meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. Developed in conjunction with the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) standard and published as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode contains a repertoire of more than 120,000 characters covering 129 modern and historic scripts, as well as multiple symbol sets. The standard consists of a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding method and set of standard character encodings, a set of reference data files, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic and Hebrew, and left-to-right scripts). As of June 2015[update], the most recent version is Unicode 8.0. The standard is maintained by the Unicode Consortium.

Question: What was Unicode published as?
Answer: The Unicode Standard

Question: What was unicode developed in conjunction with?
Answer: Universal Coded Character Set (UCS)

Question: What is the most recent version of Unicode?
Answer: Unicode 8.0

Question: Who maintains the Unicode Standard? 
Answer: Unicode Consortium

Question: Unicode contains how many thousands of characters in its repertoire? 
Answer: 120,000 characters
Unicode can be implemented by different character encodings. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2. UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character, all of which have the same code values in both UTF-8 and ASCII encoding, and up to four bytes for other characters. UCS-2 uses a 16-bit code unit (two 8-bit bytes) for each character but cannot encode every character in the current Unicode standard. UTF-16 extends UCS-2, using one 16-bit unit for the characters that were representable in UCS-2 and two 16-bit units (4 × 8 bits) to handle each of the additional characters.

Question: What are the most commonly used encodings of Unicode?
Answer: UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2

Question: What does UTF-8 use in terms of bytes? 
Answer: UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character

Question: What does UTF-16 expand? 
Answer: UCS-2

Question: What type of code does UCS-2 use?
Answer: 16-bit code unit

Question: How are two 16-bit units used? 
Answer: (4 × 8 bits
The first 256 code points were made identical to the content of ISO-8859-1 so as to make it trivial to convert existing western text. Many essentially identical characters were encoded multiple times at different code points to preserve distinctions used by legacy encodings and therefore, allow conversion from those encodings to Unicode (and back) without losing any information. For example, the "fullwidth forms" section of code points encompasses a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet section because in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK) fonts, these Latin characters are rendered at the same width as CJK ideographs, rather than at half the width. For other examples, see Duplicate characters in Unicode.

Question: What were the first 256 code points of Unicode made identical to? 
Answer: ISO-8859-1

Question: Why were the first 256 code points made identical to ISO-8859-1?
Answer: to make it trivial to convert existing western text

Question: What does the "fullwidth forms" section of code points encompass?
Answer: a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet

Question: What are the CJK languages referenced?
Answer: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
In 1996, a surrogate character mechanism was implemented in Unicode 2.0, so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits. This increased the Unicode codespace to over a million code points, which allowed for the encoding of many historic scripts (e.g., Egyptian Hieroglyphs) and thousands of rarely used or obsolete characters that had not been anticipated as needing encoding. Among the characters not originally intended for Unicode are rarely used Kanji or Chinese characters, many of which are part of personal and place names, making them rarely used, but much more essential than envisioned in the original architecture of Unicode.

Question: When was a surrogate character mechanism implemented in Unicode 2.0?
Answer: 1996

Question: Why was a surrogate character mechanism implemented?
Answer: so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits

Question: What are some characters not originally intended for Unicode? 
Answer: rarely used Kanji or Chinese characters

Question: Why are some foreign characters rarely used? 
Answer: many of which are part of personal and place names

Question: Why was the Unicode 2.0 codespace increased? 
Answer: allowed for the encoding of many historic scripts
Each code point has a single General Category property. The major categories are: Letter, Mark, Number, Punctuation, Symbol, Separator and Other. Within these categories, there are subdivisions. The General Category is not useful for every use, since legacy encodings have used multiple characteristics per single code point. E.g., U+000A <control-000A> Line feed (LF) in ASCII is both a control and a formatting separator; in Unicode the General Category is "Other, Control". Often, other properties must be used to specify the characteristics and behaviour of a code point. The possible General Categories are:

Question: What are the General Categories of Unicode?
Answer: Letter, Mark, Number, Punctuation, Symbol, Separator and Other

Question: What type of use is the General Category not helpful for?
Answer: not useful for every use, since legacy encodings have used multiple characteristics per single code point

Question: What is the General Category in Unicode?
Answer: Other, Control

Question: How many General Category properties does each code point have?
Answer: a single General Category property

Question: What exists within the main Unicode categories? 
Answer: subdivisions
Code points in the range U+D800–U+DBFF (1,024 code points) are known as high-surrogate code points, and code points in the range U+DC00–U+DFFF (1,024 code points) are known as low-surrogate code points. A high-surrogate code point (also known as a leading surrogate) followed by a low-surrogate code point (also known as a trailing surrogate) together form a surrogate pair used in UTF-16 to represent 1,048,576 code points outside BMP. High and low surrogate code points are not valid by themselves. Thus the range of code points that are available for use as characters is U+0000–U+D7FF and U+E000–U+10FFFF (1,112,064 code points). The value of these code points (i.e., excluding surrogates) is sometimes referred to as the character's scalar value.

Question: What are code points in the range U+D800-U+DBFF known as? 
Answer: high-surrogate code points

Question: What are code points in the range U+DC00-U+DFFF known as? 
Answer: low-surrogate code points

Question: what is another name for a high-surrogate code point? 
Answer: leading surrogate

Question: what is another name for a low-surrogate code point? 
Answer: trailing surrogate

Question: What is known as a character's scalar value? 
Answer: the range of code points that are available for use as characters
The set of graphic and format characters defined by Unicode does not correspond directly to the repertoire of abstract characters that is representable under Unicode. Unicode encodes characters by associating an abstract character with a particular code point. However, not all abstract characters are encoded as a single Unicode character, and some abstract characters may be represented in Unicode by a sequence of two or more characters. For example, a Latin small letter "i" with an ogonek, a dot above, and an acute accent, which is required in Lithuanian, is represented by the character sequence U+012F, U+0307, U+0301. Unicode maintains a list of uniquely named character sequences for abstract characters that are not directly encoded in Unicode.

Question: What is an ogonek? 
Answer: a dot above

Question: How does Unicode encode characters?
Answer: associating an abstract character with a particular code point

Question: How are some abstract characters represented in Unicode?
Answer: a sequence of two or more characters
All graphic, format, and private use characters have a unique and immutable name by which they may be identified. This immutability has been guaranteed since Unicode version 2.0 by the Name Stability policy. In cases where the name is seriously defective and misleading, or has a serious typographical error, a formal alias may be defined, and applications are encouraged to use the formal alias in place of the official character name. For example, U+A015 ꀕ YI SYLLABLE WU has the formal alias yi syllable iteration mark, and U+FE18 ︘ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRAKCET (sic) has the formal alias presentation form for vertical right white lenticular bracket.

Question: What policy guaranteed that characters have a unique and immutable name?
Answer: Name Stability policy

Question: What happens when a name is defective or misleading?
Answer: a formal alias may be defined

Question: How long has this name immutability been guaranteed? 
Answer: since Unicode version 2.0
Unicode is developed in conjunction with the International Organization for Standardization and shares the character repertoire with ISO/IEC 10646: the Universal Character Set. Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 function equivalently as character encodings, but The Unicode Standard contains much more information for implementers, covering—in depth—topics such as bitwise encoding, collation and rendering. The Unicode Standard enumerates a multitude of character properties, including those needed for supporting bidirectional text. The two standards do use slightly different terminology.

Question: Who was Unicode developed in conjunction with?
Answer: International Organization for Standardization

Question: What does Unicode share a character repertoire with?
Answer: the Universal Character Set

Question: What includes topics like bitwise encoding, collation, and rendering?
Answer: The Unicode Standard

Question: What do the two standards differ in? 
Answer: slightly different terminology
The Consortium first published The Unicode Standard (ISBN 0-321-18578-1) in 1991 and continues to develop standards based on that original work. The latest version of the standard, Unicode 8.0, was released in June 2015 and is available from the consortium's website. The last of the major versions (versions x.0) to be published in book form was Unicode 5.0 (ISBN 0-321-48091-0), but since Unicode 6.0 the full text of the standard is no longer being published in book form. In 2012, however, it was announced that only the core specification for Unicode version 6.1 would be made available as a 692-page print-on-demand paperback. Unlike the previous major version printings of the Standard, the print-on-demand core specification does not include any code charts or standard annexes, but the entire standard, including the core specification, will still remain freely available on the Unicode website.

Question: What does the print on demand, core version not include? 
Answer: any code charts or standard annexes

Question: When was the Unicode Standard first published? 
Answer: 1991

Question: When was the latest version, Unicode 8.0, released?
Answer: June 2015

Question: What was the last major version of Unicode to be published in book form? 
Answer: Unicode 5.0

Question: What year was it announced that only the core specification for Unicode would be printed in physical form?
Answer: 2012
The Unicode Roadmap Committee (Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler) maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding and their tentative code block assignments on the Unicode Roadmap page of the Unicode Consortium Web site. For some scripts on the Roadmap, such as Jurchen, Nü Shu, and Tangut, encoding proposals have been made and they are working their way through the approval process. For others scripts, such as Mayan and Rongorongo, no proposal has yet been made, and they await agreement on character repertoire and other details from the user communities involved.

Question: Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler make up what group?
Answer: Unicode Roadmap Committee

Question: What does the Unicode Roadmap Commmittee do? 
Answer: maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding

Question: What proposal has been made for the Mayan script? 
Answer: no proposal has yet been made

Question: Where does the Unicode Roadmap Committee post information on these scripts?
Answer: Unicode Consortium Web site
Unicode defines two mapping methods: the Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) encodings, and the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) encodings. An encoding maps (possibly a subset of) the range of Unicode code points to sequences of values in some fixed-size range, termed code values. The numbers in the names of the encodings indicate the number of bits per code value (for UTF encodings) or the number of bytes per code value (for UCS encodings). UTF-8 and UTF-16 are probably the most commonly used encodings. UCS-2 is an obsolete subset of UTF-16; UCS-4 and UTF-32 are functionally equivalent.

Question: How many mapping methods does Unicode define?
Answer: two

Question: What are the two mapping methods that Unicode defines?
Answer: Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) encodings, and the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) encodings

Question: What do numbers in the names of the encodings indicate? 
Answer: the number of bits per code value (for UTF encodings) or the number of bytes per code value

Question: What are the most commonly used encodings? 
Answer: UTF-8 and UTF-16

Question: What does UCS stand for?
Answer: Universal Coded Character Set
The UCS-2 and UTF-16 encodings specify the Unicode Byte Order Mark (BOM) for use at the beginnings of text files, which may be used for byte ordering detection (or byte endianness detection). The BOM, code point U+FEFF has the important property of unambiguity on byte reorder, regardless of the Unicode encoding used; U+FFFE (the result of byte-swapping U+FEFF) does not equate to a legal character, and U+FEFF in other places, other than the beginning of text, conveys the zero-width non-break space (a character with no appearance and no effect other than preventing the formation of ligatures).

Question: What does BOM stand for? 
Answer: Unicode Byte Order Mark

Question: What specifies the BOM?
Answer: UCS-2 and UTF-16

Question: what is the code point of the BOM?
Answer: U+FEFF

Question: What is U+UFFE the result of? 
Answer: byte-swapping U+FEFF
The same character converted to UTF-8 becomes the byte sequence EF BB BF. The Unicode Standard allows that the BOM "can serve as signature for UTF-8 encoded text where the character set is unmarked". Some software developers have adopted it for other encodings, including UTF-8, in an attempt to distinguish UTF-8 from local 8-bit code pages. However RFC 3629, the UTF-8 standard, recommends that byte order marks be forbidden in protocols using UTF-8, but discusses the cases where this may not be possible. In addition, the large restriction on possible patterns in UTF-8 (for instance there cannot be any lone bytes with the high bit set) means that it should be possible to distinguish UTF-8 from other character encodings without relying on the BOM.

Question: What is the UTF-8 standard? 
Answer: RFC 3629

Question: Byte order marks are forbidden in protocols using what standard? 
Answer: UTF-8

Question: Why is it possible to distinguish UTF-8 from other protocols?
Answer: the large restriction on possible patterns
In UTF-32 and UCS-4, one 32-bit code value serves as a fairly direct representation of any character's code point (although the endianness, which varies across different platforms, affects how the code value manifests as an octet sequence). In the other encodings, each code point may be represented by a variable number of code values. UTF-32 is widely used as an internal representation of text in programs (as opposed to stored or transmitted text), since every Unix operating system that uses the gcc compilers to generate software uses it as the standard "wide character" encoding. Some programming languages, such as Seed7, use UTF-32 as internal representation for strings and characters. Recent versions of the Python programming language (beginning with 2.2) may also be configured to use UTF-32 as the representation for Unicode strings, effectively disseminating such encoding in high-level coded software.

Question: How is UTF-32 widely used? 
Answer: internal representation of text in programs

Question: What programming language uses UTF-32 as internal representation of characters? 
Answer: Seed7

Question: what version of python can be used with UTF-32? 
Answer: 2.2
Unicode includes a mechanism for modifying character shape that greatly extends the supported glyph repertoire. This covers the use of combining diacritical marks. They are inserted after the main character. Multiple combining diacritics may be stacked over the same character. Unicode also contains precomposed versions of most letter/diacritic combinations in normal use. These make conversion to and from legacy encodings simpler, and allow applications to use Unicode as an internal text format without having to implement combining characters. For example, é can be represented in Unicode as U+0065 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E) followed by U+0301 (COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT), but it can also be represented as the precomposed character U+00E9 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE). Thus, in many cases, users have multiple ways of encoding the same character. To deal with this, Unicode provides the mechanism of canonical equivalence.

Question: What combinations does unicode contain in normal use?
Answer: most letter/diacritic combinations

Question: How is the latin small letter e represented in Unicode?
Answer: U+0065

Question: How is the accent added to the small latin e? 
Answer: U+0301

Question: What precomposed character represents the small latin e with an accent? 
Answer: U+00E9
Many scripts, including Arabic and Devanagari, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special ligature forms. The rules governing ligature formation can be quite complex, requiring special script-shaping technologies such as ACE (Arabic Calligraphic Engine by DecoType in the 1980s and used to generate all the Arabic examples in the printed editions of the Unicode Standard), which became the proof of concept for OpenType (by Adobe and Microsoft), Graphite (by SIL International), or AAT (by Apple).

Question: What does ACE stand for? 
Answer: Arabic Calligraphic Engine

Question: Who created ACE?
Answer: DecoType

Question: When was ACE created? 
Answer: 1980s

Question: Who created OpenType?
Answer: Adobe and Microsoft

Question: Who created Graphite? 
Answer: SIL International
Instructions are also embedded in fonts to tell the operating system how to properly output different character sequences. A simple solution to the placement of combining marks or diacritics is assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing (depending on the direction of the script they are intended to be used with). A mark handled this way will appear over whatever character precedes it, but will not adjust its position relative to the width or height of the base glyph; it may be visually awkward and it may overlap some glyphs. Real stacking is impossible, but can be approximated in limited cases (for example, Thai top-combining vowels and tone marks can just be at different heights to start with). Generally this approach is only effective in monospaced fonts, but may be used as a fallback rendering method when more complex methods fail.

Question: where are instructions embedded to tell fonts how to output sequences? 
Answer: in fonts

Question: Can real stacking be accomplished? 
Answer: Real stacking is impossible

Question: what is a solution to the placement of combining marks? 
Answer: assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing
Several subsets of Unicode are standardized: Microsoft Windows since Windows NT 4.0 supports WGL-4 with 652 characters, which is considered to support all contemporary European languages using the Latin, Greek, or Cyrillic script. Other standardized subsets of Unicode include the Multilingual European Subsets: MES-1 (Latin scripts only, 335 characters), MES-2 (Latin, Greek and Cyrillic 1062 characters) and MES-3A & MES-3B (two larger subsets, not shown here). Note that MES-2 includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4.

Question: What subset of Unicode is used by Windows? 
Answer: WGL-4 with 652 characters

Question: What are MES-1, MES-2, AND MES-3A AND MES-3B part of? 
Answer: Multilingual European Subsets

Question: What subset includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4? 
Answer: MES-2

Question: How long has Microsoft Windows supported WGL-4? 
Answer: since Windows NT 4.0

Question: MES-1 uses what scripts only? 
Answer: Latin scripts only
Rendering software which cannot process a Unicode character appropriately often displays it as an open rectangle, or the Unicode "replacement character" (U+FFFD, �), to indicate the position of the unrecognized character. Some systems have made attempts to provide more information about such characters. The Apple's Last Resort font will display a substitute glyph indicating the Unicode range of the character, and the SIL International's Unicode Fallback font will display a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character.

Question: What does rendering software display when it can't process a Unicode character? 
Answer: open rectangle, or the Unicode "replacement character"

Question: What is the code for the Unicode replacement character? 
Answer: U+FFFD

Question: What is the name of Apple's font? 
Answer: Last Resort

Question: What company uses the Unicode Fallback font? 
Answer: SIL International

Question: What does SIL's Unicode Fallback font display when it can't display a character properly? 
Answer: a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character
Unicode has become the dominant scheme for internal processing and storage of text. Although a great deal of text is still stored in legacy encodings, Unicode is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems. Early adopters tended to use UCS-2 (the fixed-width two-byte precursor to UTF-16) and later moved to UTF-16 (the variable-width current standard), as this was the least disruptive way to add support for non-BMP characters. The best known such system is Windows NT (and its descendants, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7), which uses UTF-16 as the sole internal character encoding. The Java and .NET bytecode environments, Mac OS X, and KDE also use it for internal representation. Unicode is available on Windows 95 through Microsoft Layer for Unicode, as well as on its descendants, Windows 98 and Windows ME.

Question: What is the dominant scheme for internal processing? 
Answer: Unicode

Question: What is Unicode available through Windows on? 
Answer: Microsoft Layer

Question: What was the two-byte precursor to UTF-16? 
Answer: UCS-2

Question: What is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems? 
Answer: Unicode
MIME defines two different mechanisms for encoding non-ASCII characters in email, depending on whether the characters are in email headers (such as the "Subject:"), or in the text body of the message; in both cases, the original character set is identified as well as a transfer encoding. For email transmission of Unicode the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding are recommended, depending on whether much of the message consists of ASCII-characters. The details of the two different mechanisms are specified in the MIME standards and generally are hidden from users of email software.

Question: What is recommended for email transmission of Unicode? 
Answer: the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding

Question: Where are the details of the two mechanisms for email transmission specified? 
Answer: MIME standards

Question: How many different mechanisms does MIME define for encoding Unicode in email? 
Answer: two different mechanisms
Thousands of fonts exist on the market, but fewer than a dozen fonts—sometimes described as "pan-Unicode" fonts—attempt to support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire. Instead, Unicode-based fonts typically focus on supporting only basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols. Several reasons justify this approach: applications and documents rarely need to render characters from more than one or two writing systems; fonts tend to demand resources in computing environments; and operating systems and applications show increasing intelligence in regard to obtaining glyph information from separate font files as needed, i.e., font substitution. Furthermore, designing a consistent set of rendering instructions for tens of thousands of glyphs constitutes a monumental task; such a venture passes the point of diminishing returns for most typefaces.

Question: How many fonts support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire? 
Answer: fewer than a dozen fonts

Question: What are the fonts that support Unicode referred to as? 
Answer: "pan-Unicode" fonts

Question: Unicode-based fonts are normally focused on supporting what? 
Answer: basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols
In terms of the newline, Unicode introduced U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR and U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR. This was an attempt to provide a Unicode solution to encoding paragraphs and lines semantically, potentially replacing all of the various platform solutions. In doing so, Unicode does provide a way around the historical platform dependent solutions. Nonetheless, few if any Unicode solutions have adopted these Unicode line and paragraph separators as the sole canonical line ending characters. However, a common approach to solving this issue is through newline normalization. This is achieved with the Cocoa text system in Mac OS X and also with W3C XML and HTML recommendations. In this approach every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline (which one does not really matter since it is an internal operation just for rendering). In other words, the text system can correctly treat the character as a newline, regardless of the input's actual encoding.

Question: What is the code for separating lines? 
Answer: U+2028

Question: What is the code for separating paragraphs? 
Answer: U+2029

Question: How is newline normalization accomplished in Mac OS X? 
Answer: Cocoa text system

Question: How does the newliine normallization format work? 
Answer: every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline
Unicode has been criticized for failing to separately encode older and alternative forms of kanji which, critics argue, complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names. This is often due to the fact that Unicode encodes characters rather than glyphs (the visual representations of the basic character that often vary from one language to another). Unification of glyphs leads to the perception that the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged.[clarification needed] There have been several attempts to create alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters in opposition to Unicode's policy of Han unification. An example of one is TRON (although it is not widely adopted in Japan, there are some users who need to handle historical Japanese text and favor it).

Question: Why has Unicode been criticized for not separately encoding forms of kanji?
Answer: complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names

Question: What is TRON? 
Answer: alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters

Question: What perception does the unification of glyphs cause? 
Answer: the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged
Modern font technology provides a means to address the practical issue of needing to depict a unified Han character in terms of a collection of alternative glyph representations, in the form of Unicode variation sequences. For example, the Advanced Typographic tables of OpenType permit one of a number of alternative glyph representations to be selected when performing the character to glyph mapping process. In this case, information can be provided within plain text to designate which alternate character form to select.

Question: what tables of OpenType allow permit the selection of alternative glyph representations?
Answer: Advanced Typographic

Question: Where is information provided to designate which character form to select? 
Answer: plain text

Question: How does modern font technology address the issue of depicting a Han character in alternate glyph representations? 
Answer: Unicode variation sequences
Unicode was designed to provide code-point-by-code-point round-trip format conversion to and from any preexisting character encodings, so that text files in older character sets can be naïvely converted to Unicode, and then back and get back the same file. That has meant that inconsistent legacy architectures, such as combining diacritics and precomposed characters, both exist in Unicode, giving more than one method of representing some text. This is most pronounced in the three different encoding forms for Korean Hangul. Since version 3.0, any precomposed characters that can be represented by a combining sequence of already existing characters can no longer be added to the standard in order to preserve interoperability between software using different versions of Unicode.

Question: Unicode was designed for a round trip format conversion to and from what? 
Answer: preexisting character encodings

Question: How many encoding forms are there for Korean Hangul?
Answer: three different encoding forms

Question: Since what version can already existing characters no longer be added to the standard? 
Answer: version 3.0
Indic scripts such as Tamil and Devanagari are each allocated only 128 code points, matching the ISCII standard. The correct rendering of Unicode Indic text requires transforming the stored logical order characters into visual order and the forming of ligatures (aka conjuncts) out of components. Some local scholars argued in favor of assignments of Unicode code points to these ligatures, going against the practice for other writing systems, though Unicode contains some Arabic and other ligatures for backward compatibility purposes only. Encoding of any new ligatures in Unicode will not happen, in part because the set of ligatures is font-dependent, and Unicode is an encoding independent of font variations. The same kind of issue arose for Tibetan script[citation needed] (the Chinese National Standard organization failed to achieve a similar change).

Question: How many code points are tamil and Devanagari allocated? 
Answer: 128

Question: What is another word for ligatures? 
Answer: conjuncts

Question: What is the ISCII standard? 
Answer: 128 code points
Thai alphabet support has been criticized for its ordering of Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order, unlike the Unicode representations of other Indic scripts. This complication is due to Unicode inheriting the Thai Industrial Standard 620, which worked in the same way, and was the way in which Thai had always been written on keyboards. This ordering problem complicates the Unicode collation process slightly, requiring table lookups to reorder Thai characters for collation. Even if Unicode had adopted encoding according to spoken order, it would still be problematic to collate words in dictionary order. E.g., the word แสดง  [sa dɛːŋ] "perform" starts with a consonant cluster "สด" (with an inherent vowel for the consonant "ส"), the vowel แ-, in spoken order would come after the ด, but in a dictionary, the word is collated as it is written, with the vowel following the ส.

Question: What standard did Unicode inherit involving a Thai language? 
Answer: Thai Industrial Standard 620

Question: Why has Thai alphabet support been criticized? 
Answer: its ordering of Thai characters

Question: How are the Thai characters ordered incorrectly? 
Answer: Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order
Characters with diacritical marks can generally be represented either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks. For example, ḗ (precomposed e with macron and acute above) and ḗ (e followed by the combining macron above and combining acute above) should be rendered identically, both appearing as an e with a macron and acute accent, but in practice, their appearance may vary depending upon what rendering engine and fonts are being used to display the characters. Similarly, underdots, as needed in the romanization of Indic, will often be placed incorrectly[citation needed]. Unicode characters that map to precomposed glyphs can be used in many cases, thus avoiding the problem, but where no precomposed character has been encoded the problem can often be solved by using a specialist Unicode font such as Charis SIL that uses Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies for advanced rendering features.

Question: How are characters with diacritical marks represented? 
Answer: either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks

Question: What encoding does Charis SIL use? 
Answer: Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies

Question: What is the issue with underdots and their placement? 
Answer: often be placed incorrectly

Question: Characters with what marks can be displayed as a single character or a decomposed sequence? 
Answer: diacritical marks

Question: How should the characters with the macron and acute be displayed? 
Answer: identically
Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area (population 3,734,090, area of 1,337 square miles (3,460 km2), a 2010 United States Census) six-county metropolitan statistical area (2010 Census population of 4,296,250, area of 3,913 square miles [10,130 km2]), and a nine-county Combined Statistical Area (2010 Census population of 5,218,852, area of 5,814 square miles [15,060 km2]). The Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000. The Detroit metropolitan region holds roughly one-half of Michigan's population.

Question: How much of Michigan's population resides in the Detroit metropolitan area? 
Answer: one-half

Question: How big is the population of the Detroit-Windsor area?
Answer: 5,700,000

Question: How many square miles is is Detroit's urban area?
Answer: 1,337 square miles

Question: In which census are these numbers coming from?
Answer: 2010
With the rapid growth of industrial workers in the auto factories, labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor and the United Auto Workers fought to organize workers to gain them better working conditions and wages. They initiated strikes and other tactics in support of improvements such as the 8-hour day/40-hour work week, increased wages, greater benefits and improved working conditions. The labor activism during those years increased influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the Autoworkers.

Question: Who was the labor leader of the Teamsters?
Answer: Jimmy Hoffa

Question: Who was the labor leader of the Autoworkers?
Answer: Walter Reuther

Question: How many hours did the unions push for as a maximum for a work day?
Answer: 8

Question: How many hours did the Unions want the work week to be limited to?
Answer: 40
Since 2006, $9 billion has been invested in downtown and surrounding neighborhoods; $5.2 billion of that in has come in 2013 and 2014. Construction activity, particularly rehabilitation of historic downtown buildings, has increased markedly. The number of vacant downtown buildings has dropped from nearly 50 to around 13.[when?] Among the most notable redevelopment projects are the Book Cadillac Hotel and the Fort Shelby Hotel; the David Broderick Tower; and the David Whitney Building. Meanwhile, work is underway or set to begin on the historic, vacant Wurlitzer Building and Strathmore Hotel.[citation needed]

Question: How much has been invested in Detroit since 2006?
Answer: $9 billion

Question: Which hotel is set to be renovated?
Answer: Strathmore

Question: How much money has been invested in Detroit in 2013-2014?
Answer: $5.2 billion

Question: How many vacant downtown buildings are there in Detroit?
Answer: 13
Detroit's protracted decline has resulted in severe urban decay and thousands of empty buildings around the city. Some parts of Detroit are so sparsely populated that the city has difficulty providing municipal services. The city has considered various solutions, such as demolishing abandoned homes and buildings; removing street lighting from large portions of the city; and encouraging the small population in certain areas to move to more populated locations. While some have estimated 20,000 stray dogs roam the city, studies have shown the true number to be around 1,000-3,000. Roughly half of the owners of Detroit's 305,000 properties failed to pay their 2011 tax bills, resulting in about $246 million in taxes and fees going uncollected, nearly half of which was due to Detroit; the rest of the money would have been earmarked for Wayne County, Detroit Public Schools, and the library system.

Question: How many stray dogs do studies suggest are in Detroit?
Answer: 1,000-3,000

Question: How much in unpaid taxes did Detroit fail to collect in 2011?
Answer: $246 million

Question: What is the term for when a city falls into disrepair? 
Answer: urban decay
Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares, with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry, located near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island. Near Zug Island, the southwest part of the city was developed over a 1,500-acre (610 ha) salt mine that is 1,100 feet (340 m) below the surface. The Detroit Salt Company mine has over 100 miles (160 km) of roads within.

Question: What company mines salt in Detroit?
Answer: Detroit Salt Company

Question: How many acres is the Windsor Salt Mine?
Answer: 1,500

Question: How many routes to Canada does Detroit have?
Answer: four

Question: What is the railway tunnel to Canada called?
Answer: Michigan Central Railway Tunnel

Question: What it the Ferry to Canada called?
Answer: Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry
Public funding and private investment have also been made with promises to rehabilitate neighborhoods. In April 2008, the city announced a $300-million stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods, financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax. The city's working plans for neighborhood revitalizations include 7-Mile/Livernois, Brightmoor, East English Village, Grand River/Greenfield, North End, and Osborn. Private organizations have pledged substantial funding to the efforts. Additionally, the city has cleared a 1,200-acre (490 ha) section of land for large-scale neighborhood construction, which the city is calling the Far Eastside Plan. In 2011, Mayor Bing announced a plan to categorize neighborhoods by their needs and prioritize the most needed services for those neighborhoods.

Question: How much in stimulus money was announced in 2008?
Answer: $300-million

Question: Who was the Mayor of Detroit in 2011?
Answer: Mayor Bing

Question: What is the plan called that seeks to clear land for neighborhood construction?
Answer: Far Eastside Plan

Question: How many acres of land does the Far Eastside Plan seek to clear?
Answer: 1,200

Question: How was the 2008 stimulus plan payed for?
Answer: earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax
Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.

Question:  How does the Cambridge English Dictionary define "Culture" in short?
Answer: the way of life

Question: What is the name of this theory that culture is a series of activities and world views?
Answer: Terror Management Theory

Question: What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become aware of Culture?
Answer: larger brain
As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] This capacity is often thought to be unique to humans, although some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complex abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship, gender and marriage, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as cooking, shelter, clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.

Question: Around when were humans able to understand to some degree what culture really meant?
Answer: 50,000 years ago

Question: Name some cultural universals that exist with humans today.
Answer: kinship, gender and marriage

Question: What does the term "concept material culture" cover?
Answer: technology, architecture and art
In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry.[dubious – discuss] Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness, such perspectives common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.

Question: What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture visibly?
Answer: body modification, clothing or jewelry

Question: Around what time did Mass Culture emerge?
Answer: 20th century

Question: What do some schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for?
Answer: as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness
Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last ice age, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of agriculture, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics.

Question: What changes do Social conflicts along with developing of technologies have on culture? 
Answer: social dynamics and promoting new cultural models

Question: What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women?
Answer: U.S. feminist movement

Question: Which time period was used in the example of shifts in social dynamics?
Answer: ice age
Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may loosely be regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods,[citation needed] instead hermeneutically focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. "Culture" has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of social psychology and cognitive science. "Cultural sociology" is one of the largest sections of the American Sociological Association. The British establishment of cultural studies means the latter is often taught as a loosely distinct discipline in the UK.

Question: Where did sociology culture stem from?
Answer: Weimar Germany

Question: Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology?
Answer: Alfred Weber

Question: What do cultural  sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture?
Answer: scientific methods