meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those countries. In 2010 18 NMEs (New Molecular Entities) were approved and three biologics by the FDA, or 21 in total, which is down from 26 in 2009 and 24 in 2008. On the other hand, there were only 18 approvals in total in 2007 and 22 back in 2006. Since 2001, the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research has averaged 22.9 approvals a year. This approval comes only after heavy investment in pre-clinical development and clinical trials, as well as a commitment to ongoing safety monitoring. Drugs which fail part-way through this process often incur large costs, while generating no revenue in return. If the cost of these failed drugs is taken into account, the cost of developing a successful new drug (new chemical entity, or NCE), has been estimated at about 1.3 billion USD(not including marketing expenses). Professors Light and Lexchin reported in 2012, however, that the rate of approval for new drugs has been a relatively stable average rate of 15 to 25 for decades.

Question: How much does it cost to develop a new drug?
Answer: about 1.3 billion

Question: How many approvals of new drugs happen every year?
Answer: averaged 22.9 approvals

Question: Who is responsible for approval or rejection of new drugs?
Answer: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research

Question: How many drugs were approved in 2007?
Answer: 18 approvals

Question: Who reported the stable average rate in 2012?
Answer: Professors Light and Lexchin

Question: What does NMEs stand for?
Answer: New Molecular Entities

Question: How many pharmaceutical drugs were approved on average since 2001?
Answer: 22.9

Question: What is the approximate cost of developing a new drug, including the costs of failure?
Answer: 1.3 billion USD

Question: What has been the stable approval rate of new drugs?
Answer: 15 to 25
In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), for England and Wales, who decides if and how the National Health Service (NHS) will allow (in the sense of paying for) their use. The British National Formulary is the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians.

Question: Who is the core guide?
Answer: The British National Formulary

Question: Who is responsible for approving drugs in the United Kingdom?
Answer: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency

Question: After an approval in the United States, when does an approval occur in the United Kingdom and other countries?
Answer: comes later

Question: Who decides how NHS will allow drugs?
Answer: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)

Question: Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United Kingdom?
Answer: European Medicines Agency

Question: What UK firm approves pharmaceutical drugs?
Answer: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency

Question: What UK organization evaluates drugs? 
Answer: European Medicines Agency

Question: What firm in England and Wales decides if the NHS allows drugs?
Answer: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

Question: What is the name of the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians?
Answer: British National Formulary
The rivalries between the Arab tribes had caused unrest in the provinces outside Syria, most notably in the Second Muslim Civil War of 680–692 CE and the Berber Revolt of 740–743 CE. During the Second Civil War, leadership of the Umayyad clan shifted from the Sufyanid branch of the family to the Marwanid branch. As the constant campaigning exhausted the resources and manpower of the state, the Umayyads, weakened by the Third Muslim Civil War of 744–747 CE, were finally toppled by the Abbasid Revolution in 750 CE/132 AH. A branch of the family fled across North Africa to Al-Andalus, where they established the Caliphate of Córdoba, which lasted until 1031 before falling due to the Fitna of al-Ándalus.

Question: In what year CE did the Second Muslim Civil War end?
Answer: 692

Question: During what period did the Berber Revolt occur?
Answer: 740–743 CE

Question: What branch took over Umayyad leadership during the Second Civil War?
Answer: Marwanid
Most historians[who?] consider Caliph Muawiyah (661–80) to have been the second ruler of the Umayyad dynasty, even though he was the first to assert the Umayyads' right to rule on a dynastic principle. It was really the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan (644–656), a member of Umayyad clan himself, that witnessed the revival and then the ascendancy of the Umayyad clan to the corridors of power. Uthman placed some of the trusted members of his clan at prominent and strong positions throughout the state. Most notable was the appointment of Marwan ibn al-Hakam, Uthman's first cousin, as his top advisor, which created a stir among the Hashimite companions of Muhammad, as Marwan along with his father Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As had been permanently exiled from Medina by Muhammad during his lifetime. Uthman also appointed as governor of Kufa his half-brother, Walid ibn Uqba, who was accused by Hashmites of leading prayer while under the influence of alcohol. Uthman also consolidated Muawiyah's governorship of Syria by granting him control over a larger area and appointed his foster brother Abdullah ibn Saad as the Governor of Egypt. However, since Uthman never named an heir, he cannot be considered the founder of a dynasty.

Question: When did Muawiyah become caliph?
Answer: 661

Question: When did the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan end?
Answer: 656

Question: Who was the son of Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As?
Answer: Marwan ibn al-Hakam
Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter.

Question: Who was the son of Yazid?
Answer: Muawiya II

Question: When did Muawiya II's reign begin?
Answer: 683

Question: In what year did the battle of Marj Rahit occur?
Answer: 684

Question: Who had the support of the Confederation of Qays?
Answer: Ibn al-Zubayr

Question: From whom was Marwan descended?
Answer: Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah
Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.

Question: Who was the father of Abd al-Malik?
Answer: Marwan

Question: When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?
Answer: 685

Question: Where was Al-Mukhtar based? 
Answer: Kufa

Question: Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?
Answer: Ali

Question: In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die?
Answer: 692
The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.

Question: Who was the father of Hisham?
Answer: Abd al-Malik

Question: In what part of Syria was Resafa located?
Answer: northern

Question: When did Hisham's reign start?
Answer: 724

Question: Where did Hisham base his court?
Answer: Resafa

Question: What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham?
Answer: Battle of Akroinon
The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen that seeped to the surface above underlying petroleum deposits. All three used the substance as an adhesive. It is found on many different artifacts of tools and ceremonial items. For example, it was used on rattles to adhere gourds or turtle shells to rattle handles. It was also used in decorations. Small round shell beads were often set in asphaltum to provide decorations. It was used as a sealant on baskets to make them watertight for carrying water. Asphaltum was used also to seal the planks on ocean-going canoes.

Question: What group initially made use of asphalt?
Answer: indigenous peoples

Question: For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt? 
Answer: adhesive

Question: What sort of deposits does asphalt overlay?
Answer: petroleum

Question: What would early users of asphalt want to achieve by putting it on baskets?
Answer: watertight

Question: On what type of boat was asphalt used to seal planks?
Answer: canoes
When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt/bitumen in the removed material can be reactivated and put back to use in new pavement mixes. With some 95% of paved roads being constructed of or surfaced with asphalt, a substantial amount of asphalt pavement material is reclaimed each year. According to industry surveys conducted annually by the Federal Highway Administration and the National Asphalt Pavement Association, more than 99% of the asphalt removed each year from road surfaces during widening and resurfacing projects is reused as part of new pavements, roadbeds, shoulders and embankments.

Question: What is used asphalt turned back into?
Answer: new pavement mixtures

Question: How much of yearly acquired asphalt is reclaimed?
Answer: 99%

Question: What percentage of new roadways are surfaced with asphalt?
Answer: 95%

Question: During what action is asphalt often reclaimed?
Answer: maintenance

Question: For what reason is asphalt removed from a road? 
Answer: worn or damaged
Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C (302 °F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture. This mixture is often called "bitumen feedstock", or BFS. Some dump trucks route the hot engine exhaust through pipes in the dump body to keep the material warm. The backs of tippers carrying asphalt/bitumen, as well as some handling equipment, are also commonly sprayed with a releasing agent before filling to aid release. Diesel oil is no longer used as a release agent due to environmental concerns.

Question: About what temperature is asphalt shipped?
Answer: 150 °C

Question: To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping?
Answer: liquidity

Question: What is the liquefied mixture called? 
Answer: bitumen feedstock

Question: What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm?
Answer: engine exhaust

Question: Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt?
Answer: environmental
In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt/bitumen, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of pools and baths, with these latter themselves proliferating in the 19th century. On the London stockmarket, there were various claims as to the exclusivity of asphalt quality from France, Germany and England. And numerous patents were granted in France, with similar numbers of patent applications being denied in England due to their similarity to each other. In England, "Claridge's was the type most used in the 1840s and 50s"

Question: In what year was asphalt used for uses aside from road paving?
Answer: 1838

Question: In what places were asphalt used as waterproofing?
Answer: pools and baths

Question: For what reason was asphalt used in the flooring of buildings?
Answer: damp proofing

Question: When was Claridge's asphalt the most often used? 
Answer: 1840s and 50s

Question: Many of what were granted in France, but denied in Britain?
Answer: patents
The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words jatu, meaning "pitch," and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating", "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men (pertaining to pitch), and by others, pixtumens (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to bitumen, thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo Saxon word cwidu (mastix), the German word Kitt (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word kvada.

Question: What language originated the word bitumen?
Answer: Sanskrit

Question: What does the Sanskrit word translate as?
Answer: pitch creating

Question: To what English word does the Latin translate?
Answer: pitch

Question:  Through what language did bitumen pass to reach English?
Answer: French

Question: To what word does the Anglo Saxon translate?
Answer: mastix
One hundred years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations in 1553 that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in Dubrovnik for tarring of ships from where it was exported to a market place in Venice where it could be bought by anyone. An 1838 edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways – "principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth", which at that time made the water unusable. "He expatiates also on the excellence of this material for forming level and durable terraces" in palaces, "the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation". But it was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830. Then, in the 1830s, there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used "for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes". Its rise in Europe was "a sudden phenomenon", after natural deposits were found "in France at Osbann (BasRhin), the Parc (l'Ain) and the Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-Dome)", although it could also be made artificially. One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835.

Question: Who described the use of bitumen and pitch to tar ships?
Answer: Pierre Belon

Question: When did Belon make his shipbuilding observations?
Answer: 1553

Question: In what year did a French magazine describe the use of asphalt?
Answer: 1838

Question: After what event in France did  asphalt begin to be used for pavements and assorted other uses?
Answer: revolution of 1830

Question: Where in France in 1835 was asphalt used to lay pavement? 
Answer: Place de la Concorde
In 1838, Claridge obtained patents in Scotland on 27 March, and Ireland on 23 April, and in 1851 extensions were sought for all three patents, by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge. This was Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company, formed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain "Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France", and "laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall". Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks, "and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park". "The formation in 1838 of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company (with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons, and Marc and Isambard Brunel as, respectively, a trustee and consulting engineer), gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry". "By the end of 1838, at least two other companies, Robinson's and the Bastenne company, were in production", with asphalt being laid as paving at Brighton, Herne Bay, Canterbury, Kensington, the Strand, and a large floor area in Bunhill-row, while meantime Claridge's Whitehall paving "continue(d) in good order".

Question: In what year did Claridge acquire patents for the use of asphalt?
Answer: 1838

Question: From what French mine did Claridge offer asphalt?
Answer: Pyrimont Seysell

Question: What did Claridge's formation of a company with distinguished backers help inspire? 
Answer: British asphalt industry

Question: In what famous place did Claridge first begin to lay and test the use of asphalt pavement?
Answer: Whitehall

Question: By 1838 how many companies beside Claridge's were offering asphalt?
Answer: two
Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudson’s Bay Company, who was the first recorded European to see it. However, it wasn't until 1787 that fur trader and explorer Alexander MacKenzie saw the Athabasca oil sands and said, "At about 24 miles from the fork (of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers) are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 20 feet long may be inserted without the least resistance."

Question: For what  did Canadian natives use asphalt as a waterproofing material?
Answer: canoes

Question: Who was the first European trader to see asphalt?
Answer: Henry Kelsey

Question:  For what trading company did Kelsey work?
Answer: Hudson’s Bay Company

Question: Who was the first European to see the Athabascan oil sands?
Answer: Alexander MacKenzie

Question: What country has the largest deposits of bitumen?
Answer: Canada
Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil, varnish and turpentine. Unless thoroughly diluted, bitumen never fully solidifies and will in time corrupt the other pigments with which it comes into contact. The use of bitumen as a glaze to set in shadow or mixed with other colors to render a darker tone resulted in the eventual deterioration of many paintings, for instance those of Delacroix. Perhaps the most famous example of the destructiveness of bitumen is Théodore Géricault's Raft of the Medusa (1818–1819), where his use of bitumen caused the brilliant colors to degenerate into dark greens and blacks and the paint and canvas to buckle.

Question: What pigment did 19th century artists use that was deemed unfavorably?
Answer: Bitumen

Question: What did bitumen when used as a paint not do correctly?
Answer: solidifies

Question: What did even limited use of bitumen do to damage paintings?
Answer: deterioration

Question: What artist's work i considered to be an example of the damaging effects of bitumen?
Answer: Théodore Géricault's

Question: What major problem did bitumen as a pigment show itself to be?  
Answer: unstable
In 1914, Claridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam, with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd. Two products resulted, namely Clarmac, and Clarphalte, with the former being manufactured by Clarmac Roads and the latter by Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co., although Clarmac was more widely used.[note 1] However, the First World War impacted financially on the Clarmac Company, which entered into liquidation in 1915. The failure of Clarmac Roads Ltd had a flow-on effect to Claridge's Company, which was itself compulsorily wound up, ceasing operations in 1917, having invested a substantial amount of funds into the new venture, both at the outset, and in a subsequent attempt to save the Clarmac Company.

Question: Which of Claridge's two tar macadams was the more successful?
Answer: Clarmac

Question: When did Claridge's company liquidate?
Answer: 1915

Question: What world event caused the end of Claridge's company?
Answer: First World War

Question: What was the subsidiary company that lead Claridge into ruin?
Answer: Clarmac Roads Ltd

Question: What kind of money did Claridge  invest in attempting  to save his companies?
Answer: substantial amount
Selenizza is a naturally occurring solid hydrocarbon bitumen found in the native asphalt deposit of Selenice, in Albania, the only European asphalt mine still in use. The rock asphalt is found in the form of veins, filling cracks in a more or less horizontal direction. The bitumen content varies from 83% to 92% (soluble in carbon disulphide), with a penetration value near to zero and a softening point (ring & ball) around 120 °C. The insoluble matter, consisting mainly of silica ore, ranges from 8% to 17%.

Question: To what location is Selenizza bitumen native?
Answer: Selenice, in Albania

Question: What is it about the mine that is unusual?
Answer: still in use

Question: In what way is Selenizza bitumen geologically different than bitumen found in sands? 
Answer: rock asphalt

Question: What is the variance in bitumen content rock asphalt?
Answer: 83% to 92%

Question: How is the rock asphalt mainly found?
Answer: veins
Victoria later described her childhood as "rather melancholy". Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called "Kensington System", an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover. The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them. The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's bastard children, and perhaps prompted the emergence of Victorian morality by insisting that her daughter avoid any appearance of sexual impropriety. Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles spaniel, Dash. Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin, but she spoke only English at home.

Question: Who was extremely protective over Victoria?
Answer: mother

Question: What system of rules kept her isolated from other children?
Answer: Kensington System

Question: Who was the Dutchess' rumored lover?
Answer: Sir John Conroy

Question: What was Victoria's dog's name?
Answer: Dash

Question: During her free time, what did she play with?
Answer: dolls

Question: Who did Victoria share a bedroom with when she was a child?
Answer: her mother

Question: What languages did Victoria take lessons in?
Answer: French, German, Italian, and Latin

Question: What was the only language Victoria spoke at home?
Answer: English

Question: Who was Victoria's mothers lover?
Answer: Sir John Conroy

Question: What is the formal name given to the system of rules Victoria was raised under?
Answer: Kensington System

Question: What system did Victorias mother raise her under?
Answer: Kensington System

Question: Who was Victorias mothers comptroller?
Answer: Sir John Conroy

Question: Who was rumored to be Victorias mothers lover?
Answer: Sir John Conroy

Question: Who was the Duchess's suspected lover?
Answer: Sir John Conroy

Question: What was the name of Victoria's childhood dog?
Answer: Dash

Question: What was the Kensington System?
Answer: an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess

Question: How did Victoria describe her childhood?
Answer: rather melancholy

Question: What languages did Victoria study? 
Answer: French, German, Italian, and Latin

Question: What was the name of Victoria's King Charles Spaniel?
Answer: Dash

Question: What are some of the languages that Victoria studied?
Answer: French, German, Italian, and Latin

Question: What system was in place to raise and educate Victoria; while also rendering her weak and dependent?
Answer: Kensington System

Question: Who was the Duchess' comptroller and cohort?
Answer: Sir John Conroy

Question: Who was included in the list of people that the Duchess and Sir John Conroy didn't want the Princess Victoria associating with?
Answer: most of her father's family
In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle".

Question: Who was Victoria's eighth child?
Answer: Leopold

Question: What anaesthetic helped her give birth to her eighth child?
Answer: chloroform

Question: What did Victoria suffer from after he pregnancies?
Answer: post-natal depression

Question: Why did medical professionals advise against using an anaesthetic during childbirth?
Answer: thought it dangerous

Question: What did Albert complain about Victoria?
Answer: her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle"

Question: What was the name of Victoria's eighth child?
Answer: Leopold

Question: Hysteria and loss of control after the birts of many of her children were likely caused by what?
Answer: post-natal depression

Question: What was the name of the new anesthetic given to Victoria for the birth of Leopold?
Answer: chloroform

Question: What year did Victoria give birth to her final child?
Answer: 1857

Question: What was the name of Victoria's final child?
Answer: Beatrice

Question: When did Victoria give birth to her eigth child?
Answer: 1853

Question: What was the name of Victorias eighth child?
Answer: Leopold

Question: What was the name of the new anesthetic used during leopolds birth?
Answer: chloroform.

Question: What year was victorias final child born?
Answer: 1857

Question: What was the name of Victorias final child?
Answer: Beatrice

Question: Who was Victoria's eighth child? 
Answer: Leopold

Question: When was Victoria's final child, Beatrice, born? 
Answer: 1857

Question: What was the new anastethetic Victoria used in her last two childbirths? 
Answer: chloroform

Question: Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform? 
Answer: considered it against biblical teaching

Question: What did Albert complain about in letters to Victoria after the birth of her children? 
Answer: loss of self-control

Question: What was the name of Victoria's eigth child?
Answer: Leopold

Question: What was a new anaesthetic being used for childbirth in Victoria's time?
Answer: chloroform

Question: What was the name of Victoria's ninth child?
Answer: Beatrice

Question: Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform for childbirth?
Answer: considered it against biblical teaching

Question: After nine pregnancies, what could Victoria have been suffering from that would make her sad and depressed?
Answer: post-natal depression
In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply; she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for "wickedly" estranging her from her mother. To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief, Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble. In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son, the Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying in Killarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland. Appalled, Albert travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him. By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell. He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated. She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales's philandering. He had been "killed by that dreadful business", she said. She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances, and rarely set foot in London in the following years. Her seclusion earned her the nickname "widow of Windsor".

Question: During which year did Victoria's mother die?
Answer: 1861

Question: How did Victoria realize that her mother deeply loved her?
Answer: Through reading her mother's papers

Question: What was Albert ill with?
Answer: chronic stomach trouble

Question: What did Victoria blame Albert's death on?
Answer: Prince of Wales's philandering

Question: What was Prince of Wales attending to in Dublin?
Answer: army manoeuvres

Question: What year did Victoria's mother die?
Answer: 1861

Question: What year did Albert die?
Answer: 1861

Question: Who did Victoria blame for her poor relationship with her mother?
Answer: Conroy and Lehzen

Question: Who took on most of Victoria's duties while she grieved her mothers death?
Answer: Albert

Question: What illness was Albert suffering from while he helped Victoria through her grief?
Answer: chronic stomach trouble

Question: When did Victoria's mother die? 
Answer: March 1861

Question: What disease was Albert diagnosed with? 
Answer: typhoid fever

Question: When did Albert die of his illness? 
Answer: 14 December 1861

Question: What was Victoria's nickname following Alberts death? 
Answer: widow of Windsor

Question: Who was the Prince of Wales suspected to be having an affair with? 
Answer: an actress in Ireland

Question: When did the Duchess die?
Answer: 1861

Question: Who did Victoria blame for the problems between herself and the Duchess?
Answer: Conroy and Lehzen

Question: What caused Prince Albert's death?
Answer: typhoid fever

Question: Who did Victoria blame for Prince Albert's death?
Answer: their son, the Prince of Wales

Question: What gossip did Prince Albert hear about their son?
Answer: had slept with an actress in Ireland
On 2 March 1882, Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems, shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station. Two schoolboys from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman. Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity, but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was "worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved".

Question: Who shot at the queen?
Answer: Roderick Maclean

Question: When was the shooting?
Answer: 2 March 1882

Question: What was Maclean's occupation?
Answer: poet

Question: Which college were to two boys attending?
Answer: Eton College

Question: With what did the college boy's hit the shooter with?
Answer: umbrellas

Question: Who shot Queen Victoria?
Answer: Roderick Maclean

Question: What year was the Queen shot?
Answer: 1882

Question: Who stopped Maclean after he shot the Queen?
Answer: Two schoolboys from Eton College

Question: What did the court determine was the fate for Maclean after shooting the Queen?
Answer: not guilty by reason of insanity

Question: How did the schoolboys stop Maclean?
Answer: struck him with their umbrellas

Question: What disgruntled poet shot at Victoria's carriage on March 2, 1882?
Answer: Roderick Maclean

Question: What school did the boys who defended the Queen with umbrellas attend? 
Answer: Eton College

Question: What was the verdict in Roderick Maclean's trial? 
Answer: he was found not guilty by reason of insanity

Question: What provoked the attack on Queen Victoria as she left Windsor? 
Answer: offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems

Question: What was Victoria's reaction to the verdict?
Answer: outraged

Question: Who attempted to assassinate the Queen?
Answer: Roderick Maclean

Question: What was the verdict in Maclean's trial?
Answer: not guilty by reason of insanity

Question: What position did Victoria take on being shot at?
Answer: "worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved"

Question: When did Maclean attempt to shoot Victoria?
Answer: 2 March 1882

Question: Why did Maclean shoot at Victoria?
Answer: refusal to accept one of his poems
Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchere to the Cabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him. In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister. His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign.

Question: What year did Gladstone return to power?
Answer: 1892

Question: How old was Gladstone in 1892?
Answer: 82

Question: What year did Gladstone retire?
Answer: 1894

Question: What position did Victoria appoint Lord Rosebery?
Answer: prime minister

Question: What year did Gadstone return to power?
Answer: 1892

Question: Who replaced Lord Rosebery the year following his appointment?
Answer: Lord Salisbury

Question: How old was Gladstone when he returned to power?
Answer: 82 years old

Question: What year did Gladstone retire?
Answer: 1894

Question: Who did Victoria appoint to replace Gladstone?
Answer: Lord Rosebery

Question: How old was Gladstone after the general election in 1892? 
Answer: 82 years old

Question: What radical MP did Victoria object to being appointed to the cabinet by Gladstone? 
Answer: Henry Labouchere

Question: Who did Victoria appoint to Prime Minister after Gladstone retired in 1894?
Answer: Lord Rosebery

Question: Who replaced Lord Rosenbery after only a year of government? 
Answer: Lord Salisbury

Question: How long did Lord Salisbury remain as Prime Minister?
Answer: for the remainder of Victoria's reign

Question: Who was returned to power in 1892?
Answer: Gladstone

Question: Who did Victoria appoint as Gladstone's succesor?
Answer: Lord Rosebery

Question: How did Lord Roseberry fare as Prime Minister?
Answer: His government was weak

Question: Who replaced Lord Roseberry as Prime Minister?
Answer: Lord Salisbury

Question: How long was Lord Sailsbury Prime Minister?
Answer: the remainder of Victoria's reign
In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black. On 25 January, Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped lift her body into the coffin. She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her funeral was held on Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. As she was laid to rest at the mausoleum, it began to snow.

Question: Which two people helped lift Victoria's body into the coffin?
Answer: Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught

Question: What item from her wedding was Victoria dressed in inside her coffin?
Answer: wedding veil

Question: What color was her dress?
Answer: white

Question: Who's dressing gown was placed by her side?
Answer: Albert's

Question: A plaster cast of what part of Alberts body was placed in the coffin with the Queen?
Answer: his hand

Question: Where was the funeral of Queen Victoria held?
Answer: St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle

Question: What clothing was Queen Victoria laid to rest in?
Answer: a white dress and her wedding veil

Question: What year did Queen Victoria die?
Answer: 1897

Question: What was placed in the Queens left hand when she was placed in her coffin?
Answer: a lock of John Brown's hair

Question: What did Victoria wear upon her death in her coffin? 
Answer: She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil

Question: Whose lock of hair was concealed in her left hand by flowers? 
Answer: John Brown

Question: When did John Brown give Victoria his mother's wedding ring? 
Answer: 1883

Question: When was Queen Victoria's funeral held? 
Answer: Saturday, 2 February

Question: Where was Queen Victoria laid to rest after her death? 
Answer: Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park

Question: Where was Victoria laid to rest?
Answer: Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park

Question: When was Queen Victoria's funeral held?
Answer: 2 February

Question: What was hidden in Queen Victoria's hand by her father's family?
Answer: a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him

Question: How was Victoria dressed for burial?
Answer: a white dress and her wedding veil

Question: Who placed Victoria into her coffin?
Answer: Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see." However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time.

Question: Who was considered Victoria's best and kindest advisor?
Answer: uncle Leopold

Question: Who did Victoria describe as sensible, kind, and amiable?
Answer: Albert

Question: Who introduced Albert to Victoria?
Answer: uncle Leopold

Question: What Uncle was Victoria's favorite adviser?
Answer: Leopold

Question: How old was Victoria when she met Albert?
Answer: 17

Question: Who introduced Victoria and Albert?
Answer: her uncle Leopold

Question: What qualities did Victoria believe Albert posessed when she met him?
Answer: every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy

Question: Whom did Queen Victoria consider her "best and kindest adviser"? 
Answer: uncle Leopold

Question: Who was Victoria not ready to marry at age 17?
Answer: Albert

Question: What was Victoria's opinion of Albert's appearance? 
Answer: the most pleasing and delightful exterior

Question: Who did Victoria credit for her relationship to Albert?
Answer: her uncle Leopold

Question: What did Victoria think of Albert at 17 years of age?
Answer: He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy

Question: What were Albert's best qualities?
Answer: sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable

Question: How did Victoria find Albert's looks?
Answer: most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance

Question: How old was Victoria when she was introduced to Albert?
Answer: 17
In 1839, Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery. The Queen commissioned a Tory, Sir Robert Peel, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of the Royal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen's ladies of the bedchamber were wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the bedchamber crisis, Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office.

Question: What did the Queen commission Sir Robert Peel to do?
Answer: to form a new ministry

Question: In what year did Melbourne resign?
Answer: 1839

Question: Which party was Sir Robert Peel a part of?
Answer: Tory

Question: What is the name of crisis where the wives of the Tories were replacing the wives of the Whigs?
Answer: bedchamber crisis

Question: What year did Melbourne resign?
Answer: 1839

Question: Who voted against the bill to end the constitution of Jamaica?
Answer: Radicals and Tories

Question: Who did the Queen commission to form a new ministry?
Answer: Sir Robert Peel

Question: Who returned to office after Peel resigned?
Answer: Melbourne

Question: The removal of the Queens bedchamber ladies became known as what?
Answer: the bedchamber crisis

Question: Who resigned their position in 1839? 
Answer: Melbourne

Question: Why did the Radicals and Tories oppose the bill about the constitution of Jamaica?
Answer: The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery.

Question: What Tory did Victoria commision after Melbourne resigned his postion? 
Answer: Sir Robert Peel

Question: After Queen Victoria refuse to replace her ladies with wives of Tories, what did Sir Robert Peel do? 
Answer: resigned his commission

Question: Who did Victoria reappoint to the position after the Bedchamber Crisis? 
Answer: Melbourne

Question: What did the Radicals and Tories do that made Melbourne resign?
Answer: voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica

Question: Which group was resisting the abolisment of slavery and were subsequently removed from power when the bill was voted down?
Answer: plantation owners

Question: Who did Robert Peel want to replace the ladies of the bedchamber with, instead of wives of Whigs?
Answer: wives of Tories

Question: Why did Peel resign his comission?
Answer: Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen

Question: Who returned to office after Peel resigned?
Answer: Melbourne
On 14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England. The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated as prime minister. Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of Cherbourg on 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French one. Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office.

Question: Where was Orsini from?
Answer: Britain

Question: Who did Orsini try to assassinate?
Answer: Napoleon III

Question: What happened in June 1859?
Answer: Victoria recalled Palmerston to office

Question: What position did Derby hold?
Answer: prime minister

Question: What was the date of an attempted assasination on Napoleon?
Answer: 14 January 1858

Question: What was the name of the person that attempted to assasinate Napoleon?
Answer: Orsini

Question: What was the name of the French military port that opened on 5 August 1858?
Answer: port of Cherbourg

Question: Where was the bomb that Orsini used to attempt to assasinate Napoleon made?
Answer: England

Question: Who resigned due to the attempt on Napoleons life?
Answer: Palmerston

Question: Who survived an assasination attempt by the Italian refugee Orsini in 1858?
Answer: Napoleon III

Question: Who resigned their position following the scandal due to Orsini's bomb being made in England? 
Answer: Palmerston

Question: What new military port in France did Victoria and Albert visit after the crisis in 1858?
Answer: Cherbourg

Question: Why did Victoria repremend Derby following her visit with Napolean III? 
Answer: the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French one

Question: Who did Victoria recall to office following her disappointment with Derby in June of 1859? 
Answer: Palmerston

Question: Who attempted to assassinate Napoleon?
Answer: an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini

Question: When did Orsinin attempt to assassinate Napoleon?
Answer: 14 January 1858

Question: How did Orsini try to assassinate Napoleon?
Answer: a bomb

Question: When did Victoria ask Palmerston to resume his office?
Answer: June 1859

Question: Where did Victoria visit that led her to reprimand Derby for the state of the Royal Navy?
Answer: French military port of Cherbourg