meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February, featuring the Daytona 500, and ends all three Series in November at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July. The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races. The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg and Grand Prix of Miami have held IndyCar races as well.

Question: What is headquartered in Daytona 
Answer: NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February

Question: Name another race in florida 
Answer: Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July

Question: What is the 24 hours of Daytona 
Answer: The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races

Question: What does St Pete feature for a race 
Answer: The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg
By 1976, Queen were back in the studio recording A Day at the Races, which is often regarded as a sequel album to A Night at the Opera. It again borrowed the name of a Marx Brothers movie, and its cover was similar to that of A Night at the Opera, a variation on the same Queen Crest. The most recognisable of the Marx Brothers, Groucho Marx, invited Queen to visit him in his Los Angeles home in March 1977; there the band thanked him in person, and performed "'39" a cappella. Musically, A Day at the Races was by both fans' and critics' standards a strong effort, reaching number one in the UK and Japan, and number five in the US. The major hit on the album was "Somebody to Love", a gospel-inspired song in which Mercury, May, and Taylor multi-tracked their voices to create a 100-voice gospel choir. The song went to number two in the UK, and number thirteen in the US. The album also featured one of the band's heaviest songs, May's "Tie Your Mother Down", which became a staple of their live shows.

Question: What Queen album was released in 1976?
Answer: A Day at the Races

Question: What was the major hit from Queen's 1976 album?
Answer: Somebody to Love

Question: Which heavy Queen song is a favorite at live shows?
Answer: Tie Your Mother Down

Question: Which comedian invited Queen to visit him in 1977? 
Answer: Groucho Marx

Question: Which Queen members layered their voices on Somebody to Love?
Answer: Mercury, May, and Taylor
During 1976, Queen played one of their most famous gigs, a free concert in Hyde Park, London. A concert organised by the entrepreneur Richard Branson, it set an attendance record with 150,000 people confirmed in the audience. On 1 December 1976, Queen were the intended guests on London's early evening Today programme, but they pulled out at the last-minute, which saw their late replacement on the show, EMI labelmate the Sex Pistols, give their seminal interview. During the A Day at the Races Tour in 1977, Queen performed sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden, New York, in February, and Earls Court, London, in June.

Question: Where did Queen host a free concert in 1976? 
Answer: Hyde Park, London

Question: Who organized a free concert by Queen in 1976?
Answer: Richard Branson

Question: How many people helped Queen set a 1976 attendance record?
Answer: 150,000

Question: Which US venue did Queen sell out in 1977? 
Answer: Madison Square Garden

Question: Which British venue did Queen sell out in 1977?
Answer: Earls Court
In 1982, the band released the album Hot Space, a departure from their trademark seventies sound, this time being a mixture of rock, pop rock, dance, funk, and R&B. Most of the album was recorded in Munich during the most turbulent period in the band's history, and Taylor and May lamented the new sound, with both being very critical of the influence Mercury's personal manager Paul Prenter had on the singer. May was also scathing of Prenter, who was Mercury's manager from the early 1980s to 1984, for being dismissive of the importance of radio stations, such as the US networks, and their vital connection between the artist and the community, and for denying them access to Mercury. The band stopped touring North America after their Hot Space Tour, as their success there had waned, although they would perform on American television for the only time during the eighth season premiere of Saturday Night Live. Queen left Elektra Records, their label in the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, and signed onto EMI/Capitol Records.

Question: What album did Queen release in 1982? 
Answer: Hot Space

Question: Where did Queen record their 1982 album? 
Answer: Munich

Question: What was the name of Freddie Mercury's personal manager?
Answer: Paul Prenter

Question: Queen left what label before signing with EMI?
Answer: Elektra Records

Question: On which season of Saturday Night Live did Queen perform?
Answer: the eighth season
On 20 April 1992, The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert was held at London's Wembley Stadium to a 72,000-strong crowd. Performers, including Def Leppard, Robert Plant, Guns N' Roses, Elton John, David Bowie, George Michael, Annie Lennox, Seal, Extreme, and Metallica performed various Queen songs along with the three remaining Queen members (and Spike Edney.) The concert is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as "The largest rock star benefit concert", as it was televised to over 1.2 billion viewers worldwide, and raised over £20,000,000 for AIDS charities.

Question: When was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held?
Answer: 20 April 1992

Question: Where was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held?
Answer: London's Wembley Stadium

Question: How many people attended the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert?
Answer: 72,000

Question: Which band was he largest benefit concert in history about?
Answer: Queen

Question: How many viewers did the largest rock star benefit concert attract?
Answer: 1.2 billion viewers worldwide
Several films have featured their songs performed by other artists. A version of "Somebody to Love" by Anne Hathaway was in the 2004 film Ella Enchanted. In 2006, Brittany Murphy also recorded a cover of the same song for the 2006 film Happy Feet. In 2001, a version of "The Show Must Go On" was performed by Jim Broadbent and Nicole Kidman in the film musical Moulin Rouge!. The 2001 film A Knight's Tale has a version of "We Are the Champions" performed by Robbie Williams and Queen; the film also features "We Will Rock You" played by the medieval audience.

Question: ho sang a version of Queen's Somebody to Love in 2004's Ella Enchanted?
Answer: Anne Hathaway

Question: Which actress recorded a Queen song for 2006's Happy Feet?
Answer: Brittany Murphy

Question: Which movie featured a cover of Queen's The Show Must Go On?
Answer: Moulin Rouge!

Question: Which film had Robbie Williams performing a cover of Queen's We Are the Champions?
Answer: A Knight's Tale
Above the sessions exist presbyteries, which have area responsibilities. These are composed of teaching elders and ruling elders from each of the constituent congregations. The presbytery sends representatives to a broader regional or national assembly, generally known as the General Assembly, although an intermediate level of a synod sometimes exists. This congregation / presbytery / synod / general assembly schema is based on the historical structure of the larger Presbyterian churches, such as the Church of Scotland or the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.); some bodies, such as the Presbyterian Church in America and the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, skip one of the steps between congregation and General Assembly, and usually the step skipped is the Synod. The Church of Scotland has now abolished the Synod.[citation needed]

Question: Which group from the Presbyterian church in rank is above sessions?
Answer: presbyteries

Question: What responsibilities so Presbyterians have?
Answer: area responsibilities

Question: What are the area of responsibilities made up of?
Answer: teaching elders and ruling elders

Question: In the American and Ireland Presbyterian church, which step is generally skipped?
Answer: Synod

Question: Which step was recently abolished by Scotland?
Answer: Synod
Over subsequent centuries, many Presbyterian churches modified these prescriptions by introducing hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments into worship. However, there is not one fixed "Presbyterian" worship style. Although there are set services for the "Lord's Day", one can find a service to be evangelical and even revivalist in tone (especially in some conservative denominations), or strongly liturgical, approximating the practices of Lutheranism or Anglicanism (especially where Scottish tradition is esteemed),[clarification needed] or semi-formal, allowing for a balance of hymns, preaching, and congregational participation (favored by probably most American Presbyterians). Most Presbyterian churches follow the traditional liturgical year and observe the traditional holidays, holy seasons, such as Advent, Christmas, Ash Wednesday, Holy Week, Easter, Pentecost, etc. They also make use of the appropriate seasonal liturgical colors, etc. Many, incorporate ancient liturgical prayers and responses into the communion services and follow a daily, seasonal, and festival lectionary. Other Presbyterians, however, such as the Reformed Presbyterians, would practice a cappella exclusive psalmody, as well as eschew the celebration of holy days.

Question: What did many Presbyterian churches introduce as a result of modifying prescriptions? 
Answer: hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments

Question: What is favored by most American Presbyterian churches that is semi-formal service for the "lords Day"?
Answer: hymns, preaching, and congregational participation

Question: What do reformed Presbyterians practice?
Answer: cappella exclusive psalmody
John Knox (1505–1572), a Scot who had spent time studying under Calvin in Geneva, returned to Scotland and urged his countrymen to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines. After a period of religious convulsion and political conflict culminating in a victory for the Protestant party at the Siege of Leith the authority of the Church of Rome was abolished in favour of Reformation by the legislation of the Scottish Reformation Parliament in 1560. The Church was eventually organised by Andrew Melville along Presbyterian lines to become the national Church of Scotland. King James VI and I moved the Church of Scotland towards an episcopal form of government, and in 1637, James' successor, Charles I and William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, attempted to force the Church of Scotland to use the Book of Common Prayer. What resulted was an armed insurrection, with many Scots signing the Solemn League and Covenant. The Covenanters would serve as the government of Scotland for nearly a decade, and would also send military support to the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War. Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles II, despite the initial support that he received from the Covenanters, reinstated an episcopal form of government on the church.

Question: What year did John Knox past away?
Answer: 1572

Question: What did John Knox do when he returned to Scotland after studying under Calvin?
Answer: to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines

Question: The church of Scotland was organized by this person, whats his name?
Answer: Andrew Melville

Question: In what year was the Government of church reinstated? 
Answer: 1660
Presbyterianism is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland and the second largest on the island of Ireland (after the Anglican Church of Ireland),[citation needed] and was brought by Scottish plantation settlers to Ulster who had been strongly encouraged to emigrate by James VI of Scotland, later James I of England. An estimated 100,000 Scottish Presbyterians moved to the northern counties of Ireland between 1607 and the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.[citation needed] The Presbytery of Ulster was formed in 1642 separately from the established Anglican Church. Presbyterians, along with Roman Catholics in Ulster and the rest of Ireland, suffered under the discriminatory Penal Laws until they were revoked in the early 19th century. Presbyterianism is represented in Ireland by the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, the Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland, the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church.

Question: What is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland?
Answer: Presbyterianism

Question: What is the largest denomination of the entire Ireland Island?
Answer: Anglican Church of Ireland

Question: How many Scottie Presbyterians moved to the northern counties in Ireland?
Answer: 100,000

Question: When was he Presbytery of Ulster formed?
Answer: 1642
Since the Protestant Reformation, the most prominent Christian denomination in Thuringia has been Lutheranism. During the GDR period, church membership was discouraged and has continued shrinking since the reunification in 1990. Today over two thirds of the population is non-religious. The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany has had the largest number of members in the state, adhered to by 24.0% of the population in 2009. Members of the Catholic Church formed 7.8% of the population, while 68.2% of Thuringians were non-religious or adhere to other faiths. The highest Protestant concentrations are in the small villages of southern and western Thuringia, whereas the bigger cities are even more non-religious (up to 88% in Gera). Catholic regions are the Eichsfeld in the northwest and parts of the Rhön Mountains around Geisa in the southwest. Protestant church membership is shrinking rapidly, whereas the Catholic Church is somewhat more stable because of Catholic migration from Poland, Southern Europe and West Germany. Other religions play no significant role in Thuringia. There are only a few thousand Muslims (largely migrants) and about 750 Jews (mostly migrants from Russia) living in Thuringia. Furthermore, there are some Orthodox communities of Eastern European migrants and some traditional Protestant Free churches in Thuringia without any societal influence.

Question: What is the most common Christian denomination in Thuringia? 
Answer: Lutheranism

Question: How much of the Thuringia population is non-religious?
Answer: Today over two thirds of the population

Question: Which church in the state has the largest amount of members?
Answer: The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany

Question: How much of the Thuringia population are Catholic?
Answer: 7.8% of the population

Question: How many Jews live in Thuringia?
Answer: 750 Jews
The Thuringian Realm existed until 531 and later, the Landgraviate of Thuringia was the largest state in the region, persisting between 1131 and 1247. Afterwards there was no state named Thuringia, nevertheless the term commonly described the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Weiße Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west. After the Treaty of Leipzig, Thuringia had its own dynasty again, the Ernestine Wettins. Their various lands formed the Free State of Thuringia, founded in 1920, together with some other small principalities. The Prussian territories around Erfurt, Mühlhausen and Nordhausen joined Thuringia in 1945.

Question: How long did the Thuringian realm exist?
Answer: until 531 and later

Question: Which state was the largest in the region?
Answer: the Landgraviate of Thuringia

Question: Where is Thuringia located?
Answer: the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Weiße Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west.

Question: Which dynasty formed after the Treaty of Leipzig? 
Answer: the Ernestine Wettins

Question: Which Prussian territories joined Thuringia in 1945?
Answer: Prussian territories around Erfurt, Mühlhausen and Nordhausen
Thuringia became a landgraviate in 1130 AD. After the extinction of the reigning Ludowingian line of counts and landgraves in 1247 and the War of the Thuringian Succession (1247–1264), the western half became independent under the name of "Hesse", never to become a part of Thuringia again. Most of the remaining Thuringia came under the rule of the Wettin dynasty of the nearby Margraviate of Meissen, the nucleus of the later Electorate and Kingdom of Saxony. With the division of the house of Wettin in 1485, Thuringia went to the senior Ernestine branch of the family, which subsequently subdivided the area into a number of smaller states, according to the Saxon tradition of dividing inheritance amongst male heirs. These were the "Saxon duchies", consisting, among others, of the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha; Thuringia became merely a geographical concept.

Question: When did Thuringia become a landgraviate? 
Answer: in 1130 AD

Question: Which years were the War of the Thuringian Succession fought?
Answer: 1247–1264

Question: When did the western half of the state become Hesse?
Answer: 1247

Question: Where was the Wettin dynasty from?
Answer: Margraviate of Meissen

Question: Who did the Saxon Duchies consist of?
Answer: the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha
Thuringia generally accepted the Protestant Reformation, and Roman Catholicism was suppressed as early as 1520[citation needed]; priests who remained loyal to it were driven away and churches and monasteries were largely destroyed, especially during the German Peasants' War of 1525. In Mühlhausen and elsewhere, the Anabaptists found many adherents. Thomas Müntzer, a leader of some non-peaceful groups of this sect, was active in this city. Within the borders of modern Thuringia the Roman Catholic faith only survived in the Eichsfeld district, which was ruled by the Archbishop of Mainz, and to a small degree in Erfurt and its immediate vicinity.

Question: When did Roman Catholicism become suppressed?
Answer: as early as 1520

Question: What happened to loyal Roman Catholicism priests?
Answer: were driven away

Question: When were most churches and monasteries destroyed?
Answer: during the German Peasants' War of 1525

Question: Who was Thomas Muntzer?
Answer: a leader of some non-peaceful groups

Question: Which Thuringian district did the Roman Catholic faith survive in?
Answer: the Eichsfeld district
Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously.

Question: When was the German Mediatisation?
Answer: 1795 to 1814

Question: When were the mediatisation changes confirmed?
Answer: The 1815 Congress of Vienna

Question: Which kingdom acquired some Thuringian territory?
Answer: the Kingdom of Prussia

Question: Who led the unification of Germany in 1871?
Answer: Prussian-led

Question: Which city became the capital of Thuringia after World War 1? 
Answer: Weimar
The landscapes of Thuringia are quite diverse. The far north is occupied by the Harz mountains, followed by the Goldene Aue, a fertile floodplain around Nordhausen with the Helme as most important river. The north-west includes the Eichsfeld, a hilly and sometimes forested region, where the Leine river emanates. The central and northern part of Thuringia is defined by the 3000 km² wide Thuringian Basin, a very fertile and flat area around the Unstrut river and completely surrounded by the following hill chains (clockwise from the north-west): Dün, Hainleite, Windleite, Kyffhäuser, Hohe Schrecke, Schmücke, Finne, Ettersberg, Steigerwald, Thuringian Forest, Hörselberge and Hainich. Within the Basin the smaller hill chains Fahner Höhe and Heilinger Höhen. South of the Thuringian Basin is the Land's largest mountain range, marked by the Thuringian Forest in the north-west, the Thuringian Highland in the middle and the Franconian Forest in the south-east. Most of this range is forested and the Großer Beerberg (983 m) is Thuringia's highest mountain. To the south-west, the Forest is followed up by Werra river valley, dividing it from the Rhön Mountains in the west and the Grabfeld plain in the south. Eastern Thuringia, commonly described as the area east of Saale and Loquitz valley, is marked by a hilly landscape, rising slowly from the flat north to the mountainous south. The Saale in the west and the Weiße Elster in the east are the two big rivers running from south to north and forming densely settled valleys in this area. Between them lies the flat and forested Holzland in the north, the flat and fertile Orlasenke in the middle and the Vogtland, a hilly but in most parts non-forested region in the south. The far eastern region (east of Weiße Elster) is the Osterland or Altenburger Land along Pleiße river, a flat, fertile and densely settled agricultural area.

Question: Where are the Harz mountains located?
Answer: The far north

Question: What is the landscape of Eichsfeld? 
Answer: hilly and sometimes forested

Question: What is Thuringia's highest mountain?
Answer: Großer Beerberg

Question: Where is Orlasenke located?
Answer: in the middle

Question: How many big rivers flow through Thuringia? 
Answer: The Saale in the west and the Weiße Elster in the east
The most important river in Thuringia is the Saale (a tributary of the Elbe) with its tributaries Unstrut, Ilm and Weiße Elster, draining the most parts of Thuringia and the Werra (the headwater of the Weser), draining the south-west and west of the Land. Furthermore, some small parts on the southern border are drained by tributaries of the Main (a tributary of the Rhine). There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia, but it does have some of Germany's biggest dams including the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam at Saale river same as the Leibis-Lichte Dam and the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station within the Highland. Thuringia is Germany's only state without connection to navigable waterways.

Question: Which river in Thuringia is the most important?
Answer: the Saale

Question: Are there any large lakes in Thuringia?
Answer: There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia

Question: What are some of the large dams located in Thuringia?
Answer: the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam

Question: Which tributary is located on the southern border? 
Answer: the Main (a tributary of the Rhine)
Due to many centuries of intensive settlement, most of the area is shaped by human influence. The original natural vegetation of Thuringia is forest with beech as its predominant species, as can still be found in the Hainich mountains today. In the uplands, a mixture of beech and spruce would be natural. However, most of the plains have been cleared and are in intensive agricultural use while most of the forests are planted with spruce and pine. Since 1990, Thuringia's forests have been managed aiming for a more natural and tough vegetation more resilient to climate change as well as diseases and vermin. In comparison to the forest, agriculture is still quite conventional and dominated by large structures and monocultures. Problems here are caused especially by increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months.

Question: Why is Thurnigia's landscape shaped by human influence?
Answer: Due to many centuries of intensive settlement

Question: What type of nature is common in the highlands of Thuringia? 
Answer: a mixture of beech and spruce

Question: What is the original natural vegetation of Thuringia?
Answer: forest with beech as its predominant species

Question: Where do most landscape problems come from?
Answer: increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months

Question: What has been the aim for the Thuringian forests since 1990?
Answer: more natural and tough vegetation
Migration plays an important role in Thuringia. The internal migration shows a strong tendency from rural areas towards the big cities. From 2008 to 2012, there was a net migration from Thuringia to Erfurt of +6,700 persons (33 per 1000 inhabitants), +1,800 to Gera (19 per 1000), +1,400 to Jena (14 per 1000), +1,400 to Eisenach (33 per 1000) and +1,300 to Weimar (21 per 1000). Between Thuringia and the other German states, the balance is negative: In 2012, Thuringia lost 6,500 persons to other federal states, the most to Bavaria, Saxony, Hesse and Berlin. Only with Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg the balance is positive. The international migration is fluctuating heavily. In 2009, the balance was +700, in 2010 +1,800, in 2011 +2,700 and in 2012 +4,800. The most important countries of origin of the Thuringia migrants from 2008 to 2012 were Poland (+1,700), Romania (+1,200), Afghanistan (+1,100) and Serbia/Montenegro/Kosovo (+1,000), whereas the balance was negative with Switzerland (−2,800) and Austria (−900).

Question: How many people migrated to Thuringia between 2008 and 2012?
Answer: +6,700 persons

Question: How many migrants went to Eisenach? 
Answer: +1,400

Question: Is the migration to Thuringia steady or fluctuating? 
Answer: The international migration is fluctuating heavily
Of the approximately 850 municipalities of Thuringia, 126 are classed as towns (within a district) or cities (forming their own urban district). Most of the towns are small with a population of less than 10,000; only the ten biggest ones have a population greater than 30,000. The first towns emerged during the 12th century, whereas the latest ones received town status only in the 20th century. Today, all municipalities within districts are equal in law, whether they are towns or villages. Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.

Question: How many municipalities are in Thuringia? 
Answer: 850

Question: How many municipalities in Thuringia are classified as towns?
Answer: 126

Question: How many towns have populations greater than 30,000?
Answer: ten

Question: What was the latest a town was established in Thuringia?
Answer: the 20th century

Question: Which regions of Thuringia have the most political power?
Answer: Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.
The GDP of Thuringia is below the national average, in line with the other former East German Lands. Until 2004, Thuringia was one of the weakest regions within the European Union. The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth in Germany since 2005 has brought the Thuringian GDP close to the EU average since then. The high economic subsidies granted by the federal government and the EU after 1990 are being reduced gradually and will end around 2020.

Question: Where is the GDP of Thuringia?
Answer: below the national average

Question: For how long was Thuringia one of the weakest regions in the EU?
Answer: Until 2004

Question: What has helped to improve Thuringia? 
Answer: The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth

Question: When will government subsidies to Thuringia end?
Answer: around 2020
The unemployment rate reached its peak of 20% in 2005. Since then, it has decreased to 7% in 2013, which is only slightly above the national average. The decrease is caused on the one hand by the emergence of new jobs and on the other by a marked decrease in the working-age population, caused by emigration and low birth rates for decades. The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria. Therefore, many Thuringians are working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters. Nevertheless, the demographic transition in Thuringia leads to a lack of workers in some sectors. External immigration into Thuringia has been encouraged by the government since about 2010 to counter this problem.

Question: When did the unemployment rate of Thuringia peak?
Answer: 20% in 2005

Question: What is the current state of unemployment in Thuringia? 
Answer: it has decreased to 7%

Question: How do wages in Thuringia compare to their neighbors?
Answer: The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria.

Question: What do many Thuringian workers do to earn better wages?
Answer: working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters

Question: What has lead to a lack of workers in some sectors?
Answer: demographic transition
During the 1930s, the first two motorways were built across the Land, the A4 motorway as an important east-west connection in central Germany and the main link between Berlin and south-west Germany, and the A9 motorway as the main north-south route in eastern Germany, connecting Berlin with Munich. The A4 runs from Frankfurt in Hesse via Eisenach, Gotha, Erfurt, Weimar, Jena and Gera to Dresden in Saxony, connecting Thuringia's most important cities. At Hermsdorf junction it is connected with the A9. Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990, including some extensive re-routing in the Eisenach and Jena areas. Furthermore, three new motorways were built during the 1990s and 2000s. The A71 crosses the Land in southwest-northeast direction, connecting Würzburg in Bavaria via Meiningen, Suhl, Ilmenau, Arnstadt, Erfurt and Sömmerda with Sangerhausen and Halle in Saxony-Anhalt. The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71 has been one of Germany's most expensive motorway segments with various tunnels (including Germany's longest road tunnel, the Rennsteig Tunnel) and large bridges. The A73 starts at the A71 south of Erfurt in Suhl and runs south towards Nuremberg in Bavaria. The A38 is another west-east connection in the north of Thuringia running from Göttingen in Lower Saxony via Heiligenstadt and Nordhausen to Leipzig in Saxony. Furthermore, there is a dense network of federal highways complementing the motorway network. The upgrading of federal highways is prioritised in the federal trunk road programme 2015 (Bundesverkehrswegeplan 2015). Envisaged projects include upgrades of the B247 from Gotha to Leinefelde to improve Mühlhausen's connection to the national road network, the B19 from Eisenach to Meiningen to improve access to Bad Salzungen and Schmalkalden, and the B88 and B281 for strengthening the Saalfeld/Rudolstadt region.

Question: When were the first motorways built in Thuringia?
Answer: During the 1930s

Question: When were the two motorways expanded?
Answer: Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990

Question: When were three additional roads built?
Answer: during the 1990s and 2000s

Question: Which motorway is Thuringia's most expensive?
Answer: The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71

Question:   What is the top priority of the federal trunk road programme 2015?
Answer: The upgrading of federal highways
Early-years education is quite common in Thuringia. Since the 1950s, nearly all children have been using the service, whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany. Its inventor Friedrich Fröbel lived in Thuringia and founded the world's first Kindergartens there in the 19th century. The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon. At the age of ten, pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the Gymnasium or the Regelschule. The former leads to the Abitur exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education, while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years, comparable to the Hauptschule and Realschule found elsewhere in Germany.

Question: How long is Thuringian primary school?
Answer: four years

Question: For how long have Thuringian children been using the current education system?
Answer: Since the 1950s

Question: When do children graduate from primary school in Thuringia?
Answer: At the age of ten

Question: Who invented the early years education in Thuringia? 
Answer: Friedrich Fröbel

Question: How many years of school do students attend after primary?
Answer: eight years
Thuringia's leading research centre is Jena, followed by Ilmenau. Both focus on technology, in particular life sciences and optics at Jena and information technology at Ilmenau. Erfurt is a centre of Germany's horticultural research, whereas Weimar and Gotha with their various archives and libraries are centres of historic and cultural research. Most of the research in Thuringia is publicly funded basic research due to the lack of large companies able to invest significant amounts in applied research, with the notable exception of the optics sector at Jena.

Question: What is the focus of Thuringia's research center, Jena?
Answer: life sciences and optics

Question: Which universities are known for their historic and cultural aspects?
Answer: Weimar and Gotha

Question: How is most research in Thuringia funded?
Answer: publicly funded

Question:   What is one company that is able to get investments from large companies?
Answer: the optics sector at Jena.
The first railways in Thuringia had been built in the 1840s and the network of main lines was finished around 1880. By 1920, many branch lines had been built, giving Thuringia one of the densest rail networks in the world before World War II with about 2,500 km of track. Between 1950 and 2000 most of the branch lines were abandoned, reducing Thuringia's network by half compared to 1940. On the other hand, most of the main lines were refurbished after 1990, resulting in improved speed of travel. The most important railway lines at present are the Thuringian Railway, connecting Halle and Leipzig via Weimar, Erfurt, Gotha and Eisenach with Frankfurt and Kassel and the Saal Railway from Halle/Leipzig via Jena and Saalfeld to Nuremberg. The former has an hourly ICE/IC service from Dresden to Frankfurt while the latter is served hourly by ICE trains from Berlin to Munich. In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened, diverting long-distance services from these mid-19th century lines. Both ICE routes will then use the Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway, and the Berlin-Munich route will continue via the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway. Only the segment west of Erfurt of the Frankfurt-Dresden line will continue to be used by ICE trains after 2017, with an increased line speed of 200 km/h (currently 160 km/h). Erfurt's central station, which was completely rebuilt for this purpose in the 2000s (decade), will be the new connection between both ICE lines. The most important regional railway lines in Thuringia are the Neudietendorf–Ritschenhausen railway from Erfurt to Würzburg and Meiningen, the Weimar–Gera railway from Erfurt to Chemnitz, the Sangerhausen–Erfurt railway from Erfurt to Magdeburg, the Gotha–Leinefelde railway from Erfurt to Göttingen, the Halle–Kassel railway from Halle via Nordhausen to Kassel and the Leipzig–Hof railway from Leipzig via Altenburg to Zwickau and Hof. Most regional and local lines have hourly service, but some run only every other hour.

Question: When was Thuringia's first railway built?
Answer: the 1840s

Question: When were most of the branch lines of the railway abandoned? 
Answer: Between 1950 and 2000

Question: When will the new high speed train be open? 
Answer: In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened,
In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of the prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption. Thus predation is often, though not always, carnivory. Other categories of consumption are herbivory (eating parts of plants), fungivory (eating parts of fungi), and detritivory (the consumption of dead organic material (detritus)). All these consumption categories fall under the rubric of consumer-resource systems. It can often be difficult to separate various types of feeding behaviors. For example, some parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on it while it continues to live in or on its decaying corpse after it has died. The key characteristic of predation however is the predator's direct impact on the prey population. On the other hand, detritivores simply eat dead organic material arising from the decay of dead individuals and have no direct impact on the "donor" organism(s).

Question: What must a species do in order to be classified as a predator?
Answer: direct impact on the prey population

Question: How would you describe a predator that primarily eats plants?
Answer: herbivory

Question: A predator must do what to the prey after it is killed? 
Answer: absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption

Question: A species that uses a host body to survive and reproduce is classified as a what?
Answer: parasitic species

Question: How would you describe a diet of a species that eats primarily dead organic material? 
Answer: detritivory

Question: What does an herbivore eat?
Answer: plants

Question: Do detritivores have a direct impact on "donor" organisms?
Answer: no

Question: What term is given to an organism that is being hunted?
Answer: prey

Question: What term is given to the biological interaction where a predator feeds upon prey?
Answer: predation

Question: What is the key characteristic of predation?
Answer: the predator's direct impact on the prey population

Question: What do detritivores eat?
Answer: dead organic material

Question: What is the key characteristic of predation?
Answer: predator's direct impact on the prey population
Classification of predators by the extent to which they feed on and interact with their prey is one way ecologists may wish to categorize the different types of predation. Instead of focusing on what they eat, this system classifies predators by the way in which they eat, and the general nature of the interaction between predator and prey species. Two factors are considered here: How close the predator and prey are (in the latter two cases the term prey may be replaced with host) and whether or not the prey are directly murdered by the predator is considered, with true predation and parasitoidism involving certain death.

Question: How many synergetic qualities are there in the predator-prey mechanism? 
Answer: Two factors

Question: Proximity and the ending of life is called? 
Answer: true predation

Question: If the prey is not killed the predator-prey interaction is called? 
Answer: parasitoidism

Question: Instead of what predators eat, how else can they be classified?
Answer: the way in which they eat

Question: Certain death is involved with true predation and what other classification?
Answer: parasitoidism

Question: The study in which ecologists examine the way predators interact with their prey is called what?
Answer: predation
A true predator can commonly be known as one that kills and eats another living thing. Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them. Predators may hunt actively for prey in pursuit predation, or sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance, as in ambush predators. Some predators kill large prey and dismember or chew it prior to eating it, such as a jaguar or a human; others may eat their (usually much smaller) prey whole, as does a bottlenose dolphin swallowing a fish, or a snake, duck or stork swallowing a frog. Some animals that kill both large and small prey for their size (domestic cats and dogs are prime examples) may do either depending upon the circumstances; either would devour a large insect whole but dismember a rabbit. Some predation entails venom that subdues a prey creature before the predator ingests the prey by killing, which the box jellyfish does, or disabling it, found in the behavior of the cone shell. In some cases, the venom, as in rattlesnakes and some spiders, contributes to the digestion of the prey item even before the predator begins eating. In other cases, the prey organism may die in the mouth or digestive system of the predator. Baleen whales, for example, eat millions of microscopic plankton at once, the prey being broken down well after entering the whale. Seed predation and egg predation are other forms of true predation, as seeds and eggs represent potential organisms. Predators of this classification need not eat prey entirely. For example, some predators cannot digest bones, while others can. Some may eat only part of an organism, as in grazing (see below), but still consistently cause its direct death.

Question: What do household animals prey upon? 
Answer: large and small prey

Question: Name an exemplar of an predator that uses digestion to kill and gain nutrients from it's prey.
Answer: Baleen whales

Question: To be classified as a predator, what action must be performed?
Answer: harm their prey in some way

Question: What requirement must a true predator fulfill?
Answer: kills and eats another living thing

Question: What is different about a true predator?
Answer: Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them

Question: All types of predators do what?
Answer: harm their prey in some way

Question: How do ambush predators hunt?
Answer: sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance

Question: What do box jellyfish use to hunt their pray?
Answer: venom
Grazing organisms may also kill their prey species, but this is seldom the case. While some herbivores like zooplankton live on unicellular phytoplankton and therefore, by the individualized nature of the organism, kill their prey, many only eat a small part of the plant. Grazing livestock may pull some grass out at the roots, but most is simply grazed upon, allowing the plant to regrow once again. Kelp is frequently grazed in subtidal kelp forests, but regrows at the base of the blade continuously to cope with browsing pressure. Animals may also be 'grazed' upon; female mosquitos land on hosts briefly to gain sufficient proteins for the development of their offspring. Starfish may be grazed on, being capable of regenerating lost arms.

Question: Animals that consume parts of their prey are considered to be
Answer: Grazing organisms

Question: Prey that can regrow leaves or arms have learned to deal with what?
Answer: browsing pressure

Question: Give an example of a predator that specializes in eating autotrophic species
Answer: zooplankton

Question: Give an example of an animal that feeds off of other animals for reproduction? 
Answer: mosquitos

Question: What is an organism that grazes upon other animals?
Answer: female mosquitos

Question: What is an organism that can regrow lost arms?
Answer: Starfish

Question: Do grazing organisms often kill their prey?
Answer: seldom

Question: How do grass and kelp deal with being grazed upon?
Answer: regrows at the base
Parasites can at times be difficult to distinguish from grazers. Their feeding behavior is similar in many ways, however they are noted for their close association with their host species. While a grazing species such as an elephant may travel many kilometers in a single day, grazing on many plants in the process, parasites form very close associations with their hosts, usually having only one or at most a few in their lifetime. This close living arrangement may be described by the term symbiosis, "living together", but unlike mutualism the association significantly reduces the fitness of the host. Parasitic organisms range from the macroscopic mistletoe, a parasitic plant, to microscopic internal parasites such as cholera. Some species however have more loose associations with their hosts. Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) larvae may feed parasitically on only a single plant, or they may graze on several nearby plants. It is therefore wise to treat this classification system as a continuum rather than four isolated forms.

Question: Species that rely on few or a single prey are called?
Answer: Parasites

Question: Predator and prey relationships that improve fitness for both species are classified as this type of relationship.
Answer: mutualism

Question: Give an example of an animal that will travel several miles in a single day.
Answer: elephant

Question: What plant associated with kissing during the holidays is also parasitic? 
Answer: mistletoe

Question: How are parasites distiguished from grazers?
Answer: close association with their host species

Question: How many hosts do parasites typically have?
Answer: one or at most a few in their lifetime

Question: How should parasite classification be viewed instead of as four isolated forms?
Answer: a continuum

Question: What does the term symbiosis mean?
Answer: living together
Parasitoids are organisms living in or on their host and feeding directly upon it, eventually leading to its death. They are much like parasites in their close symbiotic relationship with their host or hosts. Like the previous two classifications parasitoid predators do not kill their hosts instantly. However, unlike parasites, they are very similar to true predators in that the fate of their prey is quite inevitably death. A well-known example of a parasitoids are the ichneumon wasps, solitary insects living a free life as an adult, then laying eggs on or in another species such as a caterpillar. Its larva(e) feed on the growing host causing it little harm at first, but soon devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system resulting in prey death. By this stage the young wasp(s) are developed sufficiently to move to the next stage in their life cycle. Though limited mainly to the insect order Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera parasitoids make up as much as 10% of all insect species.

Question: This species relies on other species to provide a reproductive host for their offspring.
Answer: ichneumon wasps

Question: It is believed that parasitoids account for what percentage of the total insect population? 
Answer: 10%

Question: During a parasitoid-host interaction what will happen to the host?
Answer: death

Question: What is the term given to organisms living and feeding on their host?
Answer: Parasitoids

Question: How many organisms in the insect species are Diptera or Cleoptera parasitoids?
Answer: 10%

Question: Which type of wasp is a well-known example of a parasitoid?
Answer: ichneumon

Question: How do the larvae of the parasitoid wasps kill their prey?
Answer: devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system