meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
International pressure led to a ceasefire, and by then 37% of the island had been taken over by the Turks and 180,000 Greek Cypriots had been evicted from their homes in the north. At the same time, around 50,000 Turkish Cypriots moved to the areas under the control of the Turkish Forces and settled in the properties of the displaced Greek Cypriots. Among a variety of sanctions against Turkey, in mid-1975 the US Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey for using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974. There are 1,534 Greek Cypriots and 502 Turkish Cypriots missing as a result of the fighting.

Question: How much of the island was controlled by Turks after international pressure led to a ceasefire?
Answer: 37%

Question: How many Greek Cypriots had been displaced from their homes?
Answer: 180,000

Question: How many Turkish Cypriots moved into areas that were under Turkish control?
Answer: 50,000

Question: In what year did the US impose an arms embargo on Turkey?
Answer: 1975

Question: Why did the US impose an arms embargo on Turkey?
Answer: using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974
In a career spanning more than four decades, Spielberg's films have covered many themes and genres. Spielberg's early science-fiction and adventure films were seen as archetypes of modern Hollywood blockbuster filmmaking. In later years, his films began addressing humanistic issues such as the Holocaust (in Schindler's List), the transatlantic slave trade (in Amistad), war (in Empire of the Sun, Saving Private Ryan, War Horse and Bridge of Spies) and terrorism (in Munich). His other films include Close Encounters of the Third Kind, the Indiana Jones film series, and A.I. Artificial Intelligence.

Question: What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Schindler's List?
Answer: the Holocaust

Question: What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Amistad?
Answer: the transatlantic slave trade

Question: What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Munich?
Answer: terrorism

Question: How long has Steven Spielberg had his career so far?
Answer: more than four decades

Question: In what film did Spielberg address humanistic issues?
Answer: Schindler's List

Question: In what film did Spielberg cover the slave trade?
Answer: Amistad

Question: In what films did Spielberg address war?
Answer: Empire of the Sun, Saving Private Ryan, War Horse and Bridge of Spies

Question: In what film did Spielberg address terrorism?
Answer: Munich

Question: What type of films did Spielberg find early success with?
Answer: y science-fiction and adventure
Spielberg was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to an Orthodox Jewish family. His mother, Leah (Adler) Posner (born 1920), was a restaurateur and concert pianist, and his father, Arnold Spielberg (born 1917), was an electrical engineer involved in the development of computers. His paternal grandparents were immigrants from Ukraine who settled in Cincinnati in the first decade of the 1900s. In 1950, his family moved to Haddon Township, New Jersey when his father took a job with RCA. Three years later, the family moved to Phoenix, Arizona.:548 Spielberg attended Hebrew school from 1953 to 1957, in classes taught by Rabbi Albert L. Lewis.

Question: Where was Steven Spielberg born?
Answer: Cincinnati, Ohio

Question: What religion was Steven Spielberg's family?
Answer: Orthodox Jewish

Question: Where were Steven Spielberg's granparents from?
Answer: Ukraine

Question: Where did Steven Spielberg's family move to in 1953?
Answer: Phoenix, Arizona

Question: What job did Steven Spielberg's father have?
Answer: electrical engineer

Question: Where was Spielberg born?
Answer: Cincinnati, Ohio

Question: What religion was Spielberg's family?
Answer: Orthodox Jewish

Question: What was Spielberg's father's career?
Answer: electrical engineer involved in the development of computers

Question: What was Spielberg's mother's career?
Answer: restaurateur and concert pianist

Question: Where did Spielberg's paternal grandparents immigrate from?
Answer: Ukraine
Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for Schindler's List (1993) and Saving Private Ryan (1998). Three of Spielberg's films—Jaws (1975), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), and Jurassic Park (1993)—achieved box office records, originated and came to epitomize the blockbuster film. The unadjusted gross of all Spielberg-directed films exceeds $9 billion worldwide, making him the highest-grossing director in history. His personal net worth is estimated to be more than $3 billion. He has been associated with composer John Williams since 1974, who composed music for all save five of Spielberg's feature films.

Question: How much money has all of Steven Spielberg's movies grossed worldwide?
Answer: exceeds $9 billion

Question: What composer has Steven Spielberg been associated with since 1974?
Answer: John Williams

Question: How much money is Steven Spielberg worth?
Answer: more than $3 billion

Question: What record does Steven Spielberg have?
Answer: the highest-grossing director in history

Question: Who has composed most of Steven Spielberg's movies?
Answer: John Williams

Question: When was Jaws released?
Answer: 1975

Question: When did Jurassic Park come out?
Answer: 1993

Question: What did Spielberg win for Schindler's List?
Answer: Academy Award for Best Director

Question: Who composes music for most of Spielberg's movies?
Answer: John Williams

Question: What is Spielberg's net worth?
Answer: more than $3 billion
The hydraulic crane was invented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846, primarily for use at the Tyneside docks for loading cargo. These quickly supplanted the earlier steam driven elevators: exploiting Pascal's law, they provided a much greater force. A water pump supplied a variable level of water pressure to a plunger encased inside a vertical cylinder, allowing the level of the platform (carrying a heavy load) to be raised and lowered. Counterweights and balances were also used to increase the lifting power of the apparatus.

Question: Who invented the hydraulic crane in 1846?
Answer: Sir William Armstrong

Question: Were was the hydraulic crane initially used?
Answer: Tyneside docks

Question: In what manner did hydraulic cranes employ Pascal's law? 
Answer: they provided a much greater force

Question: The water pump supplied water pressure to a plunger located where?
Answer: encased inside a vertical cylinder

Question: besides water pressure, what else was used to increase the lifting power?
Answer: Counterweights and balances
In 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive speed. He demonstrated it at the New York exposition in the Crystal Palace in a dramatic, death-defying presentation in 1854, and the first such passenger elevator was installed at 488 Broadway in New York City on March 23, 1857.

Question: Who created the safety elevator in 1852?
Answer: Elisha Otis

Question: What feature did the safety elevator display? 
Answer: prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke

Question: What did the govenor device engage to lock the elevator?
Answer: knurled roller(s)

Question: At what location was it first presented?
Answer: New York exposition in the Crystal Palace

Question: Where was the first safety elevator installed?
Answer: 488 Broadway in New York City
Some people argue that elevators began as simple rope or chain hoists (see Traction elevators below). An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern-day elevator consists of a cab (also called a "cage", "carriage" or "car") mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft or sometimes a "hoistway". In the past, elevator drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand. In a "traction" elevator, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced by a counterweight. Sometimes two elevators are built so that their cars always move synchronously in opposite directions, and are each other's counterweight.

Question: What is another name for an elevator shaft?
Answer: hoistway

Question: Elevator drive mechanisms have, in the past been, powered by what?
Answer: steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand

Question: What is the weight of the elevator cage balanced by? 
Answer: a counterweight

Question: How do elevators built in pairs work?
Answer: their cars always move synchronously in opposite directions,
In the first half of the twentieth century, almost all elevators had no automatic positioning of the floor on which the cab would stop. Some of the older freight elevators were controlled by switches operated by pulling on adjacent ropes. In general, most elevators before WWII were manually controlled by elevator operators using a rheostat connected to the motor. This rheostat (see picture) was enclosed within a cylindrical container about the size and shape of a cake. This was mounted upright or sideways on the cab wall and operated via a projecting handle, which was able to slide around the top half of the cylinder.

Question: Until the mid 1900s most elevators lacked what?
Answer: automatic positioning of the floor on which the cab would stop

Question: How were most elevators built before 1939 powered? 
Answer: by elevator operators using a rheostat connected to the motor

Question:  Many earlier built  freight elevators were controlled by what?
Answer: switches operated by pulling on adjacent ropes

Question: A rheostat is the size and shape of what?
Answer: a cake

Question: Where was the rheostat mounted?
Answer: upright or sideways on the cab wall
However, performance enhancements cannot be generalized as the benefits and limitations of the system are dependent on many factors. One problem is that the system is subject to gaming. Sometimes, one person enters the destination for a large group of people going to the same floor. The dispatching algorithm is usually unable to completely cater for the variation, and latecomers may find the elevator they are assigned to is already full. Also, occasionally, one person may press the floor multiple times. This is common with up/down buttons when people believe this to be an effective way to hurry elevators. However, this will make the computer think multiple people are waiting and will allocate empty cars to serve this one person.

Question: What is one example of a limitation on the system? 
Answer: the system is subject to gaming

Question: What is generally unable to support variations in the number of people for a particular destination?
Answer: The dispatching algorithm

Question: For what reason do people repeatedly push the up/down buttons on a panel?
Answer: people believe this to be an effective way to hurry elevators

Question: Why is this a bad practice?
Answer: this will make the computer think multiple people are waiting and will allocate empty cars to serve this one person
Inspection service is designed to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance purposes by qualified elevator mechanics. It is first activated by a key switch on the car operating panel usually labeled 'Inspection', 'Car Top', 'Access Enable' or 'HWENAB'. When this switch is activated the elevator will come to a stop if moving, car calls will be canceled (and the buttons disabled), and hall calls will be assigned to other elevator cars in the group (or canceled in a single elevator configuration). The elevator can now only be moved by the corresponding 'Access' key switches, usually located at the highest (to access the top of the car) and lowest (to access the elevator pit) landings. The access key switches will allow the car to move at reduced inspection speed with the hoistway door open. This speed can range from anywhere up to 60% of normal operating speed on most controllers, and is usually defined by local safety codes.

Question: Who is authorized to provide inspection and/or maintenance of the elevator?
Answer: qualified elevator mechanics

Question: What is the purpose of the Inspection service? 
Answer: to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance

Question: What action initiates it's activation?
Answer: a key switch on the car operating panel usually labeled 'Inspection', 'Car Top', 'Access Enable' or 'HWENAB

Question: WWhat's the first thing to happen when the switch is activated?
Answer: the elevator will come to a stop if moving

Question: Once activatated, what is the only way to deactivate it?
Answer: The elevator can now only be moved by the corresponding 'Access' key switches
When power is lost in a traction elevator system, all elevators will initially come to a halt. One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down. People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly. Once all cars have successfully returned, the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service. The car(s) selected to run under emergency power can be manually overridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby. In order to help prevent entrapment, when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors and shut down.

Question: What sequence of events happens when the power shuts off in a traction elevator and the elevators all stop?
Answer: One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down

Question: What do any passengers experience at this point?
Answer: People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly

Question: After all cars go to the lobby, what is the next step?
Answer: the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service

Question: How are the selected cars then readied for passengers? 
Answer: The car(s) selected to run under emergency power can be manually overridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby

Question: What is a safety feature to prevent entrapment?
Answer: when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors and shut down
Past problems with hydraulic elevators include underground electrolytic destruction of the cylinder and bulkhead, pipe failures, and control failures. Single bulkhead cylinders, typically built prior to a 1972 ASME A17.1 Elevator Safety Code change requiring a second dished bulkhead, were subject to possible catastrophic failure. The code previously permitted only single-bottom hydraulic cylinders. In the event of a cylinder breach, the fluid loss results in uncontrolled down movement of the elevator. This creates two significant hazards: being subject to an impact at the bottom when the elevator stops suddenly and being in the entrance for a potential shear if the rider is partly in the elevator. Because it is impossible to verify the system at all times, the code requires periodic testing of the pressure capability. Another solution to protect against a cylinder blowout is to install a plunger gripping device. One commercially available is known by the marketing name "LifeJacket". This is a device which, in the event of an uncontrolled downward acceleration, nondestructively grips the plunger and stops the car. A device known as an overspeed or rupture valve is attached to the hydraulic inlet/outlet of the cylinder and is adjusted for a maximum flow rate. If a pipe or hose were to break (rupture), the flow rate of the rupture valve will surpass a set limit and mechanically stop the outlet flow of hydraulic fluid, thus stopping the plunger and the car in the down direction.

Question: Underground electrolytic malfunctions in hydraulic elevators can result in the destruction of what? 
Answer: the cylinder and bulkhead

Question: What Elevator Safety Code change required a second dished bulkhead? 
Answer: 1972 ASME A17.1

Question: Before the code change was enacted what was the only permitted hydraulic cylinder type?
Answer: single-bottom

Question: Once the cylinder is breached, what calamity does the loss of fluid cause?
Answer: uncontrolled down movement of the elevator

Question: What testing does the code require?
Answer: periodic testing of the pressure capability
Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space. Generally passenger elevators are available in capacities from 500 to 2,700 kg (1,000–6,000 lb) in 230 kg (500 lb) increments.[citation needed] Generally passenger elevators in buildings of eight floors or fewer are hydraulic or electric, which can reach speeds up to 1 m/s (200 ft/min) hydraulic and up to 152 m/min (500 ft/min) electric. In buildings up to ten floors, electric and gearless elevators are likely to have speeds up to 3 m/s (500 ft/min), and above ten floors speeds range 3 to 10 m/s (500–2,000 ft/min).[citation needed]

Question: What dictates passenger elevator capacities?
Answer: the available floor space

Question: What capacities are passenger elevators availablee in?
Answer: from 500 to 2,700 kg (1,000–6,000 lb) in 230 kg (500 lb) increments

Question: What types of passenger elevators are installed in structures of up to eight floors?
Answer: hydraulic or electric

Question: Hydraulic elevators can reach speeds up to 1m/s or how many feet per minute?
Answer: 200

Question: Electric elevators can reach speeds up to 3 m/s or how many feet per minute?
Answer: 500
Sometimes passenger elevators are used as a city transport along with funiculars. For example, there is a 3-station underground public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, which takes passengers from the top of a hill above the Black Sea on which hotels are perched, to a tunnel located on the beach below. At Casco Viejo station in the Bilbao Metro, the elevator that provides access to the station from a hilltop neighborhood doubles as city transportation: the station's ticket barriers are set up in such a way that passengers can pay to reach the elevator from the entrance in the lower city, or vice versa. See also the Elevators for urban transport section.

Question: Passenger elevators, used in city transport share similarities to what other ascending and descending vehicles counterbalancing each other?    
Answer: funiculars

Question: What type of public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, transport passengers from a hill above the Black Sea to a tunnel down on the beach?
Answer: underground public elevator

Question: The elevator located at the Casco Viejo station in the Bilbao Metro is also used for what?
Answer: city transportation

Question: How is that set up?
Answer: ticket barriers are set up in such a way that passengers can pay to reach the elevator from the entrance in the lower city, or vice versa
In most US and Canadian jurisdictions, passenger elevators are required to conform to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Standard A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators. As of 2006, all states except Kansas, Mississippi, North Dakota, and South Dakota have adopted some version of ASME codes, though not necessarily the most recent. In Canada the document is the CAN/CSA B44 Safety Standard, which was harmonized with the US version in the 2000 edition.[citation needed] In addition, passenger elevators may be required to conform to the requirements of A17.3 for existing elevators where referenced by the local jurisdiction. Passenger elevators are tested using the ASME A17.2 Standard. The frequency of these tests is mandated by the local jurisdiction, which may be a town, city, state or provincial standard.

Question: In what neighboring countries are passenger elevators required to adhere to Standard A17.1?
Answer: most US and Canadian jurisdictions

Question: What is the equivilent to the US Standard A17.1 called in Canada?
Answer: CAN/CSA B44 Safety Standard

Question:  What is Standard A17.1?
Answer: Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators

Question: What are passenger elevators tested with?
Answer: ASME A17.2 Standard
Most elevators have a location in which the permit for the building owner to operate the elevator is displayed. While some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab, other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere – such as the maintenance office – and to be made available for inspection on demand. In such cases instead of the permit being displayed in the elevator cab, often a notice is posted in its place informing riders of where the actual permits are kept.

Question: Whose name is on the permit required for operation of an elevator? 
Answer: the building owner

Question: Do all jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator?
Answer: some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab, other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere

Question: Aside from the elevator, where else might a permit be displayed?
Answer: the maintenance office

Question: What type of notice can be displayed in the elevator in lieu of the permit?
Answer: a notice is posted in its place informing riders of where the actual permits are kept.
The high-speed observation deck elevators accelerate to a world-record certified speed of 1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds, and then it slows down for arrival with subtle air pressure sensations. The door opens after 37 seconds from the 5th floor. Special features include aerodynamic car and counterweights, and cabin pressure control to help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes. The downwards journey is completed at a reduced speed of 600 meters per minute, with the doors opening at the 52nd second.

Question: How fast do the observation deck elevators travel?
Answer: 1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds

Question: This speed holds what record?
Answer: world-record certified speed

Question: What does cabin pressure control do? 
Answer: help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes

Question: How fast does the elevator drop down?
Answer: 600 meters per minute

Question: At what floor do the doors open on the way down?
Answer: 52nd
Part of the Haunted Mansion attraction at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, and Disneyland in Paris, France, takes place on an elevator. The "stretching room" on the ride is actually an elevator that travels downwards, giving access to a short underground tunnel which leads to the rest of the attraction. The elevator has no ceiling and its shaft is decorated to look like walls of a mansion. Because there is no roof, passengers are able to see the walls of the shaft by looking up, which gives the illusion of the room stretching.

Question:  The Haunted Mansion at Disneyland in California and the one in Paris, France sharewhat attribute?
Answer: takes place on an elevator

Question: What is the name of area that is really an elevator?
Answer: The "stretching room"

Question: What is included in the elevator's design?
Answer: The elevator has no ceiling and its shaft is decorated to look like walls of a mansion

Question: What is the illusion given by these effects?
Answer: the illusion of the room stretching
Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Among the giant planets in the Solar System, Neptune is the most dense. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus, which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune.[c] Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 astronomical units (4.50×109 km). Named after the Roman god of the sea, its astronomical symbol is ♆, a stylised version of the god Neptune's trident.

Question: What planet is Neptune's near-twin? 
Answer: Uranus

Question: What is Neptune named after?
Answer: Roman god of the sea

Question: How much more dense is Neptune compared to Earth?
Answer: 17 times

Question: What does the astronomical sign of Neptune represent?
Answer: god Neptune's trident

Question: How many Earth years does Neptune orbit the sun? 
Answer: 164.8 years
Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier. Its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining known 14 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century. The planet's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size, making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes. Neptune was visited by Voyager 2, when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989. The advent of Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar.

Question: How was Neptune found? 
Answer: mathematical prediction

Question: When was Neptune first observed? 
Answer: 23 September 1846

Question: Who discovered Neptune? 
Answer: Alexis Bouvard

Question: What is Neptune's largest moon? 
Answer: Triton

Question: What flew by Neptune in 1989? 
Answer: Voyager 2
Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a higher proportion of "ices" such as water, ammonia, and methane. However, its interior, like that of Uranus, is primarily composed of ices and rock, and hence Uranus and Neptune are normally considered "ice giants" to emphasise this distinction. Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet's blue appearance.

Question: Which planet is compositionally similar to Neptune? 
Answer: Uranus

Question: What is Neptune's atmosphere primarily composed of? 
Answer: hydrogen and helium

Question: What is the interior of Neptune composed of? 
Answer: ices and rock

Question: What makes Neptune blue? 
Answer: methane

Question: What "ices" makes up Neptune? 
Answer: water, ammonia, and methane
In contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour (580 m/s; 1,300 mph). Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K (−218 °C). Temperatures at the planet's centre are approximately 5,400 K (5,100 °C). Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system (labelled "arcs"), which was first detected during the 1960s and confirmed by Voyager 2.

Question: What weather did Voyager 2 observe on Neptune? 
Answer: Great Dark Spot

Question: What weather feature does Neptune have stronger than any other planet? 
Answer: sustained winds

Question: What were the wind speeds recorded on Neptune? 
Answer: 2,100 kilometres per hour

Question: What is the cloud tops on Neptune temperature? 
Answer: 55 K (−218 °C).

Question: What is Neptune's planet center temperature? 
Answer: 5,400 K (5,100 °C)
Some of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope, Galileo's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613, contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune. On both occasions, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared close—in conjunction—to Jupiter in the night sky; hence, he is not credited with Neptune's discovery. At his first observation in December 1612, Neptune was almost stationary in the sky because it had just turned retrograde that day. This apparent backward motion is created when Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet. Because Neptune was only beginning its yearly retrograde cycle, the motion of the planet was far too slight to be detected with Galileo's small telescope. In July 2009, University of Melbourne physicist David Jamieson announced new evidence suggesting that Galileo was at least aware that the 'star' he had observed had moved relative to the fixed stars.

Question: Who drew Neptune after observing it with a telescope? 
Answer: Galileo

Question: What was Neptune mistaken for at first? 
Answer: a fixed star

Question: What happens when Neptune goes retrograde? 
Answer: Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet

Question: What date was Neptune drawn first? 
Answer: 28 December 1612

Question: Who recently researched the original observation of Neptune? 
Answer: David Jamieson
In 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction. In 1843, John Couch Adams began work on the orbit of Uranus using the data he had. Via Cambridge Observatory director James Challis, he requested extra data from Sir George Airy, the Astronomer Royal, who supplied it in February 1844. Adams continued to work in 1845–46 and produced several different estimates of a new planet.

Question: What year did Alexis Bouvard publish relevant astronomical tables? 
Answer: 1821

Question: What did Alexis Bouvard study? 
Answer: the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus

Question: When did John Couch Adams begin working on the orbit of Uranus? 
Answer: 1843

Question: Who gave John Couch Adams extra data? 
Answer: Sir George Airy

Question: What did the extra data John Couch Adams received produce? 
Answer: several different estimates of a new planet
Meanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory's refractor. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a planet, as opposed to a fixed star. On the evening of 23 September 1846, the day Galle received the letter, he discovered Neptune within 1° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be, about 12° from Adams' prediction. Challis later realised that he had observed the planet twice, on 4 and 12 August, but did not recognise it as a planet because he lacked an up-to-date star map and was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations.

Question: Who was Henrich d'Arrest? 
Answer: student at the observatory

Question: When did Galle discover Neptune? 
Answer: 23 September 1846

Question: How many degrees off was Adams' prediction?
Answer: 12°

Question: What did Henrich d'Arrest seek to find? 
Answer: the displacement characteristic of a planet

Question: What was Challis looking for when he saw Neptune the first two times? 
Answer: comet observations
In the wake of the discovery, there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery. Eventually, an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit. Since 1966, Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibility of Adams's claim to co-discovery, and the issue was re-evaluated by historians with the return in 1998 of the "Neptune papers" (historical documents) to the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. After reviewing the documents, they suggest that "Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier for the discovery of Neptune. That credit belongs only to the person who succeeded both in predicting the planet's place and in convincing astronomers to search for it."

Question: What two countries argued over credit for the discovery of Neptune? 
Answer: French and the British

Question: Who ultimately deserved credit for the discovery of Neptune? 
Answer: Le Verrier and Adams

Question: Who questioned Adams's claim to co-discovery of Neptune? 
Answer: Dennis Rawlins

Question: Who predicted Neptune's place and convinced astronomer's to search for it? 
Answer: Le Verrier

Question: Who did not deserve credit to co-discovery of Neptune? 
Answer: Adams
Claiming the right to name his discovery, Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet, though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes. In October, he sought to name the planet Le Verrier, after himself, and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director, François Arago. This suggestion met with stiff resistance outside France. French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus, after that planet's discoverer Sir William Herschel, and Leverrier for the new planet.

Question: Who claimed the right to name Neptune? 
Answer: Le Verrier

Question: What country approved Neptune's first name? 
Answer: France

Question: What did the discoverer want to name Neptune first? 
Answer: Le Verrier

Question: What first introduced Neptune and Uranus's names? 
Answer: French almanacs

Question: Who did not approve of the first name for Neptune? 
Answer: French Bureau des Longitudes
Most languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name "Neptune" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as "sea king star" (海王星), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, Neptune is called Dalain Van (Далайн ван), reflecting its namesake god's role as the ruler of the sea. In modern Greek the planet is called Poseidon (Ποσειδώνας, Poseidonas), the Greek counterpart of Neptune. In Hebrew, "Rahab" (רהב), from a Biblical sea monster mentioned in the Book of Psalms, was selected in a vote managed by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in 2009 as the official name for the planet, even though the existing Latin term "Neptun" (נפטון) is commonly used. In Māori, the planet is called Tangaroa, named after the Māori god of the sea. In Nahuatl, the planet is called Tlāloccītlalli, named after the rain god Tlāloc.

Question: What is the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean translations for Neptune? 
Answer: sea king star

Question: What god was Neptune? 
Answer: god of the sea

Question: What is the Mongolian name for Neptune? 
Answer: Dalain Van

Question: What did the Greeks call Neptune? 
Answer: Poseidon

Question: What was the Biblical sea monster that Neptune is named in Hebrew? 
Answer: Rahab
From its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit brought it closer to the Sun than Neptune. The discovery of the Kuiper belt in 1992 led many astronomers to debate whether Pluto should be considered a planet or as part of the Kuiper belt. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union defined the word "planet" for the first time, reclassifying Pluto as a "dwarf planet" and making Neptune once again the outermost known planet in the Solar System.

Question: What was Neptune before Pluto was discovered? 
Answer: farthest known planet

Question: What discovery made astronomer's debate Pluto's status as a planet? 
Answer: the Kuiper belt

Question: What year did the International Astronomical Union define the word planet? 
Answer: 2006

Question: Now that Pluto isn't a planet, what is Neptune known for in our solar system? 
Answer: the outermost known planet

Question: What period was Pluto closer to the sun than Neptune? 
Answer: between 1979 and 1999
Neptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four times that of Earth. Neptune, like Uranus, is an ice giant, a subclass of giant planet, due to their smaller size and higher concentrations of volatiles relative to Jupiter and Saturn. In the search for extrasolar planets, Neptune has been used as a metonym: discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as "Neptunes", just as scientists refer to various extrasolar bodies as "Jupiters".

Question: What is Neptune's mass? 
Answer: 1.0243×1026 kg

Question: How much more mass does Neptune have compared to Earth? 
Answer: 17 times

Question: What is Neptune's gravity at 1 bar? 
Answer: 11.15 m/s2

Question: What is Neptune's equatorial radius? 
Answer: 24,764 km

Question: What is Neptune referred to due to it's size and concentration of volatiles? 
Answer: ice giant
The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The mantle may consist of a layer of ionic water in which the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper down superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice. At a depth of 7000 km, the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones. Very-high-pressure experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory suggest that the base of the mantle may comprise an ocean of liquid carbon with floating solid 'diamonds'.

Question: What is Neptune's mantle rich in? 
Answer: water, ammonia and methane

Question: What is the hot, dense fluid in Neptune referred to as? 
Answer: icy

Question: What does the fluid in Neptune have a high conductivity of? 
Answer: electrical

Question: How deep does Neptune's water-ammonia ocean go? 
Answer: 7000 km

Question: What rains on Neptune? 
Answer: diamond crystals
At high altitudes, Neptune's atmosphere is 80% hydrogen and 19% helium. A trace amount of methane is also present. Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm, in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum. As with Uranus, this absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane is part of what gives Neptune its blue hue, although Neptune's vivid azure differs from Uranus's milder cyan. Because Neptune's atmospheric methane content is similar to that of Uranus, some unknown atmospheric constituent is thought to contribute to Neptune's colour.

Question: What is Neptune's atmosphere made of? 
Answer: 80% hydrogen and 19% helium

Question: Where are absorption bands of methane on Neptune? 
Answer: wavelengths above 600 nm

Question: What gives Neptune it's blue hue? 
Answer: absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane

Question: What planet also gets it's color from atmospheric constituent? 
Answer: Uranus

Question: What color is Uranus, compared to Neptune? 
Answer: cyan
Models suggest that Neptune's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude. The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense. For pressures between one and five bars (100 and 500 kPa), clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are thought to form. Above a pressure of five bars, the clouds may consist of ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water. Deeper clouds of water ice should be found at pressures of about 50 bars (5.0 MPa), where the temperature reaches 273 K (0 °C). Underneath, clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide may be found.

Question: What is Neptune's clouds competition variants dependent on? 
Answer: altitude

Question: Which clouds on Neptune are suitable for methane to condense?  
Answer: upper-level

Question: What clouds form between one and five bars on Neptune? 
Answer: ammonia and hydrogen sulfide

Question: On Neptune, what do clouds above five bars consist of? 
Answer: ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water

Question: What is the temperature on Neptune's clouds that are at 50 bars? 
Answer: 273 K (0 °C)
High-altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below. There are also high-altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude. These circumferential bands have widths of 50–150 km and lie about 50–110 km above the cloud deck. These altitudes are in the layer where weather occurs, the troposphere. Weather does not occur in the higher stratosphere or thermosphere. Unlike Uranus, Neptune's composition has a higher volume of ocean, whereas Uranus has a smaller mantle.

Question: On Neptune, which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it? 
Answer: High-altitude clouds

Question: What are the widths of the cloud bands on Neptune? 
Answer: 50–150 km

Question: Where are the high altitude bands of clouds on Neptune? 
Answer: 50–110 km above the cloud deck.

Question: What does Neptune have more of compared to Uranus? 
Answer: volume of ocean

Question: Where on Neptune does weather not occur? 
Answer: higher stratosphere or thermosphere
For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic field. Other candidates are gravity waves from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere. The thermosphere contains traces of carbon dioxide and water, which may have been deposited from external sources such as meteorites and dust.

Question: What is Neptune's temperature in the thermosphere? 
Answer: 750 K

Question: What would interact with Neptune's magnetic field to make it warm?
Answer: atmospheric interaction with ions

Question: Where would gravity waves in Neptune's interior dissipate? 
Answer: in the atmosphere

Question: What does Neptune's thermosphere containers traces of? 
Answer: carbon dioxide and water
Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosphere was the result of its sideways rotation. In comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets, scientists now think the extreme orientation may be characteristic of flows in the planets' interiors. This field may be generated by convective fluid motions in a thin spherical shell of electrically conducting liquids (probably a combination of ammonia, methane and water) resulting in a dynamo action.

Question: What is the rotational axis of Neptune's magnetic field? 
Answer: 47°

Question: Where is Neptune's magnetic field offset from the physical centre? 
Answer: 0.55 radii

Question: What planet besides Neptune has a sideways rotation? 
Answer: Uranus's

Question: What might cause Neptune's extreme orientation? 
Answer: flows in the planets' interiors

Question: What fluids are in Neptune's interior? 
Answer: ammonia, methane and water
The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from non-dipolar components, including a strong quadrupole moment that may exceed the dipole moment in strength. By contrast, Earth, Jupiter and Saturn have only relatively small quadrupole moments, and their fields are less tilted from the polar axis. The large quadrupole moment of Neptune may be the result of offset from the planet's centre and geometrical constraints of the field's dynamo generator.

Question: What is Neptune's dipole magnetic moment? 
Answer: 2.2 × 1017 T·m3

Question: What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength? 
Answer: strong quadrupole moment

Question: Which three planets have small quadrupole moments compared to Neptune?
Answer: Earth, Jupiter and Saturn

Question: Besides the geometrical constraints of Neptune's dynamo generator, what is another result of the quadrupole moment?
Answer: the planet's centre

Question: What is the dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of neptune?
Answer: 14 microteslas (0.14 G)
Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verrier Ring, at 53,000 km, and the broader, fainter Galle Ring, at 42,000 km. A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km.

Question: What system, like Saturn, does Neptune have? 
Answer: planetary ring system

Question: What might Neptune's rings consist of?
Answer: ice particles

Question: What might the ice particles of Neptune's rings be coated with?
Answer: silicates or carbon-based material

Question: Where is Adams ring from the center of Neptune?
Answer: 63,000 km

Question: Where is the La Verrier ring from the center of Neptune?
Answer: 53,000 km
Neptune's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems, with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)—nearly reaching supersonic flow. More typically, by tracking the motion of persistent clouds, wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m/s in the easterly direction to 325 m/s westward. At the cloud tops, the prevailing winds range in speed from 400 m/s along the equator to 250 m/s at the poles. Most of the winds on Neptune move in a direction opposite the planet's rotation. The general pattern of winds showed prograde rotation at high latitudes vs. retrograde rotation at lower latitudes. The difference in flow direction is thought to be a "skin effect" and not due to any deeper atmospheric processes. At 70° S latitude, a high-speed jet travels at a speed of 300 m/s.

Question: What dynamic weather does Neptune have?
Answer: storm

Question: What does Neptune's wind speeds reach? 
Answer: 600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)

Question: What is the high wind speed on Neptune's cloud tops?
Answer: 400 m/s

Question: Which direction does Neptune's winds move relevant to the plant's rotation?
Answer: opposite

Question: What is the effect called that describes the flow direction on Neptune? 
Answer: skin effect