meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to "fit in" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.

Question: Who did Stuart Hall work along side with?
Answer: Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie

Question: What did Stuart and his colleagues create?
Answer: international intellectual movement.

Question: In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on?
Answer: matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender

Question: Capitalism can be referred to as what process?
Answer: a process called globalization
In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of "culture". "Culture" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.[citation needed]

Question: The idea of text in cultural studies can include what forms other than written language?
Answer: films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles

Question: Which two practices have become the main focus in cultural studies?
Answer: high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture

Question: What makes up cooperative cultural studies? 
Answer: based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies
The Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الكبرى‎, aṣ-ṣaḥrāʾ al-kubrā , 'the Greatest Desert') is the largest hot desert in the world. It is the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its surface area of 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)[citation needed]—including the Libyan Desert—is comparable to the respective land areas of China or the United States. The desert comprises much of the land found within North Africa, excluding the fertile coastal region situated against the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley of Egypt and Sudan. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north, to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually transitions to a coastal plain. To the south, it is delimited by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara can be divided into several regions, including the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Aïr Mountains, the Ténéré desert, and the Libyan Desert. Its name is derived from the plural Arabic language word for desert (صحارى ṣaḥārā  [ˈsˤɑħɑːrɑː]).

Question: What is the third hottest desert in the world?
Answer: The Sahara

Question: What is the third largest desert in the world?
Answer: The Sahara

Question: What is the surface area of the Sahara Desert?
Answer: 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)

Question: What is the hottest desert in the world?
Answer: Sahara
The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings. The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept, if not the phrase, was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, who wrote "Law should govern".

Question: Which Scottish theologian is first credited with using the phrase "rule of law"?
Answer: Samuel Rutherford

Question: Which British jurist later made the phrase "rule of law" popular in the 1800s?
Answer: A. V. Dicey

Question: What phrase Ariostle also use which is closely related to "the rule of law"?
Answer: Law should govern

Question: Samuel Rutherford used the principle of the rule of law to argue what point?
Answer: against the divine right of kings

Question: According to the rule of law, what should hold the determination for rules in a land? 
Answer: law
In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men. Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that "Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state, in my view, is not far off; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave, then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state." More than Plato attempted to do, Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and serving the laws. In other words, Aristotle advocated the rule of law:

Question: On what principle did the Ancient Greeks first think was best for governance? 
Answer: rule by the best men

Question: According to Plato, who was above the law?
Answer: king

Question: What type of kingdom was purported by Plato?
Answer: benevolent monarchy

Question: Under what rule did Aristotle believe a nation should be led?
Answer: rule of law

Question: To what did Plato compare a government that follows laws?
Answer: slave
East Asian cultures are influenced by two schools of thought, Confucianism, which advocated good governance as rule by leaders who are benevolent and virtuous, and Legalism, which advocated strict adherence to law. The influence of one school of thought over the other has varied throughout the centuries. One study indicates that throughout East Asia, only South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong have societies that are robustly committed to a law-bound state. According to Awzar Thi, a member of the Asian Human Rights Commission, the rule of law in Thailand, Cambodia, and most of Asia is weak or nonexistent:

Question: What East Asian philosophy emphasized virtuous leadership? 
Answer: Confucianism

Question: What East Asian philosophy emphasized unwavering rule following?
Answer: Legalism

Question: How strong is the rule of law in most Asian countries?
Answer: weak or nonexistent

Question: Which Asian countries strictly follow laws?
Answer: South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong
In Thailand, a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932, the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice.[citation needed] Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of their foundings, and justice has been processed formally according to the law but in fact more closely aligned with royalist principles that are still advocated in the 21st century.[citation needed] In November 2013, Thailand faced still further threats to the rule of law when the executive branch rejected a supreme court decision over how to select senators.[citation needed]

Question: Where has the rule of law been more of a theory than a way of life? 
Answer: Thailand

Question: In Thailand, what branch of government rejected a proposal for senator selection?
Answer: executive branch

Question: According to what principles are most laws in Thailand decided?
Answer: royalist

Question: When did Thailand first try to overthrow its government run by a king?
Answer: 1932

Question: What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand?
Answer: Ancient prejudices and political bias
Tibet has various festivals that are commonly performed to worship the Buddha[citation needed] throughout the year. Losar is the Tibetan New Year Festival. Preparations for the festive event are manifested by special offerings to family shrine deities, painted doors with religious symbols, and other painstaking jobs done to prepare for the event. Tibetans eat Guthuk (barley noodle soup with filling) on New Year's Eve with their families. The Monlam Prayer Festival follows it in the first month of the Tibetan calendar, falling between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month. It involves dancing and participating in sports events, as well as sharing picnics. The event was established in 1049 by Tsong Khapa, the founder of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama's order.

Question: What is worshipped during Tibet's various festibals?
Answer: Buddha

Question: What is the Tibetan New Year Festival called?
Answer: Losar

Question: What do Tibetan's eat on New Year's Eve?
Answer: Guthuk

Question: When is the Monlam Prayer Festival?
Answer: between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month

Question: Who established the Monlam Prayer Festival in 1049?
Answer: Tsong Khapa
The centre of Argentoratum proper was situated on the Grande Île (Cardo: current Rue du Dôme, Decumanus: current Rue des Hallebardes). The outline of the Roman "castrum" is visible in the street pattern in the Grande Ile. Many Roman artifacts have also been found along the current Route des Romains, the road that led to Argentoratum, in the suburb of Kœnigshoffen. This was where the largest burial places were situated, as well as the densest concentration of civilian dwelling places and commerces next to the camp. Among the most outstanding finds in Kœnigshoffen were (found in 1911–12) the fragments of a grand Mithraeum that had been shattered by early Christians in the fourth century. From the fourth century, Strasbourg was the seat of the Bishopric of Strasbourg (made an Archbishopric in 1988). Archaeological excavations below the current Église Saint-Étienne in 1948 and 1956 unearthed the apse of a church dating back to the late fourth or early fifth century, considered to be the oldest church in Alsace. It is supposed that this was the first seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Strasbourg.

Question: What has been found along the current Route des Romains? 
Answer: Roman artifacts

Question: Where was the centre of Argentoratum situated?
Answer: Grande Île

Question: Who shattered the fragments of a grand Mithraeum?
Answer: Christians

Question: When was the Bishopric of Strasbourg made an Archbishopric?
Answer: 1988
A revolution in 1332 resulted in a broad-based city government with participation of the guilds, and Strasbourg declared itself a free republic. The deadly bubonic plague of 1348 was followed on 14 February 1349 by one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history: over a thousand Jews were publicly burnt to death, with the remainder of the Jewish population being expelled from the city. Until the end of the 18th century, Jews were forbidden to remain in town after 10 pm. The time to leave the city was signalled by a municipal herald blowing the Grüselhorn (see below, Museums, Musée historique);. A special tax, the Pflastergeld (pavement money), was furthermore to be paid for any horse that a Jew would ride or bring into the city while allowed to.

Question: In what year did Strasbourg declare itself a free republic? 
Answer: 1332

Question: What year was the deadly bubonic plague in Strasbourg?
Answer: 1348

Question: How many Jews were burned to death in 1349?
Answer: over a thousand

Question: What time were the Jews forbidden to be in town after?
Answer: 10 pm

Question: What did the Jews need to pay to ride a horse into town?
Answer: special tax
In the 1520s during the Protestant Reformation, the city, under the political guidance of Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck and the spiritual guidance of Martin Bucer embraced the religious teachings of Martin Luther. Their adherents established a Gymnasium, headed by Johannes Sturm, made into a University in the following century. The city first followed the Tetrapolitan Confession, and then the Augsburg Confession. Protestant iconoclasm caused much destruction to churches and cloisters, notwithstanding that Luther himself opposed such a practice. Strasbourg was a centre of humanist scholarship and early book-printing in the Holy Roman Empire, and its intellectual and political influence contributed much to the establishment of Protestantism as an accepted denomination in the southwest of Germany. (John Calvin spent several years as a political refugee in the city). The Strasbourg Councillor Sturm and guildmaster Matthias represented the city at the Imperial Diet of Speyer (1529), where their protest led to the schism of the Catholic Church and the evolution of Protestantism. Together with four other free cities, Strasbourg presented the confessio tetrapolitana as its Protestant book of faith at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530, where the slightly different Augsburg Confession was also handed over to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

Question: Who was the political guide during the Protestant Reformation? 
Answer: Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck

Question: Who was the spiritual guide during the Protestant Reformation?
Answer: Martin Bucer

Question: Who spent several years as a political refugee in the city?
Answer: John Calvin

Question: How many other cities joined Strasbourg at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530?
Answer: four
This annexation was one of the direct causes of the brief and bloody War of the Reunions whose outcome left the French in possession. The French annexation was recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick (1697). The official policy of religious intolerance which drove most Protestants from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 was not applied in Strasbourg and in Alsace, because both had a special status as a province à l'instar de l'étranger effectif (a kind of foreign province of the king of France). Strasbourg Cathedral, however, was taken from the Lutherans to be returned to the Catholics as the French authorities tried to promote Catholicism wherever they could (some other historic churches remained in Protestant hands). Its language also remained overwhelmingly German: the German Lutheran university persisted until the French Revolution. Famous students included Goethe and Herder.

Question: What was one of the causes of the War of the Reunions? 
Answer: annexation

Question: When was the French annexation recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick?
Answer: 1697

Question: What church was taken from the Lutherans and returned to the Catholics?
Answer: Strasbourg Cathedral

Question: Who were the famous students that attended German Lutheran University?
Answer: Goethe and Herder
Strasbourg's status as a free city was revoked by the French Revolution. Enragés, most notoriously Eulogius Schneider, ruled the city with an increasingly iron hand. During this time, many churches and monasteries were either destroyed or severely damaged. The cathedral lost hundreds of its statues (later replaced by copies in the 19th century) and in April 1794, there was talk of tearing its spire down, on the grounds that it was against the principle of equality. The tower was saved, however, when in May of the same year citizens of Strasbourg crowned it with a giant tin Phrygian cap. This artifact was later kept in the historical collections of the city until it was destroyed by the Germans in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war.

Question: What revoked Strasbourg's status as a free city? 
Answer: French Revolution

Question: Who ruled the city with an iron hand?
Answer: Eulogius Schneider

Question: What did the cathedrals lose in April 1794?
Answer: statues

Question: What was the giant Phrygian cap made out of?
Answer: tin

Question: Who destroyed the Phrygian cap in 1870?
Answer: Germans
During the Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Strasbourg, the city was heavily bombarded by the Prussian army. The bombardment of the city was meant to break the morale of the people of Strasbourg. On 24 and 26 August 1870, the Museum of Fine Arts was destroyed by fire, as was the Municipal Library housed in the Gothic former Dominican church, with its unique collection of medieval manuscripts (most famously the Hortus deliciarum), rare Renaissance books, archeological finds and historical artifacts. The gothic cathedral was damaged as well as the medieval church of Temple Neuf, the theatre, the city hall, the court of justice and many houses. At the end of the siege 10,000 inhabitants were left without shelter; over 600 died, including 261 civilians, and 3200 were injured, including 1,100 civilians.

Question: Who bombarded the city of Strasbourg? 
Answer: Prussian army

Question: What date was the Museum of Fine Arts destroyed by fire?
Answer: 24 and 26 August 1870

Question: What cathedral was damaged along with the medieval church of Temple Neuf?
Answer: gothic

Question: How many inhabitants were left without shelter after the siege?
Answer: 10,000

Question: How many civilians died during the siege?
Answer: 261
In 1871, after the end of the war, the city was annexed to the newly established German Empire as part of the Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen under the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt. As part of Imperial Germany, Strasbourg was rebuilt and developed on a grand and representative scale, such as the Neue Stadt, or "new city" around the present Place de la République. Historian Rodolphe Reuss and Art historian Wilhelm von Bode were in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives, libraries and museums. The University, founded in 1567 and suppressed during the French Revolution as a stronghold of German sentiment,[citation needed] was reopened in 1872 under the name Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität.

Question: In what year was the city annexed to the German Empire?
Answer: 1871

Question: What was the Treaty in 1871 called?
Answer: Treaty of Frankfurt

Question: What year was the university founded?
Answer: 1567

Question: What Historian was in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives?
Answer: Rodolphe Reuss

Question:  What was the new name of the university when it reopened in 1872?
Answer: Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität
A belt of massive fortifications was established around the city, most of which still stands today, renamed after French generals and generally classified as Monuments historiques; most notably Fort Roon (now Fort Desaix) and Fort Podbielski (now Fort Ducrot) in Mundolsheim, Fort von Moltke (now Fort Rapp) in Reichstett, Fort Bismarck (now Fort Kléber) in Wolfisheim, Fort Kronprinz (now Fort Foch) in Niederhausbergen, Fort Kronprinz von Sachsen (now Fort Joffre) in Holtzheim and Fort Großherzog von Baden (now Fort Frère) in Oberhausbergen.

Question: What was established around the city?  
Answer: fortifications

Question: Where is Fort Podbielski located?
Answer: Mundolsheim

Question: Where is Fort Bismark located?
Answer: Wolfisheim

Question: Where is for Kronprinz von Sachsen located?
Answer: Holtzheim

Question: Where is Fort Roon Located?
Answer: Mundolsheim
Following the defeat of the German empire in World War I and the abdication of the German Emperor, some revolutionary insurgents declared Alsace-Lorraine as an independent Republic, without preliminary referendum or vote. On 11 November 1918 (Armistice Day), communist insurgents proclaimed a "soviet government" in Strasbourg, following the example of Kurt Eisner in Munich as well as other German towns. French troops commanded by French general Henri Gouraud entered triumphantly in the city on 22 November. A major street of the city now bears the name of that date (Rue du 22 Novembre) which celebrates the entry of the French in the city. Viewing the massive cheering crowd gathered under the balcony of Strasbourg's town hall, French President Raymond Poincaré stated that "the plebiscite is done".

Question: In what war was the German Empire defeated? 
Answer: World War I

Question: What kind of Republic did some insurgents declare Alsace-Lorraine?
Answer: independent

Question: What date was Strasbourg declared a soviet government by insurgents?
Answer: 11 November 1918

Question: Who commanded the French troops on November 22?
Answer: French general Henri Gouraud

Question: What French President said "the plebiscite is done"?
Answer: Raymond Poincaré
In 1919, following the Treaty of Versailles, the city was restituted to France in accordance with U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" without a referendum. The date of the assignment was retroactively established on Armistice Day. It is doubtful whether a referendum in Strasbourg would have ended in France's favour since the political parties striving for an autonomous Alsace or a connection to France accounted only for a small proportion of votes in the last Reichstag as well as in the local elections. The Alsatian autonomists who were pro French had won many votes in the more rural parts of the region and other towns since the annexation of the region by Germany in 1871. The movement started with the first election for the Reichstag; those elected were called "les députés protestataires", and until the fall of Bismarck in 1890, they were the only deputies elected by the Alsatians to the German parliament demanding the return of those territories to France. At the last Reichstag election in Strasbourg and its periphery, the clear winners were the Social Democrats; the city was the administrative capital of the region, was inhabited by many Germans appointed by the central government in Berlin and its flourishing economy attracted many Germans. This could explain the difference between the rural vote and the one in Strasbourg. After the war, many Germans left Strasbourg and went back to Germany; some of them were denounced by the locals or expelled by the newly appointed authorities. The Saverne Affair was vivid in the memory among the Alsatians.

Question: What year was it restituted to France?  
Answer: 1919

Question: What autonomists were pro French?
Answer: Alsatian

Question: In what year did Bismarck fall?
Answer: 1890

Question: Who won the last election at Reichstag?
Answer: Social Democrats

Question: Who had vivid memories of the Saverne Affair?
Answer: Alsatians
Between the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 and the Anglo-French declaration of War against the German Reich on 3 September 1939, the entire city (a total of 120,000 people) was evacuated, like other border towns as well. Until the arrival of the Wehrmacht troops mid-June 1940, the city was, for ten months, completely empty, with the exception of the garrisoned soldiers. The Jews of Strasbourg had been evacuated to Périgueux and Limoges, the University had been evacuated to Clermont-Ferrand.

Question: Who invaded Poland on 1 September 1939? 
Answer: German

Question: How many people were evacuated during the invasion?
Answer: 120,000

Question: What troops arrived in mid-June 1940?
Answer: Wehrmacht troops

Question: How long was the city completely empty?
Answer: ten months

Question: Where was the University evacuated?
Answer: Clermont-Ferrand
After the ceasefire following the Fall of France in June 1940, Alsace was annexed to Germany and a rigorous policy of Germanisation was imposed upon it by the Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner. When, in July 1940, the first evacuees were allowed to return, only residents of Alsatian origin were admitted. The last Jews were deported on 15 July 1940 and the main synagogue, a huge Romanesque revival building that had been a major architectural landmark with its 54-metre-high dome since its completion in 1897, was set ablaze, then razed.

Question: In what year was the Fall of France?
Answer: 1940

Question: What country was Alsace annexed to? 
Answer: Germany

Question: Who imposed the rigorous policy of Germanisation?
Answer: Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner

Question: When were the first evacuees allowed to return?
Answer: July 1940

Question:  How high was the dome at the Romanesque revival building?
Answer: 54-metre
In September 1940 the first Alsatian resistance movement led by Marcel Weinum called La main noire (The black hand) was created. It was composed by a group of 25 young men aged from 14 to 18 years old who led several attacks against the German occupation. The actions culminated with the attack of the Gauleiter Robert Wagner, the highest commander of Alsace directly under the order of Hitler. In March 1942, Marcel Weinum was prosecuted by the Gestapo and sentenced to be beheaded at the age of 18 in April 1942 in Stuttgart, Germany. His last words will be: "If I have to die, I shall die but with a pure heart". From 1943 the city was bombarded by Allied aircraft. While the First World War had not notably damaged the city, Anglo-American bombing caused extensive destruction in raids of which at least one was allegedly carried out by mistake. In August 1944, several buildings in the Old Town were damaged by bombs, particularly the Palais Rohan, the Old Customs House (Ancienne Douane) and the Cathedral. On 23 November 1944, the city was officially liberated by the 2nd French Armoured Division under General Leclerc. He achieved the oath that he made with his soldiers, after the decisive Capture of Kufra. With the Oath of Kuffra, they swore to keep up the fight until the French flag flew over the Cathedral of Strasbourg.

Question: Who led the first Alsatian resistance movement?  
Answer: Marcel Weinum

Question: Who was the highest commander that is under Hitler?
Answer: Gauleiter Robert Wagner

Question: How was Marcel Weinum executed?
Answer: beheaded

Question: What was the city attacked by in 1943?
Answer: Allied aircraft

Question: On what date was the city liberated?
Answer: 23 November 1944
Many people from Strasbourg were incorporated in the German Army against their will, and were sent to the eastern front, those young men and women were called Malgré-nous. Many tried to escape from the incorporation, join the French Resistance, or desert the Wehrmacht but many couldn't because they were running the risk of having their families sent to work or concentration camps by the Germans. Many of these men, especially those who did not answer the call immediately, were pressured to "volunteer" for service with the SS, often by direct threats on their families. This threat obliged the majority of them to remain in the German army. After the war, the few that survived were often accused of being traitors or collaborationists, because this tough situation was not known in the rest of France, and they had to face the incomprehension of many. In July 1944, 1500 malgré-nous were released from Soviet captivity and sent to Algiers, where they joined the Free French Forces. Nowadays history recognizes the suffering of those people, and museums, public discussions and memorials have been built to commemorate this terrible period of history of this part of Eastern France (Alsace and Moselle). Liberation of Strasbourg took place on 23 November 1944.

Question: What were the men and women sent to the eastern front against their will called? 
Answer: Malgré-nous

Question: Who sent deserters families to concentration camps?
Answer: Germans

Question: Where were the freed soviet captives sent?
Answer: Algiers

Question: When did the liberation of Strasbourg take place?
Answer: 23 November 1944
In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. Since 1952, the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg, which was formally designated its official 'seat' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and government in December 1992. (This position was reconfirmed and given treaty status in the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam). However, only the (four-day) plenary sessions of the Parliament are held in Strasbourg each month, with all other business being conducted in Brussels and Luxembourg. Those sessions take place in the Immeuble Louise Weiss, inaugurated in 1999, which houses the largest parliamentary assembly room in Europe and of any democratic institution in the world. Before that, the EP sessions had to take place in the main Council of Europe building, the Palace of Europe, whose unusual inner architecture had become a familiar sight to European TV audiences. In 1992, Strasbourg became the seat of the Franco-German TV channel and movie-production society Arte.

Question: What council was the city given a seat for in 1949? 
Answer: Council of Europe

Question: When did the European Parliament begin meeting in Strasbourg?
Answer: 1952

Question: When was Louise Weiss inaugurated?
Answer: 1999
In addition to the cathedral, Strasbourg houses several other medieval churches that have survived the many wars and destructions that have plagued the city: the Romanesque Église Saint-Étienne, partly destroyed in 1944 by Allied bombing raids, the part Romanesque, part Gothic, very large Église Saint-Thomas with its Silbermann organ on which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Albert Schweitzer played, the Gothic Église protestante Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune with its crypt dating back to the seventh century and its cloister partly from the eleventh century, the Gothic Église Saint-Guillaume with its fine early-Renaissance stained glass and furniture, the Gothic Église Saint-Jean, the part Gothic, part Art Nouveau Église Sainte-Madeleine, etc. The Neo-Gothic church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique (there is also an adjacent church Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Protestant) serves as a shrine for several 15th-century wood worked and painted altars coming from other, now destroyed churches and installed there for public display. Among the numerous secular medieval buildings, the monumental Ancienne Douane (old custom-house) stands out.

Question: What was partly destroyed by Allied bombings in 1944? 
Answer: Romanesque Église Saint-Étienne

Question: What organ did Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart play on?
Answer: Silbermann organ

Question: Where is the Silbermann organ located?
Answer: Église Saint-Thomas

Question: What is the Neo-Gothic church called?
Answer: Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique
The German Renaissance has bequeathed the city some noteworthy buildings (especially the current Chambre de commerce et d'industrie, former town hall, on Place Gutenberg), as did the French Baroque and Classicism with several hôtels particuliers (i.e. palaces), among which the Palais Rohan (1742, now housing three museums) is the most spectacular. Other buildings of its kind are the "Hôtel de Hanau" (1736, now the city hall), the Hôtel de Klinglin (1736, now residence of the préfet), the Hôtel des Deux-Ponts (1755, now residence of the military governor), the Hôtel d'Andlau-Klinglin (1725, now seat of the administration of the Port autonome de Strasbourg) etc. The largest baroque building of Strasbourg though is the 150 m (490 ft) long 1720s main building of the Hôpital civil. As for French Neo-classicism, it is the Opera House on Place Broglie that most prestigiously represents this style.

Question: How many museums does the Palais Rohan hold? 
Answer: three

Question: What did the city hall used to be known as?
Answer: Hôtel de Hanau

Question: What is the largest baroque building in Strasbourg?
Answer: Hôpital civil

Question: What did the military governors residence used to be called?
Answer: Hôtel des Deux-Ponts

Question: Where is the Opera House located?
Answer: Place Broglie
Strasbourg also offers high-class eclecticist buildings in its very extended German district, the Neustadt, being the main memory of Wilhelmian architecture since most of the major cities in Germany proper suffered intensive damage during World War II. Streets, boulevards and avenues are homogeneous, surprisingly high (up to seven stories) and broad examples of German urban lay-out and of this architectural style that summons and mixes up five centuries of European architecture as well as Neo-Egyptian, Neo-Greek and Neo-Babylonian styles. The former imperial palace Palais du Rhin, the most political and thus heavily criticized of all German Strasbourg buildings epitomizes the grand scale and stylistic sturdiness of this period. But the two most handsome and ornate buildings of these times are the École internationale des Pontonniers (the former Höhere Mädchenschule, girls college) with its towers, turrets and multiple round and square angles and the École des Arts décoratifs with its lavishly ornate façade of painted bricks, woodwork and majolica.

Question: What kind of high class building does Strasbourg offer? 
Answer: eclecticist

Question: What war caused severe damage to Germany?
Answer: World War II

Question: What was the former imperial palace called?
Answer: Palais du Rhin

Question: What was the former girls college called?
Answer: Höhere Mädchenschule

Question: How high were some of the buildings in urban Germany?
Answer: seven stories
As for modern and contemporary architecture, Strasbourg possesses some fine Art Nouveau buildings (such as the huge Palais des Fêtes and houses and villas like Villa Schutzenberger and Hôtel Brion), good examples of post-World War II functional architecture (the Cité Rotterdam, for which Le Corbusier did not succeed in the architectural contest) and, in the very extended Quartier Européen, some spectacular administrative buildings of sometimes utterly large size, among which the European Court of Human Rights building by Richard Rogers is arguably the finest. Other noticeable contemporary buildings are the new Music school Cité de la Musique et de la Danse, the Musée d'Art moderne et contemporain and the Hôtel du Département facing it, as well as, in the outskirts, the tramway-station Hoenheim-Nord designed by Zaha Hadid.

Question: What is the fine Art Nouveau villa called? 
Answer: Villa Schutzenberger

Question: Who lost the architectural contest?
Answer: Le Corbusier

Question: Who built the European Court of Human Rights building?
Answer: Richard Rogers

Question: What did Zaha Hadid design?
Answer: Hoenheim-Nord

Question: What is considered to be the finest building?
Answer: European Court of Human Rights
Strasbourg features a number of prominent parks, of which several are of cultural and historical interest: the Parc de l'Orangerie, laid out as a French garden by André le Nôtre and remodeled as an English garden on behalf of Joséphine de Beauharnais, now displaying noteworthy French gardens, a neo-classical castle and a small zoo; the Parc de la Citadelle, built around impressive remains of the 17th-century fortress erected close to the Rhine by Vauban; the Parc de Pourtalès, laid out in English style around a baroque castle (heavily restored in the 19th century) that now houses a small three-star hotel, and featuring an open-air museum of international contemporary sculpture. The Jardin botanique de l'Université de Strasbourg (botanical garden) was created under the German administration next to the Observatory of Strasbourg, built in 1881, and still owns some greenhouses of those times. The Parc des Contades, although the oldest park of the city, was completely remodeled after World War II. The futuristic Parc des Poteries is an example of European park-conception in the late 1990s. The Jardin des deux Rives, spread over Strasbourg and Kehl on both sides of the Rhine opened in 2004 and is the most extended (60-hectare) park of the agglomeration. The most recent park is Parc du Heyritz (8,7 ha), opened in 2014 along a canal facing the hôpital civil.

Question: Who designed the Parc de l'Orangerie? 
Answer: André le Nôtre

Question: What park has a small zoo in it?
Answer: Parc de l'Orangerie

Question: What park is built close to the Rhine by Vauban?
Answer: Parc de la Citadelle

Question: What year was the Observatory of Strasbourg built?
Answer: 1881

Question: What is the oldest park in the city?
Answer: Parc des Contades
Unlike most other cities, Strasbourg's collections of European art are divided into several museums according not only to type and area, but also to epoch. Old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories and until 1681 are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame, old master paintings from all the rest of Europe (including the Dutch Rhenish territories) and until 1871 as well as old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories between 1681 and 1871 are displayed in the Musée des Beaux-Arts. Old master graphic arts until 1871 is displayed in the Cabinet des estampes et dessins. Decorative arts until 1681 ("German period") are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame, decorative arts from 1681 to 1871 ("French period") are displayed in the Musée des Arts décoratifs. International art (painting, sculpture, graphic arts) and decorative art since 1871 is displayed in the Musée d'art moderne et contemporain. The latter museum also displays the city's photographic library.

Question: Where are old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories until 1681 held? 
Answer: Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame

Question: Where are old master graphic arts until 1871 displayed?
Answer: Cabinet des estampes et dessins

Question: Where are decorative arts until 1681 displayed?
Answer: Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame

Question: Where is the city's photographic library?
Answer: Musée d'art moderne et contemporain

Question: Where is the international art since 1871 displayed?
Answer: Musée d'art moderne et contemporain
Strasbourg, well known as centre of humanism, has a long history of excellence in higher-education, at the crossroads of French and German intellectual traditions. Although Strasbourg had been annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1683, it still remained connected to the German-speaking intellectual world throughout the 18th century and the university attracted numerous students from the Holy Roman Empire, including Goethe, Metternich and Montgelas, who studied law in Strasbourg, among the most prominent. Nowadays, Strasbourg is known to offer among the best university courses in France, after Paris.

Question: What is Strasbourg known as?
Answer: centre of humanism

Question: When was Strasbourg annexed by the Kingdom of France?
Answer: 1683

Question: What did Montgelas study?
Answer: law

Question:  From what empire did students come from to attend university?
Answer: Holy Roman Empire
The Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire (BNU) is, with its collection of more than 3,000,000 titles, the second largest library in France after the Bibliothèque nationale de France. It was founded by the German administration after the complete destruction of the previous municipal library in 1871 and holds the unique status of being simultaneously a students' and a national library. The Strasbourg municipal library had been marked erroneously as "City Hall" in a French commercial map, which had been captured and used by the German artillery to lay their guns. A librarian from Munich later pointed out "...that the destruction of the precious collection was not the fault of a German artillery officer, who used the French map, but of the slovenly and inaccurate scholarship of a Frenchman."

Question: What is the second largest library in France? 
Answer: Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire

Question: How many titles does the library have?
Answer: 3,000,000

Question: Who founded the library?
Answer: German administration

Question: When was the previous library destroyed?
Answer: 1871

Question: What was the library marked as on the map?
Answer: City Hall
As one of the earliest centers of book-printing in Europe (see above: History), Strasbourg for a long time held a large number of incunabula—documents printed before 1500—in her library as one of her most precious heritages. After the total destruction of this institution in 1870, however, a new collection had to be reassembled from scratch. Today, Strasbourg's different public and institutional libraries again display a sizable total number of incunabula, distributed as follows: Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire, ca. 2 098 Médiathèque de la ville et de la communauté urbaine de Strasbourg, 394 Bibliothèque du Grand Séminaire, 238 Médiathèque protestante, 94 and Bibliothèque alsatique du Crédit Mutuel, 5.

Question: What are incunabula's? 
Answer: documents printed before 1500

Question: When was the library destroyed?
Answer: 1870

Question: What kind of building holds incunabula's today?
Answer: public and institutional libraries
City transportation in Strasbourg includes the futurist-looking Strasbourg tramway that opened in 1994 and is operated by the regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois (CTS), consisting of 6 lines with a total length of 55.8 km (34.7 mi). The CTS also operates a comprehensive bus network throughout the city that is integrated with the trams. With more than 500 km (311 mi) of bicycle paths, biking in the city is convenient and the CTS operates a cheap bike-sharing scheme named Vélhop'. The CTS, and its predecessors, also operated a previous generation of tram system between 1878 and 1960, complemented by trolleybus routes between 1939 and 1962.

Question: What year did the Strasbourg tramway open? 
Answer: 1994

Question: Who operates the Strasbourg tramway?
Answer: regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois

Question: How many lines does the Strasbourg tramway have?
Answer: 6

Question: What is the length of the Strasbourg tramway in total?
Answer: 55.8 km

Question: How far do bike paths stretch in Strasbourg?
Answer: 500 km
Being a city on the Ill and close to the Rhine, Strasbourg has always been an important centre of fluvial navigation, as is attested by archeological findings. In 1682 the Canal de la Bruche was added to the river navigations, initially to provide transport for sandstone from quarries in the Vosges for use in the fortification of the city. That canal has since closed, but the subsequent Canal du Rhone au Rhine, Canal de la Marne au Rhin and Grand Canal d'Alsace are still in use, as is the important activity of the Port autonome de Strasbourg. Water tourism inside the city proper attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists yearly.

Question: What year was the Canal de la Bruche added? 
Answer: 1682

Question: What kind of tourism attracts tourists yearly?
Answer: Water tourism

Question: What river is Strasbourg by?
Answer: Rhine
The tram system that now criss-crosses the historic city centre complements walking and biking in it. The centre has been transformed into a pedestrian priority zone that enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable. These attributes are accomplished by applying the principle of "filtered permeability" to the existing irregular network of streets. It means that the network adaptations favour active transportation and, selectively, "filter out" the car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre. While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip. This logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts – the Fused Grid.

Question: What system also complements walking and biking? 
Answer: tram

Question: What kind of priority zone has the city centre been transformed into?
Answer: pedestrian

Question: What do bike paths go through to add enjoyment to the trip?
Answer: public squares

Question: What is the layout of the neighbourhoods called?
Answer: Fused Grid
At present the A35 autoroute, which parallels the Rhine between Karlsruhe and Basel, and the A4 autoroute, which links Paris with Strasbourg, penetrate close to the centre of the city. The Grand contournement ouest (GCO) project, programmed since 1999, plans to construct a 24 km (15 mi) long highway connection between the junctions of the A4 and the A35 autoroutes in the north and of the A35 and A352 autoroutes in the south. This routes well to the west of the city and is meant to divest a significant portion of motorized traffic from the unité urbaine.

Question: What route parallels the Rhine? 
Answer: A35 autoroute

Question: What year did the Grand contournement ouest project open?
Answer: 1999

Question: How far is the connection between junctions A4 and the A35?
Answer: 24 km

Question: The traffic coming west of the city is from where?
Answer: unité urbaine
The English language has been official in the state of Oklahoma since 2010. The variety of North American English spoken is called Oklahoma English, and this dialect is quite diverse with its uneven blending of features of North Midland, South Midland, and Southern dialects. In 2000, 2,977,187 Oklahomans—92.6% of the resident population five years or older—spoke only English at home, a decrease from 95% in 1990. 238,732 Oklahoma residents reported speaking a language other than English in the 2000 census, about 7.4% of the total population of the state. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language in the state, with 141,060 speakers counted in 2000. The next most commonly spoken language is Cherokee, with about 22,000 speakers living within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area of eastern Oklahoma. Cherokee is an official language in the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area and in the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.

Question: When did Oklahoma declare an official language?
Answer: 2010

Question: How many Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?
Answer: 2,977,187

Question: What percent of Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?
Answer: 92.6%

Question: What is the second-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?
Answer: Spanish

Question: What is the third-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?
Answer: Cherokee