meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature "Idol" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience.

Question: How much money did American Idol make in 2004?
Answer: $900 million

Question: How much money did American Idol generate from its first eight seasons? 
Answer: $6.4 billion

Question: What is the name of the American Idol theme attraction with Disney? 
Answer: The American Idol Experience

Question: How much money did American Idol generate from ads in its seventh season?
Answer: $900 million

Question: Who did Idol partner with to create The American Idol Experience?
Answer: Disney
American Idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four, and by the next season, it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime-time network series, selling over $700,000 for a 30-seconds slot, and reaching up to $1.3 million for the finale. Its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $737,000. Estimated revenue more than doubled from $404 million in season three to $870 million in season six. While that declined from season eight onwards, it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor, with advertising revenue topping $800 million annually the next few seasons. However, the sharp drop in ratings in season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season twelve, and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers. By 2014, ad revenue from had fallen to $427 million where a 30-second spot went for less than $300,000.

Question: In which season did American Idol become the costliest show for advertising on television? 
Answer: season four

Question: How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot on the American Idol season four finale?
Answer: $1.3 million

Question: How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in 2014? 
Answer: less than $300,000

Question: How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in its seventh season? 
Answer: $737,000

Question: By what season was Idol the  highest advertising cost of all shows?
Answer: four

Question: How much did Idol earn in ad revenue alone for season 8?
Answer: 800 million
Ford Motor Company and Coca-Cola were two of the first sponsors of American Idol in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one, rising to $35 million by season 7, and between $50 to $60 million in season 10. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca-Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since season seven.

Question: In which season did Coca-Cola become a sponsor of American Idol? 
Answer: season one

Question: In which season did Ford Motor Company become a sponsor of American Idol? 
Answer: season one

Question: Which mobile carrier became a sponsor of American Idol in its second season? 
Answer: AT&T Wireless

Question: When did Coca-Cola stop being a sponsor of American Idol? 
Answer: after season 13

Question: In which season did iTunes begin a partnership with American Idol? 
Answer: seven

Question: How much did it cost each company for the first season?
Answer: 10 million

Question: How much did it cost each company in season 7?
Answer: 35 million

Question: Who was the third largest sponsor?
Answer: AT&T
American Idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers – promotion of AT&T text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show.

Question: What service did AT&T promote on American Idol as a way of voting? 
Answer: text-messaging

Question: How many product placements had Idol shown by season six?
Answer: 4,349
Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called "missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation.

Question: Which major drink manufacturer decided at the beginning of American Idol not to be a sponsor? 
Answer: PepsiCo

Question: What show did PepsiCo begin sponsoring in hopes of not missing another opportunity like American Idol? 
Answer: The X Factor

Question: Which soda company did not want to sponsor American Idol?
Answer: PepsiCo

Question: In hopes of not repeating another mistake, which show did PepsiCo sponsor?
Answer: The X Factor

Question: PepsiCo fell to what place by 2010, which is in part credited with refusing to sponsor American Idol?
Answer: third
The top ten (eleven in season ten) toured at the end of every season. In the season twelve tour a semi-finalist who won a sing-off was also added to the tour. Kellogg's Pop-Tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons, and Guitar Hero was added for the season seven tour. M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour. The season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $35 million.

Question: Which season of American Idol had the highest profit on its tour?
Answer: season five

Question: What company was a sponsor of the American Idol tour in its ninth season? 
Answer: M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies

Question: Who was added to the tour in season 12?
Answer: a semi-finalist who won a sing-off

Question: Who sponsored the first seven tours?
Answer: Kellogg's Pop-Tarts

Question: Who sponsored the ninth tour?
Answer: M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies

Question: Which was the most successful tour?
Answer: season five
American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night.

Question: When did iTunes become a sponsor on American Idol? 
Answer: season seven

Question: For how many seasons did American Idol put out a compilation of hits at seasons end? 
Answer: five

Question: What company has released studio recordings from American Idol since season seven?
Answer: iTunes

Question: Idol releases both the performances as well as what for sale?
Answer: the winner's coronation single

Question: How were the recordings released for the initial five seasons?
Answer: as a compilation album

Question: Because all five were in the top ten of Billboard's charts, this made Idol what?
Answer: the most successful soundtrack franchise

Question: Who joined Idol as a sponsor in season seven?
Answer: iTunes
19 Recordings, a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment, currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants. 19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records, Arista Records, J Records, Jive Records. In 2005-2007, BMG partnered with Sony Music Entertainment to form a joint venture known as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. From 2008-2010, Sony Music handled the distribution following their acquisition of BMG. Sony Music was partnered with American Idol and distribute its music, and In 2010, Sony was replaced by as the music label for American Idol by UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records.

Question: What company has the right to all recordings from contestants on American Idol?
Answer: 19 Recordings

Question: What company took over as American Idols music label in 2010?
Answer: UMG

Question: What company had released music from American Idol in addition to Sony Music Entertainment? 
Answer: BMG

Question: Who owns 19 Recordings?
Answer: 19 Entertainment

Question: Who owns the rights to all phonographic material done by the contestants?
Answer: 19 Recordings

Question: Who did 19 initially partner with to distribute the recordings?
Answer: BMG

Question: Who did BMG partner with in 2005-2007?
Answer: Sony Music Entertainment

Question: Who replaced Sony in 2010 as Idol's music label?
Answer: UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records
On February 14, 2009, The Walt Disney Company debuted "The American Idol Experience" at its Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. In this live production, co-produced by 19 Entertainment, park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for Disney cast members. Those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000-seat theater replicating the Idol set. Three judges, whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real Idol judges, critiqued the performances. Audience members then voted for their favorite performer. There were several preliminary-round shows during the day that culminated in a "finals" show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner. The winner of the finals show received a "Dream Ticket" that granted them front-of-the-line privileges at any future American Idol audition. The attraction closed on August 30, 2014.

Question: What company has a them park attraction known as The American Idol Experience? 
Answer: The Walt Disney Company

Question: In what year did The Walt Disney Company open The American Idol Experience? 
Answer: 2009

Question: In what year did The Walt Disney Company close The American Idol Experience? 
Answer: 2014

Question: What company had a partnership with The Walt Disney Company for The American Idol Experience? 
Answer: 19 Entertainment

Question: When did the American Idol Experience open?
Answer: February 14, 2009

Question: Where did it open?
Answer: Walt Disney World

Question: What did the winner win?
Answer: Dream Ticket

Question: When did the Experience close?
Answer: August 30, 2014
American Idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the United States. In most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks. In Canada, the first thirteen seasons of American Idol were aired live by CTV and/or CTV Two, in simulcast with Fox. CTV dropped Idol after its thirteenth season and in August 2014, Yes TV announced that it had picked up Canadian rights to American Idol beginning in its 2015 season.

Question: How many different countries air American Idol on television? 
Answer: over 100

Question: What network broadcasted American Idol live in Canada for thirteen seasons? 
Answer: CTV

Question: In what year did CTV stop showing live broadcasts of American Idol? 
Answer: 2014

Question: What Canadian network began airing American Idol in 2015? 
Answer: Yes TV

Question: How many nations receive the Idol broadcast?
Answer: over 100

Question: Who aired the first thirteen seasons in Canada?
Answer: CTV and/or CTV Two

Question: Who stated in August 2014 that they picked up the rights beginning in its 2015 season?
Answer: Yes TV
In Latin America, the show is broadcast and subtitled by Sony Entertainment Television. In southeast Asia, it is broadcast by STAR World every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after. In Philippines, it is aired every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after its United States telecast; from 2002 to 2007 on ABC 5; 2008–11 on QTV, then GMA News TV; and since 2012 on ETC. On Philippine television history. In Australia, it is aired a few hours after the U.S. telecast. It was aired on Network Ten from 2002 to 2007 and then again in 2013, from 2008 to 2012 on Fox8, from season 13 onwards it airs on digital channel, Eleven, a sister channel to Network Ten. In the United Kingdom, episodes are aired one day after the U.S. broadcast on digital channel ITV2. As of season 12, the episodes air on 5*. It is also aired in Ireland on TV3 two days after the telecast. In Brazil and Israel, the show airs two days after its original broadcast. In the instances where the airing is delayed, the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results. In Italy, the twelfth season was broadcast by La3.

Question: What network in Italy aired American Idol in season twelve? 
Answer: La3

Question: How many days does someone in the United Kingdom have to wait to watch American Idol after its original broadcast? 
Answer: one

Question: What television network in Asia shows American Idol? 
Answer: STAR World

Question: On what days of the week does American Idol air in the Philippines? 
Answer: Thursday and Friday

Question: Who broadcasts Idol in southeast Asia?
Answer: STAR World

Question: Who broadcast the 12th season in Italy?
Answer: La3
The global dog population is estimated at 525 million:225 based on a transparent methodology, as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available – all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses.

Question: What is the larger count for numbers of dogs considered to populate the planet?
Answer: 525 million

Question: How many dogs are estimated to be in the world?
Answer: 525 million

Question: What are dog population estimates based on other than land uses?
Answer: human population densities
Although large wild dogs, like wolves, are apex predators, they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals. Furthermore, in areas where both dogs and other large predators live, dogs can be a major food source for big cats or canines. Reports from Croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep. Wolves in Russia apparently limit feral dog populations. In Wisconsin, more compensation has been paid for dog losses than livestock. Some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush. In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed.

Question: Like wolves, big domesticated dogs are considered what type of predator?
Answer: apex

Question: Wolves may act in what behavioral manner when attacking dogs?
Answer: fearless

Question: What animal is reported to be killed more often than sheep by wolves in Croatia?
Answer: dogs

Question: Like wolves, what kind of predators are large dogs?
Answer: apex

Question: Dogs die as a result of Croatian wolf encounters more than what kind of animal?
Answer: sheep

Question: What limits the feral dog population in Russia?
Answer: Wolves
While all dogs are genetically very similar, natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs, giving rise to dog types and dog breeds. Dog types are broad categories based on function, genetics, or characteristics. Dog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species. Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.

Question: Natural selection and what makes certain dogs behave certain ways?
Answer: selective breeding

Question: What distinguishes different types of dogs from one another?
Answer: breed

Question: Who keeps classifications of different dog breeds?
Answer: modern kennel clubs.

Question: What is responsible for different dog types and breeds today?
Answer: natural selection and selective breeding

Question: Animals that share characteristics that are different than what other animals in that species have is known as what?
Answer: breeds

Question: Modern dog breeds are what type of classification which is maintained by modern kennel clubs?
Answer: non-scientific
Purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds, but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic. Systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct. These include the "old world dogs" (e.g., Malamute and Shar Pei), "Mastiff"-type (e.g., English Mastiff), "herding"-type (e.g., Border Collie), and "all others" (also called "modern"- or "hunting"-type).

Question: The methods kennel clubs used to classify dogs is what?
Answer: unsystematic.

Question: A scientific study of dog genetics has shown only how many  types of dogs being determinably distinct?
Answer: four

Question: What, according to the text, are two examples of "old world" dogs?
Answer: Malamute and Shar Pei

Question: the Border collie is an example of what type of dog?
Answer: herding

Question: How many main types of dogs are there?
Answer: four

Question: What type of dogs are Shar Peis?
Answer: old world dogs

Question: What are the other modern and hunting types of dogs called?
Answer: all others
Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.:pages95-136

Question: What is one of the complex behaviors pet dogs have gotten from wolves?
Answer: bite inhibition

Question: What may make dogs have the ability to be trained by, play with and fit in with people?
Answer: sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication

Question: Higher social attributes  and human relationships may have caused dogs to reach what as a species?
Answer: one of the most successful species on the planet today.

Question: What is a complex behavior that dogs inherited from wolves?
Answer: bite inhibition
Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression "three dog night" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.

Question: What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean?
Answer: food scraps.

Question: What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night? 
Answer: three dog night

Question: What did a dog's good hearing help humans with?
Answer: early warning.

Question: How could dogs have helped with sanitation issues in camps?
Answer: cleaning up food scraps

Question: What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night?
Answer: three dog night
The latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to humans and dogs together proved that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans to do so. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.

Question: What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs?
Answer: magnetic resonance imaging

Question: An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs have the same response as humans to what?
Answer: voices

Question: An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs use the same parts of what as humans?
Answer: the brain

Question: Because dogs respond to voices the same way humans do, they are able to recognize what in human sounds, making them social?
Answer: emotion

Question: What technology was used to show that dogs respond to voices in the same brain parts as people?
Answer: MRI

Question: Dogs have the ability to recognize what type of human sounds?
Answer: emotional
Dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname, "man's best friend", a phrase used in other languages as well. They have been bred for herding livestock, hunting (e.g. pointers and hounds), rodent control, guarding, helping fishermen with nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads, in addition to their roles as companions. In 1957, a husky-terrier mix named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth.

Question: What nickname have dogs earned for their relationship to humans?
Answer: man's best friend

Question: Pointers and hounds are bred to do what?
Answer: hunt

Question: Certain dogs are bred to help fishermen with what?
Answer: nets

Question: Who was the first dog to orbit the earth in 1957?
Answer: Laika

Question: What breed was Laika?
Answer: husky-terrier mix

Question: What phrase describing dogs is used in different languages?
Answer: man's best friend

Question: What dog types, in the text, are used for hunting?
Answer: pointers and hounds

Question: Some dogs help fishermen with what?
Answer: nets

Question: What is the name of the dog to first orbit the Earth?
Answer: Laika

Question: What year was the first dog sent into space?
Answer: 1957
The attacks on the torch in London and Paris were described as "despicable" by the Chinese government, condemning them as "deliberate disruptions... who gave no thought to the Olympic spirit or the laws of Britain and France" and who "tarnish the lofty Olympic spirit", and vowed they would continue with the relay and not allow the protests to "impede the Olympic spirit". Large-scale counter-protests by overseas Chinese and foreign-based Chinese nationals became prevalent in later segments of the relay. In San Francisco, the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters. A couple of skirmishes between the protesters and supporters were reported. No major protests were visible in the Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia legs of the torch relay.

Question: Who condemned the various attacks on the torch relay route?
Answer: the Chinese government

Question: In San Francisco, who had a larger presence than the protesters? 
Answer: supporters

Question: Who overwhelmed the protesters in Japan?
Answer: counter-protesters

Question: Who amassed in large scale against protesters?
Answer: counter-protesters

Question: What was said to have occurred between some supporters and protesters?
Answer: skirmishes

Question: What three areas of the globe were protests reported as not big?
Answer: Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia
The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as "Lucky Cloud". It is made from aluminum. It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams. The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour (37 mile per hour) winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour. An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame. The torch is fueled by cans of propane. Each can will light the torch for 15 minutes. It is designed by a team from Lenovo Group. The Torch is designed in reference to the traditional Chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe.

Question: What is the Chinese design used on the Olympic Torch?
Answer: Lucky Cloud

Question: What is the Olympic Torch made from?
Answer: aluminum.

Question: How much does the Olympic Torch weigh?
Answer: 985 grams

Question: What is used to light the flame on the Olympic Torch?
Answer: An ignition key

Question: What was the design name of the Chinese Olympic Torch?
Answer: Lucky Cloud

Question: What metal is the torch constructed from?
Answer: aluminum.

Question: What wind speed will the torch flame still stay lit in MPH?
Answer: 37

Question: How much rainfall in inches per hour can the torch stay lit under?
Answer: 2

Question: What fuel is used for the torch?
Answer: propane.
India rejected Chinese demands that the torch route be clear of India's 150,000-strong Tibetan exile community, by which they required a ban on congregation near the curtailed 3 km route. In response Indian officials said India was a democracy, and "a wholesale ban on protests was out of the question". Contradicting some other reports, Indian officials also refused permission to the "Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit". The combined effect is a "rapid deterioration" of relations between India and China. Meanwhile, the Tibetan government in exile, which is based in India, has stated that it did not support the disruption of the Olympic torch relay.

Question: How many people comprised the Tibetan exile community?
Answer: 150,000

Question: India refused China's request that the Tibetan exile community be avoided because they said India is what?
Answer: a democracy

Question: Where is the exiled Tibetan government?
Answer: India

Question: How many Tibetan exiles are said to be in India?
Answer: 150,000

Question: A wholesale ban on what was denied?
Answer: protests

Question: What Olympic group was denied by India?
Answer: Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit

Question: What deteriorated between India and China?
Answer: relations

Question: Who said they did not support relay interruptions?
Answer: the Tibetan government in exile
On April 17, Xinhua condemned what it called "biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN)". The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to "apologise" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for "attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government". CNN issued a statement on April 14, responded to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack Cafferty.

Question:  Who did Xinhua accuse of biased reporting on April 17?
Answer: CNN

Question: Who was accused of bias on April 17 by Xinhua?
Answer: CNN

Question: Who wanted CNN to apologize for its insult to Chinese people?
Answer: the Chinese government
The Olympic Flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay. When the Torch is extinguished at night, on airplanes, in bad weather, or during protests (such as the several occasions in Paris), the Olympic Flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns.[citation needed]

Question: In what is the torch flame kept lit when the torch must be off?
Answer: lanterns.

Question: The torch is put out at night, on aircraft, during storms and what else?
Answer: during protests
The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics.

Question: Despite its imperfection, what are now considered valuable achievements of Principia Mathematica?
Answer: the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics

Question: What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica? 
Answer: mixed

Question: Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1931?
Answer: Kurt Gödel

Question: What did the incompleteness theorem of 1931 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica?
Answer: for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced

Question: Why was Gödels finding ironic?
Answer: Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book

Question: When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem?
Answer: 1931

Question: What did Kurt Godel's theorem demonstrate about axioms and the inference rules?
Answer: some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them

Question: Godel couldn't have come to his conclusion without what book?
Answer: Principia Mathematica

Question: Besides logic and epistemology, what else did Principia Mathematica connect?
Answer: metaphysics
Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.

Question: What was the extent of Whitehead's education in philosophy?
Answer: he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence?
Answer: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter."

Question: How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics?
Answer: in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians

Question: With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science?
Answer: Bertrand Russell

Question: What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy? 
Answer: undergraduate

Question: What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell?
Answer: friend and former student

Question: What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher? 
Answer: rank amateur

Question: What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician?
Answer: one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.
In fact, Whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it. A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it; that is to say, if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist. Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.

Question: How does Whitehead characterize anything that exists?
Answer: in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it

Question: How does he describe what makes something real?
Answer: A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it

Question: In Whitehead's thinking, what could be said about something that has no effect on any other person or object?
Answer: if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist

Question: What did Whitehead believe about the concept of relations in the context of defining an entity?
Answer: Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.

Question: Whitehead believes any entity is in some sense what?
Answer: nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities

Question: If an object made no difference to any other entity, what could be said about it?
Answer: not be said to really exist.

Question: If relations are not secondary to what a thing is, what is it?
Answer: they are what the thing is

Question: What makes up the sum of relations to an entity?
Answer: rld around it

Question: A real object forces the universe to do what?
Answer: in some way conform to it
Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her.

Question: Where was Alfred North Whitehead born?
Answer: Ramsgate, Kent, England

Question: In what year was Whitehead born?
Answer: 1861

Question: Who founded Chatham House Academy?
Answer: Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather

Question: What was Whitehead's father's profession?
Answer: minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy

Question: Who was Whitehead's mother?
Answer: Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster

Question: Where was Alfred North Whitehead born? 
Answer: Ramsgate, Kent, England

Question: What year was Whitehead born?
Answer: 1861

Question: What was Whitehead's father's profession?
Answer: minister and schoolmaster

Question: What was Whitehead's mother's name?
Answer: Maria Sarah Whitehead,

Question: What was Whitehead's wife's name?
Answer: Evelyn
In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.

Question: What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics?
Answer: A Treatise on Universal Algebra

Question: With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica?
Answer: Bertrand Russell

Question: Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's first two mathematics books?
Answer: professional mathematicians

Question: What was Whitehead's final book on mathematics?
Answer: An Introduction to Mathematics

Question: What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently?
Answer: regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century

Question: What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about?
Answer: mathematics

Question: How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write?
Answer: three

Question: Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead?
Answer: Bertrand Russell

Question: Which of Whitehead's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical?
Answer: Principia Mathematica

Question: When did Whitehead write his first book? 
Answer: 1898
At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."

Question: What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions demonstrate a need for?
Answer: the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class

Question: How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between different methods in "A Treatise on Algebra" in his review?
Answer: comparative study of their several structures

Question: What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of "A Treatise on Algebra"?
Answer: "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."

Question: Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what?
Answer: expand algebraic structures

Question: What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures possessed? 
Answer: unity of design

Question: Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what?
Answer: several structures
Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica.

Question: How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?
Answer: a year

Question: How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica? 
Answer: ten years

Question: Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica? 
Answer: the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians)

Question: Who supplied the funding to cover the shortfall?
Answer: 00 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell

Question: How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today?
Answer: today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica

Question: How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica?
Answer: a year

Question: How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica?
Answer: ten years

Question: How many volumes was Principia Mathematica?
Answer: three

Question: How many pages was Principia Mathematica?
Answer: 2,000

Question: Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica?
Answer: Cambridge University Press
Wieman's words proved prophetic. Though Process and Reality has been called "arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century," it has been little-read and little-understood, partly because it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus." Whitehead questioned western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works, but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.

Question: How has "Process and Reality" been described? 
Answer: "arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century,"

Question: What did Isabelle Stengers say is the reason that "Process and Reality" is not commonly read and understood?
Answer: it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus."

Question: What effect did Whitehead have on the future of metaphysics?
Answer: he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.

Question: Which publication is considered the most impressive metaphysical text?
Answer: Process and Reality

Question: Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought?
Answer: Isabelle Stengers

Question: What philosophy in the west was challenged by Whitehead?
Answer: how the universe works

Question: What was Whitehead's philosophy able to anticipate for the 21st century?
Answer: scientific and philosophical problems

Question: What was the outcome of anticipating the scientific and philosophical problems Whitehead proposed?
Answer: novel solutions
In separate testimony to Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, officers of Clayton Holdings—the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company in the United States and Europe—testified that Clayton's review of over 900,000 mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 revealed that scarcely 54% of the loans met their originators’ underwriting standards. The analysis (conducted on behalf of 23 investment and commercial banks, including 7 "too big to fail" banks) additionally showed that 28% of the sampled loans did not meet the minimal standards of any issuer. Clayton's analysis further showed that 39% of these loans (i.e. those not meeting any issuer's minimal underwriting standards) were subsequently securitized and sold to investors.

Question: Who was the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company?
Answer: Clayton Holdings

Question: According to Clayton Holdings, how many mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 met underwriting standards?
Answer: 54%

Question: How many investment and commercial banks were included in Clayton Holdings' analysis of January 2006 to June 2007 loans? 
Answer: 23

Question: Per Clayton's analysis of loans issued from January 2006 to June 2007, what percent of loans did not meet minimal standards of any issuer?
Answer: 28%

Question: How many mortgage loans did Clayton Holdings review in their analysis?
Answer: 900,000
Rapid increases in a number of commodity prices followed the collapse in the housing bubble. The price of oil nearly tripled from $50 to $147 from early 2007 to 2008, before plunging as the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008. Experts debate the causes, with some attributing it to speculative flow of money from housing and other investments into commodities, some to monetary policy, and some to the increasing feeling of raw materials scarcity in a fast-growing world, leading to long positions taken on those markets, such as Chinese increasing presence in Africa. An increase in oil prices tends to divert a larger share of consumer spending into gasoline, which creates downward pressure on economic growth in oil importing countries, as wealth flows to oil-producing states. A pattern of spiking instability in the price of oil over the decade leading up to the price high of 2008 has been recently identified. The destabilizing effects of this price variance has been proposed as a contributory factor in the financial crisis.

Question: Following the collapse in the housing bubble, what happened to a number of commodity prices?
Answer: Rapid increases

Question: How much did the price of oil increase from early 2007 to 2008?
Answer: nearly tripled from $50 to $147

Question: What did the price of oil began doing when the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008?
Answer: plunging

Question: What is one of the reasons experts believe contributed to the volatilaty in oil prices in 2008? 
Answer: monetary policy

Question: Consumers tend to have less money to spend on other goods, when the price of which commodity is higher?
Answer: gasoline
It threatened the collapse of large financial institutions, which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments, but stock markets still dropped worldwide. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of U.S. dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008–2012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis. The active phase of the crisis, which manifested as a liquidity crisis, can be dated from August 9, 2007, when BNP Paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing "a complete evaporation of liquidity".

Question: What action in 2007 by national governments prevented the collapse of large financial institutions?
Answer: bailout of banks

Question: How much estimated consumer wealth was lost as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?
Answer: trillions of U.S. dollars

Question: What is the date the active phase of the financial crisis began as a liquidity crisis?
Answer: August 9, 2007

Question: What year did the global recession that followed the financial crisis of 2007 end?
Answer: 2012

Question: What was the name of the company that terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds in 2007 citing a liquidity crisis?
Answer: BNP Paribas
In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Later, based upon information in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie, Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto estimated that, in 2008, Fannie and Freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $2 trillion.

Question: How many estimated substandard loans did Fannie and Freddie have in 2008? 
Answer: 13 million

Question: What was the value of the estimated 13 million substandard loans held by Fannie and Freddie in 2008?
Answer: over $2 trillion

Question: Which government-sponsored entities had massive risky loan purchases?
Answer: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac

Question: Peter J. Wallison believes that the one of the roots of the financial crisis can be traced to affordable housing policies by which agency in the 1990s?
Answer: HUD

Question: How many ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie were named in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case?
Answer: 6