meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
The retail trade in Cork city includes a mix of both modern, state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops. Department stores cater for all budgets, with expensive boutiques for one end of the market and high street stores also available. Shopping centres can be found in many of Cork's suburbs, including Blackpool, Ballincollig, Douglas, Ballyvolane, Wilton and Mahon Point. Others are available in the city centre. These include the recently[when?] completed development of two large malls The Cornmarket Centre on Cornmarket Street, and new the retail street called "Opera Lane" off St. Patrick's Street/Academy Street. The Grand Parade scheme, on the site of the former Capitol Cineplex, was planning-approved for 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2) of retail space, with work commencing in 2016. Cork's main shopping street is St. Patrick's Street and is the most expensive street in the country per sq. metre after Dublin's Grafton Street. As of 2015[update] this area has been impacted by the post-2008 downturn, with many retail spaces available for let.[citation needed] Other shopping areas in the city centre include Oliver Plunkett St. and Grand Parade. Cork is also home to some of the country's leading department stores with the foundations of shops such as Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores being laid in the city. Outside the city centre is Mahon Point Shopping Centre.

Question: What types of retail offerings are found in Cork?
Answer: state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops

Question: What happened after the economy dropped off around 2008?
Answer: many retail spaces available for let

Question: What major department stores gottheir starts in Cork?
Answer: Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores

Question: When will work on the Grand Parade begin?
Answer: 2016

Question: How large is the retail space in the Grand Parade proposed to be?
Answer: 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2)
The Cork area has seen improvements in road infrastructure in recent years. For example, the Cork South Link dual carriageway was built in the early 1980s, to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre. Shortly afterwards, the first sections of the South Ring dual carriageway were opened. Work continued through the 1990s on extending the N25 South Ring Road, with the opening of the Jack Lynch Tunnel under the River Lee being a significant addition. The Kinsale Road flyover opened in August 2006 to remove a bottleneck for traffic heading to Cork Airport or Killarney. Other projects completed at this time include the N20 Blackpool bypass and the N20 Cork to Mallow road projects. The N22 Ballincollig dual carriageway bypass, which links to the Western end of the Cork Southern Ring road was opened in September 2004. City Centre road improvements include the Patrick Street project - which reconstructed the street with a pedestrian focus. The M8 motorway links Cork with Dublin.

Question: When was the Cork South Link dual carriageway built?
Answer: 1980s

Question: What was the purpose of the dual carriageway?
Answer: to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre

Question: What was the purpose of the Kinsale Road flyover?
Answer: remove a bottleneck for traffic heading to Cork Airport or Killarney

Question: What was a beneficial improvement made to Patrick Street? 
Answer: pedestrian focus
Within the city there have been two tram networks in operation. A proposal to develop a horse-drawn tram (linking the city's railway termini) was made by American George Francis Train in the 1860s, and implemented in 1872 by the Cork Tramway Company. However, the company ceased trading in 1875 after Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line, mainly because of objections from cab operators to the type of tracks which – although they were laid to the Irish national railway gauge of 5 ft 3in – protruded from the road surface.[citation needed]

Question: How many tram systems were in Cork?
Answer: two

Question: Who wanted to develop a horse drawn tram system?
Answer: George Francis Train

Question: When did the Cork Tramway Company start a horse driven tram system?
Answer: 1872

Question: Why did the Cork Tramway Company stop operations?
Answer: Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line

Question: Why did the cab operators not like the tracks?
Answer: protruded from the road surface
Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism of the United States of America under the Constitution of 1789, is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established. It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.

Question: What is federalism?
Answer: mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments

Question: What features are distinctive of federalism? 
Answer: a relationship of parity between the two levels of government

Question: What is federlism defined as?
Answer: a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status

Question: What document exemplified modern federalist government?
Answer: Constitution of 1789

Question: What distinguishes Federalism from other types of government?
Answer: a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established

Question: Is the division of power among different levels of government equal in a Federalist government? 
Answer: there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.

Question: Federalism combines what two types of government?
Answer: general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments

Question: What is federalism? 
Answer: Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government

Question: In Federalism, are the division of powers equal? 
Answer: division of powers between two levels of government of equal status

Question: What type of governments are included in federalism? 
Answer: general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments

Question: How many governments are apart of federalism?
Answer: relationship of parity between the two levels of government
Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union.

Question: What distinguishes Federalism from other multi-level governments?
Answer: equality of standing between the two levels of government

Question: What historical event illustrated that dividing sovereignty was not possible?
Answer: Civil War

Question: What organization is a leading example of a federal union?
Answer: European Union

Question: What form of Federalism is characterized by where sovereignty resides in the whole?
Answer: federal state (or federation)

Question: New research has clarified that Federalism has how many distinct forms?
Answer: two distinct federal forms

Question: Before new research, what was the definition of federalism? 
Answer: a division of sovereignty between two levels of government

Question: After new research, what was the final definition of federalism? 
Answer: final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible.

Question: When was federalism put into place? 
Answer: The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century

Question: What is the difference between multi-level political forms and federalism? 
Answer: the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established

Question: What is an example of a federal union? 
Answer: the European Union
The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'.

Question: What is the Latin word for federalism? 
Answer: foedus

Question: What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 18th century? 
Answer: a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty.

Question: What did James Madison referred to the new United States as? 
Answer: 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both
Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between territories can still be found in federalist countries such as Canada and federation as a way to appease and quell military conflict has failed recently in places like Lybia or Iraq, while the formula is simultaneously proposed and dismissed in countries such as Ukraine or Syria. Federations such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia collapsed as soon as it was possible to put the model to the test.

Question: Where does the federalist model work best in? 
Answer: homogeneous states

Question: What are homogeneous states? 
Answer: United States, Germany or Australia

Question: Where can tensions be found in the federalist countries?
Answer: Canada

Question: What countries did the federalist model fail in? 
Answer: Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia

Question: What countries dismissed the federalist model? 
Answer: Ukraine or Syria
In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States. The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state. The U.S. Constitution was written as a reaction to the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government.

Question: In the United States, what was federalism referred to? 
Answer: belief in a stronger central government.

Question: When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party support? 
Answer: stronger central government

Question: What did anti-federalist support? 
Answer: weaker central government

Question: On the political spectrum, where does federalism stand? 
Answer: federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state
In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism).

Question: Who has a greater history of unitary states? 
Answer: Europe

Question: What does federalism mean in Europe? 
Answer: weaker central government, relative to a unitary state

Question: What branch does the United States want to limit under the federalist model? 
Answer: judiciary
On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendums on becoming a unified, self-governing "Commonwealth" within the British Empire. When all the colonies voted in favour of federation, the Federation of Australia commenced, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The model of Australian federalism adheres closely to the original model of the United States of America, although it does so through a parliamentary Westminster system rather than a presidential system.

Question: What happened on January 1st 1901?
Answer: nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation

Question: When did the United Kingdom colonized the Australian continent?
Answer: 1788

Question: Which model is of federalism is similar to the federalism model in Australia? 
Answer: United States of America

Question: What was established when Australia was colonized? 
Answer: six, eventually self-governing, colonies
In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since 1891, although some of them would distort some of the federalist principles. The 1937 Constitution, for example, granted the federal government the authority to appoint State Governors (called interventors) at will, thus centralizing power in the hands of President Getúlio Vargas. Brazil also uses the Fonseca system to regulate interstate trade. Brazil is one of the biggest federal governments.

Question: When was Brazil's fall of the monarchy?
Answer: 1889

Question: Who caused the fall of the monarchy happened in Brazil?
Answer: military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca.

Question: When did Brazil adopt federalism? 
Answer: 1891

Question: What other system does Brazil use? 
Answer: Fonseca system

Question: What is the fonseca system? 
Answer: regulate interstate trade
The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the Union of India, and the State governments. Later, a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities. In the current arrangement, The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution delimits the subjects of each level of governmental jurisdiction, dividing them into three lists:

Question: What is the government of India based on? 
Answer: tiered system

Question: What is a tiered system? 
Answer: the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers

Question: What was the constitution originally provided for? 
Answer: two-tier system of government

Question: When the third tiere was added on, what is it in form of? 
Answer: Panchayats and Municipalities
Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg while those historically most strongly opposed have been the United Kingdom, Denmark and France (with conservative presidents and governments). Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995), the French authorities have adopted a much more pro-European Unification position, as they consider that a strong EU is presenting the best "insurance" against a unified Germany which might become too strong and thus a threat for its neighbours.

Question: Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism?
Answer: Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg

Question: Who opposed the European Federalism? 
Answer: United Kingdom, Denmark and France

Question: When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? 
Answer: Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995
The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America. In this Federation, each State had a "President" of its own that controlled almost every issue, even the creation of "State Armies," while the Federal Army was required to obtain presidential permission to enter any given state.

Question: When did the federal war end?
Answer: 1863

Question: How did the federal war end? 
Answer: with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces

Question: What did the United States of Venezuela incorporate? 
Answer: "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America

Question: In this type of federation each country had its own what? 
Answer: President
On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system with two components (i.e. the Dutch and French Communities of Belgium). However, the Flemish representatives in the Parliament of the Brussels Capital-Region voted in favour of the Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party. The chairman of the Walloon Parliament stated on July 17, 2008 that, "Brussels would take an attitude". Brussels' parliament passed the resolution on July 18, 2008:

Question: How many components does the Belgian federalism have? 
Answer: three components

Question: What passed on July 18, 2007?
Answer: Brussels' parliament

Question: What are the Flemish representatives in favor for?
Answer: Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party

Question: What is Belgian Federalism? 
Answer: the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels.
However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque Country and Navarre, which were recognized in the Spanish democratic constitution as charter territories drawing from historical reasons) and then distributed to the Autonomous Communities.

Question: Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution? 
Answer: Basque Country and Navarre

Question: How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy?
Answer: the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements.

Question: Where are the main taxes taken?
Answer: Madrid
Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalism tends to differ from the definition of federalism assumed by pro-state political scientists. The following is a brief description of federalism from section I.5 of An Anarchist FAQ:

Question: What are anarchists against? 
Answer: State

Question: What are anarchists not against? 
Answer: not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy.

Question: What mode of government does the anarchists prefer? 
Answer: federalism or confederalism
Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats.

Question: Who can elect the members of the upper house? 
Answer: government or legislature

Question: Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly? 
Answer: indirectly

Question: Can the members of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly? 
Answer: directly
Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states. Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms tthat encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries.

Question: What is federalism seen as? 
Answer: a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries

Question: What does federalism allow?
Answer: it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level

Question: What do scholars think of federalism?
Answer: Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries
The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin.

Question: What happened to Russia's subdivision of government? 
Answer: changed towards a generally autonomous model

Question: When was Russia's subdivision liberalized?
Answer: in the aftermath of the Soviet Union

Question: Who was in charge when the reforms was going on? 
Answer: Boris Yeltsin

Question: Who scaled back some reforms from Yeltsin? 
Answer: Vladimir Putin
Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (1)

Question: What is federalism in the United States?
Answer: ederalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States

Question: How has the American government evolved?
Answer: American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism.

Question: What happened in Federalist No.46?
Answer: James Madison asserted that the states and national government

Question: What happened in Federalist No. 28
Answer: "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit
Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express powers (also called enumerated powers) which are powers spelled out in the Constitution, including the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. In addition, the Necessary and Proper Clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law "necessary and proper" for the execution of its express powers. Other powers—the reserved powers—are reserved to the people or the states. The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments—as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government.

Question: Why did the constitution didn't have to explain federalism? 
Answer: Because the states were preexisting political entities

Question: What is another word for express powers? 
Answer: enumerated powers

Question: Where can we find express powers?
Answer: in the Constitution

Question: What does the Necessary and Proper Clause do? 
Answer: gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law "necessary and proper" for the execution of its express powers

Question: What are the expressed powers? 
Answer: the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce.
The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at the time those nations were being established, factions known as "federalists" in the United States and Australia advocated the formation of strong central government. Similarly, in European Union politics, federalists mostly seek greater EU integration. In contrast, in Spain and in post-war Germany, federal movements have sought decentralisation: the transfer of power from central authorities to local units. In Canada, where Quebec separatism has been a political force for several decades, the "federalist" impulse aims to keep Quebec inside Canada.

Question: What is the meaning of federalism?
Answer: as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context

Question: What types of movements are associated with federalism?
Answer: Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.

Question: What countries advocate for a strong central government?
Answer: United States and Australia
Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system.

Question: The US Constitution says what to amendments? 
Answer: provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent

Question: What happens when certain constitutional amendments cannot occur?
Answer: cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state

Question: Any amendment in the Canadian constitution that needs to be modified, needs to do what first?
Answer: would require unanimous consent of the provinces.

Question: What is the German basic law?
Answer: provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system.
Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect. In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons. In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a double majority.

Question: What does federations have for amendments of the constitution? 
Answer: special procedures

Question: What may guarantee the self-governing status of the competent states?
Answer: federal structure

Question: What needs to be done in order to amend the Australia and Switzerland Constitution?
Answer: required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole
Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both. In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..." This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent. This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.

Question: What does federations often employ?
Answer: union of states

Question: What is federalist paper no. 39?
Answer: that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both

Question: What is the foundation for federalist paper no. 39?
Answer: it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..

Question: What is the 10th Amendment in the United States?
Answer: which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.
The Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code. There is also one autonomous region, the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. Over the years various modifications have been proposed to the Constitution of the Philippines, including possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a parliamentary system. In 2004, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo established the Consultative Commission which suggested such a Charter Change but no action was taken by the Philippine Congress to amend the 1987 Constitution.

Question: What type of state is the Philippines?
Answer: unitary state

Question: What types of powers does the Philippines have?
Answer: some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code

Question: What type of modifications been added to the Philippines Constitution? 
Answer: possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a parliamentary system.

Question: What did President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo establish?
Answer: the Consultative Commission
Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a "federation without federalism". The country has been quoted as being "an extraordinarily decentralized country", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending, 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system. The current Spanish constitution has been implemented in such a way that, in many respects, Spain can be compared to countries which are undeniably federal.

Question: What type of state is Spain?
Answer: unitary state

Question: What type of federalism system does Spain have?
Answer: unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a "federation without federalism"

Question: What type of government does Spain have?
Answer: central government

Question: What does Spain's government accounts for?
Answer: 8% of public spending, 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system
In comparison to the other regions of Spain, the major economic benefit of Galicia is its fishing Industry. Galicia is a land of economic contrast. While the western coast, with its major population centers and its fishing and manufacturing industries, is prosperous and increasing in population, the rural hinterland — the provinces of Ourense and Lugo — is economically dependent on traditional agriculture, based on small landholdings called minifundios. However, the rise of tourism, sustainable forestry and organic and traditional agriculture are bringing other possibilities to the Galician economy without compromising the preservation of the natural resources and the local culture.

Question: Which industry is Galicia's main money maker?
Answer: fishing

Question: What are the landholdings that the farming industry uses called? 
Answer: minifundios
Spanish was nonetheless the only official language in Galicia for more than four centuries. Over the many centuries of Castilian domination, Galician faded from day-to-day use in urban areas. The period since the re-establishment of democracy in Spain—in particular since the Lei de Normalización Lingüística ("Law of Linguistic Normalization", Ley 3/1983, 15 June 1983)—represents the first time since the introduction of mass education that a generation has attended school in Galician (Spanish is also still taught in Galician schools).

Question: For how long was Spanish the official language of Galicia?
Answer: more than four centuries

Question: In modern times, from which year have children attended school in Galician?
Answer: 1983

Question: What was the name of the law that enacted this?
Answer: Lei de Normalización Lingüística ("Law of Linguistic Normalization"
Nowadays, Galician is resurgent, though in the cities it remains a "second language" for most. According to a 2001 census, 99.16 percent of the populace of Galicia understand the language, 91.04 percent speak it, 68.65 percent read it and 57.64 percent write it. The first two numbers (understanding and speaking) remain roughly the same as a decade earlier; the latter two (reading and writing) both show enormous gains: a decade earlier, only 49.3 percent of the population could read Galician, and only 34.85 percent could write it. This fact can be easily explained because of the impossibility of teaching Galician during the Francisco Franco era, so older people speak the language but have no written competence. Galician is the highest-percentage spoken language in its region among the regional languages of Spain.

Question: Roughly what percentage of the population actually speaks Galician?
Answer: 91

Question: What percentage read it?
Answer: 68

Question: What percentage write it?
Answer: 57
Like other common colors, green has several completely opposite associations. While it is the color most associated by Europeans and Americans with good health, it is also the color most often associated with toxicity and poison. There was a solid foundation for this association; in the nineteenth century several popular paints and pigments, notably verdigris, vert de Schweinfurt and vert de Paris, were highly toxic, containing copper or arsenic.[d] The intoxicating drink absinthe was known as "the green fairy".

Question: What was absinthe known as?
Answer: the green fairy

Question: Why were popular paints and pigments in the nineteenth century highly toxic?
Answer: copper or arsenic

Question: What color is most associated with toxicity and poison?
Answer: green
Unlike other data cables (e.g., Ethernet, HDMI), each end of a USB cable uses a different kind of connector; a Type-A or a Type-B. This kind of design was chosen to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment, as only the Type-A socket provides power. There are cables with Type-A connectors on both ends, but they should be used carefully. Therefore, in general, each of the different "sizes" requires four different connectors; USB cables have the Type-A and Type-B plugs, and the corresponding receptacles are on the computer or electronic device. In common practice, the Type-A connector is usually the full size, and the Type-B side can vary as needed.

Question: What are the different kinds of USB connectors?
Answer: Type-A or a Type-B

Question: Why were the designs for different USB connectors made?
Answer: to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment

Question: The Type-A connector is usually what size?
Answer: the Type-A connector is usually the full size

Question: What size is the Type-B connector?
Answer: the Type-B side can vary as needed
USB 2.0 devices use a special protocol during reset, called chirping, to negotiate the high bandwidth mode with the host/hub. A device that is HS capable first connects as an FS device (D+ pulled high), but upon receiving a USB RESET (both D+ and D− driven LOW by host for 10 to 20 ms) it pulls the D− line high, known as chirp K. This indicates to the host that the device is high bandwidth. If the host/hub is also HS capable, it chirps (returns alternating J and K states on D− and D+ lines) letting the device know that the hub operates at high bandwidth. The device has to receive at least three sets of KJ chirps before it changes to high bandwidth terminations and begins high bandwidth signaling. Because USB 3.0 uses wiring separate and additional to that used by USB 2.0 and USB 1.x, such bandwidth negotiation is not required.

Question: What type of protocol is used for USB 2.0 devices during a reset?
Answer: a special protocol

Question: What is the special protocol during a USB 2.0 device reset called?
Answer: chirping

Question:  A device that is HS capable first connects as a what?
Answer: an FS device (D+ pulled high)
According to routine testing performed by CNet, write operations to typical Hi-Speed (USB 2.0) hard drives can sustain rates of 25–30 MB/s, while read operations are at 30–42 MB/s; this is 70% of the total available bus bandwidth. For USB 3.0, typical write speed is 70–90 MB/s, while read speed is 90–110 MB/s. Mask Tests, also known as Eye Diagram Tests, are used to determine the quality of a signal in the time domain. They are defined in the referenced document as part of the electrical test description for the high-speed (HS) mode at 480 Mbit/s.

Question: Write operations to typical Hi-Speed hard drives can what?
Answer: sustain rates of 25–30 MB/s,

Question:  For USB 3.0, typical write speed is what?
Answer: 70–90 MB/s

Question: What is the read speed for USB 3.0?
Answer: 90–110 MB/s
USB 2.0 also added a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC. This is used to perform split transactions. Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth, performs the data transfer at full or low bandwidth, and provides the response at high bandwidth when prompted by a second SPLIT token.

Question:  a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC were created to do what?
Answer: to perform split transactions

Question:  Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, what happens?
Answer: the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth

Question: How many bits of control flags did USB 2.0 add?
Answer: 12 bits
Low-bandwidth devices are supported with a special PID value, PRE. This marks the beginning of a low-bandwidth packet, and is used by hubs that normally do not send full-bandwidth packets to low-bandwidth devices. Since all PID bytes include four 0 bits, they leave the bus in the full-bandwidth K state, which is the same as the low-bandwidth J state. It is followed by a brief pause, during which hubs enable their low-bandwidth outputs, already idling in the J state. Then a low-bandwidth packet follows, beginning with a sync sequence and PID byte, and ending with a brief period of SE0. Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents, until the final SE0 indicates that a new packet follows.

Question: Low-bandwidth devices are supported with what?
Answer: a special PID value, PRE

Question: All PID bytes include how many 0 bits?
Answer: four 0 bits

Question:  Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can what?
Answer: simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents
Qin armies finished their conquest of the kingdoms of Shu and Ba by 316 BC. Any written records and civil achievements of earlier kingdoms were destroyed. Qin administrators introduced improved agricultural technology. Li Bing, engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River, a major tributary of the Yangtze. This innovative hydraulic system was composed of movable weirs which could be adjusted for high or low water flow according to the season, to either provide irrigation or prevent floods. The increased agricultural output and taxes made the area a source of provisions and men for Qin's unification of China.

Question: By what year did the Qin armies finish their conquest of Shu and Ba?
Answer: 316 BC

Question: What did Qin administrators introduce to Shu and Ba?
Answer: improved agricultural technology.

Question: Who engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River?
Answer: Li Bing

Question: The Min River is a major tributary of what river? 
Answer: Yangtze

Question: The Dujiangyan irrigation system was used for what purpose?
Answer: to either provide irrigation or prevent floods.
In the middle of the 17th century, the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong (1606–1646) from Yan'an, Shanxi Province, nicknamed Yellow Tiger, led his peasant troop from north China to the south, and conquered Sichuan. Upon capturing it, he declared himself emperor of the Daxi Dynasty (大西王朝). In response to the resistance from local elites, he massacred a large native population. As a result of the massacre as well as years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition, the population of Sichuan fell sharply, requiring a massive resettlement of people from the neighboring Huguang Province (modern Hubei and Hunan) and other provinces during the Qing dynasty.

Question: What was the nickname rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong?
Answer: Yellow Tiger

Question: Which region did Yellow Tiger conquer in the mid-17th century?
Answer: Sichuan

Question: Which dynasty did Yellow Tiger declare himself the emperor of? 
Answer: Daxi Dynasty

Question: Which province supplied a large amount of people to the Sichuan resettlement, following years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition?
Answer: Huguang Province
In the 20th century, as Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan had all been occupied by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the capital of the Republic of China had been temporary relocated to Chongqing, then a major city in Sichuan. An enduring legacy of this move is that nearby inland provinces, such as Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou, which previously never had modern Western-style universities, began to be developed in this regard. The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate hindering the accuracy of Japanese bombing of the Sichuan Basin, made the region the stronghold of Chiang Kai-Shek's Kuomintang government during 1938-45, and led to the Bombing of Chongqing.

Question: To which city was the Chinese capitol relocated to during Japanese occupation in the 20th century? 
Answer: Chongqing

Question: What are some major cities occupied by the Chinese during the Second Sino-Japanese War?
Answer: Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan

Question: What are some inland provinces that began to develop modern, westernized education systems? 
Answer: Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou

Question: What are some reasons for the lack of accurate Japanese bombing during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the Sichuan Basin?
Answer: The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate