meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
Washington University in St. Louis (Wash. U., or WUSTL) is a private research university located in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Founded in 1853, and named after George Washington, the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries. Twenty-five Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Washington University, nine having done the major part of their pioneering research at the university. Washington University's undergraduate program is ranked 15th by U.S. News and World Report. The university is ranked 32nd in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities.

Question: When was Washington University founded?
Answer: 1853

Question: How many Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Washington University?
Answer: Twenty-five

Question: Where is Washington University ranked among Academic Ranking of World Universities?
Answer: 32nd

Question: For whom is Washington University named?  
Answer: George Washington

Question: How many different countries comprise the makeup of faculty and students of Washington University?
Answer: 120
During the three years following its inception, the university bore three different names. The board first approved "Eliot Seminary," but William Eliot was uncomfortable with naming a university after himself and objected to the establishment of a seminary, which would implicitly be charged with teaching a religious faith. He favored a nonsectarian university. In 1854, the Board of Trustees changed the name to "Washington Institute" in honor of George Washington. Naming the University after the nation's first president, only seven years before the American Civil War and during a time of bitter national division, was no coincidence. During this time of conflict, Americans universally admired George Washington as the father of the United States and a symbol of national unity. The Board of Trustees believed that the university should be a force of unity in a strongly divided Missouri. In 1856, the University amended its name to "Washington University." The university amended its name once more in 1976, when the Board of Trustees voted to add the suffix "in St. Louis" to distinguish the university from the nearly two dozen other universities bearing Washington's name.

Question: What was one of the names that was initially considered for Washington University in St. Louis?
Answer: Eliot Seminary

Question: What name was selected by the Board of Trustees in 1854 for Washington University?
Answer: Washington Institute

Question: Why did the Board of Trustees choose to name Washing University after George Washington?
Answer: The Board of Trustees believed that the university should be a force of unity in a strongly divided Missouri

Question: When was the name Washington University amended? 
Answer: 1856

Question: When was the suffix "in St. Louis" added to Washington University?
Answer: 1976
Although chartered as a university, for many years Washington University functioned primarily as a night school located on 17th Street and Washington Avenue in the heart of downtown St. Louis. Owing to limited financial resources, Washington University initially used public buildings. Classes began on October 22, 1854, at the Benton School building. At first the university paid for the evening classes, but as their popularity grew, their funding was transferred to the St. Louis Public Schools. Eventually the board secured funds for the construction of Academic Hall and a half dozen other buildings. Later the university divided into three departments: the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute.

Question: Where was Washington University located? 
Answer: 17th Street and Washington Avenue

Question: When did classes first begin at Washington University?
Answer: October 22, 1854

Question: What building was first used for classes at Washington University?
Answer: Benton School building.

Question: What three departments were Washington University divided?
Answer: the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute

Question: What type of school did Washington University first function?
Answer: a night school
In 1867, the university opened the first private nonsectarian law school west of the Mississippi River. By 1882, Washington University had expanded to numerous departments, which were housed in various buildings across St. Louis. Medical classes were first held at Washington University in 1891 after the St. Louis Medical College decided to affiliate with the University, establishing the School of Medicine. During the 1890s, Robert Sommers Brookings, the president of the Board of Trustees, undertook the tasks of reorganizing the university's finances, putting them onto a sound foundation, and buying land for a new campus.

Question: When was did Washington University open its law school?
Answer: 1867

Question: Who was Robert Somers Brookings?
Answer: the president of the Board of Trustees

Question: When did Washington University establish its medical school? 
Answer: 1891

Question: When did St. Louis Medical college affiliate itself with Washington University?
Answer: 1891
Washington University spent its first half century in downtown St. Louis bounded by Washington Ave., Lucas Place, and Locust Street. By the 1890s, owing to the dramatic expansion of the Manual School and a new benefactor in Robert Brookings, the University began to move west. The University Board of Directors began a process to find suitable ground and hired the landscape architecture firm Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot of Boston. A committee of Robert S. Brookings, Henry Ware Eliot, and William Huse found a site of 103 acres (41.7 ha) just beyond Forest Park, located west of the city limits in St. Louis County. The elevation of the land was thought to resemble the Acropolis and inspired the nickname of "Hilltop" campus, renamed the Danforth campus in 2006 to honor former chancellor William H. Danforth.

Question: Where was Washington University located during the first half of the 1800's. 
Answer: downtown St. Louis

Question: When did Washington University begin to expand west?
Answer: the 1890s

Question: What architecture firm was hired by the Board of Directors at Washington University? 
Answer: Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot of Boston

Question: Who was on the committee that found a new site for Washington University?
Answer: Robert S. Brookings, Henry Ware Eliot, and William Huse

Question: What nickname was given to the new campus site?
Answer: "Hilltop" campus
The process of desegregation at Washington University began in 1947 with the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work. During the mid and late 1940s, the University was the target of critical editorials in the local African American press, letter-writing campaigns by churches and the local Urban League, and legal briefs by the NAACP intended to strip its tax-exempt status. In spring 1949, a Washington University student group, the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN), began campaigning for full racial integration. In May 1952, the Board of Trustees passed a resolution desegregating the school's undergraduate divisions.

Question: When did Washington University begin desegregation?
Answer: 1947

Question: What were the first schools to become integrated at Washington University? 
Answer: the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work

Question: What student group campaigned for full integration at Washington University in 1949?
Answer: the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN)

Question: What organization sought to strip Washington University of its tax-exempt status in the 1940's?
Answer: the NAACP

Question: When did the Board of Trustees pass a resolution to desegregate the Washington University undergraduate division? 
Answer: May 1952
Washington University has been selected by the Commission on Presidential Debates to host more presidential and vice-presidential debates than any other institution in history. United States presidential election debates were held at the Washington University Athletic Complex in 1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016. A presidential debate was planned to occur in 1996, but owing to scheduling difficulties between the candidates, the debate was canceled. The university hosted the only 2008 vice presidential debate, between Republican Sarah Palin and Democrat Joe Biden, on October 2, 2008, also at the Washington University Athletic Complex.

Question: What years were presidential debates held at Washington University?
Answer: 1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016

Question: What building at Washington University was used to host the presidential debates?
Answer: Washington University Athletic Complex

Question: Why was the presidential debate canceled in 1996 at Washington University?  
Answer: scheduling difficulties between the candidates

Question: When was the only vice presidential debate held at Washington University?
Answer: October 2, 2008

Question: Who were the candidates in the vice presidential debate at Washington University?
Answer: Republican Sarah Palin and Democrat Joe Biden
Although Chancellor Wrighton had noted after the 2004 debate that it would be "improbable" that the university will host another debate and was not eager to commit to the possibility, he subsequently changed his view and the university submitted a bid for the 2008 debates. "These one-of-a-kind events are great experiences for our students, they contribute to a national understanding of important issues, and they allow us to help bring national and international attention to the St. Louis region as one of America's great metropolitan areas," said Wrighton.

Question: What was Chancellor Wrighton's initial sentiment to hosting another presidential debate at Washington University after 2004?
Answer: it would be "improbable" that the university will host another debate and was not eager to commit to the possibility

Question: What did  Chancellor Wrighton state as one of the reasons for hosting another debate at Washington University?
Answer: These one-of-a-kind events are great experiences for our students, they contribute to a national understanding of important issues

Question: What year did Chancellor Wrighton submit another bid for a presidential debate at Washington University after 2004? 
Answer: 2008
In 2013, Washington University received a record 30,117 applications for a freshman class of 1,500 with an acceptance rate of 13.7%. More than 90% of incoming freshmen whose high schools ranked were ranked in the top 10% of their high school classes. In 2006, the university ranked fourth overall and second among private universities in the number of enrolled National Merit Scholar freshmen, according to the National Merit Scholar Corporation's annual report. In 2008, Washington University was ranked #1 for quality of life according to The Princeton Review, among other top rankings. In addition, the Olin Business School's undergraduate program is among the top 4 in the country. The Olin Business School's undergraduate program is also among the country's most competitive, admitting only 14% of applicants in 2007 and ranking #1 in SAT scores with an average composite of 1492 M+CR according to BusinessWeek.

Question: How many freshman class applications did Washington University receive in 2013?
Answer: 30,117

Question: What percentage of incoming freshman at Washington University were in the top %10 of their class in 2013? 
Answer: More than 90% of incoming freshmen

Question: Where did Washington University rank among private universities for National Merit Scholar freshman in 2006?
Answer: second among private universities

Question: When was Washington University ranked #1 for quality of life?
Answer: In 2008

Question: What percent of applicants were admitted to Olin Business School in 2007? 
Answer: 14%
Washington University's North Campus and West Campus principally house administrative functions that are not student focused. North Campus lies in St. Louis City near the Delmar Loop. The University acquired the building and adjacent property in 2004, formerly home to the Angelica Uniform Factory. Several University administrative departments are located at the North Campus location, including offices for Quadrangle Housing, Accounting and Treasury Services, Parking and Transportation Services, Army ROTC, and Network Technology Services. The North Campus location also provides off-site storage space for the Performing Arts Department. Renovations are still ongoing; recent additions to the North Campus space include a small eatery operated by Bon Appétit Management Company, the University's on-campus food provider, completed during spring semester 2007, as well as the Family Learning Center, operated by Bright Horizons and opened in September 2010.

Question: Where is Washington University's north campus located?
Answer: St. Louis City near the Delmar Loop

Question: When was the building and property for the north campus of Washington University acquired? 
Answer: 2004

Question: What previously occupied the building used at the north campus of Washington University?
Answer: Angelica Uniform Factory

Question: Who is Washington University's food provider on campus?
Answer: Bon Appétit Management Company

Question: For what department does the north campus location of Washington University provide off-site storage? 
Answer: Performing Arts Department
The West Campus is located about one mile (1.6 km) to the west of the Danforth Campus in Clayton, Missouri, and primarily consists of a four-story former department store building housing mostly administrative space. The West Campus building was home to the Clayton branch of the Famous-Barr department store until 1990, when the University acquired the property and adjacent parking and began a series of renovations. Today, the basement level houses the West Campus Library, the University Archives, the Modern Graphic History Library, and conference space. The ground level still remains a retail space. The upper floors house consolidated capital gifts, portions of alumni and development, and information systems offices from across the Danforth and Medical School campuses. There is also a music rehearsal room on the second floor. The West Campus is also home to the Center for the Application of Information Technologies (CAIT), which provides IT training services.

Question: Where is the West Campus of Washington University located?
Answer: Clayton, Missouri

Question: When did the university acquire the property for the West Campus?
Answer: 1990

Question: What was previously located at the West Campus of Washington University?
Answer: the Clayton branch of the Famous-Barr department store

Question: What is located in the basement level of the West Campus? 
Answer: the West Campus Library, the University Archives, the Modern Graphic History Library, and conference space

Question: What department located at the West Campus provides IT services?
Answer: Center for the Application of Information Technologies (CAIT)
Founded as the School of Commerce and Finance in 1917, the Olin Business School was named after entrepreneur John M. Olin in 1988. The school's academic programs include BSBA, MBA, Professional MBA (PMBA), Executive MBA (EMBA), MS in Finance, MS in Supply Chain Management, MS in Customer Analytics, Master of Accounting, Global Master of Finance Dual Degree program, and Doctorate programs, as well as non-degree executive education. In 2002, an Executive MBA program was established in Shanghai, in cooperation with Fudan University.

Question: When was Olin Business School founded?
Answer: 1917

Question: What was the original name of Olin Business School? 
Answer: the School of Commerce and Finance

Question: When was Olin Business School named?
Answer: 1988

Question: After whom is Olin Business School named?
Answer: John M. Olin

Question: Where was an Executive MBA program established by Washington University in 2002?
Answer: Shanghai
Undergraduate BSBA students take 40–60% of their courses within the business school and are able to formally declare majors in eight areas: accounting, entrepreneurship, finance, healthcare management, marketing, managerial economics and strategy, organization and human resources, international business, and operations and supply chain management. Graduate students are able to pursue an MBA either full-time or part-time. Students may also take elective courses from other disciplines at Washington University, including law and many other fields. Mahendra R. Gupta is the Dean of the Olin Business School.

Question: How many majors are available to students in the business school at Washington University?
Answer: eight

Question: What options are available for graduate students in pursuing an MBA at Washington University? 
Answer: full-time or part-time

Question: Who is the Dean of the Olin Business School?
Answer: Mahendra R. Gupta

Question: What percent of coursework is done at the business school by undergraduate students at Washington University?
Answer: 40–60%
Washington University School of Law offers joint-degree programs with the Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work. It also offers an LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, an LLM in Taxation, an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers, a Master of Juridical Studies (MJS), and a Juris Scientiae Doctoris (JSD). The law school offers 3 semesters of courses in the Spring, Summer, and Fall, and requires at least 85 hours of coursework for the JD.

Question: With what schools does the Washington University School of Law offer joint-degree programs? 
Answer: Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work

Question: How many semesters of courses are offered by Washington University School of Law?
Answer: 3 semesters

Question: What LLM degree programs are offered by the Washington University School of Law?
Answer: LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, an LLM in Taxation, an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers

Question: How many hours of coursework are required to obtain a JD at the Washington University School of Law?
Answer: 85 hours

Question: During what seasons are courses offered at the Washington University School of Law?
Answer: Spring, Summer, and Fall
The school has many nationally and internationally acclaimed scholars in social security, health care, health disparities, communication, social and health policy, and individual and family development. Many of the faculty have training in both social work and public health. The school's current dean is Edward F. Lawlor. In addition to affiliation with the university-wide Institute of Public Health, Brown houses 12 research centers. The Brown School Library collects materials on many topics, with specific emphasis on: children, youth, and families; gerontology; health; mental health; social and economic development; family therapy; and management. The library maintains subscriptions to over 450 academic journals.

Question: Who is the Brown School's current Dean? 
Answer: Edward F. Lawlor

Question: How many research centers are housed by the Brown School? 
Answer: 12 research centers.

Question: What topics of emphasis are contained in the Brown School Library collection?
Answer: children, youth, and families; gerontology; health; mental health; social and economic development; family therapy; and management.

Question: What areas does the Brown School Library have represented scholars?
Answer: social security, health care, health disparities, communication, social and health policy, and individual and family development

Question: To how many academic journals does the Brown School Library subscribe?
Answer: over 450 academic journals
The Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, established in 1881, is one of the oldest teaching museums in the country. The collection includes works from 19th, 20th, and 21st century American and European artists, including George Caleb Bingham, Thomas Cole, Pablo Picasso, Max Ernst, Alexander Calder, Jackson Pollock, Rembrandt, Robert Rauschenberg, Barbara Kruger, and Christian Boltanski. Also in the complex is the 3,000 sq ft (300 m2) Newman Money Museum. In October 2006, the Kemper Art Museum moved from its previous location, Steinberg Hall, into a new facility designed by former faculty member Fumihiko Maki. Interestingly, the new Kemper Art Museum is located directly across from Steinberg Hall, which was Maki's very first commission in 1959.

Question: When was the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum established?
Answer: 1881

Question: From what centuries does  the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum have collections?
Answer: 19th, 20th, and 21st century

Question: When did the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum changed locations? 
Answer: 2006

Question: Who designed the new location of  the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum?
Answer: Fumihiko Maki

Question: What facility was Fumihiko Maki's first commission?
Answer: Steinberg Hall
During fiscal year 2007, $537.5 million was received in total research support, including $444 million in federal obligations. The University has over 150 National Institutes of Health funded inventions, with many of them licensed to private companies. Governmental agencies and non-profit foundations such as the NIH, United States Department of Defense, National Science Foundation, and NASA provide the majority of research grant funding, with Washington University being one of the top recipients in NIH grants from year-to-year. Nearly 80% of NIH grants to institutions in the state of Missouri went to Washington University alone in 2007. Washington University and its Medical School play a large part in the Human Genome Project, where it contributes approximately 25% of the finished sequence. The Genome Sequencing Center has decoded the genome of many animals, plants, and cellular organisms, including the platypus, chimpanzee, cat, and corn.

Question: How much money in financial support did Washington University receive in 2007?
Answer: $537.5 million

Question: How many inventions does Washington University have funded by the National Institute of health?  
Answer: 150

Question: What percentage of NH grants in Missouri went to Washington University? 
Answer: 80%

Question: What percentage of the sequencing did the Washington University Medical School contribute to the Human Genome Project?
Answer: 25%

Question: What  are some organisms for which  the Genome Sequencing Center at  Washington University Medical provided genome decoding?
Answer: platypus, chimpanzee, cat, and corn
Washington University supports four major student-run media outlets. The university's student newspaper, Student Life, is available for students. KWUR (90.3 FM) serves as the students' official radio station; the station also attracts an audience in the immediately surrounding community due to its eclectic and free-form musical programming. WUTV is the university's closed-circuit television channel. The university's main student-run political publication is the Washington University Political Review (nicknamed "WUPR"), a self-described "multipartisan" monthly magazine. Washington University undergraduates publish two literary and art journals, The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine. A variety of other publications also serve the university community, ranging from in-house academic journals to glossy alumni magazines to WUnderground, campus' student-run satirical newspaper.

Question: How many media outlets does Washington University support?
Answer: four

Question: What is the official student radio station at Washington University?
Answer: KWUR (90.3 FM)

Question: What is the name of Washington University's political publication?
Answer: Washington University Political Review

Question: What is Washington University's closed circuit television network? 
Answer: WUTV

Question: What are the names of the art journals published by Washington University?
Answer: The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine
The prevalence of phantom pain in upper limb amputees is nearly 82%, and in lower limb amputees is 54%. One study found that eight days after amputation, 72 percent of patients had phantom limb pain, and six months later, 65 percent reported it. Some amputees experience continuous pain that varies in intensity or quality; others experience several bouts a day, or it may occur only once every week or two. It is often described as shooting, crushing, burning or cramping. If the pain is continuous for a long period, parts of the intact body may become sensitized, so that touching them evokes pain in the phantom limb, or phantom limb pain may accompany urination or defecation.

Question: What percentage of people who've had upper limbs amputated feel phantom pain?
Answer: nearly 82%

Question: What is the percentage of of phantom pain felt by lower limb amputees?
Answer: 54%

Question: What may accompany urination for amputees? 
Answer: phantom limb pain

Question: What may happen with intact body parts if there is continuous pain for a long period?
Answer: become sensitized

Question: After six months, what percentage of people who had limbs amputated still felt pain in those limbs?
Answer: 65 percent
In 1955, DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory, based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe. They proposed that all skin fiber endings (with the exception of those innervating hair cells) are identical, and that pain is produced by intense stimulation of these fibers. Another 20th-century theory was gate control theory, introduced by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall in the 1965 Science article "Pain Mechanisms: A New Theory". The authors proposed that both thin (pain) and large diameter (touch, pressure, vibration) nerve fibers carry information from the site of injury to two destinations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and that the more large fiber activity relative to thin fiber activity at the inhibitory cell, the less pain is felt. Both peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory have been superseded by more modern theories of pain[citation needed].

Question: What year was peripheral pattern theory developed? 
Answer: 1955

Question: Whose suggestion prompted the development of peripheral pattern theory?
Answer: John Paul Nafe

Question: What does the gate control theory specify the diameter of which is responsible for the amount of pain sensation?
Answer: nerve fibers

Question: What did DC Sinclair and G Weddell propose a property of all skin fiber endings is?
Answer: identical

Question: Why were peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory left behind?
Answer: superseded by more modern theories of pain
Spinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain signals, and others that carry both A-delta and C fiber pain signals up the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain have been identified. Other spinal cord fibers, known as wide dynamic range neurons, respond to A-delta and C fibers, but also to the large A-beta fibers that carry touch, pressure and vibration signals. Pain-related activity in the thalamus spreads to the insular cortex (thought to embody, among other things, the feeling that distinguishes pain from other homeostatic emotions such as itch and nausea) and anterior cingulate cortex (thought to embody, among other things, the motivational element of pain); and pain that is distinctly located also activates the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. Melzack and Casey's 1968 picture of the dimensions of pain is as influential today as ever, firmly framing theory and guiding research in the functional neuroanatomy and psychology of pain.

Question: What are some spinal cord fibers exclusive to?
Answer: A-delta

Question: Pain signals travel first to what region of the brain?
Answer: thalamus

Question: What are dynamic range neurons?
Answer: spinal cord fibers

Question: Where does pain-related activity in the thalamus spread to? 
Answer: the insular cortex

Question: Pain which is distinctly located also activates what cortices? 
Answer: somatosensory
A person's self-report is the most reliable measure of pain, with health care professionals tending to underestimate severity. A definition of pain widely employed in nursing, emphasizing its subjective nature and the importance of believing patient reports, was introduced by Margo McCaffery in 1968: "Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does". To assess intensity, the patient may be asked to locate their pain on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being no pain at all, and 10 the worst pain they have ever felt. Quality can be established by having the patient complete the McGill Pain Questionnaire indicating which words best describe their pain.

Question: What is the most reliable measure of pain?
Answer: person's self-report

Question: What do health-care professionals tend to underestimate? 
Answer: severity

Question: What did Margo McCaffery introduce in 1968?
Answer: definition of pain

Question: What scale might a patient be asked to locate their pain on?
Answer: 0 to 10

Question: What are patients asked to use the McGill Pain Questionnaire to indicate?
Answer: which words best describe their pain
When a person is non-verbal and cannot self-report pain, observation becomes critical, and specific behaviors can be monitored as pain indicators. Behaviors such as facial grimacing and guarding indicate pain, as well as an increase or decrease in vocalizations, changes in routine behavior patterns and mental status changes. Patients experiencing pain may exhibit withdrawn social behavior and possibly experience a decreased appetite and decreased nutritional intake. A change in condition that deviates from baseline such as moaning with movement or when manipulating a body part, and limited range of motion are also potential pain indicators. In patients who possess language but are incapable of expressing themselves effectively, such as those with dementia, an increase in confusion or display of aggressive behaviors or agitation may signal that discomfort exists, and further assessment is necessary.

Question: What become critical when a person is non-verbal? 
Answer: observation

Question: What can be monitored as pain indicators?
Answer: specific behaviors

Question: What type of social behavior might patients experiencing pain exhibit?
Answer: withdrawn

Question: How can patients with dementia indicate discomfort exists?
Answer: signal

Question: Facial grimacing and guarding indicate what?
Answer: pain
A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than one DBMS. Database management systems are often classified according to the database model that they support; the most popular database systems since the 1980s have all supported the relational model as represented by the SQL language.[disputed – discuss] Sometimes a DBMS is loosely referred to as a 'database'.

Question: What does DBMS stand for?
Answer: database management system

Question: What is the purpose of a DBMS?
Answer: to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases

Question: What is the most popular DBMS?
Answer: SQL language

Question: How are DBMSs classified?
Answer: according to the database model that they support
The relational model, first proposed in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd, departed from this tradition by insisting that applications should search for data by content, rather than by following links. The relational model employs sets of ledger-style tables, each used for a different type of entity. Only in the mid-1980s did computing hardware become powerful enough to allow the wide deployment of relational systems (DBMSs plus applications). By the early 1990s, however, relational systems dominated in all large-scale data processing applications, and as of 2015[update] they remain dominant : IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL and Microsoft SQL Server are the top DBMS. The dominant database language, standardised SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models.[citation needed]

Question: Who created the relational model of DBMS?
Answer: Edgar F. Codd

Question: Instead of using links, how was information found in a relational model?
Answer: by content

Question: In what decade did computer hardware become able to handle a relational system?
Answer: 1980s

Question: What type of system in still prominent to this day?
Answer: relational systems

Question: What database language is the most prominent?
Answer: SQL
IBM started working on a prototype system loosely based on Codd's concepts as System R in the early 1970s. The first version was ready in 1974/5, and work then started on multi-table systems in which the data could be split so that all of the data for a record (some of which is optional) did not have to be stored in a single large "chunk". Subsequent multi-user versions were tested by customers in 1978 and 1979, by which time a standardized query language – SQL[citation needed] – had been added. Codd's ideas were establishing themselves as both workable and superior to CODASYL, pushing IBM to develop a true production version of System R, known as SQL/DS, and, later, Database 2 (DB2).

Question: What is the system IBM created using Codd's research?
Answer: System R

Question: When was IBM's system released?
Answer: 1974/5

Question: What did System R work on to change the way data was stored?
Answer: multi-table systems

Question: When customers first tested IBM's system, what computer language had been added? 
Answer: SQL

Question: What was the name of the database product created by IBM?
Answer: SQL/DS, and, later, Database 2 (DB2)
A database built with one DBMS is not portable to another DBMS (i.e., the other DBMS cannot run it). However, in some situations it is desirable to move, migrate a database from one DBMS to another. The reasons are primarily economical (different DBMSs may have different total costs of ownership or TCOs), functional, and operational (different DBMSs may have different capabilities). The migration involves the database's transformation from one DBMS type to another. The transformation should maintain (if possible) the database related application (i.e., all related application programs) intact. Thus, the database's conceptual and external architectural levels should be maintained in the transformation. It may be desired that also some aspects of the architecture internal level are maintained. A complex or large database migration may be a complicated and costly (one-time) project by itself, which should be factored into the decision to migrate. This in spite of the fact that tools may exist to help migration between specific DBMSs. Typically a DBMS vendor provides tools to help importing databases from other popular DBMSs.

Question: Why would someone attempt to unite two different databases?
Answer: primarily economical

Question: In order to merge, what must the database maintain?
Answer: database related application

Question: What are the important parts of the database related application that should be moved?
Answer: conceptual and external architectural levels

Question: How can a DBMS database migration be made easier?
Answer: vendor provides tools

Question: Can a DBMS be transfered to a different DBMS?
Answer: ano
Tucson (/ˈtuːsɒn/ /tuːˈsɒn/) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 996,544. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area (CSA), with a total population of 980,263 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is  located 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 59th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley.

Question: What is the largest populated city in Arizona?
Answer: Phoenix

Question: How many miles is Tuscon from the U.S.- Mexico border?
Answer: 60

Question: What nickname does Tuscon have because of their many companies involved in optics?
Answer: Optics Valley

Question: What was the population of Tuscon according to the 2010 U.S. Census? 
Answer: 520,116

Question: What was the estimated population of the entire Tuscan area in 2013? 
Answer: 996,544

Question: Which county is Tucson in?
Answer: Pima County

Question: Which university is in Tucson?
Answer: University of Arizona

Question: How far is Tucson from Phoenix?
Answer: 108 miles (174 km)

Question: How far is Tucson from Mexico?
Answer: 60 mi (97 km)

Question: What industry-based nickname does Tucson have?
Answer: Optics Valley
Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 2100 BC.[citation needed] The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural period, circa 1200 BC to AD 150. These people constructed irrigation canals and grew corn, beans, and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery.[citation needed]

Question: What was Tuscon known as 12,000 years ago?
Answer: southern Arizona

Question: What group lived in the area that were known for their red-on-brown pottery?
Answer: Hohokam

Question: Near what river was a village site dating from 2100 BC found? 
Answer: Santa Cruz River

Question: Who were probably the first group of people in Tuscan?
Answer: Paleo-Indians

Question: How long ago did Tuscan have their first visitors?
Answer: 12,000 years ago

Question: How long ago were Paleo-Indians known to be in the Tucson area?
Answer: about 12,000 years ago

Question: How old was the village site found near the Santa Cruz River?
Answer: 2100 BC

Question: When was the Early Agricultural period?
Answer: 1200 BC to AD 150

Question: What happened in the Early Ceramic period?
Answer: the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage

Question: When did the Hohokam live in the Tucson area?
Answer: from AD 600 to 1450
Arizona, south of the Gila River was legally bought from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8, 1854. Tucson became a part of the United States of America, although the American military did not formally take over control until March 1856. In 1857 Tucson became a stage station on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line and in 1858 became 3rd division headquarters of the Butterfield Overland Mail until the line shut down in March 1861. The Overland Mail Corporation attempted to continue running, however following the Bascom Affair, devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches ended operations in August 1861.[citation needed]

Question: What was the date when Arizona was bought?
Answer: June 8, 1854

Question: What year did the Overland Mail Corporation end operations?
Answer: 1861

Question: Arizona is south of which river?
Answer: Gila River

Question: What was the name of the deal in which Arizona was bought?
Answer: Gadsden Purchase

Question: In what year did Tuscon become a stage station?
Answer: 1857

Question: When was the Gadsden Purchase?
Answer: June 8, 1854

Question: Where did the US buy land from in the Gadsden Purchase?
Answer: Mexico

Question: When did the US formally take control of the Tucson area?
Answer: March 1856

Question: When did the mail stagecoaches stop running?
Answer: August 1861

Question: Why did the mail stagecoaches stop running?
Answer: devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches
From 1877 to 1878, the area suffered a rash of stagecoach robberies. Most notable, however, were the two holdups committed by masked road-agent William Whitney Brazelton. Brazelton held up two stages in the summer of 1878 near Point of Mountain Station approximately 17 mi (27 km) northwest of Tucson. John Clum, of Tombstone, Arizona fame was one of the passengers. Brazelton was eventually tracked down and killed on Monday August 19, 1878, in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles (5 km) south of Tucson by Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse. Brazelton had been suspected of highway robbery not only in the Tucson area, but also in the Prescott region and Silver City, New Mexico area as well. Brazelton's crimes prompted John J. Valentine, Sr. of Wells, Fargo & Co. to send special agent and future Pima County sheriff Bob Paul to investigate. Fort Lowell, then east of Tucson, was established to help protect settlers from Apache attacks. In 1882, Frank Stilwell was implicated in the murder of Morgan Earp by Cowboy Pete Spence's wife, Marietta, at the coroner's inquest on Morgan Earp's shooting. The coroner's jury concluded that Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, and Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz were the prime suspects in the assassination of Morgan Earp. :250 Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp gathered a few trusted friends and accompanied Virgil Earp and his family as they traveled to Benson for a train ride to California. They found Stilwell lying in wait for Virgil in the Tucson station and killed him on the tracks. After killing Stilwell, Wyatt deputized others and rode on a vendetta, killing three more cowboys over the next few days before leaving the state.

Question: What date did William Whitney Brazelton Die? 
Answer: August 19, 1878

Question: What is the name of the sheriff who shot William Whitney Brazelton?
Answer: Charles A. Shibell

Question: What was Wyatt Earp's job title?
Answer: Deputy U.S. Marshal

Question: Who was held responsible for the murder of Morgan Earp?
Answer: Frank Stilwell

Question: What Deputy was responsible for the death of Frank Stiwell?
Answer: Wyatt Earp

Question: What crime increased in the Tucson area in 1877?
Answer: stagecoach robberies

Question: Who was the most famous stagecoach robber in the Tucson area?
Answer: William Whitney Brazelton

Question: When was Brazelton killed?
Answer: August 19, 1878

Question: Who killed Brazelton?
Answer: Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse

Question: What was Shibell's job?
Answer: Pima County Sheriff
Tucson is located 118 mi (190 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the United States - Mexico border. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 980,263. In 2009, Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. A major city in the Arizona Sun Corridor, Tucson is the largest city in southern Arizona, the second largest in the state after Phoenix. It is also the largest city in the area of the Gadsden Purchase. As of 2015, The Greater Tucson Metro area has exceeded a population of 1 million.

Question: How many miles is Tuscon from Phoenix?
Answer: 118

Question: How many miles is Tuscon from the US - Mexico border?
Answer: 60

Question: What is the second largest city in Arizona?
Answer: Tucson

Question: Where does Tuscon rank in terms of the largest city in the U.S. in 2009? 
Answer: 32nd

Question: What area exceeded 1 million people in 2015?
Answer: Greater Tucson Metro

Question: What is Tucson's city population in 2010?
Answer: 520,116

Question: What is Tucson's metro area population in 2010?
Answer: 980,263

Question: How does Tucson rank among US cities?
Answer: 32nd largest

Question: How does Tucson rank among US metro areas?
Answer: 52nd largest

Question: What is Tucson's metro area population in 2015?
Answer: 1 million
Interstate 10, which runs southeast to northwest through town, connects Tucson to Phoenix to the northwest on the way to its western terminus in Santa Monica, California, and to Las Cruces, New Mexico and El Paso, Texas toward its eastern terminus in Jacksonville, Florida. I-19 runs south from Tucson toward Nogales and the U.S.-Mexico border. I-19 is the only Interstate highway that uses "kilometer posts" instead of "mileposts", although the speed limits are marked in miles per hour instead of kilometers per hour.

Question: Which interstate is the only one that uses kilometer posts instead of mileposts?
Answer: I-19

Question: Are the speed limits on I-19 marked in miles or kilometers?
Answer: miles

Question: What border does I-19 come close to? 
Answer: U.S.-Mexico border

Question: Which interstate would you take to go to Jackson Florida from Tuscon Arizona?
Answer: Interstate 10

Question: Which direction does I-10 run through Tucson?
Answer: southeast to northwest

Question: What is the next major town to the west on I-10?
Answer: Phoenix

Question: What is the next major town to the east on I-10?
Answer: Las Cruces, New Mexico

Question: Which direction does I-19 run from Tucson?
Answer: south

Question: What is unusual about I-19?
Answer: the only Interstate highway that uses "kilometer posts" instead of "mileposts"
South Tucson is actually the name of an independent, incorporated town of 1 sq mi (2.6 km2), completely surrounded by the city of Tucson, sitting just south of downtown. South Tucson has a colorful, dynamic history. It was first incorporated in 1936, and later reincorporated in 1940. The population consists of about 83% Mexican-American and 10% Native American residents. South Tucson is widely known for its many Mexican restaurants and the architectural styles which include bright outdoor murals, many of which have been painted over due to city policy.

Question: What is the percentage of Native Americans in South Tuscon?
Answer: 10%

Question: What kind of restaurants are widely known in South Tuscon?
Answer: Mexican

Question: What are painted do to city policy? 
Answer: outdoor murals

Question: What percentage of the South Tuscon Population is Mexican-American? 
Answer: 83%

Question: What year was South Tuscon reincorperated? 
Answer: 1940

Question: When was South Tucson first incorporated?
Answer: 1936

Question: When was South Tucson reincorporated?
Answer: 1940

Question: How large is South Tucson?
Answer: 1 sq mi (2.6 km2)

Question: How much of South Tucson is Mexican-American?
Answer: 83%

Question: How much of South Tucson is Native American?
Answer: 10%