meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey.

Question: What nationality were the first navigators to explore Namibia come from? 
Answer: Portuguese

Question: When did Bartolomeu Dias explore Namibia? 
Answer: 1486

Question: When did Diogo Cao explore Namibia?
Answer: 1485

Question: Settlers on their way to Angola settled in Namibia instead of going where?
Answer: Angola

Question: Along with Swedish settlers, what other country's settlers inhabited in Namibia first?
Answer: Germany
South Africa occupied the colony in 1915 after defeating the German force during World War I and administered it from 1919 onward as a League of Nations mandate territory. Although the South African government desired to incorporate 'South-West Africa' into its territory, it never officially did so, although it was administered as the de facto 'fifth province', with the white minority having representation in the whites-only Parliament of South Africa, as well as electing their own local administration the SWA Legislative Assembly. The South African government also appointed the SWA administrator, who had extensive powers. Following the League's replacement by the United Nations in 1946, South Africa refused to surrender its earlier mandate to be replaced by a United Nations Trusteeship agreement, requiring closer international monitoring of the territory's administration (along with a definite independence schedule). The Herero Chief's Council submitted a number of petitions to the UN calling for it to grant Namibia independence during the 1950s. During the 1960s, when European powers granted independence to their colonies and trust territories in Africa, pressure mounted on South Africa to do so in Namibia. In 1966 the International Court of Justice dismissed a complaint brought by Ethiopia and Liberia against South Africa's continued presence in the territory, but the U.N. General Assembly subsequently revoked South Africa's mandate, while in 1971 the International Court of Justice issued an "advisory opinion" declaring South Africa's continued administration to be illegal.

Question: When did South Africa refuse to surrender Namibia? 
Answer: 1946

Question: When did South Africa occupy Namibia? 
Answer: 1915

Question: Which council submitted petitions for Namibia's independence?
Answer: Herero Chief's Council

Question: When was the League replaced by the United Nations?
Answer: 1946

Question: When did European powers grant independence to their colonies in Africa?
Answer: 1960s
In response to the 1966 ruling by the International Court of Justice, South-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) military wing, People's Liberation Army of Namibia, a guerrilla group began their armed struggle for independence, but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its occupation of Namibia, in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region. During the South African occupation of Namibia, white commercial farmers, most of whom came as settlers from South Africa and represented 0.2% of the national population, owned 74% of the arable land. Outside the central-southern area of Namibia (known as the "Police Zone" since the German era and which contained the main towns, industries, mines and best arable land), the country was divided into "homelands", the version of South African bantustan applied to Namibia, although only a few were actually established because indigenous Namibians often did not cooperate.

Question: Which guerrilla group fought for Namibia's independence? 
Answer: People's Liberation Army of Namibia

Question: When did a guerrilla group fight for Namibia's independence? 
Answer: 1966

Question: When did South Africa end occupation of Namibia?
Answer: 1988

Question: Why did South Africa end occupation in Namibia?
Answer: UN peace plan

Question: What is the central-southern area of Namibia known as?
Answer: Police Zone
South West Africa became known as Namibia by the UN when the General Assembly changed the territory's name by Resolution 2372 (XXII) of 12 June 1968. In 1978 the UN Security Council passed UN Resolution 435 which planned a transition toward independence for Namibia. Attempts to persuade South Africa to agree to the plan's implementation were not successful until 1988 when the transition to independence finally started under a diplomatic agreement between South Africa, Angola and Cuba, with the USSR and the USA as observers, under which South Africa agreed to withdraw and demobilise its forces in Namibia. As a result, Cuba agreed to pull back its troops in southern Angola sent to support the MPLA in its war for control of Angola with UNITA.

Question: What was Namibia previously called?
Answer: South West Africa

Question: What date did Namibia get it's official name?
Answer: 12 June 1968

Question: What was the resolution that granted Namibia it's name?
Answer: Resolution 2372 (XXII)

Question: How long did it take for South Africa to agree to the implantation of Namibia's new name? 
Answer: 1988

Question: The diplomatic agreement between South Africa, Angola, and Cuba was observed by the USSR and what other country?
Answer: USA
The Namibian Constitution adopted in February 1990 incorporated protection for human rights, compensation for state expropriations of private property, an independent judiciary and an executive presidency (the constituent assembly became the national assembly). The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990. Sam Nujoma was sworn in as the first President of Namibia watched by Nelson Mandela (who had been released from prison the previous month) and representatives from 147 countries, including 20 heads of state. Walvis Bay was ceded to Namibia in 1994 upon the end of Apartheid in South Africa.[citation needed]

Question: When was the Namibian Constitution adopted?
Answer: February 1990

Question: Who was the first President of Namibia?
Answer: Sam Nujoma

Question: When did the country of Namibia officially become a country?
Answer: 21 March 1990

Question: Who swore in the first President of Namibia?
Answer: Nelson Mandela

Question: What was ceded to Namibia in 1994? 
Answer: Walvis Bay
Since independence Namibia has successfully completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to parliamentary democracy. Multiparty democracy was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and national elections held regularly. Several registered political parties are active and represented in the National Assembly, although the Swapo Party has won every election since independence. The transition from the 15-year rule of President Sam Nujoma to his successor Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2005 went smoothly.

Question: What did Namibia transition to after white minority apartheid rule?
Answer: parliamentary democracy

Question: What type of independence was introduced in Namibia after independence? 
Answer: Multiparty democracy

Question: What party has won every election in Namibia?
Answer: Swapo Party

Question: Who succeeded Sam Nujoma?
Answer: Hifikepunye Pohamba

Question: How long did president Same Nujoma rule?
Answer: 15-year
Namibia extends from 17°S to 25°S: climatically the range of the sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt, arid is the overall climate description descending from the Sub-Humid (mean rain above 500 mm) through Semi-Arid between 300 and 500 mm (embracing most of the waterless Kalahari) and Arid from 150 to 300 mm (these three regions are inland from the western escarpment) to the Hyper-Arid coastal plain with less than a 100 mm mean. Temperature maxima are limited by the overall elevation of the entire region: only in the far south, Warmbad for instance, are mid-40 °C maxima recorded.

Question: What is the climate range for Namibia?
Answer: 17°S to 25°S

Question: What is the overall climate description for Namibia? 
Answer: arid

Question: What is the mean rain above in Namibia?
Answer: 500 mm

Question: What is the semi-arid measurements in Namibia?
Answer: 300 and 500 mm

Question: What is the arid measurement in Namibia?
Answer: 150 to 300 mm
Namibia is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa and depends largely on groundwater. With an average rainfall of about 350 mm per annum, the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi in the northeast (about 600 mm per annum) and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as 50 mm and less per annum at the coast. The only perennial rivers are found on the national borders with South Africa, Angola, Zambia, and the short border with Botswana in the Caprivi. In the interior of the country surface water is available only in the summer months when rivers are in flood after exceptional rainfalls. Otherwise, surface water is restricted to a few large storage dams retaining and damming up these seasonal floods and their runoff. Thus, where people don’t live near perennial rivers or make use of the storage dams, they are dependent on groundwater. The advantage of using groundwater sources is that even isolated communities and those economic activities located far from good surface water sources such as mining, agriculture, and tourism can be supplied from groundwater over nearly 80% of the country.

Question: What is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa?
Answer: Namibia

Question: What is the average rainfall in Namibia?
Answer: 350 mm per annum

Question: Where does the highest rainfall occur in Namibia?
Answer: Caprivi

Question: How much of the country does dam water supply the rest of the country with? 
Answer: 80%
Namibia is one of few countries in the world to specifically address conservation and protection of natural resources in its constitution. Article 95 states, "The State shall actively promote and maintain the welfare of the people by adopting international policies aimed at the following: maintenance of ecosystems, essential ecological processes, and biological diversity of Namibia, and utilisation of living natural resources on a sustainable basis for the benefit of all Namibians, both present and future."

Question: What does Namibia protect in it's constitution? 
Answer: natural resources

Question: What article in the Namibia constitution supports natural conservation?
Answer: Article 95

Question: What do Namibians believe sustains them?
Answer: utilisation of living natural resources
Providing 25% of Namibia's revenue, mining is the single most important contributor to the economy. Namibia is the fourth largest exporter of non-fuel minerals in Africa and the world's fourth largest producer of uranium. There has been significant investment in uranium mining and Namibia is set to become the largest exporter of uranium by 2015. Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. While Namibia is known predominantly for its gem diamond and uranium deposits, a number of other minerals are extracted industrially such as lead, tungsten, gold, tin, fluorspar, manganese, marble, copper and zinc. There are offshore gas deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are planned to be extracted in the future. According to "The Diamond Investigation", a book about the global diamond market, from 1978, De Beers, the largest diamond company, bought most of the Namibian diamonds, and would continue to do so, because "whatever government eventually comes to power they will need this revenue to survive".

Question: How much revenue does mining provide Namibia?
Answer: 25%

Question: Where does Namibia rank in the exportation of uranium? 
Answer: fourth

Question: What does rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a source of?
Answer: gem-quality diamonds

Question: Namibia was expected to become the largest exporter of what in 2015?
Answer: uranium
There are many lodges and reserves to accommodate eco-tourists. Sport hunting is also a large, and growing component of the Namibian economy, accounting for 14% of total tourism in the year 2000, or $19.6 million US dollars, with Namibia boasting numerous species sought after by international sport hunters. In addition, extreme sports such as sandboarding, skydiving and 4x4ing have become popular, and many cities have companies that provide tours.[citation needed] The most visited places include the capital city of Windhoek, Caprivi Strip, Fish River Canyon, Sossusvlei, the Skeleton Coast Park, Sesriem, Etosha Pan and the coastal towns of Swakopmund, Walvis Bay and Lüderitz.

Question: What accounts for almost 14% of total tourism in Namibia?
Answer: Sport hunting

Question: How much economic assistance does Namibia get from tourism from hunting? 
Answer: $19.6 million US dollars

Question: What other types of sports are popular in Namibia?
Answer: extreme sports

Question: What is the most visited city in Namibia?
Answer: Windhoek

Question: What type of town is Swakopmund?
Answer: coastal
Namibia conducts a census every ten years. After independence the first Population and Housing Census was carried out in 1991, further rounds followed in 2001 and 2011. The data collection method is to count every person resident in Namibia on the census reference night, wherever they happen to be. This is called the de facto method. For enumeration purposes the country is demarcated into 4,042 enumeration areas. These areas do not overlap with constituency boundaries to get reliable data for election purposes as well.

Question: When was the first Population and Housing Census in Namibia?
Answer: 1991

Question: How often does Namibia conduct a census?
Answer: every ten years

Question: What is it called when the census counts every person wherever they are the night of the census? 
Answer: de facto method

Question: How many enumeration areas are there in Namibia?
Answer: 4,042

Question: The enumeration areas in Namibia do not overlap with what in order to get reliable data?
Answer: constituency boundaries
The U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation. The highest-ranking military officer in the Department of the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, who exercises supervision over Air Force units, and serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Air Force combat and mobility forces are assigned, as directed by the Secretary of Defense, to the Combatant Commanders, and neither the Secretary of the Air Force nor the Chief of Staff have operational command authority over them.

Question: How many departments are there in the Department of Defense?
Answer: three

Question: Who does the Secretary of the Air Force currently report to? 
Answer: Secretary of Defense

Question: What branch of the government must confirm the President's appointment of the Secretary of the Air Force? 
Answer: Senate

Question: Who serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff?
Answer: Chief of Staff of the Air Force

Question: Who assigns combat missions to the Air Force? 
Answer: Secretary of Defense
Recently, the Air Force refined its understanding of the core duties and responsibilities it performs as a Military Service Branch, streamlining what previously were six distinctive capabilities and seventeen operational functions into twelve core functions to be used across the doctrine, organization, training, equipment, leadership, and education, personnel, and facilities spectrum. These core functions express the ways in which the Air Force is particularly and appropriately suited to contribute to national security, but they do not necessarily express every aspect of what the Air Force contributes to the nation. It should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs.

Question: How many core functions did the Air Force reduce its duties down to recently? 
Answer: twelve

Question: What do these core functions of the Air Force express? 
Answer: contribute to national security

Question: What are not considered doctrinal constructs of the Air Force? 
Answer: core functions
Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to promoting security and is also an integral part of this mission. Moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. The Air Force maintains and presents credible deterrent capabilities through successful visible demonstrations and exercises which assure allies, dissuade proliferation, deter potential adversaries from actions that threaten US national security or the populations and deployed military forces of the US, its allies and friends.

Question: What is the mission set of the Air Force called that includes nuclear strike operations? 
Answer: Assure/Dissuade/Deter

Question: How does the Air Force promote security to its allies? 
Answer: Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD

Question: What is the US Air Force prepared to do to support its allies? 
Answer: carry out the nuclear strike operations mission

Question: What do potential adversaries threaten that the US Air Force prevents? 
Answer: US national security
Nuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. If a crisis occurs, rapid generation and, if necessary, deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adversary to alter the course of action deemed threatening to our national interest. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level and lead to a rapid cessation of hostilities. Post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. The Air Force may present a credible force posture in either the Continental United States, within a theater of operations, or both to effectively deter the range of potential adversaries envisioned in the 21st century. This requires the ability to engage targets globally using a variety of methods; therefore, the Air Force should possess the ability to induct, train, assign, educate and exercise individuals and units to rapidly and effectively execute missions that support US NDO objectives. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of nuclear operations to ensure high levels of performance.

Question: What is the definition of a nuclear strike? 
Answer: the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets

Question: What action by the US Air Force would deter adversaries from threatening US Security? 
Answer: deployment of nuclear strike capabilities

Question: Who has the authorization in the US to terminate a conflict?
Answer: President

Question: What organization does the US Air Force support on its missions? 
Answer: US NDO objectives

Question: What is one of the areas where the US Air Force might operate its missions? 
Answer: Continental United States
Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations. Because of their political and military importance, destructive power, and the potential consequences of an accident or unauthorized act, nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon systems require special consideration and protection against risks and threats inherent in their peacetime and wartime environments. The Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. This program applies to materiel, personnel, and procedures that contribute to the safety, security, and control of nuclear weapons, thus assuring no nuclear accidents, incidents, loss, or unauthorized or accidental use (a Broken Arrow incident). The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements. Adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Force's ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission. Positive nuclear command, control, communications; effective nuclear weapons security; and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function.

Question: What ensures the safety of nuclear operations? 
Answer: Nuclear surety

Question: What is the mission of the NDO in regards to nuclear security? 
Answer: precise and reliable nuclear operations

Question: What is a Broken Arrow incident in nuclear security? 
Answer: unauthorized or accidental use

Question: What is one of the five functions of NDO support? 
Answer: effective nuclear weapons security

Question: What other US departments does the Air Force coordinate with for nuclear security? 
Answer: Departments of Defense or Energy
Offensive Counterair (OCA) is defined as "offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms, and their supporting structures and systems both before and after launch, but as close to their source as possible" (JP 1-02). OCA is the preferred method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source and typically enjoys the initiative. OCA comprises attack operations, sweep, escort, and suppression/destruction of enemy air defense.

Question: What does the abbreviation OCA stand for? 
Answer: Offensive Counterair

Question: What is the function or definition of the OCA according to JP 1-02?
Answer: offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms

Question: OCA is the preferred method of defeating what kind of attacks? 
Answer: air and missile threats

Question: What is one of the important functions of the OCA in dealing with attacks? 
Answer: suppression/destruction of enemy air defense
Defensive Counterair (DCA) is defined as "all the defensive measures designed to detect, identify, intercept, and destroy or negate enemy forces attempting to penetrate or attack through friendly airspace" (JP 1-02). A major goal of DCA operations, in concert with OCA operations, is to provide an area from which forces can operate, secure from air and missile threats. The DCA mission comprises both active and passive defense measures. Active defense is "the employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks to deny a contested area or position to the enemy" (JP 1-02). It includes both ballistic missile defense and air breathing threat defense, and encompasses point defense, area defense, and high value airborne asset defense. Passive defense is "measures taken to reduce the probability of and to minimize the effects of damage caused by hostile action without the intention of taking the initiative" (JP 1-02). It includes detection and warning; chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense; camouflage, concealment, and deception; hardening; reconstitution; dispersion; redundancy; and mobility, counter-measures, and stealth.

Question: What does the abbreviation DCA stand for? 
Answer: Defensive Counterair

Question: What sort of airspace is the DCA designed to protect?
Answer: friendly

Question: What is active defense, according to the functions of the DCA? 
Answer: employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks

Question: What kind of missile defense does active defense protect against, according to the DCA?
Answer: ballistic

Question: What is one of the many ways the DCA utilizes passive defense to protect from enemy attacks? 
Answer: counter-measures
Space superiority is "the degree of dominance in space of one force over another that permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea, air, space, and special operations forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force" (JP 1-02). Space superiority may be localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring. Space superiority provides freedom of action in space for friendly forces and, when directed, denies the same freedom to the adversary.

Question: What is the dominance in space of one force over another? 
Answer: Space superiority

Question: What does Space Superiority encompass? 
Answer: localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring

Question: Who does space superiority ensure freedom of action in space for? 
Answer: friendly forces

Question: What areas does Space Superiority operate in? 
Answer: land, sea, air, space
Space Control is defined as "operations to ensure freedom of action in space for the US and its allies and, when directed, deny an adversary freedom of action in space. This mission area includes: operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack, interference, or unintentional hazards (defensive space control); operations to deny an adversary's use of space capabilities (offensive space control); and the requisite current and predictive knowledge of the space environment and the operational environment upon which space operations depend (space situational awareness)" (JP 1-02).

Question: What is the definition of Space Control according to the US and its allies? 
Answer: operations to ensure freedom of action in space

Question: What is one of the areas of operation that space control serves to protect? 
Answer: operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack

Question: What is the operational environment that Space Control depends on? 
Answer: space situational awareness
This is the passive, active, and dynamic employment of capabilities to respond to imminent or on-going actions against Air Force or Air Force-protected networks, the Air Force's portion of the Global Information Grid, or expeditionary communications assigned to the Air Force. Cyberspace defense incorporates CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques and may be a contributor to influence operations. It is highly dependent upon ISR, fused all-source intelligence, automated indications and warning, sophisticated attribution/characterization, situational awareness, assessment, and responsive C2.

Question: Who responds with the employment of capabilities where there is a threat?
Answer: Air Force

Question: What is the definition of CND?
Answer: computer network defense

Question: What does Cyberspace defense include?
Answer: CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques

Question: What is one of the things that Cyberspace defense highly dependent on? 
Answer: fused all-source intelligence

Question: What branch of the military is in charge of Cyberspace defense? 
Answer: Air Force
Cyberspace Support is foundational, continuous, or responsive operations ensuring information integrity and availability in, through, and from Air Force-controlled infrastructure and its interconnected analog and digital portion of the battle space. Inherent in this mission is the ability to establish, extend, secure, protect, and defend in order to sustain assigned networks and missions. This includes protection measures against supply chain components plus critical C2 networks/communications links and nuclear C2 networks. The cyberspace support mission incorporates CNE and CND techniques. It incorporates all elements of Air Force Network Operations, information transport, enterprise management, and information assurance, and is dependent on ISR and all-source intelligence.

Question: What division ensures the Air Force's information integrity and availability? 
Answer: Cyberspace Support

Question: What is ability is critical in Cyberspace Supports mission?
Answer: sustain assigned networks and missions

Question: What important networks is it the function of Cyberspace support to protect?
Answer: C2 networks/communications links and nuclear C2 networks

Question: What techniques does the Cyberspace Support branch of the Air Force use? 
Answer: CNE and CND
Command and control is "the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission" (JP 1-02). This core function includes all of the C2-related capabilities and activities associated with air, space, cyberspace, nuclear, and agile combat support operations to achieve strategic, operational, and tactical objectives.

Question: What is the definition of Command and Control in the Air Force operations? 
Answer: exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces

Question: Who is in charge of the Command and Control operations? 
Answer: commander in planning

Question: What is one of the C2 related functions that the Command and Control mission of the Air Force uses? 
Answer: agile combat support operations

Question: What are the main objectives of the Command and Control initiative? 
Answer: achieve strategic, operational, and tactical objectives
Planning and Directing is "the determination of intelligence requirements, development of appropriate intelligence architecture, preparation of a collection plan, and issuance of orders and requests to information collection agencies" (JP 2-01, Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations). These activities enable the synchronization and integration of collection, processing, exploitation, analysis, and dissemination activities/resources to meet information requirements of national and military decision makers.

Question: What agency is in charge of intelligence requirements? 
Answer: Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations

Question: What is one of the ways that the Air Force uses Planning and Directing in its operations? 
Answer: development of appropriate intelligence architecture

Question: Who benefits from the process analysis and dissemination of this information? 
Answer: national and military decision makers
Special Operations are "operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives employing military capabilities for which there is no broad conventional force requirement. These operations may require covert, clandestine, or low-visibility capabilities. Special operations are applicable across the ROMO. They can be conducted independently or in conjunction with operations of conventional forces or other government agencies and may include operations through, with, or by indigenous or surrogate forces. Special operations differ from conventional operations in degree of physical and political risk, operational techniques, mode of employment, independence from friendly support, and dependence on detailed operational intelligence and indigenous assets" (JP 1-02).

Question: What are Special Operations? 
Answer: operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments

Question: What are the goals of Special Operations? 
Answer: achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives

Question: What kind of forces can Special Operations missions employ? 
Answer: indigenous or surrogate

Question: What is one of the ways that Special Operations is different from conventional methods?
Answer: dependence on detailed operational intelligence
Airlift is "operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air in support of strategic, operational, or tactical objectives" (AFDD 3–17, Air Mobility Operations). The rapid and flexible options afforded by airlift allow military forces and national leaders the ability to respond and operate in a variety of situations and time frames. The global reach capability of airlift provides the ability to apply US power worldwide by delivering forces to crisis locations. It serves as a US presence that demonstrates resolve and compassion in humanitarian crisis.

Question: What is the definition of Airlift according to the Air Mobility Operations? 
Answer: operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air

Question: What objectives does Airlift support? 
Answer: strategic, operational, or tactical

Question: What does this US presence represent during a humanitarian crisis? 
Answer: resolve and compassion

Question: How does the US employ the global reach capability of airlift? 
Answer: delivering forces to crisis locations
Aeromedical Evacuation is "the movement of patients under medical supervision to and between medical treatment facilities by air transportation" (JP 1-02). JP 4-02, Health Service Support, further defines it as "the fixed wing movement of regulated casualties to and between medical treatment facilities, using organic and/or contracted mobility airframes, with aircrew trained explicitly for this mission." Aeromedical evacuation forces can operate as far forward as fixed-wing aircraft are able to conduct airland operations.

Question: Who coordinates the deployment of thee Aeromedical Evacuation? 
Answer: Health Service Support

Question: What is the movement of patients who need medical attention called?
Answer: Aeromedical Evacuation

Question: Where does the Aeromedical Evacuation team transport casualties? 
Answer: to and between medical treatment facilities

Question: Who operates and is able to conduct airland missions? 
Answer: Aeromedical evacuation forces
Personnel Recovery (PR) is defined as "the sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel" (JP 1-02). It is the ability of the US government and its international partners to effect the recovery of isolated personnel across the ROMO and return those personnel to duty. PR also enhances the development of an effective, global capacity to protect and recover isolated personnel wherever they are placed at risk; deny an adversary's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda; and develop joint, interagency, and international capabilities that contribute to crisis response and regional stability.

Question: What does the abbreviation PR stand for in terms of the US military?
Answer: Personnel Recovery

Question: What is the definition of a Personnel Recovery mission? 
Answer: military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel

Question: What is one of the ways that PR uses its capabilities in a crisis? 
Answer: deny an adversary's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda

Question: What are the types of international duties of the PR mission? 
Answer: crisis response and regional stability
Humanitarian Assistance Operations are "programs conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property. Humanitarian assistance provided by US forces is limited in scope and duration. The assistance provided is designed to supplement or complement the efforts of the host nation civil authorities or agencies that may have the primary responsibility for providing humanitarian assistance" (JP 1-02).

Question: What are programs that are designed to help with natural or manmade disaters? 
Answer: Humanitarian Assistance Operations

Question: What kind of Humanitarian assistance is supplied by the US Forces?
Answer: limited

Question: What kinds of endemic conditions do the Human Assistance Operations entail? 
Answer: human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life

Question: Who is the Humanitarian support intended to help? 
Answer: host nation civil authorities or agencies
Building Partnerships is described as airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors to develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security. Building Partnerships is about interacting with others and is therefore an inherently inter-personal and cross-cultural undertaking. Through both words and deeds, the majority of interaction is devoted to building trust-based relationships for mutual benefit. It includes both foreign partners as well as domestic partners and emphasizes collaboration with foreign governments, militaries and populations as well as US government departments, agencies, industry, and NGOs. To better facilitate partnering efforts, Airmen should be competent in the relevant language, region, and culture.

Question: What does Building Partnerships relate to in the Air Force? 
Answer: airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors

Question: What are the goals of the Building Partnership interactions?
Answer: develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security

Question: What sort of inter-personal relationships does Building Partnerships encourage? 
Answer: cross-cultural

Question: What is the major goal of Building Partnerships in these deeds and actions?
Answer: building trust-based relationships for mutual benefit

Question: What are Airmen expected to be competent in for these Building Partnerships missions?
Answer: relevant language, region, and culture
The U.S. War Department created the first antecedent of the U.S. Air Force in 1907, which through a succession of changes of organization, titles, and missions advanced toward eventual separation 40 years later. In World War II, almost 68,000 U.S airmen died helping to win the war; only the infantry suffered more enlisted casualties. In practice, the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) was virtually independent of the Army during World War II, but officials wanted formal independence. The National Security Act of 1947 was signed on on 26 July 1947 by President Harry S Truman, which established the Department of the Air Force, but it was not not until 18 September 1947, when the first secretary of the Air Force, W. Stuart Symington was sworn into office that the Air Force was officially formed.

Question: Who created the first version of the US Air Force in 1907?
Answer: U.S. War Department

Question: When did the US Air Force separate from the War Department? 
Answer: 40 years later

Question: How many causalities did the US Air Force suffer during WWII? 
Answer: 68,000

Question: What does the USAAF stand for? 
Answer: U.S. Army Air Forces

Question: Who signed the National Security Act of 1947? 
Answer: President Harry S Truman
The act created the National Military Establishment (renamed Department of Defense in 1949), which was composed of three subordinate Military Departments, namely the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the newly created Department of the Air Force. Prior to 1947, the responsibility for military aviation was shared between the Army (for land-based operations), the Navy (for sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft), and the Marine Corps (for close air support of infantry operations). The 1940s proved to be important in other ways as well. In 1947, Captain Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier in his X-1 rocket-powered aircraft, beginning a new era of aeronautics in America.

Question: What was the National Military Establishment renamed in 1949?
Answer: Department of Defense

Question: How many subordinate divisions did the National Military Establishment contain?
Answer: three

Question: What does the US Navy's responsibilities include?
Answer: sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft

Question: Who is in charge of closed air support of infantry operations? 
Answer: Marine Corps

Question: What American broke the sound barrier in 1947?
Answer: Captain Chuck Yeager
During the early 2000s, the USAF fumbled several high profile aircraft procurement projects, such as the missteps on the KC-X program. Winslow Wheeler has written that this pattern represents "failures of intellect and – much more importantly – ethics." As a result, the USAF fleet is setting new records for average aircraft age and needs to replace its fleets of fighters, bombers, airborne tankers, and airborne warning aircraft, in an age of restrictive defense budgets. Finally in the midst of scandal and failure in maintaining its nuclear arsenal, the civilian and military leaders of the air force were replaced in 2008.

Question: When did the USAF have several missteps of aircraft procurement projects? 
Answer: early 2000s

Question: Who wrote that these aircraft procurement projects were a failure of intellect and ethics?
Answer: Winslow Wheeler

Question: When were the military leaders replaced after a scandal over failure to maintain its nuclear arsenal? 
Answer: 2008
Since 2005, the USAF has placed a strong focus on the improvement of Basic Military Training (BMT) for enlisted personnel. While the intense training has become longer, it also has shifted to include a deployment phase. This deployment phase, now called the BEAST, places the trainees in a surreal environment that they may experience once they deploy. While the trainees do tackle the massive obstacle courses along with the BEAST, the other portions include defending and protecting their base of operations, forming a structure of leadership, directing search and recovery, and basic self aid buddy care. During this event, the Military Training Instructors (MTI) act as mentors and enemy forces in a deployment exercise.

Question: What did the USAF strive to improve since 2005?
Answer: Basic Military Training

Question: What is the deployment phase of BMT called? 
Answer: BEAST

Question: What other training do the US Air force Personnel get during BMT? 
Answer: directing search and recovery

Question: Who acts as a mentor during this deployment phase of the BMT?
Answer: Military Training Instructors
On 5 June 2008, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, accepted the resignations of both the Secretary of the Air Force, Michael Wynne, and the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General T. Michael Moseley. Gates in effect fired both men for "systemic issues associated with declining Air Force nuclear mission focus and performance." This followed an investigation into two embarrassing incidents involving mishandling of nuclear weapons: specifically a nuclear weapons incident aboard a B-52 flight between Minot AFB and Barksdale AFB, and an accidental shipment of nuclear weapons components to Taiwan. The resignations were also the culmination of disputes between the Air Force leadership, populated primarily by non-nuclear background fighter pilots, versus Gates. To put more emphasis on nuclear assets, the USAF established the nuclear-focused Air Force Global Strike Command on 24 October 2008.

Question: Who was Robert Gates? 
Answer: Secretary of Defense

Question: What Secretary of the Air Force resigned in 2008?
Answer: Michael Wynne

Question: Where did the US Air Force accidentally ship a component of Nuclear Weapons? 
Answer: Taiwan

Question: What US Chief of Staff of the US Air Force also resigned in June of 2008?
Answer: General T. Michael Moseley

Question: When was the Air Force Global Strike Command formed?
Answer: 24 October 2008
Due to the Budget sequestration in 2013, the USAF was forced to ground many of its squadrons. The Commander of Air Combat Command, General Mike Hostage indicated that the USAF must reduce its F-15 and F-16 fleets and eliminate platforms like the A-10 in order to focus on a fifth-generation jet fighter future. In response to squadron groundings and flight time reductions, many Air Force pilots have opted to resign from active duty and enter the Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard while pursuing careers in the commercial airlines where they can find flight hours on more modern aircraft.

Question: Why was the USAF forced to ground some of its squadrons in 2013?
Answer: Budget sequestration

Question: Who was the Commander of Air Combat Command in 2013?
Answer: General Mike Hostage

Question: Why have many US Air Force pilots opted to resign from active service? 
Answer: squadron groundings and flight time reductions

Question: Where have many of these US Air Force pilots chosen to find employment instead? 
Answer: careers in the commercial airlines
Specific concerns include a compounded inability for the Air Force to replace its aging fleet, and an overall reduction of strength and readiness. The USAF attempted to make these adjustments by primarily cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets and their associated manpower, but Congress reversed this initiative and the majority of the lost manpower will come from the active forces. However, Congress did allow for $208 million of reprogramming from fleet modernization to enable some portion of the third of the grounded fleet to resume operations.

Question: What is one of the concerns of the Air Force? 
Answer: replace its aging fleet

Question: How did the USAF try to make these adjustments to help with strength and readiness of its fleet? 
Answer: cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets

Question: How much money did Congress give to the USAF to enable them to replace some of the grounded fleet? 
Answer: $208 million
The Department of the Air Force is one of three military departments within the Department of Defense, and is managed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, under the authority, direction, and control of the Secretary of Defense. The senior officials in the Office of the Secretary are the Under Secretary of the Air Force, four Assistant Secretaries of the Air Force and the General Counsel, all of whom are appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The senior uniformed leadership in the Air Staff is made up of the Chief of Staff of the Air Force and the Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force.

Question: Who is the Department of the Air Force managed by?
Answer: Secretary of the Air Force

Question: Who does the Secretary of the Air Force report to?
Answer: Secretary of Defense

Question: Who appoints the top positions in the USAF, including the Assistant Secretaries and General Council?
Answer: President

Question: Upon whom does the President call on for support in his appointments to the USAF?
Answer: Senate

Question: Who does the senior leadership roles in the USAF include? 
Answer: Chief of Staff of the Air Force and the Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force
The organizational structure as shown above is responsible for the peacetime organization, equipping, and training of aerospace units for operational missions. When required to support operational missions, the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) directs the Secretary of the Air Force (SECAF) to execute a Change in Operational Control (CHOP) of these units from their administrative alignment to the operational command of a Regional Combatant Commander (CCDR). In the case of AFSPC, AFSOC, PACAF, and USAFE units, forces are normally employed in-place under their existing CCDR. Likewise, AMC forces operating in support roles retain their componency to USTRANSCOM unless chopped to a Regional CCDR.

Question: Who directs the Secretary of the Air Force during operational missions? 
Answer: Secretary of Defense

Question: What does the abbreviation CHOP stand for? 
Answer: Change in Operational Control

Question: Who does the AMC forces usually retain their componency to?
Answer: USTRANSCOM

Question: Who is in charge of these Change in Operational Control missions? 
Answer: Regional Combatant Commander