meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
The life cycles of insects vary but most hatch from eggs. Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton and development involves a series of molts. The immature stages can differ from the adults in structure, habit and habitat, and can include a passive pupal stage in those groups that undergo 4-stage metamorphosis (see holometabolism). Insects that undergo 3-stage metamorphosis lack a pupal stage and adults develop through a series of nymphal stages. The higher level relationship of the Hexapoda is unclear. Fossilized insects of enormous size have been found from the Paleozoic Era, including giant dragonflies with wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22–28 in). The most diverse insect groups appear to have coevolved with flowering plants.

Question: How does the lifecycle of most insects typically begin?
Answer: hatch from eggs

Question: What is the primary constraint on the physical growth of an insect?
Answer: inelastic exoskeleton

Question: What stage of development differentiates a 4-stage metamorphosis from a 3-stage metamorphosis, notably absent in the latter?
Answer: pupal stage

Question: What is the term given to denote the series of stages involved in the development of an adult insect?
Answer: nymphal

Question: What era is attributed to the findings of enormous fossilized dragonflies with extremely long wingspans? 
Answer: Paleozoic

Question: Insects hatch from what?
Answer: eggs

Question: Insects growth is constrained by what?
Answer: the inelastic exoskeleton

Question: An insects developement involves a series of what?
Answer: molts

Question: How many stages of metamorphosis does an insect go through?
Answer: 4-stage

Question: The most diverse insects coevolved with what?
Answer: flowering plants
Late Carboniferous and Early Permian insect orders include both extant groups, their stem groups, and a number of Paleozoic groups, now extinct. During this era, some giant dragonfly-like forms reached wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in), making them far larger than any living insect. This gigantism may have been due to higher atmospheric oxygen levels that allowed increased respiratory efficiency relative to today. The lack of flying vertebrates could have been another factor. Most extinct orders of insects developed during the Permian period that began around 270 million years ago. Many of the early groups became extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction in the history of the Earth, around 252 million years ago.

Question: In addition to Carboniferous, what other insect order is inclusive of extant groups, stem groups and Paleozoic groups?
Answer: Early Permian

Question: To what measurement, in cm, did the wingspans of giant dragonfly-like forms reach?
Answer: 55 to 70

Question: Higher levels of what substance possibly contributed to the phenomenon of gigantism? 
Answer: oxygen

Question: How many million years ago is the Permian period believed to have begun? 
Answer: 270

Question: The most significant mass extinction of insect groups is commonly ascribed to what period?
Answer: Permian-Triassic

Question: Late Caboniferous and Early Permain are what kind of orders?
Answer: insect orders

Question: The insect orders include both of what?
Answer: extant groups

Question: The insect orders include a number of what kind of groups?
Answer: Paleozoic groups

Question: What kind of giant insect form had wingspans?
Answer: dragonfly-like forms

Question: How wide were the wingspans of the dragonfly-like forms?
Answer: 55 to 70 cm
Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses: wingless insects, known as Apterygota, and winged insects, known as Pterygota. The Apterygota consist of the primitively wingless order of the silverfish (Thysanura). Archaeognatha make up the Monocondylia based on the shape of their mandibles, while Thysanura and Pterygota are grouped together as Dicondylia. The Thysanura themselves possibly are not monophyletic, with the family Lepidotrichidae being a sister group to the Dicondylia (Pterygota and the remaining Thysanura).

Question: What is the term for the class of insects with wings?
Answer: Pterygota

Question: What is the term for the class of insects without wings? 
Answer: Apterygota

Question: What group of insects are inclusive within the Monocondylia primarily due to the shape of their mandible?
Answer: Archaeognatha

Question: What is the collective group to which Thysanura and Pterygota belong?
Answer: Dicondylia

Question: Insects are historically divided into how many groups?
Answer: two groups

Question: Insects with wings are known as what?
Answer: Pterygota

Question: Does an Apterygots have wings or wingless?
Answer: wingless

Question: What is a Thysanura?
Answer: silverfish

Question: Thysanura and Pterygota are what?
Answer: Dicondylia
Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass,:180 and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha), springtails (Collembola), Protura, and Diplura, the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the basis of internalized mouth parts. Supraordinal relationships have undergone numerous changes with the advent of methods based on evolutionary history and genetic data. A recent theory is that the Hexapoda are polyphyletic (where the last common ancestor was not a member of the group), with the entognath classes having separate evolutionary histories from the Insecta. Many of the traditional appearance-based taxa have been shown to be paraphyletic, so rather than using ranks like subclass, superorder, and infraorder, it has proved better to use monophyletic groupings (in which the last common ancestor is a member of the group). The following represents the best-supported monophyletic groupings for the Insecta.

Question: Morphology-based and appearance-based are known as what?
Answer: systematics

Question: What class is the Hexapoda ranked?
Answer: superclass

Question: How many groups are defined in the superclass?
Answer: four groups

Question: Springtails are also known as what?
Answer: Collembola

Question: Collembola, protura, and dipkura are in a group called what?
Answer: Entognatha
Paleoptera and Neoptera are the winged orders of insects differentiated by the presence of hardened body parts called sclerites, and in the Neoptera, muscles that allow their wings to fold flatly over the abdomen. Neoptera can further be divided into incomplete metamorphosis-based (Polyneoptera and Paraneoptera) and complete metamorphosis-based groups. It has proved difficult to clarify the relationships between the orders in Polyneoptera because of constant new findings calling for revision of the taxa. For example, the Paraneoptera have turned out to be more closely related to the Endopterygota than to the rest of the Exopterygota. The recent molecular finding that the traditional louse orders Mallophaga and Anoplura are derived from within Psocoptera has led to the new taxon Psocodea. Phasmatodea and Embiidina have been suggested to form the Eukinolabia. Mantodea, Blattodea, and Isoptera are thought to form a monophyletic group termed Dictyoptera.

Question: Paleoptera and Neoptera are what kind of insect orders? 
Answer: winged

Question: An insects hard body parts are called what?
Answer: sclerites

Question: Insect's wings fold flat over their what?
Answer: abdomen

Question: Neoptera can be divided into what kind of "based" group?
Answer: metamorphosis-based

Question: Paraneopter and Endopterygota are closely what?
Answer: related
For males, the reproductive system is the testis, suspended in the body cavity by tracheae and the fat body. Most male insects have a pair of testes, inside of which are sperm tubes or follicles that are enclosed within a membranous sac. The follicles connect to the vas deferens by the vas efferens, and the two tubular vasa deferentia connect to a median ejaculatory duct that leads to the outside. A portion of the vas deferens is often enlarged to form the seminal vesicle, which stores the sperm before they are discharged into the female. The seminal vesicles have glandular linings that secrete nutrients for nourishment and maintenance of the sperm. The ejaculatory duct is derived from an invagination of the epidermal cells during development and, as a result, has a cuticular lining. The terminal portion of the ejaculatory duct may be sclerotized to form the intromittent organ, the aedeagus. The remainder of the male reproductive system is derived from embryonic mesoderm, except for the germ cells, or spermatogonia, which descend from the primordial pole cells very early during embryogenesis.:885

Question: What is the male reproductive system called? 
Answer: testis

Question: Where is tracheae located?
Answer: the body cavity

Question: Most make insects contain a pair of what?
Answer: testes

Question: What are inside male testes?
Answer: sperm tubes

Question: Follicles inside a male insect's reproductive system connect to what?
Answer: the vas deferens
Some species use vibrations for communicating within members of the same species, such as to attract mates as in the songs of the shield bug Nezara viridula. Vibrations can also be used to communicate between entirely different species; lycaenid (gossamer-winged butterfly) caterpillars which are myrmecophilous (living in a mutualistic association with ants) communicate with ants in this way. The Madagascar hissing cockroach has the ability to press air through its spiracles to make a hissing noise as a sign of aggression; the Death's-head Hawkmoth makes a squeaking noise by forcing air out of their pharynx when agitated, which may also reduce aggressive worker honey bee behavior when the two are in close proximity.

Question: What are used by insects to communicate with members of the same species?
Answer: vibrations

Question: Vibrations are used to communicate with members of the same species, and what other species?
Answer: different species

Question: Which insects has a song to attract males from the same species?
Answer: Nezara viridula

Question: What is a lycaenid caterpillar? 
Answer: gossamer-winged butterfly

Question: Living in association with ants is called what?
Answer: myrmecophilous
Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects, individually or as a community, interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem.:3 Insects play one of the most important roles in their ecosystems, which includes many roles, such as soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wildlife nutrition. An example is the beetles, which are scavengers that feed on dead animals and fallen trees and thereby recycle biological materials into forms found useful by other organisms. These insects, and others, are responsible for much of the process by which topsoil is created.:3, 218–228

Question: Learning how insects interact with the surrounding environment is called what?
Answer: Insect ecology

Question: Another term for surrounding environment is what?
Answer: ecosystem

Question: What kind of role do insects play in their ecosystem?
Answer: important

Question: What type of burial do insects engage in?
Answer: dung

Question: Beetles are also known as what?
Answer: scavengers
There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) to some degree, and that certain genetic markers have varying frequencies among human populations, some of which correspond more or less to traditional racial groupings. For this reason, there is no current consensus about whether racial categories can be considered to have significance for understanding human genetic variation.

Question: What type of group can't be biologically defined?
Answer: racial

Question: What type of categorization in every day usage is there wide agreement it is only a social construct?
Answer: racial

Question: What do some people contend racial categories are obviously correlated with?
Answer: biological traits

Question: Some genetic markers have varying frequencies among what populations?
Answer: human

Question: What is the majority opinion on whether racial categories can be considered to have impact on human genetic variation? 
Answer: no current consensus
In some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratification, for social scientists studying social inequality, race can be a significant variable. As sociological factors, racial categories may in part reflect subjective attributions, self-identities, and social institutions.

Question: What does law enforcement in some countries use to profile suspects?
Answer: race

Question: Why is using racial categorization for profiling often criticized? 
Answer: perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation

Question: What promotes stereotypes?
Answer: use of racial categories

Question: Who can race serve as a significant factor when studying social inequality?
Answer: social scientists

Question: What may in part reflect subjective attributes, self-identities and social institutions? 
Answer: sociological factors
In the early 20th century, many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic, cultural, and social groups, while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics, in conjunction with a practice that is now called scientific racism. After the Nazi eugenics program, racial essentialism lost widespread popularity. Race anthropologists were pressured to acknowledge findings coming from studies of culture and population genetics, and to revise their conclusions about the sources of phenotypic variation. A significant number of modern anthropologists and biologists in the West came to view race as an invalid genetic or biological designation.

Question: Who taught and accepted the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic?
Answer: many anthropologists

Question: What practice was combined with the field of eugenics regarding the distinctness of social groups?
Answer: scientific racism

Question: What effect did the Nazi eugenics program have on racial essentialism? 
Answer: lost widespread popularity

Question: What conclusions were race anthropologists pressured to revise?
Answer: sources of phenotypic variation

Question: What did a lot of modern anthropologists in the West come to view racial designation as?
Answer: invalid
Often taxonomists prefer to use phylogenetic analysis to determine whether a population can be considered a subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis relies on the concept of derived characteristics that are not shared between groups, usually applying to populations that are allopatric (geographically separated) and therefore discretely bounded. This would make a subspecies, evolutionarily speaking, a clade – a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population. The smooth gradation of human genetic variation in general tends to rule out any idea that human population groups can be considered monophyletic (cleanly divided), as there appears to always have been considerable gene flow between human populations. Rachel Caspari (2003) have argued that clades are by definition monophyletic groups (a taxon that includes all descendants of a given ancestor) and since no groups currently regarded as races are monophyletic, none of those groups can be clades.

Question: What analysis method are taxonomists fond of using in considering a population?
Answer: phylogenetic

Question: How are allopatric populations separated? 
Answer: geographically

Question: What is a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population called?
Answer: a clade

Question: What is a tongue twister of a word that merely means "cleanly divided"?
Answer: monophyletic

Question: Who argued in 2003 that all clades are by definition monophyletic groups?
Answer: Rachel Caspari
The European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it "the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using "race" as a category within the law tends to legitimize its existence in the popular imagination. In the diverse geographic context of Europe, ethnicity and ethnic origin are arguably more resonant and are less encumbered by the ideological baggage associated with "race". In European context, historical resonance of "race" underscores its problematic nature. In some states, it is strongly associated with laws promulgated by the Nazi and Fascist governments in Europe during the 1930s and 1940s. Indeed, in 1996, the European Parliament adopted a resolution stating that "the term should therefore be avoided in all official texts".

Question: Who uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin interchangeably? 
Answer: The European Union

Question: What does using race as a category within the law legitimize?
Answer: its existence

Question: In what context is the historical use of race underscored by its problematic nature?
Answer: European

Question: Race is strongly associated with laws by what type of governments?
Answer: Fascist

Question: In what year did the European Parliament adopt a resolution to remove "race" from all official texts?
Answer: 1996
One result of debates over the meaning and validity of the concept of race is that the current literature across different disciplines regarding human variation lacks consensus, though within some fields, such as some branches of anthropology, there is strong consensus. Some studies use the word race in its early essentialist taxonomic sense. Many others still use the term race, but use it to mean a population, clade, or haplogroup. Others eschew the concept of race altogether, and use the concept of population as a less problematic unit of analysis.

Question: What does the current literature regarding human variation lack?
Answer: consensus

Question: What do some studies use the word race in the sense of?
Answer: taxonomic

Question: What term do some use to mean population, clade, or haplogroup?
Answer: race

Question: What do some eschew altogether? 
Answer: the concept of race

Question: What is a less problematic unit of analysis?
Answer: concept of population
One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African American having some European ancestors. Similarly, many people who identify as white have some African ancestors. In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as "white", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry.

Question: What is a problem with racial assignments? 
Answer: admixture

Question: How many people have a varied ancestry?
Answer: Many

Question: When were periods of numerous interracial relationships in the U.S.?
Answer: colonial and early federal history

Question: Who do many people who identify as white have for ancestors?
Answer: African

Question: What percentage of African ancestry were 30% of college students identifying as white estimated to have?
Answer: 10%
Paris is home to the association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros. Paris played host to the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics, the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, and the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Every July, the Tour de France of cycling finishes in the city.

Question: What is the name of the football club in Paris?
Answer: Paris Saint-Germain

Question: What is the name of the rugby union in Paris?
Answer: Stade Français

Question: How many seats are in Stade de France?
Answer: 80,000

Question: In what year did Paris host the World Cup?
Answer: 2007

Question: In what month is the Tour de France?
Answer: July
On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "open city". On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the Vel d'Hiv (Vélodrome d'Hiver), from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at Auschwitz. None of the children came back. On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the French 2nd Armoured Division and the 4th Infantry Division of the United States Army. General Charles de Gaulle led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris, and made a rousing speech from the Hôtel de Ville.

Question: On what date did the German army declare Paris as an open city?
Answer: 14 June 1940

Question: How many Jews were arrested following German orders?
Answer: 12,884

Question: Where were the Jews confined prior to being transported to Auschwitz?
Answer: Vel d'Hiv

Question: How many children came back from Auschwitz?

Question: On what date was the city liberated?
Answer: 25 August 1944
Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about 87 km2 (34 sq mi) in area, enclosed by the 35 km (22 mi) ring road, the Boulevard Périphérique. The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km2 (33.6 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to about 105 km2 (41 sq mi). The metropolitan area of the city is 2,300 km2 (890 sq mi).

Question: What road encircles Paris?
Answer: Boulevard Périphérique

Question: How large is the metropolitan area of Paris?
Answer: 2,300 km2

Question: In what year was Paris' last annexation of outlying territories?
Answer: 1860

Question: How many arrondissements are there?
Answer: 20

Question: In what year were Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes annexed? 
Answer: 1929
The majority of Paris' salaried employees fill 370,000 businesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements. Paris' financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th arrondissement banking and insurance district. Paris' department store district in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements employ 10 percent of mostly female Paris workers, with 100,000 of these registered in the retail trade. Fourteen percent of Parisians work in hotels and restaurants and other services to individuals. Nineteen percent of Paris employees work for the State in either in administration or education. The majority of Paris' healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and social housing concentrated in the peripheral 13th, 14th, 18th, 19th and 20th arrondissements. Outside Paris, the western Hauts-de-Seine department La Défense district specialising in finance, insurance and scientific research district, employs 144,600, and the north-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios.

Question: In what districts are the majority of businesses service jobs located?
Answer: 8th, 16th and 17th

Question: Where are Paris' financial service companies majorly located?
Answer: 8th and 9th arrondissement

Question: What industry is located in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements?
Answer: department store

Question: What percent of Parisians work in hotels and restaurants? 
Answer: Fourteen

Question: How many peole work in the La Defense district?
Answer: 144,600
In the 20th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by Colette, André Gide, François Mauriac, André Malraux, Albert Camus, and, after World War II, by Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre; Between the wars it was the home of many important expatriate writers, including Ernest Hemingway, Samuel Beckett, and, in the 1970s, Milan Kundera. The winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature, Patrick Modiano–who lives in Paris–, based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960s-1970s.

Question: Who was the winner of the 2014 Nobel prize in literature?
Answer: Patrick Modiano

Question: In what century did Collete, ANdre Gide and Francois Mauriac dominate the literary community?
Answer: 20th

Question: In what city does Patrick Modiano live?
Answer: Paris

Question: During what war did Modiano base most of his work off of?
Answer: World War II
Paris' most popular sport clubs are the association football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C. and the rugby union club Stade Français. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. It is used for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts the French national football team for friendlies and major tournaments qualifiers, annually hosts the French national rugby team's home matches of the Six Nations Championship, and hosts several important matches of the Stade Français rugby team. In addition to Paris Saint-Germain FC, the city has a number of other amateur football clubs: Paris FC, Red Star, RCF Paris and Stade Français Paris.

Question: How many seats are in the State de France?
Answer: 80,000

Question: What was the State de France built for?
Answer: 1998 FIFA World Cup

Question: What is the most popular football club in Paris?
Answer: Paris Saint-Germain F.C.

Question: What is the rugby club in Paris?
Answer: Stade Français
Bush's margin of victory in the popular vote was the smallest ever for a reelected incumbent president, but marked the first time since his father's victory 16 years prior that a candidate won a majority of the popular vote. The electoral map closely resembled that of 2000, with only three states changing sides: New Mexico and Iowa voted Republican in 2004 after having voted Democratic in 2000, while New Hampshire voted Democratic in 2004 after previously voting Republican. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 votes to Kerry's 252.

Question: How many States renounced their preferred political party?
Answer: three

Question: Which state switched sides and embraced the Democratic party after previously choosing the Republican party?
Answer: New Hampshire

Question: How many votes did Kerry receive, in the Electoral College?
Answer: 252

Question: How large of a gap was there between Bush's and Kerry's votes? 
Answer: the smallest ever

Question: Which candidate, in the 2004 election, had the majority of the popular vote?
Answer: Bush
In 1952, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., published the company's first written equal opportunity policy letter, one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education and 11 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1961, IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include sex, national origin, and age. The following year, IBM hosted its first Invention Award Dinner honoring 34 outstanding IBM inventors; and in 1963, the company named the first eight IBM Fellows in a new Fellowship Program that recognizes senior IBM scientists, engineers and other professionals for outstanding technical achievements.

Question: Who published IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter?
Answer: Thomas J. Watson, Jr

Question: In what year was IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter published?
Answer: 1952

Question: In 1961 IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include what?
Answer: sex, national origin, and age

Question: Starting in 1963 IBM started a program by naming 8 of these.
Answer: IBM Fellows

Question: How many inventors were honored at IBM's first Invention Award Dinner?
Answer: 34
IBM announced it will launch its new software, called "Open Client Offering" which is to run on Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X. The company states that its new product allows businesses to offer employees a choice of using the same software on Windows and its alternatives. This means that "Open Client Offering" is to cut costs of managing whether to use Linux or Apple relative to Windows. There will be no necessity for companies to pay Microsoft for its licenses for operating systems since the operating systems will no longer rely on software which is Windows-based. One alternative to Microsoft's office document formats is the Open Document Format software, whose development IBM supports. It is going to be used for several tasks like: word processing, presentations, along with collaboration with Lotus Notes, instant messaging and blog tools as well as an Internet Explorer competitor – the Mozilla Firefox web browser. IBM plans to install Open Client on 5% of its desktop PCs. The Linux offering has been made available as the IBM Client for Smart Work product on the Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux platforms.

Question: What will Open Client Offering run on?
Answer: Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X

Question: What is an alternative to the Office document format from Microsoft?
Answer: Open Document Format software

Question: What percentage of its desktop PCs does IBM plan to install Open Client on to?
Answer: 5%

Question: Which platforms did IBM begin offering the IBM Client for Smart Work on?
Answer: Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux

Question: What web browser does the Open Document Format have compatibility with?
Answer: Mozilla Firefox
Domestically, Menzies presided over a fairly regulated economy in which utilities were publicly owned, and commercial activity was highly regulated through centralised wage-fixing and high tariff protection. Liberal leaders from Menzies to Malcolm Fraser generally maintained Australia's high tariff levels. At that time the Liberals' coalition partner, the Country Party, the older of the two in the coalition (now known as the "National Party"), had considerable influence over the government's economic policies. It was not until the late 1970s and through their period out of power federally in the 1980s that the party came to be influenced by what was known as the "New Right" – a conservative liberal group who advocated market deregulation, privatisation of public utilities, reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts.

Question: Did Mezies and Malcom Fraser raise, mainain, or lower tariff levels?
Answer: generally maintain

Question: Which group is currently known as the "National Party"?
Answer: the Country Party

Question: What is the "New Right"?
Answer: a conservative liberal group who advocated market deregulation, privatisation of public utilities, reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts

Question: Were utilities publically or privately owned in Menzie's economy?
Answer: publicly
In the 13th century, Hōjō Shigetoki (1198–1261 AD) wrote: "When one is serving officially or in the master's court, he should not think of a hundred or a thousand people, but should consider only the importance of the master." Carl Steenstrup noted that 13th and 14th century warrior writings (gunki) "portrayed the bushi in their natural element, war, eulogizing such virtues as reckless bravery, fierce family pride, and selfless, at times senseless devotion of master and man". Feudal lords such as Shiba Yoshimasa (1350–1410 AD) stated that a warrior looked forward to a glorious death in the service of a military leader or the Emperor: "It is a matter of regret to let the moment when one should die pass by....First, a man whose profession is the use of arms should think and then act upon not only his own fame, but also that of his descendants. He should not scandalize his name forever by holding his one and only life too dear....One's main purpose in throwing away his life is to do so either for the sake of the Emperor or in some great undertaking of a military general. It is that exactly that will be the great fame of one's descendants."

Question: When was Hojo Shigetoki born?
Answer: 1198

Question: When did Hojo Shigetoki die?
Answer: 1261

Question: What were gunki?
Answer: 13th and 14th century warrior writings

Question: When was Shiba Yoshimasa born?
Answer: 1350

Question: When did Shiba Yoshimasa die?
Answer: 1410
Katō Kiyomasa was one of the most powerful and well-known lords of the Sengoku Era. He commanded most of Japan's major clans during the invasion of Korea (1592–1598). In a handbook he addressed to "all samurai, regardless of rank" he told his followers that a warrior's only duty in life was to "...grasp the long and the short swords and to die". He also ordered his followers to put forth great effort in studying the military classics, especially those related to loyalty and filial piety. He is best known for his quote: "If a man does not investigate into the matter of Bushido daily, it will be difficult for him to die a brave and manly death. Thus it is essential to engrave this business of the warrior into one's mind well."

Question: When was Kato Kiyomasa in power?
Answer: the Sengoku Era

Question: When did Japan begin invading Korea?
Answer: 1592

Question: When did Japan finish invading Korea?
Answer: 1598

Question: What did Kato Kiyomasa think samurais' duty was?
Answer: to "...grasp the long and the short swords and to die"

Question: What concept did Kato Kiyomasa think should be studied every day?
Answer: Bushido
Torii Mototada (1539–1600) was a feudal lord in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu. On the eve of the battle of Sekigahara, he volunteered to remain behind in the doomed Fushimi Castle while his lord advanced to the east. Torii and Tokugawa both agreed that the castle was indefensible. In an act of loyalty to his lord, Torii chose to remain behind, pledging that he and his men would fight to the finish. As was custom, Torii vowed that he would not be taken alive. In a dramatic last stand, the garrison of 2,000 men held out against overwhelming odds for ten days against the massive army of Ishida Mitsunari's 40,000 warriors. In a moving last statement to his son Tadamasa, he wrote:

Question: Who did Torii Mototada serve?
Answer: Tokugawa Ieyasu

Question: When was Torii Mototada born?
Answer: 1539

Question: When did Torii Mototada die?
Answer: 1600

Question: How many people were in Ishida Mitsunari's army?
Answer: 40,000

Question: How many soldiers defended Torii's last stand?
Answer: 2,000
The rival of Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) was Uesugi Kenshin (1530–1578), a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the "way of the warrior as death". Japanese historian Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki describes Uesugi's beliefs as: "Those who are reluctant to give up their lives and embrace death are not true warriors.... Go to the battlefield firmly confident of victory, and you will come home with no wounds whatever. Engage in combat fully determined to die and you will be alive; wish to survive in the battle and you will surely meet death. When you leave the house determined not to see it again you will come home safely; when you have any thought of returning you will not return. You may not be in the wrong to think that the world is always subject to change, but the warrior must not entertain this way of thinking, for his fate is always determined."

Question: Who was Takeda's rival?
Answer: Uesugi Kenshin

Question: What did Uesugi encourage?
Answer: the "way of the warrior as death"

Question: What was Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki's occupation?
Answer: Japanese historian

Question: When was Takeda born?
Answer: 1521

Question: When was Uesugi born?
Answer: 1530
Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier (1506–1552): "There is no nation in the world which fears death less." Xavier further describes the honour and manners of the people: "I fancy that there are no people in the world more punctilious about their honour than the Japanese, for they will not put up with a single insult or even a word spoken in anger." Xavier spent the years 1549–1551 converting Japanese to Christianity. He also observed: "The Japanese are much braver and more warlike than the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines."

Question: What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in?
Answer: Jesuit

Question: When was St. Francis Xavier born?
Answer: 1506

Question: When did St. Francis Xavier die?
Answer: 1552

Question: When did Xavier try to convert Japan to Christianity?
Answer: 1549–1551

Question: Who were the Japanese regarded as braver than?
Answer: the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines
As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole. The culture associated with the samurai such as the tea ceremony, monochrome ink painting, rock gardens and poetry were adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200–1600. These practices were adapted from the Chinese arts. Zen monks introduced them to Japan and they were allowed to flourish due to the interest of powerful warrior elites. Musō Soseki (1275–1351) was a Zen monk who was advisor to both Emperor Go-Daigo and General Ashikaga Takauji (1304–58). Musō, as well as other monks, acted as political and cultural diplomat between Japan and China. Musō was particularly well known for his garden design. Another Ashikaga patron of the arts was Yoshimasa. His cultural advisor, the Zen monk Zeami, introduced tea ceremony to him. Previously, tea had been used primarily for Buddhist monks to stay awake during meditation.

Question: Whose culture included tea ceremonies?
Answer: samurai

Question: What kind of painting did samurai do?
Answer: monochrome ink

Question: What was Japanese culture influenced by?
Answer: Chinese arts

Question: Who brought Chinese arts to Japan?
Answer: Zen monks

Question: When was Muso Soseki born?
Answer: 1275
Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?–1623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the east exit of Tokyo Station is known as Yaesu (八重洲). Yaesu is a corruption of the Dutchman's Japanese name, Yayousu (耶楊子). Also in common with Adam's, Joostens was given a Red Seal Ship (朱印船) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground.

Question: What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?
Answer: Dutch

Question: Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born?
Answer: 1556

Question: What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn's Japanese name?
Answer: Yayousu

Question: What permission allowed trade between Japan and Indo-China?
Answer: a Red Seal Ship

Question: How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die?
Answer: drowned after his ship ran aground
Jidaigeki (literally historical drama) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television. The programs typically feature a samurai. Samurai films and westerns share a number of similarities and the two have influenced each other over the years. One of Japan’s most renowned directors, Akira Kurosawa, greatly influenced the samurai aspect in western film-making.[citation needed] George Lucas’ Star Wars series incorporated many aspects from the Seven Samurai film. One example is that in the Japanese film, seven samurai warriors are hired by local farmers to protect their land from being overrun by bandits; In George Lucas’ Star Wars: A New Hope, a similar situation arises. Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director John Ford and in turn Kurosawa's works have been remade into westerns such as The Seven Samurai into The Magnificent Seven and Yojimbo into A Fistful of Dollars. There is also a 26 episode anime adaptation (Samurai 7) of The Seven Samurai. Along with film, literature containing samurai influences are seen as well.

Question: What is Jidaigeki?
Answer: historical drama

Question: Who is Akira Kurosawa? 
Answer: One of Japan’s most renowned directors

Question: Who directed 'Seven Samurai'?
Answer: Akira Kurosawa

Question: What Japanese movie is 'Star Wars: A New Hope' said to be similar to?
Answer: Seven Samurai

Question: What western was inspired by 'Seven Samurai'?
Answer: The Magnificent Seven
Most common are historical works where the protagonist is either a samurai or former samurai (or another rank or position) who possesses considerable martial skill. Eiji Yoshikawa is one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists. His retellings of popular works, including Taiko, Musashi and Heike Tale, are popular among readers for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture.[citation needed] The samurai have also appeared frequently in Japanese comics (manga) and animation (anime). Samurai-like characters are not just restricted to historical settings and a number of works set in the modern age, and even the future, include characters who live, train and fight like samurai. Examples are Samurai Champloo, Requiem from the Darkness, Muramasa: The Demon Blade, and Afro Samurai. Some of these works have made their way to the west, where it has been increasing in popularity with America.

Question: Who is Eiji Yoshikawa?
Answer: one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists

Question: Why are Eiji Yoshikawa's books popular?
Answer: for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture

Question: What are Japanese comic books called?
Answer: manga

Question: What are Japanese animation called?
Answer: anime
A fundamental problem with software testing is that testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible, even with a simple product.:17-18 This means that the number of defects in a software product can be very large and defects that occur infrequently are difficult to find in testing. More significantly, non-functional dimensions of quality (how it is supposed to be versus what it is supposed to do)—usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability—can be highly subjective; something that constitutes sufficient value to one person may be intolerable to another.

Question: What is the primary issue with running software testing?
Answer: testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible

Question: What types of software bugs are difficult to find during testing?
Answer: defects that occur infrequently

Question: What other non-functional dimensions can cause software to underperform and cause other problems?
Answer: usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability
Software developers can't test everything, but they can use combinatorial test design to identify the minimum number of tests needed to get the coverage they want. Combinatorial test design enables users to get greater test coverage with fewer tests. Whether they are looking for speed or test depth, they can use combinatorial test design methods to build structured variation into their test cases. Note that "coverage", as used here, is referring to combinatorial coverage, not requirements coverage.

Question: Although software developers are unable to test everything, what do they run to keep the testing to a minimum? 
Answer: use combinatorial test design

Question: What does the use of combinatorial testing consist of?
Answer: get greater test coverage with fewer tests

Question: What two types of testing are involved with combinatorial testing as mentioned here?
Answer: speed or test depth
Grey-box testing (American spelling: gray-box testing) involves having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms for purposes of designing tests, while executing those tests at the user, or black-box level. The tester is not required to have full access to the software's source code.[not in citation given] Manipulating input data and formatting output do not qualify as grey-box, because the input and output are clearly outside of the "black box" that we are calling the system under test. This distinction is particularly important when conducting integration testing between two modules of code written by two different developers, where only the interfaces are exposed for test.

Question: What does grey-box testing involve?
Answer: having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms

Question: What does a grey-box tester not need to run their test?
Answer: not required to have full access to the software's source code

Question: What does not qualify as grey-box testing?
Answer: Manipulating input data and formatting output
Unit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle. Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Unit testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.

Question: What is the main reasoning behind Unit testing that involves synchronization of the application on a broad spectrum? 
Answer: reduce software development risks, time, and costs

Question: Who performs the Unit testing phase?
Answer: software developer or engineer

Question: What does Unit testing look to eliminate?
Answer: construction errors

Question: By elimination construction errors, what is the expected end result?
Answer: increase the quality of the resulting software
Regression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it seeks to uncover software regressions, as degraded or lost features, including old bugs that have come back. Such regressions occur whenever software functionality that was previously working correctly, stops working as intended. Typically, regressions occur as an unintended consequence of program changes, when the newly developed part of the software collides with the previously existing code. Common methods of regression testing include re-running previous sets of test-cases and checking whether previously fixed faults have re-emerged. The depth of testing depends on the phase in the release process and the risk of the added features. They can either be complete, for changes added late in the release or deemed to be risky, or be very shallow, consisting of positive tests on each feature, if the changes are early in the release or deemed to be of low risk. Regression testing is typically the largest test effort in commercial software development, due to checking numerous details in prior software features, and even new software can be developed while using some old test-cases to test parts of the new design to ensure prior functionality is still supported.

Question: Finding defects once a change in code had already happened is called?
Answer: Regression testing

Question: What happens to software after a major change in code that leads to regression??
Answer: stops working as intended

Question: What is a common method used during regression testing?
Answer: re-running previous sets of test-cases

Question: What determines how deep a tester will go during regression?
Answer: phase in the release process and the risk of the added features

Question: If changes need to occur during the softwares early release with regression testing how much of an impact does this have on the team as related to other testing? 
Answer: typically the largest test effort in commercial software development