meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
Mark Twain provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his short story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County". He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with his English-language original, the French translation, and a "Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story". The latter included a synopsized adaptation of his story that Twain stated had appeared, unattributed to Twain, in a Professor Sidgwick’s Greek Prose Composition (p. 116) under the title, "The Athenian and the Frog"; the adaptation had for a time been taken for an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's "Jumping Frog" story.

Question: Who provided a humorous example of the unreliability of back-translation? 
Answer: Mark Twain

Question: When was Twain's back-translation published?
Answer: 1903

Question: For what language did Twain create a back-translation?
Answer: French

Question: What include a synopsized adaptation of Twain's story?
Answer: "Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story"

Question: What had been thought for a while to be an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's story?
Answer: "The Athenian and the Frog"
Kievan Rus' begins with the rule (882–912) of Prince Oleg, who extended his control from Novgorod south along the Dnieper river valley in order to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east and moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev. Sviatoslav I (died 972) achieved the first major expansion of Kievan Rus' territorial control, fighting a war of conquest against the Khazar Empire. Vladimir the Great (980–1015) introduced Christianity with his own baptism and, by decree, that of all the inhabitants of Kiev and beyond. Kievan Rus' reached its greatest extent under Yaroslav I (1019–1054); his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code, the Rus' Justice, shortly after his death.

Question: What year was Kievan Rus became a territory?
Answer: 882

Question: Who achieve the first major expansion of Kievan?
Answer: Kiev. Sviatoslav I

Question: Who was the ruler at the begining of Kievan?
Answer: Prince Oleg

Question: Which ruler introduced Christianity in Kievan Rus?
Answer: Vladimir the Great

Question: What did Yaroslav sons achieve  during his time in Keivan Rus?
Answer: issued its first written legal code
The Byzantine Empire was able to take advantage of the turmoil to expand its political influence and commercial relationships, first with the Khazars and later with the Rus' and other steppe groups. The Byzantines established the Theme of Cherson, formally known as Klimata, in the Crimea in the 830s to defend against raids by the Rus' and to protect vital grain shipments supplying Constantinople. Cherson also served as a key diplomatic link with the Khazars and others on the steppe, and it became the centre of Black Sea commerce. The Byzantines also helped the Khazars build a fortress at Sarkel on the Don river to protect their northwest frontier against incursions by the Turkic migrants and the Rus', and to control caravan trade routes and the portage between the Don and Volga rivers.

Question: What did the Byzantine empire use to expand its political influence?
Answer: turmoil

Question: What teritory did the Byzantine empire hit first with their political beliefs? 
Answer: Khazars

Question: What did the Byzantines help the Khazars with?
Answer: build a fortress at Sarkel
From the 9th century, the Pecheneg nomads began an uneasy relationship with Kievan Rus′. For over two centuries they launched sporadic raids into the lands of Rus′, which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars (such as the 920 war on the Pechenegs by Igor of Kiev reported in the Primary Chronicle), but there were also temporary military alliances (e.g. the 943 Byzantine campaign by Igor). In 968, the Pechenegs attacked and besieged the city of Kiev. Some speculation exists that the Pechenegs drove off the Tivertsi and the Ulichs to the regions of the upper Dniester river in Bukovina. The Byzantine Empire was known to support the Pechenegs in their military campaigns against the Eastern Slavic states.[citation needed]

Question: How early did the relationship begin between the Pecheneg and the Rus?
Answer: 9th century

Question: What did the Pecheneg frequesntly do over the span of two centuries?
Answer: sporadic raids into the lands of Rus

Question: What year did the Pechenges attack the city of Kiev?
Answer: 968

Question: Whichgroup was known to support the Pecheneges in their military efforts?
Answer: Byzantine Empire
Game players were not the only ones to notice the violence in this game; US Senators Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman convened a Congressional hearing on December 9, 1993 to investigate the marketing of violent video games to children.[e] While Nintendo took the high ground with moderate success, the hearings led to the creation of the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board, and the inclusion of ratings on all video games. With these ratings in place, Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed.

Question: Which senators held a hearing about video game violence in 1993?
Answer: Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman

Question: What was the focus of the hearing about video game violence in 1993?
Answer: the marketing of violent video games to children

Question: What organizations did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to?
Answer: the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board

Question: What regulatory change did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to?
Answer: the inclusion of ratings on all video games

Question: How did video game ratings affect Nintendo?
Answer: Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed
All versions incorporate a top-loading slot for game cartridges, although the shape of the slot differs between regions to match the different shapes of the cartridges. The MULTI OUT connector (later used on the Nintendo 64 and GameCube) can output composite video, S-Video and RGB signals, as well as RF with an external RF modulator. Original versions additionally include a 28-pin expansion port under a small cover on the bottom of the unit and a standard RF output with channel selection switch on the back; the redesigned models output composite video only, requiring an external modulator for RF.

Question: How is the SNES's slot positioned?
Answer: top-loading

Question: What connection types did MULTI OUT support?
Answer: composite video, S-Video and RGB signals, as well as RF with an external RF modulator

Question: How many pins did the SNES expansion port have?
Answer: 28

Question: What output type was the only one directly supported on the SNS-101?
Answer: composite

Question: What other Nintendo systems used MULTI OUT?
Answer: Nintendo 64 and GameCube
This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Mesopotamia toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. Poorly drained irrigated soils, in an arid climate with high levels of evaporation, led to the buildup of dissolved salts in the soil, eventually reducing agricultural yields severely. During the Akkadian and Ur III phases, there was a shift from the cultivation of wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley, but this was insufficient, and during the period from 2100 BC to 1700 BC, it is estimated that the population in this area declined by nearly three fifths. This greatly upset the balance of power within the region, weakening the areas where Sumerian was spoken, and comparatively strengthening those where Akkadian was the major language. Henceforth Sumerian would remain only a literary and liturgical language, similar to the position occupied by Latin in medieval Europe.

Question: What effect was rising salinity having on the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands?
Answer: compromised

Question: The salinity of what in the region was long recognized as a major problem?
Answer: Soil

Question: Poorly drained irrigated soils in an arid climate with a good deal of evaporation is responsible for leaving what?
Answer: dissolved salts

Question: What did cultivation shift from to salt-tolerant barley during the Ur III phase?
Answer: wheat

Question: How much did the population of the region decline due to the decrease in crop productivity? 
Answer: by nearly three fifths
The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Although pictures — that is, hieroglyphs — were first used, cuneiform and then Ideograms (where symbols were made to represent ideas) soon followed. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, such as personal or business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, daily records, and even libraries full of clay tablets. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects like statues or bricks are also very common. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes-in-training. Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant.

Question: What were the most important discoveries for archaeologists from Sumer?
Answer: tablets written in cuneiform

Question: What is Sumerian writing considered to be in the development of man's ability to create literature?
Answer: milestone

Question: What followed cuneiform in writing?
Answer: Ideograms

Question: How many texts in the Sumerian language have survived to modern day?
Answer: hundreds of thousands

Question: What was the Sumerian language used for long have their civilization had diminished? 
Answer: religion and law in Mesopotamia
In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases."

Question: When do the pictograms suggest Sumerians had domesticated livestock?
Answer: Uruk period

Question: What might be found by the side of a Sumerian house?
Answer: enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants

Question: What animal did Sumerians use primary to facilitate transportation?
Answer: donkeys

Question: What was the primary purpose of oxen for Sumerians? 
Answer: beasts of burden

Question: Where were plants also grown besides the garden?
Answer: pots or vases
As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop.

Question: Why did the Sumerian farmers make their oxen stomp the ground?
Answer: kill weeds

Question: How do archaeologists know about Sumerian agricultural practices? 
Answer: from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac"

Question: How many times did Sumerian farmers plow, harrow and rake the ground?
Answer: three times

Question: When would farmers flood their fields?
Answer: after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu

Question: The the Ur III period, what crop had Sumerians switched to from wheat for their primary crop?
Answer: salt-tolerant barley
The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. The period c. 2700 – 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube.

Question: What did the Sumerians a complex system of around 4000 BC?
Answer: metrology

Question: From the Sumerian metrology sprang forth the creation of what disciplines? 
Answer: arithmetic, geometry, and algebra

Question: Where did the Sumerians put their multiplication tables?
Answer: on clay tablets

Question: When was the abacus first seen between?
Answer: 2700 – 2300 BC

Question: What were the Sumerians the first to do when it came to mathematics?
Answer: use a place value numeral system
Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century.

Question: What explorer traveled through the Tuvalu islands in 1764?
Answer: Captain John Byron

Question: What was Captain Byron doing when he visited Tuvalu?
Answer: circumnavigation of the globe

Question: Which island of Tuvalu was identified as the one that Mourelle sailed past in 1781?
Answer: Niutao

Question: How did Byron name the Tuvalu islands?
Answer: Lagoon Islands

Question: When were chronometers available for accurate location charting? 
Answer: late 18th
In 1892 Captain Davis of the HMS Royalist reported on trading activities and traders on each of the islands visited. Captain Davis identified the following traders in the Ellice Group: Edmund Duffy (Nanumea); Jack Buckland (Niutao); Harry Nitz (Vaitupu); John (also known as Jack) O'Brien (Funafuti); Alfred Restieaux and Emile Fenisot (Nukufetau); and Martin Kleis (Nui). During this time, the greatest number of palagi traders lived on the atolls, acting as agents for the trading companies. Some islands would have competing traders while dryer islands might only have a single trader.

Question: What sea captain reported on the Tuvalu trading in 1892?
Answer: Captain Davis

Question: What was the name of Davis's ship?
Answer: HMS Royalist

Question: What did palagi traders act as for the trading companies?
Answer: agents

Question: How many traders did some islands have?
Answer: competing

Question: What type of islands in the Tuvalu group have few traders? 
Answer: dryer
During the Pacific War Funafuti was used as a base to prepare for the subsequent seaborn attacks on the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) that were occupied by Japanese forces. The United States Marine Corps landed on Funafuti on 2 October 1942 and on Nanumea and Nukufetau in August 1943. The Japanese had already occupied Tarawa and other islands in what is now Kiribati, but were delayed by the losses at the Battle of the Coral Sea. The islanders assisted the American forces to build airfields on Funafuti, Nanumea and Nukufetau and to unload supplies from ships. On Funafuti the islanders shifted to the smaller islets so as to allow the American forces to build the airfield and to build naval bases and port facilities on Fongafale. A Naval Construction Battalion (Seabees) built a sea plane ramp on the lagoon side of Fongafale islet for seaplane operations by both short and long range seaplanes and a compacted coral runway was also constructed on Fongafale, with runways also constructed to create Nanumea Airfield and Nukufetau Airfield. USN Patrol Torpedo Boats (PTs) were based at Funafuti from 2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944.

Question: For what purpose was Funafuti used during the Pacific War? 
Answer: a base

Question: What group occupied the Gilbert Islands?
Answer: Japanese forces

Question: What action delayed the Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands?
Answer: Battle of the Coral Sea

Question: From what time span were USN Torpedo Boats stationed at Funafuti?
Answer: 2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944

Question: On what islet did US forces build a seaplane ramp?
Answer: Fongafale
From 1974 (the creation of the British colony of Tuvalu) until independence, the legislative body of Tuvalu was called the House of the Assembly or Fale I Fono. Following independence in October 1978 the House of the Assembly was renamed the Parliament of Tuvalu or Palamene o Tuvalu. The unicameral Parliament has 15 members with elections held every four years. The members of parliament select the Prime Minister (who is the head of government) and the Speaker of Parliament. The ministers that form the Cabinet are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Question: When did Tuvalu acquire independence?
Answer: October 1978

Question: What was formed in 1974?
Answer: British colony of Tuvalu

Question: After independence, what was the Assembly on Tuvalu  named? 
Answer: Parliament of Tuvalu

Question: What type of parliament does Tuvalu have?
Answer: unicameral

Question: In Tuvalu government, what group elect the Prime Minster?
Answer: members of parliament
A major international priority for Tuvalu in the UN, at the 2002 Earth Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa and in other international fora, is promoting concern about global warming and the possible sea level rising. Tuvalu advocates ratification and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. In December 2009 the islands stalled talks on climate change at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, fearing some other developing countries were not committing fully to binding deals on a reduction in carbon emissions. Their chief negotiator stated, "Tuvalu is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change and our future rests on the outcome of this meeting."

Question: What crisis is a major concern for Tuvalu at the UN?
Answer: global warming

Question: In concert with global warming, what is Tuvalu's other envirnmental priority? 
Answer: sea level rising

Question: What agreement does Tuvalu advocate ratification?
Answer: Kyoto Protocol

Question: What did Tuvalu call for from other nations concerning reduction of carbon emissions?
Answer: binding deals

Question: What does Tuvalu feel its position to be in climate change?
Answer: vulnerable
Tuvalu participates in the operations of the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). The Tuvaluan government, the US government, and the governments of other Pacific islands, are parties to the South Pacific Tuna Treaty (SPTT), which entered into force in 1988. Tuvalu is also a member of the Nauru Agreement which addresses the management of tuna purse seine fishing in the tropical western Pacific. In May 2013 representatives from the United States and the Pacific Islands countries agreed to sign interim arrangement documents to extend the Multilateral Fisheries Treaty (which encompasses the South Pacific Tuna Treaty) to confirm access to the fisheries in the Western and Central Pacific for US tuna boats for 18 months. Tuvalu and the other members of the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the United States have settled a tuna fishing deal for 2015; a longer term deal will be negotiated. The treaty is an extension of the Nauru Agreement and provides for US flagged purse seine vessels to fish 8,300 days in the region in return for a payment of US$90 million made up by tuna fishing industry and US-Government contributions. In 2015 Tuvalu has refused to sell fishing days to certain nations and fleets that have blocked Tuvaluan initiatives to develop and sustain their own fishery.

Question: In what fishery group does Tuvalu participate? 
Answer: Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency

Question: Of what fishery treaty is Tuvalu a signatory?
Answer: South Pacific Tuna Treaty

Question: What is the focus of the Nauru Agreement?
Answer: tuna purse seine fishing

Question: Of what did Tuvalu agree to the extension ?
Answer: Multilateral Fisheries Treaty

Question: What did Tuvalu refuse to sell in 2015?
Answer: fishing days
Another important building is the falekaupule or maneapa the traditional island meeting hall, where important matters are discussed and which is also used for wedding celebrations and community activities such as a fatele involving music, singing and dancing. Falekaupule is also used as the name of the council of elders – the traditional decision making body on each island. Under the Falekaupule Act, Falekaupule means "traditional assembly in each island...composed in accordance with the Aganu of each island". Aganu means traditional customs and culture.

Question: What type of structure is the falekaupule?
Answer: meeting hall

Question: Besides meetings, for what other use is the meeting hall used?
Answer: celebrations

Question: Aside from being defined as a meeting hall, what other definition does falekaupule have? 
Answer: council of elders

Question: What is the traditional use of the falekaupule?
Answer: decision making body

Question: What is the traditional customs and culture on Tuvalu?
Answer: Aganu
The popular sports in Tuvalu include kilikiti, Ano, football, futsal, volleyball, handball, basketball and rugby union. Tuvalu has sports organisations for athletics, badminton, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, football, basketball, rugby union, weightlifting and powerlifting. At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games, Tuau Lapua Lapua won Tuvalu's first gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kilogram male snatch. (He also won bronze in the clean and jerk, and obtained the silver medal overall for the combined event.) In 2015 Telupe Iosefa received the first gold medal won by Tuvalu at the Pacific Games in the powerlifting 120 kg male division.

Question: What athlete won Tuvalu's first gold metal in competition? 
Answer: Tuau Lapua Lapua

Question: In which competition did Lapua win a metal for Tuvalu?
Answer: Pacific Mini Games

Question: In what contests did Lapua win  metals for Tuvalu?
Answer: weightlifting

Question: Who won a gold metal at the Pacific Games?
Answer: Telupe Iosefa

Question: In what type of competition did Telupe losefa win in 2015?
Answer: powerlifting
From 1996 to 2002, Tuvalu was one of the best-performing Pacific Island economies and achieved an average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 5.6% per annum. Since 2002 economic growth has slowed, with GDP growth of 1.5% in 2008. Tuvalu was exposed to rapid rises in world prices of fuel and food in 2008, with the level of inflation peaking at 13.4%. The International Monetary Fund 2010 Report on Tuvalu estimates that Tuvalu experienced zero growth in its 2010 GDP, after the economy contracted by about 2% in 2009. On 5 August 2012, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded the Article IV consultation with Tuvalu, and assessed the economy of Tuvalu: "A slow recovery is underway in Tuvalu, but there are important risks. GDP grew in 2011 for the first time since the global financial crisis, led by the private retail sector and education spending. We expect growth to rise slowly". The IMF 2014 Country Report noted that real GDP growth in Tuvalu had been volatile averaging only 1 percent in the past decade. The 2014 Country Report describes economic growth prospects as generally positive as the result of large revenues from fishing licenses, together with substantial foreign aid.

Question: What was Tuvalu's GDP rate from 1996 to 2002?
Answer: 5.6%

Question:  What has been the GDP of Tuvalu in 2008?
Answer: 1.5%

Question: What rises in cost have effected Tuvalu's domestic growth?
Answer: fuel and food

Question: What has been the level of domestic growth in 2010 on Tuvalu?
Answer: zero growth

Question: What does Tuvalu expect as a return in fishing licenses and foreign aid?
Answer: large revenues
The Tuvalu Media Department of the Government of Tuvalu operates Radio Tuvalu which broadcasts from Funafuti. In 2011 the Japanese government provided financial support to construct a new AM broadcast studio. The installation of upgraded transmission equipment allows Radio Tuvalu to be heard on all nine islands of Tuvalu. The new AM radio transmitter on Funafuti replaced the FM radio service to the outer islands and freed up satellite bandwidth for mobile services. Fenui – news from Tuvalu is a free digital publication of the Tuvalu Media Department that is emailed to subscribers and operates a Facebook page, which publishes news about government activities and news about Tuvaluan events, such as a special edition covering the results of the 2015 general election.

Question: What is the radio station on Tuvalu?
Answer: Radio Tuvalu

Question: From where does Radio Tuvalu broadcast?
Answer: Funafuti

Question: Who gave financial support to Tuvalu to upgrade transmission equipment?
Answer: Japanese government

Question: What did the new radio equipment replace with AM service? 
Answer: FM radio

Question: What service got more bandwidth from the transmission upgrade?
Answer: mobile
Funafuti is the largest atoll of the nine low reef islands and atolls that form the Tuvalu volcanic island chain. It comprises numerous islets around a central lagoon that is approximately 25.1 kilometres (15.6 miles) (N–S) by 18.4 kilometres (11.4 miles) (W-E), centred on 179°7'E and 8°30'S. On the atolls, an annular reef rim surrounds the lagoon with several natural reef channels. Surveys were carried out in May 2010 of the reef habitats of Nanumea, Nukulaelae and Funafuti and a total of 317 fish species were recorded during this Tuvalu Marine Life study. The surveys identified 66 species that had not previously been recorded in Tuvalu, which brings the total number of identified species to 607.

Question: Which of Tuvalu's atolls is largest?
Answer: Funafuti

Question: What type of island grouping is Tuvalu?
Answer: volcanic island chain

Question: What are the map coordinates fro Tuvalu?
Answer: 179°7'E and 8°30'S

Question: How species of creatures inhabit the Tuvalu lagoon?
Answer: 607

Question: How many new species were were found in the Tuvalu area that had not been previously recorded?
Answer: 66
Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti. Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a major impact on Tuvalu with most islands reporting damage to vegetation and crops. Cyclone Gavin was first identified during 2 March 1997, and was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1996–97 cyclone season with Cyclones Hina and Keli following later in the season.

Question: What cyclone badly damaged Funafuti?
Answer: Cyclone Bebe

Question: How many cyclones effected Tuvalu during the 1996-97  cyclone season? 
Answer: three

Question: What cyclone caused major damage to vegetation on all islands on Tuvalu?
Answer: Cyclone Ofa

Question: What was the first cyclone to strike Tuvalu during the 1996-97 season?
Answer: Cyclone Gavin

Question: What islet was damaged by Cyclone Meli in 1979?
Answer: Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili
The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs. However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain. The 2011 report of Pacific Climate Change Science Program of Australia concludes, in relation to Tuvalu, states the conclusions that over the course of the 21st century:

Question: What have the Tuvalu atolls displayed about sea level rise?
Answer: resilience

Question: What does gradual sea level rise allow for coral to increase?
Answer: reefs

Question: What sea level rise rate could cause more uncertainty to the welfare of coral reefs? 
Answer: faster rate

Question: What condition besides sea level rise can damage coral reefs?
Answer: ocean acidification

Question: Where does sand and coral debris end up because of the action of cyclones?
Answer: on the islands
While some commentators have called for the relocation of Tuvalu's population to Australia, New Zealand or Kioa in Fiji, in 2006 Maatia Toafa (Prime Minister from 2004–2006) said his government did not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated. In 2013 Enele Sopoaga, the prime minister of Tuvalu, said that relocating Tuvaluans to avoid the impact of sea level rise "should never be an option because it is self defeating in itself. For Tuvalu I think we really need to mobilise public opinion in the Pacific as well as in the [rest of] world to really talk to their lawmakers to please have some sort of moral obligation and things like that to do the right thing."

Question: What do some people want to do with the people of Tuvalu?
Answer: relocation

Question: What did the Tuvalu Prime Minster say was not enough of an immediate threat to cause evacuation of the population? 
Answer: rising sea levels

Question: When did Prime Minster Maatia Toafa make his comments about not evacuating Tuvalu? 
Answer: 2006

Question: What did Enele Sopoaga think evacuation of the people should be?
Answer: never be an option
The definition makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin. However, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal". The Council of Trent decreed: "If anyone shall say that a man once justified can sin no more, nor lose grace, and that therefore he who falls and sins was never truly justified; or, on the contrary, that throughout his whole life he can avoid all sins even venial sins, except by a special privilege of God, as the Church holds in regard to the Blessed Virgin: let him be anathema."

Question: Is it believed that Mary carried no transgression which would require blame ?
Answer: makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin

Question: How did the Church view Mary in regards to her personal sins ? 
Answer: the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal

Question: What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in  regards to the decision on Mary ?
Answer: let him be anathema."

Question: What was the name of the ecumenical council that made the decision ?
Answer: The Council of Trent
Mary's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision (Luke 2:22) prompted him to consider the primary meaning of "purification" in Christology (and by extension in Mariology) to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace (e.g., Jesus at his Baptism). St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as "prokathartheisa (prepurified)." Gregory likely attempted to solve the riddle of the Purification of Jesus and Mary in the Temple through considering the human natures of Jesus and Mary as equally holy and therefore both purified in this manner of grace and glory. Gregory's doctrines surrounding Mary's purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas. Nazianzen's title of Mary at the Annunciation as "prepurified" was subsequently adopted by all theologians interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception. This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene, who will be treated below in this article at the section on Church Fathers. About the time of Damascene, the public celebration of the "Conception of St. Ann [i.e., of the Theotokos in her womb]" was becoming popular. After this period, the "purification" of the perfect natures of Jesus and Mary would not only mean moments of grace and glory at the Incarnation and Baptism and other public Byzantine liturgical feasts, but purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception (along with her Presentation in the Temple as a toddler) by Orthodox authors of the 2nd millennium (e.g., St. Nicholas Cabasilas and Joseph Bryennius).

Question: What Empire held  Grecian teachers of the virginity of Mary's conception ?
Answer: Greek theologians of Byzantium

Question: Who gave a reason for the purging of evil for the Blessed Virgin and her first child ?
Answer: St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary

Question: What procedure was being performed while he gave his reasoning ?
Answer: the circumcision

Question: Who was compelled to write of this instance that was also an author of one of the book of the Bible ?
Answer: Luke

Question: What became associated with the celebration of Mary's inception in the womb ? 
Answer: purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception
Although the doctrine of Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians, it became ever more manifest among Byzantine theologians reliant on Gregory Nazianzen's Mariology in the Medieval or Byzantine East. Although hymnographers and scholars, like the Emperor Justinian I, were accustomed to call Mary "prepurified" in their poetic and credal statements, the first point of departure for more fully commenting on Nazianzen's meaning occurs in Sophronius of Jerusalem. In other places Sophronius explains that the Theotokos was already immaculate, when she was "purified" at the Annunciation and goes so far as to note that John the Baptist is literally "holier than all 'Men' born of woman" since Mary's surpassing holiness signifies that she was holier than even John after his sanctification in utero. Sophronius' teaching is augmented and incorporated by St. John Damascene (d. 749/750). John, besides many passages wherein he extolls the Theotokos for her purification at the Annunciation, grants her the unique honor of "purifying the waters of baptism by touching them." This honor was most famously and firstly attributed to Christ, especially in the legacy of Nazianzen. As such, Nazianzen's assertion of parallel holiness between the prepurified Mary and purified Jesus of the New Testament is made even more explicit in Damascene in his discourse on Mary's holiness to also imitate Christ's baptism at the Jordan. The Damascene's hymnongraphy and De fide Orthodoxa explicitly use Mary's "pre purification" as a key to understanding her absolute holiness and unsullied human nature. In fact, Damascene (along with Nazianzen) serves as the source for nearly all subsequent promotion of Mary's complete holiness from her Conception by the "all pure seed" of Joachim and the womb "wider than heaven" of St. Ann.

Question: Where did the majority of the concepts of Mary's birth show themselves the most ?
Answer: Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians

Question: In what way did this Ruler refer to Mary  in his writings ?
Answer: to call Mary "prepurified"

Question: What Byzantine Ruler ho ruled from from 527 to 565 was also a well trained thinker of concepts ?
Answer: Emperor Justinian I,

Question: What event happened to Theotokos that was of significant religious note ?
Answer: she was "purified" at the Annunciation

Question: How did some view the the person whose name includes a Christian rite of passage from the Bible? 
Answer: holier than all 'Men' born of woman
On 28 February 1476, Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477, with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477, in which he referred to the feast as that of the Conception of Mary, without using the word "Immaculate", he granted indulgences to those who would participate in the specially composed Mass or Office on the feast itself or during its octave, and he used the word "immaculate" of Mary, but applied instead the adjective "miraculous" to her conception. On 4 September 1483, referring to the feast as that of "the Conception of Immaculate Mary ever Virgin", he condemned both those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that the "glorious and immaculate mother of God was conceived without the stain of original sin" and those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that "the glorious Virgin Mary was conceived with original sin", since, he said, "up to this time there has been no decision made by the Roman Church and the Apostolic See." This decree was reaffirmed by the Council of Trent.

Question: What happened on the final day of the month of love that was of significance was authorized by the Holy Roman Church leader ?
Answer: authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477

Question: Who was the Holy Roman Church leader that authorized the change ?
Answer: Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses

Question: What document made the authorization official ?
Answer: with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477

Question: What word substitution did he use in the authorization to appease all of the worshipers and view points when speaking of the inception of Mary  ?
Answer: but applied instead the adjective "miraculous" to her conception.

Question: What was the opposite of a sinner who committed a venial type? It would be the most grave type of all . 
Answer: mortally sinful
The celebrated John Duns Scotus (d. 1308), a Friar Minor like Saint Bonaventure, argued, on the contrary, that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered. Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ, he argued that Mary's immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ; rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history.

Question: What did the the monk of minor believe to be true of Mary ?
Answer: that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ

Question: What point did his argument attempt to bring to the masses ?
Answer: to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered.

Question: What did the monk of minor believe could alleviate the tension in the matter of the 
Answer: Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ

Question: What consequences did he believe that this would have on Mary's reputation ?
Answer: immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ;

Question: How did monk of minor explain how the change in reputation could be of benefit to Mary ?
Answer: rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history.
Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception. In 1439, the Council of Basel, which is not reckoned an ecumenical council, stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith. By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties, but such was the influence of the Dominicans, and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323 and declared "Doctor Angelicus" of the Church in 1567) that the Council of Trent (1545–63)—which might have been expected to affirm the doctrine—instead declined to take a position.

Question: Where did the mass majority stand in relation to having or not having the Mary inception festivals ?
Answer: Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception.

Question: How did the Holy Roman Church rule on the matter of the festivals ?
Answer: stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith.

Question: Was the practce behind the meaning of the Mary inception festivals taught at Universities of theology ?
Answer: end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties

Question: In what year was the famous friar named Tom given a position as a saint of the Holy Roman Catholic Church ? 
Answer: Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323

Question: What happened to Tom at one of the 1567 that changed his title ?
Answer: declared "Doctor Angelicus" of the Church in 1567
Martin Luther, who initiated the Protestant Reformation, said: "Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood. The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a true, natural human being of flesh and blood, just as we. However, he warded off sin from her flesh and blood so that she became the mother of a pure child, not poisoned by sin as we are. For in that moment when she conceived, she was a holy mother filled with the Holy Spirit and her fruit is a holy pure fruit, at once God and truly man, in one person." Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.

Question: Who is the person that started the religion that separated itself from the Catholic Church in the 17th century ?
Answer: Martin Luther

Question: What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church  ?
Answer: Protestant Reformation

Question: What did this leader of change believe of the conception of Mary ?
Answer: Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her

Question: What did Mary's child avoid according to the leader of the separation ? 
Answer: this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood.

Question: What particular sect is a patron of this belief ?
Answer: Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.
The popularity of this particular representation of The Immaculate Conception spread across the rest of Europe, and has since remained the best known artistic depiction of the concept: in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God. The moon is under her feet and a halo of twelve stars surround her head, possibly a reference to "a woman clothed with the sun" from Revelation 12:1-2. Additional imagery may include clouds, a golden light, and cherubs. In some paintings the cherubim are holding lilies and roses, flowers often associated with Mary.

Question: What became very popular symbol among the who believed Mary had a Virgin for a mother ? 
Answer: in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God

Question: What does Mary stand upon in this symbol?
Answer: moon is under her feet

Question: What does Mary where atop her hair that twinkles in the symbol ?
Answer: a halo of twelve stars surround her head

Question: What else can be found in the symbol with Mary that may vary in different versions ?
Answer: clouds, a golden light, and cherubs. In some paintings the cherubim are holding lilies and roses, flowers often associated with Mary.
Namibia has free education for both Primary and secondary education levels. Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 secondary. In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools. The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP being spent on education. Curriculum development, educational research, and professional development of teachers is centrally organised by the National Institute for Educational Development (NIED) in Okahandja.

Question: What is the cost of primary and secondary education in Namibia?
Answer: free

Question: How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in primary school? 
Answer: 400,325

Question: How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in secondary schools?
Answer: 115,237

Question: What was the pupil-teacher ratio in Namibia in 1999?
Answer: 32:1

Question: What develops the curriculum as well as other educational resources in Namibia?
Answer: National Institute for Educational Development
The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. Most of the territory became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa, which imposed its laws and, from 1948, its apartheid policy. The port of Walvis Bay and the offshore Penguin Islands had been annexed by the Cape Colony under the British crown by 1878 and had become an integral part of the new Union of South Africa at its creation in 1910.

Question: When did Bantu immigrate to Namibia?
Answer: 14th century

Question: When did Namibia become German Imperial protectorate?
Answer: 1884

Question: When did Namibia stop being a German colony?
Answer: end of World War I

Question: What year did the League of Nations mandate Namibia to South Africa?
Answer: 1920

Question: When did South Africa impose the apartheid policy on Namibia?
Answer: 1948