meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
In late February, large public rallies took place in Kiev to protest the election laws, on the eve of the March 26 elections to the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, and to call for the resignation of the first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Scherbytsky, lampooned as "the mastodon of stagnation." The demonstrations coincided with a visit to Ukraine by Soviet President Gorbachev. On February 26, 1989, between 20,000 and 30,000 people participated in an unsanctioned ecumenical memorial service in Lviv, marking the anniversary of the death of 19th Century Ukrainian artist and nationalist Taras Shevchenko.

Question: What were people protesting in Kiev during the last part of February?
Answer: election laws

Question: Who did the protesters want to resign? 
Answer: Volodymyr Scherbytsky

Question: What was Scherbytsky's nickname?
Answer: the mastodon of stagnation

Question: Who visited the Ukraine while the protests were taking place?
Answer: Gorbachev

Question: How many people attended the service in Lviv?
Answer: between 20,000 and 30,000
Thousands of Soviet troops were sent to the Fergana Valley, southeast of the Uzbek capital Tashkent, to re-establish order after clashes in which local Uzbeks hunted down members of the Meskhetian minority in several days of rioting between June 4–11, 1989; about 100 people were killed. On June 23, 1989, Gorbachev removed Rafiq Nishonov as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR and replaced him with Karimov, who went on to lead Uzbekistan as a Soviet Republic and subsequently as an independent state.

Question: Who went to the Fergana Valley to restore order?
Answer: Soviet troops

Question: Where is the Fergana Valley located?
Answer: southeast of the Uzbek capital

Question: Who were targeted by the local Uzbeks?
Answer: members of the Meskhetian minority

Question: Who was fired from First Secretary position by Gorbachev? 
Answer: Rafiq Nishonov

Question: Who replaced Nishonov?
Answer: Karimov
On January 21, 1990, Rukh organized a 300-mile (480 km) human chain between Kiev, Lviv, and Ivano-Frankivsk. Hundreds of thousands joined hands to commemorate the proclamation of Ukrainian independence in 1918 and the reunification of Ukrainian lands one year later (1919 Unification Act). On January 23, 1990, the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church held its first synod since its liquidation by the Soviets in 1946 (an act which the gathering declared invalid). On February 9, 1990, the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice officially registered Rukh. However, the registration came too late for Rukh to stand its own candidates for the parliamentary and local elections on March 4. At the 1990 elections of people's deputies to the Supreme Council (Verkhovna Rada), candidates from the Democratic Bloc won landslide victories in western Ukrainian oblasts. A majority of the seats had to hold run-off elections. On March 18, Democratic candidates scored further victories in the run-offs. The Democratic Bloc gained about 90 out of 450 seats in the new parliament.

Question: How many miles long was the human chain?
Answer: 300

Question: Who organized this chain?
Answer: Rukh

Question: What country's independence were the chain members celebrating?
Answer: Ukrainian

Question: When had the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church been broken up by the Soviets?
Answer: 1946

Question: In 1990 which party had most of the election victories?
Answer: the Democratic Bloc
Faced with growing separatism, Gorbachev sought to restructure the Soviet Union into a less centralized state. On August 20, 1991, the Russian SFSR was scheduled to sign a New Union Treaty that would have converted the Soviet Union into a federation of independent republics with a common president, foreign policy and military. It was strongly supported by the Central Asian republics, which needed the economic advantages of a common market to prosper. However, it would have meant some degree of continued Communist Party control over economic and social life.

Question: What was Gorbachev attempting to decentralize? 
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What was supposed to be signed on August 20?
Answer: New Union Treaty

Question: Who supported the treaty?
Answer: Central Asian republics,

Question: What would have maintained power if the treaty was signed?
Answer: Communist Party
Doubts remained over the authority of the Belavezha Accords to disband the Soviet Union, since they were signed by only three republics. However, on December 21, 1991, representatives of 11 of the 12 former republics – all except Georgia – signed the Alma-Ata Protocol, which confirmed the dissolution of the Union and formally established the CIS. They also "accepted" Gorbachev's resignation. While Gorbachev hadn't made any formal plans to leave the scene yet, he did tell CBS News that he would resign as soon as he saw that the CIS was indeed a reality.

Question: Which republic did not sign the Alma-Ata Protocol?
Answer: Georgia

Question: How many of the former republics had representatives sign the Protocol?
Answer: 11

Question: What did the Protocol establish?
Answer: CIS

Question: What was dissolved by the Protocol?
Answer: Union

Question: Which news organization did Gorbachev talk to about his resignation plans? 
Answer: CBS
Luke's gospel also describes an interaction between Jesus and the women among the crowd of mourners following him, quoting Jesus as saying "Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For behold, the days are coming when they will say, 'Blessed are the barren and the wombs that never bore and the breasts that never nursed!' Then they will begin to say to the mountains, 'Fall on us,' and to the hills, 'Cover us.' For if they do these things when the wood is green, what will happen when it is dry?"[Lk. 23:28-31]

Question: Who described an interaction between Jesus on the cross and women?
Answer: Luke's gospel

Question: What did Jesus say to women in the crowd?
Answer: do not weep for me

Question: Where are the words found in the Gospel?
Answer: Lk. 23:28-31

Question: What followed Jesus around?
Answer: crowd of mourners
Miami's heavy-rail rapid transit system, Metrorail, is an elevated system comprising two lines and 23 stations on a 24.4-mile (39.3 km)-long line. Metrorail connects the urban western suburbs of Hialeah, Medley, and inner-city Miami with suburban The Roads, Coconut Grove, Coral Gables, South Miami and urban Kendall via the central business districts of Miami International Airport, the Civic Center, and Downtown. A free, elevated people mover, Metromover, operates 21 stations on three different lines in greater Downtown Miami, with a station at roughly every two blocks of Downtown and Brickell. Several expansion projects are being funded by a transit development sales tax surcharge throughout Miami-Dade County.

Question: What is the name of Miami's heavy-rail system?
Answer: Metrorail

Question: How many miles long is Metrorail?
Answer: 24.4

Question: How many stations does Metrorail have?
Answer: 23

Question: How many lines does Metromover have?
Answer: three

Question: How much does it cost to use Metromover?
Answer: free
In the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile. The principles of textual criticism, although originally developed and refined for works of antiquity, the Bible, and Shakespeare, have been applied to many works, extending backwards from the present to the earliest known written documents, in Mesopotamia and Egypt—a period of about five millennia. However, the application of textual criticism to non-religious works does not antedate the invention of printing. While Christianity has been relatively receptive to textual criticism, application of it to the Jewish (Masoretic) Torah and the Qur'an is, to the devout, taboo.[citation needed]

Question: What is one reasons Shakespeare is a good place to focus on textual criticism?
Answer: the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation,

Question: Name two of the oldest civilizations that textual criticism has focused on.
Answer: Mesopotamia and Egypt

Question: Why is there opposition to textual criticism of Jewish and Muslim religious books?
Answer: is, to the devout, taboo.

Question: Aside from Shakespeare, what is another book that is a major focus of textual criticism?
Answer: Bible

Question: Over approximately what expanse of time can textual criticism be applied to written works?
Answer: a period of about five millennia
The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three parts: first, a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla); second, the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating),[citation needed]; and third, a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference).[citation needed]

Question: What is included in or accompanies in "critical edition"?
Answer: apparatus criticus or critical apparatus

Question: What is the purpose of the critical apparatus?
Answer: presents the author's work in three parts

Question: What is the goal of the textual critic?
Answer: a "critical edition"

Question: A critical edition of a text is accompanied by what?
Answer: apparatus criticus or critical apparatus.

Question: What is included in the first part of the critical apparatus?
Answer: a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla)

Question: What is included in the second part of the critical apparatus?
Answer: the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating)

Question: What is included in the final part of the critical apparatus?
Answer: a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference)
Cladistics is a technique borrowed from biology, where it was originally named phylogenetic systematics by Willi Hennig. In biology, the technique is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species. In its application in textual criticism, the text of a number of different manuscripts is entered into a computer, which records all the differences between them. The manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics. The difference between cladistics and more traditional forms of statistical analysis is that, rather than simply arranging the manuscripts into rough groupings according to their overall similarity, cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree and uses that assumption to derive relationships between them. This makes it more like an automated approach to stemmatics. However, where there is a difference, the computer does not attempt to decide which reading is closer to the original text, and so does not indicate which branch of the tree is the "root"—which manuscript tradition is closest to the original. Other types of evidence must be used for that purpose.

Question: What is the biological basis for Cladistics?
Answer: to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species

Question: How is evolution applied to textual criticism?
Answer: manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics

Question: How is cladistics similar to the stemmatic method?
Answer: cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree

Question: What is the main difference between cladistics and stemmatics?
Answer: does not indicate which branch of the tree is the "root"
Lateral-cut disc records were developed in the United States by Emile Berliner, who named his system the "gramophone", distinguishing it from Edison's wax cylinder "phonograph" and Columbia's wax cylinder "graphophone". Berliner's earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 5 inches (13 cm) in diameter, and were played with a small hand-propelled machine. Both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality. In the United States in 1894, under the Berliner Gramophone trademark, Berliner started marketing records with somewhat more substantial entertainment value, along with somewhat more substantial gramophones to play them. Berliner's records had poor sound quality compared to wax cylinders, but his manufacturing associate Eldridge R. Johnson eventually improved the sound quality. Abandoning Berliner's "Gramophone" trademark for legal reasons, in 1901 Johnson's and Berliner's separate companies reorganized to form the Victor Talking Machine Company, whose products would come to dominate the market for many years. Emile Berliner moved his company to Montreal in 1900. The factory which became RCA Victor stills exists. There is a dedicated museum in Montreal for Berliner.

Question: What is the name of lateral cut disc records?
Answer: gramophone

Question: What was an issue found with Berliner's records initially? 
Answer: poor sound quality

Question: Where were lateral cut disc records developed?
Answer: United States

Question: What is 'Victor Talking Machine now known as?
Answer: RCA Victor

Question: Where is the museum dedicated to Berliner located?
Answer: Montreal
By about 1910,[note 1] bound collections of empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover, similar to a photograph album, were sold as record albums that customers could use to store their records (the term "record album" was printed on some covers). These albums came in both 10-inch and 12-inch sizes. The covers of these bound books were wider and taller than the records inside, allowing the record album to be placed on a shelf upright, like a book, suspending the fragile records above the shelf and protecting them.

Question: When could record album covers first be found?
Answer: 1910

Question: What were early record album covers made of?
Answer: empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover

Question: What sizes were record album covers available in?
Answer: 10-inch and 12-inch sizes

Question: How were record album covers intended to be stored?
Answer: upright

Question: What was the purpose of record album covers?
Answer: protecting them
In the 1990s Rhino Records issued a series of boxed sets of 78 rpm reissues of early rock and roll hits, intended for owners of vintage jukeboxes. This was a disaster because Rhino did not warn customers that their records were made of vinyl, and that the vintage 78 RPM juke boxes were designed with heavy tone arms and steel needles to play the hard shellac records of their time. This failure to warn customers gave the Rhino 78 records a bad reputation,[citation needed] as they were destroyed by old juke boxes and old record players but played very well on newer 78-capable turntables with modern lightweight tone arms and jewel needles.

Question: When was the release by Rhino Records of 78 rpm for jukebox owners?
Answer: 1990s

Question: What was the result of the use of this release of 78 rpm vinyl when used in vintage jukeboxes?
Answer: they were destroyed

Question: What was needed to successfully play the newer released 79 rpm vinyl?
Answer: lightweight tone arms and jewel needles

Question: For whom was the 1990 release of 78 rpm intended?
Answer: owners of vintage jukeboxes

Question: How did the 1990 release of 78 rpm effect Rhino Records?
Answer: bad reputation
The commercial rivalry between RCA Victor and Columbia Records led to RCA Victor's introduction of what it had intended to be a competing vinyl format, the 7-inch (175 mm) 45 rpm disc. For a two-year period from 1948 to 1950, record companies and consumers faced uncertainty over which of these formats would ultimately prevail in what was known as the "War of the Speeds". (See also format war.) In 1949 Capitol and Decca adopted the new LP format and RCA gave in and issued its first LP in January 1950. The 45 rpm size was gaining in popularity, too, and Columbia issued its first 45s in February 1951. By 1954, 200 million 45s had been sold.

Question: Which company lost the "War of the Speeds"?
Answer: RCA

Question: What speed ultimantly ended up winning the war of the speeds?
Answer: 45 rpm

Question: Over which years did the "War of the Speeds" last? 
Answer: 1948 to 1950

Question: By 1945 what was the total sale of 45s?
Answer: 200 million

Question: Which two companies were involved in the "War of the Speeds"?
Answer: RCA Victor and Columbia Records
Stereophonic sound recording, which attempts to provide a more natural listening experience by reproducing the spatial locations of sound sources in the horizontal plane, was the natural extension to monophonic recording, and attracted various alternative engineering attempts. The ultimately dominant "45/45" stereophonic record system was invented by Alan Blumlein of EMI in 1931 and patented the same year. EMI cut the first stereo test discs using the system in 1933 (see Bell Labs Stereo Experiments of 1933) although the system was not exploited commercially until much later.

Question: What did Alan Blumlein event?
Answer: stereophonic record system

Question: When did EMI create the first stereo discs?
Answer: 1933

Question: What was the benefit of 45/45 stereo sound?
Answer: more natural listening experience

Question: What year was stereo sound patented? 
Answer: 1931

Question: How was the commercial success of stereo sound in the 1930s?
Answer: was not exploited commercially until much later.
A different format, CD-4 (not to be confused with compact disc), by RCA, encoded the front-rear difference information on an ultrasonic carrier, which required a special wideband cartridge to capture it on carefully calibrated pickup arm/turntable combinations. CD-4 was even less successful than the two matrixed formats. (A further problem was that no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information. That was remedied by cutting at half the speed. Later, the special half-speed cutting heads and equalization techniques were employed to get a wider frequency response in stereo with reduced distortion and greater headroom.)

Question: What was a major issue with CD-4 technology?
Answer: no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information

Question: How widespread was the success of CD-4 format? 
Answer: even less successful than the two matrixed formats

Question: What format was less successful than quadraphonic?
Answer: CD-4

Question: What were potential benefits of the CD-4 format?
Answer: reduced distortion and greater headroom

Question: Who created the CD-4 format?
Answer: RCA
Through the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, various methods to improve the dynamic range of mass-produced records involved highly advanced disc cutting equipment. These techniques, marketed, to name two, as the CBS DisComputer and Teldec Direct Metal Mastering, were used to reduce inner-groove distortion. RCA Victor introduced another system to reduce dynamic range and achieve a groove with less surface noise under the commercial name of Dynagroove. Two main elements were combined: another disk material with less surface noise in the groove and dynamic compression for masking background noise. Sometimes this was called "diaphragming" the source material and not favoured by some music lovers for its unnatural side effects. Both elements were reflected in the brandname of Dynagroove, described elsewhere in more detail. It also used the earlier advanced method of forward-looking control on groove spacing with respect to volume of sound and position on the disk. Lower recorded volume used closer spacing; higher recorded volume used wider spacing, especially with lower frequencies. Also, the higher track density at lower volumes enabled disk recordings to end farther away from the disk center than usual, helping to reduce endtrack distortion even further.

Question: What technique were used to reduce inner-groove distortion?
Answer: CBS DisComputer and Teldec Direct Metal Mastering

Question: Who developed the Dynagroove format?
Answer: RCA Victor

Question: Why did some music lovers frown upon diaphragming? 
Answer: unnatural side effects

Question: What did closer groove spacing result in?
Answer: Lower recorded volume

Question: What would be found with higher recorded volumes?
Answer: wider spacing
Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources: various makers of "home recordings" readily available to the public, European recordings, lateral-cut transcriptions, and vertical-cut transcriptions. Efforts were started in 1942 to standardize within the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), later known as the National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (NARTB). The NAB, among other items, issued recording standards in 1949 for laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions. A number of 78 rpm record producers as well as early LP makers also cut their records to the NAB/NARTB lateral standard.

Question: Who made the move to standardize recordings?
Answer: National Association of Broadcasters

Question: When were recording standards officially released?
Answer: 1949

Question:  Which recording types were effected by the imposed industry standards?
Answer: laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions.

Question: What was one issue of a lack of industry standards?
Answer: Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording

Question: What is the NAB?
Answer: National Association of Broadcasters
Many electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl; however, digital copies are still widely available. This is because for disc jockeys ("DJs"), vinyl has an advantage over the CD: direct manipulation of the medium. DJ techniques such as slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching originated on turntables. With CDs or compact audio cassettes one normally has only indirect manipulation options, e.g., the play, stop, and pause buttons. With a record one can place the stylus a few grooves farther in or out, accelerate or decelerate the turntable, or even reverse its direction, provided the stylus, record player, and record itself are built to withstand it. However, many CDJ and DJ advances, such as DJ software and time-encoded vinyl, now have these capabilities and more.

Question: What is a reason a DJ would prefer vinyl to CD?
Answer: direct manipulation

Question: In what techniques would a DJ require a vinyl record?
Answer: slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching

Question: Are all turn tables capable of DJ manipulation of vinyl records?
Answer: provided the stylus, record player, and record itself are built to withstand it

Question: What is commonly preferred by DJs vinyl or CD?
Answer: any electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl

Question: Had vinyl technology ceased expanding?
Answer: However, many CDJ and DJ advances, such as DJ software and time-encoded vinyl, now have these capabilities and more.
Samkhya philosophy includes a theory of gunas (qualities, innate tendencies, psyche). Guna, it states, are of three types: Sattva being good, compassionate, illuminating, positive, and constructive; Rajas guna is one of activity, chaotic, passion, impulsive, potentially good or bad; and Tamas being the quality of darkness, ignorance, destructive, lethargic, negative. Everything, all life forms and human beings, state Samkhya scholars, have these three gunas, but in different proportions. The interplay of these gunas defines the character of someone or something, of nature and determines the progress of life. Samkhya theorises a pluralism of souls (Jeevatmas) who possess consciousness, but denies the existence of Ishvara (God). Classical Samkhya is considered an atheist / non-theistic Hindu philosophy.

Question: How many types of Guna exist in Hindu philosophy?
Answer: three

Question: Which state of guna is that of compassion, positiveness, and goodness? 
Answer: Sattva

Question: Which type of guna is concened with passion and activity?
Answer: Rajas

Question: What is the focus of the guna for negativeness and destruction?
Answer: Tamas

Question: What is the interpretation of classical  of Samkhya?
Answer: atheist / non-theistic
The emergence of Vedanta school represented a period when a more knowledge-centered understanding began to emerge. These focussed on jnana (knowledge) driven aspects of the Vedic religion and the Upanishads. This included metaphysical concepts such as ātman and Brahman, and emphasized meditation, self-discipline, self-knowledge and abstract spirituality, rather than ritualism. The Upanishads were variously interpreted by ancient and medieval era Vedanta scholars. Consequently, the Vedanta separated into many sub-schools, ranging from theistic dualism to non-theistic monism, each interpreting the texts in its own way and producing its own series of sub-commentaries.

Question: What did the Vedanta school represent in Hindu philosophy?
Answer: knowledge-centered understanding

Question: On what aspects of Vedic did the Vedanta understanding focus?
Answer: jnana

Question: On what did the Vedanta school lessen focus?
Answer: ritualism

Question: Due to differences in text interpretations,into  what did the Vedanta school separate?
Answer: many sub-schools

Question: What metaphysical concepts were included in the Vedanta school? 
Answer: ātman and Brahman
Pāśupata Shaivism (Pāśupata, "of Paśupati") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Paśu in Paśupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulterior. Whereas, Pati means the cause (or principium), the word designates the Lord, who is the cause of the universe, the pati, or the ruler. Pashupatas disapproved of Vaishnava theology, known for its doctrine servitude of souls to the Supreme Being, on the grounds that dependence upon anything could not be the means of cessation of pain and other desired ends. They recognised that those depending upon another and longing for independence will not be emancipated because they still depend upon something other than themselves. According to Pāśupatas, soul possesses the attributes of the Supreme Deity when it becomes liberated from the 'germ of every pain'.

Question: What is the oldest school of Shaivism?
Answer: Pāśupata Shaivism

Question: Who organized the Pasupata philosophy?
Answer: Lakulish

Question: When did Lakulish systematize the Pasupata Shaivism? 
Answer: 2nd century CE

Question: What school of philosophy did the Pasupatas dislike?
Answer: Vaishnava theology

Question: What aspect of Vaishnava was unpalatable for the Pasupatas?
Answer: servitude of souls
While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they did when first founded. In democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government. Many countries have numerous powerful political parties, such as Germany and India and some nations have one-party systems, such as China. The United States is a two-party system, with its two most powerful parties being the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.

Question: What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?
Answer: Democratic Party and the Republican Party

Question: Name a nation that has a one-party political system.
Answer: China

Question: How are political parties elected in democracies? 
Answer: the electorate

Question: What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties?
Answer: Germany and India
A political party is typically led by a party leader (the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party), a party secretary (who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings), party treasurer (who is responsible for membership dues) and party chair (who forms strategies for recruiting and retaining party members, and also chairs party meetings). Most of the above positions are also members of the party executive, the leading organization which sets policy for the entire party at the national level. The structure is far more decentralized in the United States because of the separation of powers, federalism and the multiplicity of economic interests and religious sects. Even state parties are decentralized as county and other local committees are largely independent of state central committees. The national party leader in the U.S. will be the president, if the party holds that office, or a prominent member of Congress in opposition (although a big-state governor may aspire to that role). Officially, each party has a chairman for its national committee who is a prominent spokesman, organizer and fund-raiser, but without the status of prominent elected office holders.

Question: Do political parties have a Party leader?
Answer: A political party is typically led by a party leader

Question: Who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings?
Answer: party secretary

Question: Who is responsible for the membership fees and expenses? 
Answer: party treasurer

Question: Who is responsible for recruiting and maintaining party members?
Answer: party chair
In fledgling democracies funding can also be provided by foreign aid. International donors provide financing to political parties in developing countries as a means to promote democracy and good governance. Support can be purely financial or otherwise. Frequently it is provided as capacity development activities including the development of party manifestos, party constitutions and campaigning skills. Developing links between ideologically linked parties is another common feature of international support for a party. Sometimes this can be perceived as directly supporting the political aims of a political party, such as the support of the US government to the Georgian party behind the Rose Revolution. Other donors work on a more neutral basis, where multiple donors provide grants in countries accessible by all parties for various aims defined by the recipients. There have been calls by leading development think-tanks, such as the Overseas Development Institute, to increase support to political parties as part of developing the capacity to deal with the demands of interest-driven donors to improve governance.

Question: What can also be provided by foreign aid?
Answer: funding

Question: What do international donors do to promote democracy? 
Answer: provide financing to political parties in developing countries

Question: What is another common occurrence of international support for a party? 
Answer: Developing links between ideologically linked parties

Question: What does the overseas development institute want to do?
Answer: to increase support to political parties
During the 19th and 20th century, many national political parties organized themselves into international organizations along similar policy lines. Notable examples are The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association (also called the First International), the Socialist International (also called the Second International), the Communist International (also called the Third International), and the Fourth International, as organizations of working class parties, or the Liberal International (yellow), Hizb ut-Tahrir, Christian Democratic International and the International Democrat Union (blue). Organized in Italy in 1945, the International Communist Party, since 1974 headquartered in Florence has sections in six countries.[citation needed] Worldwide green parties have recently established the Global Greens. The Universal Party, The Socialist International, the Liberal International, and the International Democrat Union are all based in London. Some administrations (e.g. Hong Kong) outlaw formal linkages between local and foreign political organizations, effectively outlawing international political parties.

Question: When did political parties organize themselves into international organizations?
Answer: 19th and 20th century

Question: What are some examples of this?
Answer: The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association

Question: Name an example of an administration that outlaws links between local and foreign political organizations. 
Answer: Hong Kong
Instruments have divided Christendom since their introduction into worship. They were considered a Catholic innovation, not widely practiced until the 18th century, and were opposed vigorously in worship by a number of Protestant Reformers, including Martin Luther (1483–1546), Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin (1509–1564) and John Wesley (1703–1791). Alexander Campbell referred to the use of an instrument in worship as "a cow bell in a concert". In Sir Walter Scott's The Heart of Midlothian, the heroine, Jeanie Deans, a Scottish Presbyterian, writes to her father about the church situation she has found in England (bold added):

Question: Why were instruments more unwelcome to Christians?
Answer: They were considered a Catholic innovation

Question: What was the name of the book in which Jeanie Deans is the protagonist?
Answer: The Heart of Midlothian

Question: Who is quoted for saying instruments in religious services are like "A cow bell in a concert" 
Answer: Alexander Campbell

Question: Who authored The Heart of the Midlothian?
Answer: Sir Walter Scott
Those who subscribe to this interpretation believe that since the Christian scriptures never counter instrumental language with any negative judgment on instruments, opposition to instruments instead comes from an interpretation of history. There is no written opposition to musical instruments in any setting in the first century and a half of Christian churches (33 AD to 180AD). The use of instruments for Christian worship during this period is also undocumented. Toward the end of the 2nd century, Christians began condemning the instruments themselves. Those who oppose instruments today believe these Church Fathers had a better understanding of God's desire for the church,[citation needed] but there are significant differences between the teachings of these Church Fathers and Christian opposition to instruments today.

Question: What does the rejection of instruments in Christian music likely stem from?
Answer: an interpretation of history

Question: During what time is there no record of Christians using instruments for worship?
Answer: 33 AD to 180AD

Question: At what point did instruments begin to receive condemnation from Christians?
Answer: the 2nd century

Question: For what reason do modern Christians continue to oppose the use of instruments?
Answer: Church Fathers had a better understanding of God's desire for the church
While worship in the Temple in Jerusalem included musical instruments (2 Chronicles 29:25–27), traditional Jewish religious services in the Synagogue, both before and after the last destruction of the Temple, did not include musical instruments given the practice of scriptural cantillation. The use of musical instruments is traditionally forbidden on the Sabbath out of concern that players would be tempted to repair (or tune) their instruments, which is forbidden on those days. (This prohibition has been relaxed in many Reform and some Conservative congregations.) Similarly, when Jewish families and larger groups sing traditional Sabbath songs known as zemirot outside the context of formal religious services, they usually do so a cappella, and Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations on the Sabbath sometimes feature entertainment by a cappella ensembles. During the Three Weeks musical instruments are prohibited. Many Jews consider a portion of the 49-day period of the counting of the omer between Passover and Shavuot to be a time of semi-mourning and instrumental music is not allowed during that time. This has led to a tradition of a cappella singing sometimes known as sefirah music.

Question: On what day is using musical instruments not allowed? 
Answer: Sabbath

Question: In what style do Jewish families typically sing Sabbath songs?
Answer: a cappella

Question: What is a cappella music occasionally called among those of Jewish faith?
Answer: sefirah music

Question: How many days are counted between Passover and Shavuot?
Answer: 49

Question: What is part of the time between Passover and Shavuot thought to be?
Answer: a time of semi-mourning
The fourth a cappella musical to appear Off-Broadway, In Transit, premiered 5 October 2010 and was produced by Primary Stages with book, music, and lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez, James-Allen Ford, Russ Kaplan, and Sara Wordsworth. Set primarily in the New York City subway system its score features an eclectic mix of musical genres (including jazz, hip hop, Latin, rock, and country). In Transit incorporates vocal beat boxing into its contemporary a cappella arrangements through the use of a subway beat boxer character. Beat boxer and actor Chesney Snow performed this role for the 2010 Primary Stages production. According to the show's website, it is scheduled to reopen for an open-ended commercial run in the Fall of 2011. In 2011 the production received four Lucille Lortel Award nominations including Outstanding Musical, Outer Critics Circle and Drama League nominations, as well as five Drama Desk nominations including Outstanding Musical and won for Outstanding Ensemble Performance.

Question: What is the name of the a cappella musical that debuted Off-Broadway in the same year as Perfect Harmony?
Answer: In Transit

Question: Where does most of In Transit take place? 
Answer: the New York City subway system

Question: What a cappella vocal style is implemented in many of In Transit's songs?
Answer: beat boxing

Question: How many Lucille Lortel Awards was In Transit nominated for?
Answer: four

Question: What is the name of the actor who played the subway beat boxer?
Answer: Chesney Snow
Dominic became the spiritual father to several Albigensian women he had reconciled to the faith, and in 1206 he established them in a convent in Prouille. This convent would become the foundation of the Dominican nuns, thus making the Dominican nuns older than the Dominican friars. Prior Diego sanctioned the building of a monastery for girls whose parents had sent them to the care of the Albigensians because their families were too poor to fulfill their basic needs. The monastery was at Prouille would later become Dominic's headquarters for his missionary effort there. After two years on the mission field, Prior Diego died while traveling back to Spain. When his preaching companions heard of his death, all save Dominic and a very small number of others returned to their homes.

Question: In what year did Dominic establish a convent?
Answer: 1206

Question: What women did Dominic convert for his convent?
Answer: Albigensian

Question: What group are older than the Dominican Friars?
Answer: Dominican nuns

Question: Why did families send their girls to Diego's monastery? 
Answer: too poor

Question: How long after his mission did Prior Diego die?
Answer: two years
Dominic's search for a close relationship with God was determined and unceasing. He rarely spoke, so little of his interior life is known. What is known about it comes from accounts written by people near to him. St. Cecilia remembered him as cheerful, charitable and full of unceasing vigor. From a number of accounts, singing was apparently one of Dominic's great delights. Dominic practiced self-scourging and would mortify himself as he prayed alone in the chapel at night for 'poor sinners.' He owned a single habit, refused to carry money, and would allow no one to serve him.

Question: What did Dominic greatly struggle with?
Answer: relationship with God

Question: Who remembered Dominic as a cheerful fellow?
Answer: St. Cecilia

Question: What did Dominic enjoy doing?
Answer: sing

Question: Who did Dominic pray for?
Answer: poor sinners

Question: What did Dominic refuse to do?
Answer: carry money
The Dominican Order was affected by a number of elemental influences. Its early members imbued the order with a mysticism and learning. The Europeans of the order embraced ecstatic mysticism on a grand scale and looked to a union with the Creator. The English Dominicans looked for this complete unity as well, but were not so focused on ecstatic experiences. Instead, their goal was to emulate the moral life of Christ more completely. The Dartford nuns were surrounded by all of these legacies, and used them to create something unique. Though they are not called mystics, they are known for their piety toward God and their determination to live lives devoted to, and in emulation of, Him.

Question: What did the Europeans of the Dominican Order bring to the group?
Answer: ecstatic mysticism

Question: What did the English Dominicans hope to do within the Order?
Answer: to emulate the moral life of Christ more completely

Question: What group of nuns are used all aspects of the Dominican Order for their work? 
Answer: Dartford

Question: The Dartford Nuns are similar to what group?
Answer: mystics

Question: What do ecstatic mystics hope to achieve?
Answer: a union with the Creator
Women could not be professed to the Dominican religious life before the age of thirteen. The formula for profession contained in the Constitutions of Montargis Priory (1250) demands that nuns pledge obedience to God, the Blessed Virgin, their prioress and her successors according to the Rule of St. Augustine and the institute of the order, until death. The clothing of the sisters consisted of a white tunic and scapular, a leather belt, a black mantle, and a black veil. Candidates to profession were tested to reveal whether they were actually married women who had merely separated from their husbands. Their intellectual abilities were also tested. Nuns were to be silent in places of prayer, the cloister, the dormitory, and refectory. Silence was maintained unless the prioress granted an exception for a specific cause. Speaking was allowed in the common parlor, but it was subordinate to strict rules, and the prioress, subprioress or other senior nun had to be present.

Question: After what age could women become members of the Dominican Order?
Answer: thirteen

Question: What type of veil must the sisters wear?
Answer: black

Question: The formula for profession into the Dominican Order is presented in what text?
Answer: the Constitutions of Montargis Priory

Question: What were the nuns allowed to minimally do?
Answer: Speak

Question: What were the nuns tested on?
Answer: intellectual abilities
Eton has a long list of distinguished former pupils. David Cameron is the 19th British prime minister to have attended the school, and has recommended that Eton set up a school in the state sector to help drive up standards. Eton now co-sponsors a state sixth-form college in Newham, a deprived area of East London, called the London Academy of Excellence, opened in 2012, which is free of charge and aims to get all its students into higher education. In September 2014, Eton opened, and became the sole educational sponsor for, a new purpose-built co-educational state boarding and day school for around 500 pupils, Holyport College, in Maidenhead in Berkshire, with construction costing around £15 million, in which a fifth of places for day pupils will be set aside for children from poor homes, 21 boarding places will go to youngsters on the verge of being taken into care, and a further 28 boarders will be funded or part-funded through bursaries.

Question: How many British prime ministers attended Eton?
Answer: 19

Question: Which college in Newham does Eton College co-sponsor?
Answer: London Academy of Excellence

Question: How does London Academy of Excellence vary in cost from Eton College?
Answer: free of charge

Question: Where will Holyport College be located?
Answer: Maidenhead in Berkshire

Question: How much is construction of Holyport College predicted to cost?
Answer: around £15 million
Other notable Old Etonians include scientists Robert Boyle, John Maynard Smith, J. B. S. Haldane, Stephen Wolfram and the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner, John Gurdon; Beau Brummell; economists John Maynard Keynes and Richard Layard; Antarctic explorer Lawrence Oates; politician Alan Clark; entrepreneur, charity organiser and partner of Adele, Simon Konecki; cricket commentator Henry Blofeld; explorer Sir Ranulph Fiennes; adventurer Bear Grylls; composers Thomas Arne, George Butterworth, Roger Quilter, Frederick Septimus Kelly, Donald Tovey, Thomas Dunhill, Lord Berners, Victor Hely-Hutchinson, and Peter Warlock (Philip Heseltine); Hubert Parry, who wrote the song Jerusalem and the coronation anthem I was glad; and musicians Frank Turner and Humphrey Lyttelton.

Question: Which 2012 Nobel Prize winner attended Eton?
Answer: John Gurdon

Question: Which Antarctic explorer attended Eton?
Answer: Lawrence Oates

Question: Where did adventurer Bear Grylls attend school?
Answer: Eton
The climate of Cork, like the rest of Ireland, is mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. Cork lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b. Met Éireann maintains a climatological weather station at Cork Airport, a few kilometres south of the city. It should be noted that the airport is at an altitude of 151 metres (495 ft) and temperatures can often differ by a few degrees between the airport and the city itself. There are also smaller synoptic weather stations at UCC and Clover Hill.

Question: What is the weather like in Cork?
Answer: mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes

Question: Who keeps a weather station in Cork?
Answer: Met Éireann

Question: Why can temperatures differ so much between the city of Cork and the weather station maintained at the airport? 
Answer: the airport is at an altitude of 151 metres (495 ft)

Question: Where are some weather stations near Cork?
Answer: UCC and Clover Hill

Question: If you are going to farm in Cork, what should you be aware of?
Answer: lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b
Cork is home to the RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet, and to many musical acts, including John Spillane, The Frank And Walters, Sultans of Ping, Simple Kid, Microdisney, Fred, Mick Flannery and the late Rory Gallagher. Singer songwriter Cathal Coughlan and Sean O'Hagan of The High Llamas also hail from Cork. The opera singers Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy are also Cork born. Ranging in capacity from 50 to 1,000, the main music venues in the city are the Cork Opera House (capacity c.1000), Cyprus Avenue, Triskel Christchurch, the Roundy, the Savoy and Coughlan's.[citation needed] Cork's underground scene is supported by Plugd Records.[citation needed]

Question: Which group members of The High Llamas are from Cork?
Answer: Cathal Coughlan and Sean O'Hagan

Question: Which major opera singers were born in Cork?
Answer: Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy

Question: Who runs the underground music scene in Cork?
Answer: Plugd Records

Question: What are the main attractions in Cork?
Answer: Cork Opera House (capacity c.1000), Cyprus Avenue, Triskel Christchurch, the Roundy, the Savoy and Coughlan's

Question: Which famous quartet calls Cork it's home?
Answer: RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet