporous materials'' contain subsets microporous mesoporous materials microporous materials porous materials mean pore size smaller nbsp nm mesoporous materials pores sizes region nbsp nm ref name porous ref microporous materials exhibit pore sizes comparable length scale small molecules reason materials may serve valuable applications including separation membranes mesoporous materials interesting towards applications require high specific surface areas enabling penetration molecules may large enter pores microporous material


interest mechanical strength also electrical properties ref name encyclop dia britannica ref rotating view c sub sub one kind fullerene first fullerene molecule discovered family 's namesake buckminsterfullerene c sub sub prepared richard smalley robert curl james heath sean o'brien harold kroto rice university name homage buckminster fuller whose geodesic domes resembles fullerenes since found occur nature ref name buseck et al ref recently fullerenes detected outer space past decade chemical physical properties


oxides particular interest mechanical electrical magnetic optical chemical properties nanoparticles used quantum dots chemical catalysts nanomaterial based catalysts recently range nanoparticles extensively investigated biomedical applications including tissue engineering drug delivery biosensor nanoparticles great scientific interest effectively bridge bulk materials atomic molecular structures bulk material constant physical properties regardless size nano scale often case size dependent properties observed quantum confinement semiconductor


range one property another attained often methods divided two main types bottom top bottom methods bottom methods involve assembly atoms molecules nanostructured arrays methods raw material sources form gases liquids solids latter require sort disassembly prior incorporation onto nanostructure bottom methods generally fall two categories chaotic controlled chaotic processes involve elevating constituent atoms molecules chaotic


high purity ceramics polymers glass ceramics material composites condensed bodies formed fine powders irregular sizes shapes nanoparticles typical powder often lead non uniform packing morphologies result packing density variations powder compact uncontrolled agglomeration powders due attractive van der waals forces also give rise microstructural inhomogeneities differential stresses develop result non uniform drying shrinkage directly related rate solvent removed thus highly dependent upon distribution porosity stresses associated


sufficiently ensure high degree order colloidal crystal polycrystalline colloidal solid results aggregation degree order appears limited time space allowed longer range correlations established defective polycrystalline colloidal structures would appear basic elements sub micrometer colloidal materials science therefore provide first step developing rigorous understanding mechanisms involved microstructural evolution high performance materials components nanomaterials articles patents products quantitative analysis nanomaterials showed nanoparticles nanotubes nanocrystalline


name current intelligence bulletin carbon nanotubes ref name approaches safe nanotechnology ref dust explosion hazards ref name screening allotropes ref ref name fire explosion properties ref elimination substitution desirable approaches hazard control nanomaterials often cannot eliminated substituted conventional materials ref name current strategies engineering may possible choose properties nanoparticle size shape functionalization surface charge solubility agglomeration aggregation state improve toxicological properties retaining desired functionality ref name building safety program ref handling procedures also improved example using nanomaterial


habitable land encountered one human channel along warm productive coastal lands persian gulf northern indian ocean eventually various bands entered india years ago years ago ref name fisher blockquote archaeological evidence interpreted suggest presence anatomically modern humans indian subcontinent years ago ref name tunizgillespie ref although interpretation disputed occupation south asia modern humans long time initially varying forms isolation hunter gatherers turned highly diverse one second africa human genetic diversity ref

Humanities
History
Asian history
Indian history


area earliest known cultivation rice south asia bce location advanced neolithic population associated sites chirand chechar region rama ic movements flourished jainism buddhism originated buddhism jainism around nbsp bce nbsp bce witnessed composition earliest upanishads ref name flood ref ref name mascar ref upanishads form theoretical basis classical hinduism known vedanta conclusion vedas increasing urbanisation india th th centuries bce led rise new ascetic rama movements


challenged orthodoxy rituals ref name flood mahavira c nbsp bce proponent jainism gautama buddha c nbsp bce founder buddhism prominent icons movement rama gave rise concept cycle birth death concept samsara concept liberation buddha found middle way ameliorated extreme asceticism found '' rama a'' religions around time mahavira th ''tirthankara'' jainism propagated theology later become jainism however jain orthodoxy believes teachings ''tirthankaras'' predates known time


assert independence decline kadamba kingdom banavasi rapidly rose prominence reign pulakeshin nbsp ii rule chalukyas marks important milestone history south india golden age history karnataka political atmosphere south india shifted smaller kingdoms large empires ascendancy badami chalukyas southern india based kingdom took control consolidated entire region kaveri narmada rivers rise empire saw birth efficient administration overseas trade commerce


caves gwalior fort file baroli temple complex jpg ghateshwara mahadeva temple baroli temples complex complex eight temples built gurjara pratiharas situated within walled enclosure gahadavala dynasty gahadavala dynasty ruled parts present day indian states uttar pradesh bihar th th centuries capital located varanasi gangetic plains khayaravala dynasty khayaravala dynastyruled parts present day indian states bihar jharkhand th th centuries capital located khayaragarh shahabad district pratapdhavala shri pratapa king dynasty according inscription


rohtasrohtasgarh fort pala empire excavated ruins nalanda centre buddhist learning ce pala empire founded gopala ref name nitish ref ref name biplab ref ruled buddhist dynasty bengal eastern region indian subcontinent palas reunified bengal fall shashanka 's gauda kingdom palas followers mahayana tantric schools buddhism also patronised shaivism vaishnavism ref name chandrapala ref morpheme ''pala'' meaning protector used ending names pala monarchs empire reached peak


occupation cities maritime empire srivijaya southeast asia well repeated embassies china ref name sastri k nilakanta sastri ''a history south india'' p ref dominated political affairs sri lanka two centuries repeated invasions occupation also continuing trade contacts arabs west chinese empire east rajaraja chola equally distinguished son rajendra chola gave political unity whole southern india established chola empire respected sea power


th century early th century ref name delhi http wwwbritannicacom ebchecked topic delhi sultanate delhi sultanate ''encyclop dia britannica'' ref th th centuries central asian turks invaded parts northern india established delhi sultanate former hindu holdings subsequent mamluk dynasty delhi managed conquer large areas northern india khalji dynasty conquered central india forcing principal hindu kingdoms south india become vassal states ref name delhi sultanate ushered period indian cultural renaissance resulting indo muslim fusion cultures left lasting syncretic monuments architecture music literature religion


irrigation empire 's patronage enabled fine arts literature reach new heights kannada telugu tamil sanskrit carnatic music evolved current form vijayanagara went decline defeat battle talikota death aliya rama raya battle talikota tirumala deva raya started aravidu dynasty moved founded new capital penukonda replace destroyed hampi attempted reconstitute remains vijayanagara empire tirumala abdicated dividing remains kingdom three sons pursued religious life


difficulties vijayanagara early th century krishnadevaraya vijayanagar empire defeated last remnant bahmani sultanate power bahmani sultanate collapsed resulting split five small deccan sultanates ahmadnagar declared independence followed bijapur berar year golkonda became independent bidar although generally rivals ally vijayanagara empire permanently weakening vijayanagar battle talikota east gajapati kingdom remained strong regional power reckon associated high point


petty kingdoms bhakti movement sikhism dasam granth composed sikh guru gobind singh bhakti movement refers theistic devotional trend emerged medieval hinduism later revolutionised sikhism originated seventh century south india parts tamil nadu kerala spread northwards swept east north india th century onwards reaching zenith th th century ce bhakti movement regionally developed around different gods goddesses vaishnavism vishnu shaivism shiva shaktism shakti goddesses smartism movement


world economy ref name maddison maddison angus '' https booksgooglecom booksid rhjgz hijbcc pg pa development centre studies world economy historical statistics historical statistics '' oecd publishing p ref world leader manufacturing ref name parthasarathi ref producing global industrial output ref name williamson ref economic demographic upsurge stimulated mughal agrarian reforms intensified agricultural production ref name richards john f richards https booksgooglecom booksid hhyvh gy qc pg pa ''the mughal empire'' p cambridge university press ref proto industrializing economy began moving towards industrial manufacturing ref name voss ref relatively high degree urbanization time ref name eraly ref mughal empire reached zenith territorial expanse reign


maratha empire extended suzerainty indian subcontinent peshwas marathas consolidated ruled much south asia marathas credited large extent ending mughal rule india ref name pearson ref ref name google ref ref name google ref maratha kingdom founded consolidated chatrapati shivaji maratha aristocrat bhonsle clan however credit making marathas formidable power nationally goes peshwa bajirao historian kk datta wrote bajirao may well regarded second founder maratha empire early th century maratha kingdom


sinai palestine campaign 's defence suez canal romani jerusalem india units occupied jordan valley german spring offensive became major force egyptian expeditionary force battle megiddo desert mounted corps' advance damascus aleppo divisions remained india guarding north west frontier fulfilling internal security obligations one million indian troops served abroad war total died ref name cwrepdirect ref another wounded roughly soldiers lost


singh quickly became folk hero indian independence movement file nehru gandhijpg late th century especially leadership mahatma gandhi right congress became principal leader indian independence movement ref name research ref gandhi shown jawaharlal nehru later first prime minister india numbers british india small yet able rule indian subcontinent directly exercise considerable leverage princely states accounted area ref name markovits ref one important events


august british indian empire partitioned union india dominion pakistan particular partition punjab bengal led rioting hindus muslims sikhs provinces spread nearby regions leaving dead police army units largely ineffective british officers gone units beginning tolerate actually indulge violence religious enemies ref name symonds ref ref name abid ref also period saw one largest mass migrations anywhere modern history total nbsp million hindus sikhs


text search majumdar rc ''an advanced history india'' london majumdar rc ed ''the history culture indian people'' bombay eleven volumes mansingh surjit ''the z india'' concise historical encyclopedia markovits claude ed ''a history modern india '' team french scholars metcalf barbara thomas r metcalf ''a concise history modern india'' peers douglas ''india colonial rule '' pp richards john f ''the mughal empire'' new cambridge history india riddick john f ''the history