meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
His opponents learned from Napoleon's innovations. The increased importance of artillery after 1807 stemmed from his creation of a highly mobile artillery force, the growth in artillery numbers, and changes in artillery practices. As a result of these factors, Napoleon, rather than relying on infantry to wear away the enemy's defenses, now could use massed artillery as a spearhead to pound a break in the enemy's line that was then exploited by supporting infantry and cavalry. McConachy rejects the alternative theory that growing reliance on artillery by the French army beginning in 1807 was an outgrowth of the declining quality of the French infantry and, later, France's inferiority in cavalry numbers. Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained largely static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th-century operational mobility underwent significant change.

Question: Who learned from Napoleon's innovations?
Answer: His opponents

Question:  Napoleon's use of artillery led to its increased importance after what year?
Answer: 1807

Question: Who rejects the theory that the increased use of artillery by the French was due to declining quality of infantry and numbers of cavalry?
Answer: McConachy

Question: What did Napoleon use as the initial means of breaking down enemy defenses, rather than the traditional reliance on infantry?
Answer: artillery
The official introduction of the metric system in September 1799 was unpopular in large sections of French society. Napoleon's rule greatly aided adoption of the new standard not only across France but also across the French sphere of influence. Napoleon ultimately took a retrograde step in 1812 when he passed legislation to introduce the mesures usuelles (traditional units of measurement) for retail trade—a system of measure that resembled the pre-revolutionary units but were based on the kilogram and the metre; for example the livre metrique (metric pound) was 500 g instead of 489.5 g—the value of the livre du roi (the king's pound). Other units of measure were rounded in a similar manner. This however laid the foundations for the definitive introduction of the metric system across Europe in the middle of the 19th century.

Question: When was the metric system officially introduced?
Answer: September 1799

Question: What system, introduced in September 1799, was unpopular among much of French society?
Answer: the metric system

Question: What year did Napoleon pass legislation that introduced traditional units of measurement for retail trade?
Answer: 1812

Question:  How many grams were in the livre metrique?
Answer: 500

Question: How many grams were in the livre du roi?
Answer: 489.5
Critics argue Napoleon's true legacy must reflect the loss of status for France and needless deaths brought by his rule: historian Victor Davis Hanson writes, "After all, the military record is unquestioned—17 years of wars, perhaps six million Europeans dead, France bankrupt, her overseas colonies lost." McLynn notes that, "He can be viewed as the man who set back European economic life for a generation by the dislocating impact of his wars." However, Vincent Cronin replies that such criticism relies on the flawed premise that Napoleon was responsible for the wars which bear his name, when in fact France was the victim of a series of coalitions which aimed to destroy the ideals of the Revolution.

Question: Which historian describes Napoleon's legacy in terms of years spent at war, numbers of European dead, and France's bankruptcy and loss of colonies?
Answer: Victor Davis Hanson

Question: Which historian views Napoleon's legacy as one of having set back the European economy for a generation through war?
Answer: McLynn

Question: Which historian counters criticism of Napoleon by suggesting that the wars he fought were the responsibility of enemies of the Revolution, rather than that of Napoleon?
Answer: Vincent Cronin

Question: How many years of wars does Victor Davis Hanson claim are part of Napoleon's military record?
Answer: 17

Question: Approximately how many Europeans dead does Victor Davis Hanson assert are part of Napoleon's military record?
Answer: six million
Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796, when he was 26; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution. Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as "Rose", a name which he disliked. He called her "Joséphine" instead, and she went by this name henceforth. Bonaparte often sent her love letters while on his campaigns. He formally adopted her son Eugène and cousin Stéphanie and arranged dynastic marriages for them. Joséphine had her daughter Hortense marry Napoleon's brother Louis.

Question: Who did Napoleon marry in 1796?
Answer: Joséphine de Beauharnais

Question: In what year did Napoleon marry Joséphine de Beauharnais?
Answer: 1796

Question: How old was Napoleon when he married Joséphine de Beauharnais?
Answer: 26

Question: How old was Joséphine de Beauharnais when she was married to Napoleon?
Answer: 32

Question: What was the disliked name Joséphine de Beauharnais was known as before she met Napoleon?
Answer: Rose
Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles Léon (1806–1881) by Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne. Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810–1868), the son of his mistress Maria Walewska, although acknowledged by Walewska's husband, was also widely known to be his child, and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been used to help confirm Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype. He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well, such as Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld by Emilie Victoria Kraus and Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte (1816–1907) by Albine de Montholon.

Question: What was the name of the illegitimate son acknowledged by Napoleon?
Answer: Charles Léon

Question: Who was the mother of Charles Léon?
Answer: Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne

Question: Who was Napoleon's illegitimate son by his mistress, Maria Walewska?
Answer: Alexandre Colonna-Walewski

Question:  DNA from Alexandre Colonna-Walewski's descendants has been used to confirm what attribute of Napoleon's?
Answer: Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype

Question: Who was the child of Emilie Victoria Kraus who might have been another of Napoleon's illegitimate children?
Answer: Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. It was launched in 2000 and is said to be the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world. The primary aims of the foundation are, globally, to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and in America, to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology. The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington, is controlled by its three trustees: Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. Other principal officers include Co-Chair William H. Gates, Sr. and Chief Executive Officer Susan Desmond-Hellmann.

Question: What is the largest private foundation in the world?
Answer: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world

Question: Where is the Bill and Melinda gates foundation based? 
Answer: The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington
On June 25, 2006, Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008) pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares spread over multiple years through annual contributions, with the first year's donation of 500,000 shares being worth approximately US$1.5 billion. Buffett set conditions so that these contributions do not simply increase the foundation's endowment, but effectively work as a matching contribution, doubling the Foundation's annual giving: "Buffett's gift came with three conditions for the Gates foundation: Bill or Melinda Gates must be alive and active in its administration; it must continue to qualify as a charity; and each year it must give away an amount equal to the previous year's Berkshire gift, plus an additional amount equal to 5 percent of net assets. Buffett gave the foundation two years to abide by the third requirement." The Gates Foundation received 5% (500,000) of the shares in July 2006 and will receive 5% of the remaining earmarked shares in the July of each following year (475,000 in 2007, 451,250 in 2008). In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion, is going to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Question: What was warren Buffett's estimated net worth in 2008 
Answer: Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008)

Question: How many shares of berkshire hathway was pledged as a donation 
Answer: pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares

Question: In 2013 Buffett announced another donation to the foundation for how much 
Answer: In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion
The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust (trust). The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty," and its trustees are Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"—it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett.

Question: What two entities was the foundation divided into 
Answer: trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust

Question: What does the foundation entity focus on
Answer: The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty

Question: What does the Trust entity focus on 
Answer: The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals

Question: What is held in the trust entity 
Answer: it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett
The foundation trust invests undistributed assets, with the exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment. As a result, its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries where the foundation is attempting to relieve poverty. These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world. In response to press criticism, the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review and stood by its policy of investing for maximum return, while using voting rights to influence company practices.

Question: What does the Trust invest
Answer: The foundation trust invests undistributed assets

Question: What is the goal of the Trust investments 
Answer: exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment

Question: What are some of the negatives of the investments 
Answer: its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries

Question: What type of company's are  critiscized
Answer: These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world

Question: As a result of the critics what did the company announce 
Answer: the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review
In March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM), a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking. The official announcement explained that the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery" that would involve the opening of an office in a region with high rates of sex trafficking, following research. The office was opened for three years for the following purposes: "conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".

Question: What did the foundation announce in March 2006 
Answer: n March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM)

Question: What is the International Justice Mission
Answer: a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking.

Question: What would the grant allow the IJM to do 
Answer: the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery

Question: What did the office that ijm opened do specifically 
Answer: conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".
The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu. In 2010 the results of the project were published, in which the IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases, an increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through the project, and an increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors". At the time that the results were released, the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.

Question: What was the name of the project founded by the IJM 
Answer: The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern

Question: Where did project lantern open an office 
Answer: "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu.

Question: What did project lantern announce in 2010
Answer: IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases

Question: What services were also increased by project lantern
Answer: increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors"

Question: What was project Lantern exploring 
Answer: the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.
The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005 as a "Learning Initiative," and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010. The Foundation has since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation. In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services (i.e. without the use of sewers), and less on water supply. This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments, and because the Foundation believed it had the potential to make a real difference through strategic investments.

Question: What was the WSH program launched in 2005
Answer: The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005

Question: When did the WSH become a full fledeged program
Answer: and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010

Question: What efforts have the WSH taken 
Answer: since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation

Question: What did the foundation decide in 2009 
Answer: In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services

Question: WHy did the foundation make the switch 
Answer: This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments
Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking water and sanitation. About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy - which is called open defecation and which poses significant health risks. India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people. India has also become a focus country for the foundation's sanitation activities which has become evident since the "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.

Question: What is need in the developing world 
Answer: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need

Question: What does data collected by unicef and Who show
Answer: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected

Question: How many people have no sanatation facilities
Answer: About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies

Question: What country is the worst violator
Answer: India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people

Question: India is host to what activity
Answer: "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.
In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" with the aim to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation. This program has generated significant interest of the mainstream media. It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015) which involved grants of US$100,000 each in the first round. Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts.

Question: When was reinvent the toilet launched 
Answer: In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge

Question: What is the aim of reinvent the toilet 
Answer: to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation

Question: WHat program compliment reinvent the toilet 
Answer: It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015)

Question: What was excluded by the funding schemes 
Answer: Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts
Since the launch of the "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge", more than a dozen research teams, mainly at universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor. The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase; many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.

Question: What countries have received grants 
Answer: universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions

Question: How much were the grants for 
Answer: The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase

Question: What did many investigate 
Answer: many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.
The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet. This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying (called by the foundation the "Omni-Ingestor") and fecal sludge processing (called "Omni-Processor"). The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with the potential to develop local business and revenue.

Question: What is reinvent the toilet trying to develop
Answer: The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet

Question: What compliments the challenge 
Answer: This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying

Question: What does the Omni processor do
Answer: The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients
The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases. However, a 2007 investigation by The Los Angeles Times claimed there are three major unintended consequences with the foundation's allocation of aid. First, sub-Saharan Africa already suffered from a shortage of primary doctors before the arrival of the Gates Foundation, but "by pouring most contributions into the fight against such high-profile killers as AIDS, Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa. This "brain drain" adds to the existing doctor shortage and pulls away additional trained staff from children and those suffering from other common killers. Second, "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation". Third, "Gates-funded vaccination programs have instructed caregivers to ignore – even discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".

Question: The foundation has donated billions to sufferers of 
Answer: The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria

Question: How many children were protected from death 
Answer: protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases

Question: What are some consequences of the investments 
Answer: Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa

Question: What has the focus on a few diseases caused 
Answer: "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation

Question: Vaccinations programs encouraged what 
Answer: discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".
In 1997, the charity introduced a U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet". Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet. The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide in an effort to increase access and knowledge. Helping provide access and training for these resources, this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.

Question: what is the US libraries initiative 
Answer: U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet

Question: How much of the worlds population can reach the internet
Answer: Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet

Question: what have the grants provided public libraries
Answer: The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide

Question: What has the grant enabled 
Answer: this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.
A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels, including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typically backed by teachers' unions. It spent $373 million on education in 2009. It has also donated to the two largest national teachers' unions. The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.

Question: what is a key aspect of the gates foundation in the US
Answer: A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels

Question: What do these efforts include
Answer: including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs

Question: how much did it spend in 2009
Answer: It spent $373 million on education in 2009.

Question: It was an early backer of what 
Answer: The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.
One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States, and the organization has funded "Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system of federal financial aid for college students, with a goal of increasing graduation rates. One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster, but that idea has received some pushback from organizations of universities and colleges.

Question: What is 1 foundation goal 
Answer: One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States

Question: One way to increase college graduation by the foundation is 
Answer: One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster

Question: how did they work on college financing 
Answer: Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations
As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments. Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education, including more than $1.4 million to the Education Writers Association to fund training for journalists who cover education. While some critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage, the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly and does not enforce any rules for content among its grantees, who have editorial independence. Union activists in Chicago have accused Gates Foundation grantee Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs, of "astroturfing".

Question: What has been funded as part of the education initiatives
Answer: As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments

Question: what do the millions in grants given to news agencies do 
Answer: Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education

Question: Critics don't like the foundations use of media why 
Answer: critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage

Question: Where does the foundation list grants 
Answer: the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly

Question: who founded teach plus 
Answer: Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs
The K-12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by some education professionals, parents, and researchers because they have driven the conversation on education reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences. Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive, but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm. Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance

Question: Why were the gates foundation educational reforms critcized
Answer: they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences

Question: What are several of the gates backed policies 
Answer: Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes

Question: Have the policies been criticized 
Answer: but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm

Question: What does 1 specific study of charter schools show 
Answer: Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance
In October 2006, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was split into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which "... conducts all operations and grantmaking work, and it is the entity from which all grants are made". Also announced was the decision to "... spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths". This would close the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust and effectively end the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In the same announcement it was reiterated that Warren Buffett "... has stipulated that the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years after his estate has been settled".

Question: What two entities was the foundation split into in october 2016
Answer: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Question: When must the trust resources be spent
Answer: spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths

Question: What does warren Buffet stipulate his berkshire hathaway  shares be used for in the 10 year period after his death 
Answer: the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years
Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans, for whom the City of Evanston is named, and eight other lawyers, businessmen and Methodist leaders. Its founding purpose was to serve the Northwest Territory, an area that today includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota. Instruction began in 1855; women were admitted in 1869. Today, the main campus is a 240-acre (97 ha) parcel in Evanston, along the shores of Lake Michigan just 12 miles north of downtown Chicago. The university's law, medical, and professional schools are located on a 25-acre (10 ha) campus in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood. In 2008, the university opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar with programs in journalism and communication.

Question: Who founded Northwestern University?
Answer: John Evans

Question: What year was Northwestern founded?
Answer: 1851

Question: In what year did Northwestern University began teaching?
Answer: 1855

Question: What year were women allowed to attend Northwestern University?
Answer: 1869

Question: Where did Northwestern University opened an additional campus at in 2008?
Answer: Education City, Doha, Qatar

Question: What was Northwestern's founding purpose in 1851?
Answer: to serve the Northwest Territory

Question: When did instruction begin at Northwestern?
Answer: 1855

Question: When were women first admitted to Northwestern?
Answer: 1869

Question: How many acres is the modern-day Northwestern campus in Evanston?
Answer: 240

Question: What programs are offered at Northwestern's Quatar campus?
Answer: journalism and communication

Question: Which great lake is Northwestern located along?
Answer: Lake Michigan

Question: What is the name of the city located 12 miles north of Northwestern?
Answer: Chicago
The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction in the arts and sciences, plus the professions of engineering, journalism, communication, music, and education. Although a foundation in the liberal arts and sciences is required in all majors, there is no required common core curriculum; individual degree requirements are set by the faculty of each school. Northwestern's full-time undergraduate and graduate programs operate on an approximately 10-week academic quarter system with the academic year beginning in late September and ending in early June. Undergraduates typically take four courses each quarter and twelve courses in an academic year and are required to complete at least twelve quarters on campus to graduate. Northwestern offers honors, accelerated, and joint degree programs in medicine, science, mathematics, engineering, and journalism. The comprehensive doctoral graduate program has high coexistence with undergraduate programs.

Question: Which 4-year program comprises the majority of enrollments at Northwestern?
Answer: full-time undergraduate

Question: Who sets individual degree requirements at Northwestern?
Answer: the faculty of each school

Question: How many quarters are undergraduates required to complete on campus to graduate?
Answer: at least twelve

Question: How many courses do undergrads typically take each quarter?
Answer: four

Question: How many weeks is one academic quarter at Northwestern?
Answer: approximately 10
A Spanish expedition was sent from Buenos Aires, organized by the Spanish governor of that city, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On 22 January 1724, the Spanish forced the Portuguese to abandon the location and started populating the city, initially with six families moving in from Buenos Aires and soon thereafter by families arriving from the Canary Islands who were called by the locals "guanches", "guanchos" or "canarios". There was also one significant early Italian resident by the name of Jorge Burgues.

Question: Who organized the Spanish expedition?
Answer: Bruno Mauricio de Zabala

Question: What date did the Spanish force the Portuguese to abandon the location?
Answer: 22 January 1724

Question: Who was one significant early italian resident? 
Answer: Jorge Burgues
On 3 February 1807, British troops under the command of General Samuel Auchmuty and Admiral Charles Stirling occupied the city during the Battle of Montevideo (1807), but it was recaptured by the Spanish in the same year on 2 September when John Whitelocke was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental—roughly the same area as modern Uruguay—and of Buenos Aires. After this conflict, the governor of Montevideo Francisco Javier de Elío opposed the new viceroy Santiago de Liniers, and created a government Junta when the Peninsular War started in Spain, in defiance of Liniers. Elío disestablished the Junta when Liniers was replaced by Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros.

Question: When did British troops occupy the city of Montevideo?
Answer: 3 February 1807

Question: When did the Spanish recapture the city of Montevideo?
Answer: 2 September

Question: Who was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental? 
Answer: John Whitelocke

Question: Who replaced Liniers?
Answer: Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros
During the May Revolution of 1810 and the subsequent uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata, the Spanish colonial government moved to Montevideo. During that year and the next, Uruguayan revolutionary José Gervasio Artigas united with others from Buenos Aires against Spain. In 1811, the forces deployed by the Junta Grande of Buenos Aires and the gaucho forces led by Artigas started a siege of Montevideo, which had refused to obey the directives of the new authorities of the May Revolution. The siege was lifted at the end of that year, when the military situation started deteriorating in the Upper Peru region.

Question: After the Revolution of 1810 there was a subsequent uprising of what provinces? 
Answer: Rio de la Plata

Question: Where did the spanish colonial government move to after the uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata?
Answer: Montevideo

Question: Who was the Uruguayan revolutionary that united with others from Buenos Aires?
Answer: José Gervasio Artigas
The Spanish governor was expelled in 1814. In 1816, Portugal invaded the recently liberated territory and in 1821, it was annexed to the Banda Oriental of Brazil. Juan Antonio Lavalleja and his band called the Treinta y Tres Orientales ("Thirty-Three Orientals") re-established the independence of the region in 1825. Uruguay was consolidated as an independent state in 1828, with Montevideo as the nation's capital. In 1829, the demolition of the city's fortifications began and plans were made for an extension beyond the Ciudad Vieja, referred to as the "Ciudad Nueva" ("new city"). Urban expansion, however, moved very slowly because of the events that followed.

Question: What year was the Spanish governor expelled?
Answer: 1814

Question: What year did Portugal invade the recently liberated territory?
Answer: 1816

Question: What was Juan Antonio Lavalleja's band caled? 
Answer: Treinta y Tres Orientales

Question: What year was Uruguay consolidated as an independent state?
Answer: 1828
After the end of hostilities, a period of growth and expansion started for the city. In 1853 a stagecoach bus line was established joining Montevideo with the newly formed settlement of Unión and the first natural gas street lights were inaugurated.[citation needed] From 1854 to 1861 the first public sanitation facilities were constructed. In 1856 the Teatro Solís was inaugurated, 15 years after the beginning of its construction. By Decree, on December 1861 the areas of Aguada and Cordón were incorporated to the growing Ciudad Nueva (New City). In 1866, an underwater telegraph line connected the city with Buenos Aires. The statue of Peace, La Paz, was erected on a column in Plaza Cagancha and the building of the Postal Service as well as the bridge of Paso Molino were inaugurated in 1867.

Question: What year was a stagecoach bus line established in Montevideo?
Answer: 1853

Question: Between what years were the first natural gas street lights constructed?
Answer: 1854 to 1861

Question: What year was the Teatro Solis inaugurated? 
Answer: 1856

Question: What year was an underwater telegraph line made that connected Montevideo with Buenos Aires?
Answer: 1866
In 1868, the horse-drawn tram company Compañía de Tranvías al Paso del Molino y Cerro created the first lines connecting Montevideo with Unión, the beach resort of Capurro and the industrialized and economically independent Villa del Cerro, at the time called Cosmopolis. In the same year, the Mercado del Puerto was inaugurated. In 1869, the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay was inaugurated connecting Bella Vista with the town of Las Piedras. During the same year and the next, the neighbourhoods Colón, Nuevo París and La Comercial were founded. The famous to our days Sunday market of Tristán Narvaja Street was established in Cordón in 1870. Public water supply was established in 1871. In 1878, Bulevar Circunvalación was constructed, a boulevard starting from Punta Carretas, going up to the north end of the city and then turning west to end at the beach of Capurro. It was renamed to Artigas Boulevard (its current name) in 1885. By Decree, on 8 January 1881, the area Los Pocitos was incorporated to the Novísima Ciudad (Most New City).

Question: What year did Compania de Tranvias al Paso del Molino y Cerro creat the first lines connecting Montevideo with Union?
Answer: 1868

Question: What year was Mercado del Puerto inaugurated? 
Answer: 1868

Question: What year was the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay inaugurated? 
Answer: 1869

Question: What year was Bulevar Circunvalcion constructed? 
Answer: 1878
The first telephone lines were installed in 1882 and electric street lights took the place of the gas operated ones in 1886. The Hipódromo de Maroñas started operating in 1888, and the neighbourhoods of Reus del Sur, Reus del Norte and Conciliación were inaugurated in 1889. The new building of the School of Arts and Trades, as well as Zabala Square in Ciudad Vieja were inaugurated in 1890, followed by the Italian Hospital in 1891. In the same year, the village of Peñarol was founded. Other neighbourhoods that were founded were Belgrano and Belvedere in 1892, Jacinto Vera in 1895 and Trouville in 1897. In 1894 the new port was constructed, and in 1897, the Central Railway Station of Montevideo was inaugurated.

Question: When were the first telephone lines installed?
Answer: 1882

Question: When did electric street lights replace the gas operated lights?
Answer: 1886

Question: When did the Hipodromo de Maronas start operating?
Answer: 1888

Question: When was the Central Railway Station of Montevideo inaugurated? 
Answer: 1897
As of 2010[update], the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities (Municipios), referred to with the letters from A to G, including CH, each presided over by a mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency. This division, according to the Municipality of Montevideo, "aims to advance political and administrative decentralization in the department of Montevideo, with the aim of deepening the democratic participation of citizens in governance." The head of each Municipio is called an alcalde or (if female) alcaldesa.

Question: How many political municipalities has the city of Montevideo been divided into as of 2010?
Answer: 8

Question: What is the head of each Municipio called?
Answer: an alcalde

Question: Who elects the mayor of the political municipalities? 
Answer: the citizens registered in the constituency
Of much greater importance is the division of the city into 62 barrios: neighbourhoods or wards. Many of the city's barrios—such as Sayago, Ituzaingó and Pocitos—were previously geographically separate settlements, later absorbed by the growth of the city. Others grew up around certain industrial sites, including the salt-curing works of Villa del Cerro and the tanneries in Nuevo París. Each barrio has its own identity, geographic location and socio-cultural activities. A neighbourhood of great significance is Ciudad Vieja, that was surrounded by a protective wall until 1829. This area contains most important buildings of the colonial era and early decades of independence.

Question: What had many of the city's barrios previously been?
Answer: geographically separate settlements

Question: What is a neighborhood of great significance? 
Answer: Ciudad Vieja

Question: What surrounded the neighborhood of Ciudad Vieja?
Answer: a protective wall
Banking has traditionally been one of the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay: the country was once dubbed "the Switzerland of America", mainly for its banking sector and stability, although that stability has been threatened in the 21st century by the recent global economic climate. The largest bank in Uruguay is Banco Republica (BROU), based in Montevideo. Almost 20 private banks, most of them branches of international banks, operate in the country (Banco Santander, ABN AMRO, Citibank, Lloyds TSB, among others). There are also a myriad of brokers and financial-services bureaus, among them Ficus Capital, Galfin Sociedad de Bolsa, Europa Sociedad de Bolsa, Darío Cukier, GBU, Hordeñana & Asociados Sociedad de Bolsa, etc.

Question: What has traditionally been the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay?
Answer: Banking

Question: Uruguay was once dubbed as what?
Answer: the Switzerland of America

Question: What is the largest bank in Uruguay? 
Answer: Banco Republica

Question: Where is Banco Republica based in?
Answer: Montevideo
Montevideo is the heartland of retailing in Uruguay. The city has become the principal centre of business and real estate, including many expensive buildings and modern towers for residences and offices, surrounded by extensive green spaces. In 1985, the first shopping centre in Rio de la Plata, Montevideo Shopping was built. In 1994, with building of three more shopping complexes such as the Shopping Tres Cruces, Portones Shopping, and Punta Carretas Shopping, the business map of the city changed dramatically. The creation of shopping complexes brought a major change in the habits of the people of Montevideo. Global firms such as McDonald's and Burger King etc. are firmly established in Montevideo.

Question: What is the heartland of retailing in Uruguay?
Answer: Montevideo

Question: What city has become the centre of business and real estate? 
Answer: Montevideo

Question: What year was Montevideo Shopping  built?
Answer: 1985
The architecture of Montevideo ranges from Neoclassical buildings such as the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral to the Postmodern style of the World Trade Center Montevideo or the 158-metre (518 ft) ANTEL Telecommunication Tower, the tallest skyscraper in the country. The Along with the Telecommunications Tower, the Palacio Salvo dominates the skyline of the Bay of Montevideo. The building façades in the Old Town reflect the city's extensive European immigration, displaying the influence of old European architecture. Notable government buildings include the Legislative Palace, the City Hall, Estévez Palace and the Executive Tower. The most notable sports stadium is the Estadio Centenario within Parque Batlle. Parque Batlle, Parque Rodó and Parque Prado are Montevideo's three great parks.

Question: What style of building is the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral? 
Answer: Neoclassical

Question: What style of building is the World Trade Center Montevideo? 
Answer: Postmodern

Question: What is the tallest skyscraper in the country?
Answer: ANTEL Telecommunication Tower
The Pocitos district, near the beach of the same name, has many homes built by Bello and Reboratti between 1920 and 1940, with a mixture of styles. Other landmarks in Pocitos are the "Edificio Panamericano" designed by Raul Sichero, and the "Positano" and "El Pilar" designed by Adolfo Sommer Smith and Luis García Pardo in the 1950s and 1960s. However, the construction boom of the 1970s and 1980s transformed the face of this neighbourhood, with a cluster of modern apartment buildings for upper and upper middle class residents.[citation needed]

Question: What district has many homes built by Bello and reboratti?
Answer: Pocitos

Question: Between what years did Bello and Reboratti built most of the homes in the Pocitos district? 
Answer: 1920 and 1940

Question: Who designed the Edificio Panamericano?
Answer: Raul Sichero

Question: What types of apartment buildings were constructed during the boom of the 1970's and 1980's?
Answer: modern apartment buildings