meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were designed for basso continuo accompaniment do not specify which instruments should play the accompaniment or exactly how the chordal instrument (harpsichord, lute, etc.) should play the chords, which are not notated in the part (only a figured bass symbol beneath the bass part is used to guide the chord-playing performer). The performer and/or the conductor have a range of options for musical expression and interpretation of a scored piece, including the phrasing of melodies, the time taken during fermatas (held notes) or pauses, and the use (or choice not to use) of effects such as vibrato or glissando (these effects are possible on various stringed, brass and woodwind instruments and with the human voice).

Question: The score does not provide complete and exact instruction on how to do what?
Answer: perform a historical work

Question: In what era were many works designed for basso continuo accompaniment? 
Answer: the Baroque era

Question: Vibrato and glissando are possible on stringed, brass, woodwind and what other style instrument?
Answer: the human voice

Question: What are fermatas?
Answer: held notes
Many of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or vielle), and trombone (called the sackbut) existed. Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut (loud, shrill, outdoor instruments) and bas (quieter, more intimate instruments).

Question: What was the medieval flute made from?
Answer: wood

Question: What was an early version of the fiddle called?
Answer: vielle

Question: What was an early version of the trombone called? 
Answer: sackbut

Question: Medieval instrument in Europe were commonly used how?
Answer: singly

Question: Loud, shrill, and outdoor instruments were referred to as 'haut', while quieter, more intimate instruments were referred to as what?
Answer: bas
In 1997, the Vienna Philharmonic was "facing protests during a [US] tour" by the National Organization for Women and the International Alliance for Women in Music. Finally, "after being held up to increasing ridicule even in socially conservative Austria, members of the orchestra gathered [on 28 February 1997] in an extraordinary meeting on the eve of their departure and agreed to admit a woman, Anna Lelkes, as harpist." As of 2013, the orchestra has six female members; one of them, violinist Albena Danailova became one of the orchestra's concertmasters in 2008, the first woman to hold that position. In 2012, women still made up just 6% of the orchestra's membership. VPO president Clemens Hellsberg said the VPO now uses completely screened blind auditions.

Question: In what year did the Vienna Philharmonic face protests in the US?
Answer: 1997

Question: Who was the first woman admitted to the Vienna Philharmonic?
Answer: Anna Lelkes

Question: What instrument did Anna Lelkes play?
Answer: harp

Question: How many female members were part of the Vienna Philharmonic in 2013?
Answer: six

Question: Who was the Vienna Philharmonic's first female concertmaster?
Answer: Albena Danailova
The Medieval period includes music from after the fall of Rome to about 1400. Monophonic chant, also called plainsong or Gregorian chant, was the dominant form until about 1100. Polyphonic (multi-voiced) music developed from monophonic chant throughout the late Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, including the more complex voicings of motets.

Question: The Medieval period begins with the fall of what city?
Answer: Rome

Question: What can Plainsong or Gregorian chant also be called?
Answer: Monophonic chant

Question: What does Polyphonic mean? 
Answer: multi-voiced

Question: When did Monophonic chant stop being the dominant form?
Answer: 1100

Question: Polyphonic music included more complex voicing of what?
Answer: motets
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.

Question: When was the Renaissance era?
Answer: from 1400 to 1600

Question: What era was from 1400 to 1600? 
Answer: Renaissance

Question: The use of the first ass instruments occurred in what era?
Answer: Renaissance

Question: What became widespread in the Renaissance era?
Answer: Social dancing

Question: Musical forms for dance began to standardize during what era?
Answer: Renaissance
Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.

Question: Basso continuo and complex tonal counterpoint characterize what type of music? 
Answer: Baroque

Question: What does basso continuo mean? 
Answer: a continuous bass line

Question: What did music become during the Baroque era  in comparison with earlier periods?
Answer: more complex

Question: What form began to take shape during the Baroque era? 
Answer: the sonata form

Question: Major and minor what are means for managing dissonance and chromaticism?
Answer: tonalities
The modernist views hold that classical music is considered primarily a written musical tradition, preserved in music notation, as opposed to being transmitted orally, by rote, or by recordings of particular performances.[citation needed] While there are differences between particular performances of a classical work, a piece of classical music is generally held to transcend any interpretation of it. The use of musical notation is an effective method for transmitting classical music, since the written music contains the technical instructions for performing the work.

Question: What type of view is that classical music is primarily written musical tradition?
Answer: modernist

Question: Musical notation is effective for what?
Answer: transmitting classical music

Question: Why is written musical notation effective? 
Answer: contains the technical instructions for performing the work
Shawn Vancour argues that the commercialization of classical music in the early 20th century served to harm the music industry through inadequate representation.

Question: What harmed the music industry in the 20th century according to Shawn Vancour?
Answer: the commercialization of classical music

Question: Who argued that the commercialization of classical music was harmful to the music industry?
Answer: Shawn Vancour

Question: Why was the commercialization of classical music harmful to the music industry according the Shawn Vancour? 
Answer: inadequate representation.
Several works from the Golden Age of Animation matched the action to classical music. Notable examples are Walt Disney's Fantasia, Tom and Jerry's Johann Mouse, and Warner Bros.' Rabbit of Seville and What's Opera, Doc?.

Question: Works from the Golden Age of music matches action to what?
Answer: classical music

Question: Who produced Fantasia?
Answer: Walt Disney

Question: Who starred in Johann Mouse?
Answer: Tom and Jerry

Question: Who produced Rabbit of Seville?
Answer: Warner Bros

Question: Who produced What's Opera, Doc?
Answer: Warner Bros
The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.

Question: What does the written score not usually contain explicitly? 
Answer: instructions

Question: Interpretations of written score is left to whom?
Answer: performers

Question: Performers can use their knowledge of what to help interpret a written score?
Answer: the work's idiom
Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe. They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. Slavs speak Indo-European Slavic languages and share, to varying degrees, some cultural traits and historical backgrounds. From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit most of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe, whilst Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria. The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.[better source needed] Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities, but every Slavic ethnicity has emigrated to other continents.

Question: What is the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe?
Answer: Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe.

Question: What areas of the world do Slavs inhabit?
Answer: They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia.

Question: What was colonised by the East Slavs?
Answer: The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.

Question: What portion of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities?
Answer: Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities

Question: Slavic mercenaries settled where?
Answer: Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria.
The word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing") originate from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame"), cognate with Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous"), whence the name Pericles, and Latin clueo ("be called"), and English loud.

Question: Slovo, slava, and slukh all originate from what Proto-Indo-European root?
Answer: *ḱlew

Question: The Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous") helped create what famous name?
Answer: Pericles

Question: What three words originated from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame")?
Answer: he word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing")
Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I. The Avars asked the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars, he however declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us".

Question: Who mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I?
Answer: Menander Protector

Question: Who slew an envoy of Khagan Bayan I?
Answer: Daurentius

Question: The Slavs were asked to accept the suzerainty of whom?
Answer: the Avars

Question: Who said, "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us."?
Answer: Daurentius

Question: Whose envoy was slaughtered by Daurentius?
Answer: Khagan Bayan I
Conversely, some Slavs were assimilated into other populations. Although the majority continued south, attracted by the riches of the territory which would become Bulgaria, a few remained in the Carpathian basin and were ultimately assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population. There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in Romania.[better source needed]

Question: Slavs that remained in the Carpathian basin were assimilated into who?
Answer: the Magyar or Romanian population

Question: There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in what country?
Answer: Romania

Question: Majority of Slavs continued south to the riches of the territory that became what country?
Answer: Bulgaria

Question: Where did the Slavs that assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population remain?
Answer: Carpathian basin
The town was sacked in 1338 by French, Genoese and Monegasque ships (under Charles Grimaldi, who used the plunder to help found the principality of Monaco). On visiting Southampton in 1339, Edward III ordered that walls be built to 'close the town'. The extensive rebuilding—part of the walls dates from 1175—culminated in the completion of the western walls in 1380. Roughly half of the walls, 13 of the original towers, and six gates survive.

Question: Who led the invasion of Southampton in the 14th century by the French and others?
Answer: Charles Grimaldi

Question: What principality did Grimaldi set up with the profits from plundering Southampton?
Answer: Monaco

Question: What year did Edward III show up in Southampton and tell them to build walls?
Answer: 1339

Question: How many of the original towers from Southampton's walls are still standing?
Answer: 13

Question: The oldest section of the original wall around the town dates from what year?
Answer: 1175
Prior to King Henry's departure for the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, the ringleaders of the "Southampton Plot"—Richard, Earl of Cambridge, Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham, and Sir Thomas Grey of Heton—were accused of high treason and tried at what is now the Red Lion public house in the High Street. They were found guilty and summarily executed outside the Bargate.

Question: What battle did King Henry leave for in 1415?
Answer: Battle of Agincourt

Question: What group did the men accused of high treason, including Henry Scrope and Sir Thomas Grey, lead?
Answer: Southampton Plot

Question: What is the public house where the men from Southampton Plot were tried called now?
Answer: Red Lion

Question: What was the Earl of Cambridge's first name?
Answer: Richard

Question: Outside of what structure did the execution of the Southampton Plot leaders take place?
Answer: the Bargate
As with the rest of the UK, Southampton experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb). Its southerly, low lying and sheltered location ensures it is among the warmer, sunnier cities in the UK. It has held the record for the highest temperature in the UK for June at 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) since 1976.

Question: What kind of climate does Southampton have?
Answer: oceanic

Question: For what month does Southampton hold the UK's record high temperature?
Answer: June

Question: What was the record high temperature for June in degrees Celsius?
Answer: 35.6

Question: What year did Southampton set the record high temperature for June?
Answer: 1976

Question: What does the record-setting 35.6 degrees Celsius convert to in degrees Fahrenheit? 
Answer: 96.1
Southampton is home to Southampton Football Club—nicknamed "The Saints"—who play in the Premier League at St Mary's Stadium, having relocated in 2001 from their 103-year-old former stadium, "The Dell". They reached the top flight of English football (First Division) for the first time in 1966, staying there for eight years. They lifted the FA Cup with a shock victory over Manchester United in 1976, returned to the top flight two years later, and stayed there for 27 years (becoming founder members of the Premier League in 1992) before they were relegated in 2005. The club was promoted back to the Premier League in 2012 following a brief spell in the third-tier and severe financial difficulties. In 2015, "The Saints" finished 7th in the Premier League, their highest league finish in 30 years, after a remarkable season under new manager Ronald Koeman. Their highest league position came in 1984 when they were runners-up in the old First Division. They were also runners-up in the 1979 Football League Cup final and 2003 FA Cup final. Notable former managers include Ted Bates, Lawrie McMenemy, Chris Nicholl, Ian Branfoot and Gordon Strachan. There is a strong rivalry between Portsmouth F.C. ("South Coast derby") which is located only about 30 km (19 mi) away.

Question: What's the nickname of the Southampton Football Club?
Answer: The Saints

Question: What stadium has been home to The Saints since 2001?
Answer: St Mary's Stadium

Question: What year did Southampton Football Club first reach the top level of English football?
Answer: 1966

Question: Who did The Saints beat in 1976 to win the FA Cup?
Answer: Manchester United

Question: What league did Southampton Football Club become founding members of in 1992? 
Answer: the Premier League
The two local Sunday Leagues in the Southampton area are the City of Southampton Sunday Football League and the Southampton and District Sunday Football League.

Question: Local Southampton football leagues have what day of the week in their names?
Answer: Sunday

Question: How many local Sunday football leagues does Southampton have? 
Answer: two

Question: What's the name of the local league with "City" in its name?
Answer: City of Southampton Sunday Football League

Question: What's the name of the the local league with "District" in its name?
Answer: Southampton and District Sunday Football League
Many of the world's largest cruise ships can regularly be seen in Southampton water, including record-breaking vessels from Royal Caribbean and Carnival Corporation & plc. The latter has headquarters in Southampton, with its brands including Princess Cruises, P&O Cruises and Cunard Line.

Question: What cruise line has its headquarters in Southampton?
Answer: Carnival Corporation & plc

Question: Besides Carnival, what other major cruise line parks its record-breaking cruise ships in Southampton Water? 
Answer: Royal Caribbean

Question: In addition to P&O Cruises and Cunard Line, what other brand does Carnival Corporation own?
Answer: Princess Cruises
Modern treaties, regardless of subject matter, usually contain articles governing where the final authentic copies of the treaty will be deposited and how any subsequent disputes as to their interpretation will be peacefully resolved.

Question: What type of resolution to disputes is typically outlined in a treaty?
Answer: peaceful

Question: Which section of a treaty typically contains information about the whereabouts of the final authentic copies of a treaty?
Answer: articles

Question: Parties to a treaty might have disputes about what aspect of the articles of a treaty?
Answer: their interpretation

Question: Which copies of a treaty have their locations outlined in most modern treaties?
Answer: the final authentic copies

Question: Modern treaties typically outline the procedures for the peaceful resolution of what?
Answer: disputes
A multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries. The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party. Multilateral treaties are often regional.[citation needed] Treaties of "mutual guarantee" are international compacts, e.g., the Treaty of Locarno which guarantees each signatory against attack from another.

Question: What is a treaty concluded among several countries?
Answer: A multilateral treaty

Question: Between which parties does a multilateral treaty establish rights and obligations?
Answer: each party and every other party

Question: The Treaty of Locarno guarantees each signatory against what from another signatory?
Answer: attack

Question: What type of treaty is a mutual guarantee?
Answer: international compacts

Question: Multilateral treaties are often entered into by countries that share the same what?
Answer: region
Treaties may be seen as 'self-executing', in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action. Other treaties may be non-self-executing and require 'implementing legislation'—a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obligations. An example of a treaty requiring such legislation would be one mandating local prosecution by a party for particular crimes.

Question: A treaty that puts all of its obligations in action simply by becoming a party to it is known as what?
Answer: self-executing

Question: What do non-self-executing treaties typically require from a party to enable it to fulfill its obligations?
Answer: implementing legislation

Question: What is "implementing legislation" that is required by a party to a treaty to enable it to fulfill its obligations under the treaty?
Answer: a change in the domestic law of a state party

Question: A treaty requiring local prosecution by a party for particular crimes is an example of which type of treaty?
Answer: non-self-executing

Question: Signing a self-executing treaty automatically does what for a party?
Answer: puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action
A treaty breach does not automatically suspend or terminate treaty relations, however. It depends on how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it. Sometimes treaties will provide for the seriousness of a breach to be determined by a tribunal or other independent arbiter. An advantage of such an arbiter is that it prevents a party from prematurely and perhaps wrongfully suspending or terminating its own obligations due to another's alleged material breach.

Question: What might a tribunal or an arbiter be asked to determine regarding a breach of a treaty?
Answer: the seriousness of a breach

Question: Using what to determine the seriousness of a breach can prevent a party from prematurely suspending its obligations due to another party's alleged material breach?
Answer: a tribunal or other independent arbiter

Question: Does a material breach necessarily suspend or terminate treaty relations?
Answer: does not

Question: What determines whether a breach automatically suspends or terminates treaty relations?
Answer: how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it

Question:  A treaty breach does not necessarily affect treaty relations depending on how serious the other parties view the breach and what other factor?
Answer: how they resolve to respond to it
A party may claim that a treaty should be terminated, even absent an express provision, if there has been a fundamental change in circumstances. Such a change is sufficient if unforeseen, if it undermined the “essential basis” of consent by a party, if it radically transforms the extent of obligations between the parties, and if the obligations are still to be performed. A party cannot base this claim on change brought about by its own breach of the treaty. This claim also cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew political boundaries.[citation needed]

Question: What might result in a party to a treaty claiming a treaty should be terminated even absent an express provision for its termination?
Answer: a fundamental change in circumstances

Question: A party cannot base its claim of a fundamental change in circumstances if the change was brought about by what?
Answer: its own breach of the treaty

Question: The claim of a fundamental change in circumstances cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew what?
Answer: political boundaries

Question: The radical transformation of what aspect of the obligations between the parties is a necessary condition for a claim of a fundamental change in circumstances to terminate a treaty?
Answer: the extent of obligations

Question: In order to be considered a fundamental change, a change in circumstances must have been what at the time of the adoption of the treaty?
Answer: unforeseen
There are several reasons an otherwise valid and agreed upon treaty may be rejected as a binding international agreement, most of which involve problems created at the formation of the treaty.[citation needed] For example, the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907 and 1910 were protested; and they were confirmed as "already null and void" in the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea.

Question: When are most of the problems created that might result in an otherwise valid treaty being rejected as a binding international agreement?
Answer: at the formation of the treaty

Question: What treaties between Japan and Korea are examples of treaties that were declared null and void?
Answer: the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907 and 1910

Question: In what treaty were the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907, and 1910 confirmed as "already null and void?"
Answer: the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea

Question: Which two states signed a treaty that declared previous treaties between the two from 1905, 1907, and 1910 to be already void?
Answer: Japan and the Republic of Korea

Question: An otherwise valid and agreed upon treaty may be rejected as what for several reasons most of which involve problems created at the formation of a treaty?
Answer: a binding international agreement
Consent is also invalid if it is given by a representative who ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign during the negotiations, if the other parties to the treaty were notified of those restrictions prior to his signing.[citation needed]

Question: If a state's representative ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign, what might that state's consent to a treaty be considered to be?
Answer: invalid

Question: Who might place restrictions on a representative during negotiation of a treaty?
Answer: his sovereign

Question: What must be true of the ignored restrictions placed on a representative by his sovereign in order for a state's consent to a treaty to be considered invalid?
Answer: the other parties to the treaty were notified of those restrictions prior to his signing

Question: Who must have been notified of the ignored restrictions placed by a sovereign on his representative prior to the signing of a treaty in order for a state's consent to be considered invalid? 
Answer: the other parties
In India, the legislation subjects are divided into 3 lists -Union List, State List and Concurrent List . In the normal legislation process, the subjects in Union list can only be legislated upon by central legislative body called Parliament of India, for subjects in state list only respective state legislature can legislate. While for Concurrent subjects, both center and state can make laws. But to implement international treaties, Parliament can legislate on any subject overriding the general division of subject lists.

Question: Into what 3 lists are legislation subjects divided in India?
Answer: Union List, State List and Concurrent List

Question: What type of legislative subjects can both the central legislative body and state legislatures make laws?
Answer: Concurrent subjects

Question: What is the central legislative body in India?
Answer: Parliament of India

Question: In order to implement international treaties, for what subjects can the Parliament of India legislate to override the general division of subject lists?
Answer: any subject

Question: What subjects can only be legislated by the central legislative body in India?
Answer: the subjects in Union list
On 21 December 1941, the Partisans created the First Proletarian Brigade (commanded by Koča Popović) and on 1 March 1942, Tito created the Second Proletarian Brigade. In liberated territories, the Partisans organised People's Committees to act as civilian government. The Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) convened in Bihać on 26–27 November 1942 and in Jajce on 29 November 1943. In the two sessions, the resistance representatives established the basis for post-war organisation of the country, deciding on a federation of the Yugoslav nations. In Jajce, a 67-member "presidency" was elected and established a nine-member National Committee of Liberation (five communist members) as a de facto provisional government. Tito was named President of the National Committee of Liberation.

Question: When did the Partisans create the First Proletarian Brigade?
Answer: 1941

Question: When did Tito create the Second Proletarian Brigade?
Answer: 1942

Question: What position was Tito named to for the National Committee of LIberation?
Answer: President

Question: Where was the 67-member "presidency" located?
Answer: Jajce

Question: How many members were in the "presidency" in Jajce?
Answer: 67
In the final days of World War II in Yugoslavia, units of the Partisans were responsible for atrocities after the repatriations of Bleiburg, and accusations of culpability were later raised at the Yugoslav leadership under Tito. At the time, Josip Broz Tito repeatedly issued calls for surrender to the retreating column, offering amnesty and attempting to avoid a disorderly surrender. On 14 May he dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters Slovene Partisan Army prohibiting "in the sternest language" the execution of prisoners of war and commanding the transfer of the possible suspects to a military court.

Question: Who offered amnesty to the retreatig column? 
Answer: Tito

Question: Who dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters prohibiting the execution of prisoners of war?
Answer: Tito

Question: In the final days of WWII in Yugoslavia, who were responsible for atrocities?
Answer: Partisans

Question: What did Tito offer to the retreating column?
Answer: amnesty

Question: Where were possible suspects transferred to?
Answer: military court.
The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands (Marshallese: Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ),[note 1] is an island country located near the equator in the Pacific Ocean, slightly west of the International Date Line. Geographically, the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia. The country's population of 53,158 people (at the 2011 Census) is spread out over 29 coral atolls, comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets. The islands share maritime boundaries with the Federated States of Micronesia to the west, Wake Island to the north,[note 2] Kiribati to the south-east, and Nauru to the south. About 27,797 of the islanders (at the 2011 Census) live on Majuro, which contains the capital.

Question: What is the name of the Marshall Islands in its native language?
Answer: Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ

Question: Near what major line of latitutde are the Marshall Islands located?
Answer: the equator

Question: As of 2011, how many people live in the Marshall Islands?
Answer: 53,158

Question: What country borders the Marshall Islands on the western side?
Answer: the Federated States of Micronesia

Question: Which island is home to the capital of the Marshall Islands?
Answer: Majuro

Question: What is the official name of the Marshall Islands?
Answer: Republic of the Marshall Islands

Question: In what ocean are the Marshall Islands located?
Answer: Pacific Ocean

Question: How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 2011?
Answer: 53,158

Question: How many coral atolls comprise the Marshall Islands?
Answer: 29

Question: On what island is the capital of the Marshall Islands?
Answer: Majuro
The battle in the Marshall Islands caused irreparable damage, especially on Japanese bases. During the American bombing, the islands' population suffered from lack of food and various injuries. U.S. attacks started in mid-1943, and caused half the Japanese garrison of 5,100 people in the atoll Mili to die from hunger by August 1945.

Question: In what year did American air attacks on the Marshalls begin?
Answer: 1943

Question: How large was the Japanese garrison on Mili?
Answer: 5,100

Question: What fraction of the Japanese garrison on Mili died due to hunger?
Answer: half

Question: Along with injuries, what suffering did the American bombing cause to the Marshall Islanders?
Answer: lack of food
Agricultural production is concentrated on small farms.[citation needed] The most important commercial crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit.[citation needed]

Question: Along with coconuts, tomatoes and melons, what crops are notably grown in the Marshalls?
Answer: breadfruit

Question: Where does most agricultural production take place?
Answer: small farms
The szlachta ([ˈʂlaxta] ( listen), exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great.:211 In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland, the existing Lithuanian nobility formally joined this class.:211 As the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) evolved and expanded in territory, its membership grew to include the leaders of Ducal Prussia, Podolian and Ruthenian lands.

Question: What class was slackta in Poland?
Answer: noble class

Question: Under whos' reign did the szlachta gain institutional privileges?
Answer: King Casimir III the Great

Question: WHich two kingdoms shared tentative personal unions?
Answer: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland

Question: When did the polish-lithuanian commonwealth thrive?
Answer: 1569–1795

Question: What is one leader from the polish-lithuanian common weaith. 
Answer: Ducal Prussia
During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg Monarchy. The legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished in the Second Polish Republic by the March Constitution of 1921.

Question: When, during the partitions of Poland, did the szlachta lose legal and social status. 
Answer: 1772 to 1795

Question: What was one name of a power that the szlachta was dependent on.
Answer: Russian Empire

Question: When was the March constitution implemented.
Answer: 1921

Question: What did the Mach constitution do?
Answer: legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished

Question: In what republic did the szlachta lose their legal privileges. 
Answer: Second Polish Republic
As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.

Question: What ultimately determined nobility?
Answer: hereditary juridical status

Question: What were some impoverished szlachta forced to do?
Answer: to become tenants of the wealthier gentry.

Question: Did the tenants of the wealthier genrty lose their nobility?
Answer: no

Question: What was one noble thing the poor szlachta did?
Answer: retained all their constitutional prerogatives
The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians or from Japheth, one of Noah's sons (by contrast, the peasantry were said to be the offspring of another son of Noah, Ham—and hence subject to bondage under the Curse of Ham—and the Jews as the offspring of Shem). Other fanciful theories included its foundation by Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great:207 or regional leaders who had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens'.:208

Question: Have the origins of the szlachta been clear or obscure?
Answer: obscure

Question: What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha?
Answer: odwieczna

Question: What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins?
Answer: descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians

Question: What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta?
Answer: Alexander the Great

Question: What was important and unique about regional leaders?
Answer: had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens
Another theory describes its derivation from a non-Slavic warrior class,:42, 64–66 forming a distinct element known as the Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):430 :482 within the ancient Polonic tribal groupings (Indo-European caste systems). This hypothesis states this upper class was not of Slavonic extraction:482 and was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants (kmiecie; Latin: cmethones):430 :118 over which they ruled.:482 The Szlachta were differentiated from the rural population. The nobleman's sense of distinction led to practices that in later periods would be characterized as racism.:233 The Szlachta were noble in the Aryan sense -- "noble" in contrast to the people over whom they ruled after coming into contact with them.:482 The szlachta traced their descent from Lech/Lekh, who probably founded the Polish kingdom in about the fifth century.:482 Lechia was the name of Poland in antiquity, and the szlachta's own name for themselves was Lechici/Lekhi.:482 An exact counterpart of Szlachta society was the Meerassee system of tenure of southern India—an aristocracy of equality—settled as conquerors among a separate race.:484 The Polish state paralleled the Roman Empire in that full rights of citizenship were limited to the szlachta. The szlachta were a caste, a military caste, as in Hindu society.

Question: WHat was the name of the distinct element from a nnon-Slavic warrior class?
Answer: Lechici/Lekhi (Lechitów):

Question: In this theory, what was the upper class?
Answer: was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants

Question: WHen did they find the polish kingdom?
Answer: about the fifth century.

Question: WHat caste system does the hindu society have?
Answer: military caste

Question: Who shares the same caste system as Hindu?
Answer: The szlachta
The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often exercised with an assembly of elders. Strongholds called grόd were built where the religious cult was powerful, where trials were conducted, and where clans gathered in the face of danger. The opole was the territory occupied by a single tribe. (Manteuffel 1982, p. 44)

Question: What ruled over the tribes?
Answer: clans (ród)

Question: What did the clans people all have in common?
Answer: theoretically descending from a common ancestor

Question: What gave them a sense of solidarity? 
Answer: related by blood or marriage

Question: What were stronghold called?
Answer: grόd

Question: What was the territory occupied by a single tribe?
Answer: opole
The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki.

Question: What other rights were equal to orthodox nobles?
Answer: Polish and Lithuanian nobility

Question: What social pressure was pressing down the people?
Answer: convert to Catholicism

Question: What greatly eased the cultural pressure towards Catholicism. 
Answer: Union of Brest

Question: What year was the union of brest
Answer: 1596
Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms, and statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 that prescribed the rights of commoners.

Question: Who defined the significant legislative changes?
Answer: Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries

Question: What is one exemption was part of the significant changes in legislation?
Answer: 1374 exemption from the land tax,

Question: What did the 1425 requirement entail? 
Answer: requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms

Question: What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from?
Answer: rights of commoners
In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use their own funds for military expeditions abroad. He also promised that during travels of the royal court, the king and the court would pay for all expenses, instead of using facilities of local nobility.

Question: When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?
Answer: 1355

Question: who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility? 
Answer: Buda King Casimir III the Great

Question: WHo is the nephew of buda king casimer III the great?
Answer: Louis I of Hungary

Question: What was promised by Buda King Casimer?
Answer: the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes

Question: WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts?
Answer: the king and the court
In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas corpus, known from its own Latin name as "neminem captivabimus (nisi jure victum)." Henceforth no member of the nobility could be imprisoned without a warrant from a court of justice: the king could neither punish nor imprison any noble at his whim. King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon was the nobles' guarantee that his throne would be inherited by one of his sons (who would be bound to honour the privileges theretofore granted to the nobility). On May 2, 1447 the same king issued the Wilno Privilege which gave the Lithuanian boyars the same rights as those possessed by the Polish szlachta.

Question: Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place?
Answer: at Kraków in 1433

Question: WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of?
Answer: Brześć Kujawski privilege

Question: What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus?
Answer: nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest

Question: What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility? 
Answer: warrant from a court of justice

Question: What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons? 
Answer: King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon
Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on Poland's politics.

Question: Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta?
Answer: 1%

Question: Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates? 
Answer: 200–300

Question: Out of one million how many people could be viewed with significant impact politically?
Answer: 30–40
In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants paid the market price in redemption for the land (the average for the empire was 34% above the market price). All land taken from Polish peasants since 1846 was to be returned without redemption payments. The ex serfs could only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta. 90% of the ex serfs in the empire who actually gained land after 1861 were in the 8 western provinces. Along with Romania, Polish landless or domestic serfs were the only ones to be given land after serfdom was abolished. All this was to punish the szlachta's role in the uprisings of 1830 and 1863. By 1864 80% of szlachta were déclassé, 1/4 petty nobles were worse off than the average serf, 48.9% of land in Russian Poland was in peasant hands, nobles still held 46%. In Second Polish Republic the privileges of the nobility were lawfully abolished by the March Constitution in 1921 and as such not granted by any future Polish law.

Question: Who redused 64,000 szlachta to commoner status?
Answer: Nicholas I

Question: IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles?
Answer: 62.8%

Question: When and who abolished the serfdom?
Answer: Russian Poland on February 19, 1864

Question: Who could the ex serfs sell their land to?
Answer: only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta

Question: How much land was held by the peasants? 
Answer: 48.9%
All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general sejm).

Question: Children inherited polish nobility from whom?
Answer: noble mother and father

Question: What does an individual do to attain ennoblement?
Answer: special services to the state

Question: WHo could naturalize a polish noble?
Answer: Polish king

Question: What is another name for ennoblement? 
Answer: nobilitacja

Question: WHat is another name for polish noble?
Answer: indygenat
Note that the Polish landed gentry (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo) was composed of any nobility that owned lands: thus of course the magnates, the middle nobility and that lesser nobility that had at least part of the village. As manorial lordships were also opened to burgesses of certain privileged royal cities, not all landed gentry had a hereditary title of nobility.

Question: Who could compose the polish landed gentry?
Answer: any nobility that owned lands

Question: whats is another name for polish landed gentry?
Answer: (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo

Question: Did all hold title of nobility?
Answer: no
The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalted traditional village life, peace and pacifism. It was also manifested in oriental-style apparel (the żupan, kontusz, sukmana, pas kontuszowy, delia); and made the scimitar-like szabla, too, a near-obligatory item of everyday szlachta apparel. Sarmatism served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility as it created an almost nationalistic sense of unity and pride in the szlachta's "Golden Liberty" (złota wolność). Knowledge of Latin was widespread, and most szlachta freely mixed Polish and Latin vocabulary (the latter, "macaronisms"—from "macaroni") in everyday conversation.

Question: What was the prevalent mentality and ideology called? 
Answer: Sarmatism

Question: Where did the name sarmatism originate?
Answer: powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians

Question: How did sarmatism effect szlachta culture?
Answer: served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility

Question: What was also pushed for by result of sarmatism?
Answer: peace and pacifism

Question: What languages were freely mixed?
Answer: Polish and Latin