meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.

Question: What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics?
Answer: resistance of bacteria

Question: What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of?
Answer: evolution

Question: When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?
Answer: 1943

Question: Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?
Answer: penicillin and erythromycin

Question: What does emergence of resistance reflect?
Answer: evolutionary processes

Question: What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment?
Answer: survive high doses of antibiotics

Question: When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated?
Answer: 1943

Question: Who made the demonstration in 1943?
Answer: Luria–Delbrück
With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]

Question: What are antibiotics in chemical terms?
Answer: semisynthetic modifications

Question: What type of antibiotics include penicilin?
Answer: beta-lactam antibiotics

Question: What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things?
Answer: aminoglycosides

Question: How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created?
Answer: synthesis

Question: Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials?
Answer: various natural compounds

Question: What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds?
Answer: 2000 atomic mass units

Question: What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics?
Answer: penicillins

Question: What is penicillins produced by?
Answer: fungi
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".

Question: What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics?
Answer: tuberculosis

Question: What is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics?
Answer: overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance

Question: What organization called antimicrobial resistance a 'serious threat?'
Answer: World Health Organization

Question: In which century were antibiotics first introduced?
Answer: 20th century

Question: What can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics?
Answer: anyone, of any age, in any country

Question: What does there medicines do for livestock?
Answer: develop resistance

Question: What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world??
Answer: World Health Organization

Question: In what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine?
Answer: 20th

Question: Besides antimicrobial, what did the overused medicine cause? 
Answer: antibiotic resistance

Question: What other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis?
Answer: vaccination

Question: When did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine?
Answer: 20th century

Question: What happened when antibiotics was over used in livestock?
Answer: develop resistance

Question: What organization stated that the world has this serious problem?
Answer: World Health Organization

Question: What regions in the world does this apply in?
Answer: every region of the world

Question: When were antibiotics created?
Answer: 20th century

Question: What is a common problem in antibiotic use?
Answer: antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance

Question: Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry?
Answer: livestock raising

Question: What disease did antibiotics help eliminate?
Answer: tuberculosis
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.

Question: What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age?
Answer: increased body mass

Question: What does STAT stand for?
Answer: subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment

Question: What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT?
Answer: penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline

Question: Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans?
Answer: unclear

Question: Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven? 
Answer: weighed against the beneficial effects

Question: What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age?
Answer: increased body mass

Question: When do intestinal microbiota develop?
Answer: Early life

Question: Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans?
Answer: unclear
Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: ​[fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.

Question: What was Frédéric's nationalities?
Answer: Polish and French

Question: In what era was Frédéric active in?
Answer: Romantic era

Question: For what instrument did Frédéric write primarily for?
Answer: solo piano

Question: In what area was Frédéric born in?
Answer: Duchy of Warsaw

Question: At what age did Frédéric depart from Poland?
Answer: 20

Question: What year was Chopin born?
Answer: 1810

Question: What era was Chopin active during?
Answer: Romantic era

Question: Where did Chopin grow up?
Answer: Warsaw

Question: What instrument did he mostly compose for?
Answer: solo piano

Question: At what age did Chopin  leave Poland?
Answer: 20

Question: When did Chopin die?
Answer: 17 October 1849

Question: What was Chopin's full name?
Answer: Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin

Question: The majority of Chopin's compositions were for what instrument?
Answer: solo piano

Question: Chopin was active during what era?
Answer: Romantic era

Question: In what year was Chopin born?
Answer: 1810

Question: In what city was Chopin born and raised?
Answer: Warsaw

Question: How old was Chopin when he left Poland?
Answer: 20

Question: In what era of music did Chopin compose?
Answer: Romantic

Question: What year did Chopin die?
Answer: 1849
Fryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek). However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 2] which is now generally accepted as the correct date.

Question: In what village was Frédéric born in?
Answer: Żelazowa Wola

Question: On what date was Frédéric born on?
Answer: 22 February 1810

Question: Despite the birthdate given by parish baptismal, what date is given by the composer and his family instead?
Answer: 1 March

Question: What was the latin form of Frédéric's full name?
Answer: Fridericus Franciscus

Question: How many miles was the village Frédéric born in located to the west of Warsaw?
Answer: 29

Question: Where was Chopin born?
Answer: Żelazowa Wola

Question: Who was responsible for the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw?
Answer: Napoleon

Question: When was his birthday recorded as being?
Answer: 22 February 1810

Question: What birth date is now considered as his actual birthday?
Answer: 1 March

Question: Chopin's given names in Latin are what?
Answer: Fridericus Franciscus

Question: The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom?
Answer: Napoleon

Question: Chopin's birth is recorded as when?
Answer: 22 February 1810

Question: What birth date is now considered correct for Chopin?
Answer: 1 March

Question: What is the Latin form of Chopin's name?
Answer: Fridericus Franciscus

Question: Chopin was actually born outside of Warsaw at what location?
Answer: Żelazowa Wola

Question: What famous French leader had established the Polish state at this time?
Answer: Napoleon
Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from Żywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript.

Question: Who was Frédéric's first professional teacher in music?
Answer: Wojciech Żywny

Question: Which sister did Frédéric play duets with sometimes while being tutored at this time?
Answer: Ludwika

Question: At what age did Frédéric start giving public concerts?
Answer: 7

Question: What did Frédéric compose during the year of 1817?
Answer: two polonaises

Question: What is the earliest surviving musical notation composed by Frédéric?
Answer: a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821

Question: Who was Chopin's initial piano teacher?
Answer: Wojciech Żywny

Question: Which of his sisters did Chopin sometimes duet with?
Answer: Ludwika

Question: At what age did Chopin start playing publicly?
Answer: 7

Question: What year did Chopin compose his first work?
Answer: 1817

Question: During what years did Chopin receive instruction from  Żywny?
Answer: 1816 to 1821

Question: What is the name of Chopin's first music teacher that was not an amateur musician?
Answer: Wojciech Żywny

Question: Which of Chopin's sisters would play music with him?
Answer: Ludwika

Question: How old was Chopin when he began to perform for the public?
Answer: 7

Question: Who was Chopin's earliest piece of music, that there is a record of, dedicated to?
Answer: Wojciech Żywny
From September 1823 to 1826 Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel during his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass and composition.[n 3] Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of a mechanical organ, the "eolomelodicon", and on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a similar recital on the instrument before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent eolomelodicon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung praised his "wealth of musical ideas".

Question: During what years did Frédéric visit the Warsaw Lyceum for lessons?
Answer: 1823 to 1826

Question: Who was Frédéric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826?
Answer: Józef Elsner

Question: What was the name of the mechanical organ Frédéric performed on during 1825?
Answer: eolomelodicon

Question: Which tsar did Frédéric perform for due to his success in previous concerts?
Answer: Alexander I

Question: On what date was Frédéric's first performance that earned international esteem?
Answer: 10 June 1825

Question: Who taught Chopin to play the organ?
Answer: Wilhelm Würfel

Question: Chopin had three years of lessons with whom?
Answer: Józef Elsner

Question: What instrument did Chopin play in front of Tsar Alexander I?
Answer: eolomelodicon

Question: What gift did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?
Answer: diamond ring

Question: What was the first of Chopin's works to gain international renown? 
Answer: Rondo Op. 1

Question: Who gave Chopin instruction on how to play the organ?
Answer: Wilhelm Würfel

Question: What was the name of the teacher of Chopin's three year course that began in the fall of 1826?
Answer: Józef Elsner

Question: What is th ename of the mechanical organ Chopin played in 1825?
Answer: eolomelodicon

Question: What did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?
Answer: a diamond ring.

Question: What is the title of his first commercially successful work?
Answer: Rondo Op. 1.
In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 5] where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 6] Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (Salonik Chopinów) became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of the composer.[n 7]

Question: During what year did Frédéric's youngest sister, Emilia, pass away?
Answer: 1827

Question: What street did Frédéric's family move to after the death of his youngest sister?
Answer: Krakowskie Przedmieście

Question: What year did Frédéric leave Warsaw after moving with his family to the south annex of Krasiński Palace?
Answer: 1830

Question: What did the Chopin's family business become in the 20th century?
Answer: a museum

Question: Which artist created the first known portrait of Frédéric?
Answer: Ambroży Mieroszewski

Question: What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die?
Answer: 1827

Question: What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?
Answer: 1830

Question: What was the Chopin family's business?
Answer: boarding house for male students

Question: What artist painted the Chopin family?
Answer: Ambroży Mieroszewski

Question: Who in Chopin's family died shortly before they moved in 1827?
Answer: sister Emilia

Question: What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?
Answer: 1830

Question: What was the Chopin boarding house called in English?
Answer: Chopin Family Parlour

Question: What artist made portraits of the Chopin family in 1829?
Answer: Ambroży Mieroszewski

Question: Was the Chopin family boarding house for male or female students?
Answer: male
Although this period had been productive, the bad weather had such a detrimental effect on Chopin's health that Sand determined to leave the island. To avoid further customs duties, Sand sold the piano to a local French couple, the Canuts.[n 8] The group traveled first to Barcelona, then to Marseilles, where they stayed for a few months while Chopin convalesced. In May 1839 they headed for the summer to Sand's estate at Nohant, where they spent most summers until 1846. In autumn they returned to Paris, where Chopin's apartment at 5 rue Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation at the rue Pigalle. He frequently visited Sand in the evenings, but both retained some independence. In 1842 he and Sand moved to the Square d'Orléans, living in adjacent buildings.

Question: What is stated as having a negative effect on Frédéric's health during this productive time?
Answer: bad weather

Question: What culture of French people did Sand sell the piano to?
Answer: Canuts

Question: What city did the group travel to in order to help Frédéric recover?
Answer: Marseilles

Question: Where was Sand's estate located where they stayed for the summers until 1846?
Answer: Nohant

Question: Where did Frédéric and Sand move to in 1842 in buildings next to each other?
Answer: Square d'Orléans

Question: Who did Sand sell Chopin's piano to?
Answer: the Canuts

Question: Where did the group travel to after Barcelona?
Answer: Marseilles

Question: Where was Sand's home?
Answer: Nohant

Question: After returning to Paris where was Chopin's apartment?
Answer: 5 rue Tronchet

Question: In 1842 where did Chopin and Sand move?
Answer: Square d'Orléans

Question: What had a negative effect on Chopin's health?
Answer: the bad weather

Question: Who did Sand sell the piano to?
Answer: the Canuts.

Question: Where did they travel after leaving Barcelona?
Answer: Marseilles

Question: Where did Chopin and Sand move to in 1842?
Answer: Square d'Orléans

Question: Where did they spend most summers until 1846?
Answer: Nohant
Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. Chopin was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in 1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin.

Question: When was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?
Answer: 1901

Question: Where was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life created?
Answer: Milan

Question: Who is responsible for the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?
Answer: Giacomo Orefice

Question: What is thought to be the first fictionalized work about Chopin?
Answer: Chopin

Question: What style is the fictionalized "Chopin" in?
Answer: opera

Question: Who wrote the fictionalized "Chopin?"
Answer: Giacomo Orefice

Question: When was the fictionalized "Chopin" produced?
Answer: 1901.

Question: Where was the fictionalized "Chopin" produced?
Answer: Milan
Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associations to the listener; the names by which many of his pieces are known were invented by others. There is no evidence to suggest that the Revolutionary Étude was written with the failed Polish uprising against Russia in mind; it merely appeared at that time. The Funeral March, the third movement of his Sonata No. 2 (Op. 35), the one case where he did give a title, was written before the rest of the sonata, but no specific event or death is known to have inspired it.

Question: What is another title Op. 10, No. 12 has garnered? 
Answer: the Revolutionary Étude

Question: What is the only piece Chopin gave an actual title to?
Answer: Funeral March

Question: The Funeral March was written as part of what piece?
Answer: Sonata No. 2

Question: How many instrumental works did Chopin give a descriptive name to?
Answer: one

Question: What descriptive name was Op. 10, No. 12 given?
Answer: Revolutionary Étude

Question: What descriptive name was Op. 64, No. 1 given?
Answer: Minute Waltz
Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music.

Question: Chopin's mazurkas contain more of what than his other compositions? 
Answer: folk features

Question: What form are Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes in?
Answer: straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda.

Question: Which of Chopin's works shows more folk aspects?
Answer: mazurkas

Question: What type of bass do Chopin's mazurkas exhibit?
Answer: drone bass

Question: What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare?
Answer: a canon at one beat's distance
Some modern commentators have argued against exaggerating Chopin's primacy as a "nationalist" or "patriotic" composer. George Golos refers to earlier "nationalist" composers in Central Europe, including Poland's Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel, who utilised polonaise and mazurka forms. Barbara Milewski suggests that Chopin's experience of Polish music came more from "urbanised" Warsaw versions than from folk music, and that attempts (by Jachimecki and others) to demonstrate genuine folk music in his works are without basis. Richard Taruskin impugns Schumann's attitude toward Chopin's works as patronizing and comments that Chopin "felt his Polish patriotism deeply and sincerely" but consciously modelled his works on the tradition of Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field.

Question: Who said that Chopin's familiarity with Polish music was more "urbanised"  than true folk music?
Answer: Barbara Milewski

Question: George Golos references what two musicians when claiming Chopin's nationalism was overrated? 
Answer: Michał Kleofas Ogiński and Franciszek Lessel

Question: Who said Chopin's works were modeled after Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field?
Answer: Richard Taruskin
A reconciliation of these views is suggested by William Atwood: "Undoubtedly [Chopin's] use of traditional musical forms like the polonaise and mazurka roused nationalistic sentiments and a sense of cohesiveness amongst those Poles scattered across Europe and the New World ... While some sought solace in [them], others found them a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom. Although Chopin's music undoubtedly came to him intuitively rather than through any conscious patriotic design, it served all the same to symbolize the will of the Polish people ..."

Question: William Atwood suggested that Chopin's music wasn't purposely patriotic but what?
Answer: intuitive

Question: A modern commentator, William Atwood, feels Poles not only sought solace in Chopin's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what?
Answer: freedom

Question: Where were Poles scattered to?
Answer: Europe and the New World
Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death.

Question: In what suite did Schumann name a work for Chopin?
Answer: Carnaval

Question: What piece of Chopin's work was dedicated to Schumann? 
Answer: Ballade No. 2 in F major

Question: How many of Chopin's Polish songs did Liszt transliterate for piano?
Answer: six

Question: With who did Chopin feel comfortable speaking of folk music with?
Answer: Alkan

Question: What was recognized about Chopin from his musical peers?
Answer: qualities as a pianist and composer

Question: What Schumann suite contained the name of a piece Schumann named for Chopin?
Answer: Carnaval

Question: What piece did Chopin dedicate to Schumann?
Answer: Ballade No. 2 in F major

Question: What other musician shows to have elements of Chopin in his work?
Answer: Liszt
The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578, which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912) of China in their support for the Dalai Lama of the Gelug school. By the late 16th century, the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama, after increasing their presence in the Amdo region. This culminated in Güshi Khan's (1582–1655) conquest of Tibet from 1637–1642 and the establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5th Dalai Lama with his help.

Question: What did the Tibetans use against Ming forays?
Answer: armed resistance

Question: Who were the armed protectors for the Gelug Dalai Lama?
Answer: the Mongols

Question: Which regime did Güshi Khan help establish? 
Answer: the Ganden Phodrang

Question: When was the Mongol-Tibetan alliance started?
Answer: 1578
Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China (618–907). Until the Tibetan Empire's collapse in the 9th century, it was the Tang's major rival in dominating Inner Asia. The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang, culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China.

Question: In what century did the Tibetan Empire fall?
Answer: the 9th century

Question: Who signed multiple peace treaties with the Tang? 
Answer: The Yarlung rulers of Tibet

Question: What did one of the treaties between the Tang and Tibet help fix?
Answer: the borders between Tibet and China

Question: Who was the Tangs biggest rival?
Answer: Tibet

Question: What year did Tang and Tibet sign a treaty to fix the borders?
Answer: 821
In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038–1227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongols. However, when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan's death, his successor Ögedei Khan (r. 1229–1241) launched an invasion into Tibet.

Question: Which ruler took Western Xia under their control?
Answer: Genghis Khan

Question: Who was Genghis Khan's successor? 
Answer: Ögedei Khan

Question: What years did Ögedei Khan rule?
Answer: 1229–1241

Question: Who invaded Tibet? 
Answer: Ögedei Khan
Starting in 1236, the Mongol prince Kublai, who later ruled as Khagan from 1260–1294, was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior, Ögedei Khan. Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama (1203–1283)—the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism—rejected Kublai's invitation, so instead Kublai invited Drogön Chögyal Phagpa (1235–1280), successor and nephew of Sakya Pandita, who came to his court in 1253. Kublai instituted a unique relationship with the Phagpa lama, which recognized Kublai as a superior sovereign in political affairs and the Phagpa lama as the senior instructor to Kublai in religious affairs. Kublai also made Drogön Chögyal Phagpa the director of the government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs and the ruling priest-king of Tibet, which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies.

Question: How many states were ruled by myriarchies?
Answer: thirteen

Question: What title did prince Kublai rule as from 1260 to 1294?
Answer: Khagan

Question: Who was the superior of prince Kublai?
Answer: Ögedei Khan

Question: Who became the second Karmapa Lama?
Answer: Karma Pakshi

Question: With whom did Kublai Khan have a unique relationship with? 
Answer: the Phagpa lama
Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, parts of Siberia and Upper Burma. Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that "Khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate Khan of Khans of the Mongols and as the Emperor of China. Though he had, by the early 1260s, become closely identified with China, he still, for a time, claimed universal rule", and yet "despite his successes in China and Korea, Khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the Great Khan". Thus, with such limited acceptance of his position as Great Khan, Kublai Khan increasingly became identified with China and sought support as Emperor of China.

Question: When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty?  
Answer: 1279

Question: When did the Yuan dynasty rule?
Answer: 1271–1368

Question: Which dynasty ruled all of china? 
Answer: the Yuan dynasty

Question: What did Khubilai claim for a while?
Answer: universal rule

Question: Where did Khubilai seek support as Emperor?
Answer: China
In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained de facto rule over Tibet.

Question: What year was the Sakya viceregal regime eradicated? 
Answer: 1358

Question: Who placed the Sakya viceregal regime position of authority?
Answer: the Mongols in Tibet

Question: Who eradicated the Sakya viceregal regime? 
Answer: the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen

Question: Which dynasty became ruler of Tibet?  
Answer: the Phagmodrupa Dynasty
In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372–1373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court.

Question: Who created the Ming Dynasty? 
Answer: Zhu Yuanzhang

Question: Who caused the Yuan dynasty to fall?
Answer: the Red Turban Rebellion

Question: Who ruled as the the Hongwu Emperor?
Answer: Zhu Yuanzhang

Question: What years did Zhu Yuanzhang rule as the Hongwu Emperor?
Answer: 1368–1398

Question: Who did the Hongwu Emperor send convoys to?
Answer: Yuan officeholders
However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese—especially lay Chinese—studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912–1949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor, Morris Rossabi writes that the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424) "was the first Ming ruler actively to seek an extension of relations with Tibet."

Question: Who created a law that did not allow Han Chinese to learn the beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism?
Answer: Ming government

Question: What years did the Yongle Emperor reign? 
Answer: 1402–1424

Question: Who worked towards obtaining a extension of relations with Tibet?
Answer: the Yongle Emperor
According to the official Twenty-Four Histories, the History of Ming compiled in 1739 by the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Ming dynasty established the "É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office" (Chinese: 俄力思軍民元帥府) in western Tibet and installed the "Ü-Tsang Itinerant High Commandery" and "Amdo-Kham Itinerant High Commandery" to administer Kham. The Mingshi states that administrative offices were set up under these high commanderies, including one Itinerant Commandery, three Pacification Commissioner's Offices, six Expedition Commissioner's Offices, four Wanhu offices (myriarchies, in command of 10,000 households each) and seventeen Qianhu offices (chiliarchies, each in command of 1,000 households).

Question: What years did the Qing dynasty rule?
Answer: 1644–1912

Question: what year was the history of Ming produced? 
Answer: 1739

Question: What did the Ming dynasty create?
Answer: É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office

Question: How many Qianhu offices were there?
Answer: seventeen Qianhu offices

Question: where was the É-Lì-Sī Army-Civilian Marshal Office established?
Answer: western Tibet
The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were nominal and did not actually confer the authority that the earlier Yuan titles had. Van Praag writes that the "numerous economically motivated Tibetan missions to the Ming Court are referred to as 'tributary missions' in the Ming Shih." Van Praag writes that these "tributary missions" were simply prompted by China's need for horses from Tibet, since a viable horse market in Mongol lands was closed as a result of incessant conflict. Morris Rossabi also writes that "Tibet, which had extensive contacts with China during the Yuan, scarcely had diplomatic relations with the Ming."

Question: who was a professor of the University of Washington?
Answer: Turrell V. Wylie

Question: Who had a large amount of contacts with china during Yuan?
Answer: Tibet

Question: Who believed that Tibet barely had any diplomatic relations with the Ming?
Answer: Morris Rossabi
Historians disagree on what the relationship was between the Ming court and Tibet and whether or not Ming China had sovereignty over Tibet. Van Praag writes that Chinese court historians viewed Tibet as an independent foreign tributary and had little interest in Tibet besides a lama-patron relationship. The historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa supports van Praag's position. However, Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain state that these assertions by van Praag and Shakabpa are "fallacies".

Question: Who supported van Praag's beliefs? 
Answer: historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa

Question: Who did not agree with van Praag and Shakabpa?
Answer: Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain
Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority. Although Han Chinese who were recruited as advisers were often actually more influential than high officials, their status was not as well defined. Kublai also abolished the imperial examinations of China's civil service legacy, which was not reinstated until Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan's reign (1311–1320). Rossabi writes that Kublai recognized that in order to rule China, "he had to employ Chinese advisors and officials, yet he could not rely totally on Chinese advisers because he had to maintain a delicate balancing act between ruling the sedentary civilization of China and preserving the cultural identity and values of the Mongols." And "in governing China, he was concerned with the interests of his Chinese subjects, but also with exploiting the resources of the empire for his own aggrandizement. His motivations and objectives alternated from one to the other throughout his reign," according to Rossabi. Van Praag writes in The Status of Tibet that the Tibetans and Mongols, on the other hand, upheld a dual system of rule and an interdependent relationship that legitimated the succession of Mongol khans as universal Buddhist rulers, or chakravartin. Van Praag writes that "Tibet remained a unique part of the Empire and was never fully integrated into it," citing examples such as a licensed border market that existed between China and Tibet during the Yuan.

Question: When did Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan reign?
Answer: 1311–1320

Question: During the Yuan what existed between China and Tibet? 
Answer: a licensed border market

Question: Who was granted higher status than the Han Chinese majority?
Answer: the Mongols and other ethnicities
The official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is that the Ming implemented a policy of managing Tibet according to conventions and customs, granting titles and setting up administrative organs over Tibet. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic states that the Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office governed most areas of Tibet. It also states that while the Ming abolished the policy council set up by the Mongol Yuan to manage local affairs in Tibet and the Mongol system of Imperial Tutors to govern religious affairs, the Ming adopted a policy of bestowing titles upon religious leaders who had submitted to the Ming dynasty. For example, an edict of the Hongwu Emperor in 1373 appointed the Tibetan leader Choskunskyabs as the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office, stating:

Question: Who abolished the policy council?
Answer: the Ming

Question: What was the Tibetan leader  Choskunskyabs  appointed as? 
Answer: the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office

Question: Who governed most areas of Tibet?
Answer: Ming dynasty's Ü-Tsang Commanding Office
According to Tibetologist John Powers, Tibetan sources counter this narrative of titles granted by the Chinese to Tibetans with various titles which the Tibetans gave to the Chinese emperors and their officials. Tribute missions from Tibetan monasteries to the Chinese court brought back not only titles, but large, commercially valuable gifts which could subsequently be sold. The Ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas, but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves, and no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming.

Question: What was the name of the Tibetologist?
Answer: John Powers

Question: Who did the Ming emperors send invitations to?
Answer: ruling lamas

Question: When the lamas received an invite from the emperors, who did they send instead? 
Answer: subordinates
Hans Bielenstein writes that as far back as the Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE), the Han Chinese government "maintained the fiction" that the foreign officials administering the various "Dependent States" and oasis city-states of the Western Regions (composed of the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan) were true Han representatives due to the Han government's conferral of Chinese seals and seal cords to them.

Question: What was the western regions composed of?
Answer: the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan

Question: Who believed that they were the true Han Western representatives? 
Answer: foreign officials
However, Lok-Ham Chan, a professor of history at the University of Washington, writes that Changchub Gyaltsen's aims were to recreate the old Tibetan Kingdom that existed during the Chinese Tang dynasty, to build "nationalist sentiment" amongst Tibetans, and to "remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty." Georges Dreyfus, a professor of religion at Williams College, writes that it was Changchub Gyaltsen who adopted the old administrative system of Songtsän Gampo (c. 605–649)—the first leader of the Tibetan Empire to establish Tibet as a strong power—by reinstating its legal code of punishments and administrative units. For example, instead of the 13 governorships established by the Mongol Sakya viceroy, Changchub Gyaltsen divided Central Tibet into districts (dzong) with district heads (dzong dpon) who had to conform to old rituals and wear clothing styles of old Imperial Tibet. Van Praag asserts that Changchub Gyaltsen's ambitions were to "restore to Tibet the glories of its Imperial Age" by reinstating secular administration, promoting "national culture and traditions," and installing a law code that survived into the 20th century.

Question: Who divided Central Tibet into districts? 
Answer: Changchub Gyaltsen

Question: Who strongly believed Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to restore the glories of its Imperial age to Tibet?
Answer: Van Praag

Question: What university was Lok-Ham Chan a professor at?
Answer: the University of Washington

Question: What did Lok-Ham Chan claim  Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to remove?
Answer: all traces of Mongol suzerainty
Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that "these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet," despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while "the Ming did not possess Tibet."

Question: Who did the Ming appoint titles to?
Answer: eastern Tibetan princes

Question: What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet?
Answer: an army

Question: What does Yiu Yung-chin claim the Ming did not possess?
Answer: Tibet
Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him. However, Hok-Lam Chan states that "there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor's intention" and that evidence indicates that Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes.

Question: Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past? 
Answer: the Mongols

Question: Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose? 
Answer: religious purposes

Question: What was said to be the  Yongle Emperor plans?
Answer: to send a military force into Tibet

Question: Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet?
Answer: to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools

Question: Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet?
Answer: Deshin Shekpa
The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa:

Question: What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign?
Answer: 1435–1449

Question: Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor?
Answer: The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC

Question: Who was the edict addressed to? 
Answer: the Karmapa

Question: Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong?
Answer: Great Treasure Prince of Dharma

Question: When was the edict written?
Answer: after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court
Discussions of strategy in the mid Ming dynasty focused primarily on recovery of the Ordos region, which the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China. Norbu states that the Ming dynasty, preoccupied with the Mongol threat to the north, could not spare additional armed forces to enforce or back up their claim of sovereignty over Tibet; instead, they relied on "Confucian instruments of tribute relations" of heaping unlimited number of titles and gifts on Tibetan lamas through acts of diplomacy. Sperling states that the delicate relationship between the Ming and Tibet was "the last time a united China had to deal with an independent Tibet," that there was a potential for armed conflict at their borders, and that the ultimate goal of Ming foreign policy with Tibet was not subjugation but "avoidance of any kind of Tibetan threat." P. Christiaan Klieger argues that the Ming court's patronage of high Tibetan lamas "was designed to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes."

Question: What did the mid Ming dynasty discussion focus mainly on?
Answer: recovery of the Ordos region

Question: Who used the the Ordos region as a place to stage raids? 
Answer: the Mongols

Question: Where were the Mongols trying to raise? 
Answer: Ming China

Question: Why did P. Christiaan Klieger believe that the Ming court supported high Tibetan lamas?
Answer: to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes