meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books (1712). After Newton's death in 1727, poems were composed in his honour for decades. James Thomson (1700–1748) penned his "Poem to the Memory of Newton," which mourned the loss of Newton, but also praised his science and legacy.

Question: What kind of topics began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment?
Answer: scientific topics

Question: Who penned a poem called "Poem to the Memory of Newton" to mourn the loss and praise the legacy of Newton? 
Answer: James Thomson

Question: Sir Richard Blackmore committed what system to verse in Creation?
Answer: Newtonian system

Question: What year was Newton's death?
Answer: 1727

Question: Who wrote "Poem to the Memory of Newton?"
Answer: James Thomson

Question: In what year did Newton die?
Answer: 1727

Question: Whose death in 1727 prompted poems to be written in his honour for decades?
Answer: Newton

Question: Who wrote Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books?
Answer: Sir Richard Blackmore

Question: In what year was Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books written?
Answer: 1712
Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious controversy to spill over into politics and warfare while still maintaining a true faith in God. For moderate Christians, this meant a return to simple Scripture. John Locke abandoned the corpus of theological commentary in favor of an "unprejudiced examination" of the Word of God alone. He determined the essence of Christianity to be a belief in Christ the redeemer and recommended avoiding more detailed debate. Thomas Jefferson in the Jefferson Bible went further; he dropped any passages dealing with miracles, visitations of angels, and the resurrection of Jesus after his death. He tried to extract the practical Christian moral code of the New Testament.

Question: Who dropped any passages dealing with miracles or visitations of angels from his work the Jefferson Bible?
Answer: Thomas Jefferson

Question: The Enlightenment era religious commentary was, in part, a response to which war?
Answer: Thirty Years' War

Question: What did the Enlightenment mean for moderate Christians?
Answer: a return to simple Scripture

Question: Did John Locke want to foster or avoid increased detailed debate on the essence of Christianity?
Answer: avoid
Many women played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as salonnières in Parisian salons, as the contrast to the male philosophes. The salon was the principal social institution of the republic, and "became the civil working spaces of the project of Enlightenment." Women, as salonnières, were "the legitimate governors of [the] potentially unruly discourse" that took place within. While women were marginalized in the public culture of the Ancien Régime, the French Revolution destroyed the old cultural and economic restraints of patronage and corporatism (guilds), opening French society to female participation, particularly in the literary sphere.

Question: What was the principal social institution of the republic during the French Enlightenment?
Answer: salon

Question: Was French society open or fearful of female participation in the literary sphere during the Enlightenment?
Answer: open

Question: What female occupation allowed women to play an essential part in the French Enlightenment?
Answer: salonnières

Question: Which event destroyed the former patronage and corporatism of France and allowed women to participate in society?
Answer: French Revolution
The vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run "universal libraries" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only sources of reading material. On one end of the spectrum was the Bibliothèque Bleue, a collection of cheaply produced books published in Troyes, France. Intended for a largely rural and semi-literate audience these books included almanacs, retellings of medieval romances and condensed versions of popular novels, among other things. While some historians have argued against the Enlightenment's penetration into the lower classes, the Bibliothèque Bleue represents at least a desire to participate in Enlightenment sociability. Moving up the classes, a variety of institutions offered readers access to material without needing to buy anything. Libraries that lent out their material for a small price started to appear, and occasionally bookstores would offer a small lending library to their patrons. Coffee houses commonly offered books, journals and sometimes even popular novels to their customers. The Tatler and The Spectator, two influential periodicals sold from 1709 to 1714, were closely associated with coffee house culture in London, being both read and produced in various establishments in the city. This is an example of the triple or even quadruple function of the coffee house: reading material was often obtained, read, discussed and even produced on the premises.

Question: Where was Bibliotheque Bleue located?
Answer: Troyes, France

Question: For what audience were the books of the Bibliotheque Bleue written?
Answer: largely rural and semi-literate

Question: Which two influential periodicals  were closely associated with London coffee house culture and were sold from 1909 to 1714? 
Answer: The Tatler and The Spectator

Question: What collection of cheaply produced books represents the lower class' desire to participate in the Enlightenment?
Answer: Bibliothèque Bleue
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, well into the 20th century. Mary Wollstonecraft was one of England's earliest feminist philosophers. She argued for a society based on reason, and that women, as well as men, should be treated as rational beings. She is best known for her work A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791).

Question: Kant's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century?
Answer: 20th

Question: In what year was Immanuel Kant born?
Answer: 1724

Question: For which work is Mary Wollstonecraft best known?
Answer: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791)

Question: In what year was A Vindication on the Rights of Woman published?
Answer: 1791

Question: Mary Wollstonecraft argued for a society based on what idea?
Answer: reason
The major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a large Catholic element, such as France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico, much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlightened Freemasonry. Even in France, Masons did not act as a group. American historians, while noting that Benjamin Franklin and George Washington were indeed active Masons, have downplayed the importance of Freemasonry in causing the American Revolution because the Masonic order was non-political and included both Patriots and their enemy the Loyalists.

Question: Who was the major opponent to Freemasonry?
Answer: Roman Catholic Church

Question: Which countries had a large Catholic element and therefore had confrontation with Freemasons?
Answer: France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico

Question: Do American historians downplay or attribute the importance of Freemasonry in causing the American Revolution?
Answer: downplay

Question: Who was the political enemy of the Patriots?
Answer: the Loyalists

Question: Were the Masons political or non-political in the American Revolution?
Answer: non-political
The "Radical Enlightenment" promoted the concept of separating church and state, an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rational people could not cede to the government for it or others to control. For Locke, this created a natural right in the liberty of conscience, which he said must therefore remain protected from any government authority.

Question: Who is credited with the concept of separating church and state?
Answer: John Locke

Question: Which term describes John Locke's movement to seperate church and state?
Answer: The "Radical Enlightenment"

Question: In what year was John Locke born?
Answer: 1632

Question: In what realm did John Locke feel the government lacked authority?
Answer: the realm of individual conscience
In Russia, the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences in the mid-18th century. This era produced the first Russian university, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press. Like other enlightened despots, Catherine the Great played a key role in fostering the arts, sciences, and education. She used her own interpretation of Enlightenment ideals, assisted by notable international experts such as Voltaire (by correspondence) and, in residence, world class scientists such as Leonhard Euler and Peter Simon Pallas. The national Enlightenment differed from its Western European counterpart in that it promoted further modernization of all aspects of Russian life and was concerned with attacking the institution of serfdom in Russia. The Russian enlightenment centered on the individual instead of societal enlightenment and encouraged the living of an enlightened life.

Question: What century produced the first Russian univeristy, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press?
Answer: 18th century

Question: What did the Russian enlightenment focus on instead of societal enlightenment?
Answer: the individual

Question: From whom did Catherine the Great receive assistance in her Enlightenment ideals via correspondence?
Answer: Voltaire
A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila "period" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their interactions result in an interlocked feedback loop of gene products resulting in periodic fluctuations that the cells of the body interpret as a specific time of the day.[citation needed]

Question: What is the Drosophila gene the cause of?
Answer: sleep disorder FASPS

Question: What is the Drosophila gene also known as?
Answer: period

Question: What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome?
Answer: FASPS

Question: What kind of clock have genetic functions?
Answer: biological clock

Question: What does the body interpret from the gene feedback loop?
Answer: time of the day
The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to around the 13th century, including the Noon and Midnight Manual and the Mnemonic Rhyme to Aid in the Selection of Acu-points According to the Diurnal Cycle, the Day of the Month and the Season of the Year.

Question: What is the earliest recorded instance of circadian rhythm?
Answer: 4th century B.C.E

Question: What ship captain described daily leaf movements?
Answer: Androsthenes

Question: What tree leaves did Androsthenes describe?
Answer: tamarind

Question: What type of Chinese texts mention circadian process in humans?
Answer: medical

Question: When did the Chinese use diurnal rhythms to remember Acu-points?
Answer: 13th century
Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others. Circadian rhythms occur as a plant entrains to synchronize with the light cycle of its surrounding environment. These rhythms are endogenously generated and self-sustaining and are relatively constant over a range of ambient temperatures. Important features include two interacting transcription-translation feedback loops: proteins containing PAS domains, which facilitate protein-protein interactions; and several photoreceptors that fine-tune the clock to different light conditions. Anticipation of changes in the environment allows appropriate changes in a plant's physiological state, conferring an adaptive advantage. A better understanding of plant circadian rhythms has applications in agriculture, such as helping farmers stagger crop harvests to extend crop availability and securing against massive losses due to weather.

Question: What is the plant expression of circadian rhythm?
Answer: when to flower

Question: What do plants need to attract to their flowering?
Answer: pollinators

Question:  With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync?
Answer: light cycle

Question: What does adaptive advantage allow for plants?
Answer: Anticipation of changes

Question: Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage?
Answer: agriculture
Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the hormone in the blood or saliva have been used as circadian markers. However, newer research indicates that the melatonin offset may be the more reliable marker. Benloucif et al. found that melatonin phase markers were more stable and more highly correlated with the timing of sleep than the core temperature minimum. They found that both sleep offset and melatonin offset are more strongly correlated with phase markers than the onset of sleep. In addition, the declining phase of the melatonin levels is more reliable and stable than the termination of melatonin synthesis.

Question: What chemical is absent or low during daylight?
Answer: Melatonin

Question: When is the melatonin onset?
Answer: 9 p.m

Question: At its onset, what can be measured in blood or saliva?
Answer: Melatonin

Question: The presence of what is a circadian marker?
Answer: hormone

Question: What are the more reliable markers in determining sleep timing?
Answer: melatonin phase
For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal chronotypes, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about two hours before habitual wake time. Baehr et al. found that, in young adults, the daily body temperature minimum occurred at about 04:00 (4 a.m.) for morning types but at about 06:00 (6 a.m.) for evening types. This minimum occurred at approximately the middle of the eight hour sleep period for morning types, but closer to waking in evening types.

Question: What physical factor must be continuously monitored during temperature studies> 
Answer: temperatures

Question: At what time does the average adult human reach his lowest temperature?
Answer: 05:00

Question: How long before wake time is the lowest temperature reached?
Answer: two hours

Question: When does the temperature of morning type young adults reach its lowest?
Answer: 04:00

Question: What is the time of lowest temperature for evening type young adults?
Answer: 06:00
It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell; i.e., it is cell-autonomous. This was shown by Gene Block in isolated mollusk BRNs.[clarification needed] At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronised output of electrical signaling. These may interface with endocrine glands of the brain to result in periodic release of hormones. The receptors for these hormones may be located far across the body and synchronise the peripheral clocks of various organs. Thus, the information of the time of the day as relayed by the eyes travels to the clock in the brain, and, through that, clocks in the rest of the body may be synchronised. This is how the timing of, for example, sleep/wake, body temperature, thirst, and appetite are coordinately controlled by the biological clock.[citation needed]

Question: Inside of what can the molecular circadian clock operate?
Answer: single cell

Question: By functioning within a single, what is the system?
Answer: cell-autonomous

Question: What section of the brain periodically releases hormones?
Answer: endocrine glands

Question: How are sleep and wake cycles as well as body functions coordinated?
Answer: biological clock

Question: What do body hormone receptors do with the body's organs?
Answer: synchronise
What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. However, evidence for this is lacking, since the simplest organisms with a circadian rhythm, the cyanobacteria, do the opposite of this - they divide more in the daytime. Recent studies instead highlight the importance of co-evolution of redox proteins with circadian oscillators in all three kingdoms of life following the Great Oxidation Event approximately 2.3 billion years ago. The current view is that circadian changes in environmental oxygen levels and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of daylight are likely to have driven a need to evolve circadian rhythms to preempt, and therefore counteract, damaging redox reactions on a daily basis.

Question: What is theorized to have evolved with circadian rhythms?
Answer: photosensitive proteins

Question: What is thought that circadian rhythm evolved to protect?
Answer: replicating DNA

Question: From what did  DNA need to be protected in the earliest cells? 
Answer: ultraviolet radiation

Question: One possible reason for the development of the circadian system is the need to counteract what ?
Answer: redox reactions

Question: What environmental event occurred 2.3 million years ago?
Answer: Great Oxidation Event
Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (like clocks) and daylight, the researchers were not aware of the phase-delaying effects of indoor electric lights.[dubious – discuss] The subjects were allowed to turn on light when they were awake and to turn it off when they wanted to sleep. Electric light in the evening delayed their circadian phase.[citation needed] A more stringent study conducted in 1999 by Harvard University estimated the natural human rhythm to be closer to 24 hours, 11 minutes: much closer to the solar day but still not perfectly in sync.

Question: What did early research show people preferred as a day length?
Answer: 25 hours

Question: What was the fault not considered in the early theories of day length?
Answer: artificial light

Question: What did electric lighting in the evening do to the test subjects circadian phase?
Answer: delayed

Question: To what is the 24 hours, 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ?
Answer: solar day

Question: When did more stringent testing determine that humans preferred a 24 hour day? 
Answer: 1999
More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,[citation needed] oesophagus, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, thymus, and skin.[citation needed] Though oscillators in the skin respond to light, a systemic influence has not been proven. There is also some evidence that the olfactory bulb and prostate may experience oscillations when cultured, suggesting that these structures may also be weak oscillators.[citation needed]

Question: Where else beside the SCN cells are independent circadian rhythms also found?
Answer: organs and cells

Question: What is the term for the independent clocks?
Answer: peripheral oscillators

Question: What is the SCN considered to be in comparison to the peripheral oscillators?
Answer: master clock

Question: In what body gland are the peripheral oscillators located?
Answer: adrenal gland

Question: To what do oscillators in the skin respond?
Answer: light
In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee. Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively, and the media speculated whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure. She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, which began in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged the King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness. As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. A million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London, and the enthusiasm shown by the public for the Queen was greater than many journalists had expected.

Question: What did Elizabeth celebrate in 2002?
Answer: Golden Jubilee

Question: When did Elizabeth's mother die in 2002?
Answer: March

Question: What relative of Elizabeth died in February of 2002?
Answer: Her sister

Question: How many people in London attended each day of the the three day event? 
Answer: million

Question: What group was surprised by the public's approval of the Queen?
Answer: journalists
In 1957, she made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session. Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada. In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran. On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins. Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen." Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported that extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination. No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; the Queen's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.

Question: When did Elizabeth address the UN General Assembly?
Answer: 1957

Question: What parliamentary session did Elizabeth open in 1957 while on tour? 
Answer: 23rd Canadian Parliament

Question: On a tour to Ghana in 1961 what did Elizabeth dismiss as a fear?
Answer: her safety

Question: In 1964 what was reported that Quebec extremists planned ?
Answer: Elizabeth's assassination
In 1943, at the age of 16, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year. As she approached her 18th birthday, parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944. In February 1945, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service as an honorary second subaltern with the service number of 230873. She trained as a driver and mechanic and was promoted to honorary junior commander five months later.

Question: At what age was Elizabeth when she went on her first solo public appearance?
Answer: 16

Question: Where did Elizabeth visit on her first solo public appearance?
Answer: Grenadier Guards

Question: In case of her father's absence, in what capacity could Elizabeth act? 
Answer: Counsellors of State

Question: When did Elizabeth join the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service?
Answer: February 1945

Question: In what capacity did Elizabeth serve in the Auxiliary?
Answer: driver and mechanic
During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony and only six weeks before the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at the Queen from close range as she rode down The Mall on her horse, Burmese. Police later discovered that the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three. The Queen's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised. From April to September 1982, the Queen remained anxious but proud of her son, Prince Andrew, who was serving with British forces during the Falklands War. On 9 July, the Queen awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. Remaining calm and through two calls to the Palace police switchboard, she spoke to Fagan while he sat at the foot of her bed until assistance arrived seven minutes later. Though she hosted US President Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visited his Californian ranch in 1983, she was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.

Question: During what ceremony were shots fired at the Queen?
Answer: Trooping the Colour

Question: Who was the assailant who shot at Queen Elizabeth? 
Answer: Marcus Sarjeant

Question: Which of Elizabeth's sons served in the Falklands War?
Answer: Prince Andrew

Question: Who was the intruder Elizabeth awoke to find in her bedroom?
Answer: Michael Fagan

Question: What island's invasion angered Elizabeth?
Answer: Grenada
With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children." In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.

Question: What name was it assumed Elizabeth would take upon her marriage to Philip?
Answer: Mountbatten,

Question: What Prime Minister objected to the name change?
Answer: Winston Churchill

Question: What name did Elizabeth keep as her married name?
Answer: House of Windsor

Question: What name was adopted for Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not have royal titles? 
Answer: Mountbatten-Windsor

Question: When did Elizabeth decree the use of Mountbatten-Windsor as the  surname? 
Answer: 1960
Her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. In a message released on Accession Day, she stated: "In this special year, as I dedicate myself anew to your service, I hope we will all be reminded of the power of togetherness and the convening strength of family, friendship and good neighbourliness ... I hope also that this Jubilee year will be a time to give thanks for the great advances that have been made since 1952 and to look forward to the future with clear head and warm heart". She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf. On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world. On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781.

Question: How many years has Elizabeth been Queen?
Answer: 60 years

Question: What celebration marks 60 years for Elizabeth as Queen?
Answer: Diamond Jubilee

Question: What year marks Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?
Answer: 2012

Question: Where did Elizabeth tour as a celebration of her jubilee?
Answer: United Kingdom

Question: When was the last time that a sovereign attended a peacetime cabinet meeting? 
Answer: 1781
Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[c] and named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier, and Mary after her paternal grandmother. Called "Lilibet" by her close family, based on what she called herself at first, she was cherished by her grandfather George V, and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.

Question: During whose reign was Elizabeth born?
Answer: King George V

Question: What was Elizabeth's fathers title at the time of her birth?
Answer: Prince Albert, Duke of York

Question: What title and name did Elizabeth's father take upon becoming king?
Answer: King George VI

Question: Which Bishop of York baptized Elizabeth? 
Answer: Cosmo Gordon Lang

Question: What was Elizabeth's nickname when she was young?
Answer: Lilibet
Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation, but they are distinguished, with sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual, and orientation referring to "fantasies, attachments and longings." Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors. People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity are sometimes referred to as 'closeted'. The term may, however, reflect a certain cultural context and particular stage of transition in societies which are gradually dealing with integrating sexual minorities. In studies related to sexual orientation, when dealing with the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behaviors and identity match, scientists usually use the terms concordance or discordance. Thus, a woman who is attracted to other women, but calls herself heterosexual and only has sexual relations with men, can be said to experience discordance between her sexual orientation (homosexual or lesbian) and her sexual identity and behaviors (heterosexual).

Question: What is sexual identity defined as?
Answer: individual's conception of themselves

Question: What is sexual behavior defined as?
Answer: actual sexual acts performed by the individual

Question: What does the term closeted mean?
Answer: People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity

Question: What are the terms related to the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behavior and identity match?
Answer: concordance or discordance

Question: What is sexual orientation defined as?
Answer: fantasies, attachments and longings

Question: What are the differences in sexual identity and sexual behaviour? 
Answer: sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual

Question: Does a person have to show their sexual oreintation in their personal acts?
Answer: Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors.

Question: What is a term that can be used for someone who does not show their homosexuality openly? 
Answer: closeted

Question: What word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity do not match?
Answer: discordance

Question: Which word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity match?
Answer: concordance
Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons, including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism. While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses, others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages. Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children can present challenges that are not faced by gay and lesbian people who are not married to people of the opposite sex or do not have children.

Question: What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?
Answer: desire for a perceived traditional family

Question: What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?
Answer: concerns of discrimination

Question: What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?
Answer: religious ostracism

Question: What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?
Answer: develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages

Question: What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?
Answer: hide their respective orientations from their spouses

Question: What are some things that can cause a homosexual person to be with the opposite sex?
Answer: desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism

Question: Can a homosexual person still grow their sexual identiries while with the opposit sex? 
Answer: others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages

Question: What kind of hardships can a homosexual face when admitting their ssexuality while in a heterosexual marriage?
Answer: Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children

Question: Can a homosexual person hide their true idenitys?
Answer: some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses
No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. These include the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.

Question: How does the mental health profession approach efforts to change sexual orientation?
Answer: have adopted policy statements

Question: What do these policy statements suggest? 
Answer: cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation

Question: What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?
Answer: American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association

Question: What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?
Answer: National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.

Question: Are their any mental health proffesionals that have programs to change sexual orientation?
Answer: No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation

Question: What policy statement has almost all proffesionals applied to their practices?
Answer: cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation.

Question: What are some professional associations that do not offer changing sexual orientation programs?
Answer: the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association,
From at least the late nineteenth century in Europe, there was speculation that the range of human sexual response looked more like a continuum than two or three discrete categories. Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales, A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual). A heterosexual individual may be A0, B5; a homosexual individual may be A5, B0; an asexual would be A0, B0; and someone with an intense attraction to both sexes would be A9, B9.

Question: Who was the sexologist that published a scheme in 1896?
Answer: Magnus Hirschfeld

Question: What did the published scheme attempt to do?
Answer: measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire

Question: How did the scheme measure desire?
Answer: on two independent 10-point scales

Question: What were the two scales defined as?
Answer: A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual)

Question: How many points were on each scale?
Answer: 10-point

Question: When did the questioning of human sexual responses begin?
Answer: From at least the late nineteenth century

Question: Who created the ten point scale on a persons sexuals desire?
Answer: Magnus Hirschfeld

Question: What year did Magnus Hirschfeld create the ten point scale on a persons sexual desire. 
Answer: 1896

Question: On Magnus's ten point scale what would a homosexual person be considered?
Answer: a homosexual individual may be A5, B0

Question: On the ten point scale what would an asexual person be considered as?
Answer: an asexual would be A0, B0
Another study on men and women's patterns of sexual arousal confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations. The study found that women's genitals become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual) and from videos showing non-human primates (bonobos) having sex. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli, their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).

Question: Do men and women's patterns of arousal differ?
Answer: men and women have different patterns of arousal

Question: Are the patterns related to orientation?
Answer: independent of their sexual orientations

Question: What types of stimuli were found to arouse women?
Answer: both human and nonhuman stimuli

Question: What stimuli did men show no arousal towards?
Answer: to non-human visual stimuli

Question: Men's arousal patterns were found to be with?
Answer: their specific sexual interest

Question: What did a study on men and womens sexual arousal show?
Answer: confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations

Question: Did women in the studys become aroused to heterosexual stimulation?
Answer: become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual

Question: Did men have any arousal from non human videos containing sex?
Answer: x. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli,

Question: Did mens arousal relate to the sexual interests?
Answer: , their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).
Some research suggests that "[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span..." "There... [was, as of 1995,] essentially no research on the longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span... It [was]... still an unanswered question whether... [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time'] will predict future behavior or orientation. Certainly, it is... not a good predictor of past behavior and self-identity, given the developmental process common to most gay men and lesbians (i.e., denial of homosexual interests and heterosexual experimentation prior to the coming-out process)." Some studies report that "[a number of] lesbian women, and some heterosexual women as well, perceive choice as an important element in their sexual orientations."

Question: Can a persons sexual interest change over different times in their life?
Answer: Some research suggests that "[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span

Question: Until 1995 what had no studies done concerning sexual orientation?
Answer: longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span.

Question: What can possibly predict the future orientation a persons sexual idenity?
Answer: . [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time']

Question: What do some lesbian woman see as important part of the sexual orientation?
Answer: choice
Using androphilia and gynephilia can avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people. Psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal explains that androphilia, along with gynephilia, "is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexual orientation of trans men and trans women. For instance, it is difficult to decide whether a trans man erotically attracted to males is a heterosexual female or a homosexual male; or a trans woman erotically attracted to females is a heterosexual male or a lesbian female. Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject." Sexologist Milton Diamond writes, "The terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people. This usage is particularly advantageous when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals. These newer terms also do not carry the social weight of the former ones."

Question: What do the terms andophilia and gynephilia help prevent?
Answer: confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people

Question: Why does psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal say androphilia and gynephilia are needed terms?
Answer: the affected s

Question: What can attempting to label members of the LGBT community cause?
Answer: confusion

Question: What does MIlton Diamond say about the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual?
Answer: are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people.

Question: What advantages do the terms androphilia and gynephilia have?
Answer: when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals
In the mid-1990s, Dell expanded beyond desktop computers and laptops by selling servers, starting with low-end servers. The major three providers of servers at the time were IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq, many of which were based on proprietary technology, such as IBM's Power4 microprocessors or various proprietary versions of the Unix operating system. Dell's new PowerEdge servers did not require a major investment in proprietary technologies, as they ran Microsoft Windows NT on Intel chips, and could be built cheaper than its competitors. Consequently, Dell's enterprise revenues, almost nonexistent in 1994, accounted for 13 percent of the company's total intake by 1998. Three years later, Dell passed Compaq as the top provider of Intel-based servers, with 31 percent of the market. Dell's first acquisition occurred in 1999 with the purchase of ConvergeNet Technologies for $332 million, after Dell had failed to develop an enterprise storage system in-house; ConvergeNet's elegant but complex technology did not fit in with Dell's commodity-producer business model, forcing Dell to write down the entire value of the acquisition.

Question: What decade did Dell begin to sell things other than PCs?
Answer: 1990s

Question: IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq were the major providers of what?
Answer: servers

Question: What servers did Dell create that they tried to break into the market with?
Answer: PowerEdge

Question: What year did Dell's enterprise revenue make up a large chunk of its profit?
Answer: 1998

Question: Which company did Dell exceed as a server provider?
Answer: Compaq
In the early 1990s, Dell sold its products through Best Buy, Costco and Sam's Club stores in the United States. Dell stopped this practice in 1994, citing low profit-margins on the business, exclusively distributing through a direct-sales model for the next decade. In 2003, Dell briefly sold products in Sears stores in the U.S. In 2007, Dell started shipping its products to major retailers in the U.S. once again, starting with Sam's Club and Wal-Mart. Staples, the largest office-supply retailer in the U.S., and Best Buy, the largest electronics retailer in the U.S., became Dell retail partners later that same year.

Question: What decade did Dell sell electronics through big box stores?
Answer: 1990s

Question: what year did Dell stop selling products through physical retailers?
Answer: 1994

Question: What store did Dell sell electronics at in 2003?
Answer: Sears

Question: What year did Dell begin selling products at retailers again?
Answer: 2007

Question: Who is the largest electronics retailer in the US? 
Answer: Best Buy
Dell committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from its global activities by 40% by 2015, with 2008 fiscal year as the baseline year. It is listed in Greenpeace’s Guide to Greener Electronics that scores leading electronics manufacturers according to their policies on sustainability, climate and energy and how green their products are. In November 2011, Dell ranked 2nd out of 15 listed electronics makers (increasing its score to 5.1 from 4.9, which it gained in the previous ranking from October 2010).

Question: What emissions did Dell strive to reduce?
Answer: greenhouse gas

Question: By 2015, how much did Dell slate to reduce its emissions?
Answer: 40%

Question: What year did Dell rank 2nd for product greenness?
Answer: 2011

Question: What organization scores electronics manufacturers based on how environmentally friendly their products are? 
Answer: Greenpeace