meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
Very deeply buried shelters provided the most protection against a direct hit. The government did not build them for large populations before the war because of cost, time to build, and fears that their very safety would cause occupants to refuse to leave to return to work, or that anti-war sentiment would develop in large groups. The government saw the Communist Party's leading role in advocating for building deep shelters as an attempt to damage civilian morale, especially after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939.:34

Question: What kind of sentiment did the government fear would developed in large group shelters? 
Answer: anti-war

Question: Who did the government see as a leading advocate for building deep shelters?
Answer: the Communist Party's

Question: What was the name of the Pact of August 1939?
Answer: Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Communal shelters never housed more than one seventh of Greater London residents, however. Peak use of the Underground as shelter was 177,000 on 27 September 1940, and a November 1940 census of London found that about 4% of residents used the Tube and other large shelters; 9% in public surface shelters; and 27% in private home shelters, implying that the remaining 60% of the city likely stayed at home. The government distributed Anderson shelters until 1941 and that year began distributing the Morrison shelter, which could be used inside homes.:190

Question: What was the largest number to use Underground shelters in September  27, 1940?
Answer: 177,000

Question: In 1940 what percentage used the Tube for a sleeping shelter?
Answer: 4%

Question: Where did 60% of populations stay?
Answer: at home

Question: What year did the government start giving out Morrison shelters?
Answer: 1941

Question: Where could the Morrison shelters be used?
Answer: inside homes
The cheerful crowds visiting bomb sites were so large they interfered with rescue work, pub visits increased in number (beer was never rationed), and 13,000 attended cricket at Lord's. People left shelters when told instead of refusing to leave, although many housewives reportedly enjoyed the break from housework. Some people even told government surveyors that they enjoyed air raids if they occurred occasionally, perhaps once a week. Despite the attacks, defeat in Norway and France, and the threat of invasion, overall morale remained high; a Gallup poll found only 3% of Britons expected to lose the war in May 1940, another found an 88% approval rating for Churchill in July, and a third found 89% support for his leadership in October. Support for peace negotiations declined from 29% in February. Each setback caused more civilians to volunteer to become unpaid Local Defence Volunteers, workers worked longer shifts and over weekends, contributions rose to the £5,000 "Spitfire Funds" to build fighters, and the number of work days lost to strikes in 1940 was the lowest in history.:60–63,67–68,75,78–79,215–216

Question: What drink was never rationed?
Answer: beer

Question: How many people attended cricket at Lord's?
Answer: 13,000

Question: What percent of Briton's expected to lose the war?
Answer: 3%

Question: What was Churchill's highest rating? 
Answer: 89%

Question: What were Spitfire Funds used for?
Answer: to build fighters
In June 1940, a German prisoner of war was overheard boasting that the British would never find the Knickebein, even though it was under their noses. The details of the conversation were passed to an RAF Air Staff technical advisor, Dr. R. V. Jones, who started an in-depth investigation which discovered that the Luftwaffe's Lorenz receivers were more than blind-landing devices. Jones therefore began a search for the German beams. Avro Ansons of the Beam Approach Training Development Unit (BATDU) were flown up and down Britain fitted with a 30 MHz receiver to detect them. Soon a beam was traced to Derby (which had been mentioned in Luftwaffe transmissions). The first jamming operations were carried out using requisitioned hospital electrocautery machines. A subtle form of distortion was introduced. Up to nine special transmitters directed their signals at the beams in a manner that widened its path, negating its ability to accurately locate targets. Confidence in the device was diminished by the time the Luftwaffe decided to launch large-scale raids. The counter operations were carried out by British Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) units under Wing Commander Edward Addison, No. 80 Wing RAF. The production of false radio navigation signals by re-transmitting the originals was a technique known as masking beacons (meacons).

Question: The beam was traced to what town?
Answer: Derby

Question: The Bean Approach Training Development Unit were fitted with what kind of transmitter to search for the Knickebein? 
Answer: 30 MHz receiver

Question: In 1940 a German prisoner overheard boasting that the British would never find what system?
Answer: Knickebein

Question: Which RAF technical advisor was the conversation passed onto?
Answer: Dr. R. V. Jones

Question: The first jamming operation was carried out using what machines?
Answer: electrocautery machines
In general, German bombers were likely to get through to their targets without too much difficulty. It was to be some months before an effective night fighter force would be ready, and anti-aircraft defences only became adequate after the Blitz was over, so ruses were created to lure German bombers away from their targets. Throughout 1940, dummy airfields were prepared, good enough to stand up to skilled observation. A number[clarification needed] of bombs fell on these diversionary ("Starfish") targets.

Question: Anti-aircraft defenses became better after what?
Answer: Blitz was over

Question: What did they use to lure German bombers away from their targets?
Answer: ruses

Question: What kind of airfields were prepared to stand up to skilled observers? 
Answer: dummy

Question: What was the name given to these dummy airfields?
Answer: Starfish
From November 1940 – February 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted its strategy and attacked other industrial cities. In particular, the West Midlands were targeted. On the night of 13/14 November, 77 He 111s of Kampfgeschwader 26 (26th Bomber Wing, or KG 26) bombed London while 63 from KG 55 hit Birmingham. The next night, a large force hit Coventry. "Pathfinders" from 12 Kampfgruppe 100 (Bomb Group 100 or KGr 100) led 437 bombers from KG 1, KG 3, KG 26, KG 27, KG 55 and Lehrgeschwader 1 (1st Training Wing, or LG 1) which dropped 394 short tons (357 t) of high explosive, 56 short tons (51 t) of incendiaries, and 127 parachute mines. Other sources say 449 bombers and a total of 530 short tons (480 t) of bombs were dropped. The raid against Coventry was particularly devastating, and led to widespread use of the phrase "to conventrate". Over 10,000 incendiaries were dropped. Around 21 factories were seriously damaged in Coventry, and loss of public utilities stopped work at nine others, disrupting industrial output for several months. Only one bomber was lost, to anti-aircraft fire, despite the RAF flying 125 night sorties. No follow up raids were made, as OKL underestimated the British power of recovery (as Bomber Command would do over Germany from 1943–1945). The Germans were surprised by the success of the attack. The concentration had been achieved by accident. The strategic effect of the raid was a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production.

Question: The Luftwaffe's change in strategy targeted what primarily?
Answer: the West Midlands

Question: How many parachute mines were dropped?
Answer: 127

Question: The Coventry raid led to what phrase being in widespread use?
Answer: "to conventrate"

Question: What stopped work in 9 factories in Coventry?
Answer: loss of public utilities

Question: What effect did the raid have strategically? 
Answer: a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production
Directive 23 was the only concession made by Göring to the Kriegsmarine over the strategic bombing strategy of the Luftwaffe against Britain. Thereafter, he would refuse to make available any air units to destroy British dockyards, ports, port facilities, or shipping in dock or at sea, lest Kriegsmarine gain control of more Luftwaffe units. Raeder's successor—Karl Dönitz—would—on the intervention of Hitler—gain control of one unit (KG 40), but Göring would soon regain it. Göring's lack of cooperation was detrimental to the one air strategy with potentially decisive strategic effect on Britain. Instead, he wasted aircraft of Fliegerführer Atlantik (Flying Command Atlantic) on bombing mainland Britain instead of attacks against convoys. For Göring, his prestige had been damaged by the defeat in the Battle of Britain, and he wanted to regain it by subduing Britain by air power alone. He was always reluctant to cooperate with Raeder.

Question: What was the concession Goring made with the strategic bombing against Britain?
Answer: Directive 23

Question: What did Goring believe the Kriegsmarine would gain with further support?
Answer: control of more Luftwaffe units

Question: Who was Raeder's successor? 
Answer: Karl Dönitz

Question: What was detrimental to the success of a strategic effect against Britain?
Answer: Göring's lack of cooperation

Question: How did Goring expect to regain prestige?
Answer: by subduing Britain by air power alone
Some writers claim the Air Staff ignored a critical lesson, however: British morale did not break. Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful. Aviation strategists dispute that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command. Throughout 1933–39 none of the 16 Western Air Plans drafted mentioned morale as a target. The first three directives in 1940 did not mention civilian populations or morale in any way. Morale was not mentioned until the ninth wartime directive on 21 September 1940. The 10th directive in October 1940 mentioned morale by name. However, industrial cities were only to be targeted if weather denied strikes on Bomber Command's main concern, oil.

Question: What was the critical lesson Air Staff ignored?
Answer: Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful.

Question: Aviation strategists disputed over what? 
Answer: that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command.

Question: What did 16 of the Western Air Plans not mention?
Answer: morale as a target.

Question: When was morale finally mentioned?
Answer: ninth wartime directive on 21 September 1940

Question: When were industrial cities to be targeted?
Answer: if weather denied strikes on Bomber Command's main concern, oil.
In the medieval Middle Eastern world, the physicist and Islamic scholar, Al-Farabi (Alpharabius, 872–950), conducted a small experiment concerning the existence of vacuum, in which he investigated handheld plungers in water.[unreliable source?] He concluded that air's volume can expand to fill available space, and he suggested that the concept of perfect vacuum was incoherent. However, according to Nader El-Bizri, the physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965–1039) and the Mu'tazili theologians disagreed with Aristotle and Al-Farabi, and they supported the existence of a void. Using geometry, Ibn al-Haytham mathematically demonstrated that place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body. According to Ahmad Dallal, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī also states that "there is no observable evidence that rules out the possibility of vacuum". The suction pump later appeared in Europe from the 15th century.

Question: Al-Farabi concluded a perfect vacuum was incoherent using what?
Answer: handheld plungers in water.

Question: Ibn al-Haytham used geometry to demonstrate  what?
Answer: place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body

Question: who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum?
Answer: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

Question: what did Al-Farabi say expanded to fill available space
Answer: air's volume

Question: What type of pump appeared in the 15th century?
Answer: suction pump
While outer space provides the most rarefied example of a naturally occurring partial vacuum, the heavens were originally thought to be seamlessly filled by a rigid indestructible material called aether. Borrowing somewhat from the pneuma of Stoic physics, aether came to be regarded as the rarefied air from which it took its name, (see Aether (mythology)). Early theories of light posited a ubiquitous terrestrial and celestial medium through which light propagated. Additionally, the concept informed Isaac Newton's explanations of both refraction and of radiant heat. 19th century experiments into this luminiferous aether attempted to detect a minute drag on the Earth's orbit. While the Earth does, in fact, move through a relatively dense medium in comparison to that of interstellar space, the drag is so minuscule that it could not be detected. In 1912, astronomer Henry Pickering commented: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there".

Question: What was originally believed the heavens were filled with?
Answer: aether

Question: Why were experiments done on luminiferous aether in the 19 Century?
Answer: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteris

Question: Who stated that the character of a gas and free molecule were in ether?
Answer: Henry Pickering

Question: Where are the highest amounts of naturally occurring partial vacuums?
Answer: outer space

Question: What was ether originally thought to be made of?
Answer: rigid indestructible material
The Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn cháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters". It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BC – 9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25–220 AD).

Question: What period followed the Han dynasty?
Answer: Three Kingdoms

Question: What dynasty came before the Han dynasty?
Answer: Qin

Question: Who founded the Han dynasty?
Answer: Liu Bang

Question: When did the Former Han period begin?
Answer: 206 BC

Question: When did the Later Han period end?
Answer: 220 AD
The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as Han tributaries. These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty into the Tarim Basin of Central Asia, divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations, and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road, which reached as far as the Mediterranean world. The territories north of Han's borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation. Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south, annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC, and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC.

Question: Which confederation defeated the Han in 200 BC?
Answer: The Xiongnu

Question: What type of campaign helped establish the Silk Road?
Answer: military

Question: In what year was Nanyue annexed?
Answer: 111 BC

Question: Which confederation conquered the territories north of the Han's border?
Answer: Xianbei

Question: In what year did Emperor Wu of Han's reign end?
Answer: 87 BC
After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion. Following the death of Emperor Ling (r. 168–189 AD), the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers, allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire. When Cao Pi, King of Wei, usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, the Han dynasty ceased to exist.

Question: Which religious societies instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion?
Answer: Daoist

Question: Who killed the palace eunichs after the death of Emperor Ling?
Answer: military officers

Question: Who was the last Emperor of the Han dynasty?
Answer: Xian

Question: Which King took the seat of power from Emperor Xian?
Answer: Cao Pi

Question: In what year did Emperor Ling die?
Answer: 189 AD
In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans, the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire, from a king in modern Burma, from a ruler in Japan, and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin (Rome) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary. A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180 AD) is recorded in the Hou Hanshu to have reached the court of Emperor Huan of Han (r. AD 146–168) in AD 166, yet Rafe de Crespigny asserts that this was most likely a group of Roman merchants. Other travelers to Eastern-Han China included Buddhist monks who translated works into Chinese, such as An Shigao of Parthia, and Lokaksema from Kushan-era Gandhara, India.

Question: Who translated written works into Chinese?
Answer: Buddhist monks

Question: Which member of the Han Empire was sent to Daqin in AD 97?
Answer: Gan Ying

Question: When did Emperor Huan's reign begin?
Answer: AD 146

Question: Who reached the court of Emperor Huan in AD 166?
Answer: A Roman embassy

Question: Which empire sent the Han gifts?
Answer: Parthian
Emperor Zhang's (r. 75–88 AD) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house. Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by eunuch intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans. With the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong (d. 107 AD), Emperor He (r. 88–105 AD) had Empress Dowager Dou (d. 97 AD) put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power. This was in revenge for Dou's purging of the clan of his natural mother—Consort Liang—and then concealing her identity from him. After Emperor He's death, his wife Empress Deng Sui (d. 121 AD) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD.

Question: Who was prevented from leaving their house?
Answer: Empress Dowager Dou

Question: Who managed the state after the death of Emperor He?
Answer: Empress Deng Sui

Question: When did Emperor He's reign end?
Answer: 105 AD

Question: Who concealed the identity of Emperor He's mother?
Answer: Empress Dowager Dou

Question: When did the Qiang rebellion end?
Answer: 118 AD
Buddhism first entered China during the Eastern Han and was first mentioned in 65 AD. Liu Ying (d. 71 AD), a half-brother to Emperor Ming of Han (r. 57–75 AD), was one of its earliest Chinese adherents, although Chinese Buddhism at this point was heavily associated with Huang-Lao Daoism. China's first known Buddhist temple, the White Horse Temple, was erected during Ming's reign. Important Buddhist canons were translated into Chinese during the 2nd century AD, including the Sutra of Forty-two Chapters, Perfection of Wisdom, Shurangama Sutra, and Pratyutpanna Sutra.

Question: During was era did Buddhism first appear in the region?
Answer: Eastern Han

Question: When did Emperor Ming of Han's reign end?
Answer: 75 AD

Question: What philosophical practice did Liu Ying believe in?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: What is believed to be the first Buddhist temple in this area?
Answer: the White Horse Temple

Question: During which century were important Buddhist notions translated to Chinese?
Answer: 2nd century AD
Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses. Because wood decays rapidly, the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles. The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). Architectural historian Robert L. Thorp points out the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains, and claims that often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture.

Question: What building material was used primarily during the Han dynasty?
Answer: Timber

Question: What dynasty can the oldest wooden buildings in China be dated to?
Answer: Tang

Question: What is considered to be the last year of the Tang dynasty?
Answer: 907 AD

Question: What type of object is the only evidence of Han's wooden constructions?
Answer: ceramic roof tiles

Question: What was the primary component of a palace hall during the Han dynasty?
Answer: Timber
Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast, Cappadocia in central Anatolia, Egypt, the Balkans, Cyprus, and Constantinople. Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.

Question: Which two seas have been most central to Greek history?
Answer: Aegean and Ionian seas

Question: During which prehistoric age was the Greek language invented?
Answer: Bronze

Question: Which city in modern Turkey was once a major center of Greek culture?
Answer: Constantinople

Question: Which area of North Africa has hosted Greek communities in the past? 
Answer: Egypt

Question: What eleventh century empire had roughly the same extent as ancient Greece's?
Answer: Byzantine Empire

Question: Where are Greek States believed to have been settled ?
Answer: Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea

Question: Which two bodies of water are believed to be central to the establishment of the Greek society ?
Answer: Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas

Question: When was the emergence of the Greek spoken dialect believed to have started ?
Answer: the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.

Question: What other culture did the Greek states share boarders with ?
Answer: these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century

Question: Where have the centers of culture been located for the Grecian world historically ?
Answer: The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.
The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language, which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.

Question: What progression coincided with the the early Greek states that makes it difficult to give credit for the language and differences ? 
Answer: Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages.

Question: What is commonly seen in the Greek language that is not a constant ?
Answer: The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels

Question: What other language has this same trait ?
Answer: word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language

Question: What other things do the two languages seem to have in common ?
Answer: phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian

Question: How much evidence of the link between the languages is currently available ?
Answer: linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.
Around 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC. The Dorian invasion was followed by a poorly attested period of migrations, appropriately called the Greek Dark Ages, but by 800 BC the landscape of Archaic and Classical Greece was discernible.

Question: What group of people came with others who left the geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now a mutual  region between Greece and Albania ?
Answer: the Dorians

Question: When did these groups make the migration ?
Answer: Around 1200 BC

Question: What civilization is the group credited with putting an end to ?
Answer: the Mycenaean civilization,

Question: Is it believed that they truly are responsible in full for the collapse ? 
Answer: it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples)

Question: What areas were being explored by others in  by sea faring vessels and when are they believed to have arrived  ?
Answer: seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC
The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that scholars began to question Homer's historicity. As part of the Mycenaean heritage that survived, the names of the gods and goddesses of Mycenaean Greece (e.g. Zeus, Poseidon and Hades) became major figures of the Olympian Pantheon of later antiquity.

Question: How did the Greeks look upon their forebears ?
Answer: Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors

Question: How did they believe their forebears lived ?
Answer: Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth

Question: What literary events were believed to be a fact of truth ?
Answer: The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past

Question: Who was the author of these tales ?
Answer: Homer

Question: What were the names of some of the figures for the established religion that are based on ancestral ties ? 
Answer: Zeus, Poseidon and Hades
The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture. The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony) were written in the 8th century BC, becoming the basis of the national religion, ethos, history and mythology. The Oracle of Apollo at Delphi was established in this period.

Question: What event is believed to be the ethnic basis of the Greeks society?
Answer: The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism

Question: When did this event occur ?
Answer: development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC.

Question: What national sporting event was held during this time period still goes on in celebration today ?
Answer: the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC,

Question: What was the foundation for spirituality and church ? 
Answer: The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony)

Question: What famous spiritual guide and God was a devotional temple made to in the 8th century ?
Answer: Oracle of Apollo at Delphi
The Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, but likely earlier, the Roman and Greek cultures were virtually fused into a single Greco-Roman world. Although the Latin West recognized the Eastern Empire's claim to the Roman legacy for several centuries, after Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor" on 25 December 800, an act which eventually led to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire, the Latin West started to favour the Franks and began to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire largely as the Empire of the Greeks (Imperium Graecorum).

Question: When did the Byzantine Kingdom come under the impact of the Greeks. 
Answer: influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century,

Question: Who ruled Rome during this time period ?
Answer: Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641)

Question: What decision did he make that influenced the culture in an attempt to make things more homogeneous ?
Answer: decided to make Greek the empire's official language.

Question: What made the Eastern Empire be known as the Imperium Graecorum ?
Answer: Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor"

Question: Who was favored by those who lived in the west and mainly used another form of well know verbal language ?
Answer: the Latin West started to favour the Franks
The roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce. It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Not coincidentally, on the eve of 1821, the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce. Greek success was also favoured by Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.

Question: What did the Greeks offer to the Ottoman Empire that was a superb benefit ? 
Answer: the Greek tradition of education and commerce

Question: Who held much of the wealth in the Greek society ?
Answer: the wealth of the extensive merchant class

Question: What three cities were imperative for the scholarly and economic exchanges ?
Answer: the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce

Question: What other area fields were overshadowed by Greek influence ?
Answer: Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church.
The terms used to define Greekness have varied throughout history but were never limited or completely identified with membership to a Greek state. By Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek. Byzantine Greeks called themselves Romioi and considered themselves the political heirs of Rome, but at least by the 12th century a growing number of those educated, deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well, although for most of the Greek speakers, "Hellene" still meant pagan. On the eve of the Fall of Constantinople the Last Emperor urged his soldiers to remember that they were the descendants of Greeks and Romans.

Question: What do Westerners believe it means to belong to the Greek heritage ? 
Answer: Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek.

Question: What do the Grecian Romioi  descendants of the Constantine rule  believe to be true in regards to the status as beneficiaries ?
Answer: considered themselves the political heirs of Rome

Question: What other cultures do the Romioi  clam to be their birthright ?
Answer: deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well

Question: What is an alternative word used by Greeks to mean those who worship and alternative religion to the mainstreams ?
Answer: Hellene" still meant pagan
Before the establishment of the Modern Greek state, the link between ancient and modern Greeks was emphasized by the scholars of Greek Enlightenment especially by Rigas Feraios. In his "Political Constitution", he addresses to the nation as "the people descendant of the Greeks". The modern Greek state was created in 1829, when the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire. The large Greek diaspora and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism, formulated during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire, formed the basis of the Diafotismos and the current conception of Hellenism.

Question: From what era is the Rigas Feraios believed to be a part of ?
Answer: Greek Enlightenment

Question: When was the Greek state of modern times birthed into exsistence ? 
Answer: The modern Greek state was created in 1829,

Question: What did Greeks do that caused  the formation of the new state ?
Answer: the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire

Question: What foundation was laid that is the demographics of Modern Greek Enlightenment Era ?
Answer: instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism,
Greeks from Cyprus have a similar history of emigration, usually to the English-speaking world because of the island's colonization by the British Empire. Waves of emigration followed the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, while the population decreased between mid-1974 and 1977 as a result of emigration, war losses, and a temporary decline in fertility. After the ethnic cleansing of a third of the Greek population of the island in 1974, there was also an increase in the number of Greek Cypriots leaving, especially for the Middle East, which contributed to a decrease in population that tapered off in the 1990s. Today more than two-thirds of the Greek population in Cyprus is urban.

Question: Which colonial enterprise for land was the Greek Isles a part of 
Answer: British Empire

Question: Who was living on with the Greeks in Cyprus s 1974 ?
Answer: Turkish

Question: Whee these new inhabitants welcomed ?
Answer: Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Question: During the early seventies where did most Cyprus Greeks decide to go ?
Answer: the Middle East
There is a sizeable Greek minority of about 105,000 (disputed, sources claim higher) people, in Albania. The Greek minority of Turkey, which numbered upwards of 200,000 people after the 1923 exchange, has now dwindled to a few thousand, after the 1955 Constantinople Pogrom and other state sponsored violence and discrimination. This effectively ended, though not entirely, the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor. There are smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries, the Levant and the Black Sea states, remnants of the Old Greek Diaspora (pre-19th century).

Question: What other countries boast of a Greek populace ?
Answer: 105,000 (disputed, sources claim higher) people, in Albania. The Greek minority of Turkey

Question: What acts have caused the population of Greeks to be numbered so few in the country who name is reminiscent of a big American holiday?
Answer: 1955 Constantinople Pogrom and other state sponsored violence and discrimination.

Question: How long was there a Greek influence represented in "little" Asia ? 
Answer: the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor

Question: Are there any Greek who still live in the area around the dark sea in any majority of numbers?
Answer: smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries, the Levant and the Black Sea states,
The total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue. Where Census figures are available, they show around 3 million Greeks outside Greece and Cyprus. Estimates provided by the SAE - World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide. According to George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million. Integration, intermarriage, and loss of the Greek language influence the self-identification of the Omogeneia. Important centres of the New Greek Diaspora today are London, New York, Melbourne and Toronto. In 2010, the Hellenic Parliament introduced a law that enables Diaspora Greeks in Greece to vote in the elections of the Greek state. This law was later repealed in early 2014.

Question: How many people that are of Greek ascendancy live elsewhere than Greece ?
Answer: total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue

Question: Who provided the contradictory  population numbers for Greeks abroad ?
Answer: World Council of Hellenes Abroad

Question: How many Greeks do they believe would be an accurate number for census numbers ?
Answer: World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide

Question: At what university is this issue of accurate consensus for Greeks living elsewhere being debated an 
Answer: Sorbonne University

Question: Who has presented the contradictory number to the census groups ?
Answer: George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million
Greek demonstrates several linguistic features that are shared with other Balkan languages, such as Albanian, Bulgarian and Eastern Romance languages (see Balkan sprachbund), and has absorbed many foreign words, primarily of Western European and Turkish origin. Because of the movements of Philhellenism and the Diafotismos in the 19th century, which emphasized the modern Greeks' ancient heritage, these foreign influences were excluded from official use via the creation of Katharevousa, a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words, as the official language of the Greek state. In 1976, however, the Hellenic Parliament voted to make the spoken Dimotiki the official language, making Katharevousa obsolete.

Question: What other dialects share a thread with the Greek language. 
Answer: other Balkan languages, such as Albanian, Bulgarian and Eastern Romance languages (see Balkan sprachbund),

Question: What radical political changes occurred during the 19th century ?
Answer: the movements of Philhellenism and the Diafotismos in the 19th century

Question: What did these changes highlight ?
Answer: emphasized the modern Greeks' ancient heritage

Question: What became the official dialect of Greeks and what was it missing ?
Answer: Katharevousa, a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words, as the official language of the Greek state.

Question: What choices in 1976 made a change to the decisions concerning the official dialect ? 
Answer: In 1976, however, the Hellenic Parliament voted to make the spoken Dimotiki the official language
Notable modern Greek artists include Renaissance painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco), Panagiotis Doxaras, Nikolaos Gyzis, Nikiphoros Lytras, Yannis Tsarouchis, Nikos Engonopoulos, Constantine Andreou, Jannis Kounellis, sculptors such as Leonidas Drosis, Georgios Bonanos, Yannoulis Chalepas and Joannis Avramidis, conductor Dimitri Mitropoulos, soprano Maria Callas, composers such as Mikis Theodorakis, Nikos Skalkottas, Iannis Xenakis, Manos Hatzidakis, Eleni Karaindrou, Yanni and Vangelis, one of the best-selling singers worldwide Nana Mouskouri and poets such as Kostis Palamas, Dionysios Solomos, Angelos Sikelianos and Yannis Ritsos. Alexandrian Constantine P. Cavafy and Nobel laureates Giorgos Seferis and Odysseas Elytis are among the most important poets of the 20th century. Novel is also represented by Alexandros Papadiamantis and Nikos Kazantzakis.

Question: Who was one of the old masters from the Greeks ?
Answer: Greek artists include Renaissance painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco), Panagiotis Do

Question: Who sang in a voice that is in the high octave range from the Modern Greek Era ?
Answer: soprano Maria Callas

Question: Who was one the most well known modern decorative modelers of the Greeks ?
Answer: sculptors such as Leonidas Drosis, Georgios Bonanos, Yannoulis Chalepas and Joannis Avramidis

Question: Name one of the poetic authors who was also nominated for the Nobel Peace Award from the Greeks ?
Answer: Nobel laureates Giorgos Seferis and Odysseas Elytis are among the most important poets of the 20th century.
The traditional Greek homelands have been the Greek peninsula and the Aegean Sea, the Southern Italy (Magna Graecia), the Black Sea, the Ionian coasts of Asia Minor and the islands of Cyprus and Sicily. In Plato's Phaidon, Socrates remarks, "we (Greeks) live around a sea like frogs around a pond" when describing to his friends the Greek cities of the Aegean. This image is attested by the map of the Old Greek Diaspora, which corresponded to the Greek world until the creation of the Greek state in 1832. The sea and trade were natural outlets for Greeks since the Greek peninsula is rocky and does not offer good prospects for agriculture.

Question: What are considered to be the motherland of the Greeks ?
Answer: Greek peninsula and the Aegean Sea, the Southern Italy (Magna Graecia), the Black Sea, the Ionian coasts of Asia Minor and the islands of Cyprus and Sicily

Question: What statement of note was given by a great philosopher from Greece written by another great philosopher ?
Answer: Plato's Phaidon, Socrates remarks, "we (Greeks) live around a sea like frogs around a pond

Question: What is the name of the ancient map of the Greek world  named  ?
Answer: map of the Old Greek Diaspora

Question: When did changes of this ancient map become notable ?
Answer: corresponded to the Greek world until the creation of the Greek state in 183

Question: Are there many product available from farm cultivation on the Greek lands ?
Answer: Greek peninsula is rocky and does not offer good prospects for agriculture
Notable Greek seafarers include people such as Pytheas of Marseilles, Scylax of Caryanda who sailed to Iberia and beyond, Nearchus, the 6th century merchant and later monk Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India) and the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca. In later times, the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade.

Question: What else is this particular captain known for doing ? 
Answer: the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca

Question: Who was the well known sea vessel captain of the Greeks who sailed to Asia  ?
Answer: Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India)

Question: What did Greeks do that caused a later deal to be made with the Italians ?
Answer: plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade

Question: Who proposed that change was needed in the way business with the Greeks was to be conducted  ? 
Answer: trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate
The Greek shipping tradition recovered during Ottoman rule when a substantial merchant middle class developed, which played an important part in the Greek War of Independence. Today, Greek shipping continues to prosper to the extent that Greece has the largest merchant fleet in the world, while many more ships under Greek ownership fly flags of convenience. The most notable shipping magnate of the 20th century was Aristotle Onassis, others being Yiannis Latsis, George Livanos, and Stavros Niarchos.

Question: What was brought about by the Ottomans that caused and uplift in the classes of Greek society ?
Answer: Greek shipping tradition recovered during Ottoman rule when a substantial merchant middle class developed

Question: Is the seafaring business still of any relevancy to the Greek economy ?
Answer: Greek shipping continues to prosper to the extent that Greece has the largest merchant fleet in the world

Question: What did the development of these changes lead to for the Greeks under Ottoman rulers ?
Answer: Greek War of Independence

Question: What was the last husband of Jacquelyn Kennedy known for ? 
Answer: most notable shipping magnate of the 20th century was Aristotle Onassis
Another study from 2012 included 150 dental school students from University of Athens, the result showed that light hair colour (blonde/light ash brown) was predominant in 10.7% of the students. 36% had medium hair colour (Light brown/Medium darkest brown). 32% had darkest brown and 21% black (15.3 off black, 6% midnight black). In conclusion the hair colour of young Greeks are mostly brown, ranging from light to dark brown. with significant minorities having black and blonde hair. The same study also showed that the eye colour of the students was 14.6% blue/green, 28% medium (light brown) and 57.4% dark brown.

Question: What dominant hair color is to believed to be prevalent among Greeks 
Answer: conclusion the hair colour of young Greeks are mostly brown, ranging from light to dark brown

Question: Which colors lay outside of the nor for those of Greek descent ?
Answer: significant minorities having black and blonde hair

Question: What eye color shows the least presence among those of Greek heritage ?
Answer: 14.6% blue/green

Question: What eye color is believed to be the norm among Greeks ?
Answer: 57.4% dark brown
In the beginning, the Quran did not have vocalization markings. The system of vocalization, as we know it today, seems to have been introduced towards the end of the ninth century. Since it would have been too costly for most Muslims to purchase a manuscript, copies of the Quran were held in mosques in order to make them accessible to people. These copies frequently took the form of a series of 30 parts or juzʼ. In terms of productivity, the Ottoman copyists provide the best example. This was in response to widespread demand, unpopularity of printing methods and for aesthetic reasons.

Question: In which century were vocalization marking added to the Quran?
Answer: ninth century

Question: Where were Quran copies kept for those who could not afford their own?
Answer: mosques

Question: What are the parts of the Quran called that are 30 in total?
Answer: juzʼ

Question: Which group of Quran copyists produced the most in-demand manuscripts?
Answer: Ottoman