meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes; such as gold, silver, copper iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides.

Question: Name a compond that can mobilize sold copper?
Answer: Chromobacterium violaceum

Question: What fungi can grow in copper metalliferous soils?
Answer: ericoid mycorrhizal fungi

Question: What fungus protects pine trees from copper toxicity? 
Answer: Suillus luteus

Question: What fungus grows from gold mining solution?
Answer: Aspergillus niger

Question: What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides?
Answer: fungus Aspergillus
Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use copper to create antimicrobial protective fabrics, as do ceramic glazes, stained glass and musical instruments. Electroplating commonly uses copper as a base for other metals such as nickel.

Question: What are copper compounds in liquid form used for?
Answer: wood preservative

Question: What does copper wires along with zinc on roofs help to prevent?
Answer: moss

Question: What function does copper serve when used in textile fibers?
Answer: antimicrobial protective fabrics

Question: How is copper used with nickel?
Answer: as a base

Question: What is used to treat structures for dry rot?
Answer: Copper compounds
These different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidity, contingency, negotiated and so on. Brubaker and Cooper note a tendency in many scholars to confuse identity as a category of practice and as a category of analysis (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 5). Indeed, many scholars demonstrate a tendency to follow their own preconceptions of identity, following more or less the frameworks listed above, rather than taking into account the mechanisms by which the concept is crystallised as reality. In this environment, some analysts, such as Brubaker and Cooper, have suggested doing away with the concept completely (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 1). Others, by contrast, have sought to introduce alternative concepts in an attempt to capture the dynamic and fluid qualities of human social self-expression. Hall (1992, 1996), for example, suggests treating identity as a process, to take into account the reality of diverse and ever-changing social experience. Some scholars have introduced the idea of identification, whereby identity is perceived as made up of different components that are 'identified' and interpreted by individuals. The construction of an individual sense of self is achieved by personal choices regarding who and what to associate with. Such approaches are liberating in their recognition of the role of the individual in social interaction and the construction of identity.

Question: Many scholars confuse identity as a category of practice and what other category?
Answer: category of analysis

Question: What do many scholars demonstrate a tendency towards?
Answer: their own preconceptions of identity

Question: The idea that identity is made of components that are identified by individuals is what idea? 
Answer: the idea of identification

Question: Some scholars try to introduce new concepts to capture the fluid qualities of what?
Answer: human social self-expression

Question: What is it impossible to do with identity?
Answer: define it empirically
The economy of Himachal Pradesh is currently the third-fastest growing economy in India.[citation needed] Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. This has made it one of the wealthiest places in the entire South Asia. Abundance of perennial rivers enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture.[citation needed]

Question: What is the third fastest growing economy in India?
Answer: Himachal Pradesh

Question: What is Himachal Pradesh ranked in the highest per capita of Indian States?
Answer: fourth

Question: What enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states?
Answer: Abundance of perennial rivers

Question: What three things is the economy of the state dependent on?
Answer: hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture

Question: What other Indian states does it sell hydroelectricity to?
Answer: Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan
There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka, all being cultivars of Vitis vinifera. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern Ontario.

Question: How many seedless grape sources are there for commercial cultivators? 
Answer: three

Question: How many varieties of seedless grapes are there? 
Answer: more than a dozen

Question: What species of grape are grown by Thompson Seedless? 
Answer: Vitis vinifera

Question: What type of climate are Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes specifically cultivated for? 
Answer: cold

Question: What species of grape are grown by Black Monukka?
Answer: Vitis vinifera
Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes whereas flavan-3-ols (i.e. catechins) are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties. Total phenolic content, a laboratory index of antioxidant strength, is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin. It is these anthocyanins that are attracting the efforts of scientists to define their properties for human health. Phenolic content of grape skin varies with cultivar, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.

Question: What are the most abundant polyphenolics in purple grapes?
Answer: Anthocyanins

Question: What is the laboratory index of antioxidant strength in grapes known as? 
Answer: Total phenolic content

Question: What content of a grapes skin can be affected by soil composition, climate, and cultivation practices? 
Answer: Phenolic content

Question: Why causes antioxidant strength to be higher in purple grapes?
Answer: anthocyanins

Question: What is the main phenolic in white grapes?
Answer: flavan-3-ols
The Catholic Church uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as transubstantiation. Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the tradition set by the early Christian Church. The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church (1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt. In some circumstances, a priest may obtain special permission to use grape juice for the consecration, however this is extremely rare and typically requires sufficient impetus to warrant such a dispensation, such as personal health of the priest.

Question: What church uses wine to celebrate the Eucharist?
Answer: The Catholic Church

Question: When was Jesus Christ known to have used wine in celebration? 
Answer: the Last Supper

Question: Where in the Code of Canon Law does it say that wine must be natural and not corrupt?
Answer: Canon 924

Question: What may a priest use in place of wine for consecration for health reasons?
Answer: grape juice

Question: What is the Catholic dogma known as that believes that consecrated bread and wine from the Last Supper literally became the body and blood of Jesus Christ?
Answer: transubstantiation
However, relatively few organisations maintain computer systems with effective detection systems, and fewer still have organised response mechanisms in place. As result, as Reuters points out: "Companies for the first time report they are losing more through electronic theft of data than physical stealing of assets". The primary obstacle to effective eradication of cyber crime could be traced to excessive reliance on firewalls and other automated "detection" systems. Yet it is basic evidence gathering by using packet capture appliances that puts criminals behind bars.

Question: How many organisations are estimated to maintain computer systems with effective detection systems?
Answer: relatively few

Question: What is the basic evidence gathered by that puts criminals behind bars?
Answer: packet capture appliances

Question: The primary obstacle to the eradication of cyber crime is the excessive reliance on what?
Answer: firewalls and other automated "detection" systems

Question: What is the source of the quote?
Answer: Reuters

Question: Electronic theft of data is causing more loss than what? 
Answer: physical stealing of assets
Within computer systems, two of many security models capable of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists (ACLs) and capability-based security. Using ACLs to confine programs has been proven to be insecure in many situations, such as if the host computer can be tricked into indirectly allowing restricted file access, an issue known as the confused deputy problem. It has also been shown that the promise of ACLs of giving access to an object to only one person can never be guaranteed in practice. Both of these problems are resolved by capabilities. This does not mean practical flaws exist in all ACL-based systems, but only that the designers of certain utilities must take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws.[citation needed]

Question: What does ACL stand for?
Answer: access control lists

Question: ACLs and capability based security are two security models capable of what?
Answer: enforcing privilege separation

Question: A host computer tricked into indirectly allowing access to restricted files is known as what?
Answer: the confused deputy problem

Question: What must designers of systems that are ACL based do?
Answer: take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws

Question: The confused deputy problem and the problem of not guaranteeing only one person has access are resolved by what?
Answer: capabilities
Modern Orthodoxy comprises a fairly broad spectrum of movements, each drawing on several distinct though related philosophies, which in some combination have provided the basis for all variations of the movement today. In general, Modern Orthodoxy holds that Jewish law is normative and binding, while simultaneously attaching a positive value to interaction with contemporary society. In this view, Orthodox Judaism can "be enriched" by its intersection with modernity; further, "modern society creates opportunities to be productive citizens engaged in the Divine work of transforming the world to benefit humanity". At the same time, in order to preserve the integrity of halakha, any area of "powerful inconsistency and conflict" between Torah and modern culture must be avoided. Modern Orthodoxy, additionally, assigns a central role to the "People of Israel".

Question: What is the name  of the movement that comporises a fairly broad spectrum of distinct but related philosophies? 
Answer: Modern Orthodoxy

Question: Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to?
Answer: People of Israel

Question: What integrity is orthodox judaism trying to preserve?
Answer: halakha

Question: What kind of work does orthodox Judiasm seek to transform the world with?
Answer: Divine work

Question: What is modern cutlture in conflict with?
Answer: Torah
All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized, making complex structures possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms, like plants and fungi, have cells held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth. Also, unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.

Question: What type of cells do all animals have?
Answer: eukaryotic

Question: What is the extracellular matrix surrounding eukaryotic cells made of?
Answer: collagen and elastic glycoproteins

Question: What is formed when the collagen and elastic glycoproteins surrounding eukaryotic cells are calcified? 
Answer: shells, bones, and spicules

Question: What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells?
Answer: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes

Question: How are cells held in place in plants and fungi?
Answer: cell walls
The process of making beer is known as brewing. A dedicated building for the making of beer is called a brewery, though beer can be made in the home and has been for much of its history. A company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a domestic scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made, though most homebrewed beer is made in the home. Brewing beer is subject to legislation and taxation in developed countries, which from the late 19th century largely restricted brewing to a commercial operation only. However, the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963, followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978, allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby.

Question: What is the process of making beer called?
Answer: brewing

Question: What is a building called that is used for making beer?
Answer: a brewery

Question: What is company that makes beer typically known as? 
Answer: a brewing company

Question: What is beer classified as when it is made for non-commerical consumption? 
Answer: homebrewing

Question: In what year was home brewing first allowed in the UK?
Answer: 1963
After boiling, the hopped wort is now cooled, ready for the yeast. In some breweries, the hopped wort may pass through a hopback, which is a small vat filled with hops, to add aromatic hop flavouring and to act as a filter; but usually the hopped wort is simply cooled for the fermenter, where the yeast is added. During fermentation, the wort becomes beer in a process which requires a week to months depending on the type of yeast and strength of the beer. In addition to producing ethanol, fine particulate matter suspended in the wort settles during fermentation. Once fermentation is complete, the yeast also settles, leaving the beer clear.

Question: In breweries, what do you call a small vat that is filled with hops?
Answer: a hopback

Question: In what phase of brewing does hopped wort become beer? 
Answer: fermentation

Question: What substance settles and make beer clear after it ferments? 
Answer: yeast

Question: How long does the fermentation process take in brewing beer? 
Answer: a week to months

Question: What substance is added to hopped wort once it cools after boiling? 
Answer: yeast
Around the world, there are many traditional and ancient starch-based drinks classed as beer. In Africa, there are various ethnic beers made from sorghum or millet, such as Oshikundu in Namibia and Tella in Ethiopia. Kyrgyzstan also has a beer made from millet; it is a low alcohol, somewhat porridge-like drink called "Bozo". Bhutan, Nepal, Tibet and Sikkim also use millet in Chhaang, a popular semi-fermented rice/millet drink in the eastern Himalayas. Further east in China are found Huangjiu and Choujiu—traditional rice-based beverages related to beer.

Question: What type of starch is used to make the beer Oshikundu?
Answer: sorghum or millet

Question: In what country is the beer Oshikundu produced?
Answer: Namibia

Question: In what country is the beer Tella produced? 
Answer: Ethiopia

Question: What is the name of the millet based porridge like beer made in Kyrgystan?
Answer: Bozo

Question: What is a beer-like beverage in China that is made with rice?
Answer: Choujiu
The biggest change in this year's census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro," no matter the fraction of that lineage (the "one-drop rule"). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless he was considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both White and American Indian ancestry was to be recorded as an Indian, unless his American Indian ancestry was small, and he was accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had White and some other racial ancestry, he was to be reported as that other race. Persons who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father.

Question: What word was dropped as a racial classification in this year's census?
Answer: Mulatto

Question: What were people that had black and white ancestor classified as in this census? 
Answer: Negro

Question: How were people with both black and American Indian ancestry recorded in this census? 
Answer: Neg

Question: What is it called when a mixed race person in recorded as negro in this census, even if only a fraction of their ancestry is black?
Answer: one-drop rule

Question: Which parent was the deciding factor for how interracial persons were recorded in this census? 
Answer: their father
Race was asked differently in the Census 2000 in several other ways than previously. Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate racial identities. Data show that nearly seven million Americans identified as members of two or more races. Because of these changes, the Census 2000 data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census or earlier censuses. Use of caution is therefore recommended when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the US population over time.

Question: In what year were census respondents first able to select more than one race? 
Answer: 2000

Question: How many American reported being of more than one race in the Census 2000?
Answer: nearly seven million

Question: How many race categories were respondents able to select in the Census 2000?
Answer: one or more

Question: What year was the last census before the Census 2000?
Answer: 1990
"Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act). Data on Ethnic Groups are also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the Public Health Act; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the Community Reinvestment Act)."

Question: What act has rules and regulations for bilingual election? 
Answer: the Voting Rights Act

Question: What act has rules and regulations for meeting the credit needs of minority populations?
Answer: the Community Reinvestment Act

Question: What act has laws about equal employment opportunities for ethnic groups?
Answer: the Civil Rights Act
In February 2007, the U.S. Mint, under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005, introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin. Based on the success of the "50 State Quarters" series, the new coin features a sequence of presidents in order of their inaugurations, starting with George Washington, on the obverse side. The reverse side features the Statue of Liberty. To allow for larger, more detailed portraits, the traditional inscriptions of "E Pluribus Unum", "In God We Trust", the year of minting or issuance, and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face. This feature, similar to the edge inscriptions seen on the British £1 coin, is not usually associated with U.S. coin designs. The inscription "Liberty" has been eliminated, with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement. In addition, due to the nature of U.S. coins, this will be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different denominations with the same president featured on the obverse (heads) side (Lincoln/penny, Jefferson/nickel, Franklin D. Roosevelt/dime, Washington/quarter, Kennedy/half dollar, and Eisenhower/dollar). Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with his portrait issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms.

Question: In which year was the new $1 US Presidential coin introduced?
Answer: 2007

Question: What does the reverse side of the new coins feature?
Answer: Statue of Liberty

Question: What is the official version of "In God We Trust" printed on the coins? 
Answer: E Pluribus Unum

Question: Which inscription was eliminated due to the Statue of Liberty being added to the coin?
Answer: "Liberty"

Question: Which President will have two coins with his portrait on it?
Answer: Grover Cleveland
The colloquialism "buck"(s) (much like the British word "quid"(s, pl) for the pound sterling) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations, including the U.S. dollar. This term, dating to the 18th century, may have originated with the colonial leather trade. It may also have originated from a poker term. "Greenback" is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North. The original note was printed in black and green on the back side. It is still used to refer to the U.S. dollar (but not to the dollars of other countries). Other well-known names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include "greenmail", "green" and "dead presidents" (the last because deceased presidents are pictured on most bills).

Question: What is the British equivalent of a "buck"?
Answer: quid

Question: In which century can the term "buck" be traced back to?
Answer: 18th

Question: What kind of trade may have been the origin of the "buck"?
Answer: colonial leather trade

Question: What was the nickname given to the Demand Note dollars that were used to finance the Civil War?
Answer: Greenback

Question: What color other than green was used on the backside of the original note?
Answer: black
Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (AGG) was developed from the Finnish "naisvoimistelu". It differs from Rhythmic Gymnastics in that body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger' Athletes do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions compared to Rhythmic Gymnastics where ball, ribbon, hoop and clubs are used on the floor area. The sport requires physical qualities such as flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm where movements of the body are emphasized through the flow, expression and aesthetic appeal. A good performance is characterized by uniformity and simultaneity. The competition program consists of versatile and varied body movements, such as body waves, swings, balances, pivots, jumps and leaps, dance steps, and lifts. The International Federation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (IFAGG) was established in 2003.

Question: What does AGG stand for?
Answer: Aesthetic Group Gymnastics

Question: Why is AGG different than Rhythmic Gymnastics? 
Answer: body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger'

Question: Do athletes use apparatuses in the international AGG competitions?
Answer: do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions

Question: What physical qualities are needed for rhythmic gymastics? 
Answer: flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm

Question: What year was the Federsation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics established?
Answer: 2003
A gymnast's score comes from deductions taken from their start value. The start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements. The composition requirements are different for each apparatus; this score is called the D score. Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from 10.0. This score is called the E score. The final score is calculated by taking deductions from the E score, and adding the result to the D score. Since 2007, the scoring system has changed by adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score.

Question: How are gymnasts scored?
Answer: from deductions taken from their start value

Question: How is the start vaule determined?
Answer: e start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements

Question: What is this score called?
Answer: D score

Question: Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from what score?
Answer: 10.0

Question: What were added to scoring in 2007?
Answer: adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score
A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force represents external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentum is time the landing takes Gymnasts can alter the shape of the area by increasing the time taken to perform the landing. Gymnasts can achieve this by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude. With the increase of height, the amplitude in ankles knees and hips rise the bars.

Question: What does a higher flight phase result in?
Answer: a higher vertical ground reaction force

Question: What is vertical ground reaction force?
Answer: s external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum

Question: What else is an important aspect that affects linear and agular movements?
Answer: time the landing takes Gymnasts
The Berggarten is an important European botanical garden.[citation needed] Some points of interest are the Tropical House, the Cactus House, the Canary House and the Orchid House, which hosts one of the world's biggest collection of orchids, and free-flying birds and butterflies. Near the entrance to the Berggarten is the historic Library Pavillon. The Mausoleum of the Guelphs is also located in the Berggarten. Like the Great Garden, the Berggarten also consists of several parts, for example the Paradies and the Prairie Garden. There is also the Sea Life Centre Hanover, which is the first tropical aquarium in Germany.[citation needed]

Question: What is the Berggarten?
Answer: European botanical garden

Question: What is the name of the area inside the Berggarten that hosts one of the world's biggest collection of orchids?
Answer: Orchid House

Question: What historic landmark is near the entrance to the Berggarten?
Answer: Library Pavillon

Question: What is the name of the first tropical aquarium in Germany?
Answer: Sea Life Centre Hanover

Question: Other than orchids and birds, what else is housed in the Orchid House?
Answer: butterflies
In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.

Question: Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?
Answer: Carl Lange

Question: What was William James' nationality?
Answer: American

Question: What was the nationality of Carl Lange?
Answer: Danish

Question: What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?
Answer: the James–Lange theory

Question: In what year did Lange die?
Answer: 1900
Some of the most influential theorists on emotion from the 20th century have died in the last decade. They include Magda B. Arnold (1903–2002), an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions; Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress, especially in relation to cognition; Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001), who included emotions into decision making and artificial intelligence; Robert Plutchik (1928–2006), an American psychologist who developed a psychoevolutionary theory of emotion; Robert Zajonc (1923–2008) a Polish–American social psychologist who specialized in social and cognitive processes such as social facilitation; Robert C. Solomon (1942–2007), an American philosopher who contributed to the theories on the philosophy of emotions with books such as What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings (Oxford, 2003); Peter Goldie (1946–2011), a British philosopher who specialized in ethics, aesthetics, emotion, mood and character; Nico Frijda (1927–2015), a Dutch psychologist who advanced the theory that human emotions serve to promote a tendency to undertake actions that are appropriate in the circumstances, detailed in his book The Emotions (1986).

Question: What theory was developed by Arnold?
Answer: the appraisal theory of emotions

Question: When did Richard Lazarus die?
Answer: 2002

Question: Who wrote 'What Is An Emotion?'?
Answer: Robert C. Solomon

Question: Who published What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings?
Answer: Oxford

Question: What is Nico Frijda's nationality?
Answer: Dutch
The 1973–74 season saw the arrival of Johan Cruyff, who was bought for a world record £920,000 from Ajax. Already an established player with Ajax, Cruyff quickly won over the Barcelona fans when he told the European press that he chose Barcelona over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco. He further endeared himself when he named his son Jordi, after the local Catalan Saint George. Next to champions like Juan Manuel Asensi, Carles Rexach and Hugo Sotil, he helped the club win the 1973–74 season for the first time since 1960, defeating Real Madrid 5–0 at the Bernabéu along the way. He was crowned European Footballer of the Year in 1973 during his first season with Barcelona (his second Ballon d'Or win; he won his first while playing for Ajax in 1971). Cruyff received this prestigious award a third time (the first player to do so) in 1974, while he was still with Barcelona.

Question: When did Johan Cruyff join Barcelona?
Answer: The 1973–74 season

Question: What did Johan Cruyff say to the European press that won over Barelona fans?
Answer: he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco

Question: Who did Johan Cruyff name his son after?
Answer: Catalan Saint George

Question: When was Johan Cruyff first crowned footballer of the year while playing for Barcelona?
Answer: 1973

Question: When was Johan Cruyff crowned footballer of the year for the third time?
Answer: 1974

Question: How much did Barcelona pay to acquire Johan Cruyff?
Answer: £920,000

Question:  For what team did Cruyff refuse to play?
Answer: Real Madrid

Question: What dictator's rule was Cruyff's reason for avoiding Real Madrid?
Answer: Francisco Franco

Question: What award did Cruyff win during his first year with Barcelona?
Answer: European Footballer of the Year

Question: When did Cruyff win his third Ballon d'Or?
Answer: 1974
Barça beat Athletic Bilbao 4–1 in the 2009 Copa del Rey Final, winning the competition for a record-breaking 25th time. A historic 2–6 victory against Real Madrid followed three days later and ensured that Barcelona became La Liga champions for the 2008–09 season. Barça finished the season by beating the previous year's Champions League winners Manchester United 2–0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome to win their third Champions League title and completed the first ever treble won by a Spanish team. The team went on to win the 2009 Supercopa de España against Athletic Bilbao and the 2009 UEFA Super Cup against Shakhtar Donetsk, becoming the first European club to win both domestic and European Super Cups following a treble. In December 2009, Barcelona won the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup, and became the first football club ever to accomplish the sextuple. Barcelona accomplished two new records in Spanish football in 2010 as they retained the La Liga trophy with 99 points and won the Spanish Super Cup trophy for a ninth time.

Question: How many times did Barcelona win the Copa del Rey?
Answer: 25

Question: What team did Barcelona beat to win La Liga for the 2008-09 season?
Answer: Real Madrid

Question: What team did Barcelona beat to win 2008-09 Champions League title?
Answer: Manchester United

Question: Which Spanish team did Barcelona defeat to win the Supercopa de Espana?
Answer: Athletic Bilbao

Question: When Barcelona won 2009 FIFA Club World Cup, what first time feat did they accomplish?
Answer: sextuple
In addition to membership, as of 2010[update] there are 1,335 officially registered fan clubs, called penyes, around the world. The fan clubs promote Barcelona in their locality and receive beneficial offers when visiting Barcelona. Among the best supported teams globally, Barcelona has the highest social media following in the world among sports teams, with over 90 million Facebook fans as of February 2016. The club has had many prominent people among its supporters, including Pope John Paul II, who was an honorary member, and former prime minister of Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. FC Barcelona has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund.

Question: How many registered fan clubs does Barcelona have worldwide?
Answer: 1,335

Question: What are the fan clubs called?
Answer: penyes

Question: How many Facebook followers does team Barcelona have?
Answer: over 90 million

Question: What famous cleric was a supporter of Barcelona?
Answer: Pope John Paul II

Question: What is the only team that has a higher attendance rate than Club Barcelona? 
Answer: Borussia Dortmund
The club's original crest was a quartered diamond-shaped crest topped by the Crown of Aragon and the bat of King James, and surrounded by two branches, one of a laurel tree and the other a palm. In 1910 the club held a competition among its members to design a new crest. The winner was Carles Comamala, who at the time played for the club. Comamala's suggestion became the crest that the club wears today, with some minor variations. The crest consists of the St George Cross in the upper-left corner with the Catalan flag beside it, and the team colours at the bottom.

Question: What royal symbol appears on the club's crest?
Answer: Crown of Aragon

Question: Beside a palm, what tree appears on the crest?
Answer: laurel

Question: When was a competition held to produce a team crest?
Answer: 1910

Question: Who was the winner of the crest competition? 
Answer: Carles Comamala

Question: What flag is on the team crest?
Answer: Catalan
FC Barcelona had a successful start in regional and national cups, competing in the Campionat de Catalunya and the Copa del Rey. In 1902, the club won its first trophy, the Copa Macaya, and participated in the first Copa del Rey, losing 1–2 to Bizcaya in the final. Hans Gamper — now known as Joan Gamper — became club president in 1908, finding the club in financial difficulty after not winning a competition since the Campionat de Catalunya in 1905. Club president on five separate occasions between 1908 and 1925, he spent 25 years in total at the helm. One of his main achievements was ensuring Barça acquire its own stadium and thus generate a stable income.

Question: In what year did Barcelona win its first trophy? 
Answer: 1902

Question: What was the first cup Barcelona won?
Answer: Copa Macaya

Question: When did Joan Gamper become the president of the Barcelona club?
Answer: 1908

Question: How many times between 1908 and 1925 was Gamper president?
Answer: five

Question: Why did Gamper want Barcelona to acquire a stadium of its own?
Answer: stable income
Around this time, tensions began to arise between what was perceived as president Núñez's dictatorial rule and the nationalistic support group, Boixos Nois. The group, identified with a left-wing separatism, repeatedly demanded the resignation of Núñez and openly defied him through chants and banners at matches. At the same time, Barcelona experienced an eruption in skinheads, who often identified with a right-wing separatism. The skinheads slowly transferred the Boixos Nois' ideology from liberalism to fascism, which caused division within the group and a sudden support for Núñez's presidency. Inspired by British hooligans, the remaining Boixos Nois became violent, causing havoc leading to large-scale arrests.

Question: What political group wanted Nunez to resign the presidency?
Answer: Boixos Nois

Question:  To what did Boixos Nois idetify themselves as belonging?
Answer: left-wing separatism

Question: What right-wing separatists tried to spread fascism to the Boixos Nois?
Answer: skinheads

Question: What did the resulting split in the Boixos Nois group cause many to support?
Answer: Núñez's presidency

Question: What did the resulting violence perpetrated by the extremists produce?
Answer: large-scale arrests
Later the same month, Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup after defeating Porto 2–0 thanks to goals from Lionel Messi and Cesc Fàbregas. This extended the club's overall number of official trophies to 74, surpassing Real Madrid's total amount of official trophies. The UEFA Super Cup victory also marked another impressive achievement as Josep Guardiola won his 12th trophy out of 15 possible in only three years at the helm of the club, becoming the all-time record holder of most titles won as a coach at FC Barcelona.

Question: What competition did Barcelona win because of goals by Messi and Fabregas?
Answer: UEFA Super Cup

Question: Which team did Barcelona beat to win the UEFA Super Cup?
Answer: Porto

Question:  How many total trophies did  Barcelona's Super Cup win produce?
Answer: 74

Question: What team did Barcelona's total competition wins pass?
Answer: Real Madrid

Question: Who is the record holder for most trophy wins as coach of Barcelona?
Answer: Josep Guardiola
Prior to the 2011–2012 season, Barcelona had a long history of avoiding corporate sponsorship on the playing shirts. On 14 July 2006, the club announced a five-year agreement with UNICEF, which includes having the UNICEF logo on their shirts. The agreement had the club donate €1.5 million per year to UNICEF (0.7 percent of its ordinary income, equal to the UN International Aid Target, cf. ODA) via the FC Barcelona Foundation. The FC Barcelona Foundation is an entity set up in 1994 on the suggestion of then-chairman of the Economical-Statutory Committee, Jaime Gil-Aluja. The idea was to set up a foundation that could attract financial sponsorships to support a non-profit sport company. In 2004, a company could become one of 25 "Honorary members" by contributing between £40,000–60,000 (£54,800–82,300) per year. There are also 48 associate memberships available for an annual fee of £14,000 (£19,200) and an unlimited number of "patronages" for the cost of £4,000 per year (£5,500). It is unclear whether the honorary members have any formal say in club policy, but according to the author Anthony King, it is "unlikely that Honorary Membership would not involve at least some informal influence over the club".

Question: What corporate sponsorship did Barcelona agree to in 2006? 
Answer: UNICEF

Question: How much does Barcelona donate to UNICEF per year?
Answer: €1.5 million

Question: What target does the Barcelona donation to UNICEF match?
Answer: UN International Aid Target

Question: Who recommended setting up the FC Barcelona Foundation?
Answer: Jaime Gil-Aluja

Question: What was the Barcelona foundation meant to attract? 
Answer: financial sponsorships
Everton F.C. is a limited company with the board of directors holding a majority of the shares. The club's most recent accounts, from May 2014, show a net total debt of £28.1 million, with a turnover of £120.5 million and a profit of £28.2 million. The club's overdraft with Barclays Bank is secured against the Premier League's "Basic Award Fund", a guaranteed sum given to clubs for competing in the Premier League. Everton agreed a long-term loan of £30 million with Bear Stearns and Prudential plc in 2002 over the duration of 25 years; a consolidation of debts at the time as well as a source of capital for new player acquisitions. Goodison Park is secured as collateral.

Question: Who holds a majority of the shares in the Everton FC?
Answer: the board of directors

Question: What is the Everton FC's overdraft with Barclays Bank secured against?
Answer: Basic Award Fund

Question: What is the Premier League's "Basic Award Fund" for?
Answer: competing in the Premier League

Question: How much money did Everton FC borrow from Bear Stearns and Prudential in 2002?
Answer: £30 million

Question: How long does Everton FC have to pay back £30 million they borrowed from Bear Stearns and Prudential? 
Answer: 25 years
The Latin alphabet of the time still lacked the letters ⟨j⟩ and ⟨w⟩, and there was no ⟨v⟩ as distinct from ⟨u⟩; moreover native Old English spellings did not use ⟨k⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨z⟩. The remaining 20 Latin letters were supplemented by four more: ⟨æ⟩ (æsc, modern ash) and ⟨ð⟩ (ðæt, now called eth or edh), which were modified Latin letters, and thorn ⟨þ⟩ and wynn ⟨ƿ⟩, which are borrowings from the futhorc. A few letter pairs were used as digraphs, representing a single sound. Also used was the Tironian note ⟨⁊⟩ (a character similar to the digit 7) for the conjunction and, and a thorn with a crossbar through the ascender for the pronoun þæt. Macrons over vowels were originally used not to mark long vowels (as in modern editions), but to indicate stress, or as abbreviations for a following m or n.

Question: When the Latin alphabet was introduced to Old English, what letter was the same as v?
Answer: u

Question: Along with k and z, what Latin letter was not used in Old English?
Answer: q

Question: What is the term for the letter þ?
Answer: thorn

Question: What number was the Tironian note visually similar to?
Answer: ƿ

Question: What was the term for the letter ƿ?
Answer: wynn
Modern editions of Old English manuscripts generally introduce some additional conventions. The modern forms of Latin letters are used, including ⟨g⟩ in place of the insular G, ⟨s⟩ for long S, and others which may differ considerably from the insular script, notably ⟨e⟩, ⟨f⟩ and ⟨r⟩. Macrons are used to indicate long vowels, where usually no distinction was made between long and short vowels in the originals. (In some older editions an acute accent mark was used for consistency with Old Norse conventions.) Additionally, modern editions often distinguish between velar and palatal ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ by placing dots above the palatals: ⟨ċ⟩, ⟨ġ⟩. The letter wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ is usually replaced with ⟨w⟩, but æsc, eth and thorn are normally retained (except when eth is replaced by thorn).

Question: What form of c, when written, contains a dot over the letter?
Answer: palatal

Question: What conventional letter from the Latin alphabet typically replaces the wynn from Old English?
Answer: w

Question: What letter from the Latin alphabet replaces the Old English insular G?
Answer: g

Question: What Latin letter is used in place of the Old English long S?
Answer: s

Question: When eth is replaced, what is it replaced by?
Answer: thorn
More recent Lancashire-born composers include Hugh Wood (1932- Parbold), Sir Peter Maxwell Davies (1934-, Salford), Sir Harrison Birtwistle (1934-, Accrington), Gordon Crosse (1937-, Bury),John McCabe (1939-2015, Huyton), Roger Smalley (1943-2015, Swinton), Nigel Osborne (1948-, Manchester), Steve Martland (1954-2013, Liverpool), Simon Holt (1958-, Bolton) and Philip Cashian (1963-, Manchester). The Royal Manchester College of Music was founded in 1893 to provide a northern counterpart to the London musical colleges. It merged with the Northern College of Music (formed in 1920) to form the Royal Northern College of Music in 1972.

Question: In what year was Hugh Wood born?
Answer: 1932

Question: Where was Sir Peter Maxwell Davies born?
Answer: Salford

Question: When was the Royal Manchester College of Music founded?
Answer: 1893

Question: When was the Royal Northern College of Music formed?
Answer: 1972

Question: What did the Royal Manchester College of Music merge with?
Answer: the Northern College of Music
The Late Jurassic spans from 163 million to 145 million years ago. The Late Jurassic featured a massive extinction of sauropods and Ichthyosaurs due to the separation of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in an extinction known as the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction. Sea levels rose, destroying fern prairies and creating shallows in its wake. Ichthyosaurs went extinct whereas sauropods, as a whole, did not die out in the Jurassic; in fact, some species, like the Titanosaurus, lived up to the K-T extinction. The increase in sea-levels opened up the Atlantic sea way which would continue to get larger over time. The divided world would give opportunity for the diversification of new dinosaurs.

Question: How many years did the Late Jurassic cover?
Answer: 163 million to 145 million

Question: What did the separation of Pangaea cause to become extinct?
Answer: sauropods and Ichthyosaurs

Question: What is the extinction caused by the splitting of Pangaea called?
Answer: Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction

Question: What caused the destruction of fern prairies and increasing shallows?
Answer: Sea levels rose

Question: What did the rise in sea levels open in the seaways? 
Answer: Atlantic sea