meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
The location on the banks of the river Rhine allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands. The growing town Utrecht was granted city rights by Henry V in 1122. When the main flow of the Rhine moved south, the old bed, which still flowed through the heart of the town became evermore canalized; and the wharf system was built as an inner city harbour system. On the wharfs storage facilities (werfkelders) were built, on top of which the main street, including houses was constructed. The wharfs and the cellars are accessible from a platform at water level with stairs descending from the street level to form a unique structure.[nb 2] The relations between the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy. The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding. This threatened shipping for the city and led the city of Utrecht to commission a canal to ensure access to the town for shipping trade: the Vaartse Rijn, connecting Utrecht to the Hollandse IJssel at IJsselstein.

Question: What did Utrecht's location allow 
Answer: allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands.

Question: Who granted Utrecht city rights 
Answer: Henry V in 1122

Question: What was the relationship with the bishop like for citizens of Utrecht
Answer: the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy

Question: What Industry did the bishop hurt 
Answer: The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding
In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union. This ended the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop, although Charles V had gained the right to appoint new bishops. In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces.

Question: What year did the bishop lose power 
Answer: In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Question: What did Charles V combine 
Answer: Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union

Question: What did the loss of power end 
Answer: the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop

Question: What was the bishop of Utrecht raised to 
Answer: In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces
The transition from independence to a relatively minor part of a larger union was not easily accepted. To quell uprisings Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops and were not willing to cede this to their new lord. The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city. The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt.

Question: Why was the transition to a new union difficult 
Answer: Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops

Question: What was the purpose of the castle 
Answer: The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city

Question: How long did the castle last 
Answer: The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt
In 1579 the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic. In 1580 the new and predominantly Protestant state abolished the bishoprics, including the archbishopric of Utrecht. The stadtholders disapproved of the independent course of the Utrecht bourgeoisie and brought the city under much more direct control of the republic; which shifted the power towards its dominant province Holland. This was the start of a long period of stagnation of trade and development in Utrecht. Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups, who included many rural nobility and gentry with town houses there.

Question: What was signed in 1579 
Answer: the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule

Question: What is this union seen as 
Answer: The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic

Question: What became the dominant province 
Answer: towards its dominant province Holland

Question: What was the state of Utrecht 
Answer: Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups
The fortified city temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht at the Old Hollandic Waterline. In 1674, only two years after the French left, the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado. The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral of St Martin church which collapsed; creating the current Dom square between the tower and choir. In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession. Since 1723 Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world.

Question: Who did the fortified city fall to in 1672 
Answer: temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht

Question: In 1674 what hit Utrecht 
Answer: the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado

Question: What collapsed during the tornado 
Answer: The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral

Question: What did Utrecht host in 1713 
Answer: In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession

Question: Since 1723 what has Utrecht become 
Answer: Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world
In the early 19th century, the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete. The fortifications of the Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie were moved east of Utrecht. The town walls could now be demolished to allow for expansion. The moats remained intact and formed an important feature of the Zocher plantsoen, an English style landscape park that remains largely intact today. Growth of the city increased when, in 1843, a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened. After that, Utrecht gradually became the main hub of the Dutch railway network. With the industrial revolution finally gathering speed in the Netherlands and the ramparts taken down, Utrecht began to grow far beyond the medieval centre. In 1853, the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism once more. From the 1880s onward neighbourhoods such as Oudwijk, Wittevrouwen, Vogelenbuurt to the East, and Lombok to the West were developed. New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built in the 1920s and 1930s. During this period, several Jugendstil houses and office buildings were built, followed by Rietveld who built the Rietveld Schröder House (1924), and Dudok's construction of the city theater (1941).

Question: What hapend in the early 19th century
Answer: the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete

Question: In 1843 what brought growth to Utrecht 
Answer: a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened

Question: What was reinstated in 1853 
Answer: the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism

Question: what was built in the 1920's and 1930's 
Answer: New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built
The area surrounding Utrecht Centraal railway station and the station itself were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style. This led to the construction of the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne (nl), music centre Vredenburg (Hertzberger, 1979), and conversion of part of the ancient canal structure into a highway (Catherijnebaan). Protest against further modernisation of the city centre followed even before the last buildings were finalised. In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped. The music redeveloped music centre opened in 2014 where the original Vredenburg concert and rock and jazz halls are brought together in a single building.

Question: What was railway area developed into 
Answer: were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style

Question: What mall was constructed 
Answer: the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne

Question: What happened in the early 21 st century 
Answer: In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped
About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry. Approximately 10% of the population consists of immigrants from Western countries, while 21% of the population is of non-Western origin (9% Moroccan, 5% Turkish, 3% Surinamese and Dutch Caribbean and 5% of other countries). Some of the city's boroughs have a relatively high percentage of originally non-Dutch inhabitants – i.e. Kanaleneiland 83% and Overvecht 57%. Like Rotterdam, Amsterdam, The Hague and other large Dutch cities, Utrecht faces some socio-economic problems. About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare (17% of all households). Boroughs such as Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate.

Question: What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face 
Answer: About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare

Question: percentage of population that's dutch 
Answer: About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry

Question: What boroughs are known for high crime 
Answer: Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate
Utrecht is the centre of a densely populated area, which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary. The smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen. It is sometimes argued that the close by municipalities De Bilt, Zeist, Houten, Vianen, Driebergen-Rijsenburg (Utrechtse Heuvelrug), and Bunnik should also be counted towards the Utrecht agglomeration, bringing the total to 640,000 inhabitants. The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants.

Question: What does the dense population make difficult 
Answer: which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary.

Question: Least populates areas of Utrecht 
Answer: smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen

Question: More populated areas include 
Answer: The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants
Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin. An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m). Nevertheless, some tall buildings are now being constructed that will become part of the skyline of Utrecht. The second tallest building of the city, the Rabobank-tower, was completed in 2010 and stands 105 m (344.49 ft) tall. Two antennas will increase that height to 120 m (393.70 ft). Two other buildings were constructed around the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007). These buildings, the 'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' and 'Apollo Residence', stand 85.5 and 64.5 metres high respectively.

Question: what dominates the cityscape
Answer: Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin

Question: What is being debated in Utrecht
Answer: An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m)

Question: What is the name of the stadium 
Answer: the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007)
Another landmark is the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city. The Oudegracht is a curved canal, partly following the ancient main branch of the Rhine. It is lined with the unique wharf-basement structures that create a two-level street along the canals. The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact. Because of the role of Utrecht as a fortified city, construction outside the medieval centre and its city walls was restricted until the 19th century. Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out. The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open. The Dutch Water Line, moved east of the city in the early 19th century required open lines of fire, thus prohibiting all permanent constructions until the middle of the 20th century on the east side of the city.

Question: What is a landmark in the city 
Answer: the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city

Question: What does the inner city look like 
Answer: The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact

Question: What surrounds the mid-evil inner city 
Answer: Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out

Question: What part of the city remains open 
Answer: The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open
Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht. There are regular intercity services to all major Dutch cities; direct services to Schiphol Airport. Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service to (among others) Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam and Rotterdam. International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal. Regular local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations: Utrecht Lunetten, Utrecht Vaartsche Rijn, Utrecht Overvecht, Utrecht Leidsche Rijn, Utrecht Terwijde, Utrecht Zuilen and Vleuten. A former station Utrecht Maliebaan closed in 1939 and has since been converted into the Dutch Railway Museum.

Question: What is the main railway station 
Answer: Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht

Question: Does the rail station provide 24 hour service
Answer: Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service

Question: Are there rail services to Germany 
Answer: International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal

Question: where to regular local trains provide service 
Answer: local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations
The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances. Due to large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently. As a general rule, westbound buses depart from the bus station on the west entrance, other buses from the east side station. Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz – its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district. The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport. Regional buses from the city are operated by Arriva and Connexxion.

Question: Where is the bus station located 
Answer: The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances

Question: renovations are causing what changes 
Answer: large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently

Question: what is qbuzz
Answer: Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz – its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district

Question: What is one of Europes cleanest 
Answer: The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport
Like most Dutch cities, Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle, more than any other mode of transport. (Cars, for example, account for 30% of trips). Bicycles are used by young and old people, and by individuals and families. They are mostly traditional, upright, steel-framed bicycles, with few or no gears. There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children. As thousands of bicycles are parked haphazardly in town, creating an eyesore but also impeding pedestrians, the City Council decided in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station. This 3-floor construction will cost an estimated 48 million Euro and will hold 12,500 bicycles. Completion is foreseen in 2018.

Question: What does Utrecht provide for cyclist 
Answer: Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle

Question: What is a barrow bikes use 
Answer: There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children

Question: utrecht built the worlds largest what ?
Answer: in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station
Utrecht is well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht: the A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany. Other major motorways in the area are the Almere–Breda A27 and the Utrecht–Groningen A28. Due to the increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants. This has led to a passionate debate in the city about the best way to improve the city's air quality.

Question: Is Utrecht connected to the Dutch road system
Answer: well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht:

Question: What countries do the A12 and A2 connect
Answer: A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany

Question: What does traffic elevate 
Answer: increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants
Production industry constitutes a small part of the economy of Utrecht. The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city. It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen. ProRail is headquartered in The De Inktpot (nl) (The Inkpot) – the largest brick building in the Netherlands (the "UFO" featured on its façade stems from an art program in 2000). Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.

Question: What does Utrecht's economy  depend on 
Answer: The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city

Question: what is centered in Utrecht 
Answer: It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen

Question: What bank is head quartered in Utrecht 
Answer: Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.
A large indoor shopping centre Hoog Catharijne (nl) is located between Utrecht Centraal railway station and the city centre. The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night. In 20 years from 2004, parts of Hoog Catharijne will be redeveloped as part of the renovation of the larger station area. Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated. The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station.

Question: What is the name of the large shopping center 
Answer: Hoog Catharijne

Question: how are the shopping center corridors treated 
Answer: The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night

Question: What is being recreated 
Answer: Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated

Question: what is located on the west side of the rail station
Answer: The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station
Utrecht hosts several large institutions of higher education. The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students (as of 2012). The university is partially based in the inner city as well as in the Uithof campus area, to the east of the city. According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world. Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.

Question: What is the largest University in the city 
Answer: The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students

Question: what is shanghai jiaotong rated 
Answer: According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world

Question: What smaller university is in Utrecht
Answer: Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.
Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam. There are several theatres and theatre companies. The 1941 main city theatre was built by Dudok. Besides theatres there is a large number of cinemas including three arthouse cinemas. Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival. The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg (1979 by Herman Hertzberger). Its acoustics are considered among the best of the 20th-century original music halls.[citation needed] The original Vredenburg music hall has been redeveloped as part of the larger station area redevelopment plan and in 2014 has gained additional halls that allowed its merger with the rock club Tivoli and the SJU jazzpodium. There are several other venues for music throughout the city. Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts. There is a specialised museum of automatically playing musical instruments.

Question: Cultural life in Utrecht is second to 
Answer: Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam

Question: What music festival does Utrecht host 
Answer: Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival

Question: What is the name of the music hall 
Answer: The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg

Question: Where are music students educated 
Answer: Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts
There are many art galleries in Utrecht. There are also several foundations to support art and artists. Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts. The Centraal Museum has many exhibitions on the arts, including a permanent exhibition on the works of Utrecht resident illustrator Dick Bruna, who is best known for creating Miffy ("Nijntje", in Dutch). Although street art is illegal in Utrecht, the Utrechtse Kabouter, a picture of a gnome with a red hat, became a common sight in 2004. Utrecht also houses one of the landmarks of modern architecture, the 1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites.

Question: Where are young artist trained 
Answer: Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts

Question: Is street art legal 
Answer: Although street art is illegal in Utrecht

Question: What is considered landmark Architecture 
Answer: 1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites
To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays. During a thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee. There are also initiatives for amateur artists. The city subsidises an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten), as does the university for its staff and students. Additionally there are also several private initiatives. The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives.

Question: What does the city host on Sundays 
Answer: To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays

Question: What happens on Cultural Sunday 
Answer: thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee

Question: What does the city subsidise
Answer: an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten

Question: What type of coupon does the city provide the poor 
Answer: The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives.
Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht, which plays in Stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard. It is also the home of Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members), SV Kampong. Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules. Kampong's men and women top hockey squads play in the highest Dutch hockey league, the Rabohoofdklasse.Utrecht is also home to the baseball and Sofball club: UVV which plays in the highest Dutch baseball league: de Hoofdklasse. Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs. Viking is a large club open to the general public, and the student clubs Orca and Triton compete in the Varsity each year.

Question: What football team is Utrecht home to
Answer: Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht

Question: What Utrecht waterways host to 
Answer: Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs

Question: What is kampong 
Answer: Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members)

Question: What sports does Kampong support 
Answer: Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules.
In 1933, von Neumann was offered a lifetime professorship on the faculty of the Institute for Advanced Study when the institute's plan to appoint Hermann Weyl fell through. He remained a mathematics professor there until his death, although he announced that shortly before his intention to resign and become a professor at large at the University of California. His mother, brothers and in-laws followed John to the United States in 1939. Von Neumann anglicized his first name to John, keeping the German-aristocratic surname of von Neumann. His brothers changed theirs to "Neumann" and "Vonneumann". Von Neumann became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937, and immediately tried to become a lieutenant in the United States Army's Officers Reserve Corps. He passed the exams easily, but was ultimately rejected because of his age. His prewar analysis is often quoted. Asked about how France would stand up to Germany he said "Oh, France won't matter."

Question: In what year was Von Neumann offered a lifetime professorship? 
Answer: 1933

Question: In what year did Von Neumann's mother and siblings join him in U.S?
Answer: 1939

Question: In what year did Von Neumann become a naturalized citizen of US?
Answer: 1937

Question: Why was Neuman rejected from joining US Army?
Answer: age
Von Neumann introduced the study of rings of operators, through the von Neumann algebras. A von Neumann algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. The von Neumann bicommutant theorem shows that the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries. The direct integral was introduced in 1949 by John von Neumann. One of von Neumann's analyses was to reduce the classification of von Neumann algebras on separable Hilbert spaces to the classification of factors.

Question: What is von Neumann algebra?
Answer: algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator

Question: What does the von Neumann bicommutant theorem show?
Answer: the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries.

Question: When was direct integral introduced by von Neumann?
Answer: 1949

Question: What was introduced in von Neumann algebras?
Answer: study of rings of operators
Shortly before his death, when he was already quite ill, von Neumann headed the United States government's top secret ICBM committee, and it would sometimes meet in his home. Its purpose was to decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon. Von Neumann had long argued that while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time. The SM-65 Atlas passed its first fully functional test in 1959, two years after his death. The feasibility of an ICBM owed as much to improved, smaller warheads as it did to developments in rocketry, and his understanding of the former made his advice invaluable.

Question: What was the purpose of top secret ICBM committee?
Answer: decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon

Question: What argument did von Neumann make about ICBMs?
Answer: while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time

Question: In what year did SM-65 Atlas pass its first fully functional test? 
Answer: 1959
Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the "fastest mind I ever met", and Jacob Bronowski wrote "He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius." George Pólya, whose lectures at ETH Zürich von Neumann attended as a student, said "Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of. If in the course of a lecture I stated an unsolved problem, the chances were he'd come to me at the end of the lecture with the complete solution scribbled on a slip of paper." Halmos recounts a story told by Nicholas Metropolis, concerning the speed of von Neumann's calculations, when somebody asked von Neumann to solve the famous fly puzzle:

Question: How did Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim describe von Neumann? 
Answer: "fastest mind I ever met",

Question: What did Jacob Bronowski think of von Neumann?
Answer: He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius.

Question: What did Lecturer Polya think about von Nuemann?
Answer: Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of.
For Germany, because an autarkic economic approach or an alliance with Britain were impossible, closer relations with the Soviet Union to obtain raw materials became necessary, if not just for economic reasons alone. Moreover, an expected British blockade in the event of war would create massive shortages for Germany in a number of key raw materials. After the Munich agreement, the resulting increase in German military supply needs and Soviet demands for military machinery, talks between the two countries occurred from late 1938 to March 1939. The third Soviet Five Year Plan required new infusions of technology and industrial equipment.[clarification needed] German war planners had estimated serious shortfalls of raw materials if Germany entered a war without Soviet supply.

Question: During conflict, what would prevent transport of materials?
Answer: British blockade

Question: Between german and the soviet union which country needed military machinery? 
Answer: military machinery

Question: Who believed they needed a supply line from the Soviet Union to sustain another war? 
Answer: Germany
On August 19, the 1939 German–Soviet Commercial Agreement was finally signed. On 21 August, the Soviets suspended Tripartite military talks, citing other reasons. That same day, Stalin received assurance that Germany would approve secret protocols to the proposed non-aggression pact that would place half of Poland (border along the Vistula river), Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia in the Soviets' sphere of influence. That night, Stalin replied that the Soviets were willing to sign the pact and that he would receive Ribbentrop on 23 August.

Question: What was the German-Soviet dividing line in regards to annexing Poland?
Answer: Vistula river

Question: How many days after the German-Soviet agreement were the Tripartite discussions ceased?
Answer: 2

Question: What other countries did the Soviet government agree to annex through the agreement with Germany?
Answer: Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia
On 22 August, one day after the talks broke down with France and Britain, Moscow revealed that Ribbentrop would visit Stalin the next day. This happened while the Soviets were still negotiating with the British and French missions in Moscow. With the Western nations unwilling to accede to Soviet demands, Stalin instead entered a secret Nazi–Soviet pact. On 24 August a 10-year non-aggression pact was signed with provisions that included: consultation, arbitration if either party disagreed, neutrality if either went to war against a third power, no membership of a group "which is directly or indirectly aimed at the other".

Question: Which Foreign Minister would agree to meet with Stalin on to sign a secret agreement? 
Answer: Ribbentrop

Question: How long was the secret agreement between Germany and the Soviets?
Answer: 10-year

Question: Part of the secret agreement between the Germans and the Soviets included a neutral diplomatic approach when?
Answer: either went to war against a third power
Most notably, there was also a secret protocol to the pact, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, although hints about its provisions were leaked much earlier, e.g., to influence Lithuania. According to said protocol Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence". In the north, Finland, Estonia and Latvia were assigned to the Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement"—the areas east of the Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Lithuania, adjacent to East Prussia, would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed to in September 1939 reassigned the majority of Lithuania to the USSR. According to the secret protocol, Lithuania would be granted the city of Vilnius – its historical capital, which was under Polish control during the inter-war period. Another clause of the treaty was that Germany would not interfere with the Soviet Union's actions towards Bessarabia, then part of Romania; as the result, Bessarabia was joined to the Moldovan ASSR, and become the Moldovan SSR under control of Moscow.

Question: What country held the city Vilnius prior to the inter-war period? 
Answer: Lithuania

Question: What country would reclaim the city of Vilnius?
Answer: Lithuania

Question: What rivers would the soviet union claim as their own during the invasion of poland?
Answer: Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers

Question: Who would claim Lithuania under their political umbrella?
Answer: German

Question: Bessarabia eventually became under the control of which country?
Answer: Soviet Union
On 1 September, Germany invaded Poland from the west. Within the first few days of the invasion, Germany began conducting massacres of Polish and Jewish civilians and POWs. These executions took place in over 30 towns and villages in the first month of German occupation. The Luftwaffe also took part by strafing fleeing civilian refugees on roads and carrying out a bombing campaign. The Soviet Union assisted German air forces by allowing them to use signals broadcast by the Soviet radio station at Minsk allegedly "for urgent aeronautical experiments".

Question: How did the Russians communicate to the Germans in regards to bombing civilians trying to flee cities?
Answer: signals broadcast by the Soviet radio

Question: What day did German invade Poland?
Answer: 1 September

Question: How long did the Germans massacre Polish and Jewish civilians? 
Answer: month
After the Baltic states were forced to accept treaties, Stalin turned his sights on Finland, confident that Finnish capitulation could be attained without great effort. The Soviets demanded territories on the Karelian Isthmus, the islands of the Gulf of Finland and a military base near the Finnish capital Helsinki, which Finland rejected. The Soviets staged the shelling of Mainila and used it as a pretext to withdraw from the non-aggression pact. The Red Army attacked in November 1939. Simultaneously, Stalin set up a puppet government in the Finnish Democratic Republic.[clarification needed] The leader of the Leningrad Military District Andrei Zhdanov commissioned a celebratory piece from Dmitri Shostakovich, entitled "Suite on Finnish Themes" to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army would be parading through Helsinki. After Finnish defenses surprisingly held out for over three months while inflicting stiff losses on Soviet forces, the Soviets settled for an interim peace. Finland ceded southeastern areas of Karelia (10% of Finnish territory), which resulted in approximately 422,000 Karelians (12% of Finland's population) losing their homes. Soviet official casualty counts in the war exceeded 200,000, although Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev later claimed the casualties may have been one million.

Question: The Soviets took over and setup a fake government in what country?
Answer: Finnish Democratic Republic

Question: How long did the Finnish military last during the invasion by the soviets?
Answer: over three months

Question: Although officially, the number of soviets wounded during the invasion of finland was around 200,000, who said the real numbers may have been closer to a million?
Answer: Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev

Question: How many Finnish people lost their homes?
Answer: 422,000
In mid-June 1940, when international attention was focused on the German invasion of France, Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. State administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres, in which 34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deported or killed. Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates listed for many positions, with resulting peoples assemblies immediately requesting admission into the USSR, which was granted by the Soviet Union. The USSR annexed the whole of Lithuania, including the Scheschupe area, which was to be given to Germany.

Question: Who invaded the countries of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia? 
Answer: Soviet NKVD

Question: What region of Lithuania was to be turned over to the Nazis?
Answer: Scheschupe area

Question: Of the three countries invaded, which lost the least amount of people through deportation or loss of life?
Answer: Latvia

Question: How did these countries become part of the USSR?
Answer: Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates
Finally, on 26 June, four days after France sued for an armistice with the Third Reich, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding Bessarabia and, unexpectedly, Northern Bukovina from Romania. Two days later, the Romanians caved to the Soviet demands and the Soviets occupied the territory. The Hertza region was initially not requested by the USSR but was later occupied by force after the Romanians agreed to the initial Soviet demands. The subsequent waves of deportations began in Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.

Question: How many days after France sued for peace did the Romanians meet the requests of the USSR?
Answer: 6

Question: What month did France sue for peace?
Answer: June

Question: How many days did it take for the Romanians give into the Soviets requests?
Answer: Two days
Elimination of Polish elites and intelligentia was part of Generalplan Ost. The Intelligenzaktion, a plan to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia, Poland's 'leadership class', took place soon after the German invasion of Poland, lasting from fall of 1939 till spring of 1940. As the result of this operation in 10 regional actions about 60,000 Polish nobles, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists were killed. It was continued in May 1940 when Germany launched AB-Aktion, More than 16,000 members of the intelligentsia were murdered in Operation Tannenberg alone.

Question: Who were the “intelligentia?” 
Answer: Polish nobles, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists

Question: How long did liquidation occur?
Answer: fall of 1939 till spring of 1940

Question:  How many intelligentia were killed during operation AB-Akiton?
Answer: 16,000 members
Although Germany used forced labourers in most occupied countries, Poles and other Slavs were viewed as inferior by Nazi propaganda, thus, better suited for such duties. Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for forced labour, against their will. All Polish males were required to perform forced labour. While ethnic Poles were subject to selective persecution, all ethnic Jews were targeted by the Reich. In the winter of 1939–40, about 100,000 Jews were thus deported to Poland. They were initially gathered into massive urban ghettos, such as 380,000 held in the Warsaw Ghetto, where large numbers died under the harsh conditions therein, including 43,000 in the Warsaw Ghetto alone. Poles and ethnic Jews were imprisoned in nearly every camp of the extensive concentration camp system in German-occupied Poland and the Reich. In Auschwitz, which began operating on 14 June 1940, 1.1 million people died.

Question: How many Jews were forced to live within the Warsaw Ghetto? 
Answer: 380,000

Question: How many Jews died in the Warsa Ghetto?
Answer: 43,000

Question: Which group of people were considered inferior?
Answer: Poles and other Slavs

Question: How many Polish people were used in labor camps?
Answer: Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens

Question: How many people are believed to have died in Auschwitz?
Answer: 1.1 million people
When anti-German demonstrations erupted in Prague, Czechoslovakia, the Comintern ordered the Czech Communist Party to employ all of its strength to paralyze "chauvinist elements." Moscow soon forced the Communist Parties of France and Great Britain to adopt an anti-war position. On 7 September, Stalin called Georgi Dimitrov,[clarification needed] and the latter sketched a new Comintern line on the war. The new line—which stated that the war was unjust and imperialist—was approved by the secretariat of the Communist International on 9 September. Thus, the various western Communist parties now had to oppose the war, and to vote against war credits. Although the French Communists had unanimously voted in Parliament for war credits on 2 September and on 19 September declared their "unshakeable will" to defend the country, on 27 September the Comintern formally instructed the party to condemn the war as imperialist. By 1 October the French Communists advocated listening to German peace proposals, and Communist leader Maurice Thorez deserted from the French Army on 4 October and fled to Russia. Other Communists also deserted from the army.

Question: The western communists new rhetoric was that the war was? 
Answer: the war was unjust and imperialist

Question: The western communists claimed the war was what?
Answer: the war was unjust and imperialist

Question: French communists voted for what?
Answer: war credits

Question: Where did Maurice Thorez go after deserting the Army?
Answer: fled to Russia
Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940, that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939. The trade pact helped Germany to surmount a British blockade of Germany. In the first year, Germany received one million tons of cereals, half a million tons of wheat, 900,000 tons of oil, 100,000 tons of cotton, 500,000 tons of phosphates and considerable amounts of other vital raw materials, along with the transit of one million tons of soybeans from Manchuria.[citation needed] These and other supplies were being transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories. The Soviets were to receive a naval cruiser, the plans to the battleship Bismarck, heavy naval guns, other naval gear and thirty of Germany's latest warplanes, including the Me-109 and Me-110 fighters and Ju-88 bomber. The Soviets would also receive oil and electric equipment, locomotives, turbines, generators, diesel engines, ships, machine tools and samples of German artillery, tanks, explosives, chemical-warfare equipment and other items.

Question: How much more expansive was the newest trade agreement?
Answer: was over four times larger

Question: What was the trade route between german and the soviet union?
Answer: occupied Polish territories

Question: Where were the soybeans coming from?
Answer: Manchuria

Question:  What famous ship was the soviet union getting the plans for?
Answer: the battleship Bismarck

Question: How many new airplanes were the soviets getting in this agreement?
Answer: thirty