meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
International investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists explain the high standard of living on the island. St. Barthélemy is considered a playground of the rich and famous,[citation needed] especially as a winter haven, and is known for its beaches, gourmet dining and high-end designers. Most of the food is imported by airplane or boat from the US or France. Tourism attracts about 200,000 visitors every year. As a result, there is a boom in house building activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island, with prices as high as €61,200,000 for a beachfront villa.

Question: St. Barts is considered a playground for whom?
Answer: the rich and famous

Question: How many tourists visit St. Barts each year?
Answer: 200,000

Question: What is the highest propoerty value recorded in St. Barts?
Answer: €61,200,000

Question: What besides investment is responsible for the high standard of living on the island?
Answer: wealth generated by wealthy tourists

Question: Besides boats how does St. Barts import most of its food?
Answer: by airplane
Marine mammals are many, such as the dolphins, porpoises and whales, which are seen here during the migration period from December till May. Turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island. They are a protected species and in the endangered list. It is stated that it will take 15–50 years for this species to attain reproductive age. Though they live in the sea, the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies. Three species of turtles are particularly notable. These are: The leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here, some times measuring a much as 3 m (average is about 1.5 m) and weighing about 450 kg (jellyfish is their favourite diet); the hawksbill turtles, which have hawk-like beaks and found near reefs, generally about 90 cm in diameter and weigh about 60 kg and their diet consists of crabs and snails; and the green turtles, herbivores which have rounded heads, generally about 90 cm in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses.

Question: When is the end of the dolphin migration period in St. Barts?
Answer: May

Question: When is the beggining of the whale migration season?
Answer: December

Question: What protected species is a common sight along the beaches of St. Barts?
Answer: Turtles

Question: What is the favorite prey of leatherback sea turtles?
Answer: jellyfish

Question: Where do green turtles live?
Answer: amidst tall sea grasses
Saint Barthélemy, a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs, has an area of 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi) and a population of 9,035 (Jan. 2011 estimate). Its capital is Gustavia[citation needed], which also contains the main harbour to the island. It is the only Caribbean island which was a Swedish colony for any significant length of time; Guadeloupe was under Swedish rule only briefly at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Symbolism from the Swedish national arms, the Three Crowns, still appears in the island's coat of arms. The language, cuisine, and culture, however, are distinctly French. The island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season, especially for the rich and famous during the Christmas and new year period.

Question: What kind of island is St. Barts?
Answer: volcanic

Question: What is the population of St. Barts?
Answer: 9,035

Question: What is the capital of St. Barts?
Answer: Gustavia

Question: What country besides France had colonies on the island for a substantial period of time?
Answer: Swedish

Question: When is the busiest time for tourism in St. Barts?
Answer: the winter holiday season
Saint Barthélemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. Through a referendum in 2003, island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, and it was finally accomplished in 2007. The island of Saint Barthélemy became an Overseas Collectivity (COM). A governing territorial council was elected for its administration, which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy. The Hotel de Ville, which was the town hall, is now the Hotel de la Collectivité. A senator represents the island in Paris. St. Barthélemy has retained its free port status.

Question: St. Barts was formerly a part of what French commune?
Answer: Guadeloupe

Question: When did the residents of St. Barts file for separation from Guadeloupe?
Answer: 2003

Question: When did St. Barts finally received its independence?
Answer: 2007

Question: What is the current name of the building in St. Barts that serves as town hall?
Answer: Hotel de la Collectivité

Question: Who officially represents St. Barts in French legislation? 
Answer: A senator
When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings, when they had occupied the town. Earlier to their occupation, the port was known as "Carénage". The Swedes renamed it as Gustavia in honour of their king Gustav III. It was then their prime trading center. The port maintained a neutral stance since the Caribbean war was on in the 18th century. They used it as trading post of contraband and the city of Gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived.

Question: When did the British invade the harbour town in St. Barts?
Answer: 1744

Question: What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town?
Answer: 1785

Question: What was the port known as prior to the Swedish occupation of St. Barts?
Answer: Carénage

Question: What was the name of the port changed to after the Swedish occupation?
Answer: Gustavia

Question: What war occurred in the 18th century?
Answer: the Caribbean war
The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave.

Question: Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes?
Answer: US National Institutes of Health

Question: What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced?
Answer: mouse

Question: What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced?
Answer: puffer fish

Question: When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced?
Answer: December 2013

Question: How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome?
Answer: 130,000
A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule.[citation needed]

Question: What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit?
Answer: comprehensive school

Question: What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions?
Answer: selective school system

Question: What countries used comprehensive schools extensively?
Answer: England and Wales

Question: How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England?
Answer: 90%

Question: What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school?
Answer: Gesamtschule
Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4°N and 5°S, and longitudes 11° and 19°E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short coast on the Atlantic Ocean.

Question: Between which two lines of latitude is the Congo located?
Answer: 4°N and 5°S

Question: Between which two lines of longitude is the Congo located?
Answer: 11° and 19°E

Question: What ocean connects to the Congo?
Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: Which country lies southwest of the Congo?
Answer: Cabinda

Question: What is another name for Cabinda?
Answer: Angola
The Republic of the Congo's sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country, leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited. Thus, Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with 70% of its total population living in a few urban areas, namely in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi) railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.

Question: In what part of the country can most of the Congo's citizens be found?
Answer: southwest

Question: How long is the track connecting Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire?
Answer: 534-kilometre (332 mi)
Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse—Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country—but can be grouped into three categories. The Kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are Laari in Brazzaville and Pool regions and Vili around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group are the Teke who live to the north of Brazzaville with 17% of the population. Boulangui (M’Boshi) live in the northwest and in Brazzaville and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population.

Question: How many languages are used in the Congo?
Answer: 62

Question: What is the most populous ethnicity in the Congo?
Answer: Kongo

Question: How much of the population is constituted by Pygmies?
Answer: 2%

Question: What percentage of the population of the Congo is Boulangui?
Answer: 12%
Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%. As of 2012, the HIV/AIDS prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds. Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004. A large proportion of the population is undernourished, with malnutrition being a problem in Congo-Brazzaville. There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade).

Question: How much of the gross domestic product was spent on public health in 2004?
Answer: 8.9%

Question: What was the overall incidence of HIV or AIDS throughout the 15 to 49 year old population?
Answer: 2.8%

Question: How much was spent per capita on health in 2004 as measured in US dollars?
Answer: $30

Question: For every 100,000 people, how many phyisicians were there in the Congo in the early '00s?
Answer: 20
Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002–05 than in 1991. Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds, but in practice, expenses exist. Net primary enrollment rate was 44% in 2005, much less than the 79% in 1991. The country has universities. Education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory. Pupils who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate. At the university, students can obtain a bachelor's degree in three years and a master's after four. Marien Ngouabi University—which offers courses in medicine, law and several other fields—is the country's only public university. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system. The educational infrastructure has been seriously degraded as a result of political and economic crises. There are no seats in most classrooms, forcing children to sit on the floor. Enterprising individuals have set up private schools, but they often lack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively. Families frequently enroll their children in private schools only to find they cannot make the payments.

Question: Public schooling is required for people under what age?
Answer: 16

Question: What was the school enrollment rate in 2005?
Answer: 44%

Question: What do students who finish 13 years of schooling receive?
Answer: baccalaureate

Question: What language is used in Congolese schools?
Answer: French
The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament[clarification needed] and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament.

Question: What is a central duty of the prime minister?
Answer: ensure the passage of bills

Question: What is it called when a monarch has a share of executive powers?
Answer: royal prerogative

Question: Using royal prerogative does not require the consent of which body?
Answer: parliament
In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institutes of technology were founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa. Moreover, a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical University.

Question: What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?
Answer: Bursa Technical University

Question: When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: six

Question: What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s?
Answer: Ankara and Trabzon
Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects.

Question: What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to?
Answer: insects

Question: What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots?
Answer: Frankia

Question: What endosymbionts live in coral? 
Answer: algae
The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking."

Question: What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution?
Answer: symbiosis

Question: Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?
Answer: Dorion Sagan
After the 1980s, the use of the "Canadian Armed Forces" name gave way to "Canadian Forces";[citation needed] The "Canadian Armed Forces" name returned in 2013.

Question: What is the old name of the Canadian Forces?
Answer: Canadian Armed Forces

Question: When did the Canadian Armed Forces name cease to be?
Answer: After the 1980s

Question: When was the Canadian Armed Forces name reintroduced?
Answer: 2013

Question: What was the new name of the Canadian Armed Forces?
Answer: Canadian Forces
Currently, the Regular Force component of the Army consists of three field-ready brigade groups: 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Edmonton and CFB Shilo; 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Petawawa and CFB Gagetown; and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Valcartier and Quebec City. Each contains one regiment each of artillery, armour, and combat engineers, three battalions of infantry (all scaled in the British fashion), one battalion for logistics, a squadron for headquarters/signals, and several smaller support organizations. A tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co-located with each brigade, but do not form part of the brigade's command structure.

Question: How many brigades does the Army consist of?
Answer: three

Question: Each Brigade contains how many regiments?
Answer: one

Question: What squadron is present but not an official part of the Brigade?
Answer: tactical helicopter squadron

Question: What medical group is present at all Brigades but not part of it?
Answer: a field ambulance
In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.[citation needed]

Question: In 1059, who was responsible for electing the pope? 
Answer: the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.

Question: What were the cardinals assigned? 
Answer: a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses
There is disagreement about the origin of the term, but general consensus that "cardinalis" from the word cardo (meaning 'pivot' or 'hinge') was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean “principal,” “eminent,” or "superior." The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become pope. In 1059, during the pontificate of Nicholas II, cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but the Third Lateran Council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244.

Question: Who were the first people to be called cardinals in Rome? 
Answer: the deacons of the seven regions of the city

Question: When were the Roman cardinals perceived as a privleged class among the Roman clergy?
Answer: 8th century

Question: What year did the ruling "only a cardinal was eligible to become pope" come in effect?
Answer: 769

Question: Who gave cardinals the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini?
Answer: Nicholas II

Question: What was it that gave cardinals the right to elect the pope?
Answer: the Papal Bull In nomine Domini

Question: In what year did the pope allow cardinals to wear the red hats?
Answer: 1244

Question: Who was the pope who gave cardinals the right to wear the hats?
Answer: Pope Innocent IV
In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV, wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals. According to this historic council "nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord Jesus Christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office."

Question: In what year did Pope Pius IV wrote abou tthe selecting of cardinals? 
Answer: 1563

Question: Who was in charge of the Ecumenical Council of Trent?
Answer: Pope Pius IV

Question: In what year did the Ecumenical Council of Trent write in regards to the selection of Cardinals?
Answer: 1563

Question: Who was the pope who headed the Ecumencial Council of Trent in that year?
Answer: Pope Pius IV
Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Starting in the pontificate of Pope John XXIII, that limit has been exceeded. At the start of 1971, Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120, but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally. He also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors. His action deprived twenty-five living cardinals, including the three living cardinals elevated by Pope Pius XI, of the right to participate in a conclave.[citation needed] Popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120. Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches.

Question: Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to?
Answer: 70

Question: What did the composition of the cardinals consist of?
Answer: comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.

Question: During who's term did the ruling exceed? 
Answer: Pope John XXIII

Question: Pope Paul VI increse the number of cardinal electors to? 
Answer: 120

Question: What is the maximum age for electors?
Answer: 80

Question: Pope Paul VI raised the cap on cardinal electors from 70 to what?
Answer: 120

Question: Pope Paul VI had no cap on what?
Answer: the number of cardinals generally
In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin, "Ioannes Card(inalis) Cognomen". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. Official sources such as the Archdiocese of Milwaukee and Catholic News Service say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the Catholic Church. This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences. Oriental Patriarchs who are created Cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy.

Question: The Archdiocese of Milwaukee says that the correct way to address a cardinal in English is? 
Answer: "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]"

Question: What is the proper way to address a cardinal according to the Archdiocese of Milwaukee?
Answer: Cardinal [First name] [Surname]

Question: How do cardinals sign traditionally?
Answer: by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname

Question: How do Oriental Patriarchs sign?
Answer: Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis

Question: Why do Oriental Patriarchs sign this way?
Answer: because they do not belong to the Roman clergy
In early times, the privilege of papal election was not reserved to the cardinals, and for centuries the person elected was customarily a Roman priest and never a bishop from elsewhere. To preserve apostolic succession the rite of consecrating him a bishop had to be performed by someone who was already a bishop. The rule remains that, if the person elected Pope is not yet a bishop, he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.

Question: In early times, who was generally electied to cardinal?
Answer: a Roman priest

Question: Why did the ceromony of consecrating a bishop have to be preformed by someone who was already a bishop?
Answer: To preserve apostolic succession

Question: What is the rule if the peson elected is not a bishop? 
Answer: he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.

Question: What happens if a Pope is elected who is not a bishop?
Answer: he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.
There are seven suburbicarian sees: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri. Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whatever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops.

Question: How many suburbicarian sees?
Answer: seven

Question: When were the two sees combined? 
Answer: 1150 until 1914

Question: Who separated them?
Answer: Pope Pius X

Question: What are the seven sees?
Answer: Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri
Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.

Question: Cardinal bishops do not have any powers of governnace over the suburibicarian see since when?
Answer: 1962

Question: Which see doesn't have its own bishop?
Answer: Ostia

Question: Who is in charge of Ostia? 
Answer: Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator.

Question: In what year was it decided that cardinal bishops had no power over the seven sees?
Answer: 1962

Question: What see is the one exception to this rule?
Answer: Ostia

Question: Who has power over the exception?
Answer: the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome
Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia (Iran), there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan.

Question: The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages?
Answer: Islam

Question: What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue?
Answer: Dari

Question: What was the first dynasty to use Dari?
Answer: Saffarid

Question: When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari?
Answer: 875 CE

Question: What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers?
Answer: Khorasan
The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting.

Question: What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices?
Answer: table lamp

Question: Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? 
Answer: task lighting
Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp.

Question: What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture?
Answer: light bulbs

Question: What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation?
Answer: electrical energy

Question: Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb.
Answer: 60 w

Question: How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce?
Answer: 800 lumens
Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design.

Question: What is designing as it applies to built environments?
Answer: architectural lighting design

Question: Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design?
Answer: kno

Question: What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment?
Answer: Radiance

Question: Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data?
Answer: tabular

Question: What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space.
Answer: Daylight factor calculation.
Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm).

Question: What is the basic SI unit of measurement?
Answer: candela (cd)

Question: What is the SI unit for lumiance?
Answer: cd/m2

Question: What is the CGS unit of lumiance?
Answer: stilb

Question: What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? 
Answer: lumen (lm)
For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI.

Question: What does GAI stand for?
Answer: gamut area index

Question: The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as?
Answer: GAI

Question: Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors?
Answer: ano
Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as ZigBee), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security).

Question: What type of standard do newer control systems use? 
Answer: wireless mesh open standards

Question: What is the name of one type of control system used? 
Answer: ZigBee

Question: Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder?
Answer: no
Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures.

Question: What sensor controls light with motion sensors? 
Answer: Occupancy sensors

Question: What does a passive infrared sensor react to? 
Answer: changes in heat

Question: What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing?
Answer: Ultrasonic sensors

Question: Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage?
Answer: no
Daylighting is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings.

Question: What is the oldest method of interior lighting? 
Answer: Daylighting

Question: Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people?
Answer: not
Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth’s natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. Circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments.

Question: Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? 
Answer: Alzheimer's Disease

Question: The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern?
Answer: 24

Question: What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted?
Answer: disrupt the natural circadian cycle
A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ notes, and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health.

Question: Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene?
Answer: Robert Ulrich

Question: Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays?
Answer: no

Question: Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics?
Answer: no
In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could be stored indefinitely, unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil. The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become Standard Oil, thus completely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps. These types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon-monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people.

Question: What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum?
Answer: Dr. Abraham Gesner

Question: What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? 
Answer: 1849

Question: What method of lighting have been used since 1820s?
Answer: coal-gas methods
Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted. Well-designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows, temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants.

Question: What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive?
Answer: Light pollution

Question: What causes sharp shadows around buildings? 
Answer: glare
From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight. If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used. However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers.

Question: In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? 
Answer: searchlights and flares

Question: The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? 
Answer: light

Question: Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? 
Answer: infrared cameras
The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA.

Question: What does the IESNA stand for? 
Answer: The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

Question: Who else publishes along with IESNA? 
Answer: ANSI and ASHRAE

Question: What defines photo metric data?
Answer: distribution of light released
The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc.

Question: Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination? 
Answer: NCQLP

Question: What does NCQLP stand for?
Answer: The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions

Question: Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified?
Answer: LC

Question: What other national examinations are available?
Answer: CLEP and CLMC
The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations.

Question: What does PLASA stand for? 
Answer: The Professional Lighting And Sound Association

Question: Where is PLASA based?
Answer: UK

Question: How many individuals does PLASA represent?
Answer: 500+

Question: What does RoHS stand for?
Answer: Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution.

Question: Which Enlightenment thinker supported the idea of separation of powers?
Answer: John Locke

Question: Which Enlightenment thinker was against the separation of powers?
Answer: Thomas Hobbes

Question: Who was a leading advocate of dividing government into different branches?
Answer: Montesquieu

Question: Whose thoughts were impacted by Montesquieu's philosophy?
Answer: the framers of the United States Constitution

Question: Who was an advocate of separation of powers?
Answer: John Locke

Question: Who was an opponent of separation of powers?
Answer: Thomas Hobbes

Question: Who's writing were very influential on the design of the United States Constitution?  
Answer: Montesquieu