meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
In the spring of 1800, Napoleon and his troops crossed the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Napoleon was still in Egypt.[note 5] After a difficult crossing over the Alps, the French army entered the plains of Northern Italy virtually unopposed. While one French army approached from the north, the Austrians were busy with another stationed in Genoa, which was besieged by a substantial force. The fierce resistance of this French army, under André Masséna, gave the northern striking force precious time to carry out their operations with little interference. After spending several days looking for each other, the two armies finally collided at the Battle of Marengo on June 14. General Melas had a numerical advantage, fielding about 30,000 Austrian soldiers while Napoleon commanded 24,000 French troops. The battle began favorably for the Austrians as their initial attack surprised the French and gradually drove them back. Melas concluded that he'd won the battle and retired to his headquarters around 3 pm, leaving his subordinates in charge of pursuing the French. However, the French lines never broke during their tactical retreat; Napoleon constantly rode out among the troops urging them to stand and fight. Late in the afternoon, a full division under Desaix arrived on the field and dramatically reversed the tide of the battle. A series of artillery barrages and fortunate cavalry charges managed to decimate the Austrian army, which fled chaotically over the Bormida River back to Alessandria, leaving behind 14,000 casualties. The following day, the Austrian army agreed to abandon Northern Italy once more with the Convention of Alessandria, which granted them safe passage to friendly soil in exchange for their fortresses throughout the region.

Question: In what year did Napoleon and his troops cross the Swiss Alps and enter Italy?
Answer: 1800

Question: Who led the French army defending Genoa against the Austrian siege?
Answer: André Masséna

Question:  What was the date of the Battle of Marengo?
Answer: June 14

Question: Who led the Austrian forces at the Battle of Marengo?
Answer: General Melas

Question: How many troops did Napoleon field at the Battle of Marengo?
Answer: 24,000
Although critics have blamed Napoleon for several tactical mistakes preceding the battle, they have also praised his audacity for selecting a risky campaign strategy, choosing to invade the Italian peninsula from the north when the vast majority of French invasions came from the west, near or along the coastline. As Chandler points out, Napoleon spent almost a year getting the Austrians out of Italy in his first campaign; in 1800, it took him only a month to achieve the same goal. German strategist and field marshal Alfred von Schlieffen concluded that "Bonaparte did not annihilate his enemy but eliminated him and rendered him harmless" while "[attaining] the object of the campaign: the conquest of North Italy."

Question: From what direction did Napoleon elect to invade Italy?
Answer: the north

Question:  What direction did French invasions of Italy normally come from?
Answer: the west

Question: Around how long did it take Napoleon to push Austria out of Italy in his first experiences there?
Answer: a year

Question: How long did it take Napoleon to drive Austria from Italy in 1800?
Answer: a month

Question: According to Alfred von Shlieffen, what was the object of Napoleon's 1800 Italian campaign?
Answer: the conquest of North Italy
The brief peace in Europe allowed Napoleon to focus on the French colonies abroad. Saint-Domingue had managed to acquire a high level of political autonomy during the Revolutionary Wars, with Toussaint Louverture installing himself as de facto dictator by 1801. Napoleon saw his chance to recuperate the formerly wealthy colony when he signed the Treaty of Amiens. During the Revolution, the National Convention voted to abolish slavery in February 1794. Under the terms of Amiens, however, Napoleon agreed to appease British demands by not abolishing slavery in any colonies where the 1794 decree had never been implemented. The resulting Law of 20 May never applied to colonies like Guadeloupe or Guyane, even though rogue generals and other officials used the pretext of peace as an opportunity to reinstate slavery in some of these places. The Law of 20 May officially restored the slave trade to the Caribbean colonies, not slavery itself. Napoleon sent an expedition under General Leclerc designed to reassert control over Sainte-Domingue. Although the French managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, the expedition failed when high rates of disease crippled the French army. In May 1803, the last 8000 French troops left the island and the slaves proclaimed an independent republic that they called Haïti in 1804. Seeing the failure of his colonial efforts, Napoleon decided in 1803 to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States, instantly doubling the size of the U.S. The selling price in the Louisiana Purchase was less than three cents per acre, a total of $15 million.

Question: During the short peace in Europe, where did Napoleon turn his focus?
Answer: the French colonies abroad

Question: During the Revolutionary War, which French colony had moved towards political independence?
Answer: Saint-Domingue

Question:  Who was the de facto ruler of Saint-Domingue in 1801?
Answer: Toussaint Louverture

Question: In February of what year did the national Convention vote to get rid of slavery?
Answer: 1794

Question: What was the name of the French general who led the forces that attempted to regain control of Sainte-Domingue?
Answer: Leclerc
During the Consulate, Napoleon faced several royalist and Jacobin assassination plots, including the Conspiration des poignards (Dagger plot) in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (also known as the Infernal Machine) two months later. In January 1804, his police uncovered an assassination plot against him that involved Moreau and which was ostensibly sponsored by the Bourbon family, the former rulers of France. On the advice of Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien, violating the sovereignty of Baden. The Duke was quickly executed after a secret military trial, even though he had not been involved in the plot. Enghien's execution infuriated royal courts throughout Europe, become one of the contributing political factors for the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars.

Question: What was the name of the assassination plot against Napoleon also known as the Infernal Machine?
Answer: the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise

Question:  When did the Conspiration des poignards take place?
Answer: October 1800

Question: What  family was supposed to have supported the January 1804 assassination plot targeting Napoleon?
Answer: the Bourbon family

Question:  What was another name for the Conspiration des poignards?
Answer: Dagger plot

Question: The kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien violated the sovereignty of what locale?
Answer: Baden
Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle, so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics. The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the West Indies. In the face of this attack, it was hoped, the British would weaken their defense of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean, allowing a combined Franco-Spanish fleet to take control of the channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade. However, the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to Cádiz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel.

Question: Napoleon acknowledged that the fleet of France was no match for what rival fleet in direct combat?
Answer: the Royal Navy

Question:  Napoleon's plan to divert the British involved a French Navy attack on what islands?
Answer: the West Indies.

Question:  Napoleon hoped an attack on the West Indies would cause the British to lessen their defenses where?
Answer: the Western Approaches

Question:  Napoleon's naval plan came apart after British triumph at which Battle?
Answer: the Battle of Cape Finisterre

Question: When did the Battle of Cape Finisterre occur?
Answer: July 1805
By August 1805, Napoleon had realized that the strategic situation had changed fundamentally. Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies, he decided to strike first and turned his army's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine. His basic objective was to destroy the isolated Austrian armies in Southern Germany before their Russian allies could arrive. On 25 September, after great secrecy and feverish marching, 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of 260 km (160 mi). Austrian commander Karl Mack had gathered the greater part of the Austrian army at the fortress of Ulm in Swabia. Napoleon swung his forces to the southeast and the Grande Armée performed an elaborate wheeling movement that outflanked the Austrian positions. The Ulm Maneuver completely surprised General Mack, who belatedly understood that his army had been cut off. After some minor engagements that culminated in the Battle of Ulm, Mack finally surrendered after realizing that there was no way to break out of the French encirclement. For just 2000 French casualties, Napoleon had managed to capture a total of 60,000 Austrian soldiers through his army's rapid marching. The Ulm Campaign is generally regarded as a strategic masterpiece and was influential in the development of the Schlieffen Plan in the late 19th century. For the French, this spectacular victory on land was soured by the decisive victory that the Royal Navy attained at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October. After Trafalgar, Britain had total domination of the seas for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars.

Question: By August 1805, Napoleon changed the primary target of his army's efforts from the English Channel to what area?
Answer: the Rhine

Question:  On what date did French troops begin to cross the Rhine?
Answer: 25 September

Question: How many French troops were involved in the crossing of the Rhine?
Answer: 200,000

Question: Who was the Austrian commander who led the army at the fortress of Ulm?
Answer: Karl Mack

Question: How many casualties did the French suffer at the Battle of Ulm?
Answer: 2000
Following the Ulm Campaign, French forces managed to capture Vienna in November. The fall of Vienna provided the French a huge bounty as they captured 100,000 muskets, 500 cannons, and the intact bridges across the Danube. At this critical juncture, both Tsar Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II decided to engage Napoleon in battle, despite reservations from some of their subordinates. Napoleon sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies, but then ordered his forces to retreat so that he could feign a grave weakness. Desperate to lure the Allies into battle, Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the engagement that the French army was in a pitiful state, even abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights near the village of Austerlitz. At the Battle of Austerlitz, in Moravia on 2 December, he deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank, enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line. A forced march from Vienna by Marshal Davout and his III Corps plugged the gap left by Napoleon just in time. Meanwhile, the heavy Allied deployment against the French right weakened their center on the Pratzen Heights, which was viciously attacked by the IV Corps of Marshal Soult. With the Allied center demolished, the French swept through both enemy flanks and sent the Allies fleeing chaotically, capturing thousands of prisoners in the process. The battle is often seen as a tactical masterpiece because of the near-perfect execution of a calibrated but dangerous plan — of the same stature as Cannae, the celebrated triumph by Hannibal some 2000 years before.

Question: In November, after the Ulm Campaign, what city was captured by French forces?
Answer: Vienna

Question:  How many muskets did the French capture in the fall of Vienna?
Answer: 100,000

Question: How many cannons did the French capture when Vienna fell?
Answer: 500

Question: When was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?
Answer: 2 December

Question: In what country was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?
Answer: Moravia
After Austerlitz, Napoleon established the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. A collection of German states intended to serve as a buffer zone between France and Central Europe, the creation of the Confederation spelled the end of the Holy Roman Empire and significantly alarmed the Prussians. The brazen reorganization of German territory by the French risked threatening Prussian influence in the region, if not eliminating it outright. War fever in Berlin rose steadily throughout the summer of 1806. At the insistence of his court, especially his wife Queen Louise, Frederick William III decided to challenge the French domination of Central Europe by going to war.

Question: What is the name of the political body composed of German states established by Napoleon in 1806?
Answer: the Confederation of the Rhine

Question: When was the Confederation of the Rhine formed?
Answer: 1806

Question: The existence of the Confederation of the Rhine brought about the end of which imperial power?
Answer: the Holy Roman Empire

Question:  Which Prussian ruler chose to go to war with France for control of Central Europe?
Answer: Frederick William III

Question: What other royal figure strongly influenced Frederick William III's decision to go to war with France?
Answer: Queen Louise
The initial military maneuvers began in September 1806. In a notable letter to Marshal Soult detailing the plan for the campaign, Napoleon described the essential features of Napoleonic warfare and introduced the phrase le bataillon-carré ('square battalion'). In the bataillon-carré system, the various corps of the Grande Armée would march uniformly together in close supporting distance. If any single corps was attacked, the others could quickly spring into action and arrive to help. Napoleon invaded Prussia with 180,000 troops, rapidly marching on the right bank of the River Saale. As in previous campaigns, his fundamental objective was to destroy one opponent before reinforcements from another could tip the balance of the war. Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army, the French swung westwards and crossed the Saale with overwhelming force. At the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt, fought on 14 October, the French convincingly defeated the Prussians and inflicted heavy casualties. With several major commanders dead or incapacitated, the Prussian king proved incapable of effectively commanding the army, which began to quickly disintegrate. In a vaunted pursuit that epitomized the "peak of Napoleonic warfare," according to historian Richard Brooks, the French managed to capture 140,000 soldiers, over 2,000 cannons and hundreds of ammunition wagons, all in a single month. Historian David Chandler wrote of the Prussian forces: "Never has the morale of any army been more completely shattered." Despite their overwhelming defeat, the Prussians refused to negotiate with the French until the Russians had an opportunity to enter the fight.

Question: How many troops did Napoleon use for the invasion of Prussia?
Answer: 180,000

Question:  What river did the French cross to engage the Prussian army?
Answer: the Saale

Question: To whom did Napoleon send a letter detailing his plans for the campaign with Prussia?
Answer: Marshal Soult

Question:  On what date were the battles of Jena and Auerstedt fought?
Answer: 14 October

Question: How many Prussian soldiers were captured at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt?
Answer: 140,000
Following his triumph, Napoleon imposed the first elements of the Continental System through the Berlin Decree issued in November 1806. The Continental System, which prohibited European nations from trading with Britain, was widely violated throughout his reign. In the next few months, Napoleon marched against the advancing Russian armies through Poland and was involved in the bloody stalemate at the Battle of Eylau in February 1807. After a period of rest and consolidation on both sides, the war restarted in June with an initial struggle at Heilsberg that proved indecisive. On 14 June, however, Napoleon finally obtained an overwhelming victory over the Russians at the Battle of Friedland, wiping out the majority of the Russian army in a very bloody struggle. The scale of their defeat convinced the Russians to make peace with the French. On 19 June, Czar Alexander sent an envoy to seek an armistice with Napoleon. The latter assured the envoy that the Vistula River represented the natural borders between French and Russian influence in Europe. On that basis, the two emperors began peace negotiations at the town of Tilsit after meeting on an iconic raft on the River Niemen. The very first thing Alexander said to Napoleon was probably well-calibrated: "I hate the English as much as you do."

Question: In what 1806 proclamation did Napoleon begin to impose the Continental System?
Answer: the Berlin Decree

Question:  What was the system Napoleon imposed though the Berlin Decree?
Answer: The Continental System

Question: When was the Berlin Decree issued?
Answer: November 1806

Question: In what year was the Battle of Eylau?
Answer: 1807

Question: In what 14 June conflict did Napoleon win a decisive victory over the Russians?
Answer: the Battle of Friedland
Alexander faced pressure from his brother, Duke Constantine, to make peace with Napoleon. Given the victory he had just achieved, the French emperor offered the Russians relatively lenient terms–demanding that Russia join the Continental System, withdraw its forces from Wallachia and Moldavia, and hand over the Ionian Islands to France. By contrast, Napoleon dictated very harsh peace terms for Prussia, despite the ceaseless exhortations of Queen Louise. Wiping out half of Prussian territories from the map, Napoleon created a new kingdom of 1,100 square miles called Westphalia. He then appointed his young brother Jérôme as the new monarch of this kingdom. Prussia's humiliating treatment at Tilsit caused a deep and bitter antagonism which festered as the Napoleonic era progressed. Moreover, Alexander's pretensions at friendship with Napoleon led the latter to seriously misjudge the true intentions of his Russian counterpart, who would violate numerous provisions of the treaty in the next few years. Despite these problems, the Treaties of Tilsit at last gave Napoleon a respite from war and allowed him to return to France, which he had not seen in over 300 days.

Question: What is the name of the Duke who pressured Alexander to make peace with Napoleon?
Answer: Constantine

Question:  Which ocean territories did Napoleon demand Russia cede to France as part of the terms for peace?
Answer: the Ionian Islands

Question: What was the name of the new kingdom Napoleon created from Prussian territories?
Answer: Westphalia

Question: What was the name of the younger brother who Napoleon appointed as the ruler of Westphalia?
Answer: Jérôme

Question:  What was the name of the series of agreements that ended war for a time and allowed Napoleon to return to France?
Answer: the Treaties of Tilsit
Napoleon would end up leaving Iberia in order to deal with the Austrians in Central Europe, but the Peninsular War continued on long after his absence. He never returned to Spain after the 1808 campaign. Several months after Corunna, the British sent another army to the peninsula under the future Duke of Wellington. The war then settled into a complex and asymmetric strategic deadlock where all sides struggled to gain the upper hand. The highlight of the conflict became the brutal guerrilla warfare that engulfed much of the Spanish countryside. Both sides committed the worst atrocities of the Napoleonic Wars during this phase of the conflict. The vicious guerrilla fighting in Spain, largely absent from the French campaigns in Central Europe, severely disrupted the French lines of supply and communication. Although France maintained roughly 300,000 troops in Iberia during the Peninsular War, the vast majority were tied down to garrison duty and to intelligence operations. The French were never able to concentrate all of their forces effectively, prolonging the war until events elsewhere in Europe finally turned the tide in favor of the Allies. After the invasion of Russia in 1812, the number of French troops in Spain vastly declined as Napoleon needed reinforcements to conserve his strategic position in Europe. By 1814, after scores of battles and sieges throughout Iberia, the Allies had managed to push the French out of the peninsula.

Question: Napoleon left Iberia for Central Europe to deal with whom?
Answer: the Austrians

Question: Approximately how many French troops were kept in Iberia during the Peninsular War?
Answer: 300,000

Question: During the Peninsular War, in what country did guerrilla warfare frequently occur?
Answer: Spain

Question: By what year did the Allies force the French out of the Iberian peninsula?
Answer: 1814

Question:  In what year did the invasion of Russia take place?
Answer: 1812
After four years on the sidelines, Austria sought another war with France to avenge its recent defeats. Austria could not count on Russian support because the latter was at war with Britain, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire in 1809. Frederick William of Prussia initially promised to help the Austrians, but reneged before conflict began. A report from the Austrian finance minister suggested that the treasury would run out of money by the middle of 1809 if the large army that the Austrians had formed since the Third Coalition remained mobilized. Although Archduke Charles warned that the Austrians were not ready for another showdown with Napoleon, a stance that landed him in the so-called "peace party," he did not want to see the army demobilized either. On 8 February 1809, the advocates for war finally succeeded when the Imperial Government secretly decided on another confrontation against the French.

Question: Who was the Prussian ruler who at first  claimed he would help Austria in its battle with France, but later refused to?
Answer: Frederick William

Question: The finance minister of Austria predicted that if the country kept its large army mobilized, the national treasury would be bankrupt by the middle of what year?
Answer: 1809

Question:  Which Archduke warned that Austria wasn't prepared for an additional conflict with Napoleon?
Answer: Charles

Question: On what date did the Austrian government secretly decide on going to war with France?
Answer: 8 February 1809
In the early morning of 10 April, leading elements of the Austrian army crossed the Inn River and invaded Bavaria. The early Austrian attack surprised the French; Napoleon himself was still in Paris when he heard about the invasion. He arrived at Donauwörth on the 17th to find the Grande Armée in a dangerous position, with its two wings separated by 75 miles (121 km) and joined together by a thin cordon of Bavarian troops. Charles pressed the left wing of the French army and hurled his men towards the III Corps of Marshal Davout. In response, Napoleon came up with a plan to cut off the Austrians in the celebrated Landshut Maneuver. He realigned the axis of his army and marched his soldiers towards the town of Eckmühl. The French scored a convincing win in the resulting Battle of Eckmühl, forcing Charles to withdraw his forces over the Danube and into Bohemia. On 13 May, Vienna fell for the second time in four years, although the war continued since most of the Austrian army had survived the initial engagements in Southern Germany.

Question: On what date did the Austrian army first cross the Inn River?
Answer: 10 April

Question:  Where was Napoleon when he received news of an Austrian invasion?
Answer: Paris

Question:  When Napoleon reached Donauwörth, how much distance were the wings of the Grande Armée separated by?
Answer: 75 miles (121 km)

Question: What was the name of the plan Napoleon devised to cut off the Austrians during battle?
Answer: Landshut Maneuver

Question: What was the name of the conflict where the French defeated Austrian forces and forced them to withdraw to Bohemia?
Answer: Battle of Eckmühl
By 17 May, the main Austrian army under Charles had arrived on the Marchfeld. Charles kept the bulk of his troops several miles away from the river bank in hopes of concentrating them at the point where Napoleon decided to cross. On 21 May, the French made their first major effort to cross the Danube, precipitating the Battle of Aspern-Essling. The Austrians enjoyed a comfortable numerical superiority over the French throughout the battle; on the first day, Charles disposed of 110,000 soldiers against only 31,000 commanded by Napoleon. By the second day, reinforcements had boosted French numbers up to 70,000. The battle was characterized by a vicious back-and-forth struggle for the two villages of Aspern and Essling, the focal points of the French bridgehead. By the end of the fighting, the French had lost Aspern but still controlled Essling. A sustained Austrian artillery bombardment eventually convinced Napoleon to withdraw his forces back onto Lobau Island. Both sides inflicted about 23,000 casualties on each other. It was the first defeat Napoleon suffered in a major set-piece battle, and it caused excitement throughout many parts of Europe because it proved that he could be beaten on the battlefield.

Question: On what date did the main Austrian army arrive at the Marchfield?
Answer: 17 May

Question:  Who led the main Austrian army?
Answer: Charles

Question: On what date did French forces make their first significant attempt to cross the Danube?
Answer: 21 May

Question: How many soldiers did Charles initially lead against the French at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?
Answer: 110,000

Question: Around how many casualties did the French experience at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?
Answer: 23,000
After the setback at Aspern-Essling, Napoleon took more than six weeks in planning and preparing for contingencies before he made another attempt at crossing the Danube. From 30 June to the early days of July, the French recrossed the Danube in strength, with more than 180,000 troops marching across the Marchfeld towards the Austrians. Charles received the French with 150,000 of his own men. In the ensuing Battle of Wagram, which also lasted two days, Napoleon commanded his forces in what was the largest battle of his career up until then. Neither side made much progress on 5 July, but the 6th produced a definitive outcome. Both sides launched major assaults on their flanks. Austrian attacks against the French left wing looked dangerous initially, but they were all beaten back. Meanwhile, a steady French attack against the Austrian left wing eventually compromised the entire position for Charles. Napoleon finished off the battle with a concentrated central thrust that punctured a hole in the Austrian army and forced Charles to retreat. Austrian losses were very heavy, reaching well over 40,000 casualties. The French were too exhausted to pursue the Austrians immediately, but Napoleon eventually caught up with Charles at Znaim and the latter signed an armistice on 12 July.

Question: Approximately how long did Napoleon take to prepare another Danube crossing after his defeat at Aspern-Essling?
Answer: six weeks

Question: On what date did the French begin the re-crossing of the Danube?
Answer: 30 June

Question:  Approximately how many French troops met Charles at the Battle of Wagram?
Answer: 180,000

Question: How many Austrian troops did Charles lead at the Battle of Wagram?
Answer: 150,000

Question: How long did the Battle of Wagram last?
Answer: two days
In the Kingdom of Holland, the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians. The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July, by which point the Austrians had already been defeated. The Walcheren Campaign was characterized by little fighting but heavy casualties thanks to the popularly dubbed "Walcheren Fever." Over 4000 British troops were lost in a bungled campaign, and the rest withdrew in December 1809. The main strategic result from the campaign became the delayed political settlement between the French and the Austrians. Emperor Francis wanted to wait and see how the British performed in their theater before entering into negotiations with Napoleon. Once it became apparent that the British were going nowhere, the Austrians agreed to peace talks.

Question: What was the name of the campaign by the British in Holland that created a second front in the war?
Answer: the Walcheren Campaign

Question: The Walcheren Campaign was intended to relieve the military pressure on whom?
Answer: the Austrians

Question:  On what date did the British army arrive on Walcheren?
Answer: 30 July

Question: What was the popular name of the disease that caused many casualties during the Walcheren Campaign?
Answer: "Walcheren Fever."

Question: When did the British withdraw from Walcheren?
Answer: December 1809
Napoleon turned his focus to domestic affairs after the war. Empress Joséphine had still not given birth to a child from Napoleon, who became worried about the future of his empire following his death. Desperate for a legitimate heir, Napoleon divorced Joséphine in January 1810 and started looking for a new wife. Hoping to cement the recent alliance with Austria through a family connection, Napoleon married the Archduchess Marie Louise, who was 18 years old at the time. On 20 March 1811, Marie Louise gave birth to a baby boy, whom Napoleon made heir apparent and bestowed the title of King of Rome. His son never actually ruled the empire, but historians still refer to him as Napoleon II.

Question: After the war, what did Napoleon focus on?
Answer: domestic affairs

Question:  When did Napoleon divorce Josephine?
Answer: January 1810

Question: After his divorce from Josephine, who did Napoleon marry?
Answer: Archduchess Marie Louise

Question: How old was Archduchess Marie Louise when she married Napoleon?
Answer: 18

Question:  When did Marie Louise give birth?
Answer: 20 March 1811
In 1808, Napoleon and Czar Alexander met at the Congress of Erfurt to preserve the Russo-French alliance. The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. By 1811, however, tensions had increased and Alexander was under pressure from the Russian nobility to break off the alliance. A major strain on the relationship between the two nations became the regular violations of the Continental System by the Russians, which led Napoleon to threaten Alexander with serious consequences if he formed an alliance with Britain.

Question: What meeting did Napoleon and Czar Alexander participate in in 1808?
Answer: the Congress of Erfurt

Question: In what year did the Congress of Erfurt take place?
Answer: 1808

Question:  Where did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?
Answer: Tilsit

Question: In what year did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?
Answer: 1807

Question: Violations of what Napoleonic policy by Russia led to tensions between Russia and France?
Answer: the Continental System
The Russians eventually offered battle outside Moscow on 7 September: the Battle of Borodino resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead, wounded or captured, and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time. Although the French had won, the Russian army had accepted, and withstood, the major battle Napoleon had hoped would be decisive. Napoleon's own account was: "The most terrible of all my battles was the one before Moscow. The French showed themselves to be worthy of victory, but the Russians showed themselves worthy of being invincible."

Question: Outside what city did the Battle of Borodino occur?
Answer: Moscow

Question: On what date did the Battle of Borodino take place?
Answer: 7 September

Question: Approximately how many Russians were hurt, killed, or captured in the Battle of Borodino?
Answer: 44,000

Question:  Around how many French were killed, injured, or taken prisoner in the Battle of Borodino?
Answer: 35,000

Question: Who won the Battle of Borodino?
Answer: the French
The Allies offered peace terms in the Frankfurt proposals in November 1813. Napoleon would remain as Emperor of France, but it would be reduced to its "natural frontiers." That meant that France could retain control of Belgium, Savoy and the Rhineland (the west bank of the Rhine River), while giving up control of all the rest, including all of Spain and the Netherlands, and most of Italy and Germany. Metternich told Napoleon these were the best terms the Allies were likely to offer; after further victories, the terms would be harsher and harsher. Metternich's motivation was to maintain France as a balance against Russian threats, while ending the highly destabilizing series of wars.

Question: The Allies suggested peace terms in which set of proposals?
Answer: the Frankfurt proposals

Question: When were the Frankfurt proposals made?
Answer: November 1813

Question: The Frankfurt proposals allowed Napoleon to retain what position in France?
Answer: Emperor

Question: The Frankfurt proposals sought to reduce France to what?
Answer: its "natural frontiers."

Question:  Who told Napoleon that the Frankfurt proposals were probably the best terms the Allies would offer?
Answer: Metternich
On 1 April, Alexander addressed the Sénat conservateur. Long docile to Napoleon, under Talleyrand's prodding it had turned against him. Alexander told the Sénat that the Allies were fighting against Napoleon, not France, and they were prepared to offer honorable peace terms if Napoleon were removed from power. The next day, the Sénat passed the Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur ("Emperor's Demise Act"), which declared Napoleon deposed. Napoleon had advanced as far as Fontainebleau when he learned that Paris was lost. When Napoleon proposed the army march on the capital, his senior officers and marshals mutinied. On 4 April, led by Ney, they confronted Napoleon. Napoleon asserted the army would follow him, and Ney replied the army would follow its generals. While the ordinary soldiers and regimental officers wanted to fight on, without any senior officers or marshals any prospective invasion of Paris would have been impossible. Bowing to the inevitable, on 4 April Napoleon abdicated in favour of his son, with Marie-Louise as regent. However, the Allies refused to accept this under prodding from Alexander, who feared that Napoleon might find an excuse to retake the throne. Napoleon was then forced to announce his unconditional abdication only two days later.

Question: On what date did Alexander speak to the Sénat conservateur?
Answer: 1 April

Question:  The Sénat conservateur became hostile to Napoleon due to whose efforts?
Answer: Talleyrand's

Question: What was the act passed by the Sénat conservateur that deposed Napoleon?
Answer: the Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur

Question: Where had Napoleon advanced to when he received word that Paris was lost?
Answer: Fontainebleau

Question: What did Napoleon's senior officers and marshals do when he suggested they march on Paris?
Answer: mutinied
The 5th Regiment was sent to intercept him and made contact just south of Grenoble on March 7, 1815. Napoleon approached the regiment alone, dismounted his horse and, when he was within gunshot range, shouted to the soldiers, "Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish." The soldiers quickly responded with, "Vive L'Empereur!" Ney, who had boasted to the restored Bourbon king, Louis XVIII, that he would bring Napoleon to Paris in an iron cage, affectionately kissed his former emperor and forgot his oath of allegiance to the Bourbon monarch. The two then marched together towards Paris with a growing army. The unpopular Louis XVIII fled to Belgium after realizing he had little political support. On March 13, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw. Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule.

Question: What military unit was charged with intercepting Napoleon?
Answer: The 5th Regiment

Question: On what date was Napoleon contacted by the 5th Regiment?
Answer: March 7, 1815

Question:  When Napoleon suggested to the 5th Regiment that they kill him, how did they respond?
Answer: "Vive L'Empereur!"

Question:  Ney had told Louis XVIII that he would carry Napoleon to Paris in what kind of container?
Answer: an iron cage

Question:  After fleeing France, where did Louis XVIII go?
Answer: Belgium
Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had turned against him. Realizing his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine's former palace in Malmaison (on the western bank of the Seine about 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Paris). Even as Napoleon travelled to Paris, the Coalition forces crossed the frontier swept through France (arriving in the vicinity of Paris on 29 June), with the stated intent on restoring Louis XVIII to the French throne.

Question: Where did Napoleon return and find that the populace and government had turned against him?
Answer: Paris

Question:  On what date did Napoleon abdicate?
Answer: 22 June

Question:  How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris?
Answer: three days

Question:  On what date did the Coalition forces arrive near Paris?
Answer: 29 June

Question:  When Napoleon left Paris, he went to the palace formerly belonging to whom?
Answer: Josephine
In 1840, Louis Philippe I obtained permission from the British to return Napoleon's remains to France. On 15 December 1840, a state funeral was held. The hearse proceeded from the Arc de Triomphe down the Champs-Élysées, across the Place de la Concorde to the Esplanade des Invalides and then to the cupola in St Jérôme's Chapel, where it remained until the tomb designed by Louis Visconti was completed. In 1861, Napoleon's remains were entombed in a porphyry sarcophagus in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides.

Question: In what year did Louis Philippe I get permission to return Napoleon's remains to France?
Answer: 1840

Question:  On what date was a state funeral held for Napoleon?
Answer: 15 December 1840

Question: At what location did the hearse carrying Napoleon's remains begin its procession?
Answer: the Arc de Triomphe

Question:  In what building was the cupola where Napoleon's remains were first placed located?
Answer: St Jérôme's Chapel

Question: In what year was Napoleon's final tomb completed?
Answer: 1861
In 1955, the diaries of Napoleon's valet, Louis Marchand, were published. His description of Napoleon in the months before his death led Sten Forshufvud in a 1961 paper in Nature to put forward other causes for his death, including deliberate arsenic poisoning. Arsenic was used as a poison during the era because it was undetectable when administered over a long period. Forshufvud, in a 1978 book with Ben Weider, noted that Napoleon's body was found to be remarkably well preserved when moved in 1840. Arsenic is a strong preservative, and therefore this supported the poisoning hypothesis. Forshufvud and Weider observed that Napoleon had attempted to quench abnormal thirst by drinking large amounts of orgeat syrup that contained cyanide compounds in the almonds used for flavouring.

Question: When were the diaries of Napoleon's valet published?
Answer: 1955

Question: What was the name of Napoleon's valet?
Answer: Louis Marchand

Question:  What was the possible cause for Napoleon's death suggested in a 1961 Nature paper?
Answer: arsenic poisoning

Question: In 1961, who suggested the possibility that Napoleon died from ingestion of arsenic?
Answer: Sten Forshufvud

Question: What condition was Napoleon's body in when it was moved in 1840?
Answer: well preserved
There have been modern studies that have supported the original autopsy finding. In a 2008 study, researchers analysed samples of Napoleon's hair from throughout his life, as well as samples from his family and other contemporaries. All samples had high levels of arsenic, approximately 100 times higher than the current average. According to these researchers, Napoleon's body was already heavily contaminated with arsenic as a boy, and the high arsenic concentration in his hair was not caused by intentional poisoning; people were constantly exposed to arsenic from glues and dyes throughout their lives.[note 7] Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismissed evidence of arsenic poisoning, and confirmed evidence of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer as the cause of death.

Question: Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismiss what possible cause of Napoleon's death?
Answer: arsenic poisoning

Question: Studies published in 2007 and 2008 support what possible causes of Napoleon's death?
Answer: peptic ulcer and gastric cancer

Question:  A 2008 study supporting the original autopsy findings related to Napoleon's death analyzed samples of what substance taken from Napoleon and his family?
Answer: hair

Question: The 2008 study related to Napoleon's death found that hair collected from Napoleon's hair as well as that of his family and contemporaries, had arsenic levels approximately how many times higher than current averages?
Answer: 100 times
Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I on 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris by Pope Pius VII. On 1 April 1810, Napoleon religiously married the Austrian princess Marie Louise. During his brother's rule in Spain, he abolished the Spanish Inquisition in 1813. In a private discussion with general Gourgaud during his exile on Saint Helena, Napoleon expressed materialistic views on the origin of man,[note 9]and doubted the divinity of Jesus, stating that it is absurd to believe that Socrates, Plato, Muslims, and the Anglicans should be damned for not being Roman Catholics.[note 10] He also said to Gourgaud in 1817 "I like the Mohammedan religion best. It has fewer incredible things in it than ours." and that "the Mohammedan religion is the finest of all." However, Napoleon was anointed by a priest before his death.

Question: When was Napoleon crowned Emperor?
Answer: 2 December 1804

Question:  Where was Napoleon crowned Emperor?
Answer: Notre Dame de Paris

Question: Who crowned Napoleon Emperor?
Answer: Pope Pius VII

Question: When did Napoleon marry Marie Louise?
Answer: 1 April 1810

Question: What did Napoleon abolish in Spain in 1813, during his brother's rule there?
Answer: the Spanish Inquisition
Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics, the Concordat of 1801 was signed on 15 July 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII. It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status. The hostility of devout Catholics against the state had now largely been resolved. It did not restore the vast church lands and endowments that had been seized during the revolution and sold off. As a part of the Concordat, he presented another set of laws called the Organic Articles.

Question: What is the name of the 1801 document that aimed for reconcilliation between revolutionaries and Catholics?
Answer: the Concordat of 1801

Question: Along with Napoleon, who signed the Concordat of 1801?
Answer: Pope Pius VII

Question: The Concordat of 1801 strengthened the position of which church as the majority church of France?
Answer: the Roman Catholic Church

Question:  What is the exact date on which the Concordat of 1801 was signed?
Answer: 15 July 1801

Question: What were the Organic Articles a part of?
Answer: the Concordat
While the Concordat restored much power to the papacy, the balance of church-state relations had tilted firmly in Napoleon's favour. He selected the bishops and supervised church finances. Napoleon and the pope both found the Concordat useful. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially Italy and Germany. Now, Napoleon could win favor with the Catholics while also controlling Rome in a political sense. Napoleon said in April 1801, "Skillful conquerors have not got entangled with priests. They can both contain them and use them." French children were issued a catechism that taught them to love and respect Napoleon.

Question: The Concodat restored significant power to what position?
Answer: the papacy

Question: Despite the Concordat, the balance of the relationship between the church and state had swung in whose favor?
Answer: Napoleon's

Question: Other than Napoleon, who else found the Concordat to be of use?
Answer: the pope

Question:  The children of France were given a catechism that taught them to love and respect whom?
Answer: Napoleon

Question: In what year did Napoleon say that skilled rulers were able to both control and use priests?
Answer: 1801
Napoleon maintained strict, efficient work habits, prioritizing what needed to be done. He cheated at cards, but repaid the losses; he had to win at everything he attempted. He kept relays of staff and secretaries at work. Unlike many generals, Napoleon did not examine history to ask what Hannibal or Alexander or anyone else did in a similar situation. Critics said he won many battles simply because of luck; Napoleon responded, "Give me lucky generals," aware that "luck" comes to leaders who recognize opportunity, and seize it. Dwyer argues that Napoleon's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805-06 heightened his sense of self-grandiosity, leaving him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility. By the Russian campaign in 1812, however, Napoleon seems to have lost his verve. With crisis after crisis at hand, he rarely rose to the occasion. Some historians have suggested a physical deterioration, but others note that an impaired Napoleon was still a brilliant general.

Question: According to critics, what was the reason Napoleon won many battles?
Answer: luck

Question:  When did Napoleon win victories at Austerlitz and Jena?
Answer: 1805-06

Question:  In what year did the Russian campaign take place?
Answer: 1812

Question: Who argues that Napoleon's triumphs at Austerlitz and Jena increased his self-grandiosity?
Answer: Dwyer

Question: What did Napoleon do at cards, though he repaid losses?
Answer: cheated
When he became First Consul and later Emperor, Napoleon eschewed his general's uniform and habitually wore the simple green colonel uniform (non-Hussar) of a colonel of the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard, the regiment that often served as his personal escort, with a large bicorne. He also habitually wore (usually on Sundays) the blue uniform of a colonel of the Imperial Guard Foot Grenadiers (blue with white facings and red cuffs). He also wore his Légion d'honneur star, medal and ribbon, and the Order of the Iron Crown decorations, white French-style culottes and white stockings. This was in contrast to the gorgeous and complex uniforms with many decorations of his marshals and those around him.

Question: After becoming First Consul, Napoleon typically wore the uniform of which rank, rather than general?
Answer: colonel

Question:  What is the name of the regiment that frequently served as Napoleon's escort?
Answer: the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard

Question: What color was the uniform that Napoleon usually wore on Sundays?
Answer: blue

Question: What color stockings did Napoleon usually wear?
Answer: white

Question:  What color culottes did Napoleon typically wear?
Answer: white