meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
It is easy for Western-educated scholars to fall into the trap of viewing hunter-gatherer social and sexual arrangements in the light of Western values.[editorializing] One common arrangement is the sexual division of labour, with women doing most of the gathering, while men concentrate on big game hunting. It might be imagined that this arrangement oppresses women, keeping them in the domestic sphere. However, according to some observers, hunter-gatherer women would not understand this interpretation. Since childcare is collective, with every baby having multiple mothers and male carers, the domestic sphere is not atomised or privatised but an empowering place to be.[citation needed] In all hunter-gatherer societies, women appreciate the meat brought back to camp by men. An illustrative account is Megan Biesele's study of the southern African Ju/'hoan, 'Women Like Meat'. Recent archaeological research suggests that the sexual division of labor was the fundamental organisational innovation that gave Homo sapiens the edge over the Neanderthals, allowing our ancestors to migrate from Africa and spread across the globe.

Question: What value system do Western scholars tend to use in analyzing societies?
Answer: Western values

Question: Who does most of the gathering in a hunter-gatherer society?
Answer: women

Question: What group members are the big game hunters?
Answer: men

Question: What does the argument over women as gathers said to produce ?
Answer: arrangement oppresses women

Question: How is childcare viewed in a hunter-gatherer society?
Answer: childcare is collective
The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not necessarily a one way process. It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an adaptive strategy, which may still be exploited, if necessary, when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists. In fact, it is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies, especially since the widespread adoption of agriculture and resulting cultural diffusion that has occurred in the last 10,000 years.[citation needed] This anthropological view has remained unchanged since the 1960s.[clarification needed][citation needed]

Question: What is hunting and gathering argued to be?
Answer: adaptive strategy

Question: What situation can cause food stresses that make hunting-gathering necessary?
Answer: environmental change

Question: What change from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not easy to mark?
Answer: transition

Question: Besides the use of agriculture, what other factor clouds the issue of the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture?
Answer: cultural diffusion

Question: How long has this cultural diffusion been happening?
Answer: last 10,000 years
Some agriculturalists also regularly hunt and gather (e.g., farming during the frost-free season and hunting during the winter). Still others in developed countries go hunting, primarily for leisure. In the Brazilian rainforest, those groups that recently did, or even continue to, rely on hunting and gathering techniques seem to have adopted this lifestyle, abandoning most agriculture, as a way to escape colonial control and as a result of the introduction of European diseases reducing their populations to levels where agriculture became difficult.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]

Question: What do some agriculturalists often do?
Answer: hunt and gather

Question: What do they sometimes do for entertainment?
Answer: go hunting

Question: Why would they leave agricultural lifestyle?
Answer: to escape colonial control

Question: Besides avoiding government controls, what other reason could they have?
Answer: agriculture became difficult
In America, nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA (formerly Americans for UNFPA) worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations.

Question: What is one country in which nonprofit organizations try to make up for the loss of United States funding for the UNFPA?
Answer: America

Question: What kind of organization is Friends of UNFPA?
Answer: nonprofit

Question: What was Friends of UNFPA's previous name?
Answer: Americans for UNFPA

Question: What type of United States funding does Friends of UNFPA try to replace? 
Answer: federal funding

Question: Through what sort of donations does Friends of UNFPA raise money?
Answer: private donations
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Russian: Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, tr. Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika  listen (help·info)) commonly referred to as Soviet Russia or simply as Russia, was a sovereign state in 1917–22, the largest, most populous, and most economically developed republic of the Soviet Union in 1922–91 and a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation in 1990–91. The Republic comprised sixteen autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais, and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. To the west it bordered Finland, Norway and Poland; and to the south, China, Mongolia and North Korea whilst bordering the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Black sea and Caspian Sea to the south. Within the USSR, it bordered the Baltic republics (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia), the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR to the west. To the south it bordered the Georgian, Azerbaijan and Kazakh SSRs.

Question: Which ocean is along eastern Russia?
Answer: the Pacific Ocean

Question: Which union did Russia belong to after 1922?
Answer: the Soviet Union

Question: When did the RSFSR cease to be a part of the Soviet Union?
Answer: 91

Question: How many autonomous republics make up the RSFSR?
Answer: sixteen

Question: The RSFSR contains how many oblasts?
Answer: forty

Question: How many autonomous oblasts were part of the RSFSR?
Answer: five

Question: How many krais were present in the RSFSR?
Answer: six
On January 25, 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the unrecognized state was renamed the Soviet Russian Republic. On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany, in exchange for peace in World War I. On July 10, 1918, the Russian Constitution of 1918 renamed the country the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded, reducing the size of the country even more.

Question: Which official name was Russia given at the start of 1918?
Answer: the Soviet Russian Republic

Question: To which country did Russia give land during World War I?
Answer: Germany

Question: Which treaty did Russia sign in order to give land and gain peace during World War I?
Answer: the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Question: What war resulted in Russia shrinking further during 1918?
Answer: the Russian Civil War

Question: What numbered meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets occurred on January 25, 1918?
Answer: third

Question: On January 25, 1918, what was the official name given to the Soviet state?
Answer: the Soviet Russian Republic

Question: What did Russia receive in return for signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
Answer: peace in World War I

Question: On what date was the country renamed the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?
Answer: July 10, 1918

Question: During what 1918 conflict did states secede from Russia?
Answer: the Russian Civil War
On December 24, Yeltsin informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that by agreement of the member states of the CIS Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs (including permanent membership in the UN Security Council). Thus, Russia is considered to be an original member of the UN (since October 24, 1945) along with Ukraine (Ukrainian SSR) and Belarus (Byelorussian SSR). On December 25—just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union—the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (Russia), reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming the Presidency. The change was originally published on January 6, 1992 (Rossiyskaya Gazeta). According to law, during 1992, it was allowed to use the old name of the RSFSR for official business (forms, seals and stamps). The Russian Federation's Constitution (Fundamental Law) of 1978, though with the 1991–1992 Amendements, remained in effect until the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis.

Question: When did the Russian Federation assume the Soviet Union's membership in the UN?
Answer: December 24

Question: On what day did Gorbachev give up the presidency of the Soviet Union?
Answer: December 25

Question: What was the new name given to the Russian SFSR after the resignation of Gorbachev?
Answer: the Russian Federation

Question: Who was the first president of the Russian Federation?
Answer: Yeltsin

Question: In what periodical was the new sovereign status of the Russian Federation first published?
Answer: Rossiyskaya Gazeta
On March 15, 1915,:8 Laemmle opened the world's largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, on a 230-acre (0.9-km²) converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood. Studio management became the third facet of Universal's operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists. Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in small towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns and serials.

Question: On what date did Universal City Studios open?
Answer: March 15, 1915

Question: In square kilometers, what was the size of Universal City Studios?
Answer: 0.9

Question: What geographical feature separated Universal City Studios from Hollywood?
Answer: Cahuenga Pass

Question: What was the biggest Hollywood studio during this period?
Answer: Universal
In 1928, Laemmle, Sr. made his son, Carl, Jr. head of Universal Pictures as a 21st birthday present. Universal already had a reputation for nepotism—at one time, 70 of Carl, Sr.'s relatives were supposedly on the payroll. Many of them were nephews, resulting in Carl, Sr. being known around the studios as "Uncle Carl." Ogden Nash famously quipped in rhyme, "Uncle Carl Laemmle/Has a very large faemmle." Among these relatives was future Academy Award winning director/producer William Wyler.

Question: How many of Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s relatives were working for Universal as of 1928?
Answer: 70

Question: What was Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s nickname at Universal?
Answer: Uncle Carl

Question: What poet wrote a notable rhyme about Laemmle?
Answer: Ogden Nash

Question: At what age did Carl Laemmle, Jr. become president of Universal?
Answer: 21

Question: What Academy Award-winning director was a relative of Carl Laemmle's?
Answer: William Wyler
When Pasternak stopped producing Durbin's pictures, and she outgrew her screen persona and pursued more dramatic roles, the studio signed 13-year-old Gloria Jean for her own series of Pasternak musicals from 1939; she went on to star with Bing Crosby, W. C. Fields, and Donald O'Connor. A popular Universal film of the late 1930s was Destry Rides Again (1939), starring James Stewart as Destry and Marlene Dietrich in her comeback role after leaving Paramount Studios.

Question: How old was Gloria Jean in 1939?
Answer: 13

Question: Along with Donald O'Connor and Bing Crosby, with whom did Gloria Jean star?
Answer: Bing Crosby

Question: Who played Destry in Destry Rides Again?
Answer: James Stewart

Question: Prior to working at Universal, what studio employed Marlene Dietrich?
Answer: Paramount Studios

Question: In what year was Destry Rides again produced?
Answer: 1939
During the war years Universal did have a co-production arrangement with producer Walter Wanger and his partner, director Fritz Lang, lending the studio some amount of prestige productions. Universal's core audience base was still found in the neighborhood movie theaters, and the studio continued to please the public with low- to medium-budget films. Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce in new Sherlock Holmes mysteries (1942–46), teenage musicals with Gloria Jean, Donald O'Connor, and Peggy Ryan (1942–43), and screen adaptations of radio's Inner Sanctum Mysteries with Lon Chaney, Jr. (1943–45). Alfred Hitchcock was also borrowed for two films from Selznick International Pictures: Saboteur (1942) and Shadow of a Doubt (1943).

Question: Who was the directorial partner of Walter Wanger?
Answer: Fritz Lang

Question: In what period did Basil Rathbone star in a series of Sherlock Holmes films?
Answer: 1942–46

Question: In what period did film versions of Inner Sanctum Mysteries appear?
Answer: 1943–45

Question: What was the studio that Alfred Hitchcock normally worked for?
Answer: Selznick International Pictures

Question: In what year was Shadow of a Doubt produced?
Answer: 1943
The long-awaited takeover of Universal Pictures by MCA, Inc. happened in mid-1962 as part of the MCA-Decca Records merger. The company reverted in name to Universal Pictures. As a final gesture before leaving the talent agency business, virtually every MCA client was signed to a Universal contract. In 1964 MCA formed Universal City Studios, Inc., merging the motion pictures and television arms of Universal Pictures Company and Revue Productions (officially renamed as Universal Television in 1966). And so, with MCA in charge, Universal became a full-blown, A-film movie studio, with leading actors and directors under contract; offering slick, commercial films; and a studio tour subsidiary launched in 1964. Television production made up much of the studio's output, with Universal heavily committed, in particular, to deals with NBC (which later merged with Universal to form NBC Universal; see below) providing up to half of all prime time shows for several seasons. An innovation during this period championed by Universal was the made-for-television movie.

Question: In what year did MCA take over Universal?
Answer: 1962

Question: What company did MCA create in 1964?
Answer: Universal City Studios, Inc.

Question: What new name was given to Revue Productions in 1966?
Answer: Universal Television

Question: What was the company formed by the merger of Universal and NBC?
Answer: NBC Universal

Question: When did Universal inaugurate its studio tour subsidiary?
Answer: 1964
Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf, profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone in 1876.[N 4] Bell considered his most famous invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study.[N 5]

Question: What were his relatives known for working on?
Answer: elocution and speech

Question: What was interesting about his mother and wife?
Answer: deaf

Question: What year did Bell get the patent for his telephone?
Answer: 1876

Question: In what country did Bell patent his telephone?
Answer: U.S.

Question: What did Bell never put in his study?
Answer: telephone
Returning home to Brantford after six months abroad, Bell continued his experiments with his "harmonic telegraph".[N 12] The basic concept behind his device was that messages could be sent through a single wire if each message was transmitted at a different pitch, but work on both the transmitter and receiver was needed.

Question: How many wires did Bell send a signal through?
Answer: 1

Question: For  his system to work, Bell had to change what about each code?
Answer: pitch

Question: Bell needed to fix both the transmitter and what?
Answer: receiver

Question: Where was Bell's home?
Answer: Brantford
Several influential people of the time, including Bell, viewed deafness as something that should be eradicated, and also believed that with resources and effort they could teach the deaf to speak and avoid the use of sign language, thus enabling their integration within the wider society from which many were often being excluded. In several schools, children were mistreated, for example by having their hands tied behind their backs so they could not communicate by signing—the only language they knew—in an attempt to force them to attempt oral communication. Owing to his efforts to suppress the teaching of sign language, Bell is often viewed negatively by those embracing Deaf culture.

Question: Bell's goal was to instruct the deaf to speak and not use what?
Answer: sign language

Question: What would happen so some children's hands in schools?
Answer: tied behind their backs

Question: In what light to many pro-deaf people see Bell?
Answer: negative

Question: What was the only language many deaf people had?
Answer: signing
Deciding to give up his lucrative private Boston practice, Bell retained only two students, six-year-old "Georgie" Sanders, deaf from birth, and 15-year-old Mabel Hubbard. Each pupil would play an important role in the next developments. George's father, Thomas Sanders, a wealthy businessman, offered Bell a place to stay in nearby Salem with Georgie's grandmother, complete with a room to "experiment". Although the offer was made by George's mother and followed the year-long arrangement in 1872 where her son and his nurse had moved to quarters next to Bell's boarding house, it was clear that Mr. Sanders was backing the proposal. The arrangement was for teacher and student to continue their work together, with free room and board thrown in. Mabel was a bright, attractive girl who was ten years Bell's junior, but became the object of his affection. Having lost her hearing after a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever close to her fifth birthday,[N 13] she had learned to read lips but her father, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell's benefactor and personal friend, wanted her to work directly with her teacher.

Question: Bell's two remaining students were "Georgie" Sanders and who?
Answer: Mabel Hubbard

Question: What was Georgie's father's name?
Answer: Thomas Sanders

Question: What disease made Mabel deaf?
Answer: scarlet fever

Question: How old was Mabel when she became deaf?
Answer: 15
With financial support from Sanders and Hubbard, Bell hired Thomas Watson as his assistant,[N 15] and the two of them experimented with acoustic telegraphy. On June 2, 1875, Watson accidentally plucked one of the reeds and Bell, at the receiving end of the wire, heard the overtones of the reed; overtones that would be necessary for transmitting speech. That demonstrated to Bell that only one reed or armature was necessary, not multiple reeds. This led to the "gallows" sound-powered telephone, which could transmit indistinct, voice-like sounds, but not clear speech.

Question: Who did Bell take on to work with him?
Answer: Thomas Watson

Question: What month and day did Watson and Bell have a breakthrough?
Answer: June 2

Question: How many reeds did Bell conclude he needed?
Answer: 1

Question: What name was given to the telephone that sort of worked?
Answer: gallows

Question: Who gave money to Bell and Watson?
Answer: Sanders and Hubbard
As is sometimes common in scientific discoveries, simultaneous developments can occur, as evidenced by a number of inventors who were at work on the telephone. Over a period of 18 years, the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges to its patents, including five that went to the U.S. Supreme Court, but none was successful in establishing priority over the original Bell patent and the Bell Telephone Company never lost a case that had proceeded to a final trial stage. Bell's laboratory notes and family letters were the key to establishing a long lineage to his experiments. The Bell company lawyers successfully fought off myriad lawsuits generated initially around the challenges by Elisha Gray and Amos Dolbear. In personal correspondence to Bell, both Gray and Dolbear had acknowledged his prior work, which considerably weakened their later claims.

Question: During how many years did the Bell Company battle lawsuits?
Answer: 18

Question: How many times were Bell's patents contested?
Answer: 587

Question: How many of the court cases wound up at the Supreme Court?
Answer: 5

Question: Elisha Gray and what other man were behind many of the court cases?
Answer: Amos Dolbear
On January 13, 1887, the U,S. Government moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. After a series of decisions and reversals, the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court, though a couple of the original claims from the lower court cases were left undecided. By the time that the trial wound its way through nine years of legal battles, the U.S. prosecuting attorney had died and the two Bell patents (No. 174,465 dated March 7, 1876 and No. 186,787 dated January 30, 1877) were no longer in effect, although the presiding judges agreed to continue the proceedings due to the case's importance as a "precedent". With a change in administration and charges of conflict of interest (on both sides) arising from the original trial, the US Attorney General dropped the lawsuit on November 30, 1897 leaving several issues undecided on the merits.

Question: In 1887 the US Government wanted to undo Bell's patent due to fraud and what?
Answer: misrepresentation

Question: The US Government lost the bid to overturn Bell's patent in what court?
Answer: Supreme Court

Question: How many years did Bell and the US Government fight in court?
Answer: 9

Question: What excuse did the judges have for the trial despite the fact that the patents had expired?
Answer: precedent

Question: On what date did the US Government stop legal action?
Answer: November 30, 1897
During a deposition filed for the 1887 trial, Italian inventor Antonio Meucci also claimed to have created the first working model of a telephone in Italy in 1834. In 1886, in the first of three cases in which he was involved, Meucci took the stand as a witness in the hopes of establishing his invention's priority. Meucci's evidence in this case was disputed due to a lack of material evidence for his inventions as his working models were purportedly lost at the laboratory of American District Telegraph (ADT) of New York, which was later incorporated as a subsidiary of Western Union in 1901. Meucci's work, like many other inventors of the period, was based on earlier acoustic principles and despite evidence of earlier experiments, the final case involving Meucci was eventually dropped upon Meucci's death. However, due to the efforts of Congressman Vito Fossella, the U.S. House of Representatives on June 11, 2002 stated that Meucci's "work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged", even though this did not put an end to a still contentious issue.[N 17] Some modern scholars do not agree with the claims that Bell's work on the telephone was influenced by Meucci's inventions.[N 18]

Question: Who claimed to have invented the in 1834?
Answer: Antonio Meucci

Question: How many court trials did Meucci participate in?
Answer: 3

Question: At what company were Meucci's prototypes supposedly lost?
Answer: American District Telegraph (ADT)

Question: In what year did Western Union absorb ADT?
Answer: 1901

Question: What event caused Meucci's trials to be dropped?
Answer: death
On July 11, 1877, a few days after the Bell Telephone Company was established, Bell married Mabel Hubbard (1857–1923) at the Hubbard estate in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His wedding present to his bride was to turn over 1,487 of his 1,497 shares in the newly formed Bell Telephone Company. Shortly thereafter, the newlyweds embarked on a year-long honeymoon in Europe. During that excursion, Bell took a handmade model of his telephone with him, making it a "working holiday". The courtship had begun years earlier; however, Bell waited until he was more financially secure before marrying. Although the telephone appeared to be an "instant" success, it was not initially a profitable venture and Bell's main sources of income were from lectures until after 1897. One unusual request exacted by his fiancée was that he use "Alec" rather than the family's earlier familiar name of "Aleck". From 1876, he would sign his name "Alec Bell". They had four children:

Question: Who did Bell marry in 1877?
Answer: Mabel Hubbard

Question: How many children did Bell and Mabel have?
Answer: 4

Question: Where did Bell and his wife go on their honeymoon?
Answer: Europe

Question: Before 1897, what did Bell get most of his money from?
Answer: lectures
In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk.[N 23] The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I, II and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907–1912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site.

Question: What color silk covered Bell's kites?
Answer: maroon

Question: Who was on Cygnet I when it crashed?
Answer: Selfridge

Question: Bell's kits were flown from 1907 to what year?
Answer: 1912

Question: How many tetrahedral wings did Bell create?
Answer: 3

Question: Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site?
Answer: Alexander Graham Bell
In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Académie française, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his "proudest achievement", "the photophone", the "optical telephone" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness.

Question: Adjusted for inflation, how many dollars were awarded to Bell alongside the Volta Prize?
Answer: $250,000

Question: Victor Hugo and what other author helped judge the Volta Prize in 1880?
Answer: Alexandre Dumas

Question: Who first established the Volta Prize?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte

Question: The Volta lab improved the phonograph by replacing tinfoil with what substance?
Answer: wax

Question: Which Bell-founded institution still operates in Georgetown today?
Answer: Volta Bureau
Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world.

Question: In 2002, where did Bell place in a list of the Greatest Britons?
Answer: 57th

Question: In 2004 Bell was listed in the top how many Greatest Canadians?
Answer: 10

Question: In what Scottish Hall of Fame is Bell listed?
Answer: Scottish Science Hall of Fame

Question: Which institution listed Bell in their Hall of Fame?
Answer: National Library of Scotland
In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.

Question: Where were the first isps established?
Answer: Australia and the United States

Question: where was the first commercial isp in the us located? 
Answer: Brookline, Massachusetts

Question: when was the first commercial isp customer served?
Answer: November 1989

Question: when were the first commercial isps established?
Answer: 1989

Question: what was the name of the first commercial isp in the us?
Answer: The World
On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.

Question: What would the absence of net neutrality permit? 
Answer: ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content

Question: what may possibly be a solution to net neutrality concerns? 
Answer: municipal broadband

Question: how did president obama recommend to classify the internet? 
Answer: a telecommunications service

Question: what did the fcc choose to apply to the internet? 
Answer: Title II (common carrier)

Question: what would the internet be classified as based on title ii? 
Answer: telecommunications
On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."

Question: When did the FCC rule on net neturality?
Answer: February 2015

Question: How did the FCC rule on net neutrality?
Answer: in favor

Question: what did the FCC adopt for the internet? 
Answer: Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934

Question: what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to? 
Answer: the First Amendment

Question: what did the FCC chairman say both the internet and the first amendment stand for?
Answer: free speech
ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.

Question: What do ISPs provide?
Answer: Internet access

Question: how do isps provide internet access?
Answer: a range of technologies to connect users to their network

Question: what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet? 
Answer: television cable (CATV)

Question: what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly? 
Answer: wireless Ethernet (wi-fi)

Question: what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? 
Answer: telephone lines
For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.

Question: what traditional options were available for users and small businesses? 
Answer: copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface)

Question: what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?
Answer: Fiber To The Home

Question: who is served by dial-up, dsl, adsl, cable modems, or isdns?
Answer: users and small businesses
For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).

Question: What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements? 
Answer: medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs

Question: what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers? 
Answer: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Question: what is high-speed dsl used for? 
Answer: customers with more demanding requirements

Question: what is SONET? 
Answer: synchronous optical networking
A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.

Question: What is a mailbox provider? 
Answer: an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes

Question: What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains? 
Answer: A mailbox provider

Question: what is the purpose of a mailbox provider? 
Answer: It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email

Question: how does a user store electronic mail?
Answer: A mailbox provider
Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

Question: What is SMTP?
Answer: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Question: What is IMAP?
Answer: Internet Message Access Protocol

Question: How is access to mail provided? 
Answer: implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

Question: what are most mailbox providers as well? 
Answer: access providers

Question: who possibly controls their own mail servers? 
Answer: companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals
Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.

Question: What do internet hosting services provide? 
Answer: email, web-hosting, or online storage services

Question: Who provides a virtual server service?
Answer: Internet hosting services

Question: who provides cloud services?
Answer: Internet hosting services
In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.

Question: What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP? 
Answer: transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network

Question: what do transit ISPs provide? 
Answer: large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs

Question: A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?
Answer: a tier 1 carrier

Question: What is a PoP?
Answer: point of presence

Question: What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?
Answer: Transit ISPs
A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.

Question: What is a VISP?
Answer: virtual ISP

Question: What do VISPs resemble? 
Answer: mobile virtual network operators

Question: What do visps purchase services from? 
Answer: a wholesale ISP
Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]

Question: What are free ISPs?
Answer: Internet service providers that provide service free of charge

Question: What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?
Answer: advertisements

Question: What are free ISPs similar to? 
Answer: commercial television

Question: How are freenets run? 
Answer: on a nonprofit basis
A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]

Question: What is a WISP? 
Answer: wireless Internet service provider

Question: What technology is part of a WISP?
Answer: commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment

Question: What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over? 
Answer: 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands

Question: What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?
Answer: wireless networking
ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.

Question: What is peering? 
Answer: multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points

Question: What does peering allow? 
Answer: routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted

Question: Why is peering used? 
Answer: data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP

Question: What are IXs? 
Answer: Internet exchange points

Question: Where do multiple ISPs connect? 
Answer: peering points or Internet exchange points
Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]

Question: Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible? 
Answer: A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible

Question: What sort of route does data follow? 
Answer: the most efficient route
Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time.

Question: What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries? 
Answer: intelligence agencies

Question: What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?
Answer: PRISM

Question: What does PRISM do? 
Answer: provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic

Question: What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies? 
Answer: a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment

Question: What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do? 
Answer: allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time
Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization.

Question: What are bounds volumes of comics called in America?
Answer: graphic novels

Question: What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes?
Answer: tankōbon

Question: What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards?
Answer: fiction

Question: What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?
Answer: graphic novels
The graphic novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphic novels became established in mainstream bookstores and libraries and webcomics became common.

Question: What is a comic that is as long as a book called?
Answer: graphic novel

Question: Who helped "graphic novel" get public attention?
Answer: Will Eisner

Question: What decade did the term "graphic novel" become well known by the public?
Answer: 1980s

Question: In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular online?
Answer: webcomics

Question: The popularity of the Watchmen, The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize "graphic novel" as a term?
Answer: Maus
Following the success of Le Journal de Mickey (1934–44), dedicated comics magazines and full-colour comics albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that "none bear up to the slightest serious analysis",[c] and that comics were "the sabotage of all art and all literature".[d]

Question: In the United States in the middle of the 20th century comics were seen as a risk to culture and what?
Answer: literacy

Question: What was seen as "infantile" in the United States?
Answer: comics

Question: Comics were quoted as a sabotage of art and what?
Answer: literature
In the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées ("drawn strips") came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term "Ninth Art"[e] was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo founded the magazine Pilote in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's The Adventures of Asterix appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series. From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking Hara-Kiri defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the May 1968 events.

Question: What does bandes dessinées mean?
Answer: drawn strips

Question: Comics for adults began to be called what?
Answer: Ninth Art

Question: What year did Pilote begin?
Answer: 1959

Question: What became a best-seller comic in the French language?
Answer: Adventures of Asterix
Historical narratives of manga tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrates deep roots in the past, such as to the Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century Hokusai Manga. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Seiki Hosokibara's Nihon Manga-Shi[i] in 1924. Early post-war Japanese criticism was mostly of a left-wing political nature until the 1986 publication for Tomofusa Kure's Modern Manga: The Complete Picture,[j] which de-emphasized politics in favour of formal aspects, such as structure and a "grammar" of comics. The field of manga studies increased rapidly, with numerous books on the subject appearing in the 1990s. Formal theories of manga have focused on developing a "manga expression theory",[k] with emphasis on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, distinguishing the medium from film or literature, in which the flow of time is the basic organizing element. Comics studies courses have proliferated at Japanese universities, and Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics (ja)[l] was established in 2001 to promote comics scholarship. The publication of Frederik L. Schodt's Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics in 1983 led to the spread of use of the word manga outside Japan to mean "Japanese comics" or "Japanese-style comics".

Question: Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara create?
Answer: Nihon Manga-Shi

Question: When did Hosokibara create Nihon Manga-Shi?
Answer: 1924

Question: What was created in 2001 to give students comic scholarships?
Answer: Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics

Question: Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga outside of Japan's borders?
Answer: Frederik L. Schodt

Question: What publication is Schodt responsible for?
Answer: Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics