meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
Among predators there is a large degree of specialization. Many predators specialize in hunting only one species of prey. Others are more opportunistic and will kill and eat almost anything (examples: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators). The specialists are usually particularly well suited to capturing their preferred prey. The prey in turn, are often equally suited to escape that predator. This is called an evolutionary arms race and tends to keep the populations of both species in equilibrium. Some predators specialize in certain classes of prey, not just single species. Some will switch to other prey (with varying degrees of success) when the preferred target is extremely scarce, and they may also resort to scavenging or a herbivorous diet if possible.[citation needed]

Question: Species that aren't considered specialized are called what? 
Answer: opportunistic

Question: Predator and prey interactions that involve specialization result in a balance called?
Answer: equilibrium

Question: When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets, it's like because it's primary food source is?
Answer: scarce

Question: What do specialized predators and prey rely on to get the upper hand? 
Answer: evolution

Question: What are some predators that will kill and eat nearly anything?
Answer: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators

Question: What term is used for predators and prey being well suited to hunt and evade each other?
Answer: evolutionary arms race

Question: What is the purpose of an evolutionary arms race?
Answer: keep the populations of both species in equilibrium

Question: If scavengers' food becomes scarce, they may turn to what type of diet?
Answer: herbivorous
Predators are often another organism's prey, and likewise prey are often predators. Though blue jays prey on insects, they may in turn be prey for cats and snakes, and snakes may be the prey of hawks. One way of classifying predators is by trophic level. Organisms that feed on autotrophs, the producers of the trophic pyramid, are known as herbivores or primary consumers; those that feed on heterotrophs such as animals are known as secondary consumers. Secondary consumers are a type of carnivore, but there are also tertiary consumers eating these carnivores, quartary consumers eating them, and so forth. Because only a fraction of energy is passed on to the next level, this hierarchy of predation must end somewhere, and very seldom goes higher than five or six levels, and may go only as high as three trophic levels (for example, a lion that preys upon large herbivores such as wildebeest, which in turn eat grasses). A predator at the top of any food chain (that is, one that is preyed upon by no organism) is called an apex predator; examples include the orca, sperm whale, anaconda, Komodo dragon, tiger, lion, tiger shark, Nile crocodile, and most eagles and owls—and even omnivorous humans and grizzly bears. An apex predator in one environment may not retain this position as a top predator if introduced to another habitat, such as a dog among alligators, a skunk in the presence of the great horned owl immune to skunk spray, or a snapping turtle among jaguars; a predatory species introduced into an area where it faces no predators, such as a domestic cat or a dog in some insular environments, can become an apex predator by default.

Question: What is the the strata of predator prey interaction called?
Answer: trophic level

Question: What is the top predator in an environment called? 
Answer: apex predator

Question: When a new apex predator moves into an area this changes. 
Answer: trophic pyramid

Question: What limits the size of a trophic pyramid? 
Answer: energy

Question: Which organisms are known as primary consumers?
Answer: Organisms that feed on autotrophs

Question: What makes an organism a secondary consumer?
Answer: feed on heterotrophs

Question: What is an organism at the top of the food chain called?
Answer: apex predator

Question: How many levels does a predatory pyramid or heirarchy typically climb?
Answer: five or six levels

Question: In what pyramid position is an organism not preyed upon by any other predators?
Answer: the top
Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain and, thus, make this classification problematic. A carnivore may eat both secondary and tertiary consumers, and its prey may itself be difficult to classify for similar reasons. Organisms showing both carnivory and herbivory are known as omnivores. Even herbivores such as the giant panda may supplement their diet with meat. Scavenging of carrion provides a significant part of the diet of some of the most fearsome predators. Carnivorous plants would be very difficult to fit into this classification, producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap. Organisms that eat detritivores or parasites would also be difficult to classify by such a scheme.

Question: Dead animals that died as a result of natural causes or non-fatal injuries are called?
Answer: carrion

Question: Why are species can be difficult to classify because they?
Answer: eat from multiple levels of the food chain

Question: What are plants that eat both living species and consume sunlight for energy called? 
Answer: Carnivorous plants

Question: What are organisms called that show carnivory and herbivory?
Answer: omnivores

Question: What can make classification of predators problematic when using a food pyramid?
Answer: Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain

Question: Why would carnivourous plants be difficult to classify into a food pyramid?
Answer: producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap

Question: Would it be easy or difficult to classify organims that eat parasites in a food pyramid?
Answer: difficult
The act of predation can be broken down into a maximum of four stages: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption. The relationship between predator and prey is one that is typically beneficial to the predator, and detrimental to the prey species. Sometimes, however, predation has indirect benefits to the prey species, though the individuals preyed upon themselves do not benefit. This means that, at each applicable stage, predator and prey species are in an evolutionary arms race to maximize their respective abilities to obtain food or avoid being eaten. This interaction has resulted in a vast array of adaptations in both groups.

Question: At most there are how many step of predator-prey interaction? 
Answer: maximum of four stages

Question: What is the first step of the predator-prey interaction?
Answer: Detection of prey

Question: How does the prey improve their evolutionary abilities through predator-prey interaction? 
Answer: array of adaptations

Question: Who doesn't benefit from the predator-prey interaction? 
Answer: the individuals preyed upon

Question: How many stages can predation be divided into?
Answer: maximum of four stages

Question: What are the four stages of predation?
Answer: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption

Question: What dilemma has resulted in many predatory adaptations?
Answer: obtain food or avoid being eaten

Question: In predation's four stages, in what stage is consumption?
Answer: final
In late 1994, Marvel acquired the comic book distributor Heroes World Distribution to use as its own exclusive distributor. As the industry's other major publishers made exclusive distribution deals with other companies, the ripple effect resulted in the survival of only one other major distributor in North America, Diamond Comic Distributors Inc. In early 1997, when Marvel's Heroes World endeavor failed, Diamond also forged an exclusive deal with Marvel—giving the company its own section of its comics catalog Previews.

Question: What channel did Marvel buy to self-distribute its own comics in the 1990s?
Answer: Heroes World Distribution

Question: When did Marvel purchase this distribution network?
Answer: 1994

Question: Exclusive deals for distributing comics during the 1990s left this company as the only unaffiliated one.
Answer: Diamond Comic Distributors Inc

Question: What year did Diamond Comic Distributors team up with Marvel?
Answer: 1997

Question: The failure of what high profile business initiative caused Marvel to approach Diamond?
Answer: Marvel's Heroes World
In September 1982, Prime minister Margaret Thatcher travelled to Beijing to negotiate with the Chinese government on the future of Britain's last major and most populous overseas territory, Hong Kong. Under the terms of the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, Hong Kong Island itself had been ceded to Britain in perpetuity, but the vast majority of the colony was constituted by the New Territories, which had been acquired under a 99-year lease in 1898, due to expire in 1997. Thatcher, seeing parallels with the Falkland Islands, initially wished to hold Hong Kong and proposed British administration with Chinese sovereignty, though this was rejected by China. A deal was reached in 1984—under the terms of the Sino-British Joint Declaration, Hong Kong would become a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, maintaining its way of life for at least 50 years. The handover ceremony in 1997 marked for many, including Charles, Prince of Wales, who was in attendance, "the end of Empire".

Question: Who was the British Prime Minister in 1982?
Answer: Margaret Thatcher

Question: Which treaty had given Hong Kong to Britain?
Answer: Treaty of Nanking

Question: When did Britain hand over Hong Kong to China?
Answer: 1997

Question: When was the Sino-British Joint Declaration?
Answer: 1984

Question: Which territory did Margaret Thatcher compare Hong Kong to?
Answer: Falkland Islands
After Madonna signed a singles deal with Sire, her debut single, "Everybody", was released in October 1982, and the second, "Burning Up", in March 1983. Both became big club hits in the United States, reaching number three on Hot Dance Club Songs chart compiled by Billboard magazine. After this success, she started developing her debut album, Madonna, which was primarily produced by Reggie Lucas of Warner Bros. However, she was not happy with the completed tracks and disagreed with Lucas' production techniques, so decided to seek additional help.

Question: What was Madonna's debut single called?
Answer: Everybody

Question: When was "Everybody" released?
Answer: October 1982

Question: What was the name of the second single called?
Answer: Burning Up

Question: Who produced Madonna's debut album?
Answer: Reggie Lucas of Warner Bros

Question: Madonna's dance singles reached which number in the "Hot Dance Club Songs" by the Billboard Magazine?
Answer: three
Madonna was criticized for her performance of "Like a Virgin" at the first 1984 MTV Video Music Awards (VMA). She appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake, wearing a wedding dress and white gloves. The performance is noted by MTV as an iconic moment in VMA history. In later years, Madonna commented that she was terrified of the performance. The next hit was "Material Girl" promoted by her video, a mimicry of Marilyn Monroe's performance of the song "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. While filming this video, Madonna started dating actor Sean Penn. They married on her birthday in 1985. Like a Virgin was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold more than 25 million copies worldwide. In February 1984, according to the film director Sir Richard Attenborough, Madonna auditioned at the Royale Theatre on Broadway for a dance role in his movie version of A Chorus Line using her birth-name of Ciccone, but he rejected her.

Question: Madonna was criticized for her performance of which song in the VMA?
Answer: "Like a Virgin"

Question: What was Madonna wearing during the performance of "Like A Virgin" at the VMA?
Answer: a wedding dress

Question: Her video of "Material Girl" was an imitation of which singer's song, "Diamonds are a girl's best friend?"
Answer: Marilyn Monroe

Question: When did Madonna married Sean Penn?
Answer: on her birthday in 1985

Question: When did Madonna audition for a dance role in the show "A Chorus Line?" 
Answer: February 1984
Madonna starred as Breathless Mahoney in the film Dick Tracy (1990), with Warren Beatty playing the title role. Her performance led to a Saturn Award nomination for Best Actress. To accompany the film, she released the soundtrack album, I'm Breathless, which included songs inspired by the film's 1930s setting. It also featured the US number-one hit "Vogue" and "Sooner or Later", which earned songwriter Stephen Sondheim an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1991. While shooting the film, Madonna began a relationship with Beatty, which dissolved by the end of 1990. In April 1990, Madonna began her Blond Ambition World Tour, which was held until August. Rolling Stone called it an "elaborately choreographed, sexually provocative extravaganza" and proclaimed it "the best tour of 1990". The tour generated strong negative reaction from religious groups for her performance of "Like a Virgin", during which two male dancers caressed her body before she simulated masturbation. In response, Madonna said, "The tour in no way hurts anybody's sentiments. It's for open minds and gets them to see sexuality in a different way. Their own and others". The Laserdisc release of the tour won Madonna a Grammy Award in 1992 for Best Long Form Music Video.

Question: In the film Dick Tracy, who did Madonna starred as?
Answer: Breathless Mahoney

Question: Madonna's role in Dick Tracy led to which award nomination?
Answer: Saturn Award

Question: Who earned an Academy Award for the song "Vogue" and "Sooner or Later?" 
Answer: Stephen Sondheim

Question: When did Madonna and Beatty's relationship end?
Answer: end of 1990

Question: Who did Madonna have a relationship with while shooting the film?
Answer: Beatty
London i/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south eastern part of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2) medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest city in England. Since at least the 19th century, the term London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms Greater London,[note 1] a region of England governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.[note 2] The conurbation also covers two English counties: the small district of the City of London and the county of Greater London. The latter constitutes the vast majority of London, though historically it was split between Middlesex (a now abolished county), Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire.

Question: What city is the capital of England?
Answer: London

Question: Who founded the city of London?
Answer: the Romans

Question: As of 2011, what was the population of London?
Answer: 7,375

Question: What part of London constitutes the bulk of the city?
Answer: county of Greater London

Question: When founded by the Romans, what was the name they gave the city of London?
Answer: Londinium

Question: As of 2011 what was the population of the core of London?
Answer: 7,375

Question: On what river is London situated?
Answer: River Thames

Question: What was London's original name, as founded by the Romans?
Answer: Londinium

Question: What bodies govern Greater London?
Answer: the Mayor of London and the London Assembly

Question: What is the approximate area of the core of the City of London?
Answer: 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2)
In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House and it was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was dogged by crime, and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force. In total, more than 200 offences were punishable by death, including petty theft. Most children born in the city died before reaching their third birthday. The coffeehouse became a popular place to debate ideas, with growing literacy and the development of the printing press making news widely available; and Fleet Street became the centre of the British press.

Question: What was King George II's royal residence beginning in 1762?
Answer: Buckingham House

Question: What was the name of the police force established in London in 1750?
Answer: the Bow Street Runners

Question: On average, when did children born in the City of London die? 
Answer: before reaching their third birthday

Question: How many crimes in 18th century London could result in the death penalty?
Answer: more than 200

Question: What was the London hub of the British press?
Answer: Fleet Street
Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s. The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was borne out of London's ever-increasing role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.

Question: What was London's estimated population in the 1980s?
Answer: around 6.8 million

Question: What event preceded a substantial decrease in the average population in London? 
Answer: the Second World War

Question: The main ports for London were relocated to where?
Answer: Felixstowe and Tilbury

Question: When was construction on the Thames Barrier completed?
Answer: the 1980s

Question: What was the primary function of the Thames Barrier?
Answer: to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea
Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 foxes, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres) of London. These urban foxes are noticeably bolder than their country cousins, sharing the pavement with pedestrians and raising cubs in people's backyards. Foxes have even sneaked into the Houses of Parliament, where one was found asleep on a filing cabinet. Another broke into the grounds of Buckingham Palace, reportedly killing some of Queen Elizabeth II's prized pink flamingos. Generally, however, foxes and city folk appear to get along. A survey in 2001 by the London-based Mammal Society found that 80 percent of 3,779 respondents who volunteered to keep a diary of garden mammal visits liked having them around. This sample cannot be taken to represent Londoners as a whole.

Question: What type of animal belonging to Queen Elizabeth II was killed by an intruding fox on the Buckingham Palace grounds?
Answer: pink flamingos

Question: What animal was seen sleeping in London's Parliament Building?
Answer: fox

Question: What is London's fox population density?
Answer: 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres)

Question: In 2001, what organization conducted a survey of residents regarding London's fox population?
Answer: the London-based Mammal Society

Question: Approximately how many foxes live in the City of London?
Answer: 10,000
The majority of British Jews live in London, with significant Jewish communities in Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Finchley, Hampstead, Hendon and Edgware in North London. Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London's historic Sephardic Jewish community. It is the only synagogue in Europe which has held regular services continuously for over 300 years. Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in the whole of Europe, overtaking Ilford synagogue (also in London) in 1998. The community set up the London Jewish Forum in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government.

Question: Which Jewish synagogue boasts the largest membership in Europe?
Answer: Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue

Question: The Sephardic Jewish community in London is affiliated with which Synagogue?
Answer: Bevis Marks Synagogue

Question: For how long has the Bevis Marks Synagogue in London been conducting religious services continuously? 
Answer: over 300 years

Question: London's Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue passed London's Ilford Synagogue in terms of membership in what year?
Answer: 1998

Question: When was the London Jewish Forum established?
Answer: 2006
London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and in 2015 was ranked as the most visited city in the world with over 65 million visits. It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending, estimated at US$20.23 billion in 2015 Tourism is one of London's prime industries, employing the equivalent of 350,000 full-time workers in 2003, and the city accounts for 54% of all inbound visitor spend in UK. As of 2016 London is rated as the world top ranked city destination by TripAdvisor users.

Question: According to 2015 data, how many how many visitors gave London its ranking as the number one visited city in the world?
Answer: 65 million

Question: How many US dollars are estimated to have been spent in London by visitors from other countries?
Answer: $20.23 billion

Question: As of 2003, roughly how many full time workers were employed in the tourism industry?
Answer: 350,000

Question: Which travel and tourism website's user activity has indicated that London is the number one travel destination?
Answer: TripAdvisor

Question: What percentage of visitor money is estimated to be spent in London?
Answer: 54%
With 120,000 students in London, the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK. It includes four large multi-faculty universities – King's College London, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway and UCL – and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck, the Courtauld Institute of Art, Goldsmiths, Guildhall School of Music and Drama, the Institute of Education, the London Business School, the London School of Economics, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Academy of Music, the Central School of Speech and Drama, the Royal Veterinary College and the School of Oriental and African Studies. Members of the University of London have their own admissions procedures, and some award their own degrees.

Question: What school within the University of London would a student seeking a degree in the veterinary medicine likely attend?
Answer: the Royal Veterinary College

Question: What major university is comprised of four multi-faculty universities and several schools specialized schools? 
Answer: University of London

Question: From what school in London would a student receive an MBA?
Answer: the London Business School

Question: What is the average student population at the University of London?
Answer: 120,000
Islington's 1 mile (1.6 km) long Upper Street, extending northwards from Angel, has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the United Kingdom. Europe's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street, a shopping street nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) long, making it the longest shopping street in the United Kingdom. Oxford Street is home to vast numbers of retailers and department stores, including the world-famous Selfridges flagship store. Knightsbridge, home to the equally renowned Harrods department store, lies to the south-west.

Question: What street in Islington boasts more bars and restaurants than any other street in Britain?
Answer: Upper Street

Question: What is the longest street for shopping,, housing many shops and department stores, in the United Kingdom?
Answer: Oxford Street

Question: How long is Islington's Upper Street? 
Answer: 1 mile (1.6 km)

Question: What famous high-end department store is located on Oxford Street?
Answer: Selfridges flagship store

Question: Which world-renowned luxury department store is located in the borough of Knightsbridge?
Answer: Harrods
London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts, including the world's busiest arena the o2 arena and other large arenas such as Earls Court, Wembley Arena, as well as many mid-sized venues, such as Brixton Academy, the Hammersmith Apollo and the Shepherd's Bush Empire. Several music festivals, including the Wireless Festival, South West Four, Lovebox, and Hyde Park's British Summer Time are all held in London. The city is home to the first and original Hard Rock Cafe and the Abbey Road Studios where The Beatles recorded many of their hits. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, musicians and groups like Elton John, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, Queen, The Kinks, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Eric Clapton, Led Zeppelin, The Small Faces, Iron Maiden, Fleetwood Mac, Elvis Costello, Cat Stevens, The Police, The Cure, Madness, The Jam, Dusty Springfield, Phil Collins, Rod Stewart and Sade, derived their sound from the streets and rhythms vibrating through London.

Question: What famous chain of music-themed restaurants opened its first establishment in London?
Answer: Hard Rock Cafe

Question: In which recording studio did the Beatles do much of their recording? 
Answer: Abbey Road Studios

Question: What in part inspired the sounds of many British rock bands and singers in the 60s, 70s, and 80s?
Answer: the streets and rhythms vibrating through London.

Question: What London concert venue shares its first name with a famous football stadium?
Answer: Wembley Arena

Question: Located in London, what is the busiest concert arena in the world?
Answer: the o2 arena
Notably, a statute does not disappear automatically merely because it has been found unconstitutional; it must be deleted by a subsequent statute. Many federal and state statutes have remained on the books for decades after they were ruled to be unconstitutional. However, under the principle of stare decisis, no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute, and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court. Conversely, any court that refuses to enforce a constitutional statute (where such constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases) will risk reversal by the Supreme Court.

Question: In order for a unconstitutional statue to disappear, it has to be deleted by?  
Answer: a subsequent statute

Question: What has remained on the books after they were ruled unconstitutional? 
Answer: federal and state statutes

Question: What principle  states no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statue? 
Answer: stare decisis

Question: Who can reverse an unconstitutional court ruling?
Answer: the Supreme Court

Question: What must happen to a statute for it to become unconstitutional?
Answer: it must be deleted

Question: What can delete a statute and make it unconstitutional?
Answer: a subsequent statute

Question: Some federal and state statutes remain on the books for how long after they are ruled unconstitutional?
Answer: decades

Question: What decisis states that no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute?
Answer: the principle of stare decisis

Question: Any court that enforces an unconstitutional statute will be overturned by what court?
Answer: the Supreme Court

Question: If a statute is unconstitutional, how is it removed?
Answer: deleted by a subsequent statute

Question: What happens when an unconstitutional statute remains on the books?
Answer: no sensible lower court will enforce

Question: What would happen if a lower court tried to enforce an unconstitutional statute?
Answer: reversed by the Supreme Court

Question: What must happen before the Supreme Court will reverse a decision by a lower court refusing to uphold a constitutional law?
Answer: constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases

Question: What would happen if a lower court refused to uphold a constitutional law?
Answer: risk reversal by the Supreme Court
The actual substance of English law was formally "received" into the United States in several ways. First, all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted "reception statutes" which generally state that the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions. Some reception statutes impose a specific cutoff date for reception, such as the date of a colony's founding, while others are deliberately vague. Thus, contemporary U.S. courts often cite pre-Revolution cases when discussing the evolution of an ancient judge-made common law principle into its modern form, such as the heightened duty of care traditionally imposed upon common carriers.

Question: Reception statues are generally the same as what law?
Answer: the common law of England

Question: Who sites pre-revolution cases when discussion evolution of judge-made law? 
Answer: contemporary U.S. courts

Question: Which US State did not  enact reception statues? 
Answer: Louisiana

Question: What do reception statutes state is the law of the state?
Answer: common law of England

Question: What is the only state to not enact reception statutes?
Answer: Louisiana

Question: Some reception statutes impose what?
Answer: a specific cutoff date

Question: Modern courts often cite which period in history cases when discussing changes in law?
Answer: pre-Revolution

Question: What are reception statutes?
Answer: the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state

Question: When are reception statutes invaild?
Answer: repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions

Question: Where did the bulk of the US's starting laws come from?
Answer: English law

Question: Which is the only stste without reception statutes?
Answer: Louisiana

Question: What kind of case would a contemporary lawyer discuss when talking about an ancient judge-made common law principle?
Answer: pre-Revolution
Early on, American courts, even after the Revolution, often did cite contemporary English cases. This was because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century; lawyers and judges, as creatures of habit, used English legal materials to fill the gap. But citations to English decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people. The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910. By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining: "Now, when we require them to state the reasons for a decision, we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail. We [do] not mean that they shall include the small cases, and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature, for the Lord knows we have got enough of that already."

Question: early on American courts cited what cases?
Answer: contemporary English

Question: What century were apellate decisions regularly reported?
Answer: 19th century

Question: When did cotations to English decisions gradually disappear?
Answer: 19th century

Question: How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1810?
Answer: eighteen

Question: How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1910?
Answer: over 8,000

Question: When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English?
Answer: mid-19th century

Question: How many published volumes of American reports were released in 1810?
Answer: eighteen

Question: By 1910, how many volumes of American reports were there?
Answer: 8,000

Question: What did the lawmakers think of the increase in reports?
Answer: By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining

Question: What were the lawmakers beginning to drown in?
Answer: judicial literature
Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British conquered Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Myanmar became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup d'état in 1962, a military dictatorship.

Question: What were the names of some of the early cultures located in Myanmar?
Answer: Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma

Question: When did the dominant religion of Myanmar become something outside of the mainstream ? 
Answer: in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country.

Question: What caused the downfall of the downfall of the the original kingdom in Myanmar?
Answer: The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged

Question: Whose rule  was Myanmar under when it was one of the most massive kingdoms in Southeast Asia ?
Answer: Taungoo Dynasty

Question: When did was Myanmar ruled by the Taungoo Dynasty ?
Answer: In the 16th century
For most of its independent years, the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and Burma's myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. During this time, the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country. In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. While former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country, Burmese Military have taken steps toward relinquishing control of the government. This, along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners, has improved the country's human rights record and foreign relations, and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions. There is, however, continuing criticism of the government's treatment of the Muslim Rohingya minority and its poor response to the religious clashes. In the landmark 2015 election, Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses, ending military rule.

Question: What portion of the government was eventually separated from government participation? 
Answer: the military junta

Question: Has the country been able to overcome the problems of government with the previous regime?
Answer: Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses, ending military rule.

Question: What type of government is now established in Myanmar?
Answer: a nominally civilian government

Question: Are previous leaders a hendrence to the current government?
Answer: former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country

Question: What major conflict is Myanmar known for?
Answer: one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars.
Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. Official United States policy retains Burma as the country's name, although the State Department's website lists the country as "Burma (Myanmar)" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names. The Czech Republic uses officially Myanmar, although its Ministry of Foreign Affairs mentions both Myanmar and Burma on its website. The United Nations uses Myanmar, as do the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Russia, Germany, China, India, Norway, and Japan.

Question: By which name is the country called by most English speaking countries?
Answer: Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom

Question: How is Burma officially identified in the United States 
Answer: Burma (Myanmar)

Question: What is the country called in sessions of the United Nations?
Answer: United Nations uses Myanmar

Question: What does the current president of the United States call the country in official settings?
Answer: Burma (Myanmar)" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names
Archaeological evidence shows that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 400,000 years ago. The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 11,000 BC, in a Stone Age culture called the Anyathian with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar. Evidence of neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered in the form of cave paintings near the city of Taunggyi.

Question: What extinct species of hominid that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene geological period is believed to have dwelled in Myanmar?
Answer: Homo erectus

Question: When was the extinct species believed to have lived in Myanmar?
Answer: 400,000 years ago

Question: What is the name of the civilization that is believed to be one of the oldest. 
Answer: Anyathian

Question: Did any other ancient cultures also leave behind evidence of existence in Myanmar?
Answer: neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered

Question: What form was the evidence of ancient cultures discovered in ?
Answer: discovered in the form of cave paintings
Around the second century BC the first-known city-states emerged in central Myanmar. The city-states were founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states, the earliest inhabitants of Myanmar of whom records are extant, from present-day Yunnan. The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India, importing Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation.

Question: What period was the first known city states established in Myanmar?
Answer: Around the second century BC

Question: From what people have were the first records known to be existent derived from? 
Answer: from present-day Yunnan

Question: Were any of the early civilizations influenced by each other and if so by what how did it occur?
Answer: The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India

Question: What Myanmar import from other countries that has been of major importance?
Answer: Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts
Pagan's collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century. Like the Burmans four centuries earlier, Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind. Several competing Shan States came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley. The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers, Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom, emerged. In the west, a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437.

Question: What is the name of the kingdom that became dominant along the coastline of Myanmar? 
Answer: Kingdom of Mrauk U

Question: How long did it take for Myanmar to recover from the collapse of it's first kingdom ?
Answer: 250 years

Question: Did the Mongol invasions of Burma leave any lasting signs?
Answer: Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind

Question: Who was involved merger of the smaller states into the two largest factions of Myanmar ?
Answer: Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom
Political unification returned in the mid-16th century, due to the efforts of Taungoo, a former vassal state of Ava. Taungoo's young, ambitious king Tabinshwehti defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1534–41). His successor Bayinnaung went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia including the Shan states, Lan Na, Manipur, Mong Mao, the Ayutthaya Kingdom, Lan Xang and southern Arakan. However, the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaung's death in 1581, completely collapsing by 1599. Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na, and Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam).

Question: Before attempting to obtain political unification, what title did Taungoo,hold ? 
Answer: a former vassal state of Ava.

Question: Who was the ruling monarchy when Taungoo, was vassal?
Answer: king Tabinshwehti

Question: Who was the ruler of the largest kingdom in Southeast Asia ?
Answer: Bayinnaung

Question: In what year did the dynasty of Bayinnaung fully collapse ?
Answer: 1599

Question: Have any other countries ever established a foot hole in Burma?
Answer: Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam)
With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, exchanging Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Ayutthaya). Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King Bodawpaya turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India.

Question: What was the event called that caused  Ayutthaya  to reclaim lost territories ?
Answer: the Chinese threat

Question: In what year did  Ayutthaya capture Lan Na  ?
Answer: 1776.

Question: What country was Burma at war with with until 1855 ?
Answer: Arakan

Question: Who managed to eventually control the territory of Arakan 
Answer: King Bodawpaya
In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis caused extensive damage in the densely populated, rice-farming delta of the Irrawaddy Division. It was the worst natural disaster in Burmese history with reports of an estimated 200,000 people dead or missing, and damage totalled to 10 billion US Dollars, and as many as 1 million left homeless. In the critical days following this disaster, Myanmar's isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts. Humanitarian aid was requested but concerns about foreign military or intelligence presence in the country delayed the entry of United States military planes delivering medicine, food, and other supplies.

Question: What natural disaster caused detrimental effects to the Irrawaddy section of Burma in May of 2008 ?  
Answer: Cyclone Nargis

Question: What is the main crop of the delta of the Irrawaddy section of Burma?
Answer: rice

Question: How many people were reported missing or deceased due to the natural disaster of 2007 ?
Answer: estimated 200,000 people dead or missing

Question: How much was the financial cost of the damages of the 2007 natural disaster in Burma ?
Answer: 10 billion US Dollars

Question: Did the government of Myanmar welcome the international efforts of assistance?
Answer: Myanmar's isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts
In October 2012 the number of ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the Kachin conflict, between the Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army and the government; a civil war between the Rohingya Muslims, and the government and non-government groups in Rakhine State; and a conflict between the Shan, Lahu and Karen minority groups, and the government in the eastern half of the country. In addition al-Qaeda signalled an intention to become involved in Myanmar. In a video released 3 September 2014 mainly addressed to India, the militant group's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing "what they can to rescue you". In response, the military raised its level of alertness while the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland.

Question: In 2012 what was the the disturbance with the government running smoothly ? Burma? 
Answer: the number of ongoing conflicts in Myanmar

Question: Were any religious groups involved in the scrimmages ? 
Answer: Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army a

Question: Were any terrorist groups involved in the Burmese conflicts ? 
Answer: al-Qaeda

Question: Does al-Qaeda believe that Muslims in Burma are in danger?
Answer: Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing "what they can to rescue you".

Question: Did Muslims in Burma give a repose to statements made by al-Qaeda? 
Answer: the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland.
The goal of the Burmese constitutional referendum of 2008, held on 10 May 2008, is the creation of a "discipline-flourishing democracy". As part of the referendum process, the name of the country was changed from the "Union of Myanmar" to the "Republic of the Union of Myanmar", and general elections were held under the new constitution in 2010. Observer accounts of the 2010 election describe the event as mostly peaceful; however, allegations of polling station irregularities were raised, and the United Nations (UN) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent.

Question: Where the elections of 2010 conducted fairly in Burma?
Answer: allegations of polling station irregularities were raised

Question: Were the results of the 2010 elections accepted by the United Nations?
Answer: the United Nations (UN) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent.

Question: What is the name that Burma held before 2010? 
Answer: Union of Myanmar

Question: Why was the referendum in 2008 ?
Answer: the creation of a "discipline-flourishing democracy"
The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas, including ASEAN's approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress—it was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years (Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein, as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi); and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) party in the 2012 by-elections, facilitated by the government's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD. As of July 2013, about 100 political prisoners remain imprisoned, while conflict between the Burmese Army and local insurgent groups continues.

Question: Have the changes in Burmese law been of benefit to the country in international views ? 
Answer: approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton

Question: Who was the United States Secretary of State who visited Myanmar in 2014?
Answer: Secretary of State Hillary Clinton

Question: How long was the interval between the visits from the United States Secretary of State officials ?
Answer: more than fifty years

Question: What political party does Aung San Suu Kyi belong to ?
Answer: National League for Democracy (NLD) party