meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
Like much of the southeastern United States, Raleigh has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with four distinct seasons. Winters are short and generally cool, with a January daily average of 41.0 °F (5.0 °C). On average, there are 69 nights per year that drop to or below freezing, and only 2.7 days that fail to rise above freezing. April is the driest month, with an average of 2.91 inches (73.9 mm) of precipitation. Precipitation is well distributed around the year, with a slight maximum between July and September; on average, July is the wettest month, owing to generally frequent, sometimes heavy, showers and thunderstorms. Summers are hot and humid, with a daily average in July of 80.0 °F (26.7 °C). There are 48 days per year with highs at or above 90 °F (32 °C). Autumn is similar to spring overall but has fewer days of rainfall. Extremes in temperature have ranged from −9 °F (−23 °C) on January 21, 1985 up to 105 °F (41 °C), most recently on July 8, 2012.

Question: What is the climate of Raleigh?
Answer: humid subtropical climate

Question: How many seasons are there in Raleigh?
Answer: four

Question: How many nights in a year are there in Raleigh that are freezing?
Answer: 69 nights per year

Question: What month has the most precipitation? 
Answer: July

Question: What is the hottest temperature in Raleigh?
Answer: 105
Saturated fats (typically from animal sources) have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia. Unsaturated fats (e. g., vegetable oil) are considered healthier, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), while unsaturated fats are typically liquids (such as olive oil or flaxseed oil). Trans fats are very rare in nature, and have been shown to be highly detrimental to human health, but have properties useful in the food processing industry, such as rancidity resistance.[citation needed]

Question: Where do saturated fats in a diet typically originate from?
Answer: animal sources

Question: Which kind of fat is generally considered to be healthiest?
Answer: Unsaturated fats

Question: Which type of fat should people attempt to avoid?
Answer: trans fats

Question: What kind of state of matter do unsaturated fats typically have at room temperature?
Answer: liquids

Question: Although trans fats are harmful to human health, what property do they have that makes them useful in food processing?
Answer: rancidity resistance
A dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the development of scurvy among infants in the late 19th century in the United States. It turned out that the vast majority of sufferers were being fed milk that had been heat-treated (as suggested by Pasteur) to control bacterial disease. Pasteurisation was effective against bacteria, but it destroyed the vitamin C.

Question: What did people who became ill with beri-beri have as their main food source?
Answer: polished rice

Question: What vitamin is removed during the polishing of rice?
Answer: thiamine

Question: Which disease became prevalent among infants in the United States as an effect of processed foods?
Answer: scurvy

Question: What treatment did the milk that was fed to infants undergo to control bacterial disease?
Answer: Pasteurisation

Question: What was destroyed during the pasteurisation of the milk?
Answer: vitamin C
The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs.(Preface) The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs. As the legend of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war quickly became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. The reaction in the UK was a demand for professionalization, most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while treating the wounded.

Question: What modern technologies were first used during the Crimean War?
Answer: explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs

Question: Who was recognized for treating the wounded while pioneering modern nursing?
Answer: Florence Nightingale

Question: The war was one of the first to be documented in what two ways?
Answer: written reports and photographs
In 1838 the situation was slightly the same as in 1831. Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria, he resumed military actions. The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24, 1839. The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia by signing a convention in London in July 15, 1840 to grant Muhammad Ali and his descendants the right to inherit power in Egypt in exchange for removal of Egyptian military forces from Syria and Lebanon. Moreover, Muhammad Ali had to admit a formal dependence from the Ottoman sultan. After Muhammad Ali refused to obey the requirements of the London convention, the allied Anglo-Austrian fleet blocked the Delta, bombarded Beirut and captured Acre. Muhammad Ali accepted the conditions of the London convention in 1840.

Question: In 1838, who was not pleased of their lack of power in Syria?
Answer: Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Question: Who did the Ottomans lose to at the Battle of Nezib?
Answer: Egyptians

Question: In what year did the Battle of Nezib take place?
Answer: 1839

Question: Who helped save the Ottomans by signing a convention in London? 
Answer: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia

Question: In what year did Muhammad Ali  finally accept the terms of the London convention?
Answer: 1840
For over 200 years, Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated "Wild Fields" toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea that did not freeze over like the handful of other ports available in the north. The goal was to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy.:11 Pursuit of this goal brought the emerging Russian state into conflict with the Ukrainian Cossacks and then with the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate and Circassians. When Russia conquered these groups and gained possession of southern Ukraine, known as New Russia during Russian imperial times, the Ottoman Empire lost its buffer zone against Russian expansion, and Russia and the Ottoman Empire fell into direct conflict. The conflict with the Ottoman Empire also presented a religious issue of importance, as Russia saw itself as the protector of Orthodox Christians, many of whom lived under Ottoman control and were treated as second-class citizens.(ch 1)

Question: For 200 years, Russia been expanding across what area?
Answer: Wild Fields

Question: Why did Russia move towards the warmer ports of the Black Sea?
Answer: to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy

Question: Who did Russia first have issues with when moving towards the warmer ports in the Black Sea?
Answer: Ukrainian Cossacks

Question: Who was treated as second class citizens under the Ottomans?
Answer: Orthodox Christians

Question: During the Russian imperial times, what other name was southern Ukraine known by?
Answer: New Russia
Napoleon III responded with a show of force, sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea. This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention.:104:19 Thus, France's show of force presented a real threat, and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, induced the Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I to accept a new treaty, confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme Christian authority with control over the Roman Catholic holy places and possession of the keys to the Church of the Nativity, previously held by the Greek Orthodox Church.:20

Question: What was the name of the ship that Napoleon sent to the Black Sea?
Answer: Charlemagne

Question: Sending a ship to the Black Sea violated the terms made during what agreement?
Answer: London Straits Convention

Question: Who felt threaten by France's force and ended up signing a new treaty?
Answer: Sultan Abdülmecid I

Question: Who previously held the keys to the Church of the Nativity?
Answer: Greek Orthodox Church

Question: Who held authority over Roman Catholic holy places after Sultan Abdülmecid I agreed to the new treaty?
Answer: France and the Roman Catholic Church
In the spring of 1854 the Russians again advanced, crossing the Danube River into the Turkish province of Dobruja. By April 1854, the Russians had reached the lines of Trajan's Wall where they were finally halted. In the center, the Russian forces crossed the Danube and laid siege to Silistra from 14 April with 60,000 troops, the defenders with 15,000 had supplies for three months.:415 The siege was lifted on 23 June 1854. The English and French forces at this time were unable to take the field for lack of equipment.:415

Question: Who advanced on Dobruja in the spring of 1854?
Answer: the Russians

Question: What river did the Russians cross to get to Dobruja?
Answer: Danube River

Question: How man troops did the Russians have when they attacked Silistra ?
Answer: 60,000 troops

Question: When did the siege of Silistra end?
Answer: 23 June 1854

Question: Why couldn't the French and English take control of the field?
Answer: lack of equipment
The Crimean campaign opened in September 1854. 360 ships sailed in seven columns, each steamer towing two sailing ships.:422 Anchoring on 13 September in the bay of Eupatoria, the town surrendered and 500 Marines landed to occupy it. This town and bay would provide a fall back position in case of disaster.:201 The ships then sailed east to make the landing of the allied expeditionary force on the sandy beaches of Calamita Bay on the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula. The landing surprised the Russians, as they had been expecting a landing at Katcha; the last minute change proving that Russia had known the original battle plan. There was no sign of the enemy and the men were all landed on 14 September. It took another four days to land all the stores, equipment, horses and artillery.

Question: In what year did the Crimean campaign open?
Answer: 1854

Question: 360 ships landed in what bay?
Answer: bay of Eupatoria

Question: How many Marines cause Eupatoria to surrender? 
Answer: 500 Marines

Question: What is the name of the bay located at the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula?
Answer: Calamita Bay

Question: The Russians were surprised because they were expecting the fleet to land where?
Answer: Katcha
The landing was north of Sevastopol, so the Russians had arrayed their army in expectation of a direct attack. The allies advanced and on the morning of 20 September came up to the Alma river and the whole Russian army. The position was strong, but after three hours,:424 the frontal attack had driven the Russians out of their dug in positions with losses of 6000 men. The Battle of the Alma had 3,300 Allied losses. Failing to pursue the retreating forces was one of many strategic errors made during the war, and the Russians themselves noted that had they pressed south that day they would have easily captured Sevastopol.

Question: How many men did the Russians lose after three hours?
Answer: 6000 men

Question: Which river did the allies come across the Russian Army?
Answer: Alma river

Question: How many hours did it take to force the Russians away during the attack?
Answer: three hours

Question: How many allies were lost during the battle?
Answer: 3,300

Question: Which way did the Russians believe they should have traveled? 
Answer: south
Believing the northern approaches to the city too well defended, especially due to the presence of a large star fort and because Sevastopol was on the south side of the inlet from the sea that made the harbour, Sir John Burgoyne, the engineer advisor, recommended that the allies attack Sevastopol from the south. This was agreed by the joint commanders, Raglan and St Arnaud.:426 On 25 September the whole army marched southeast and encircled the city to the south. This let them set up a new supply center in a number of protected inlets on the south coast. The Russians retreated into the city.

Question: When did the army march to the southeast?  
Answer: 25 September

Question: Where did the Russians retreat to? 
Answer: into the city.

Question: Who was the engineer adviser? 
Answer: Sir John Burgoyne

Question: Who were the joint commanders? 
Answer: Raglan and St Arnaud
The Allied army relocated without problems to the south and the heavy artillery was brought ashore with batteries and connecting trenches built so that by 10 October some batteries were ready and by 17 October—when the bombardment commenced—126 guns were firing, 53 of them French.:430 The fleet at the same time engaged the shore batteries. The British bombardment worked better than the French, who had smaller caliber guns. The fleet suffered high casualties during the day. The British wanted to attack that afternoon, but the French wanted to defer the attack. A postponement was agreed, but on the next day the French were still not ready. By 19 October the Russians had transferred some heavy guns to the southern defenses and outgunned the allies.:431

Question: When did the continuous attack start?
Answer: 17 October

Question: When the continuous attack started, how many guns were firing?
Answer: 126 guns

Question: Who was not ready to start the attack?
Answer: the French

Question: Who was outgunned due to heavy guns at a southern defense?
Answer: the allies

Question: Who wanted to commence with the attack during the afternoon?
Answer: The British
A large Russian assault on the allied supply base to the southeast, at Balaclava was rebuffed on 25 October 1854.:521–527 The Battle of Balaclava is remembered in the UK for the actions of two British units. At the start of the battle, a large body of Russian cavalry charged the 93rd Highlanders, who were posted north of the village of Kadikoi. Commanding them was Sir Colin Campbell. Rather than 'form square', the traditional method of repelling cavalry, Campbell took the risky decision to have his Highlanders form a single line, two men deep. Campbell had seen the effectiveness of the new Minie rifles, with which his troops were armed, at the Battle of the Alma a month before, and was confident his men could beat back the Russians. His tactics succeeded. From up on the ridge to the west, Times correspondent William Howard Russell saw the Highlanders as a 'thin red streak topped with steel', a phrase which soon became the 'Thin Red Line.'

Question: Who did the Russians attack at the beginning off the Battle of Balaclava?
Answer: 93rd Highlanders

Question: Near what village were the 93rd Highlanders posted at?
Answer: Kadikoi

Question: What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form? 
Answer: a single line, two men deep

Question: Who led the 93rd Highlanders?
Answer: Sir Colin Campbell

Question: What weapon did Sir Colin Campbell troops use during the Battle of Alma?
Answer: Minie rifles
Cardigan formed up his unit and charged the length of the Valley of the Balaclava, under fire from Russian batteries in the hills. The charge of the Light Brigade caused 278 casualties of the 700-man unit. The Light Brigade was memorialized in the famous poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson, "The Charge of the Light Brigade." Although traditionally the charge of the Light Brigade was looked upon as a glorious but wasted sacrifice of good men and horses, recent historians say that the charge of the Light Brigade did succeed in at least some of its objectives. The aim of any cavalry charge is to scatter the enemy lines and frighten the enemy off the battlefield. The charge of the Light Brigade had so unnerved the Russian cavalry, which had previously been routed by the Heavy Brigade, that the Russian Cavalry was set to full-scale flight by the subsequent charge of the Light Brigade.:252

Question: Who led the charge on the Valley of Balaclava?
Answer: Cardigan

Question: Who was Cardigan under fire from when advancing on the Valley of Balaclava?
Answer: Russian batteries

Question: How many people did Cardigan lose during the Light Brigade?  
Answer: 278

Question: Who wrote the famous poem about the Light Brigade? 
Answer: Alfred Lord Tennyson

Question: What was the name of the poem that memorialized the Light Brigade?
Answer: The Charge of the Light Brigade
Winter, and a deteriorating supply situation on both sides of troops and materiel, led to a halt in ground operations. Sevastopol remained invested by the allies, while the allied armies were hemmed in by the Russian army in the interior. On 14 November a storm sank thirty allied transport ships including HMS Prince which was carrying a cargo of winter clothing.:435 The storm and heavy traffic caused the road from the coast to the troops to disintegrate into a quagmire, requiring engineers to devote most of their time to its repair including quarrying stone. A tramroad was ordered. It arrived in January with a civilian engineering crew, however it was March before it was sufficiently advanced to be of any appreciable value.:439 An Electrical telegraph was also ordered, but the frozen ground delayed its installation until March, when communications from the base port of Balaklava to the British HQ was established. The Pipe-and-cable-laying plough failed because of the hard frozen soil, but even so 21 miles of cable were laid.:449

Question: What stopped ground operations during the winter?
Answer: a deteriorating supply situation

Question: What caused the HMS Prince to sink?
Answer: a storm

Question: What was the HMS Prince carrying when it sunk?
Answer: a cargo of winter clothing

Question: What arrived in January with an engineering crew?
Answer: A tramroad

Question: What caused the electrical telegraph to be delayed for some time?
Answer: the frozen ground
The Allies had had time to consider the problem. The French being brought around to agree that the key to the defence was the Malakoff.:441 Emphasis of the siege at Sevastopol shifted to the British left, against the fortifications on Malakoff hill.:339 In March, there was fighting by the French over a new fort being built by the Russians at Mamelon, located on a hill in front of the Malakoff. Several weeks of fighting saw little change in the front line, and the Mamelon remained in Russian hands.

Question: What did the French believe was instrumental in their defense?
Answer: the Malakoff

Question: Where was the Russians building a new fort?
Answer: Mamelon

Question: Mamelon is found on a hill in front of what suburban commune?
Answer: Malakoff

Question: After fighting for weeks, what did the Russians continue to have control over?
Answer: the Mamelon
Many more artillery pieces had arrived and been dug into batteries. In June, a third bombardment was followed after two days by a successful attack on the Mamelon, but a follow-up assault on the Malakoff failed with heavy losses. During this time the garrison commander, Admiral Nakhimov fell on 30 June 1855.:378 Raglan having also died on 28 June.:460 In August, the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava, defended by the French, newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops.:461 The resulting battle of Tchernaya was a defeat for the Russians, who suffered heavy casualties.

Question: Who was the garrison commander that died on June 30th 1855?
Answer: Admiral Nakhimov

Question: What figure died on June 28th 1855?
Answer: Raglan

Question: What did the Russians try to attack during the month of August?
Answer: the base at Balaclava

Question: Who defended the base at Balaclava?
Answer: newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops

Question: Who was defeated at the battle of Tchernaya?
Answer: the Russians
In the north Eristov pushed southwest, fought two battles, forced the Turks back to Batum, retired behind the Cholok River and suspended action for the rest of the year (June). In the far south Wrangel pushed west, fought a battle and occupied Bayazit. In the center the main forces stood at Kars and Gyumri. Both slowly approached along the Kars-Gyumri road and faced each other, neither side choosing to fight (June–July). On 4 August Russian scouts saw a movement which they thought was the start of a withdrawal, the Russians advanced and the Turks attacked first. They were defeated, losing 8000 men to the Russian 3000. 10000 irregulars deserted to their villages. Both sides withdrew to their former positions. About this time the Persians made a semi-secret agreement to remain neutral in exchange for the cancellation of the indemnity from the previous war.

Question: Who make the Turks retreat back to Batum?
Answer: Eristov

Question: Who occupied Bayazit?
Answer: Wrangel

Question: Where did the main forces stand?
Answer: Kars and Gyumri

Question: On August 4th, who thought the other side was withdrawing? 
Answer: the Russians

Question: Who made a secret agreement to remain neutral?
Answer: the Persians
1855:Kars: In the year up to May 1855 Turkish forces in the east were reduced from 120,000 to 75,000, mostly by disease. The local Armenian population kept Muravyev well-informed about the Turks at Kars and he judged they had about five months of supplies. He therefore decided to control the surrounding area with cavalry and starve them out. He started in May and by June was south and west of the town. A relieving force fell back and there was a possibility of taking Erzerum, but Muravyev chose not to. In late September he learned of the fall of Sevastopol and a Turkish landing at Batum. This led him to reverse policy and try a direct attack. It failed, the Russians losing 8000 men and the Turks 1500 (29 September). The blockade continued and Kars surrendered on 8 November.

Question: What caused the number of Turkish soldiers to decrease?
Answer: disease

Question: How man troops were the Turks forces in the east reduced to? 
Answer: 75,000

Question: Who kept Muravyev informed about the Turks at Kar?
Answer: The local Armenian population

Question: What did Muravyev attend to do to the Turks in order to defeat them?
Answer: starve them out

Question: What city did Muravyev decide not to take control over?
Answer: Erzerum
In August 1855 a Franco-British naval force captured and destroyed the Russian Bomarsund fortress on Åland Islands. In the same month, the Western Allied Baltic Fleet tried to destroy heavily defended Russian dockyards at Sveaborg outside Helsinki. More than 1000 enemy guns tested the strength of the fortress for two days. Despite the shelling, the sailors of the 120-gun ship Rossiya, led by Captain Viktor Poplonsky, defended the entrance to the harbor. The Allies fired over 20,000 shells but failed to defeat the Russian batteries. A massive new fleet of more than 350 gunboats and mortar vessels was prepared[by whom?], but before the attack was launched, the war ended.

Question: When did the French and British capture the Russian Bomarsund fortress?
Answer: August 1855

Question: Where was the Russian Bomarsund fortress at?
Answer: Åland Islands

Question: Who led the ship Rossiya?
Answer: Captain Viktor Poplonsky

Question: What was captain Viktor Poplonsky defending? 
Answer: entrance to the harbor
Although it was Russia that was punished by the Paris Treaty, in the long run it was Austria that lost the most from the Crimean War despite having barely taken part in it.:433 Having abandoned its alliance with Russia, Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war,:433 which contributed to its disastrous defeats in the 1859 Franco-Austrian War that resulted in the cession of Lombardy to the Kingdom of Sardinia, and later in the loss of the Habsburg rule of Tuscany and Modena, which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy. Furthermore, Russia did not do anything to assist its former ally, Austria, in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War:433 with its loss of Venetia and more important than that, its influence in most German-speaking lands. The status of Austria as a great power, with the unifications of Germany and Italy was now severely questioned. It had to compromise with Hungary, the two countries shared the Danubian Empire and Austria slowly became a little more than a German satellite. With France now hostile to Germany, allied with Russia, and Russia competing with the newly renamed Austro-Hungarian Empire for an increased role in the Balkans at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, the foundations were in place for creating the diplomatic alliances that would lead to World War I.

Question: Who lost the most due to the Crimean War?
Answer: Austria

Question: Russia failed to help Austria during what war that took place in 1866?
Answer: Austro-Prussian War

Question: Who became diplomatically isolated after the war?
Answer: Kingdom of Sardinia
Notable documentation of the war was provided by William Howard Russell (writing for The Times newspaper) and the photographs of Roger Fenton.:306–309 News from war correspondents reached all nations involved in the war and kept the public citizenry of those nations better informed of the day-to-day events of the war than had been the case in any other war to that date. The British public was very well informed regarding the day-to-day realities of the war in the Crimea. After the French extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea during the winter of 1854, the news reached London in two days. When the British laid an underwater cable to the Crimean peninsula in April 1855, news reached London in a few hours. The daily news reports energised public opinion, which brought down the Aberdeen government and carried Lord Palmerston into office as prime minister.:304–11

Question: Who provided notable documentation of the war?
Answer: William Howard Russell

Question:  William Howard Russell wrote for what newspaper at the time?
Answer: The Times

Question: Who's photographs accompanied William Howard Russell documentation?
Answer: Roger Fenton

Question: Who extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea?
Answer: the French

Question: After the telegraph was extended to the coast of the Black Sea, how long did it take news of the war to reach London?
Answer: two days
Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem. Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses". Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition; hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.

Question: What elements of language make for poetic literature?
Answer: aesthetic and rhythmic qualities

Question: Poetry is usually differentiated from prose by what factor?
Answer: verse

Question: If prose uses sentences, what is the equivalent in poetry?
Answer: lines

Question: Poetry was considered to need lines and meter until when?
Answer: the nineteenth century

Question: The structure of poetry may have existed before what?
Answer: literacy
In modern Iran, he is considered a national icon, and is often regarded as one of the greatest Persians to have ever lived. A monument was erected outside the Bukhara museum[year needed]. The Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum in Hamadan was built in 1952. Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan (Iran), Avicenna Research Institute in Tehran (Iran), the ibn Sīnā Tajik State Medical University in Dushanbe, Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences at Aligarh, India, Avicenna School in Karachi and Avicenna Medical College in Lahore, Pakistan Ibne Sina Balkh Medical School in his native province of Balkh in Afghanistan, Ibni Sina Faculty Of Medicine of Ankara University Ankara, Turkey and Ibn Sina Integrated School in Marawi City (Philippines) are all named in his honour. His portrait hangs in the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris. There is also a crater on the Moon named Avicenna and a plant genus Avicennia.

Question: In what modern country is Avicenna considered an icon?
Answer: Iran

Question: Where is a monument located that honors Avicenna?
Answer: the Bukhara museum

Question: In what European school does Avicenna's portrait hang in their hall of medicine?
Answer: the University of Paris

Question: Where is the Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum located?
Answer: Hamadan

Question: What plant genus is named after Avicenna?
Answer: Avicennia
In 1980, the Soviet Union, which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara, celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations, and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars.[citation needed] Near his birthplace in Qishlak Afshona, some 25 km (16 mi) north of Bukhara, a training college for medical staff has been named for him.[year needed] On the grounds is a museum dedicated to his life, times and work.[citation needed]

Question: What superpower in 1980 created a stamp in honor of Avicenna?
Answer: the Soviet Union

Question: What was Avicenna's birthplace?
Answer: Bukhara

Question: A medical staff training college named in his honor is how many miles away from his birthplace?
Answer: 16

Question: In 1980, how many years had it been since Avicenna's birth?
Answer: thousand

Question: Besides stamps, what did the Soviet Union also create in Avicenna's honor?
Answer: a bust
The Logic and Metaphysics have been extensively reprinted, the latter, e.g., at Venice in 1493, 1495, and 1546. Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc., take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836).[citation needed] Two encyclopaedic treatises, dealing with philosophy, are often mentioned. The larger, Al-Shifa' (Sanatio), exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere; part of it on the De Anima appeared at Pavia (1490) as the Liber Sextus Naturalium, and the long account of Ibn Sina's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'. A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat (Liberatio). The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified by the corrections which the monastic editors confess that they applied. There is also a حكمت مشرقيه (hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya, in Latin Philosophia Orientalis), mentioned by Roger Bacon, the majority of which is lost in antiquity, which according to Averroes was pantheistic in tone.

Question: Who published Avicenna's poem on logic?
Answer: Schmoelders

Question: What is the name of Avicenna's larger encyclopedic treatise? 
Answer: Al-Shifa'

Question: Where is Avicenna's Al-Shifa manuscript located?
Answer: the Bodleian Library

Question: What is the shorter form of Al-Shifa called?
Answer: the An-najat

Question: What two subjects of Avicenna's have been reprinted extensively?
Answer: Logic and Metaphysics
Semantic-phonetic compounds or pictophonetic compounds are by far the most numerous characters. These characters are composed of two parts: one of a limited set of characters (the semantic indicator, often graphically simplified) which suggests the general meaning of the compound character, and another character (the phonetic indicator) whose pronunciation suggests the pronunciation of the compound character. In most cases the semantic indicator is also the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries.

Question: What are the most numerous characters?
Answer: Semantic-phonetic compounds

Question: What is the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries?
Answer: semantic indicator

Question: What suggests the general meaning of a compound character? 
Answer: semantic indicator
In recent decades, a series of inscribed graphs and pictures have been found at Neolithic sites in China, including Jiahu (c. 6500 BC), Dadiwan and Damaidi from the 6th millennium BC, and Banpo (5th millennium BC). Often these finds are accompanied by media reports that push back the purported beginnings of Chinese writing by thousands of years. However, because these marks occur singly, without any implied context, and are made crudely and simply, Qiu Xigui concluded that "we do not have any basis for stating that these constituted writing nor is there reason to conclude that they were ancestral to Shang dynasty Chinese characters." They do however demonstrate a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period.

Question: What may have been found at Neolithic sites in China in recent decades? 
Answer: series of inscribed graphs and pictures

Question: What has demonstrated a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley?
Answer: Chinese characters

Question: What color was the famous valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period?
Answer: Yellow
In the Republic of China (Taiwan), which uses traditional Chinese characters, the Ministry of Education's Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters) lists 4,808 characters; the Cì Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (次常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Less-Than-Common National Characters) lists another 6,341 characters. The Chinese Standard Interchange Code (CNS11643)—the official national encoding standard—supports 48,027 characters, while the most widely used encoding scheme, BIG-5, supports only 13,053.

Question: What supports 48,027 characters?
Answer: the official national encoding standard

Question: What supports 13,053 characters?
Answer: BIG-5

Question: What area uses traditional Chinese characters?
Answer: Taiwan
Even the Zhonghua Zihai does not include characters in the Chinese family of scripts created to represent non-Chinese languages. Characters formed by Chinese principles in other languages include the roughly 1,500 Japanese-made kokuji given in the Kokuji no Jiten, the Korean-made gukja, the over 10,000 Sawndip characters still in use in Guangxi, and the almost 20,000 Nôm characters formerly used in Vietnam.[citation needed] More divergent descendents of Chinese script include Tangut script, which created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes but different formation principles to Chinese characters.

Question: What does not include characters in the Chinese family?
Answer: Zhonghua Zihai

Question: What is formed by Chinese principles? 
Answer: Characters

Question: What created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes?
Answer: Tangut script
One of the most complex characters found in modern Chinese dictionaries[g] is 齉 (U+9F49) (nàng,  listen (help·info), pictured below, middle image), meaning "snuffle" (that is, a pronunciation marred by a blocked nose), with "just" thirty-six strokes. However, this is not in common use. The most complex character that can be input using the Microsoft New Phonetic IME 2002a for traditional Chinese is 龘 (dá, "the appearance of a dragon flying"). It is composed of the dragon radical represented three times, for a total of 16 × 3 = 48 strokes. Among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries and also in frequent modern use are 籲 (yù, "to implore"), with 32 strokes; 鬱 (yù, "luxuriant, lush; gloomy"), with 29 strokes, as in 憂鬱 (yōuyù, "depressed"); 豔 (yàn, "colorful"), with 28 strokes; and 釁 (xìn, "quarrel"), with 25 strokes, as in 挑釁 (tiǎoxìn, "to pick a fight"). Also in occasional modern use is 鱻 (xiān "fresh"; variant of 鮮 xiān) with 33 strokes.

Question: What is one of the most complex characters in modern Chinese dictionaries?
Answer: U+9F49

Question: What features 33 strokes?
Answer: xiān

Question: What are among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries? 
Answer: yù
In the years after World War II, the Japanese government also instituted a series of orthographic reforms. Some characters were given simplified forms called shinjitai 新字体 (lit. "new character forms", the older forms were then labelled the kyūjitai 旧字体, lit. "old character forms"). The number of characters in common use was restricted, and formal lists of characters to be learned during each grade of school were established, first the 1850-character tōyō kanji 当用漢字 list in 1945, the 1945-character jōyō kanji 常用漢字 list in 1981, and a 2136-character reformed version of the jōyō kanji in 2010. Many variant forms of characters and obscure alternatives for common characters were officially discouraged. This was done with the goal of facilitating learning for children and simplifying kanji use in literature and periodicals. These are simply guidelines, hence many characters outside these standards are still widely known and commonly used, especially those used for personal and place names (for the latter, see jinmeiyō kanji),[citation needed] as well as for some common words such as "dragon" (Japanese kana: たつ, Rōmaji: tatsu) in which both the shinjitai 竜 and the kyūjitai 龍 forms of the kanji are both acceptable and widely known amongst native Japanese speakers.

Question: What did the Japanese government institute? 
Answer: series of orthographic reforms

Question: What was restricted?
Answer: The number of characters in common use

Question: When was the 2136 character reformed?
Answer: 2010
According to the Rev. John Gulick: "The inhabitants of other Asiatic nations, who have had occasion to represent the words of their several languages by Chinese characters, have as a rule used unaspirated characters for the sounds, g, d, b. The Muslims from Arabia and Persia have followed this method … The Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese also constantly select unaspirated characters to represent the sounds g, d, b, and j of their languages. These surrounding Asiatic nations, in writing Chinese words in their own alphabets, have uniformly used g, d, b, & c., to represent the unaspirated sounds."

Question: Who is John Gulick?
Answer: Rev

Question: Who constantly selected unaspirated characters?
Answer: Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese

Question: Who have followed this method?
Answer: Muslims from Arabia and Persia
As of 2015[update], Nigeria is the world's 20th largest economy, worth more than $500 billion and $1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity respectively. It overtook South Africa to become Africa's largest economy in 2014. Also, the debt-to-GDP ratio is only 11 percent, which is 8 percent below the 2012 ratio. Nigeria is considered to be an emerging market by the World Bank; It has been identified as a regional power on the African continent, a middle power in international affairs, and has also been identified as an emerging global power. Nigeria is a member of the MINT group of countries, which are widely seen as the globe's next "BRIC-like" economies. It is also listed among the "Next Eleven" economies set to become among the biggest in the world. Nigeria is a founding member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the African Union, OPEC, and the United Nations amongst other international organisations.

Question: What is Nigeria's 2015 GDP?
Answer: $500 billion

Question: What is Nigeria's 2015 purchasing power parity?
Answer: $1 trillion

Question: When did Nigeria's economy become larger than South Africa's?
Answer: 2014

Question: What is the largest economy in Africa?
Answer: Nigeria

Question: What is Nigeria's debt-to-GDP ratio? 
Answer: 11 percent
Although there is some evidence of earlier inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE) and settling in the Bronze Age (app. 1800–800 BCE), the founding date of the city is usually related to the construction of a Roman fortification (castellum), probably built in around 50 CE. A series of such fortresses was built after the Roman emperor Claudius decided the empire should not expand north. To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine, which at that time flowed through a more northern bed compared to today (what is now the Kromme Rijn). These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers. Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children.

Question: How far back does evidence of inhabitation date back
Answer: inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE)

Question:  What did the Roman emperor Claudius decide 
Answer: Claudius decided the empire should not expand north.

Question: What was built along the Rhine 
Answer: To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine

Question: How many soldiers did the fortress hold 
Answer: These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers

Question: Who settled near the fort 
Answer: Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children
From the middle of the 3rd century Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories. Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned. Little is known about the next period 270–650. Utrecht is first spoken of again several centuries after the Romans left. Under the influence of the growing realms of the Franks, during Dagobert I's reign in the 7th century, a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress. In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed.

Question: Who raided German territories regularly 
Answer: Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories.

Question: When did the Romans leave Utrecht
Answer: Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned

Question: What happens between 275 and 650
Answer: Little is known about the next period 270–650.

Question: What was built in the 7th century 
Answer: a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress

Question: How was the the church destroyed 
Answer: In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed.
By the mid-7th century, English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians. The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians. The tenure of Willibrordus is generally considered to be the beginning of the Bishopric of Utrecht. In 723, the Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops. From then on Utrecht became one of the most influential seats of power for the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands. The archbishops of Utrecht were based at the uneasy northern border of the Carolingian Empire. In addition, the city of Utrecht had competition from the nearby trading centre Dorestad. After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands. The importance of Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522 (the last non-Italian pope before John Paul II).

Question: Who tried to convert Frisians
Answer: English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians

Question: Who did the pope appoint Bishop
Answer: The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians

Question: What did Charles Martel do 
Answer: Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops

Question: What year did Utrecht gain in power 
Answer: After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands

Question: What showed the importance of Utrecht
Answer: Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522
When the Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism, the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops. The territory of the bishopric not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast. The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht. The prince-bishopric was involved in almost continuous conflicts with the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders. The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders, but large areas in the modern province of Overijssel remained as the Oversticht.

Question: What hapend when Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism
Answer: the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops

Question: What was part of the territory of bishopric 
Answer: not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast

Question: What conflict affected Utrecht
Answer: The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht

Question: Who was in conflict with the prince bishopric 
Answer: the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders

Question: What region was seized 
Answer: The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders
Several churches and monasteries were built inside, or close to, the city of Utrecht. The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress. The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire. The choir and transept were finished from 1320 and were followed then by the ambitious Dom tower. The last part to be constructed was the central nave, from 1420. By that time, however, the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished, the construction of the central nave being suspended before the planned flying buttresses could be finished. Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht: St. Salvator's Church (demolished in the 16th century), on the Dom square, dating back to the early 8th century. Saint John (Janskerk), originating in 1040; Saint Peter, building started in 1039 and Saint Mary's church building started around 1090 (demolished in the early 19th century, cloister survives). Besides these churches the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.

Question: What was the Most dominant Cathedral in Utrecht
Answer: The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress

Question: What began in 1254 
Answer: The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire

Question: Was the cathedral finished 
Answer: the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished

Question: How many collegiate churches existed in Utecht besides the cathedral
Answer: Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht

Question: What else was housed in the city 
Answer: the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.