meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
According to Sahih al-Bukhari, the Quran was recited among Levantines and Iraqis, and discussed by Christians and Jews, before it was standardized. Its language was similar to the Syriac language.[citation needed] The Quran recounts stories of many of the people and events recounted in Jewish and Christian sacred books (Tanakh, Bible) and devotional literature (Apocrypha, Midrash), although it differs in many details. Adam, Enoch, Noah, Eber, Shelah, Abraham, Lot, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Job, Jethro, David, Solomon, Elijah, Elisha, Jonah, Aaron, Moses, Zechariah, John the Baptist and Jesus are mentioned in the Quran as prophets of God (see Prophets of Islam). In fact, Moses is mentioned more in the Quran than any other individual. Jesus is mentioned more often in the Quran than Muhammad, while Mary is mentioned in the Quran more than the New Testament. Muslims believe the common elements or resemblances between the Bible and other Jewish and Christian writings and Islamic dispensations is due to their common divine source,[citation needed] and that the original Christian or Jewish texts were authentic divine revelations given to prophets.

Question: Which Biblical character is the most often mentioned person in the Quran?
Answer: Moses

Question: Who has claimed that Christians and Jews had heard and discussed the Quran before it took on its standardized Arabic form?
Answer: Sahih al-Bukhari

Question: Which older language is thought to strongly resemble that of the Quran?
Answer: Syriac

Question: Which relative of Jesus appears more often in the Quran than the New Testament?
Answer: Mary

Question: What do devout Muslims believe is the reason for the overlap of events and characters in the Bible and Quran?
Answer: common divine source
Sahih al-Bukhari narrates Muhammad describing the revelations as, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell" and Aisha reported, "I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)." Muhammad's first revelation, according to the Quran, was accompanied with a vision. The agent of revelation is mentioned as the "one mighty in power", the one who "grew clear to view when he was on the uppermost horizon. Then he drew nigh and came down till he was (distant) two bows' length or even nearer." The Islamic studies scholar Welch states in the Encyclopaedia of Islam that he believes the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition at these moments may be regarded as genuine, because he was severely disturbed after these revelations. According to Welch, these seizures would have been seen by those around him as convincing evidence for the superhuman origin of Muhammad's inspirations. However, Muhammad's critics accused him of being a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician since his experiences were similar to those claimed by such figures well known in ancient Arabia. Welch additionally states that it remains uncertain whether these experiences occurred before or after Muhammad's initial claim of prophethood.

Question: What physical symptom accompanied Muhammad's revelations?
Answer: seizures

Question: What measure of distance described the nearness of the Angel's approach to Mohammad?
Answer: two bows' length

Question: In which work did Welch express his belief that Mohammad's physical reaction to the revelation was historically accurate? 
Answer: Encyclopaedia of Islam

Question: Which people would Mohammad's critics have compared him to at the time?
Answer: a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician
Shifts of international power have most notably occurred through major conflicts. The conclusion of the Great War and the resulting treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres witnessed the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States as the chief arbiters of the new world order. In the aftermath of World War I the German Empire was defeated, the Austria-Hungarian empire was divided into new, less powerful states and the Russian Empire fell to a revolution. During the Paris Peace Conference, the "Big Four"—France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States—held noticeably more power and influence on the proceedings and outcome of the treaties than Japan. The Big Four were leading architects of the Treaty of Versailles which was signed by Germany; the Treaty of St. Germain, with Austria; the Treaty of Neuilly, with Bulgaria; the Treaty of Trianon, with Hungary; and the Treaty of Sèvres, with the Ottoman Empire. During the decision-making of the Treaty of Versailles, Italy pulled out of the conference because a part of its demands were not met and temporarily left the other three countries as the sole major architects of that treaty, referred to as the "Big Three".

Question: What marked the conclusion of The Great War?
Answer: treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and Sèvres

Question: Who were  the chief arbiters of the new world order?
Answer: United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States

Question: Who created the Treaty of Versailles?
Answer: Big Three

Question: Who were the big four?
Answer: France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States
When World War II started in 1939, it divided the world into two alliances—the Allies (the United Kingdom and France at first in Europe, China in Asia since 1937, followed in 1941 by the Soviet Union, the United States); and the Axis powers consisting of Germany, Italy and Japan.[nb 1] During World War II, the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union controlled Allied policy and emerged as the "Big Three". The Republic of China and the Big Three were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful"  and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in Declaration by United Nations in 1942. These four countries were referred as the "Four Policemen" of the Allies and considered as the primary victors of World War II. The importance of France was acknowledged by their inclusion, along with the other four, in the group of countries allotted permanent seats in the United Nations Security Council.

Question: When did World War II start?
Answer: 1939

Question: How many groups were involved in conflict of World War II?
Answer: two alliances

Question: Who were the winners of World War II?
Answer: Allies

Question: Who made up the Axis powers?
Answer: Germany, Italy and Japan

Question: The winners of World War II along with France were allotted permanent seats for what organization?
Answer: United Nations Security Council
Referring to great power relations pre-1960, Joshua Baron highlights that starting from around the 16th century and the rise of several European great powers, military conflicts and confrontations was the defining characteristic of diplomacy and relations between such powers. "Between 1500 and 1953, there were 64 wars in which at least one great power was opposed to another, and they averaged little more than five years in length. In approximately a 450-year time frame, on average at least two great powers were fighting one another in each and every year." Even during the period of Pax Britannica (or "the British Peace") between 1815 and 1914, war and military confrontations among the great powers was still a frequent occurrence. In fact, Joshua Baron points out that, in terms of militarized conflicts or confrontations, the UK led the way in this period with nineteen such instances against; Russia (8), France (5), Germany/Prussia (5) and Italy (1).

Question: How many wars occured between 1500s and 1953?
Answer: 64

Question: For bout how many years was an average of one great power fighting another each year?
Answer: 450

Question: What country had the most conflicts from 1500s through mid 20th century?
Answer: UK

Question: What span was the Pax Britannica?
Answer: between 1815 and 1914
From 1989 through 1996, the total area of the US was listed as 9,372,610 km2 (3,618,780 sq mi) (land + inland water only). The listed total area changed to 9,629,091 km2 (3,717,813 sq mi) in 1997 (Great Lakes area and coastal waters added), to 9,631,418 km2 (3,718,711 sq mi) in 2004, to 9,631,420 km2 (3,718,710 sq mi) in 2006, and to 9,826,630 km2 (3,794,080 sq mi) in 2007 (territorial waters added). Currently, the CIA World Factbook gives 9,826,675 km2 (3,794,100 sq mi), the United Nations Statistics Division gives 9,629,091 km2 (3,717,813 sq mi), and the Encyclopædia Britannica gives 9,522,055 km2 (3,676,486 sq mi)(Great Lakes area included but not coastal waters). These source consider only the 50 states and the Federal District, and exclude overseas territories.

Question: During the period from 1989 - 1996, what was the total are of the US in miles?
Answer: 3,618,780 sq mi

Question: According to the CIA World Factbook, what is the total area of the US in miles?
Answer: 3,794,100 sq mi

Question: According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, what is the total area of the US in miles?
Answer: 3,676,486 sq mi
The Atlantic coast of the United States is low, with minor exceptions. The Appalachian Highland owes its oblique northeast-southwest trend to crustal deformations which in very early geological time gave a beginning to what later came to be the Appalachian mountain system. This system had its climax of deformation so long ago (probably in Permian time) that it has since then been very generally reduced to moderate or low relief. It owes its present-day altitude either to renewed elevations along the earlier lines or to the survival of the most resistant rocks as residual mountains. The oblique trend of this coast would be even more pronounced but for a comparatively modern crustal movement, causing a depression in the northeast resulting in an encroachment of the sea upon the land. Additionally, the southeastern section has undergone an elevation resulting in the advance of the land upon the sea.

Question: Why does the Appalachian Highland have the terrain it does?
Answer: crustal deformations

Question: During what geological period did the Appalachian mountains reach their highest formation point?
Answer: Permian time

Question: What is the name of the mountaneous region along the Atlantic cost. 
Answer: The Appalachian Highland
The die is a negative image of the glass master: typically, several are made, depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD. The die then goes into a press, and the physical image is transferred to the blank CD, leaving a final positive image on the disc. A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ring around the center of the disc, and rapid spinning spreads it evenly over the surface. Edge protection lacquer is applied before the disc is finished. The disc can then be printed and packed.

Question: What is the term for a negative image of the glass master?
Answer: die

Question: How is the positive image on a CD protected? 
Answer: lacquer

Question: How is lacquer distrubted on a CD?
Answer: rapid spinning
The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44.1 kHz sampling rate per channel. Four-channel sound was to be an allowable option within the Red Book format, but has never been implemented. Monaural audio has no existing standard on a Red Book CD; thus, mono source material is usually presented as two identical channels in a standard Red Book stereo track (i.e., mirrored mono); an MP3 CD, however, can have audio file formats with mono sound.

Question: Where does the Red Book get it's name from?
Answer: the colour of its cover

Question: What is the formal name for a CD? 
Answer: Compact Disc Digital Audio

Question: Do CDs have a two or four channel format?
Answer: two-channel

Question: What format has never been implemented on CDs?
Answer: Four-channel sound
Compact Disc + Graphics is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a computer monitor); these graphics are almost exclusively used to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke performers to sing along with. The CD+G format takes advantage of the channels R through W. These six bits store the graphics information.

Question: How is graphics information read from a CD+ Graphics?
Answer: television set or a computer monitor

Question: What is the primary use of Compact Disc + Graphics?
Answer: to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke

Question: Which channels does the CD+G use to hold graphics data?
Answer: channels R through W
In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the spiritual intermediaries to the common person. It was only through these intermediaries that the general masses had access to the divine. Tradition was sacred to ancient cultures and was unchanging and the social order of ceremony and morals in a culture could be strictly enforced.

Question: What did many people in the Pre-Modern era express their faith through?
Answer: via a faith in some form of deity

Question: What were Religious officials perceived as in the Pre-Modern era?
Answer: spiritual intermediaries

Question: Through whom did the general masses have access to the divine?
Answer: Religious officials

Question: What belief did ancient cultures consider sacred?
Answer: Tradition

Question: How were the moral standards of ancient cultures enforced?
Answer: strictly

Question: Who were spiritual intermediates? 
Answer: Religious officials

Question: Peoples sense of worth was expressed through what in the Pre-modern era?
Answer: via a faith in some form of deity

Question: Through who did the masses have access to the divine?
Answer: spiritual intermediaries

Question: What did social order mandate be strictly enforced?
Answer: ceremony and morals

Question: What belief was considered sacred by ancient civilizations?
Answer: Tradition
In China, urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as Nanjing and Beijing, also contributed to the growth of private industry. In particular, small-scale industries grew up, often specializing in paper, silk, cotton, and porcelain goods. For the most part, however, relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country. Town markets mainly traded food, with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil. Despite the xenophobia and intellectual introspection characteristic of the increasingly popular new school of neo-Confucianism, China under the early Ming dynasty was not isolated. Foreign trade and other contacts with the outside world, particularly Japan, increased considerably. Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean, reaching East Africa with the treasure voyages of Zheng He.

Question: Name one of the reasons urbanization grew in China.
Answer: population grew

Question: What did Nanjing and Beijing contribute to?
Answer: growth of private industry

Question: What are Nanjing and Beijing?
Answer: Large urban centers

Question: Under what rule was China not isolated?
Answer: the early Ming dynasty

Question: During The Early MIng Dynasty Chinese merchants explored all of what?
Answer: Indian Ocean

Question: What caused urbanization to increase in China?
Answer: the population grew

Question: Where did Chinese merchants explore? 
Answer: all of the Indian Ocean
On the Indian subcontinent, the Mughal Empire ruled most of India in the early 18th century. The "classic period" ended with the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 by the rising Hindu Maratha Empire, although the dynasty continued for another 150 years. During this period, the Empire was marked by a highly centralized administration connecting the different regions. All the significant monuments of the Mughals, their most visible legacy, date to this period which was characterised by the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and architectural results. The Maratha Empire was located in the south west of present-day India and expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas, the prime ministers of the Maratha empire. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat which halted imperial expansion and the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states.

Question: Who ruled most of India in the early 18th century?
Answer: Mughal Empire

Question: How did the "Classic Period" end?
Answer: the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707

Question: Who was behind the death off Emperor Aurangzeb?
Answer: Hindu Maratha Empire

Question: Where was the The Maratha Empire centralized?
Answer: south west of present-day India

Question: What happened when the  Maratha Army lost the third battle of Panipat?
Answer: the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states.

Question: Who ruled most of India in the 18 century?
Answer: Mughal Empire

Question: What event ended the "classic period"?
Answer: the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb

Question: What caused the death of Emperor Auranzeb? 
Answer: the rising Hindu Maratha Empire,

Question: Where was the Maratha Empire centralized?
Answer: south west of present-day India

Question: What caused the Maratha Empire to split in 1761?
Answer: the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat
Many major events caused Europe to change around the start of the 16th century, starting with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the fall of Muslim Spain and the discovery of the Americas in 1492, and Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation in 1517. In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century, through the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century.

Question: In what year did the fall of Constantinople happen? 
Answer: 1453

Question: When is the modern period dated in England?
Answer: Battle of Bosworth in 1485

Question: Who was defeated by Henry Vll at the battle of Bosworth?
Answer: Richard III
Traditionally, the European intellectual transformation of and after the Renaissance bridged the Middle Ages and the Modern era. The Age of Reason in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach, especially Scholasticism. Early 17th-century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment, but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy, extending that era to two centuries. The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe, rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution.

Question: What bridged the middle ages to the modern era?
Answer: European intellectual transformation

Question: What is regarded as the start of modern philosophy? 
Answer: The Age of Reason

Question: What does the Age of Rationalism succeed? 
Answer: Renaissance philosophy

Question: What is 17th century philosophy also referred to as?
Answer: the Age of Rationalism

Question: What did the beginning of the 18th century mark the beginning of in Europe? 
Answer: secularization
The Age of Enlightenment is a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority. Enlightenment gained momentum more or less simultaneously in many parts of Europe and America. Developing during the Enlightenment era, Renaissance humanism as an intellectual movement spread across Europe. The basic training of the humanist was to speak well and write (typically, in the form of a letter). The term umanista comes from the latter part of the 15th century. The people were associated with the studia humanitatis, a novel curriculum that was competing with the quadrivium and scholastic logic.

Question: From where does the phrase humanist originate? 
Answer: the 15th century

Question: What is the basic training of a humanist?
Answer: speak well and write

Question: Where did Enlightenment gain momentum?
Answer: Europe and America

Question: What was the age of Enlightenment centered on?
Answer: the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority.

Question: What were the studia humanitatis competing against?
Answer: quadrivium and scholastic logic.
The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era. Born on Corsica as the French invaded, and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena, this brilliant commander, controlled a French Empire that, at its height, ruled a large portion of Europe directly from Paris, while many of his friends and family ruled countries such as Spain, Poland, several parts of Italy and many other Kingdoms Republics and dependencies. The Napoleonic Era changed the face of Europe forever, and old Empires and Kingdoms fell apart as a result of the mighty and "Glorious" surge of Republicanism.

Question: What characterized the Napoleonic Era?
Answer: The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte

Question: Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
Answer: Corsica

Question: Where was Napoleon Bonaparte die? 
Answer: St. Helena

Question: Why were Europe's Empires and Kingdoms dispatched?
Answer: surge of Republicanism

Question: From where did the French empire rule a large portion of Europe?
Answer: Paris
The American Revolution begun with fighting at Lexington and Concord. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union. In June 1776, Benjamin Franklin was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the Committee, Franklin made several small changes to the draft sent to him by Thomas Jefferson.

Question: Where did the American Revolution start?
Answer: Lexington and Concord

Question: What was issued on July 4, 1776?
Answer: Declaration of Independence

Question: What did the Declaration Of Independence proclaim?
Answer: independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union.

Question: What position was Ben Franklin appointed in 1776?
Answer: member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence.

Question: What was Ben Franklin disabled by? 
Answer: gout
The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule. Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries. The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century, from 1808 until 1829, directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain. The conflict started with short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.

Question: What is the decolonization of the Americas? 
Answer: the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule.

Question: When did the decolonization of the Americas begin?
Answer: 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries.

Question: What were the Spanish wars directly linked to?
Answer: Napoleonic French invasion of Spain.

Question: When did the wars against Spanish rule occur?
Answer: 1808 until 1829

Question: How did the Spanish conflict begin?
Answer: short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.
When the Central Junta fell to the French, numerous new Juntas appeared all across the Americas, eventually resulting in a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in the south, to Mexico in the north. After the death of the king Ferdinand VII, in 1833, only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule, until the Spanish–American War in 1898. Unlike the Spanish, the Portuguese did not divide their colonial territory in America. The captaincies they created were subdued to a centralized administration in Salvador (later relocated to Rio de Janeiro) which reported directly to the Portuguese Crown until its independence in 1822, becoming the Empire of Brazil.

Question: Who did the central Junta fall to?
Answer: the French

Question: What king died in 1833?
Answer: king Ferdinand VII

Question: After King Ferdinand died, who remained under Spanish rule?
Answer: Cuba and Puerto Rico

Question: When did the Spanish-American war occur?
Answer: in 1898

Question: Where were the Portuguese capacities centralized? 
Answer: Salvador
The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation. The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution. From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two. Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries. Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships, the development of the airplane, the practical commercialization of the automobile, mass production of consumer goods, the perfection of canning, mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques, and the invention of the telephone.

Question: When did the first industrial revolution merge into the second? 
Answer: around 1850

Question: The 19th century was also known as? 
Answer: the internal combustion engine and electric power generation.

Question: What was the second industrial revolution was labeled?
Answer: separate Technical Revolution

Question: What caused technological and economical progress?
Answer: development of steam-powered ships and railways
Industrialization is the process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. It is a subdivision of a more general modernization process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Industrialization also introduces a form of philosophical change, where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature.

Question: What is industrialization? 
Answer: social and economic change

Question: industrialization is a subdivision of what general process?
Answer: technological innovation

Question: During industrialization a human group is turned into what?
Answer: from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one.
The modern petroleum industry started in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner. Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available "rock oil" ("petr-oleum") seeps in 1852 and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka, near Krosno in Galicia in the following year. In 1854, Benjamin Silliman, a science professor at Yale University in New Haven, was the first to fractionate petroleum by distillation. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world.

Question: When did the modern petroleum industry start? 
Answer: 1846

Question: What started the modern petroleum industry ?
Answer: the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal

Question: Who discovered the process of refining kerosene from coal?
Answer: Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner

Question: Who improved Gesner's  of refining kerosene from coal?
Answer: Ignacy Łukasiewicz

Question: Where was the first Rock Oil mine built?
Answer: Bóbrka
The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848, soon spread to the rest of Europe. Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down, there was a significant amount of violence in many areas, with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed. While the immediate political effects of the revolutions were reversed, the long-term reverberations of the events were far-reaching.

Question: When did the European revolutions occur?
Answer: 1848

Question: How many people were estimated to be killed in the revolutions? 
Answer: tens of thousands

Question: What are European revolutions known as in other countries?
Answer: Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution

Question: In what country did the revolutions begin?
Answer: France
Following the Enlightenment's ideas, the reformers looked to the Scientific Revolution and industrial progress to solve the social problems which arose with the Industrial Revolution. Newton's natural philosophy combined a mathematics of axiomatic proof with the mechanics of physical observation, yielding a coherent system of verifiable predictions and replacing a previous reliance on revelation and inspired truth. Applied to public life, this approach yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy.

Question: What did the reformers look to to solve social problems?
Answer: Scientific Revolution and industrial progress

Question: What is Newton Natural philosophy?
Answer: a coherent system of verifiable predictions

Question: What did Newton's Nataural philosophy replace?
Answer: reliance on revelation and inspired truth.

Question: What did Newton's philosophy do when applied to life, 
Answer: yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy.
The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from June 1837 to January 1901. This was a long period of prosperity for the British people, as profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, allowed a large, educated middle class to develop. Some scholars would extend the beginning of the period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the Victorians—back five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.

Question: What was the Victorian era of the United Kingdom? 
Answer: the period of Queen Victoria's reign

Question: Through what Period did Queen Victoria reign? 
Answer: 1837 to January 1901

Question: What did the people consider Queen Victoria reign to be?
Answer: a long period of prosperity for the British people

Question: How far back would some scholars extend Victoria's reign?
Answer: five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.
The Bourbon Restoration followed the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814. The Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. The ensuing period is called the Restoration, following French usage, and is characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics. The July Monarchy was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe starting with the July Revolution (or Three Glorious Days) of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848. The Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.

Question: The Bourbon Restoration followed what event?
Answer: Napoleon I of France

Question: What is the Bourbon Restoration? 
Answer: Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne.

Question: What is the July Monarchy? 
Answer: a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe

Question: What is the second empires?
Answer: the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III

Question: Through what period did the second empire last?
Answer: 1852 to 1870
From the 1880s to 1914, the European powers expanded their control across the African continent, competing with each other for Africa’s land and resources. Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa. The French gained major ground in West Africa, and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa. Germany, Italy, and Spain established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent, which included German East Africa (Tanganyika) and German Southwest Africa for Germany, Eritrea and Libya for Italy, and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for Spain. Finally, for King Leopold (ruled from 1865–1909), there was the large “piece of that great African cake” known as the Congo, which, unfortunately for the native Congolese, became his personal fiefdom to do with as he pleased in Central Africa. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Liberia, which was settled by freed American slaves in the 1820s, and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in eastern Africa were the last remaining independent African states. (John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe, Volume Two: From the French Revolution to the Present, Third Edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), pp. 819–859).

Question: Through what period did European powers expand control in Africa?
Answer: 1880s to 1914

Question: What was Europe competing for? 
Answer: Africa’s land and resources.

Question: What did Great Britain control?
Answer: various colonial holdings in East Africa

Question: Where in Africa did the French have control? 
Answer: West Africa

Question: Where in Africa did Portuguese have control? 
Answer: southern Africa
The Antebellum Age was a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery in the American South and in the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska that eventually lead to the Civil War in 1861. The Antebellum Period is often considered to have begun with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854,[citation needed] although it may have begun as early as 1812. This period is also significant because it marked the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.[citation needed]

Question: What is the antebellum age?
Answer: a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery

Question: When did the civil was begin?
Answer: 1861

Question: When was the Antebellum age considered to have begun?
Answer: with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854

Question: What did The Antebellum age mark?
Answer: the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.
Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting. Secession and Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated and all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated. Lincoln proved effective in mobilizing support for the war goals, raising large armies and supplying them, avoiding foreign interference, and making the end of slavery a war goal. The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend, and it failed to keep its ports open and its rivers clear. The North kept up the pressure as the South could barely feed and clothe its soldiers. Its soldiers, especially those in the East under the command of General Robert E. Lee proved highly resourceful until they finally were overwhelmed by Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1864–65, The Reconstruction Era (1863–77) began with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863, and included freedom, full citizenship and the vote for the Southern blacks. It was followed by a reaction that left the blacks in a second class status legally, politically, socially and economically until the 1960s.

Question: What did northern leaders agree on about slavery?
Answer: all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated.

Question: What did Lincoln do well in the war?
Answer: mobilizing support for the war goals

Question: Why couldn't the confederacy defend their ports?
Answer: The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend

Question: General Robert E. Lee controlled what sect of the confederacy? 
Answer: the East

Question: The south could barely do what for their souldiers?
Answer: feed and clothe
The creation of a modern industrial economy took place. With the creation of a transportation and communication infrastructure, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act—the source of all American anti-monopoly laws. The law forbade every contract, scheme, deal, or conspiracy to restrain trade, though the phrase "restraint of trade" remained subjective. By the beginning of the 20th century, per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain. Long hours and hazardous working conditions led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the courts. But the courts did protect the marketplace, declaring the Standard Oil group to be an "unreasonable" monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1911. It ordered Standard to break up into 34 independent companies with different boards of directors.

Question: What creations brought in the modern industrial economy?
Answer: transportation and communication infrastructure

Question: What became the dominant form of business organization? 
Answer: the corporation

Question: What transformed business organization in 1890?
Answer: managerial revolution

Question: The Sherman Antitrust Act is the source of what?
Answer: all American anti-monopoly laws.

Question: What was he Standard Oil Group determined to be by the courts?
Answer: an "unreasonable" monopoly
The assertions of Chinese philosophy began to integrate concepts of Western philosophy, as steps toward modernization. By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, there were many calls, such as the May Fourth Movement, to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China. There were attempts to incorporate democracy, republicanism, and industrialism into Chinese philosophy, notably by Sun Yat-Sen (Sūn yì xiān, in one Mandarin form of the name) at the beginning of the 20th century. Mao Zedong (Máo zé dōng) added Marxist-Leninist thought. When the Communist Party of China took over power, previous schools of thought, excepting notably Legalism, were denounced as backward, and later even purged during the Cultural Revolution.

Question: Why did Chinese philosophy begin to mix with western concepts?
Answer: as steps toward modernization

Question: When did the Xinhai Revolution begin?
Answer: 1911

Question: What is the May Forth Movement?
Answer: to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China

Question: What did Marxist-Leninst add to Chinese philosophy? 
Answer: Marxist-Leninist thought

Question: During what event was Legalism abolished?
Answer: the Cultural Revolution
Starting one-hundred years before the 20th century, the enlightenment spiritual philosophy was challenged in various quarters around the 1900s. Developed from earlier secular traditions, modern Humanist ethical philosophies affirmed the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal human qualities, particularly rationality, without resorting to the supernatural or alleged divine authority from religious texts. For liberal humanists such as Rousseau and Kant, the universal law of reason guided the way toward total emancipation from any kind of tyranny. These ideas were challenged, for example by the young Karl Marx, who criticized the project of political emancipation (embodied in the form of human rights), asserting it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose. For Friedrich Nietzsche, humanism was nothing more than a secular version of theism. In his Genealogy of Morals, he argues that human rights exist as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong. On this view, such rights do not facilitate emancipation of life, but rather deny it. In the 20th century, the notion that human beings are rationally autonomous was challenged by the concept that humans were driven by unconscious irrational desires.

Question: When was the enlightenment of spiritual philosophy challenged?
Answer: in various quarters around the 1900s.

Question: What were Humanist ethical philosophy's developed from?
Answer: earlier secular traditions

Question: Why did Kari Marx criticize Humanist Philosophy's? 
Answer: it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose

Question: What did Friedrinch Netzsche consider Humanism to be?
Answer: a secular version of theism

Question: Why does Friedrinch Netzsche believe human rights exist?
Answer: as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong.
Albert Einstein is known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics, especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Despite his reservations about its interpretation, Einstein also made contributions to quantum mechanics and, indirectly, quantum field theory, primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon.

Question: What is Albert Einstein known for? 
Answer: his theories of special relativity and general relativity

Question: What did Einstein add to the Brownman Motion?
Answer: mathematical treatment

Question: What did Einstein discover a resolution to?
Answer: the paradox of specific heats

Question: What theory  did Einstein have reservations about?
Answer: quantum field theory
In 1901, the Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation. They kept the systems of government that they had developed as separate colonies but also would have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.

Question: What is the federation of Australia?
Answer: six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation.

Question: What was the federal Government responsible for? 
Answer: matters concerning the whole nation.

Question: When did the colonies collectively become a part of the Commonwealth  of Australia?
Answer: When the Constitution of Australia came into force
The last days of the Qing Dynasty were marked by civil unrest and foreign invasions. Responding to these civil failures and discontent, the Qing Imperial Court did attempt to reform the government in various ways, such as the decision to draft a constitution in 1906, the establishment of provincial legislatures in 1909, and the preparation for a national parliament in 1910. However, many of these measures were opposed by the conservatives of the Qing Court, and many reformers were either imprisoned or executed outright. The failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization caused the reformists to steer toward the road of revolution.

Question: What were the last days of the Qing dynasty marked by? 
Answer: civil unrest and foreign invasions.

Question: What did the Qing dynasty attempt to do n the face of civil unrest? 
Answer: attempt to reform the government in various

Question: What happened to The reformers in the Qing dynasty? 
Answer: either imprisoned or executed outright.

Question: What caused the revolution against the Qing dynasty?
Answer: failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization
In 1912, the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President. But power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai, who had effective control of the Beiyang Army, the most powerful military force in China at the time. To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic, leaders agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government. On March 10, in Beijing, Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China.

Question: When was the Republic of China established?
Answer: 1912

Question: What did China agree to avoid the undermining of the Republic?
Answer: agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government.

Question: Who had control of the Beiyang army?
Answer: Yuan Shikai

Question: Who was Inaugurated in Nanjing as the first provisional president? 
Answer: Sun Yat-sen

Question: Who was sworn in as the second provisional president of the republic of China?
Answer: Beijing, Shikai
After the early 20th century revolutions, shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government. Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era, this did not constitute a new era of control or governance, because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves. These military-dominated governments were collectively known as the Beiyang government. The warlord era ended around 1927.

Question: What happened to China after the 20th century revolutions?
Answer: shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government.

Question: Who ultimately gained control of the Beijing government?
Answer: various warlords

Question: Why was there not a new era of governance in Beijing? 
Answer: because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves.

Question: What were the military dominated governments known as?
Answer: the Beiyang government

Question: When did the warlord era end?
Answer: around 1927