meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
In an effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, on 13 April 1941, the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Axis power Japan. While Stalin had little faith in Japan's commitment to neutrality, he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism, to reinforce a public affection for Germany. Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union. Stalin did not know that Hitler had been secretly discussing an invasion of the Soviet Union since summer 1940, and that Hitler had ordered his military in late 1940 to prepare for war in the east regardless of the parties' talks of a potential Soviet entry as a fourth Axis Power.

Question: Who was planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?
Answer: Hitler

Question: Who did the Soviet Union agree to remain neutral with when they signed a treaty on the 13th of April?
Answer: Japan

Question: Why did Stalin sign the pact? 
Answer: reinforce a public affection for Germany
Edward Hallett Carr, a frequent defender of Soviet policy, stated: "In return for 'non-intervention' Stalin secured a breathing space of immunity from German attack."[page needed] According to Carr, the "bastion" created by means of the Pact, "was and could only be, a line of defense against potential German attack."[page needed] According to Carr, an important advantage was that "if Soviet Russia had eventually to fight Hitler, the Western Powers would already be involved."[page needed] However, during the last decades, this view has been disputed. Historian Werner Maser stated that "the claim that the Soviet Union was at the time threatened by Hitler, as Stalin supposed ... is a legend, to whose creators Stalin himself belonged. In Maser's view, "neither Germany nor Japan were in a situation [of] invading the USSR even with the least perspective  [sic] of success," and this could not have been unknown to Stalin. Carr further stated that, for a long time, the primary motive of Stalin's sudden change of course was assumed to be the fear of German aggressive intentions.

Question: Edward Carr believes that in a war between Germany and the Soviet Union, who else would have been participating?
Answer: the Western Powers would already be involved

Question: Who believes that the Soviet Unions was afraid of Germany?
Answer: Historian Werner Maser

Question: The pact according to Edward Carr’s view was to provide what between Germany and the Soviet Union?
Answer: a line of defense against
When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is attached across a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the other plate. If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the capacitor. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, a displacement current can flow.

Question: When does an electric field develop across the dielectric?
Answer: When there is a potential difference across the conductors

Question: Under what condition can a displacement current flow in a capacitor?
Answer: if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads

Question: What is an example of when there exists a potential difference across the conductors? 
Answer: when a capacitor is attached across a battery

Question: What happens to the current when a battery has been attached to a capacitor for an adequate amount of time?
Answer: no current can flow through the capacitor

Question: How do charges accumulate on each plate of a capacitor after an electric field has developed across the dielectric?
Answer: positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the other
In October 1745, Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania, Germany, found that charge could be stored by connecting a high-voltage electrostatic generator by a wire to a volume of water in a hand-held glass jar. Von Kleist's hand and the water acted as conductors, and the jar as a dielectric (although details of the mechanism were incorrectly identified at the time). Von Kleist found that touching the wire resulted in a powerful spark, much more painful than that obtained from an electrostatic machine. The following year, the Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented a similar capacitor, which was named the Leyden jar, after the University of Leiden where he worked. He also was impressed by the power of the shock he received, writing, "I would not take a second shock for the kingdom of France."

Question: Who first discovered the basic properties of capacitors?
Answer: Ewald Georg von Kleist

Question: When were the basic properties of capacitors first discovered?
Answer: In October 1745

Question: In the original experiment in which the properties of capacitors were discovered, what component acted as the dielectric? 
Answer: a hand-held glass jar

Question: Besides the scientist's hand, what other component of the experiment in which the basic properties of capacitors were discovered acted as the second conductor?
Answer: the water acted as conductors

Question: What was the name of the Dutch physicist who invented the Leyden Jar?
Answer: Pieter van Musschenbroek
Daniel Gralath was the first to combine several jars in parallel into a "battery" to increase the charge storage capacity. Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and came to the conclusion that the charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had assumed. He also adopted the term "battery", (denoting the increasing of power with a row of similar units as in a battery of cannon), subsequently applied to clusters of electrochemical cells. Leyden jars were later made by coating the inside and outside of jars with metal foil, leaving a space at the mouth to prevent arcing between the foils.[citation needed] The earliest unit of capacitance was the jar, equivalent to about 1.11 nanofarads.

Question: Who was the first person to connect several Leyden jars in parallel?
Answer: Daniel Gralath

Question: Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was stored in Leyden jars?
Answer: stored on the glass

Question: Who coined the term "battery"?
Answer: Benjamin Franklin

Question: How many nanofarads did the earliest unit of capacitance equate to? 
Answer: 1.11 nanofarads

Question: Why was a gap left at the mouth of Leyden jars?
Answer: to prevent arcing between the foils
Since the beginning of the study of electricity non conductive materials like glass, porcelain, paper and mica have been used as insulators. These materials some decades later were also well-suited for further use as the dielectric for the first capacitors. Paper capacitors made by sandwiching a strip of impregnated paper between strips of metal, and rolling the result into a cylinder were commonly used in the late 19century; their manufacture started in 1876, and they were used from the early 20th century as decoupling capacitors in telecommunications (telephony).

Question: Besides porcelain, paper and mica, what other non conductive material was used as an insulator? 
Answer: glass

Question: For what use were non conductive materials used in the first capacitors?
Answer: as the dielectric

Question: What was layered between strips of metal in order to create paper capacitors?
Answer: strip of impregnated paper

Question: When were paper capacitors first manufactured?
Answer: in 1876

Question: What other use did paper capacitors serve in the telecommunications industry?
Answer: as decoupling capacitors
The maximum energy is a function of dielectric volume, permittivity, and dielectric strength. Changing the plate area and the separation between the plates while maintaining the same volume causes no change of the maximum amount of energy that the capacitor can store, so long as the distance between plates remains much smaller than both the length and width of the plates. In addition, these equations assume that the electric field is entirely concentrated in the dielectric between the plates. In reality there are fringing fields outside the dielectric, for example between the sides of the capacitor plates, which will increase the effective capacitance of the capacitor. This is sometimes called parasitic capacitance. For some simple capacitor geometries this additional capacitance term can be calculated analytically. It becomes negligibly small when the ratios of plate width to separation and length to separation are large.

Question: What is a function of the amount of dielectric, the strength of dielectric and its permittivity?
Answer: The maximum energy

Question: If the plate area and separation distance are altered while keeping the amount of dielectric the same, what effect is had on the maximum energy of the capacitor? 
Answer: no change of the maximum amount of energy

Question: In a realistic model of a capacitor, where else besides between the dielectric between the conductors might an electric field be found?
Answer: fringing fields outside the dielectric

Question: When an electric field exists between the sides of the plates as well as in within the dielectric, what effect is had on the effective capacitance of the capacitor?
Answer: will increase the effective capacitance

Question: When the ratios of plate length and width to separation distance are large, what size is the parasitic capacitance?
Answer: negligibly small
Capacitors, especially ceramic capacitors, and older designs such as paper capacitors, can absorb sound waves resulting in a microphonic effect. Vibration moves the plates, causing the capacitance to vary, in turn inducing AC current. Some dielectrics also generate piezoelectricity. The resulting interference is especially problematic in audio applications, potentially causing feedback or unintended recording. In the reverse microphonic effect, the varying electric field between the capacitor plates exerts a physical force, moving them as a speaker. This can generate audible sound, but drains energy and stresses the dielectric and the electrolyte, if any.

Question: What is the effect called when capacitors absorb sound waves?
Answer: microphonic effect

Question: What value of a capacitor is varied when vibration moves the conducting plates? 
Answer: the capacitance

Question: What sort of current is induced when the capacitance of a capacitor is altered?
Answer: AC current

Question: In what type of applications is piezeoelectricity especially problematic?
Answer: audio applications

Question: What is it called when a changing electric field existing between the conductive plates of a capacitor physically moves them?
Answer: the reverse microphonic effect
Capacitors made with any type of dielectric material will show some level of "dielectric absorption" or "soakage". On discharging a capacitor and disconnecting it, after a short time it may develop a voltage due to hysteresis in the dielectric. This effect can be objectionable in applications such as precision sample and hold circuits or timing circuits. The level of absorption depends on many factors, from design considerations to charging time, since the absorption is a time-dependent process. However, the primary factor is the type of dielectric material. Capacitors such as tantalum electrolytic or polysulfone film exhibit very high absorption, while polystyrene or Teflon allow very small levels of absorption. In some capacitors where dangerous voltages and energies exist, such as in flashtubes, television sets, and defibrillators, the dielectric absorption can recharge the capacitor to hazardous voltages after it has been shorted or discharged. Any capacitor containing over 10 joules of energy is generally considered hazardous, while 50 joules or higher is potentially lethal. A capacitor may regain anywhere from 0.01 to 20% of its original charge over a period of several minutes, allowing a seemingly safe capacitor to become surprisingly dangerous.

Question: After discharging and disconnecting a capacitor, what causes it to develop a voltage?
Answer: hysteresis in the dielectric

Question: What does the process of dielectric absorption in a capacitor depend on?
Answer: time-dependent

Question: What level of dielectric absorption would a tantalum electrolytic capacitor display? 
Answer: very high absorption

Question: What level of dielectric absorption would a Teflon capacitor exhibit?
Answer: very small levels of absorption

Question: What amount of energy must a capacitor contain in order to be generally considered dangerous? 
Answer: over 10 joules of energy
Most types of capacitor include a dielectric spacer, which increases their capacitance. These dielectrics are most often insulators. However, low capacitance devices are available with a vacuum between their plates, which allows extremely high voltage operation and low losses. Variable capacitors with their plates open to the atmosphere were commonly used in radio tuning circuits. Later designs use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates, with no significant air space between them.

Question: What do many capacitors contain that raises the capacitance?
Answer: a dielectric spacer

Question: What sort of dielectric is used in low capacitance devices?
Answer: a vacuum

Question: What sort of capacitors have traditionally been used in radio tuning circuits?
Answer: Variable capacitors

Question: How did the capacitor traditionally used in radio tuning circuits change over time? 
Answer: use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates

Question: What did the later designs of capacitors used in radio tuning circuits no longer have?
Answer: no significant air space
Political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences[citation needed]. However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal form of government. The roots of politics are in prehistory. In each historic period and in almost every geographic area, we can find someone studying politics and increasing political understanding.

Question: What larger group does political science belong to?
Answer: social sciences

Question: Where did the ideas of political science begin?
Answer: prehistory

Question: In history, where could you find someone studying politics?
Answer: in almost every geographic area
Around the sixth century AD, a tribe of Slavs arrived in a portion of Central Europe. According to legend they were led by a hero named Čech, from whom the word "Czech" derives. The ninth century brought the state of Great Moravia, whose first ruler (Rastislav of Moravia) invited Byzantine ruler Michael III to send missionaries in an attempt to reduce the influence of East Francia on religious and political life in his country. These missionaries, Constantine and Methodius, helped to convert the Czechs from traditional Slavic paganism to Christianity and established a church system. They also brought the Glagolitic alphabet to the West Slavs, whose language was previously unwritten. This language, later known as Proto-Czech, was beginning to separate from its fellow West Slavic hatchlings Proto-Slovak, Proto-Polish and Proto-Sorbian. Among other features, Proto-Czech was marked by its ephemeral use of the voiced velar fricative consonant (/ɣ/) and consistent stress on the first syllable.

Question: When did a tribe of Slavs arrive in Central Europe?
Answer: sixth century AD

Question: Who was the hero who led the Slavs to their new home, according to legend?
Answer: Čech

Question: What did the ninth century bring?
Answer: state of Great Moravia

Question: Whose influence was Rastislav eager to reduce, when he invited  Michael III to send missionaries? 
Answer: East Francia

Question: What alphabet did the missionaries bring to the West Slavs?
Answer: Glagolitic
Digimon hatch from types of eggs which are called Digi-Eggs (デジタマ, Dejitama?). In the English iterations of the franchise there is another type of Digi-Egg that can be used to digivolve, or transform, Digimon. This second type of Digi-Egg is called a Digimental (デジメンタル, Dejimentaru?) in Japanese. (This type of Digi-Egg was also featured as a major object throughout season 2 as a way of Digivolution available only to certain characters at certain points throughout the season.) They age via a process called "Digivolution" which changes their appearance and increases their powers. The effect of Digivolution, however, is not permanent in the partner Digimon of the main characters in the anime, and Digimon who have digivolved will most of the time revert to their previous form after a battle or if they are too weak to continue. Some Digimon act feral. Most, however, are capable of intelligence and human speech. They are able to digivolve by the use of Digivices that their human partners have. In some cases, as in the first series, the DigiDestined (known as the 'Chosen Children' in the original Japanese) had to find some special items such as crests and tags so the Digimon could digivolve into further stages of evolution known as Ultimate and Mega in the dub.

Question: How do digimon evolve?
Answer: Digimental

Question: How are digimon born?
Answer: Digimon hatch from types of eggs which are called Digi-Eggs

Question: What is the process of aging called for digimon?
Answer: Digivolution

Question: What effect does digivolution have on digimon?
Answer: changes their appearance and increases their powers

Question: Are digimon all mindless monsters?
Answer: Some Digimon act feral. Most, however, are capable of intelligence and human speech

Question: What were the eggs called that the Digimon were hatched from?
Answer: Digi-Eggs

Question: What is the second type of Digi-Eggs called?
Answer: Digimental

Question: What is the process called of how Digi-Eggs age?
Answer: Digivolution

Question: What items were used to help the Digimon evolve? 
Answer: Digivices
Equivalently, the smallness of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles. For example, green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres (the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive) has a frequency of 7014540000000000000♠540 THz (7014540000000000000♠540×1012 Hz). Each photon has an energy E = hf = 6981358000000000000♠3.58×10−19 J. That is a very small amount of energy in terms of everyday experience, but everyday experience is not concerned with individual photons any more than with individual atoms or molecules. An amount of light compatible with everyday experience is the energy of one mole of photons; its energy can be computed by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant, NA ≈ 7023602200000000000♠6.022×1023 mol−1. The result is that green light of wavelength 555 nm has an energy of 7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol, a typical energy of everyday life.

Question: What are common things like furniture and stationary objects actually made of?
Answer: particles

Question: Which light wavelength is the human eye most sensitive to?
Answer: 555 nanometres

Question: What color of light is the human eye most sensitive to?
Answer: green

Question: What does the smallness of the Planck constant show?
Answer: the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles

Question: At about what wavelength of light are human eyes most sensitive?
Answer: 555 nanometres

Question: What frequency does green light with a wavelength of 555 nanmetres have?
Answer: 7014540000000000000♠540 THz

Question: How is the energy from one mole of photos computed?
Answer: by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant

Question: How much energy does a green light of wavelength 555 nm contain?
Answer: 7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol

Question: What is the wavelength of light to which human eyes are most sensitive?
Answer: 555 nanometres

Question: What is the frequency of the light to which the human eye is most sensitive?
Answer: 7014540000000000000♠540 THz

Question: What is the energy of a photon?
Answer: 6981358000000000000♠3.58×10−19 J

Question: How much energy is contained in the light to which human eyes are most sensitive?
Answer: 7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol
Prior to Einstein's paper, electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave: hence the use of the terms "frequency" and "wavelength" to characterise different types of radiation. The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity. The light from a theatre spotlight is more intense than the light from a domestic lightbulb; that is to say that the spotlight gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space(and hence consumes more electricity) than the ordinary bulb, even though the colour of the light might be very similar. Other waves, such as sound or the waves crashing against a seafront, also have their own intensity. However, the energy account of the photoelectric effect didn't seem to agree with the wave description of light.

Question: Before Einstein, electromagnetic radiation was considered to behave as what?
Answer: a wave

Question: What terms describe different types of radiation?
Answer: "frequency" and "wavelength"

Question: What other types of wave besides light has its own intensity?
Answer: sound

Question: What is the energy transferred by a wave in a given time called?
Answer: intensity

Question: Prior to Einstein's work, light behavior was modeled as what?
Answer: a wave

Question: What is the name for the amount of energy transfered by a wave in a given time?
Answer: intensity

Question: What portion of the photoelectric effect was in disagreement with the believed description of light behavior?
Answer: the energy account

Question: What does it mean for a light source to be more intense than another?
Answer: gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space
where the uncertainty is given as the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value. There are a number of other such pairs of physically measurable values which obey a similar rule. One example is time vs. energy. The either-or nature of uncertainty forces measurement attempts to choose between trade offs, and given that they are quanta, the trade offs often take the form of either-or (as in Fourier analysis), rather than the compromises and gray areas of time series analysis.

Question:  What measurable value obeys a similar rule of angular momentum?
Answer: time vs. energy

Question: What forces measurement attempts to choose between trade-offs, in quanta?
Answer: either-or nature of uncertainty

Question: What form do measurement attempt trade-offs for quanta take the form of?
Answer: either-or (as in Fourier analysis)

Question: How is uncertainly measured in this experience?
Answer: the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value

Question: What type of analysis fits the either-or nature of the uncertainty?
Answer: Fourier analysis

Question: What example is given as another paired relationship of uncertainly related to standard deviation?
Answer: time vs. energy
The Faraday constant F is the charge of one mole of electrons, equal to the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e. It can be determined by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current. In practice, it is measured in conventional electrical units, and so given the symbol F90. Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant.

Question: What is the Faraday constant?
Answer: the charge of one mole of electrons

Question: How is the Faraday constant determined?
Answer: by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current.

Question: How does the Faraday constant relate to the Planck constant?
Answer: Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant.

Question: How is the Farday constant value quickly calculated?
Answer: the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e
Comcast has been criticized for multiple reasons. The company's customer satisfaction often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry. Comcast has violated net neutrality practices in the past; and, despite Comcast's commitment to a narrow definition of net neutrality, critics advocate a definition of which precludes distinction between Comcast's private network services and the rest of the Internet. Critics also point out a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast's service area; there is limited competition among cable providers. Given Comcast's negotiating power as a large ISP, some suspect that Comcast could leverage paid peering agreements to unfairly influence end-user connection speeds. Its ownership of both content production (in NBCUniversal) and content distribution (as an ISP) has raised antitrust concerns. These issues, in addition to others, led to Comcast being dubbed "The Worst Company in America" by The Consumerist in 2014 and 2010.

Question: What is the largest criticism leveled by consumers against Comcast
Answer: customer satisfaction

Question: It has been alleged that Comcast's internet service has done what to customers? 
Answer: has violated net neutrality practices

Question: What monopolistic practice draws criticism of Comcast?
Answer: a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast's service area

Question: What dubious distinction has Comcast earned twice from The Consumerist?
Answer: "The Worst Company in America"

Question: How does Comcast's customer service stack up against its competition?
Answer: often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry
In 2001, Comcast announced it would acquire the assets of the largest cable television operator at the time, AT&T Broadband, for US$44.5 billion. The proposed name for the merged company was "AT&T Comcast", but the companies ultimately decided to keep only the Comcast name. In 2002, Comcast acquired all assets of AT&T Broadband, thus making Comcast the largest cable television company in the United States with over 22 million subscribers. This also spurred the start of Comcast Advertising Sales (using AT&T's groundwork) which would later be renamed Comcast Spotlight. As part of this acquisition, Comcast also acquired the National Digital Television Center in Centennial, Colorado as a wholly owned subsidiary, which is today known as the Comcast Media Center.

Question: When did Comcast acquire the cable assets of AT&T Broadband?
Answer: 2001

Question: What did Comcast pay for this subsidiary?
Answer: $44.5 billion

Question: What was the original name of AT&T Broadband and Comcast going to be?
Answer: AT&T Comcast

Question: When Comcast purchased AT&T Broadband, how many customers did they service?
Answer: 22 million

Question: Comcast's advertising and commercial production branch was called what?
Answer: Comcast Spotlight
In April 2005, Comcast and Time Warner Cable announced plans to buy the assets of bankrupted Adelphia Cable. The two companies paid a total of $17.6 billion in the deal that was finalized in the second quarter of 2006—after the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) completed a seven-month investigation without raising an objection. Time Warner Cable became the second largest cable provider in the U.S., ranking behind Comcast. As part of the deal, Time Warner and Comcast traded existing subscribers in order to consolidate them into larger geographic clusters.

Question: What bankrupt company did Comcast partner with another broadband provider to acquire in 2005?
Answer: Adelphia Cable

Question: Who was Comcast's partner in the deal for Adelphia?
Answer: Time Warner Cable

Question: What was the price to take over Adelphia?
Answer: $17.6 billion

Question: What government organization investigated details of this acquisition?
Answer: the U.S. Federal Communications Commission

Question: When was this deal finalized?
Answer: second quarter of 2006
The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially to recurrent TB than previously thought, with estimates that it might account for more than 50% of reactivated cases in areas where TB is common. The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4% as of 2008, down from 8% in 1995.

Question: As immunosuppression goes up in tuberculosis cases, what risk rises with it? 
Answer: reactivation

Question: What disease has a similar relationship as TB does between reactivation and immunosuppression?
Answer: HIV

Question: If you'd been diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1995, how great a chance would you have faced of dying from it?
Answer: 8%

Question: In what year did the risk of dying from TB reach half what it was in 1995?
Answer: 2008

Question: New studies have found that half of reactivation cases of tuberculosis might actually be due to what other "re-" word?
Answer: reinfection
The BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Two main approaches are being used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG, while the other strategy is attempting to create new and better live vaccines. MVA85A, an example of a subunit vaccine, currently in trials in South Africa, is based on a genetically modified vaccinia virus. Vaccines are hoped to play a significant role in treatment of both latent and active disease.

Question: What vaccine are researchers trying to improve on?
Answer: BCG

Question: What phase of clinical trials have some new vaccine options reached?
Answer: I and II

Question: What does one option propose adding to the existing BCG vaccine? 
Answer: subunit vaccine

Question: What's the name of the subunit vaccine being studied in South Africa?
Answer: MVA85A

Question: What genetically modified virus was used to develop MVA85A?
Answer: vaccinia
Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP leader Walter Francis White and declared, "My God! I had no idea it was as terrible as that. We've got to do something." In 1947 the committee published its findings, To Secure These Rights. The book was widely read, influential, and considered utopian for the times: "In our land men are equal, but they are free to be different. From these very differences among our people has come the great human and national strength of America." The report discussed and demonstrated racial discrimination in basic freedoms, education, public facilities, personal safety, and employment opportunities. The committee was disturbed by the state of race relations, and included the evacuation of Americans of Japanese descent during the war "made without a trial or any sort of hearing…Fundamental to our whole system of law is the belief that guilt is personal and not a matter of heredity or association." The recommendations were radical, calling for federal policies and laws to end racial discrimination and bring about equality: "We can tolerate no restrictions upon the individual which depend upon irrelevant factors such as his race, his color, his religion, or the social position to which he is born." To Secure These Rights set the liberal legislative agenda for the next generation that eventually would be signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson.:35–36

Question: What group was established in response to Executive Order 9808?
Answer: President's Committee on Civil Rights

Question: What was the Executive Order 9808 issued in response to?
Answer: Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident

Question: In which year were the "To Secure These Rights" findings published?
Answer: 1947

Question: What was the committee especially disturbed by as indicated in their report?
Answer: the state of race relations

Question: Who in the generation following the "To Secure These Rights" findings sign legislation for affirmative action into law?
Answer: Lyndon B. Johnson
When Eisenhower was elected President in 1952, he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states, although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government.:50 The President also established the Government Contract Committee in 1953, which "conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors".:50–51 The committee, chaired by Vice President Richard Nixon, had minimal outcomes in that they imposed the contractors with the primary responsibility of desegregation within their own companies and corporations.:51

Question: Which year was Eisenhower elected President?
Answer: 1952

Question: Who did Eisenhower believe should be allowed to decide the nature of discrimination laws?
Answer: the states

Question: What was established in 1953?
Answer: Government Contract Committee

Question: What was the main purpose of the Government Contract Committee?
Answer: conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors

Question: Who was the chairman of the newly established committee?
Answer: Vice President Richard Nixon
In June 1963, President Kennedy continued his policy of affirmative action by issuing another mandate, Executive Order 11114. The order supplemented to his previous 1961 executive order declaring it was the "policy of the United States to encourage by affirmative action the elimination of discrimination in employment".:72 Through this order, all federal funds, such as "grants, loans, unions and employers who accepted taxpayer funds, and other forms of financial assistance to state and local governments," were forced to comply to the government's policies on affirmative action in employment practices.:72

Question: When did President Kennedy issue Executive Order 11114?
Answer: June 1963

Question: What was the main aim of Executive Order 11114?
Answer: elimination of discrimination in employment

Question: What was anyone who received federal funding of any sort required to do under the Executive Order?
Answer: comply to the government's policies on affirmative action
This eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also private businesses that sold to the public, such as motels, restaurants, theaters, and gas stations. Public schools, hospitals, libraries, parks, among other things, were included in the bill as well. It also worked with JFK's executive order 11114 by prohibiting discrimination in the awarding of federal contracts and holding the authority of the government to deny contracts to businesses who discriminate. Maybe most significant of all, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act aimed to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees. Another provision established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission as the agency charged with ending discrimination in the nation's workplace.:74

Question: Which piece of legislation quickly followed President Kennedy's assassination?
Answer: Civil Rights Act

Question: Outside of the private business regulations, what was the other aim of the Civil Rights Act?
Answer: integrate public facilities

Question: Which other Executive Order did the Civil Right's Act work closely with?
Answer: 11114

Question: What was the purpose of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?
Answer: to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees

Question: What was the goal of the Equal Employment Opportunity C omission?
Answer: ending discrimination in the nation's workplace
Some commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results from affirmative action policies and that these policies are just another form of discrimination no different from examples in the past. People like Ward Connerly assert that affirmative action requires the very discrimination it is seeking to eliminate. According to these opponents, this contradiction might make affirmative action counter-productive. One argument for reverse discrimination is the idea that affirmative action encourages mediocrity and incompetence. Job positions would not be offered to the applicants who are the most qualified, but to applicants with a special trait such as a certain race, ethnicity, or gender. For example, opponents say affirmative action causes unprepared applicants to be accepted in highly demanding educational institutions or jobs which result in eventual failure (see, for example, Richard Sander's study of affirmative action in Law School, bar exam and eventual performance at law firms). Other opponents say that affirmative action lowers the bar and so denies those who strive for excellence on their own merit and the sense of real achievement. Opponents of affirmative action suggest that merit should be the primary factor considered in applying for job positions, college, graduate school, etc.

Question: What is a definition of reverse discrimination?
Answer: a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority

Question: What do some commentators claim the irony of policies resulting from affirmative action is?
Answer: these policies are just another form of discrimination

Question: Who is an example of someone that states that affirmative action is another form of discrimination?
Answer: Ward Connerly

Question: What does the opposition of affirmative action believe should be the main key in determining acceptance in employment or education?
Answer: merit

Question: An argument against affirmative action is that it encourages what?
Answer: mediocrity and incompetence
The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition, from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper, meeting the first of the 92 professional teams. The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs, into the draw for the Third Round Proper. In the modern era, non-league teams have never reached the quarter finals, and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final.[note 1] As a result, as well as who wins, significant focus is given to those "minnows" (smaller teams) who progress furthest, especially if they achieve an unlikely "giant-killing" victory.

Question: What rounds are the qualifiers?
Answer: first six rounds

Question: How many teams in the first round? 
Answer: 92 professional teams.

Question: What league enters in the third round?
Answer: Premier League and Championship clubs

Question: In the modern era, has any non-league team reached the quarter finals??
Answer: never reached the quarter finals

Question: Has a level 2 club reached the finals ever?
Answer: Level 2 have never reached the final.
Winners receive the FA Cup trophy, of which there have been two designs and five actual cups; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911. Winners also qualify for European football and a place in the FA Community Shield match. Arsenal are the current holders, having beaten Aston Villa 4–0 in the 2015 final to win the cup for the second year in a row. It was their 12th FA Cup title overall, making Arsenal the FA Cup's most successful club ahead of Manchester United on 11.

Question: What do winners receive? 
Answer: the FA Cup trophy

Question: How many FA cup designs have there been?
Answer: two

Question: How many FA cups have there been?
Answer: five actual cups

Question: When was the latest design intoduced?
Answer: 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911
In 1863, the newly founded Football Association (the FA) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football, unifying the various different rules in use before then. On 20 July 1871, in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper, the FA Secretary C. W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that "it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete". The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871. After thirteen games in all, Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final, on 16 March 1872. Wanderers retained the trophy the following year. The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season, when qualifying rounds were introduced.

Question: When was the laws of the Game of Asscociation Football published?
Answer: 1863

Question: Who was the FA secretary in 1871?
Answer: C. W. Alcock

Question: When did the inaugural  FA cup tournament take place?
Answer: November 1871

Question: Who won the first and second cups? 
Answer: Wanderers were crowned the winners

Question: When was the modern cup established? 
Answer: modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season,
Following the 1914–15 edition, the competition was suspended due to the First World War, and didn't resume until 1919–20. The 1922–23 competition saw the first final to be played in the newly opened Wembley Stadium (known at the time as the Empire Stadium). Due to the outbreak of World War II, the competition wasn't played between the 1938–39 and 1945–46 editions. Due to the wartime breaks, the competition didn't celebrate its centenary year until 1980–81; fittingly the final featured a goal by Ricky Villa which was later voted the greatest goal ever scored at Wembley Stadium, but has since been replaced by Steven Gerrard.

Question: Was competition suspended due to the first world war? 
Answer: competition was suspended due to the First World War

Question: what year did competition resume after world war 1?
Answer: 1919–20.

Question: When did Wembly stadium open? 
Answer: 1922–23

Question: What was Webly stadium called at that time? 
Answer: Empire Stadium

Question: When did the competition celebrate its centennial? 
Answer: didn't celebrate its centenary year until 1980–81
The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria. All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible. Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions in the previous season. Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season. All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.

Question: Is the competition open to anyone? 
Answer: The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system

Question: Is there anyone automatically eligible? 
Answer: . All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible

Question: Who else can play? 
Answer: Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions

Question: Can new clubs play too? 
Answer: Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season.

Question: Do I need a stadium to compete? 
Answer: All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.
It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition, although it can happen in exceptional circumstances. Defending holders Manchester United did not enter the 1999–2000 FA Cup, as they were already in the inaugural Club World Championship, with the club stating that entering both tournaments would overload their fixture schedule and make it more difficult to defend their Champions League and Premiership titles. The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side. The move benefited United as they received a two-week break and won the 1999–2000 league title by an 18-point margin, although they did not progress past the group stage of the Club World Championship. The withdrawal from the FA Cup, however, drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.

Question: Does anyone ever miss a tournament? 
Answer: It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition

Question: What clubs have missed the competition? 
Answer: Manchester United did not enter the 1999–2000 FA Cup,

Question: Why did they miss that competition? 
Answer: The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side.

Question: How did people feel about Manchester's decision? 
Answer: drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige

Question: Did the club later regret their choice? 
Answer: Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.
Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible, although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927), Swansea City, Newport County, Wrexham, Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay. In the early years other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition, with Glasgow side Queen's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association. In the 2013–14 season the first Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.

Question: May Welsh clubs enter the competition? 
Answer: Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible,

Question: Has a Welsh team ever won a competition? 
Answer: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927)

Question: Have any other countries ever competed? 
Answer: other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition,

Question: Why can't those countries compete? 
Answer: barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association.

Question: Has any other  country been allowed to enter the competition since? 
Answer: Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.
The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years. In the 2004–05 season, 660 clubs entered the competition, beating the long-standing record of 656 from the 1921–22 season. In 2005–06 this increased to 674 entrants, in 2006–07 to 687, in 2007–08 to 731 clubs, and for the 2008–09 and 2009–10 competitions it reached 762. The number has varied slightly but remained roughly stable since then, with 759 clubs participating in 2010–11, a record 763 in 2011–12, 758 for 2012–13, 737 for 2013–14 and 736 for 2014–15. By comparison, the other major English domestic cup, the League Cup, involves only the 92 members of the Premier League and Football League.

Question: Has the number of entrants stayed the same? 
Answer: The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years

Question: How many clubs entered in 2004-05?
Answer: 660 clubs entered the competition

Question: How many clubs entered in 2005-06?
Answer: 674

Question: How many clubs entered in 2006-07?
Answer: 687

Question: How many clubs entered in 2007-08?
Answer: 731