short stories plays best remembered detective novels successful west end theatre plays female writers dubbed queens crime include dorothy l sayers gentleman detective lord peter wimsey margery allingham albert campion supposedly created parody sayers' wimsey new zealander dame ngaio marsh roderick alleyn georgette heyer created historical romance genre also wrote detective fiction major work science fiction early th century ''a voyage arcturus'' scottish writer david lindsay first published central influence c


writer science fiction fantasy including ''stardust'' douglas adams known five volume science fiction comedy series ''the hitchhiker 's guide galaxy'' twentieth century children 's literature significant writers works children include kenneth grahame ''the wind willows'' rev w awdry ''the railway series'' milne ''winnie pooh'' p l travers' ''mary poppins'' prolific children 's author enid blyton chronicled adventures group young children dog ''the famous five'' h white wrote arthurian fantasy ''the future king'' first part ''the

Humanities
Languages and literature
World literature
British literature


relation economic activity empirical determinants demand money credit theory money also called debt theory money concerning relationship credit money debt deflation balance sheet theories hypothesize extension credit associated subsequent asset price fall generate business fluctuations wealth effect net worth monetary aspects studied central banks monetary fiscal policy relationship macroeconomic stability effect money supply growth inflation political economy financial regulation monetary policy monetary implications asset price macroeconomic relation quantity theory money monetarism importance

Social science
Economics
Monetary economics


stability relation money supply interest rates price level nominal real output economy monetary impacts interest rates term structure interest rates lessons monetary financial history transmission mechanisms monetary policy macroeconomy neutrality money vs money illusion change money supply price level inflation output tests testability implications rational expectations theory changes output inflation monetary policy monetary implications imperfect asymmetric information fraudulent finance game theory modeling


''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' nd edition br nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp monetary fiscal policy overview narayana r kocherlakota http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde abstract br nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp fiscal monetary policies developing countries david fielding http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde f q monetary developing topicid result number abstract br nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp government budget constraint eric leeper james nason http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde g abstract br nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp currency crises graciela laura kaminsky http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde c abstract br nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp currency crises models craig burnside martin eichenbaum sergio rebelo http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde abstract br nbsp nbsp stanley fischer william easterly economics government budget constraint ''world bank research observer'' pp https wwwjstororg pss p http www wdsworldbankorg external default wdscontentserver iw p ib rendered pdf multi pagepdf page pdf pp


regulation financial institutions ''journal banking finance'' pp http wwwpeoplehbsedu rmerton financial innovation management regulationpdf br nbsp nbsp lawrence j white ''the l debacle public policy lessons bank thrift regulation'' oxford chapter preview https wwwquestiacom library book sandl debacle public policy lessons bank thrift regulation lawrence j whitejsp links https wwwminneapolisfedorg publications papers pub displaycfmid review jh boyd br nbsp nbsp randall kroszner philip e strahan drives deregulation economics politics relaxation bank branching restrictions ''quarterly journal economics'' pp https wwwjstororg pss fragility financial markets br nbsp nbsp ben bernanke mark gertler financial fragility economic performance ''quarterly journal economics'' pp https wwwjstororg pss br nbsp nbsp thomas f hellmann


reform us europe japan click picture http wwwcharlierosecom view interview play ref ref name palgrave ''the new palgrave dictionary economics'' nd edition br nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp monetary policy history michael bordo http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde h q monetary policy topicid result number abstract http michaelbordogooglepagescom thehistoryofmonetarypolicypdf pre publication copy br nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp taylor rules v pp athanasios orphanides http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde q taylor rules topicid result number abstract br nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp time consistency monetary fiscal policy paul klein http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde q time inconsistency topicid result number abstract br nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp epistemic game theory incomplete information aviad heifetz http wwwdictionaryofeconomicscom articleid pde g q information topicid result number abstract br nbsp nbsp finn e kydland edward c prescott rules rather discretion inconsistency optimal plans ''journal political


pp https wwwkansascityfedorg publicat econrev pdf q bernpdf br nbsp nbsp central banks respond movements asset prices ''american economic review'' pp http rbidocsrbiorgin rdocs content pdfs pdf br nbsp nbsp frederic mishkin http wwwfederalreservegov newsevents speech mishkin ahtm financial instability monetary policy risk usa conference br nbsp nbsp claudio ev borio william r white whither monetary financial stability implications evolving policy regimes ''monetary policy uncertainty adapting changing economy'' pp http wwwfrbkcorg publicat sympos pdf boriowhite pdf federal reserve bank kansas city br nbsp nbsp otmar issing http wwwecbint press key date html sp enhtml monetary financial stability trade ''monetary stability financial stability


''money information uncertainty'' nd ed mit press https webarchiveorg web http mitpressmitedu catalog item defaultaspttype tid description https webarchiveorg web http booksglobal investorcom books cae goodhart money c information uncertainty chapter titles grandmont jean michel ''money value reconsideration classical neoclassical monetary economics'' econometric society monographs v cambridge university press https booksgooglecom booksid uzx x bqwryc printsec find pg pa v onepage q f false description https booksgooglecom booksid uzx x bqwryc printsec frontcover v onepage q f false preview handa jagdish ''monetary economics'' nd ed routledge http wwwroutledgecom books details description http wwwroutledgecom books details preview harris laurence ''monetary theory'' new york mcgraw hill hicks john r ''critical essays monetary theory'' chapter preview https booksgooglecom booksid qvqejp dhvyc printsec toc dq gbs summary cad links oxford ''the new palgrave dictionary finance money'' v http wwwpalgravecom products titleaspxis description ''the new


money credit http wwwslidesharenet babasabpatil money credit finance btnnext presentation money credit finance slideshow money slideshow http wwwslidesharenet mitchgreen lesson money btnnext macroeconomics


least million pharmacists pharmaceutical personnel worldwide pharmacists pharmacists healthcare professionals specialized education training perform various roles ensure optimal health outcomes patients quality use medicines pharmacists may also small business proprietors owning pharmacy practice since pharmacists know mode action particular drug metabolism physiological effects human body great detail play important role optimization drug treatment individual pharmacists represented internationally international pharmaceutical federation fip

Applied science
Medicine and health
Pharmaceutical sciences
Pharmacy


us pharmacy technicians perform duties supervision pharmacists although may perform supervision dispensing compounding tasks generally allowed perform role counseling patients proper use medications states legally mandated pharmacist pharmacy technician ratio dispensing assistants dispensing assistants commonly referred dispensers community pharmacies perform largely tasks pharmacy technician work supervision pharmacists involved preparing dispensing labelling medicines provision patients healthcare assistants medicines counter assistants


pharmacists even pharmacist assistants assigned status superior others health related fields physicians acupuncturists imperial household pharmacist even ranked two personal physicians emperor stone sign pharmacy shop tripod mortar pestle opposite one doctor arcadian way ephesus near kusadasi turkey current ephesus dates back bc site temple artemis one seven wonders world baghdad first pharmacies drug


''the canon medicine'' great impact also works al maridini baghdad cairo ibn al wafid printed latin fifty times appearing ''de medicinis universalibus et particularibus'' 'mesue' younger ''medicamentis simplicibus'' 'abenguefit' peter abano translated added supplement work al maridini title ''de veneris'' al muwaffaq 's contributions field also pioneering living th century wrote ''the foundations true properties remedies'' amongst others describing arsenious oxide acquainted


optimize use medication promotes health wellness disease prevention clinical pharmacists care patients health care settings clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals clinics clinical pharmacists often collaborate physicians healthcare professionals improve pharmaceutical care clinical pharmacists integral part interdisciplinary approach patient care often participate patient care rounds drug product selection uk clinical pharmacists also prescribe medications patients nhs privately completing non medical prescribers course become independent


needs animals well regulations veterinary medicine often different related people jurisdictions veterinary pharmacy may kept separate regular pharmacies nuclear pharmacy nuclear pharmacy focuses preparing radioactive materials diagnostic tests treating certain diseases nuclear pharmacists undergo additional training specific handling radioactive materials unlike community hospital pharmacies nuclear pharmacists typically interact directly patients military pharmacy airman st class breanna demasters staff sgt giovanni fiorito nd expeditionary medical group pharmacy technicians fill prescription medication patients


inheritance characteristic patterns interaction drugs organisms '''pharmaceutical chemistry''' study drug design optimize pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics synthesis new drug molecules medicinal chemistry '''pharmaceutics''' study design drug formulation optimum delivery stability pharmacokinetics patient acceptance '''pharmacognosy''' study medicines derived natural sources new discoveries advance extend pharmaceutical sciences subspecialties continue added list importantly knowledge advances boundaries specialty areas pharmaceutical sciences beginning blur many fundamental concepts common pharmaceutical sciences shared fundamental


word apothecary show globe used us early th century gaper netherlands increasingly rare gallery class center image asclepius staffsvg rod asclepius internationally recognised symbol medicine file aiga firstaid greensvg green cross aiga symbol first aid image green pharmacy cross w bowl hygieiasvg green cross bowl hygieia used europe exception germany austria india image pharmacy green crosssvg simple green greek cross widely used often animated neon sign file deutsche apotheke logosvg red ''apotheke'' sign used germany image apotheke oesterreich logosvg similar red sign used austria image pharmacistsmortarsvg mortar pestle


institute history pharmacy resources history pharmacy http wwwfiporg international pharmaceutical federation fip federation representing national associations pharmacists pharmaceutical scientists information resources relating pharmacy education practice science policy https wwwpharmaboardde pharmaboard german association pharmacy students medicinal chemistry symbols greek words phrases


benefits law policy designed increase allocative efficiency assumptions modeled first best pareto optimal general equilibrium conditions theory second best example fulfillment subset optimal conditions cannot met circumstances incorrect conclude fulfillment ''any'' subset optimal conditions necessarily result increase allocative efficiency ref name markovits ref consequently expression public policy whose purported purpose unambiguous increase allocative efficiency example consolidation research development costs increased mergers acquisitions resulting

Social science
Economics
Law and economics


meteorites often studied part cosmochemistry '''cosmochemistry''' greek ''k smos'' universe ''kheme a'' '''chemical cosmology''' study chemical composition matter universe processes led compositions ref name mcsween ref done primarily study chemical composition meteorites physical samples given asteroid parent bodies meteorites first solid material condense early solar nebula cosmochemists generally exclusively concerned objects contained within solar system history swiss

Natural science
Chemistry
Cosmochemistry


hansmann gerard hertig klaus hopt hideki kanda mariana pargendler wolf georg ringe edward rock oxford university press ref thus encompasses formation funding governance death corporation minute nature corporate governance personified share ownership capital market business culture rules differ similar legal characteristics legal problems exist across many jurisdictions corporate law regulates corporations investors shareholders directors employees creditors stakeholders consumers community environment interact one another ref name armour whilst term '''company''' '''business law''' colloquially used interchangeably corporate


payment certain usually nominal amounts company goes insolvent liquidation otherwise economic rights relation company ''a company limited guarantee share capital'' hybrid entity usually used company formed non commercial purposes activities company partly funded investors expect return ''a company limited shares'' common form company used business ventures ''an unlimited company'' either without share capital hybrid company company similar limited company


two tier one tier board united kingdom united states commonwealth countries single unified boards directors germany companies two tiers shareholders employees elect supervisory board supervisory board chooses management board option use two tiers france new european companies societas europaea recent literature especially united states begun discuss corporate governance terms management science post war discourse centred achieve effective corporate democracy shareholders


uk right members remove directors simple majority assured ca moreover art model articles requires third board put election every year effect creating maximum three year terms shareholders demand meeting time year since last one ca germany employee participation creates need greater boardroom stability aktg states management board directors removed supervisory board important


full liability imposed agency law state provides forms interest strength companies provide jobs services therein also interest monitoring regulating behaviour litigation members company generally rights company framed company 's constitution however members cannot generally claim third parties cause damage company results diminution value shares others membership interests treated reflective loss law


states defined beneficial owners ten percent firm 's equity securities must reported regulator publicly disclosed usually within business days trade many investors follow summaries insider trades hope mimicking trades profitable legal insider trading cannot based material non public information investors believe corporate insiders nonetheless may better insights health corporation broadly speaking trades otherwise convey important information eg pending retirement important officer selling shares


areas society ref name ref although diverse major themes interest political sociology include understanding dynamics state society exercise contest power eg power structures authority social inequality ref name ref political values behaviours shape society society 's values behaviours shape politics eg public opinion ideologies social movements operate across formal informal areas politics society eg ministerial cabinet vs family home socio political cultures identities change time words political sociology concerned social trends dynamics structures domination affect

Social science
Sociology
Applied sociology
Political sociology


need leaders specialized staff facilities utilization facilities leaders within organization importance psychological attributes leaders pluralism power relations contemporary political sociology takes questions seriously concerned play power politics across societies includes restricted relations state society part product growing complexity social relations impact social movement organizing relative weakening state result globalization significant


uncertain roles without conscious effort absorb aspiration onecide nonetheless sees quasi hereditary caste members power elite according mills often enter positions societal prominence educations obtained establishment universities resulting elites control three dominant institutions military economy political system generally grouped one six types according mills metropolitan members historically notable local families principal american cities generally represented social register celebrities prominent entertainers media


instance via turbulence sound propagates fluid air aeroacoustics plays important role understanding noise generated aircraft wind turbines well exploring wind instruments work audio signal processing audio signal processing electronic manipulation audio signals using analog digital signal processing done variety reasons including enhance sound eg applying audio effect reverberation remove unwanted noises signal eg echo cancellation internet voice calls compress audio signal allow efficient transmission eg

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Mechanical Engineering
Acoustical engineering


least common multiple infimum greatest common divisor lattices also characterized algebraic structures satisfying certain axiomatic identities since two definitions equivalent lattice theory draws order theory universal algebra semilattices include lattices turn include heyting boolean algebras ''lattice like'' structures admit order theoretic well algebraic descriptions lattices partially ordered sets math l leq math partially ordered set poset math subseteq l math arbitrary subset element math u l math said '''upper bound'''

Formal science
Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Algebra
Lattice theory


math math finite set math math collection partitions math math ordered refinement lattice see pic nbsp positive integers usual order form lattice operations min max bottom top see pic nbsp cartesian square natural numbers ordered math b leq c math math leq c text b leq math pair math math bottom element top see pic nbsp natural numbers also form lattice operations


math c math math math common upper bound partially ordered sets lattices including following discrete poset meaning poset math x leq math implies math x math lattice one element particular two element discrete poset lattice although set math math partially ordered divisibility lattice set math math ordered lattice pair lacks join similarly lacks meet math


wedge vee b c wedge vee c wedge b math satisfy dual math c vee wedge b c vee wedge c vee b math style float right '''pic nbsp ''' smallest non distributive modular lattice sub sub since lattices come two binary operations natural ask whether one distributes whether one following dual laws holds every three elements math b c l math distributivity math vee math math wedge math math display block vee b wedge c vee b wedge


element heyting algebra fact complement heyting algebra fact boolean algebra jordan dedekind chain condition '''chain''' math x math math x n math set math left x x ldots x n right math math x x x ldots x n math '''length''' chain ''n'' one less number elements chain '''maximal''' math x math covers math x math math leq leq n math pair math x math math math math x math maximal chains math x math math math


'''ethnolinguistics''' sometimes called '''cultural linguistics''' area anthropological linguistics studies relationship language nonlinguistic cultural behavior people speak language notoc examples ethnolinguists study way perception conceptualization influences language show linked different cultures societies example spatial orientation expressed various cultures many societies words cardinal directions ''east'' ''west'' derived terms sunrise sunset nomenclature cardinal directions inuit speakers greenland however based geographical landmarks

Social science
Anthropology
Ethnolinguistics


behavior analyzed order understand perceives conceptualizes social world first step analysis identify map social categories social identities speaker identified social categories mapped next steps attempt define precise meaning category examine speaker describes relationship categories analyze evaluates characteristics people grouped social categories ref name ref speaker example identified three basic social categories rich


serious crimes physical corporal punishment may imposed whipping caning although punishments prohibited much world individuals may incarcerated prison jail variety conditions depending jurisdiction confinement may solitary length incarceration may vary day life government supervision may imposed including house arrest convicts may required conform particularized guidelines part parole probation regimen fines also may imposed seizing money property person convicted crime five


th th centuries bce formation rabbinic judaism destruction second temple ce age rabbinic judaism ascension christianity political power emperor constantine great ce end political hegemony christianity th century age diverse judaisms french american revolutions present imagemap file chronology israel engpng center px default jewish history rect periods massive immigration land israel rect


factors remains matter dispute several hundred years land israel organized confederacy twelve tribes ruled series judges came israelite monarchy established bce saul continued king david son solomon reign david already existing city jerusalem became national spiritual capital united kingdom israel judah solomon built first temple mount moriah jerusalem however tribes fracturing politically upon death civil war erupted ten


hasmonaean dynasty lasted bce bce hasmonean dynasty eventually disintegrated result civil war sons salome alexandra hyrcanus ii aristobulus ii people want governed king theocratic clergy made appeals spirit roman authorities roman campaign conquest annexation led pompey soon followed roman rule land israel bce ce siege destruction jerusalem romans painting david roberts sack jerusalem depicted


ruled tetrarchy judea ethnarch romans denying title king census quirinius ce roman province judaea formed satellite roman syria rule prefect roman egypt ce procurators ce empire often callous brutal treatment jewish subjects see anti judaism pre christian roman empire ce ce jesus nazareth itinerant rabbi galilee central figure christianity put death


ancient synagogue built believed king jehoiachin existed nehardea huzal near nehardea another synagogue far could seen ruins ezra 's academy period hadrian akiba arrival nehardea mission sanhedrin entered discussion resident scholar point matrimonial law mishnah yeb end time nisibis northern mesopotamia excellent jewish college head stood judah ben bathyra many judean scholars found refuge


dyers jerusalem ref name skatz period masoretes tiberias established ''niqqud'' system diacritical signs used represent vowels distinguish alternative pronunciations letters hebrew alphabet numerous piyutim midrashim recorded palestine time ref name skatz maimonides wrote visited jerusalem went temple mount prayed great holy house maimonides established yearly holiday sons th cheshvan commemorating day went pray temple mount another th cheshvan


suggested alternate path modernity distinct european haskalah contrast focus ashkenazic germanized jews concept port jew focused sephardi conversos fled inquisition resettled european port towns coast mediterranean atlantic eastern seaboard united states ref name helenfry ref court jew court jews jewish bankers businessmen lent money handled finances christian european noble houses corresponding historical terms ''jewish bailiff'' ' 'shtadlan'' examples would later


called court jews emerged local rulers used services jewish bankers short term loans lent money nobles process gained social influence noble patrons court jews employed financiers suppliers diplomats trade delegates court jews could use family connections connections provision sponsors among things food arms ammunition precious metals return services court jews gained social privileges including noble status could live outside jewish ghettos nobles wanted keep bankers


period jews together communities empire enjoyed certain level prosperity compared ottoman subjects predominant power commerce trade well diplomacy high offices th century especially jews prominent ''millets'' apogee jewish influence could arguably appointment joseph nasi sanjak bey ''governor'' rank usually bestowed upon muslims island naxos time battle yarmuk levant passed muslim rule thirty jewish communities


done christians would difficult compile lengthy list persecutions arbitrary confiscations attempted forced conversions pogroms blockquote poland th century many significant jewish populations western central europe relatively tolerant poland largest jewish population europe dated back th century enjoyed relative prosperity freedom nearly four hundred years however calm situation ended polish lithuanian jews polish lithuanian commonwealth slaughtered hundreds thousands ukrainian cossacks khmelnytsky uprising


british administration protection gangs jewish leadership created haganah organization protect farms kibbutzim major riots occurred palestine riots arab revolt palestine due increasing violence united kingdom gradually started backtrack original idea jewish state speculate binational solution arab state would jewish minority meanwhile jews europe united states gained success fields science culture economy among generally considered


central asia history jews czech republic history jews france history jews germany history jews india history jews land israel history jews latin america caribbean history jews muslim rule history jews poland history jews romania history jews russia history jews soviet union history jews serbia history jews ukraine history jews united kingdom


mechatronic system '''mechatronics''' also called '''mechatronics engineering''' interdisciplinary branch engineering focuses integration mechanical electronic electrical engineering systems also includes combination robotics electronics computer science telecommunications systems control product engineering ref name czu ref technology advances time various subfields engineering succeeded adapting multiplying intention mechatronics produce design solution unifies various subfields originally field mechatronics intended nothing combination mechanics electronics hence name

Applied science
Engineering and technology
Electrical Engineering
Mechatronics


understood narrow sense '''philosophical logic''' area philosophy studies application logical methods philosophical problems often form extended logical systems like modal logic theorists conceive philosophical logic wider sense study scope nature logic general sense philosophical logic seen identical philosophy logic includes additional topics like define logic discussion fundamental concepts logic current article treats philosophical logic narrow sense

Humanities
Philosophy
Logic
Philosophical logic


forms one field inquiry within philosophy logic important issue philosophical logic question classify great variety non classical logical systems many rather recent origin one form classification often found literature distinguish extended logics deviant logics logic defined study valid inference classical logic dominant form logic articulates rules inference accordance logical intuitions shared many like law excluded middle double negation elimination


inference ref name burgesspreface ref name jacquette ref name goble ref name hintikka motivations roughly divided two categories classical logic narrow leaves many philosophically interesting issues solved extending classical logic additional symbols give logically strict treatment areas ref name haacklogics ref name haackdeviant ref name macmillannonclassical others see flaw classical logic try give rival account inference usually leads development deviant logics modifies fundamental principles behind classical logic order rectify alleged flaws ref name haacklogics ref name haackdeviant ref name macmillannonclassical ref


specifies truth conditions sentences expressed modal logic terms possible worlds ref name garson ref name benthem ref name burgess possible world complete consistent way things could view sentence modified math diamond math operator true true least one possible world sentence modified math box math operator true true possible worlds ref name garson ref name benthem ref name burgess sentence possible socrates wise true since least one world socrates wise


like necessity possibility ref name mcnamara ref name macmillannonclassical ref name macmillanmodal ref name garson reason sometimes even symbols used operators alethic modal logic discussion philosophical logic concerning right system axioms expressing common intuitions governing deontic inferences ref name mcnamara ref name macmillannonclassical ref name macmillanmodal arguments counterexamples slightly different since meanings operators differ example common intuition ethics agent obligation something automatically also permission


one time another express something happening time two operators behave way operators possibility necessity alethic modal logic since difference past future central importance human affairs operators often modified take difference account athur prior 's tense logic example realizes idea using four operators math p math case math f math case math h math always case math g math always case


areas well ref name moschovakis interpretation law excluded middle would involve assumption every mathematical problem solution form proof sense intuitionistic rejection law excluded middle motivated rejection assumption ref name moschovakis ref name macmillannonclassical position also expressed stating unexperienced verification transcendent truths ref name burgess sense intuitionistic logic motivated form metaphysical idealism applied mathematics states mathematical objects exist extent constructed


'''symbolic interactionism''' sociological theory develops practical considerations alludes particular effects communication interaction people make images normal implications deduction correspondence others according macionis symbolic interactionism framework building theory sees society product everyday interactions individuals words frame reference better understand individuals interact one another create symbolic worlds return worlds shape individual behaviors ref name ref framework helps understand society

Social science
Sociology
Interpretive sociology
Symbolic interactionism


book highlights core concept social interactionism ''mind'' refers individual 's ability use symbols create meanings world around individual individuals use language thought accomplish goal ''self'' refers individual 's ability reflect way individual perceived others finally ' 'society'' according mead interactions taking place general description mead 's compositions portray outside social structures classes power abuse affect advancement self personality gatherings verifiably denied ability characterize


observation study aspects social interaction individuals' selves participant observation allows researchers access symbols meanings howard becker 's ''art worlds'' arlie hochschild 's ''the managed heart'' argue close contact immersion everyday activities participants necessary understanding meaning actions defining situations process actors construct situation interaction close contact interactions cannot remain completely liberated value commitments cases make use values choosing study however seek objective


simply conditioned simply beings influenced around us simply products society core thinking animals always conversing interact others want understand cause focus human thinking humans sense environment directly instead humans define situation environment may actually exist definition important definition simply randomly happen instead results ongoing social interaction thinking cause human action


ability view others often snapshot view short impactful experience one wishes differentiate others personal identity comes exist view one wishes make known truly view others personal identity taking place comes social identity connections likeness made individuals sharing similar identities identity traits ref name viewpoint symbolic interactionism applied use social networking


general seeking specific theories symbolic interactionism theoretical ''framework'' rather theory assessed basis effective conceptualizations theoretical framework theoretical framework vague comes analyzing empirical data predicting outcomes social life framework rather theory many scholars find difficult use interactionism framework rather theory makes impossible test interactionism manner specific theoretical claim relationship specific variables given context allows unlike symbolic


sociological approach ability produce shallow understanding make subject hard teach based lack organization teachings relate theories studies society study symbolic interaction society study symbolic interaction sssi international professional organization scholars interested study symbolic interaction sssi holds conference conjunction meeting american sociological association asa society study social problems conference typically occurs august sponsors


edgley ''life theater'' chicago carter michael j celine fuller symbolic interactionism ''sociopedia'' doi http wwwsagepubnet isa resources pdf symbolic interactionismpdf handberg charlotte sally thorne julie midtgaard claus vinther nielsen kirsten lomborg revisiting symbolic interactionism theoretical framework beyond grounded theory tradition ''qualitative health research'' doi johnson john j contributions california sociologies diversity development symbolic interaction '' th anniversary studies symbolic interaction'' emerald jeon yun hee application grounded theory symbolic interactionism ''scandinavian journal caring sciences'' lehn dirk vom gibson interaction


would common preceding philosophical movements primary distinguishing feature continental philosophy analytic philosophy opposing attitudes objectivity notion universe material existence regardless whether humans exist rejected foremost continental philosophers starting immanuel kant accepted analytic philosophers term ''continental philosophy'' like ''analytic philosophy'' lacks clear definition may mark merely family resemblance across disparate philosophical views simon glendinning suggested term originally pejorative descriptive functioning label types western

Humanities
Philosophy
Philosophical traditions and schools
Continental philosophy


france germany phenomenology existentialism structuralism post structuralism however term approximate sense found least early john stuart mill 's essay coleridge mill contrasts kantian influenced thought continental philosophy continental philosophers english empiricism bentham th century generally notion gained prominence early th century figures bertrand russell g e moore advanced vision philosophy closely allied natural science progressing logical analysis tradition come known broadly


whether conception philosophy coherently achieve stated goals ultimately foregoing themes derive broadly kantian thesis knowledge experience reality bound shaped conditions best understood philosophical reflection rather exclusively empirical inquiry ref name history martin heidegger '''history continental philosophy''' taken narrower sense late modern contemporary continental philosophy usually thought begin german idealism ref group lower roman date origins continental philosophy generation earlier work jean jacques rousseau ref led figures like fichte schelling later hegel german idealism developed


rise nazism many germany 's philosophers especially jewish descent leftist liberal political sympathies many vienna circle frankfurt school fled english speaking world philosophers remained remained academia reconcile nazi control universities others martin heidegger among prominent german philosophers stay germany aligned nazism came power th century french philosophy world war ii growth interest german


aristotle francesco hayez '''aristotelianism''' philosophical tradition inspired work aristotle usually characterized deductive logic analytic inductive method study nature natural law answers questions scheme four causes including purpose teleology emphasizes virtue ethics aristotle school wrote tractates physics biology metaphysics logic ethics aesthetics poetry theatre music rhetoric psychology linguistics economics politics government school thought takes one aristotle 's distinctive positions starting point considered aristotelian widest sense

Humanities
Philosophy
Philosophical traditions and schools
Aristotelianism


citizens' virtuous activity appear thoroughly aristotelian alasdair macintyre notable aristotelian philosopher helped revive virtue ethics book ''after virtue'' macintyre revises aristotelianism argument highest temporal goods internal human beings actualized participation social practices history ancient greek original followers aristotle members peripatetic school prominent members school aristotle theophrastus strato lampsacus continued aristotle 's researches roman era school concentrated preserving defending work


identified ref name grant edward grant ''the foundations modern science middle ages'' page cambridge university press ref although writings marginal impact islamic countries works would eventually huge impact latin west ref name grant would lead school thought known averroism western europe aristotle holding ethics detail ''the school athens'' although knowledge aristotle seems lingered ecclesiastical centres western europe fall roman empire ninth century nearly known


michael scot c translated averroes' commentaries scientific works aristotle aristotle 's physical writings began discussed openly time aristotle 's method permeating theology treatises sufficient cause prohibition heterodoxy condemnations ref name schmolders first paris stated neither books aristotle natural philosophy commentaries read paris public secret forbid penalty ex communication ref name grant edward grant ''a source book medieval science'' page


harvard university press ref however despite attempts restrict teaching aristotle ban aristotle 's natural philosophy ineffective william moerbeke c undertook complete translation works aristotle portions revision existing translations first translator ''politics'' c greek latin many copies aristotle latin circulation assumed influenced averroes suspected source philosophical theological errors found earlier translations aristotle claims


calgary emily carr university active research program among four million research last five years ocad university 's research intensity reached million four schools teach major disciplines painting new media design last five years emily carr garnered major awards students alums across country nscad university founded anna leonowens halifax women school gained international prominence innovation conceptual art

Humanities
Visual arts
Applied arts
Studio art


new media technology study programme netherlands many famous art institutions netherlands many long traditions made great impact world thought history royal academy art hague founded year largest oldest art institution netherlands design academy eindhoven founded today considered one best design art schools world gerrit rietveld academie another well known school founded amsterdam main focus de stijl bauhaus time sweden


'''five laws library science''' theory r ranganathan proposed detailing principles operating library system many librarians around world accept laws foundations philosophy ref name rubin ref laws books use every reader book every book reader save time reader library growing organism overview first law books use first law constitutes basis library services dr ranganathan observed books often chained prevent removal

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Five laws of library science


means books libraries meant shut away users second law every reader book second law library science every reader book means librarians serve wide collection patrons acquire literature fit wide variety needs refrain judging specific patrons choose read librarians respect everyone different everyone different tastes regarding books choose third law every book reader third law library science every book reader means


libraries librarians every user social tool every social tool user save time user providing information seeks using social tool familiar social media growing organism various tools apps introduced every day libraries brick stone anymore serve members non members alike terms non traditional library service irrespective space time basheerhamad shadrach proposed five laws knowledge adapted ranganathan knowledge use


graphical summary position paper proposed changes science policy netherlands around academic incentive reward structures '''science policy''' concerned allocation resources conduct science towards goal best serving public interest topics include funding science careers scientists translation scientific discoveries technological innovation promote commercial product development competitiveness economic growth economic development science policy focuses knowledge production role knowledge networks collaborations complex distributions expertise equipment know understanding processes

Applied science
Public administration
Science policy


'''social theories''' analytical frameworks paradigms used study interpret social phenomena ref name auto seidman contested knowledge social theory today john wiley sons ref tool used social scientists social theories relate historical debates validity reliability different methodologies eg positivism antipositivism primacy either structure agency well relationship contingency necessity social theory informal nature authorship based outside academic social political science may referred social criticism social commentary cultural criticism


society concept society come enlightenment period term ' 'soci '' probably first used key concept rousseau discussion social relations prior enlightenment social theory took largely narrative normative form expressed stories fables may assumed pre socratic philosophers religious teachers precursors social theory proper medieval evidence early muslim sociology th century ibn khaldun 's ''muqaddimah'' later translated ''prolegomena'' latin introduction seven volume analysis universal


thought established sussex york others followed emphases structures social theory history university california davis cultural studies programs extended concerns social theory domain culture thus anthropology chair undergraduate program social theory established university melbourne social theory present seems gaining acceptance classical academic discipline classical social theory adam ferguson montesquieu john millar among others first study society distinct political institutions processes nineteenth century


observer observed consume produce people use term postmodern postmodernism see developments positive users term argue ideals arisen result particular economic social conditions including late capitalism growth broadcast media conditions pushed society new historical period today past decades response postmodern critiques social theory begun stress free individual choice subjective reasoning importance unpredictable events place deterministic


woodbury small w thomas ernest w burgess robert e park ellsworth faris george herbert mead sociologists university chicago chicago school focused patterns arrangement social phenomenon across time place within context social variables critical theory critical theorists focus reflective assessment critique society culture order reveal challenge power structures relations influences social groups marxism karl marx wrote theorized importance political economy society focused material conditions life ref name callinicos


influenced weber pareto conflict theory influenced marx simmel symbolic interaction influenced george herbert mead false necessity agential realism key thinkers french social thought known french social thinkers claude henri saint simon auguste comte mile durkheim michel foucault british social thought british social thought thinkers herbert spencer addressed questions ideas relating political economy social evolution political ideals john ruskin precursor social economy ''unto last'' important impact gandhi 's philosophy german social thought important german philosophers social


secularization see also continental philosophy critical theory culture theory engaged theory ethnomethodology feminist theory history sociology history social sciences literary theory political philosophy political theory post colonial theory post structuralism postmodernism queer theory social evolution sociological theory references reading external links http wwwsocialtheoryorg international social theory consortium https webarchiveorg web http wwwtheoriaukznacza theoria journal social political theory http wwwbolendercom sociological theory sociological theoristshtm sociological theorists http wwwsocial theoryeu social theory research network european sociological association david harris http wwwarasiteorg dhintro htm social theory difficult teng wang https socialphenomenasitewordpresscom social phenomena sociological theories


stacked film cans containing rolls film decayed nitrate film eye film institute netherlands decayed nitrate film eye film institute netherlands '''film preservation''' '''film restoration''' describes series ongoing efforts among film historians archivists museums cinematheques non profit organizations rescue decaying film stock preserve images contain widest sense preservation assures movie continue exist close original form possible ref name mcgreevey tom ref many years term preservation synonymous duplication film goal preservationist create durable copy

Applied science
Library and museum studies
Film preservation


made percent american sound films made lost films ref name melville ref although institutional practices film preservation date back ref name houston ref field received official status unesco recognized moving images integral part world 's cultural heritage ref name unesco ref problem film decay simulation film archive holders almost empty better visualize gap surviving materials number films actually made museum film television berlin deutsche kinemathek great majority films made silent


therefore particularly important keep camera negatives digital masters safe storage conditions ref name curr original camera negative remaining edited film negative passed camera set original camera negative may may remain original release form depending upon number subsequent releases initial release theatrical exhibition restorers sometimes create composite negative composite dupe recombining duplicated sections best remaining material sometimes shot shot frame frame basis approximate original configuration original camera negative time film 's release


seen many movie critics passionate brief film preservation wrapped fanciful tale childhood intrigue adventure scorsese 's concern need save motion pictures past led create film foundation non profit organization dedicated film preservation joined effort fellow film makers served foundation 's board directors woody allen robert altman francis ford coppola clint eastwood stanley kubrick george lucas sydney pollack robert redford steven spielberg paul thomas anderson wes anderson curtis hanson peter jackson


film preservation response majority graduate programs film preservation begun offering courses digital film preservation digital film media collection management established graduate programs field http wwwueaacuk study postgraduate taught degree detail film studies film archiving university east anglia https wwweastmanorg certificate film preservation film preservation certificate selznick school film preservation https wwweastmanorg masters film media preservation film media preservation selznick school film preservation offered jointly university rochester http wwwnyuedu tisch preservation moving image archiving preservation new york university tisch school arts https gshuvanl content dual masters preservation presentation moving image heritage studies study programme study programmehtml cb heritage studies preservation presentation moving


production preservation library archival science preservation magnetic audiotape separation masters virtual telecine notes references reading http unesdocunescoorg images eopdf audiovisual archives practical reader edited compiled helen p harrison general information programme unisist paris unesco cave born digital raised orphan acquiring digital media analog paradigm ''the moving image'' http musejhuedu journals moving image summary v croftshtml crofts c digital decay ''the moving image'' xiii gracy k f ''film preservation competing definitions value use practice'' chicago society american archivists karr lawrence edited


work art art historians employ number methods research ontology history objects art historians often examine work context time best done manner respects creator 's motivations imperatives consideration desires prejudices patrons sponsors comparative analysis themes approaches creator 's colleagues teachers consideration iconography symbolism short approach examines work art context world within created art


first occurrence phrase history art title book winckelmann critiqued artistic excesses baroque rococo forms instrumental reforming taste favor sober neoclassicism jacob burckhardt one founders art history noted winckelmann 'the first distinguish periods ancient art link history style world history' winckelmann mid th century field art history dominated german speaking academics winckelmann 's work thus marked entry art history high philosophical discourse


nations example someone might specialize th century german contemporary chinese art history focus nationhood deep roots discipline indeed vasari 's ''lives excellent painters sculptors architects'' attempt show superiority florentine artistic culture heinrich w lfflin 's writings especially monograph albrecht rer attempt distinguish italian german styles art many largest well funded art museums world louvre victoria albert museum national gallery art washington state owned countries indeed


specialization example ancient near east greece rome egypt typically considered special concentrations ancient art cases specializations may closely allied greece rome example others alliances far less natural indian art versus korean art example non western global perspectives art become increasingly predominant art historical canon since contemporary art history refers research period today reflecting break assumptions modernism brought artists neo avant garde continuity


contemporary art terms practice based conceptualist post conceptualist practices professional organizations united states important art history organization college art association organizes annual conference publishes ''art bulletin'' ''art journal'' similar organizations exist parts world well specializations architectural history renaissance art history uk example association art historians premiere organization publishes journal titled ''art history'' see also aesthetics art criticism ''bildwissenschaft'' fine arts history art


rock art studies visual arts theosophy women art history field notes references reading listed date w lfflin h trans ''principles art history problem development style later art'' new york dover publications hauser ''the philosophy art history'' new york knopf arntzen e rainwater r ''guide literature art history'' chicago american library association holly ''panofsky foundations art history'' ithaca ny cornell university press johnson w ''art history use abuse'' toronto university


''h'' ''x'' ''h'' ''x'' entropy source bitrate ''c'' ''x'' bitrate compression particular source coding scheme better entropy source example facsimile transmission uses simple run length code source coding removes data superfluous need transmitter decreasing bandwidth required transmission channel coding purpose channel coding theory find codes transmit quickly contain many valid code words correct least detect many errors mutually exclusive performance areas trade

Formal science
Mathematics
Applied mathematics
Combinatorics
Coding theory


different codes optimal different applications needed properties code mainly depend probability errors happening transmission typical cd impairment mainly dust scratches cds use cross interleaved reed solomon coding spread data disk although good code simple repeat code serve understandable example suppose take block data bits representing sound send three times receiver examine three repetitions bit bit take majority vote twist


particular way eg defective products infected test subjects idea group testing determine items different using tests possible origin problem roots second world war united states army air forces needed test soldiers syphilis analog coding information encoded analogously neural networks brains analog signal processing analog electronics aspects analog coding include analog error correction analog data compression analog encryption neural coding neural coding neuroscience related field concerned sensory


ancient maya domesticated separate species stingless bee used several purposes including making balch mead like alcoholic drink use stingless bees referred meliponiculture named bees tribe meliponini ''melipona quadrifasciata'' brazil variation bee keeping still occurs around world today instance australia stingless bee ''tetragonula carbonaria'' kept production honey ref name halcroft ref scientific study honey bees european natural philosophers began study bee colonies scientifically th century preeminent among scientific pioneers

Applied science
Agriculture
Animal husbandry
Beekeeping


fertilized queens without direct physical contact huber first prove observation experiment queens physically inseminated drones outside confines hives usually great distance away following r aumur 's design huber built improved glass walled observation hives sectional hives could opened like leaves book allowed inspecting individual wax combs greatly improved direct observation hive activity although went blind twenty huber employed secretary fran ois burnens make daily observations conduct careful experiments keep accurate notes twenty years huber


confirmed hive consists one queen mother female workers male drones colony also first confirm mating drones takes place outside hives queens inseminated number successive matings male drones high air great distance hive together burnens dissected bees microscope among first describe ovaries spermatheca sperm store queens well penis male drones huber universally


regarded father modern bee science nouvelles observations sur les abeilles new observations bees ref name huber ref revealed basic scientific truths biology ecology honeybees invention movable comb hive rural beekeeping th century early forms honey collecting entailed destruction entire colony honey harvested wild hive crudely broken using smoke suppress bees honeycombs torn smashed nbsp along eggs larvae honey contained liquid honey


period abbeys monasteries centers beekeeping since beeswax highly prized candles fermented honey used make alcoholic mead areas europe vines would grow th th centuries saw successive stages revolution beekeeping allowed bees preserved taking harvest beekeeper inspecting hive frame langstroth hive intermediate stages transition old beekeeping new recorded example thomas wildman described advances destructive old skep based beekeeping


combs containing honey could gently removed honey extracted without destroying comb emptied honey combs could returned bees intact refilling langstroth 's book ''the hive honey bee'' published described rediscovery bee space development patent movable comb hive invention development movable comb hive fostered growth commercial honey production large scale europe us see also beekeeping united states evolution hive designs bees hive entrance langstroth 's design


hive work published ''new observations natural history bees'' l l langstroth revered father american apiculture individual influenced modern beekeeping practice lorenzo lorraine langstroth classic book ''the hive honey bee'' published moses quinby often termed father commercial beekeeping united states author ''mysteries bee keeping explained'' invented bee smoker amos root author ''a b c bee culture'' continuously revised remains print root pioneered manufacture hives


warr popularized dr david heaf english translation warr 's book ''l'apiculture pour tous'' ''beekeeping all'' honey bee toronto urban backyard beekeeping related natural beekeeping urban beekeeping attempt revert less industrialized way obtaining honey utilizing small scale colonies pollinate urban gardens found city bees actually healthier rural bees fewer pesticides greater biodiversity urban gardens urban bees may fail find forage however homeowners use landscapes help feed


local bee populations planting flowers provide nectar pollen environment year round uninterrupted bloom creates ideal environment colony reproduction urban beekeepers testing modern types beehives testing urban contest ease use flowhive appeared https beeingit en home bees honey beeing hive made italy allows beekeeper extract honey without contact bees mit nowiki 's ''synthetic apiary'' nowiki project raises colonies entirely indoors indoor beekeeping modern beekeepers experimented raising bees indoors controlled environment indoor observation hives may done


nest honey taken including amount honey needed survive winter beekeeper must replace stores feeding bees sugar corn syrup autumn annual cycle bee colony development bee colony follows annual cycle growth begins spring rapid expansion brood nest soon pollen available feeding larvae production brood may begin early january even cold winter breeding accelerates towards peak may northern


making difficult apiarist ascertain causes problems without microscopic identification microorganisms chemical analysis poisons ref name grout ref since colony losses colony collapse disorder increasing across world although causes syndrome yet unknown us commercial beekeepers increasing number hives deal higher rates attrition parasites ''nosema apis'' ''microsporidian'' causes common widespread disease adult honey bee nosemosis also called nosema ''galleria mellonella'' ''achroia grisella'' wax moth larvae


china style text align right style text align right style text align right ref name vefhr turkey style text align right style text align right style text align right ref name vefhr iran style text align right ref name vefhr india style text align right style text align right style text align right ref name vefhr south korea style text align right style text align right vietnam style text align right style text align right turkmenistan style text align right style text align right colspan style text align left africa


based directly commandments ''minhag'' customs community practices customary law well exemplary deeds prominent local rabbis ' 'she'eloth u teshuvoth'' responsa questions answers literature ''dina d'malchuta dina'' law king law additional aspect ''halakha'' principle recognizing non jewish laws non jewish legal jurisdiction binding jewish citizens provided contrary law judaism principle applies primarily areas commercial civil criminal law antiquity ''sanhedrin'' functioned essentially supreme court legislature us judicial


used conservative judaism see conservative halakha historical analysis antiquity rules determined dates authorities quote general cannot safely declared older tanna repeater first ascribed certain however seven middot measurements referring good behavior hillel thirteen ishmael earlier time hillel first transmit talmud gives information concerning origin middot although geonim sages


judaism torah word god literal sense however torah still held mankind 's record understanding god 's revelation thus still divine authority therefore ''halakha'' still seen binding conservative jews use modern methods historical study learn jewish law changed time cases willing change jewish law present key practical difference conservative orthodox approaches conservative judaism holds rabbinical body 's powers limited reconsidering later precedents based


positive commandments separately discussing according talmud light commentaries rashi tosafot codes existent time ''sefer mitzvot katan'' semak isaac ben joseph corbeil abridgement ''semag'' including additional practical ''halakha'' well agaddic ethical material mordechai mordecai ben hillel nbsp nuremberg serves source analysis well decided law mordechai considered halakhic authorities widely influential particularly amongst ashkenazi italian communities although organised


hebrew http hewikisourceorg wiki c f wikisource translation wikisource incomplete http wwwshulchanarachcom shulchanarachcom incomplete ''shulchan aruch harav'' hebrew http hewikisourceorg wiki c f wikisource http wwwchabadlibraryorg books defaultaspxfurl adhaz sh chabadlibraryorg https webarchiveorg web http shulchanaruchharavcom halacha defaultaspx shulchanaruchharavcom ''aruch hashulchan'' hebrew http hewikisourceorg wiki c f wikisource ''kitzur shulchan aruch'' hebrew https webarchiveorg web http wwwkitzurnet wwwkitzurnet http wwwshofarnet content kitzur shulchanhtmid shofarnet http hewikisourceorg wiki c f wikisource translation https webarchiveorg web http wwwyonanewmanorg kizzur kiz index html yona newman complete https webarchiveorg web http wwwtorahorg learning halacha torahorg incomplete ''ben ish chai'' hebrew http hewikisourceorg wiki f wikisource https webarchiveorg web http shechemorg torah benishhi indexhtml shechemorg ''kaf hachaim'' hebrew https wwwhebrewbooksorg hebrewbooksorg volume others available via https wwwhebrewbooksorg homeaspx search site ''mishnah berurah'' hebrew http hewikisourceorg wiki e wikisource http wwwmishnaberuracom mishnaberuracom mp wma files https wwwhebrewbooksorg hebrewbooksorg translation https archivetoday http wwwtorahorg advanced mishna berura archiveshtml torahorg ''chayei adam'' hebrew https wwwdaatacil daat vl tohenaspid


lead troubled culture back healthy path therapy humanistic existential therapy models democracy imposes ideologies others upon client less therapeutic practices freedom choose maximized validate clients' human potential ref name crchealthcom th century humanistic psychology referred third force psychology distinct earlier less humanistic approaches psychoanalysis behaviorism principal professional organizations us association humanistic psychology society humanistic psychology division american psychological association britain

Social science
Psychology
Humanistic psychology


n't use term saying freud supplied us sick half psychology must fill healthy half critical review towards cold distant approach psychoanalysis deterministic way viewing human late psychologists interested uniquely human issues self self actualization health hope love creativity nature becoming individuality meaning concrete understanding human existence included abraham maslow carl rogers clark moustakas interested founding professional association dedicated


pluralism consequently much subject matter psychology lends qualitative approaches eg lived experience grief quantitative methods mainly appropriate something counted without leveling phenomena eg length time spent crying research remained part humanistic psychology agenda though holistic reductionistic focus specific humanistic research methods evolved decades following formation humanistic psychology movement ref name bugental research bugental j f research areas methods j f bugental ed challenges humanistic psychology pp new york


hosted meeting addition founding figures humanistic psychology abraham maslow rollo may james bugental carl rogers meeting attracted several academic profiles humanistic disciplines including gordon allport george kelly clark moustakas gardner murphy henry murray robert white charlotte b hler floyd matson jacques barzun ren dubos ref name ryback ref name aanstoos et al history robert knapp chairman ref name aanstoos et al history henry murray gave keynote address ref name elkins among intentions participants formulate new vision psychology view took consideration complete image


utilitarianism also california state legislator john vasconcellos published book calling integration liberal politics humanistic psychological insight new world alliance us political organization based washington dc attempted inject humanistic psychology ideas political thinking processes sponsors newsletter included vasconcellos carl rogers maureen o'hara worked carl rogers paulo freire pointed convergence two thinkers according o'hara focus developing critical consciousness situations oppress dehumanize ref name pruta bo


used public used social scientists bounded groups eg tribes families social categories eg gender ethnicity scholars ronald burt kathleen carley mark granovetter david krackhardt edward laumann anatol rapoport barry wellman douglas r white harrison white expanded use systematic social network analysis ref name development sna extensively used research study abroad second language acquisition ref name paradowskietal ref even study literature network analysis applied anheier gerhards romo wouter de nooy burgert senekal indeed social network analysis found applications various

Social science
Sociology
Community informatics
Social network analysis


first algorithms developed quantify individual 's social networking potential described white paper advertising research changing gerstley see viral marketing first book discuss commercial use alpha users among mobile telecoms audiences g marketing ahonen kasper melkko first book discuss alpha users generally context social marketing intelligence communities dominate brands ahonen moore nicola greco ucl presents tedx social networking potential parallelism potential energy


data closer together ref name autogenerated ''software tools '' quest samsa system adjacency matrix sociogram based analysis nudist ref name autogenerated see also actor network theory attention inequality blockmodeling community structure complex network digital humanities dynamic network analysis friendship paradox individual mobility mathematical sociology metcalfe 's law network based diffusion analysis network science organizational patterns small world phenomenon social media analytics social media mining social network social network analysis software social networking service social software social web sociomapping references ref ref name comprehensive comprehensive reference short clear basic summary ref ref name development ref ref name interpreting ref ref name uci http interscissuciedu wiki indexphp cohesive blocking cohesiveblocking


educational settings especially schools psychologists assess effects specific educational interventions eg phonics versus whole language instruction early reading attainment also study question learning occurs differently different situations ref name pezdeketal another domain educational psychology psychology teaching colleges educational psychology courses called psychology learning teaching educational psychology derives great deal basic science disciplines within psychology including cognitive science behaviorially oriented research learning environmental psychology environmental psychology psychological study humans interactions environments types

Social science
Psychology
Applied psychology


often called testify expert witnesses issues accuracy memory reliability police interrogation appropriate course action child custody cases ref name davisloftus legal psychology refers application psychological principles methods understanding legal questions issues addition applied practices legal psychology also includes academic empirical research topics involving relationship law human mental processes behavior however inherent differences arise placing psychology legal context psychology rarely makes absolute statements instead psychologists traffic terms


consultation police departments participation police training ref name davisloftus health medicine health psychology concerns understanding biology behavior social context influence health illness health psychologists generally work alongside medical professionals clinical settings although many also teach conduct research although early beginnings traced kindred field clinical psychology four different approaches health psychology defined clinical public health community critical health psychology health psychologists aim change health behaviors dual purpose helping people stay healthy helping patients


health psychology ohp relatively new discipline emerged confluence health psychology industrial organizational psychology occupational health ref name houdmont houdmont j leka introduction occupational health psychology leka j houdmont eds ''occupational health psychology'' pp john wiley hoboken nj ref ohp journals professional organizations field concerned identifying psychosocial characteristics workplaces give rise health related problems people work problems involve physical health eg cardiovascular disease mental health eg depression examples psychosocial characteristics workplaces


intuitive list dos n'ts reality human factor research strives make sense large piles data bring precise applications product designs systems help people work naturally intuitively items surroundings industrial organizational psychology industrial organizational psychology psychology focuses psychology work relevant topics within psychology include psychology recruitment selecting employees applicant pool training performance appraisal job satisfaction work motivation work behavior occupational stress accident prevention occupational safety health management retirement planning


marilyn e et al ''the mathematics education prospective secondary teachers around world'' springer nature https libraryoapenorg bitstream handle pdfsequence online wong khoon yoong enriching secondary mathematics education st century competencies ''developing st century competencies mathematics classroom yearbook '' association mathematics educators pp nbsp external links https webarchiveorg web http www gapdcsst andacuk history education indexhtml history mathematical education http wwwcsunedu vcmth bshmhtml quarter century us 'math wars' political partisanship david klein california state university northridge usa mathematical science occupations

Applied science
Education
Curriculum and instruction
Mathematics education


uniformitarianism states ancient geologic features interpreted understanding active processes readily observed words geologic processes work present operated ways throughout geologic time enables study earth 's history apply knowledge earth processes operate present gain insight planet evolved changed throughout long history earth 's spheres earth science generally recognizes four spheres lithosphere hydrosphere atmosphere biosphere ref name wheeling http www cetedu ete hilk intro sphereshtml earth 's spheres wheeling jesuit university nasa classroom future


historical geology quaternary geology planetary geology planetary geography sedimentology stratigraphy structural geology geography human geography physical geography geochemistry geomorphology geophysics geochronology geodynamics see also tectonics geomagnetism gravimetry also part geodesy seismology glaciology hydrogeology mineralogy crystallography gemology petrology petrophysics speleology volcanology pedosphere geography soil science edaphology pedology systems earth system science environmental science geography human geography physical geography gaia hypothesis systems ecology systems geology others geography cartography geoinformatics giscience geostatistics geodesy surveying remote sensing see also american geosciences institute earth sciences graphics software environmental geoscience geo leo geo library experts online glossary geology


builds complexity theory subfield emergence '''daoist''' chinese philosophical work ''dao de jing'' ii uses metaphor water ideal agent change water although soft yielding eventually wear away stone change model natural harmonious steady albeit imperceptible '''four levels action''' grant pachamama alliance describes four levels action change individual friends family community institutions economy policy grant suggests individuals largest personal impact focusing levels


china india continue largest countries followed us distant third however population growth throughout world slowing population growth among developed countries slowing since annual growth population growth among less developed countries excluding least developed ones also slowing since annually population growth among least developed countries slowed relatively little highest annual growth gendered patterns work care much


diagram common modal logics '''modal logic''' collection formal systems originally developed still widely used represent statements necessity possibility basic unary place modal operators often interpreted necessarily possibly classical modal logic expressed terms negation de morgan duality math diamond p leftrightarrow lnot box lnot p quad quad box p leftrightarrow lnot diamond lnot p math modal formula math box p rightarrow diamond p math read using interpretation p

Humanities
Philosophy
Logic
Mathematical logic
Modal logic


formal semantics ref name logicforphilosophy ref however mathematical apparatus modal logic proved useful numerous fields including game theory ref name openminds ref moral legal theory ref name openminds web design ref name openminds multiverse based set theory social epistemology one prominent textbook model theory modal logic suggests seen generally study formal systems take local perspective relational structures ref name bluebible ref semantics relational semantics basic notions standard semantics modal logic called ' 'relational semantics'' approach truth formula determined relative


systems hughes cresswell omit modern treatments modal logic begin augmenting propositional calculus two unary operations one denoting necessity possibility notation c lewis much employed since denotes necessarily ''p'' prefixed box ''p'' whose scope established parentheses likewise prefixed diamond ''p'' denotes possibly ''p'' regardless notation operators definable terms classical modal logic ''p'' necessarily ''p'' equivalent possible ''p'' ''p'' possibly ''p'' equivalent necessarily ''p'' hence


form dual pair operators many modal logics necessity possibility operators satisfy following analogues de morgan 's laws boolean algebra '''not necessary that''' ''x'' logically equivalent '''possible not''' ''x'' '''not possible that''' ''x'' logically equivalent '''necessary not''' ''x'' precisely axioms rules must added propositional calculus create usable system modal logic matter philosophical opinion often driven theorems one wishes prove computer science


world bigfoot exists actual world bigfoot exist however unclear claim commits us really alleging existence possible worlds every bit real actual world actual saul kripke believes 'possible world' something misnomer term 'possible world' useful way visualizing concept possibility sentences could rolled instead possible world rolled rolled


combined elements modal logic temporal logic attempts solve notorious master argument earliest formal system modal logic developed avicenna ultimately developed theory temporally modal syllogistic ref name britannica http wwwbritannicacom ebc article history logic arabic logic ''encyclop dia britannica'' ref modal logic self aware subject owes much writings scholastics particular william ockham john duns scotus reasoned informally modal manner mainly analyze statements essence accident th century hugh maccoll made innovative contributions modal logic find


logic kripke semantics metaphysical necessity modal verb multimodal logic multi valued logic neighborhood semantics provability logic regular modal logic relevance logic strict conditional two dimensionalism notes references ''this article includes material the'' free line dictionary computing ''used permission the'' gfdl barcan marcus ruth jsl jsl modalities oup beth evert w https philpapersorg rec betsea semantic entailment formal derivability mededlingen van de koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen afdeling letterkunde nr vol pp reprinted jaakko intikka ed philosophy mathematics oxford university press semantic tableaux proof


kracht marcus '' http wwwhomesuni bielefeldde mkracht html tools bookpdf tools techniques modal logic '' studies logic foundations mathematics north holland lemmon e j scott ''an introduction modal logic'' american philosophical quarterly monograph series krister segerberg series ed basil blackwell lewis c langford c h ''symbolic logic'' dover reprint prior n '' https booksgooglecom booksid k nymd qgigc printsec frontcover v onepage q f false time modality '' oxford university press snyder paul modal logic applications van nostrand reinhold company proof tree methods zeman j j '' http wwwclasufledu users jzeman modallogic modal logic '' reidel employs polish notation https wwwbritannicacom topic history logic


van benthem http wwwieputmedu cmlogic rudolf carnap 's modal logic mj cresswell stanford encyclopedia philosophy http platostanfordedu entries logic modal modal logic james garson https platostanfordedu entries logic modal origins modern origins modal logic roberta ballarin http platostanfordedu entries logic provability provability logic rineke verbrugge edward n zalta http mallystanfordedu notespdf basic concepts modal logic john mccarthy http www formalstanfordedu jmc mcchay node html modal logic http mollesourceforgenet molle java prover experimenting modal logics suber peter https webarchiveorg web http wwwearlhamedu peters courses logsys nonstbibhtm modal bibliography modal logic https webarchiveorg web http wwwccutahedu nahaj logic structures systems indexhtml list logic systems list many modal logics sources john halleck http aimlnet advances modal logic biannual international conference book series


meshid ops othercodes '''occupational therapy''' '''ot''' profession within healthcare use assessment intervention develop recover maintain meaningful activities ''occupations'' individuals groups communities allied health profession performed occupational therapists occupational therapy assistants ota ots often work people mental health problems disabilities injuries impairments american occupational therapy association defines occupational therapist someone helps people across

Applied science
Medicine and health
Occupational therapy


metal chains restraints institutions used rigorous work leisure activities late th century moral treatment era developed europe age enlightenment roots occupational therapy lie ref name peloquin ref although thriving europe interest reform movement fluctuated united states throughout th century emerged early decades th century occupational therapy arts crafts movement took place also impacted occupational therapy us recently industrialized country arts crafts societies


creatively contributed development body knowledge profession research education clinical practice development health profession occupational therapy toy making psychiatric hospital world war era health profession occupational therapy conceived early reflection progressive era early professionals merged highly valued ideals strong work ethic importance crafting one 's hands scientific medical principles ref name quiroga national society promotion occupational therapy nspot called american occupational therapy


stakeholders families schools employers agencies service providers stores day treatment day care others may influence degree success client participating also allows therapist see actually happening context design interventions relevant might support client participating impeding participating ref name scaffa e scaffa e reitz occupational therapy community based practice settings fa davis ref community based practice crosses categories within ots practice physical


set country 's national accreditation organization part minimum standards programs must curriculum includes practice placements fieldwork examples fieldwork settings include acute care inpatient hospital outpatient hospital skilled nursing facilities schools group homes early intervention home health community settings profession occupational therapy based wide theoretical evidence based background ot curriculum focuses theoretical basis occupation multiple facets science including occupational science anatomy physiology biomechanics neurology addition scientific foundation integrated knowledge psychology sociology


factors relate framework 's context addition body functions structures classified within icf help describe client factors described occupational therapy practice framework ref name aota american occupational therapy association occupational therapy practice framework domain process american journal occupational therapy ref exploration relationship occupational therapy components icidh revision original international classification impairments disabilities handicaps icidh later became icf conducted mclaughlin gray ref name mclaughlin ref noted literature occupational therapists use specific occupational therapy vocabulary


known known surviving work ''c dmon 's hymn'' probably dates late th century poem one earliest attested examples old english runic ruthwell cross franks casket inscriptions one three candidates earliest attested example old english poetry also one earliest recorded examples sustained poetry germanic language poem ''the dream rood'' inscribed upon ruthwell cross two old english poems late th century ''the wanderer'' ''the seafarer''

Humanities
Languages and literature
English literature


sonnet italy england early th century elizabethan period poetry edmund spenser c one important poets elizabethan period author ''the faerie queene'' epic poem fantastical allegory celebrating tudor dynasty elizabeth another major figure sir philip sidney english poet whose works include ''astrophel stella'' ''the defence poetry'' ''the countess pembroke 's arcadia'' poems intended set music songs thomas campion became popular printed literature


thomas middleton william rowley poetry george chapman c c remembered chiefly famous translation homer 's ''iliad'' ''odyssey'' english verse first ever complete translations either poem english language translation profound influence english literature inspired john keats 's famous sonnet first looking chapman 's homer shakespeare popularized english sonnet made significant changes petrarch 's model collection sonnets dealing themes passage time love beauty mortality


found poetry written ancient bard ossian sentimental novel novel sensibility genre developed second half th century celebrates emotional intellectual concepts sentiment sentimentalism sensibility sentimentalism distinguished sensibility fashion poetry prose fiction began th century reaction rationalism augustan age among famous sentimental novels english samuel richardson 's ''pamela virtue rewarded'' oliver goldsmith 's ''vicar wakefield'' laurence sterne 's ''tristram shandy''


blake generally unrecognised lifetime considered seminal figure history poetry visual arts romantic age among important works ''songs innocence'' ''songs experience'' profound difficult 'prophecies' jerusalem emanation giant albion c blake among earliest romantics lake poets including william wordsworth samuel taylor coleridge robert southey journalist thomas de quincey however time walter scott famous poet


poet grown steadily changes fashion although sticking forms felicia hemans began process undermining romantic tradition deconstruction continued letitia elizabeth landon urban poet deeply attentive themes decay decomposition ref name referencea encyclopaedia romantic literature edited frederick burwick nancy goslee diane hoeveler ref landon 's novel forms metrical romance dramatic monologue much copied contributed long lasting influence victorian poetry ref name referencea poets another important poet period john clare son farm labourer


seriously undervalued romantic novel one popular novelists era sir walter scott whose historical romances inspired generation painters composers writers throughout europe scott 's novel writing career launched ''waverley'' often called first historical novel ref name english literature p jane austen 's works critique novels sensibility second half th century part transition th century realism plots novels ''pride prejudice'' ''emma'' though fundamentally comic highlight dependence women marriage secure


frenchman jules verne major figure development science fiction genre also wrote realistic fiction lower middle class novels like ''kipps'' american novel romanticism realism see also discussion american literature romanticism mid th century pre eminence literature british isles began challenged writers former american colonies major influence american writers time romanticism gave rise new england transcendentalism publication ralph waldo emerson 's essay ''nature'' usually


novel american realist fiction beginnings works mark twain william dean howells henry james mark twain pen name used samuel langhorne clemens first major american writer born away east coast border state missouri regional masterpieces novels ''adventures tom sawyer'' ''adventures huckleberry finn'' twain 's style changed way americans write language characters speak like real people sound distinctively american using local dialects newly invented words regional accents henry james


wrote poetry throughout career publish first collection tends treated th century poet regarded major poet gerard manley hopkins 's ''poems'' published posthumously robert bridges american poetry america also produced major poets th century emily dickinson walt whitman america 's two greatest th century poets could hardly different temperament style walt whitman working man traveler self appointed nurse american civil war


though immediately seized police ''women love'' irishman james joyce 's important modernist novel ''ulysses'' appeared ''ulysses'' called demonstration summation entire movement james joyce modernism modernist movement continued beyond virginia woolf important british writers world wars include scottish poet hugh macdiarmid began publishing novelist virginia woolf influential feminist major stylistic innovator associated stream consciousness technique novels like ''mrs dalloway''


books neil gaiman alan moore gaiman also produces graphic novels literary criticism twentieth century literary criticism gathered momentum twentieth century era prominent academic journals established address specific aspects english literature academic journals gained widespread credibility published university presses growth universities thus contributed stronger connection english literature literary criticism twentieth century nobel prizes english literature see also british literature theatre united kingdom literature birmingham english novel english poetry


change position tooth 's root treatment course preferred patient poor oral hygiene decalcification tooth decay complications may result patient unmotivated insofar treatment takes several months requires commitment oral hygiene malocclusions mild biology tooth movement advances gene therapy molecular biology technology may shape future orthodontic treatment interesting area braces dental braces braces usually placed front side teeth may also placed

Applied science
Medicine and health
Dentistry
Orthodontics


chewing adjuncts brainwave music cognitive behavioral therapy used however supporting evidence low quality results inconclusive post treatment orthodontic treatment completed tendency teeth return relapse back pre treatment positions patients reversion pre treatment positions within years following treatment ref name auto ref prevent relapse majority patients offered retainer treatment completed benefit wearing retainers retainers either fixed removable removable retainers removable retainers made


lot controversy effectiveness invisalign years advancements invisalign 's results closely compared traditional braces lot freedom faster results process booking appointment dentist patient set consultation consultation dentist dental assistant scan individual 's teeth machine called itero itero machine digitally scans structure teeth gums dentist able see model patient 's teeth screen unlike traditional braces


teeth help overcrowded teeth reduction minimal mm ref name individual receives aligners wear every day hours one supposed remove eating drinking unlike traditional metal braces person able eat anything aligners removed restrictions ref name ref depending severity case one new smile matter months unlike traditional braces take two years remove invisalign take less


degree minimum two years clinical experience several universities australia offer orthodontic programs university adelaide university melbourne university sydney university queensland university western australia university otago orthodontic courses accredited australian dental council reviewed australian society orthodontists aso prospective applicants obtain information relevant institution applying admission completing degree orthodontics specialists required registered australian health practitioners regulation agency ahpra order practice bangladesh dhaka dental college bangladesh


distalization mouth breathing obligate nasal breathing https wwwintechopencom books current approaches orthodontics advances orthodontic tooth movement gene therapy molecular biology aspect orthodontic tooth movement gene therapy molecular biology aspect notes references dentistry branches


linking mutations genetic conditions may aid search treatments cures various genetics diseases history molecular genetics develop discipline several scientific discoveries necessary discovery dna means transfer genetic code life one cell another generations essential identifying molecule responsible heredity molecular genetics arose initially studies involving genetic transformation bacteria avery mcleod mccarthy isolated dna virulent strain ''s pneumoniae'' using dna able

Natural science
Biology
Genetics
Molecular genetics


convert harmless strain virulence called uptake incorporation expression dna bacteria transformation finding suggested dna genetic material bacteria since discovery genetic transformation found occur numerous bacterial species including many species pathogenic humans ref name bernstein bernstein h bernstein c michod sex microbial pathogens infection genetics evolution volume pages https doiorg jmeegid ref bacterial transformation often induced conditions stress function transformation appears repair genomic damage ref


name bernstein phage group informal network biologists centered max delbr ck contributed substantially molecular genetics origins molecular biology period phage group took name bacteriophages bacteria infecting viruses group used experimental model organisms studies molecular geneticists affiliated group contributed current understanding gene encoded proteins function dna replication dna repair dna recombination viruses assembled protein nucleic acid components molecular morphogenesis furthermore role chain


arber linn opened field genetic engineering restriction enzymes used linearize dna separation electrophoresis southern blotting allowed identification specific dna segments via hybridization probes berg utilized restriction enzymes create first recombinant dna molecule first recombinant dna plasmid cohen boyer created first recombinant dna organism inserting recombinant dna plasmids ''e coli'' known bacterial transformation paved way molecular cloning development dna sequencing techniques late first maxam


normal diploid human cell contain hans von winiwarter reported chromosomes spermatogonia oogonia concluding xx xo sex determination mechanism painter certain whether diploid number humans first favoring revised opinion later correctly insisted humans xx xy system sex determination considering techniques results quite remarkable science books number human chromosomes remained thirty years new techniques needed correct error joe hin tjio

Applied science
Medicine and health
Clinical laboratory sciences
Cytogenetics


working albert levan 's lab responsible finding approach using cells culture pre treating cells hypotonic solution swells spreads chromosomes arresting mitosis metaphase solution colchicine squashing preparation slide forcing chromosomes single plane cutting photomicrograph arranging result indisputable karyogram took generally accepted karyotype man included chromosomes great apes chromosomes human chromosome formed merger


kittel ''introduction solid state physics'' wiley new york h rosenberg ''the solid state'' oxford university press oxford steven h simon ''the oxford solid state basics'' oxford university press oxford ''out crystal maze chapters history solid state physics'' ed lillian hoddeson ernest braun j rgen teichmann spencer weart oxford oxford university press omar ''elementary solid state physics'' revised printing addison wesley condensed matter physics metallurgy

Natural science
Physics
Solid state physics


paleogeographic reconstruction showing appalachian basin area middle devonian period ref name url ref '''palaeogeography''' '''paleogeography''' study historical geography generally physical landscapes ref name ref palaeogeography also include study human cultural environments focus specifically landforms term paleogeomorphology sometimes used instead paleomagnetism paleobiogeography tectonic history among main tools paleogeography yields information crucial scientific understanding variety contexts example paleogeographic analysis sedimentary basins plays key role field petroleum geology ancient geomorphological environments

Social science
Geography
Physical geography
Palaeogeography


earth 's surface preserved stratigraphic record ref name ref name ref paleogeographers also study sedimentary environment associated fossils clues evolutionary development extinct species ref name paleogeographic evidence contributed development continental drift theory continues inform current plate tectonic theories yielding information shape latitudinal location supercontinents pangaea ancient oceans panthalassa thus enabling reconstruction prehistoric continents oceans see also paleoclimatology study ancient climates paleoecology study interactions organisms environments across geologic timescales paleontology study ancient


mechanics considerably picked interactive intertwining mathematics physics begun two millennia earlier pythagoras among great conceptual achievements th th centuries consolidation idea energy well global conservation inclusion heat electricity magnetism light laws thermodynamics importantly introduction singular concept entropy began provide macroscopic explanation properties matter statistical mechanics followed statistical physics quantum statistical mechanics emerged offshoot thermodynamics late th

Natural science
Physics
Theoretical physics


recurrence theorem quantum biology quantum chaos quantum chromodynamics quantum complexity theory quantum computing quantum dynamics quantum electrochemistry quantum electrodynamics quantum field theory quantum field theory curved spacetime quantum geometry quantum information theory quantum logic quantum mechanics quantum optics quantum physics quantum thermodynamics relativistic quantum mechanics scattering theory solid mechanics special relativity spin statistics theorem spontaneous symmetry breaking standard model statistical mechanics statistical physics theory relativity thermodynamics wave particle duality weak interaction proposed theories '''proposed theories''' physics usually relatively new theories deal study physics include scientific approaches means determining validity


''lectures theoretical physics'' german volumes series lessons master educator theoretical physicists external links http superstringtheorycom history history html timeline theoretical physics http ctplnsmitedu indexhtml mit center theoretical physics http wwwstaffscienceuunl gadda goodtheorist become good theoretical physicist website made gerard 't hooft de physik theoretische physik


caused vigorous neural activity likewise injection deoxyglucose prior behavioral task followed anatomical localization chemical taken neurons electrically active meg magnetoencephalography shows functioning human brain measurement electromagnetic activity measuring magnetic fields created electric current flowing within neurons identifies brain activity associated various human functions real time millimeter spatial accuracy clinicians noninvasively obtain data help assess neurological disorders plan surgical treatments genetic techniques qtl

Social science
Psychology
Biological psychology