industrial revolution would confirm concept military revolution sixteenth seventeenth centuries received mixed reception among historians noted military historians michael duffy jeremy black strongly criticised misleading exaggerated simplistic industrial warfare franco prussian war weapons particularly small arms became easier use countries began abandon complete reliance professional soldiers favor conscription technological advances became increasingly important armies previous period usually similar weapons industrial age saw encounters battle sadowa possession advanced


coaches parents regarding injury rehabilitation communication team building career transitions also closely associated sports psychiatry history sport psychology early history formation sport psychology primarily domain physical educators researchers explain lack consistent history nonetheless many instructors sought explain various phenomena associated physical activity developed sport psychology laboratories birth sport psychology europe happened largely germany first sport psychology laboratory founded dr carl diem berlin early early years sport psychology

Social science
Psychology
Sport psychology


related experiences resolution conflict child theory emphasizes understanding individual whole rather trait theory consider environmental factors influence behavior ref name ''the trait approach'' focuses traits commonly attributed individual influence way one act normal basis traits helpful predicting usual behavior however cannot always predispose situational behavior ref name '''''' ''situational approach'' suggests individual act entirely depends environment example player acts aggressively


achievable high achieving athletes likely motivated achieve success rather motivated avoid failure ref name '''''' ''reversal theory'' motivation states human behavior experienced eight states four sets two motivational state four pairs present time reversal theory supporting research connecting psychological physiological phenomena states purposeful reversals less desired useful state increase performance endurance arousal stress may utilized unique helpful way use


breath conscious effort take slow deep breaths slow deep breathing traditional practice eastern culture yoga meditation used activate parasympathetic nervous system helps reduce blood pressure heart rate ref name hunt g ref typical respiratory rate humans breaths per minute slow breathing range breaths per minute various methods apply slow breathing technique simplest form deeply breathing minutes slow pace enhance effects individuals may


mac protocol several weeks diver showed percent increase diving scores finding important previously majority tests performed using mac protocol world class athletes arousal anxiety stress although anxiety stress often believed negative thing actually necessary response body survive natural body exhibit certain levels anxiety stress however becomes problem begins inhibit activity arousal physiological psychological activation


body response event trait anxiety exists individual experience unusually high response levels wide spread situations threatening state anxiety momentary feeling nervousness worry accompanies arousal body state anxiety defined cognitively nervous thoughts worries occur moment also somatic state anxiety body experiences physiological response arousal sometimes manifests momentarily fluttering stomach elevated pulse four major theories arousal anxiety ref


characteristics explained demands sport type individual sports require athletes self reliant team sports require group cohesion order successful athletes participating team individual sports score equally measures neuroticism extraversion openness traits help provide personality profile sport psychologist seeking work certain types sports ref name sensation seeking sensation seeking phenomenon individual seeks participate novel complex intense activities higher amounts thrill order satisfy personal need


ballet gymnastics least prevalent high risk sports team ball sports eating disorders prevalent athletes general public women eating disorders highly prevalent aesthetic racing fine motor sports least prevalent team ball sports eating disorders prevalent men high combat contact sports ref name problematic eating behaviors sports place emphasis thinness weight dependence demonstrates mental health problems highly related demands specific sports place athletes involved


recent evidence also suggests besides mental health well sport practice improve general cognitive abilities requiring sufficient cognitive demands physical activity seems optimal way improve cognition possibly efficiently cognitive training physical exercise alone see also athletic training clinical psychology counseling psychology exercise physiology ideokinesis kinesiology performance psychology personal training sociology sport sport communication sports medicine sports science references external links http appliedsportpsychorg association applied sport psychology aasp http wwwapa org division exercise sport psychology apa http wwwapaorg american psychological association apa https webarchiveorg web http wwwnaspspaorg north american society psychology


point time convex growth increases gdp reaches maximum begins decline exists extremum value exactly middle income trap observed developed developing economies actually countries property belong ''conventional growth domain'' however extremum could extended technological policy innovations countries move ''innovative growth domain'' higher limiting values determinants per capita gdp growth historic world gdp per capita national income accounting per capita output calculated using following factors output per unit labor

Social science
Economics
Growth economics


formal schooling commonly used measure human capital level average years school attainment country building upon data development robert barro jong wha lee measure widely used barro lee provide data numerous countries five year intervals long period time one problem schooling attainment measure amount human capital acquired year schooling levels schooling countries measure also presumes human capital


india indonesia china political institutions blockquote institutions influence behavior incentives real life forge success failure nations ref name acemoglu robinson ref blockquote economics economic history transition capitalism earlier economic systems enabled adoption government policies facilitated commerce gave individuals personal economic freedom included new laws favorable establishment business including contract law laws providing protection private property abolishment anti usury laws much literature built success story british state


extracting wealth especially gold silver countries conquered system repeatedly failed english successes rested giving land voice government every male settler incentivize productive labor virginia took twelve years many deaths starvation governor decided try democracy entrepreneurs new products policymakers scholars frequently emphasize importance entrepreneurship economic growth however surprisingly research empirically examine quantify entrepreneurship 's impact growth due endogeneity forces drive economic growth


individuals adapt changing technological environment rise allocation resources towards education triggered fertility decline enabling economies allocate larger share fruits technological progress steady increase income per capita rather towards growth population paving way emergence sustained economic growth theory suggests variations biogeographical characteristics well cultural institutional characteristics generated differential pace transition stagnation growth across countries consequently divergence income per capita past


gdp large impact relatively small growth rate long period time due power exponential growth rule mathematical result states something grows rate x per year level double every x years example growth rate per annum leads doubling gdp within years whilst growth rate per year leads doubling gdp within nine years thus small difference economic growth rates countries


effects minor argument stated commentator julian lincoln simon states global scale ecological effects exist human ingenuity find ways adapt conversely partha dasgupta report economics biodiversity commissioned british treasury argues biodiversity collapsing faster time human history result demands contemporary human civilization far exceed nature 's capacity supply us goods services rely would require earths maintain world 's current living standards says


predictions approaching famines europe ''the population bomb'' ref name oswegoedu ref ref name reasoncom ref simon ehrlich wager ref name wiredcom ref materialized diminished production resources occurred far one reason advancements technology science allowed previously unavailable resources produced ref name wiredcom cases substitution abundant materials plastics cast metals lowered growth usage metals case limited resource land famine relieved firstly revolution transportation caused railroads steam ships later


permeability rock whose extraction requires much higher inputs energy capital materials conventional gas previous decades offshore oil gas exponentially increased cost water depth increases physical scientists like sanyam mittal regard continuous economic growth unsustainable ref name bartlett ref ref name murphy ref several factors may constrain economic growth example finite peaked depleted resources ''the limits growth'' study modeled limitations infinite growth originally ridiculed ref name oswegoedu ref name reasoncom ref name aeiorg ref predicted trends materialized raising concerns impending collapse decline due resource constraints ref name turner


requires natural resources creation waste must absorbed manner economy continue churning matter energy power ability absorb waste creates matter low entropy energy ability absorb waste exists finite amount thus finite amount inputs flow outputs flow environment handle implying sustainable limit motion therefore growth economy ref name daly herman e p economic


name branemark ref dental implants way also used retain multiple tooth dental prosthesis either form fixed bridge removable dentures limited evidence implant supported single crowns perform better tooth supported fixed partial dentures fpds long term basis however taking account favorable cost benefit ratio high implant survival rate dental implant therapy first line strategy single tooth replacement implants preserve integrity teeth adjacent edentulous area shown dental implant therapy less costly efficient

Applied science
Medicine and health
Dentistry
Implantology


typically number teeth outnumber anchor points teeth directly implants referred abutments abutments referred pontics implant supported bridges attach implant abutments way single tooth implant replacement fixed bridge may replace two teeth also known fixed partial denture may extend replace entire arch teeth also known fixed full denture cases prosthesis said fixed cannot removed denture


sensation pressure biting forces created higher offset location implants must distribute forces evenly across prosthetics support ref name branemark ref concentrated forces result fracture bridgework implant components loss bone adjacent implant ultimate location implants based biologic bone type vital structures health mechanical factors implants placed thicker stronger bone like found front part bottom jaw lower failure rates implants placed lower density bone back part


cover screw flush surface dental implant designed completely covered mucosa integration period second surgery required reflect mucosa place healing abutment ref name peterson ref early stages implant development implant systems used two stage approach believing improved odds initial implant survival subsequent research suggests difference implant survival existed one stage two stage surgeries choice whether bury implant first stage surgery became concern


soft tissue gingiva management ref name esposito ref tissue deficient mutilated loss teeth implants placed allowed osseointegrate gingiva surgically moved around healing abutments side two stage technique need additional surgery compromise circulation tissue due repeated surgeries ref name sclar ref choice one two stages centers around best reconstruct soft tissues around lost teeth additional surgical procedures implant osseointegrate needs surrounded healthy quantity bone order


cheeks replacing tooth implant band strong attached gingiva needed keep implant healthy long term especially important implants blood supply precarious gingiva surrounding implant theoretically susceptible injury longer attachment implant tooth longer biologic width ref name newman ref adequate band attached tissue absent recreated soft tissue graft four methods used transplant soft tissue roll


better seal bacteria implant body improve gingival seal around abutment collar narrowed collar abutment used referred platform switching combination conical fits platform switching gives marginally better long term periodontal conditions compared flat top abutments ref name atieh ref regardless abutment material technique impression abutment taken crown secured abutment dental cement another variation abutment crown model crown abutment one piece lag screw traverses secure one piece structure


produced first pontics using single gold bands early bc perhaps earlier ref name becker ref wilson popenoe wife site honduras dating back ad found lower mandible young mayan woman three missing incisors replaced pieces sea shells shaped resemble teeth ref name misch ref bone growth around two implants formation calculus indicates functional well esthetic fragment currently part osteological collection peabody museum archaeology ethnology harvard university ref name misch


system give inspiration wow experiences value system important value properly evaluate user experience metrics factors surrounding study need taken account example data metrics time taken complete task scale metrics indicators show effectiveness efficiency satisfaction factors conditions use surrounding environment human factors methods individual method collect data set specific constructs user experience instance usability testing used collect data usability construct methods

Applied science
Architecture and design
User experience design
User experience evaluation


researchers explore people react regarding desirability findability usefulness credibility accessibility usability human factors metrics outcomes work includes user requirements concept validation design guidelines ref name speech guidelines researchers conducted intriguing research answer questions could vehicle infotainment ivi system speech evoked personality change relationship car could car system support unwinding work could car solutions address special needs children passengers assist parents task driving many others additionally workshops gatherings researchers around


un structured diary studies workload assessment questionnaires ie dali driving activity load index adapted nasa tlx subjective assessment interfaces questionnaires ie sassi subjective assessment speech system interfaces lead design guidelines speech interfaces ref name speech guidelines areti goulati dalila szostak user experience speech recognition navigation devices assessment proceedings th international conference human computer interaction mobile devices services mobilehci ' acm new york ny usa doi ref experience probing prototypes storytelling storyboards co design activities observations ie coding frustration delight non verbal cues video games relatively


level yet local reductions ghg emission policies achieve slow global warming unless overall volume ghg emission declines across planet since entering feasibility replacing energy fossil fuel renewable energy sources significantly increased countries generating electrical energy renewables public awareness climate change threat risen larger part due social movement led youth visibility impacts climate change extreme weather events flooding caused sea level rise many surveys show

Applied science
Public administration
Science policy
Climate change policy


growing proportion voters support tackling climate change high priority making easier politicians commit policies include climate action covid pandemic economic recession lead widespread calls green recovery political contexts like european union successfully integrating climate action policy change outright climate change denial become much less influential force opposition pivoted strategies encouraging delay inaction effects climate change human driven global warming represents existential threat human civilisation much earth 's flora


fauna global heating driven human emissions greenhouse gases ghg average temperatures already risen nbsp c pre industrial levels rise already contributed extinction numerous plants animals many thousands human deaths paris conference nations agreed make efforts keep rises well nbsp c try limit nbsp c specific actions achieve yet decided existing policies commitments global warming projected reach nbsp c impact global warming


normal collective action problems difficulties included fact fossil fuel use common across economy unlike relatively firms controlled manufacture products containing cfcs damaging ozone layer incompatible views different nations level responsibility highly developed countries assisting less developed controls control emissions without inhibiting economic growth difficulty getting humans take significant action limit threat far away future dilemma conflicting needs


across world increase last year wake paris agreement countries adopted national renewable energy targets counties well national renewable energy targets many different efforts used countries help include renewable energy investments countries implemented tax credits countries include sort public investment countries currently use tax reductions largest co emitters tend industrialized countries like usa china uk india countries implementing enough industrial policies compared


half electricity renewable sources green recovery challenges despite various promising conditions commentators tend warn several difficult challenges remain need overcome climate change politics result substantial reduction greenhouse gas emissions ref name dessler loc chpt ref name mann loc chpt ref name figueres loc chpt chpt urgency levels already increased since pre industrial era billions tons released year global warming already passed point


political centers including european union united kingdom ref name theguardiancom guardian july https wwwtheguardiancom environment jul big oil climate crisis lobby group api powerful us lobby group helps big oil block climate action ref fossil fuel industry interests spend many times much advancing agenda halls power ordinary citizens environmental activists former spending billion years climate change lobbying united states ref name reuterseventscom reuters events november https wwwreuterseventscom sustainability environment lobbying climate change beware hot air lobbying climate change beware hot air ref five largest big oil corporations spent hundreds millions euros lobby


contributions renewable energy advocates fossil fuel industry political contributions reward politicians vote environmental protections according study published proceedings national academy sciences united states america voting member united states congress turned anti environment measured voting record scored league conservation voters lcv fossil fuel industry contributions member congress received increased average decrease lcv score correlated increase campaign contributions fossil fuel


industry campaign following congressional term suppression climate science big oil companies starting early suppressed scientists' reports major climate impacts combustion fossil fuels exxonmobil launched corporate propaganda campaign promoting false information issue climate change tactic compared big tobacco 's public relations efforts hoodwink public dangers smoking fossil fuel industry funded think tanks harassed climate scientists publicly discussing dire threat climate change early larger segments


us polls found people support action limit global warming belief late given common reason skeptism man made climate change lack compromise several climate friendly policies blocked legislative process environmental left leaning pressure groups parties example australian green party voted carbon pollution reduction scheme felt impose high enough carbon price us sierra club helped defeat


governance process maladaptation successful adaptation climate change requires balancing competing economic social political interests absence balancing harmful unintended consequences undo benefits adaptation initiatives example efforts protect coral reefs tanzania forced local villagers shift traditional fishing activities farming produced higher greenhouse gas emissions technology promise technology seen threat potential boon new technologies open possibilities new effective climate policies models indicate path limiting warming nbsp c


orchestrate findings global climate change research shape worldwide consensus matter object strong politicization ref name clt https webarchiveorg web http csisagepubcom content abstract climate change role sociology response constance lever tracy reiner grundmann nico stehr doi current sociology november vol see http csisagepubcom content abstract lever tracys paper journal ref anthropogenic climate change evolved mere science issue top global policy topic ref name clt ipcc process built broad science consensus stop governments following different opposing goals ref


september vol pp doi science ref policy debate concerning climate change mitigation framed projections twenty first century academics criticised short term thinking decisions made next decades environmental consequences last many millennia estimated funding climate related research spent social science climate change mitigation ref name ref vastly funding spent natural science studies climate change considerable sums also spent studies


countries subnational jurisdictions considered contrary norms certain societies cultures two examples criminal offences jurisdictions sexual assault sexual activity person local age consent types sexual activity classified number ways practices may preceded consist solely foreplay ref name edhs ref acts involve one person also called autoeroticism may include sexual fantasy masturbation ref name edhs two people involved may engage vaginal sex anal sex oral sex mutual

Social science
Sociology
Sexology
Human sexual behavior


enjoy pleasing partner way many surveyed felt one best things bdsm gives submissive pleasure things general dominant dominant enjoys making encounters submissive enjoy things makes submissive happy findings indicate surveyed submissives dominants found bdsm makes play pleasurable fun participants also mentioned improvements personal growth romantic relationships sense community self dominant 's confidence coping everyday


occurs within day week year ref name wilson finally many fields inquiry social sciences study sociology leisure hampered lack reliable data comparative longitudinal studies little standardized data gathering leisure throughout human history ref name parker lack longitudinal studies remedied last decades recurring national surveys general household survey united kingdom ongoing since ref name scraton addition surveys increasing number studies

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of leisure


prestigious occupation country club activities golf sailing significantly correlated membership occupations high income activities high cost ref name wilson education correlated wide range leisure activities higher dedication ref name wilson kelly noted predicting person 's leisure behavior basis socioeconomic position impossible hand type leisure activity substantially influenced individual 's immediate situation whether family whether recreational facilities nearby age ref name wilson early family influences particularly


pp nbsp tony blackshaw ''leisure life myth masculinity modernity'' routledge j zsef b r cz https wwwamazoncom leisure migration sociological tourism science dp leisure migration sociological study tourism elsevier science neil h cheek jr toward sociology work ''the pacific sociological review'' vol july pp nbsp https wwwjstororg stable jstor c critcher peter bramham alan tomlinson ''sociology leisure reader'' taylor francis joffre dumazedier ''sociology leisure'' elsevier scientific publishing company joffre dumazedier ''towards sociology leisure'' macmillan john r kelly counterpoints sociology leisure ''leisure sciences'' vol issue


fundamental analysis three subfields mass heat momentum transfer often grounded simple principle total sum quantities studied must conserved system environment thus different phenomena lead transport considered individually knowledge sum contributions must equal zero principle useful calculating many relevant quantities example fluid mechanics common use transport analysis determine velocity profile fluid flowing rigid volume transport phenomena ubiquitous

Natural science
Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Transport phenomena


transport phenomena another example biomedical engineering transport phenomena interest thermoregulation perfusion microfluidics chemical engineering transport phenomena studied reactor design analysis molecular diffusive transport mechanisms metallurgy transport mass energy momentum affected presence external sources odor dissipates slowly may intensify source odor remains present rate cooling solid conducting heat depends whether heat source applied gravitational force acting rain drop counteracts


transfer energy examples heating cooling process streams phase changes distillations etc basic principle first law thermodynamics expressed follows static system math q k frac dt dx math net flux energy system equals conductivity times rate change temperature respect position systems involve either turbulent flow complex geometries difficult boundary conditions another equation would easier use math q h cdot cdot delta math surface area math delta math temperature driving force


united states'' university minnesota press rani asha gajanafar alam ''encyclopaedia urban rural sociology social psychological behaviour'' vol smith suzanne institutional intellectual origins rural sociology paper rural sociology assn meeting http wwwagauburnedu bailelc smith pdf online sorokin pitirim carle zimmerman charles galpin ''a systematic source book rural sociology'' vol https wwwamazoncom systematic source book rural sociology dp excerpt text search v world perspective sorokin pitirim c c zimmerman ''principles rural urban sociology'' world perspective thomas william florian znaniecki ''the polish peasant europe

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of agriculture


life social constructionism uses lot ideas western world thinking also incorporates truths world views traditional knowledge aboriginal groups specifically ecofeminism ref name merchant c reinventing eden fate nature western culture new york ny routledge ref ref name shiva v ''staying alive women ecology development'' st ed london uk zed books ltd ref cosmology ref name india ubuntu philosophy africa example also related postmodernism ref name ref concept anthropocene views humans force

Social science
Geography
Human geography
Behavioural geography


selecting thoughts ref name mental dimension used understand physical dimension limited human logic ref name social dimension needs moral social order used give meaning physically present culturally constructed ref name three dimensions must present linked able socially construct nature ref name criticism social construction nature social construction nature room improvement four main areas giving importance realities culturally constructed


studies'' founded conferences society utopian studies annual utopian studies society annual awards lyman tower sargent distinguished scholar award made society utopian studies significant works class wikitable sortable authors editors description year ernst bloch ''the principle hope'' vols trans neville plaice stephen plaice paul knight oxford blackwell gregory claeys lyman tower sargent eds ''the utopia reader'' new york new york university press gregory claeys ed ''the cambridge companion utopian literature'' cambridge cambridge university

Social science
Sociology
Cultural studies
Utopian studies


first element continuing health care process may also include provision secondary tertiary levels care ref name cookie thomas maclean r et al http wwwuwoca fammed csfm tutor phc documentation trainingpapers tutor definitio primar health carepdf ''no cookie cutter response conceptualizing primary health care'' retrieved august ref health care defined either public private emergency room often frontline venue delivery primary medical care primary care hospital train therapist matvei mudrov khabarovsk russia '''primary care''' refers work health professionals act first point consultation patients within health care system ref name cookie

Applied science
Medicine and health
Clinical laboratory sciences
Haemostasiology


states national health interview survey found skin disorders osteoarthritis joint disorders back problems disorders lipid metabolism upper respiratory tract disease excluding asthma common reasons accessing physician united states primary care physicians begun deliver primary care outside managed care insurance billing system direct primary care subset familiar concierge medicine physicians model bill patients directly services either pre paid monthly quarterly annual basis bill service


towards joint efforts state affairs presents challenge design ict information communication technology home care statistics show million americans taken time primary employment care loved one many countries begun offering programs consumer directed personal assistant program allow family members take care loved ones without giving entire income obesity children rapidly becoming major concern health services often set programs schools aimed educating children nutritional eating


countries mix five models varies across countries time within countries aside financing mechanisms important question always much spend healthcare purposes comparison often expressed percentage gdp spent healthcare oecd countries every extra spent healthcare life expectancy falls years similar correlation seen analysis carried year bloomberg ref name auto ref clearly kind analysis flawed life expectancy one measure


treat care patients development pre digital era pre digital era patients suffered inefficient faulty clinical systems processes conditions ref name ref many medical errors happened past due undeveloped health technologies examples medical errors included adverse drug events alarm fatigue alarm fatigue caused alarm repeatedly triggered activated one becomes desensitized alarms sometimes triggered unimportant events past nurses thought alarm significant alarm fatigue dangerous could lead death

Applied science
Medicine and health
Clinical laboratory sciences


security data privacy rule protects people 's rights privacy security rule determines protect people 's privacy ref name ref according hipaa security rule ensures protected health information three characteristics confidentiality availability integrity confidentiality indicates keeping data confidential prevent data loss individuals unauthorized access protected health information availability allows people authorized access systems networks information fact needed natural disasters cases like protected health information mostly backed


care practitioners managers even consumers ref name several american organizations provide health technology assessments include centers medicare medicaid services cms veterans administration va technology assessment program vatap models adopted institutions vary although focus whether medical technology offered therapeutically relevant ref name ref study conducted noted assessments still use formal economic analyses ref name aside development however assessment health technology industry viewed sporadic fragmented ref name ref issues


determination products needed developed cost access among others also emerged argue need included assessment since health technology never purely matter science also beliefs values ideologies ref name one mechanisms suggested either element alternative current tas bioethics also referred fourth generation evaluation framework ref name least two dimensions ethical hta first involves incorporation ethics


information technology biotech healthcare services impacts medical technology involve social ethical issues example physicians seek objective information technology rather read subjective patient reports major driver sector 's growth consumerization medtech supported widespread availability smartphones tablets providers reach large audience low cost trend stands consolidated wearable technologies spread throughout market years venture funding grown nbsp allowing us billion flow health tech businesses nbsp nbsp investors space types


technology medical technology evolved smaller portable devices instance smartphones touchscreens tablets laptops digital ink voice face recognition technology innovations like electronic health records ehr health information exchange hie nationwide health information network nwhin personal health records phrs patient portals nanomedicine genome based personalized medicine geographical positioning system gps radio frequency identification rfid telemedicine clinical decision support cds mobile home health care cloud computing came exist medical imaging magnetic resonance imaging mri long used proven medical technologies medical research patient reviewing treatment analyzing


section explain printing healthcare new types technologies also include artificial intelligence robots printing printing sliperiet printing use specialized machines software programs materials automate process building certain objects rapid growth prosthesis medical implants novel drug formulations bioprinting human tissues organs ref name companies surgical theater provide new technology capable capturing virtual images patients' brains use practice operations printing allows medical companies


surgeon precise order perform surgery minimal incisions robotics systems include ability diagnose treat cancers many scientists began working creating next generation robot system assist surgeon performing knee hip replacement surgeries ref name assistant robots also important help reduce workload regular medical staff help nurses simple time consuming tasks like carrying multiple racks medicines lab specimen sensitive materials ref name shortly robotic pills expected reduce number surgeries ref name


tautology evaluates designated truth value kleene 's logic interpreted underdetermined neither true false priest 's logic interpreted overdetermined true false tautologies tautologies classical two valued logic bochvar 's internal three valued logic another logic dmitry bochvar 's internal three valued logic math b math also called kleene 's weak three valued logic except negation biconditional truth tables different ref name bergmann ref class wikitable style text align

Formal science
Computer science
Logic in computer science
Multi-valued logic


truth values real numbers interval math math designated truth value logics conjunction math wedge math disjunction math vee math defined respectively minimum maximum operands math begin align u wedge v min uv u vee v max uv end align math negation math neg g math implication math xrightarrow g math defined follows math begin align neg g u begin cases text u text u end cases u xrightarrow g v begin cases text u leq v v text u v end cases end align math g del logics completely axiomatisable say


possible define logical calculus tautologies provable ukasiewicz logics implication math xrightarrow l math negation math underset l neg math defined jan ukasiewicz following functions math begin align underset l neg u u u xrightarrow l v min u v end align math first ukasiewicz used definitions three valued logic math l math truth values math tfrac math developed logic infinitely many values math l infty math truth values spanned real numbers interval math math


truth values math tfrac tfrac ldots tfrac math negation math underset p neg math conjunction math underset p wedge math disjunction math underset p vee math defined follows math begin align underset p neg u begin cases text u u frac text u end cases u underset p wedge v min uv u underset p vee v max uv end align math rose logics alan rose defined another family logics systems whose truth values form lattices semantics matrix semantics logical matrices see logical matrix relation classical logic logics usually systems intended codify


logic computation vol research studies press baldock hertfordshire england volume h jek p ''metamathematics fuzzy logic'' kluwer fuzzy logic understood many valued logic sui generis '''specific''' alexandre zinoviev ''philosophical problems many valued logic'' reidel publishing company p prior ''time modality oxford university press'' based john locke lectures goguen ja ''the logic inexact concepts'' synthese chang cc keisler h j ''continuous model theory'' princeton princeton university press gerla g '' https booksgooglecom booksid ydtocaaaqbaj printsec frontcover v onepage q f false fuzzy logic mathematical tools approximate reasoning '' kluwer academic publishers dordrecht pavelka


recording studios live performances musical interfaces augmented collaborative instruments ''music production'' application domain focuses technologies tools music composition applications range music modeling generation tools music post production audio editing ''music information retrieval'' application domain focuses retrieval technologies music audio symbolic data applications range music audio identification broadcast monitoring higher level semantic descriptions associated tools search retrieval ''digital music libraries'' application places particular emphasis preservation conservation archiving integration musical audio content

Formal science
Computer science
Social sciences
Sound and music computing


user 's sense presence making possible symbiosis view world computer interface possible applications medical domain manufacturing repair entertainment annotation visualization robot tele operation see also list music software external links research centers http wwwcirmmtmcgillca centre interdisciplinary research music media technology cirmmt montreal canada http wwwircamfr institute de recherche et coordination acoustique musique ircam paris france http wwwgramefr grame national center music creation lyon france http mediaaaudk smc sound music computing aalborg university copenhagen denmark http wwwcreateaaudk audio audio analysis lab aalborg university denmark http mtgupfedu music technology


separated black white laborers separation specifically blacks whites america contributed racism marx attributes capitalism 's contribution racism segmented labor markets racial inequality earnings ref name bohmer bohmer peter http academicevergreenedu b bohmerp marxracismhtml marxist theory racism racial inequality readings black political economy ref booker washington booker washington considered one influential black educators th th centuries born slave virginia washington came age slavery coming end slavery

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of race and ethnic relations


joining ubc associate professor ethnic studies university california san diego da silva 's major monograph ''toward global idea race'' traces history modern philosophical thought descartes herder order reconstruct emergence racial historical scientific concept sociology race relations da silva locates mind principle site development racial cultural emerge global exterior spatial contemporary context discipline development country united states united states study


dissolution empire social devastation second world war commonwealth immigrants act changed law certain british commonwealth members able migrate law tightened commonwealth immigrants act immigration act race relations act extended certain anti discrimination policies respect employment housing commercial services extended race relations act uk establishments media cultural studies 'ethnic relations' often taught loosely distinct discipline either within sociology


years computer science concurrency began edsger dijkstra 's seminal paper introduced mutual exclusion problem ensuing decades seen huge growth interest concurrency particularly distributed systems looking back origins field stands fundamental role played edsger dijkstra ref name lamport ref issues computations concurrent system interact executed number possible execution paths system extremely large resulting outcome indeterminate concurrent use shared resources

Formal science
Computer science
Theory of computation
Concurrency theory


number formalisms modeling understanding concurrent systems developed including parallel random access machine actor model computational bridging models bulk synchronous parallel bsp model petri nets process calculi calculus communicating systems ccs communicating sequential processes csp model calculus tuple spaces eg linda simple concurrent object oriented programming scoop reo coordination language models concurrency primarily intended support reasoning specification others used entire development cycle including design implementation proof testing simulation concurrent systems based message passing


resources concurrent systems general require inclusion kind arbiter somewhere implementation often underlying hardware control access resources use arbiters introduces possibility indeterminacy concurrent computation major implications practice including correctness performance example arbitration introduces unbounded nondeterminism raises issues model checking causes explosion state space even cause models infinite number states concurrent programming models include coprocesses deterministic concurrency models threads control explicitly yield


free press abolafia mitchel ''making markets opportunism restraint wall street'' cambridge massachusetts harvard university press hertz ellen ''the trading crowd ethnography shanghai stock market'' cambridge cambridge university press smith charles w ''success survival wall street understanding mind market'' lanham maryland rowman littlefield godechot olivier ''les traders essai de sociologie des march financiers'' paris la couverte godechot olivier ''wages bonuses appropriation profit financial industry'' london routledge knorr cetina karin preda alex eds ''the sociology financial markets''

Social science
Sociology
Sociology of finance


news ie gospel ref name ooe esp n orlando nickoloff james b ''an introductory dictionary theology religious studies'' collegeville minnesota liturgical press p ref followers john calvin huldrych zwingli theologians linked reformed tradition also began use term distinguish two evangelical groups others began refer two groups ''evangelical lutheran'' ''evangelical reformed'' nowadays word also pertains way mainline groups example ''evangelical methodist'' time passed word ''evangelical'' dropped lutherans began use term ''lutheran''

Humanities
Theology
Christian theology
Protestant theology


tradition experience reason nurture christian religion long harmony bible ref name wels ref name humphrey ref biblical christianity focused deep study bible characteristic protestants opposed church christianity focused performing rituals good works represented catholic orthodox traditions however quakers pentecostalists emphasize holy spirit personal closeness god justification faith alone belief believers justified pardoned sin solely condition faith christ rather combination faith good works protestants good


alone sufficiency everything taught bible correct inerrancy holy spirit overcoming sin believers may read understand truth bible though understanding difficult means used guide individual believers true teaching often mutual discussion within church clarity necessity inerrancy well established ideas garnering little criticism though later came debate outside enlightenment contentious idea time though notion anyone could simply pick bible learn enough gain salvation though


bartholomew 's day massacre august catholic party annihilated huguenots across france wars concluded henry iv france issued edict nantes promising official toleration protestant minority highly restricted conditions catholicism remained official state religion fortunes french protestants gradually declined next century culminating louis xiv 's edict fontainebleau revoked edict nantes made catholicism sole legal religion response edict fontainebleau frederick william elector brandenburg declared edict


experienced believed miraculous moves god pentecost like manifestations steadily evidence throughout history seen two great awakenings pentecostalism turn birthed charismatic movement within already established denominations continues important force western christianity united states elsewhere world marked rise evangelical wing protestant denominations especially exclusively evangelical corresponding decline mainstream liberal churches post world war era liberal christianity rise


christian religious observance much higher europe united states remains particularly religious comparison developed countries south america historically catholic experienced large evangelical pentecostal infusion th st centuries radical reformation dissatisfaction outcome disputation prompted swiss brethren part ways huldrych zwingli unlike mainstream lutheran calvinist zwinglian movements radical reformation state sponsorship generally abandoned idea church visible distinct church invisible rational extension state approved protestant dissent took


five solas main tenets protestant faith non denominational groups organizations also considered protestant various ecumenical movements attempted cooperation reorganization various divided protestant denominations according various models union divisions continue outpace unions overarching authority churches owe allegiance authoritatively define faith denominations share common beliefs major aspects christian faith differing many secondary doctrines although major secondary matter idiosyncratic belief several


lutheran forum international lutheran council confessional evangelical lutheran conference well lutheran denominations necessarily member international organization gallery file lutherrosejpg luther 's rose seal symbol lutheranism file einfesteburgjpg luther composed hymns still used today including mighty fortress god file lucas cranach law gospeljpg moses elijah direct sinner looking salvation cross painting illustrating luther 's theology cross opposed theology glory gallery methodism methodism identifies principally theology john wesley anglican priest evangelist evangelical


main interdenominational movements developments within protestantism links interdenominational movements developments within protestantism evangelicalism evangelicalism evangelical protestantism worldwide transdenominational movement maintains essence gospel consists doctrine salvation grace faith jesus christ 's atonement ref name oxf ref evangelicals christians believe centrality conversion born experience receiving salvation believe authority bible god 's revelation humanity strong commitment evangelism sharing christian message gained great momentum


post denominational congregations strength numbers centered african independent churches among han chinese house church movement latin american churches protestant offshoots arminianism jacobus arminius dutch reformed theologian whose views influenced parts protestantism small remonstrant community remains netherlands arminianism based theological ideas dutch reformed theologian jacobus arminius historic supporters known remonstrants teachings held five solae reformation distinct particular teachings martin luther huldrych zwingli john calvin protestant reformers jacobus arminius


piety living vigorous christian life began late th century reached zenith mid th century declined th century almost vanished america end th century declining identifiable lutheran group theological tenets influenced protestantism generally inspiring anglican priest john wesley begin methodist movement alexander mack begin brethren movement among anabaptists though pietism shares emphasis personal behavior puritan movement two often confused important differences particularly


puritans established massachusetts bay colony founded harvard college eight years later dozen colleges followed th century including yale pennsylvania also became center learning members mainline protestant denominations played leadership roles many aspects american life including politics business science arts education founded country 's leading institutes higher education ref name mainline mckinney william mainline protestantism ''annals american academy political social science'' vol americans religions twenty first century july pp ref thought


world 's population jewish contrast nobel laureates muslim faith total number nobel prizes awarded population base billion world 's population ref identified protestantism various forms prizes ref name nobel prize although protestant comprise world 's population government middle ages church worldly authorities closely related martin luther separated religious worldly realms principle doctrine two kingdoms believers obliged use reason govern


people calvin suggested separating political powers system checks balances separation powers thus followers resisted political absolutism paved way rise modern democracy besides england netherlands calvinist leadership freest country europe seventeenth eighteenth centuries granted asylum philosophers like baruch spinoza pierre bayle hugo grotius able teach natural law theory relatively liberal interpretation bible consistent calvin 's political ideas protestants created english american democracies seventeenth century england


major protestant churches represented first second continental congresses nineteenth twentieth centuries american democracy became model numerous countries regions throughout world eg latin america japan germany strongest link american french revolutions marquis de lafayette ardent supporter american constitutional principles french declaration rights man citizen mainly based lafayette 's draft document declaration united nations universal declaration human rights also echo american constitutional tradition democracy


matters namely papacy central authority catholic church reformed churches thus believed form catholicity founded doctrines five solas visible ecclesiastical organization based th th century conciliar movement rejecting papacy papal infallibility favor ecumenical councils rejecting latest ecumenical council council trent religious unity therefore became one doctrine identity one invisible character wherein unity one faith jesus christ common identity doctrine belief collaborative action protestants especially


adopt joint declaration spread demographics nbsp million protestants worldwide ref name pewforum ref name gordonconwelledu ref name hillerbrand ref ref name clarke beyer ref ref name noll ref ref name diamond plattner costopoulos jay diamond larry plattner marc f costopoulos philip j ''world religions democracy'' p https booksgooglecom booksid ctqteibfdxec pg pa link saying ''not protestants presently constitute percent world 's population million people since protestantism spread rapidly africa asia latin america'' ref among approximately nbsp billion christians ref name gordonconwelledu ref name world nbsp billion world population section 'people' ref ref name major religions ranked size ref ref name global christianity ref total nbsp million


parish churches established bermuda church england bermuda also oldest presbyterian church outside british isles church scotland 's christ church changes worldwide protestantism last century significant ref name hillerbrand ref name noll ref name witte alexander ref since protestantism spread rapidly africa asia oceania latin america ref name encyclopedia protestantism ref ref name diamond plattner costopoulos ref name witte alexander caused protestantism called primarily non western religion ref name noll ref name witte alexander much growth occurred world war


sketch montreal mcgill queens grytten ola honningdal weber revisited literature review possible link protestantism entrepreneurship economic growth nhh dept economics discussion paper https openaccessnhhno nhh xmlui bitstream handle dp pdfsequence isallowed online howard thomas ''remembering reformation inquiry meanings protestantism'' oxford howard thomas mark noll eds ''protestantism years'' oxford leithart peter j ''the end protestantism pursuing unity fragmented church'' brazos press nash arnold ed ''protestant thought twentieth century whence whither'' new york macmillan co comprehensive scholarly


builds domestic counterterror law enforcement framework france senior anti terror magistrate charge defense terrorism french magistrates multiple functions overlap us uk functions investigators prosecutors judges anti terror magistrate may call upon france 's domestic intelligence service ''direction g n rale de la curit int rieure'' dgsi may work ''direction g n rale de la curit ext rieure'' dgse foreign intelligence service spain gives interior ministry military support leadership domestic counterterrorism international threats national intelligence center cni responsibility cni reports directly prime

Applied science
Military sciences
Tactics
Counter-intelligence


commercial secrets intelligence sources methods insider threat source extraordinary damage us national security aldrich ames robert hanssen edward lee howard access major clandestine activities electronic system detect anomalies browsing counterintelligence files place robert hanssen 's searches suspicion activities soviet later russian paymasters might surfaced early anomalies might simply show especially creative analyst trained intuition possible connections trying research adding new tools techniques


even winning lottery patterns ignored personnel sensitive positions difficulty getting along peers may become risks compromised approach based ego william kampiles low level worker cia watch center sold small sum critical operations manual kh reconnaissance satellite interviewer kampiles suggested someone noted problem mdash constant conflicts supervisors co workers mdash brought outside counseling might stolen kh manual ref name stein project slammer work presented public


information passed education need use secure communications instruction using properly become vulnerable specialized technical interception counter imint imagery intelligence basic methods countering imint know opponent use imaging one 's side interfering taking images situations especially free societies must accepted public buildings may always subject photography techniques countermeasures include putting visual shielding sensitive targets camouflaging countering threats imaging satellites


detect must manipulate persons associated adversary canadian department national defence makes useful logical distinctions directive ref name dnd ref national counter intelligence unit terminology used services distinctions useful counter intelligence ''contre ing rence'' means activities concerned identifying counteracting threats security dnd employees cf members dnd cf property information posed hostile intelligence services organizations individuals may engaged espionage sabotage subversion terrorist activities organized crime criminal activities


'''bioeconomics''' may refer bioeconomics fisheries study dynamics living resources using economic models bioeconomics biophysical study economic systems applying laws thermodynamics biological economics study relationship human biology economics bioeconomics social theory nicholas georgescu roegen


'''termination''' every correct process decides value '''validity''' processes propose value math v math every correct process decides math v math '''integrity''' every correct process decides one value decides value math v math math v math must proposed process '''agreement''' correct process decides math v math every correct process decides math v math common algorithms solving consensus paxos algorithm raft algorithm distributed search leader election leader election process designating single process organizer task distributed among

Formal science
Computer science
Algorithms
Distributed algorithms


correct process delivers message correct processes eventually deliver message '''integrity''' every correct process delivers message message sent process reliable broadcast sequential causal total ordering replication resource allocation spanning tree generation symmetry breaking eg vertex coloring references reading c rodr guez villagra b bar n bionetics pp nbsp external links http ocwmitedu courses electrical engineering computer science j distributed algorithms fall mit open courseware distributed algorithms


f froment kenneth b bischoff john wiley sons fundamentals chemical reaction engineering st edition mark e davis robert j davis mcgraw hill companies inc iscre symposia important series symposia international symposia chemical reaction engineering http wwwiscreorg iscre conferences three day conferences held every two years rotating among sites north america europe asia pacific region six year cycle conferences bring together three days distinguished international researchers reaction engineering prominent industrial practitioners new researchers students

Natural science
Chemistry
Chemical Engineering
Reaction engineering


paul j dauenhauer professor university minnesota usa yuriy roman leschkov professor mit usa announced nascre references external links http wwwiscreorg iscre web site chemical reactors chemical engineering


'disaster' context disaster planning incident likely dealt part regular day day business events considered 'disasters' context disaster preparedness tend sudden acute incidents widespread disruptive effects natural disasters require substantial redirection resourcing normal business type events included organisations disaster preparedness plan depend risk appetite examples disasters affecting cultural organisations cultural heritage given using 'agents deterioration' category headings natural disasters usually dictated region

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Collections care


photographs incident contacting organizations private lenders loaned items affected spaces contacting museum emergency response teams notify standby required immediately contacting pre approved engineers disaster response salvage organizations service providers make aware incident potential requests assistance eg transport generators new interim security controls drying systems fans air pumps clean water freezer services preparing releasing press release via media liaison rescheduling tour groups appointments documentation documentation incident damage caused


'''arms race''' occurs two groups compete increases military personnel material consists competition two states superior armed forces competition concerning production weapons growth military aim superior military technology term also used describe long term escalating competitive situation competitor competitive group focuses others unlike sporting race constitutes specific event winning interpretable outcome singular project arms races constitute spiralling systems

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Arms race


going potentially open ended behavior existing scholarly literature divided whether arms races correlate war ref name ref international relations scholars explain arms races terms security dilemma rationalist spiral models states revisionist aims deterrence models ref name examples pre first world war naval arms race cartoon ''puck'' shows clockwise us germany britain france japan engaged naval race limit game size power battleships grew rapidly world war result competitive shipbuilding among


ottoman empire ottomans greece france italy united states japan ref name brazil argentina chile nuclear arms race united states soviet union russia nuclear weapon stockpiles contest advancement offensive nuclear capabilities occurred cold war intense period soviet union united states countries one main causes began cold war perceived advantages adversary sides missile gap bomber gap led large spending


vernacular immerse daily practices local people development bolstered franz boas 's introduction cultural relativism arguing cultures based different ideas world therefore properly understood terms standards values british museum london museums british museum n't site anthropological studies new imperialism period starting zoos became unattended laboratories especially called ethnological exhibitions negro villages thus savages americas africa asia displayed often nude

Social science
Anthropology
Social anthropology


stating three ways different groups similar cultural forms technologies independent invention inheritance ancestors distant region transmission one race another tylor formulated one early influential anthropological conceptions culture complex whole includes knowledge belief art morals law custom capabilities habits acquired humans members society however stocking notes tylor mainly concerned describing mapping distribution particular elements culture rather larger function generally seemed assume


adolf bastian sir e b tylor defined anthropology positivist science following auguste comte edmund leach defined social anthropology kind comparative micro sociology based intensive fieldwork studies scholars settled theoretical orthodoxy nature science society tensions reflect views seriously opposed alfred r radcliffe brown r radcliffe brown also published seminal work carried initial fieldwork andaman islands old style historical reconstruction however reading work french sociologists mile durkheim


machete thick spine club sized length dense green wood striking knife 's spine tip technique basic method involves repeatedly striking spine knife force middle blade wood tip struck continue forcing blade deeper split achieved uses advantages technique useful simple splitting wood kindling access dry wood within wet log production shingles slats boards also useful cutting notches making

Human physical performance and recreation


formation spp merging medicine psychology slow progression ref name routh ref apa conducted survey medical schools regarding view psychology within medicine responses favorable benefit psychology medical school setting action implement teachings action started following second world war increase federal funding clinical psychology employment psychologists medical schools ref name routh fact percent schools surveyed reported employing psychologists

Social science
Psychology
Pediatric psychology


longitudinal design nonintentional injuries submission rate grew result percent submitted published ref name kazak kazak took editor associate editors included lemanek christine eiser antohony spirito jack finney robert thompson jpp finished contract plenum publishing time decided sign new contract oxford university press term also saw journal increase issues year provide online access members ref name kazak kazak succeeded ron brown served


editor drotar took taking editorial reins grayson holmbeck served starting biopsychosocial model health psychology past physicians followed biomedical model posited illness explained improper functioning biological systems large leaps medical science forced changing views health illness doctors psychologists begin alike began questioning old methods treating patients ref name taylor taylor health psychology ed new york mcgraw hill humanities social sciences languages ref new method


organization distributing newsletter specifications training future pediatric psychologists body knowledge accumulated means applied research ref name aylward organizational developments pediatric psychologists established group identity society pediatric psychology spp spp initially interest group clinical child psychology division apa membership elevated spp recognized apa group whose purpose exchange information clinical procedures research define training standards pediatric psychologist new found recognition division apa created


treatments therefore adherence lifelong mortality risk additionally higher rates adherence result economic benefits example direct savings may accrued reduced use expensive sophisticated health services needed cases crises relapse worsening disease outcomes due non adherence research suggests self management adherence program combined regular treatment increase health promoting behaviors cost savings ratio approximately cases results persisted years see holman et al tuldra et al access medical care


vitally important people comply professional recommendations mere access lead better health outcomes thus generating innovative methods enhance childhood adherence become increasingly important effective preventive efforts must begin early age starting healthy lifestyle behaviors increased adherence example pediatric psychologist may work young child cystic fibrosis refuses complete daily medical treatments essential health psychologist might work child 's caregivers interact child


coping compliance adherence communication collaboration carter von weiss ref name carter carter b von weiss r pediatric consultation liaison applied child health psychology r steele roberts eds handbook mental health services children adolescents pp new york kluwer academic plenum press ref characterize activities pediatric liaison services according overlapping arenas intervention practice majority referrals categorized crisis following diagnosis potentially serious illness injury patients families often state shock disbelief time details decisions


medical evaluation treatment may overwhelming bewildering focused interventions often needed help achieve sense basic understanding control situation consultation liaison skills enable psychologists act crisis situations include crisis intervention needs assessment providing direction mobilization social supports identifying areas parental child control interpreting reframing child family reactions staff medical crisis counseling model lends particularly well pediatric crisis situations developed pollin model consultant focuses patient 's medical condition


training external practicums settings hospitals clinics gaining experience working areas essential order prepared obtain job graduate school order help standardize training psychologist receives society pediatric psychology task force developed list training areas necessary specialty pediatric psychology lifespan development lifespan developmental psychopathology child adolescent family assessment intervention strategies research methods systems evaluation professional ethical legal issues pertaining children adolescents families diversity issues


multicultural competence role multiple disciplines service delivery systems prevention family support health promotion social issues affecting children adolescents families consultation liaison cl roles disease process medical management ref name spirito graduate school many choices order determine field best suited one 's interests individuals engage fellowship allow increased knowledge specific areas clinical psychology research may yield job opportunities postdoctoral fellowship may also provide supervised clinical hours required


violation law definitions unfavorable violation law associating people may condone criminal conduct justify crime specific circumstances makes one likely take view theory interacting type antisocial peer major cause delinquency reinforcing criminal behavior makes chronic criminal subcultures many individuals learn crime crime rates swell areas chicago chicago school arose early twentieth century work robert e park ernest burgess urban sociologists university chicago


people ''not'' become criminal travis hirschi identified four main characteristics attachment others belief moral validity rules commitment achievement involvement conventional activities person features characteristics less likely become deviant criminal hand factors present person likely become criminal hirschi expanded theory idea person low self control likely become criminal opposed criminology theories look


uk aids epidemic football hooliganism labeling theory labeling theory refers individual labeled particular way studied great detail becker arrives originally sociology regularly used criminological studies said someone given label criminal may reject accept continue commit crime even initially reject label eventually accept label becomes well known particularly among peers stigma become even profound labels


situational factors ref name cornish becker example acknowledged many people operate high moral ethical constraint considered criminals rationally see benefits crime outweigh cost probability apprehension conviction severity punishment well current set opportunities public policy perspective since cost increasing fine marginal cost increasing surveillance one conclude best policy maximize fine minimize surveillance perspective crime prevention reduction measures


devised increase effort required commit crime target hardening ref name clarke ref rational choice theories also suggest increasing risk likelihood caught added surveillance law enforcement presence added street lighting measures effective reducing crime ref name clarke one main differences theory bentham 's rational choice theory abandoned criminology bentham considered possible completely annihilate crime panopticon becker 's theory acknowledged society could eradicate crime beneath certain level example


better understand history lgbt individuals laws put community lgbt citizens incarcerated arrested higher rates heterosexual cisgender individuals queer activists fought oppressive laws criminalized lgbt individuals conduct research use form activism education legitimacy queer criminology value pursuing criminology queer theorist perspective contested believe worth researching relevant field whole result subject


well activism civic oriented education community outreach expert testimony knowledge co production types definitions crime positivist classical schools take consensus view crime crime act violates basic values beliefs society values beliefs manifested laws society agrees upon however two types laws natural laws rooted core values shared many cultures natural laws protect harm persons eg murder rape assault property theft larceny robbery form basis common law systems


children families subgroup also focuses interpersonal collaboration integration services interdisciplinary approaches group 's interests encompass interrelated policy practice research challenge efforts create viable linkages among three distinct areas american public human services association aphsa nonprofit organization pursues distinction health human services working policymakers supporting state local agencies working partners promote innovative integrative efficient solutions health human services policy practice aphsa individual student memberships canada canadian institute human services

Applied science
Social work 2
Human Services


human services complex organizations pp nbsp newbury park ca sage publications marshall j ''the life george washington'' fresno ca edwards publishing house nellis eg decker ad ''the eighteenth century records boston overseers poor'' charlottesville va university virginia press neukrug e ''theory practice trends human services introduction'' th ed belmont ca cengage slack p ''the english poor law '' cambridge uk cambridge university press trattner wi ''from poor law welfare state history social welfare america'' new york ny free press academic disciplines


paddling international military games event germany '''military sports''' sports practiced military subject international competitions military world games objective relating physical training military particular sports may chosen improve combat readiness skill toughness development physical qualities warfighter professional proficiency based different areas military action land sea air us air force women personnel taking part cross country race snowy park usa history women 's camogie team irish military

Applied science
Military sciences
Organization
Military sports


weapon change 'fire spear' 'fire tube' ref name pingyu ancestor gun complemented ancestor cannon chinese referred since th century 'multiple bullets magazine erupter' tube bronze cast iron filled lead balls ref name pingyu earliest known depiction gun sculpture cave sichuan dating portrays figure carrying vase shaped bombard firing flames cannonball ref name gwei ref however oldest existent archaeological discovery metal barrel handgun

Applied science
Military sciences
Military weapons


individuals small teams assistants david bushnell submarine john ericsson battleship hiram maxim machine gun alfred nobel high explosives military began realize needed rely much heavily large scale research centers needed government funding brought leaders organized innovation thomas edison us chemist fritz haber kaiser wilhelm institute germany postmodern technology postmodern stage military technology emerged one recognition thanks high priority


data contain defined stored separately data database schema recent years extensible markup language xml become popular format data representation although xml data stored normal file systems commonly held relational databases take advantage robust implementation verified years theoretical practical effort evolution standard generalized markup language sgml xml 's text based structure offers advantage machine human readable data retrieval relational database model introduced programming language independent structured

Applied science
Business
Information technology


query language sql based relational algebra terms data information synonymous anything stored data becomes information organized presented meaningfully world 's digital data unstructured stored variety different physical formats even within single organization data warehouses began developed integrate disparate stores typically contain data extracted various sources including external sources internet organized way facilitate decision support systems dss data transmission ibm card storage warehouse


course technology webster frank robins kevin ''information technology nbsp luddite analysis'' norwood nj ablex external links mass media technology computers


name adams cyberspace virtual places ref ref name trappl cybernetics systems revival trappl r cybernetics systems revival paper presented th european meeting cybernetics systems research emcsr' april university vienna austrian society cybernetic studies ref ref name gibson neuromancer gibson w neuromancer special th anniversary edition hardcover ed ace books ref concept also reiterated movie matrix sequels revolves around neo keanu reeves computer programmer lives simulated matrix world created sentient machines perceived humans reality term cyberspace used ubiquitously describe

Applied science
Medicine and health
Pharmaceutical sciences
Pharmacocybernetics


flowchart algorithm euclid 's algorithm calculating greatest common divisor gcd two numbers ''a'' ''b'' locations named b algorithm proceeds successive subtractions two loops test b yields yes true accurately ''number'' ''b'' location b greater equal ''number'' ''a'' location algorithm specifies b b meaning number ''b'' ''a'' replaces old ''b'' similarly b b process terminates

Formal science
Computer science
Algorithms


contents b yielding gcd algorithm derived scott symbols drawing style tausworthe ada lovelace 's diagram note g first published computer algorithm mathematics computer science '''algorithm''' finite sequence well defined instructions typically used solve class specific problems perform computation algorithms used specifications performing calculations data processing automated reasoning automated decision making tasks contrast heuristic approach problem solving may fully specified may guarantee correct


th century persian mathematician mu ammad ibn al khw rizm whose nisba identifying khwarazm latinized ''as algoritmi arabized persian c '' mu ammad ibn al khw rizm mathematician astronomer geographer scholar house wisdom baghdad whose name means 'the native khwarazm' region part greater iran uzbekistan ref name hogendijk ref ref name oaks ref al khwarizmi wrote arabic language treatise hindu arabic numeral system translated latin th century manuscript starts phrase ''dixit algorizmi'' 'thus spake al khwarizmi' algorizmi


one one correspondence integers thus boolos jeffrey saying algorithm implies instructions process creates output integers ''arbitrary'' input integer integers theory arbitrarily large example algorithm algebraic equation ''y n'' ie two arbitrary input variables ''m'' ''n'' produce output ''y'' various authors' attempts define notion indicate word implies much something order addition example precise instructions language understood


cryptographic calculations example diagram euclid 's algorithm tl heath detail added euclid go beyond third measuring gives numerical examples nicomachus gives example subtract less greater left subtract possible left subtract left subtract possible left cannot subtracted heath comments last phrase curious


meaning obvious enough also meaning phrase ending 'at one number' heath euclid poses problem thus given two numbers prime one another find greatest common measure defines number multitude composed units counting number positive integer including zero measure place shorter measuring length ' 's'' successively ''q'' times along longer length ''l'' remaining portion ''r'' less shorter length ' 's'' modern words remainder ''r'' ''l'' ''q'' ' 's'' ''q''


extremely large algorithms designed fast interactive commercial long life scientific usage may critical scaling small n large n frequently exposes inefficient algorithms otherwise benign empirical testing useful may uncover unexpected interactions affect performance benchmarks may used compare potential improvements algorithm program optimization empirical tests cannot replace formal analysis though trivial perform fair manner ref name kriegelschubert ref execution efficiency illustrate potential improvements possible even well established algorithms recent significant innovation relating


algorithms use repetitive constructs like loops sometimes additional data structures like stacks solve given problems problems naturally suited one implementation example towers hanoi well understood using recursive implementation every recursive version equivalent possibly less complex iterative version vice versa logical algorithm may viewed controlled logical deduction notion may expressed ''algorithm logic control'' logic component expresses axioms may used computation control component determines way


deduction applied axioms basis logic programming paradigm pure logic programming languages control component fixed algorithms specified supplying logic component appeal approach elegant semantics change axioms produces well defined change algorithm serial parallel distributed algorithms usually discussed assumption computers execute one instruction algorithm time computers sometimes called serial computers algorithm designed environment called serial


algorithm opposed parallel algorithms distributed algorithms parallel algorithms take advantage computer architectures several processors work problem time whereas distributed algorithms utilize multiple machines connected computer network parallel distributed algorithms divide problem symmetrical asymmetrical subproblems collect results back together resource consumption algorithms processor cycles processor also communication overhead processors sorting algorithms parallelized efficiently communication overhead expensive iterative algorithms generally parallelizable problems


example decrease conquer algorithm binary search algorithm search enumeration many problems playing chess modeled problems graphs graph exploration algorithm specifies rules moving around graph useful problems category also includes search algorithms branch bound enumeration backtracking randomized algorithm algorithms make choices randomly pseudo randomly useful finding approximate solutions problems finding exact solutions impractical see heuristic method problems known


fastest approximations must involve randomness whether randomized algorithms polynomial time complexity fastest algorithms problems open question known p versus np problem two large classes algorithms monte carlo algorithms return correct answer high probability eg rp subclass run polynomial time las vegas algorithms always return correct answer running time probabilistically bound eg zpp reduction complexity technique involves solving difficult problem transforming


solution may given constructed way improve making small modifications problems find optimal solution others stop local optima solutions cannot improved algorithm optimum popular use greedy algorithms finding minimal spanning tree finding optimal solution possible method huffman tree kruskal prim sollin greedy algorithms solve optimization problem heuristic method optimization problems heuristic algorithms


rapid succession mathematics george boole gottlob frege giuseppe peano reduced arithmetic sequence symbols manipulated rules peano 's ''the principles arithmetic presented new method'' first attempt axiomatization mathematics symbolic language heijenoort gives frege kudos frege 's perhaps important single work ever written logic see 'formula language' ''lingua characterica'' language written special symbols pure thought free rhetorical embellishments


expressible definition discusses history definition pretty much presented respect g del herbrand kleene church turing post may take statement literally understanding purely mechanical process one could carried machine possible give mathematical description certain normal form structures machines development ideas leads author 's definition computable function identification computability effective calculability shall use expression computable function


history leading discussion proof presented american mathematical society september reprinted ''the undecidable'' p nbsp ff kleene 's definition general recursion known mu recursion used church paper ''an unsolvable problem elementary number theory'' proved decision problem undecidable ie negative result reprinted ''the undecidable'' p nbsp ff kleene refined definition general recursion proceeded chapter algorithmic theories posit thesis p nbsp would later repeat thesis kleene name church 's thesis kleene ie


combines variety politically engaged critical approaches drawn including semiotics marxism feminist theory ethnography post structuralism postcolonialism social theory political theory history philosophy literary theory media theory film video studies communication studies political economy translation studies museum studies art history criticism study cultural phenomena various societies historical periods cultural studies seeks understand meaning generated disseminated contested bound systems power control produced social political economic spheres within particular social formation conjuncture movement generated important theories cultural hegemony agency practitioners attempt

Social science
Sociology
Cultural studies


department cultural studies english foreign languages university hyderabad two major institutional spaces cultural studies issues concepts approaches marxism important influence upon cultural studies associated cccs initially engaged deeply structuralism louis althusser later turned decisively toward antonio gramsci cultural studies also embraced examination race gender aspects identity illustrated example number key books published collectively name cccs late early


skills subtle conception politics contexts task cultural analyst lewis engage knowledge systems texts observe analyze ways two interact one another engagement represents critical dimensions analysis capacity illuminate hierarchies within surrounding given text discourse academic reception cultural studies evolved confluence various disciplines anthropology media studies communication studies literary studies education geography philosophy sociology politics others accused certain areas cultural studies meandering


field thus continues pursue political critique engagements forces culture politics ''blackwell'' ''companion cultural studies'' edited leading cultural studies scholar toby miller contains essays analyze development cultural studies approaches within wide range disciplines across contemporary social sciences humanities literary scholars many cultural studies practitioners work departments english comparative literature nevertheless traditional literary scholars yale professor harold bloom outspoken critics cultural studies level methodology scholars dispute theoretical underpinning


depth interviews however although bourdieu 's work highly influential within cultural studies although bourdieu regarded work form science cultural studies never embraced idea aspire toward scientificity marshalled wide range theoretical methodological arguments fetishization scientificity basis cultural studies two sociologists critical cultural studies chris rojek bryan turner argue article decorative sociology towards critique cultural turn cultural studies particularly flavor championed stuart hall lacks


punctured structure able retain integrity presence damage due causes fatigue corrosion manufacturing flaws impact within scope ''individual'' system fault tolerance achieved anticipating exceptional conditions building system cope general aiming self stabilization system converges towards error free state however consequences system failure catastrophic cost making sufficiently reliable high better solution may use form duplication

Formal science
Computer science
Computer security
Fault-tolerant computing


experience '''graceful degradation''' '''fail soft''' used computing similar fail safe operates reduced level performance component failures example building may operate lighting reduced levels elevators reduced speeds grid power fails rather either trapping people dark completely continuing operate full power computing example graceful degradation insufficient network bandwidth available stream online video lower resolution version might streamed place high resolution version progressive enhancement


like earthquakes floods collisions system high failure transparency alert users component failure occurred even continues operate full performance failure repaired imminent complete failure anticipated likewise fail fast component designed report first point failure rather allow downstream components fail generate reports allows easier diagnosis underlying problem may prevent improper operation broken state single fault condition '' 'single fault condition''' situation one means protection


catch blocks written synthesized catch unexpected exceptions furthermore happens execution modified several times row order prevent cascading failures ref name durieuxhamadi ref approach performance costs technique rewrites code insert dynamic checks address validity execution time increase recovery shepherding recovery shepherding lightweight technique enable software programs recover otherwise fatal errors null pointer dereference divide zero ref name rcv ref comparing failure oblivious computing technique recovery shepherding works compiled program binary directly


elsewhere established similar branches united states similar route taken new york city police department police commissioner william mcadoo established italian squad combat rampant crime intimidation poor italian neighborhoods various federal agencies began undercover programs shortly afterwards charles joseph bonaparte founded bureau investigation forerunner federal bureau investigation ref name romano ref secret police forces eastern bloc also used undercover operatives risks two principal problems affect agents working undercover roles

Applied science
Military sciences
Other Military
Undercover


undercover agent faces considerably different counterparts regular duties whose main source stress administration bureaucracy undercover agents removed bureaucracy may result another problem lack usual controls uniform badge constant supervision fixed place work often set assignment could combined continual contact organized crime increase likelihood corruption ref name referencea stress may instrumental development drug alcohol abuse agents prone


identification law enforcement officer however plainclothes police officers typically carry normal police equipment normal identification police detectives assigned wear plainclothes wearing suits formal clothes instead uniform typically worn peers police officers plainclothes must identify using police powers however required identify demand may lie status police officer situations see sting operation sometimes police might drive unmarked vehicle vehicle looks like taxi controversies class wikitable


eucharist similarly methodist roman catholic dialogue affirmed methodists catholics affirm real presence christ eucharist reality depend experience communicant although faith become aware christ 's presence catholic church world methodist council jointly understand word sacrament referring sacraments considered also christ church article xxv ''thirty nine articles'' anglicanism article xvi ''articles religion'' methodism recognise two sacraments baptism

Humanities
Theology
Sacramental theology


males initiatory called chrismation christian traditions endowment similar monastic initiation involving taking vows reception priestly clothing marriage community christ eight sacraments recognized including baptism confirmation blessing children lord 's supper ordination marriage evangelist blessing administration sick ref name chryssides ref traditions eucharist considered sacrament ordinance equivalent christian denominations enumeration naming understanding adoption sacraments formally vary according denomination although finer theological distinctions always understood may even


clinical physiologist clinical physiology discipline independent radiology role human physiology study bodily functions clinical physiology examinations typically involve assessment functions opposed assessment structures anatomy specialty encompasses development new physiological tests medical diagnostics using equipments measure monitor record patients proves helpful patients many hospitals moreover helpful doctors making possible patients diagnosed correctly clinical physiology departments perform tests related medical specialties including nuclear medicine clinical neurophysiology

Applied science
Medicine and health
Clinical physiology


jealousy also change within culture time example attitudes toward jealousy changed substantially united states people united states adopted much negative views jealousy causes jealousy margaret mead reports number societies man would offer wife daughter others sexual purposes well cases first wives polygamous societies would welcome additional wives enhancing prestige lightening work contrasts dobuans whose lives dominated jealous guardianship everything wives

Social science
Sociology
Jealousy sociology


best handled accommodation communication mainstream society although jealousy still carries connotations insecurity greater tendency accept normal expected reaction relationship threat see also references social social da jalousi f lelse de eifersucht es celos eo aluzo fr jalousie io jaluzeso hu f lt kenys g nl jaloezie gevoel pt ci simple jealousy sv svartsjuka


single client small group clients involve example decision making implementation new accounting auditing standards presentation unusual transactions financial statements impact new tax laws clients ref name gp accounting research also carried accounting organizations standard setting bodies example international accounting standards board iasb may initiate https projectresearchng research projects certain issues results may inform decision whether move issues active agenda ref name ifrs research ref history accounting research accounting research undergone

Applied science
Business
Accounting
Accounting research


order make tasks possible renting truck loading materials truck since nothing loaded truck available things loaded ref name zwikael scheduling projects therefore requires identification tasks necessary complete project earliest time task completed ref name zwikael creating schedule certain amount time usually set aside contingency unforeseen days time called scheduling variance float ref name pmbok ref core concept critical path

Applied science
Transportation
Operations research
Scheduling


journeys minimize time distance problems may solved efficiently linear programming many scheduling problems require integer variables although efficient algorithms exist give integer solutions situations see network flow models problems require integer solutions cannot yet solved efficiently transportation planning scheduling useful transportation planning important components transportation improvement proposals include comprehensive evaluations scope work completed b reasonably accurate cost estimates finishing task c feasible project schedule factors


environments result little light exposure possible safe environments textiles include temperature around nbsp c nbsp f relative humidity leather leather manufactured product made skin animals leather deteriorate red rot excessive dryness resulting cracking breakage fading exposure light mold resulting odors stains distortion insects dust cause holes abrasions corrosion also occur leather comes contact metals ref name dirksen dirksen v degredation sic conservation leather

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Conservation science


time solution produce fine cracks known crizzling ref name deck deck clara ''the care preservation glass ceramics'' henry ford dearborn mi ref careful handling storage surest means preventing damage glass ceramics table displays recommended storage conditions damaged unstable objects class wikitable weeping glass temperature relative humidity nbsp c nbsp f crizzling glass temperature relative humidity nbsp c nbsp f archaeological ceramics temperature relative humidity nbsp c nbsp f ref name deck metals metals produced ores


surface sub surface performing x ray scans entirety artwork non destructive non invasive method scans object 's surface require sampling removal material computerized tomography scanning ct scan magnetic resonance imaging mri non destructive way image larger objects reveal sub surface structure well composition information particularly useful imaging artifacts mummified remains aid identification understanding burial practices combined computational surface flattening ct used analyze read rolled folded sealed documents without disturbing artifacts condition


necessary produce mine smelt etc marx argued gold silver conventionally used money embody large amount labour small durable form convenient paper money model representation gold silver almost without value held circulation state decree div style float right width margin em border em solid black padding em background color fdfbf paper money token representing gold money ''capital'' chap iii section part c div production marx lists elementary factors production labour

Social science
Economics
Marxian economics


value labour performed directly nature instruments negligible value value product simply labour time labour performed something product previous labour raw material using instruments value value product value raw material plus depreciation instruments plus labour time depreciation may figured simply dividing value instruments working life ''eg'' lathe worth lasts use years


business elite must therefore geared towards imperialistic militaristic government tendencies easiest surest way utilise surplus productive capacity exploitation focuses low wage workers groups home especially minorities average earners see pressures drive production destroy human relationships leading wider alienation hostility whole system largely irrational since though individuals may make rational decisions ultimate systemic goals system continues function long keynesian full employment policies pursued continued threat stability less developed countries throwing


richard resnick stephen ''contending economic theories neoclassical keynesian marxian'' mit press external links https webarchiveorg web http cepanewschooledu het schools marxianhtm marxian economics small http cepanewschooledu het schools marxianhtm archive http wwweconomicpolicyresearchorg schwartz center economic policy analysis small http wwwmarxistsorg subject economy indexhtm marxian political economy https webarchiveorg web http cepanewschooledu het schools neomarxhtm neo marxian schools small http cepanewschooledu het schools neomarxhtm archive http wwweconomicpolicyresearchorg schwartz center economic policy analysis small http eurodosfreefr mime marxian introduction modern economics http wwwvaluetheoryorg international working group value theory http wwwmarxistcom reformism revolution htm outline marxist economics chapter ''reformism revolution'' alan woods http sitesgooglecom site theendofthemarket end market website containing critical evaluation idea market clearing price affirms marx 's


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