meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
Data compression can be viewed as a special case of data differencing: Data differencing consists of producing a difference given a source and a target, with patching producing a target given a source and a difference, while data compression consists of producing a compressed file given a target, and decompression consists of producing a target given only a compressed file. Thus, one can consider data compression as data differencing with empty source data, the compressed file corresponding to a "difference from nothing." This is the same as considering absolute entropy (corresponding to data compression) as a special case of relative entropy (corresponding to data differencing) with no initial data.

Question: What can be looked at as a special case of data differencing? 
Answer: Data compression

Question: What is made up of producing a difference given a source and a target?
Answer: Data differencing

Question: What can classified as data differencing with empty source data?
Answer: data compression
Lossy audio compression is used in a wide range of applications. In addition to the direct applications (mp3 players or computers), digitally compressed audio streams are used in most video DVDs, digital television, streaming media on the internet, satellite and cable radio, and increasingly in terrestrial radio broadcasts. Lossy compression typically achieves far greater compression than lossless compression (data of 5 percent to 20 percent of the original stream, rather than 50 percent to 60 percent), by discarding less-critical data.

Question: What compression is used in a lot of applications?
Answer: Lossy

Question: What is used in most video DVDs?
Answer: digitally compressed audio streams

Question: What compression usually achieves far greater compression then lossless? 
Answer: Lossy
Other types of lossy compressors, such as the linear predictive coding (LPC) used with speech, are source-based coders. These coders use a model of the sound's generator (such as the human vocal tract with LPC) to whiten the audio signal (i.e., flatten its spectrum) before quantization. LPC may be thought of as a basic perceptual coding technique: reconstruction of an audio signal using a linear predictor shapes the coder's quantization noise into the spectrum of the target signal, partially masking it.

Question: What is the coding called that is used with speech?
Answer: linear predictive coding

Question: What is thought of as a basic perceptual coding technique?
Answer: linear predictive coding

Question: What uses a model of the sound's generator? 
Answer: source-based coders
If the data to be compressed is analog (such as a voltage that varies with time), quantization is employed to digitize it into numbers (normally integers). This is referred to as analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. If the integers generated by quantization are 8 bits each, then the entire range of the analog signal is divided into 256 intervals and all the signal values within an interval are quantized to the same number. If 16-bit integers are generated, then the range of the analog signal is divided into 65,536 intervals.

Question: What varies with time?
Answer: voltage

Question: What has to be compressed in order to perform properly? 
Answer: data

Question: What does "A/D" stand for?
Answer: analog-to-digital
Today, nearly all commonly used video compression methods (e.g., those in standards approved by the ITU-T or ISO) apply a discrete cosine transform (DCT) for spatial redundancy reduction. The DCT that is widely used in this regard was introduced by N. Ahmed, T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao in 1974. Other methods, such as fractal compression, matching pursuit and the use of a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) have been the subject of some research, but are typically not used in practical products (except for the use of wavelet coding as still-image coders without motion compensation). Interest in fractal compression seems to be waning, due to recent theoretical analysis showing a comparative lack of effectiveness of such methods.

Question: What do all commonly used video compression methods use?
Answer: discrete cosine transform

Question: What does a DCT do?
Answer: spatial redundancy reduction

Question: What is not used in practical products? 
Answer: fractal compression
Genetics compression algorithms are the latest generation of lossless algorithms that compress data (typically sequences of nucleotides) using both conventional compression algorithms and genetic algorithms adapted to the specific datatype. In 2012, a team of scientists from Johns Hopkins University published a genetic compression algorithm that does not use a reference genome for compression. HAPZIPPER was tailored for HapMap data and achieves over 20-fold compression (95% reduction in file size), providing 2- to 4-fold better compression and in much faster time than the leading general-purpose compression utilities. For this, Chanda, Elhaik, and Bader introduced MAF based encoding (MAFE), which reduces the heterogeneity of the dataset by sorting SNPs by their minor allele frequency, thus homogenizing the dataset. Other algorithms in 2009 and 2013 (DNAZip and GenomeZip) have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold—allowing 6 billion basepair diploid human genomes to be stored in 2.5 megabytes (relative to a reference genome or averaged over many genomes).

Question: What are the latest generation of lossless algorithms? 
Answer: Genetics

Question: What encoding reduces the heterogeneity of a dataset by sorting SNPs?
Answer: MAFE

Question: What two algorithms have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold?
Answer: DNAZip and GenomeZip
These years included what was called "spectacularly malicious coverage" of the Labour Party by The Sun and other newspapers. During the general election of 1983 The Sun ran a front page featuring an unflattering photograph of Michael Foot, then aged almost 70, claiming he was unfit to be Prime Minister on grounds of his age, appearance and policies, alongside the headline "Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?" A year later, in 1984, The Sun made clear its enthusiastic support for the re-election of Ronald Reagan as president in the USA. Reagan was two weeks off his 74th birthday when he started his second term, in January 1985.

Question: Who did The Sun say was not fit to be Prime Minister in 1983?
Answer: Michael Foot

Question: Which party was The Sun accused of covering maliciously?
Answer: Labour Party

Question: Who did The Sun support in the 1984 U.S. presidential election?
Answer: Ronald Reagan

Question: How old would Ronald Reagan turn soon after he began his second term as U.S. president?
Answer: 74

Question: What did the headline read that was run with Michael Foot's photo?
Answer: "Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?"
On 7 July 2004, in response to verbal attacks in Liverpool on Wayne Rooney, just before his transfer from Everton to Manchester United, who had sold his life story to The Sun, the paper devoted a full-page editorial to an apology for the "awful error" of its Hillsborough coverage and argued that Rooney (who was still only three years old at the time of Hillsborough) should not be punished for its "past sins". In January 2005, The Sun's managing editor Graham Dudman admitting the Hillsborough coverage was "the worst mistake in our history", added: "What we did was a terrible mistake. It was a terrible, insensitive, horrible article, with a dreadful headline; but what we'd also say is: we have apologised for it, and the entire senior team here now is completely different from the team that put the paper out in 1989."

Question: Which footballer was verbally attacked in Liverpool? 
Answer: Wayne Rooney

Question: What team did Rooney transfer to?
Answer: Manchester United

Question: What was Rooney's age at the time of the Hillsborough disaster?
Answer: three years old

Question: Who was managing editor of The Sun in 2005?
Answer: Graham Dudman

Question: How did Dudman describe The Sun's Hillsborough coverage?
Answer: "the worst mistake in our history"
Despite its initial opposition to the closures, until 1997, the newspaper repeatedly called for the implementation of further Thatcherite policies, such as Royal Mail privatisation,[verification needed] and social security cutbacks, with leaders such as "Peter Lilley is right, we can't carry on like this",[verification needed] The paper showed hostility to the EU and approval of public spending cuts, tax cuts, and promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet, with leaders such as "More of the Redwood, not Deadwood".

Question: What types of policies did The Sun support?
Answer: Thatcherite policies

Question: What is an example of a Thatcherite policy?
Answer: Royal Mail privatisation

Question: What was The Sun's stance toward the EU?
Answer: The paper showed hostility

Question: What's another thing the paper showed hostility to?
Answer: promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet

Question: What was The Sun's initial stance toward the closures?
Answer: opposition
The term Carnival is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence. However, the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the Manila Carnival after 1939, the last carnival in the country. In historically Lutheran countries, the celebration is known as Fastelavn, and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists, pre-Lenten celebrations, along with penitential observances, occur on Shrove Tuesday. In Eastern Orthodox nations, Maslenitsa is celebrated during the last week before Great Lent. In German-speaking Europe and the Netherlands, the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the Advent season or with harvest celebrations of St. Martin's Day.

Question: When does Fastelavn occur?
Answer: Shrove Tuesday

Question: The Philippines stopped celebrating Carnival after what year? 
Answer: 1939

Question: Maslenitsa is celebrated in what type of nation?
Answer: Eastern Orthodox

Question: What is the Carnival celebration known as in Lutheran countries?
Answer: Fastelavn

Question: When does Carnival typically begin in the Netherlands?
Answer: on 11/11

Question: The term Carnival is very common in areas with a large presence of which religious sect?
Answer: Catholic

Question: What country no longer celebrates Carnival?
Answer: the Philippines

Question: The Manila Carnival was dissolved after what year?
Answer: 1939

Question: What is the Carnival known as in countries which are mostly Lutheran?
Answer: Fastelavn

Question: What is the name of the festival celebrated in Eastern Orthodox nations during the last week before Great Lent?
Answer: Maslenitsa
Several Germanic tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight. A predominant deity was during this jubilee driven around in a noisy procession on a ship on wheels. The winter would be driven out, to make sure that fertility could return in spring. A central figure was possibly the fertility goddess Nerthus. Also there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus or Freyr was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women's clothes. Aboard the ship would the marriage of a man and woman be consummated as a fertility ritual.

Question: Whose effigy was placed on a ship on wheels?
Answer: Nerthus or Freyr

Question: What type of tribe celebrated daylight returning?
Answer: Germanic

Question: What season did fertility typically return?
Answer: spring

Question: What typically accompanied the effigy of Nerthus? 
Answer: a procession of people in animal disguise

Question: What typically happened aboard the ship on wheels?
Answer: the marriage of a man and woman be consummated

Question: What did a bunch of Germanic tribes celebrate?
Answer: the returning of the daylight

Question: How was the ship carrying a predominant deity moved around during the jubilee?
Answer: on wheels

Question: Why was the winter driven out?
Answer: to make sure that fertility could return in spring

Question: What is Nerthus the goddess of?
Answer: fertility

Question: How would the marriage of a man and woman on the ship serve as a fertility ritual?
Answer: be consummated
Tacitus wrote in his Germania: Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator – "The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance." Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur – "Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake."

Question: Who wrote the Germania?
Answer: Tacitus

Question: What do the Germans feel it inconsistent to confine gods within?
Answer: walls

Question: Germans do not liken the gods to whose countenance?
Answer: human

Question: When is the car used in the ritual purified? 
Answer: Afterwards

Question: Where is the divinity herself purified? 
Answer: a secret lake
Carnival was introduced by Portuguese settlers. The celebration is celebrated on each of the archipelago's nine inhabited islands. In Mindelo, São Vicente groups challenge each other for a yearly prize. It has imported various Brazilian carnival traditions. The celebration in SãoNicolau is more traditional, where established groups parade through the Ribeira Brava, gathering in the town square, although it has adopted drums, floats and costumes from Brazil. In São Nicolau three groups, Copa Cabana, Estrela Azul and Brilho Da Zona constructs a painted float using fire, newspaper for the mold, iron and steel to for structure. Carnival São Nicolau is celebrated over three days: dawn Saturday, Sunday afternoon, and Tuesday.

Question: What nationality were the settlers from who introduced Carnival?
Answer: Portuguese

Question: How many of the inhabited islands is Carnival celebrated on?
Answer: nine

Question: Three groups in São Nicolau make use of fire in the construction of what conveyance? 
Answer: a painted float

Question: What do groups in Mindelo challenge each other for?
Answer: a yearly prize

Question: Over how many days is São Nicolau's Carnival celebrated? 
Answer: three
Some Belgian cities hold Carnivals during Lent. One of the best-known is Stavelot, where the Carnival de la Laetare takes place on Laetare Sunday, the fourth Sunday of Lent. The participants include the Blancs-Moussis, who dress in white, carry long red noses and parade through town attacking bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders. The town of Halle also celebrates on Laetare Sunday. Belgium's oldest parade is the Carnival Parade of Maaseik, also held on Laetare Sunday, which originated in 1865.

Question: What do some Belgian cities hold during Lent?
Answer: Carnivals

Question: What Carnival takes place on Laetare Sunday?
Answer: the Carnival de la Laetare

Question: What group of participants attack bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders?
Answer: Blancs-Moussis

Question: What day does the town of Halle engage in its celebration?
Answer: Laetare Sunday

Question: What's the name of Belgium's oldest parade? 
Answer: Carnival Parade of Maaseik
Carnival has been celebrated for centuries. The tradition was likely established under Venetian rule around the 16th century. It may have been influenced by Greek traditions, such as festivities for deities such as Dionysus. The celebration originally involved dressing in costumes and holding masked balls or visiting friends. In the twentieth century it became an organized event held during the 10 days preceding Lent (according to the Greek Orthodox calendar). The festival is celebrated almost exclusively in the city of Limassol.

Question: How long has Carnival been celebrated?
Answer: centuries

Question: Under whose rule was Carnival established in the 16th century?
Answer: Venetian

Question: Dionysus was a deity in whose tradition? 
Answer: Greek

Question: In what century did the Carnival become an organized event?
Answer: twentieth

Question: What city almost exclusively celebrates the Carnival?
Answer: Limassol
In Catalonia people dress in masks and costume (often in themed groups) and organize a week-long series of parties, pranks, outlandish activities such as bed races, street dramas satirizing public figures and raucous processions to welcome the arrival of Sa Majestat el Rei Carnestoltes (His Majesty King Carnival), known by various titles, including el Rei dels poca-soltes (King of the Crackpots), Princep etern de Cornudella (Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry), Duc de ximples i corrumputs (Duke of Fools and the Corrupt), Marquès de la bona mamella (Marquis of the lovely breast), Comte de tots els barruts (Count of the Insolent), Baró de les Calaverades (Baron of Nocturnal Debaucheries), and Senyor de l'alt Plàtan florit, dels barraquers i gamberrades i artista d'honor dalt del llit (Lord of the Tall Banana in Bloom, of the Voyeurs and Punks and the Artist of Honor upon the Bed).

Question: Where do people dress in masks and costume?
Answer: Catalonia

Question: What are raced as part of the festivities? 
Answer: bed

Question: What is Cantalonian for Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry?
Answer: Princep etern de Cornudella

Question: Who has a lovely breast?
Answer: Marquès

Question: Who is upon the bed?
Answer: the Artist of Honor
In Argentina, the most representative Carnival performed is the so-called Murga, although other famous Carnivals, more like Brazil's, are held in Argentine Mesopotamia and the North-East. Gualeguaychú in the east of Entre Ríos province is the most important Carnival city and has one of the largest parades. It adopts a musical background similar to Brazilian or Uruguayan Carnival. Corrientes is another city with a Carnival tradition. Chamame is a popular musical style. In all major cities and many towns throughout the country, Carnival is celebrated.

Question: Which Carnival in Argentina is the most representative of the nature of the Carnival?
Answer: Murga

Question: What city in the east of Entre Rios province is considered the most important one for the Carnival?
Answer: Gualeguaychú

Question: What kind of tradition does the city of Corrientes have?
Answer: Carnival

Question: What is Chamame?
Answer: popular musical style.

Question: Where is Carnival celebrated? 
Answer: In all major cities and many towns throughout the country
La Diablada Carnival takes place in Oruro in central Bolivia. It is celebrated in honor of the miners' patron saint, Vírgen de Socavon (the Virgin of the Tunnels). Over 50 parade groups dance, sing and play music over a five kilometre-long course. Participants dress up as demons, devils, angels, Incas and Spanish conquistadors. Dances include caporales and tinkus. The parade runs from morning until late at night, 18 hours a day, 3 days before Ash Wednesday. It was declared the 2001 "Masterpieces of Oral Heritage and Intangible Heritage of Humanity" for UNESCO. Throughout the country celebrations are held involving traditional rhythms and water parties. In Santa Cruz de la Sierra, on the east side of the country, tropical weather allows a Brazilian-type Carnival, with Comparsas dancing traditional songs in matching uniforms.

Question: Which Carnival takes place in Oruro in Bolivia?
Answer: La Diablada

Question: Who is the miners' patron saint?
Answer: Vírgen de Socavon

Question: Over how many parade groups participate in the festivities? 
Answer: 50

Question: How many hours a day does the parade run?
Answer: 18

Question: What does the tropical weather on the east side of Bolivia allow?
Answer: a Brazilian-type Carnival
A uniquely Creole tradition is the touloulous. These women wear decorative gowns, gloves, masks and headdresses that cover them completely, making them unrecognisable, even to the colour of their skin. On Friday and Saturday nights of Carnival, touloulou balls are held in so-called universities; in reality, large dance halls that open only at Carnival time. Touloulous get in free, and are even given condoms in the interest of the sexual health of the community. Men attend the balls, but they pay admittance and are not disguised. The touloulous pick their dance partners, who may not refuse. The setup is designed to make it easy for a woman to create a temporary liaison with a man in total anonymity. Undisguised women are not welcomed. By tradition, if such a woman gets up to dance, the orchestra stops playing. Alcohol is served at bars – the disguised women whisper to the men "touloulou thirsty", at which a round of drinks is expected, to be drunk through a straw protect their anonymity.

Question: What is a tradition unique to the Creole people?
Answer: touloulous

Question: Why are Touloulous given free condoms?
Answer: in the interest of the sexual health

Question: What do men have to do to be allowed into the balls?
Answer: pay admittance

Question: What are the touloulous' dance partners not allowed to do?
Answer: refuse

Question: Why do the women drink through a straw? 
Answer: protect their anonymity
Many pesticides can be grouped into chemical families. Prominent insecticide families include organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates. Organochlorine hydrocarbons (e.g., DDT) could be separated into dichlorodiphenylethanes, cyclodiene compounds, and other related compounds. They operate by disrupting the sodium/potassium balance of the nerve fiber, forcing the nerve to transmit continuously. Their toxicities vary greatly, but they have been phased out because of their persistence and potential to bioaccumulate.:239–240 Organophosphate and carbamates largely replaced organochlorines. Both operate through inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, allowing acetylcholine to transfer nerve impulses indefinitely and causing a variety of symptoms such as weakness or paralysis. Organophosphates are quite toxic to vertebrates, and have in some cases been replaced by less toxic carbamates.:136–137 Thiocarbamate and dithiocarbamates are subclasses of carbamates. Prominent families of herbicides include phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides (e.g. 2,4-D), triazines (e.g., atrazine), ureas (e.g., diuron), and Chloroacetanilides (e.g., alachlor). Phenoxy compounds tend to selectively kill broad-leaf weeds rather than grasses. The phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides function similar to plant growth hormones, and grow cells without normal cell division, crushing the plant's nutrient transport system.:300 Triazines interfere with photosynthesis.:335 Many commonly used pesticides are not included in these families, including glyphosate.

Question: Organochlorine hydrocarbons effect what balance of the nerve fiber?
Answer: sodium/potassium

Question: Why was the use of organochlorine hydrocarbons ended?
Answer: because of their persistence and potential to bioaccumulate

Question: What type of herbicide selectively kills broad leef weeds?
Answer: Phenoxy compounds

Question: What essential plan funtion is interrupted by triazines?
Answer: photosynthesis

Question: Organophospates and carbamates cause which symptoms?
Answer: weakness or paralysis
Pesticides can be classified based upon their biological mechanism function or application method. Most pesticides work by poisoning pests. A systemic pesticide moves inside a plant following absorption by the plant. With insecticides and most fungicides, this movement is usually upward (through the xylem) and outward. Increased efficiency may be a result. Systemic insecticides, which poison pollen and nectar in the flowers[citation needed], may kill bees and other needed pollinators[citation needed].

Question: What is one way you could group pesticides?
Answer: application method

Question: What is the main way that peticides perform their function?
Answer: by poisoning pests

Question: In which direction do systemic pesticide generally travel through a plant?
Answer: movement is usually upward

Question: Which parts of a plant do systemic pesticides generally attack?
Answer: pollen and nectar in the flowers
In 2006 and 2007, the world used approximately 2.4 megatonnes (5.3×109 lb) of pesticides, with herbicides constituting the biggest part of the world pesticide use at 40%, followed by insecticides (17%) and fungicides (10%). In 2006 and 2007 the U.S. used approximately 0.5 megatonnes (1.1×109 lb) of pesticides, accounting for 22% of the world total, including 857 million pounds (389 kt) of conventional pesticides, which are used in the agricultural sector (80% of conventional pesticide use) as well as the industrial, commercial, governmental and home & garden sectors.Pesticides are also found in majority of U.S. households with 78 million out of the 105.5 million households indicating that they use some form of pesticide. As of 2007, there were more than 1,055 active ingredients registered as pesticides, which yield over 20,000 pesticide products that are marketed in the United States.

Question: On estimate how many megatonnes of pesticides were used between 2006 and 2007?
Answer: approximately 2.4

Question: What amount of conventional pesticide use does the agricultural sector account for?
Answer: 80%

Question:  Pesticides contain at least how many ingredients?
Answer: more than 1,055

Question: How maney pesticides are offered for sale in the US?
Answer: over 20,000
The term "push-pull" was established in 1987 as an approach for integrated pest management (IPM). This strategy uses a mixture of behavior-modifying stimuli to manipulate the distribution and abundance of insects. "Push" means the insects are repelled or deterred away from whatever resource that is being protected. "Pull" means that certain stimuli (semiochemical stimuli, pheromones, food additives, visual stimuli, genetically altered plants, etc.) are used to attract pests to trap crops where they will be killed. There are numerous different components involved in order to implement a Push-Pull Strategy in IPM.

Question: What does IPM stand for?
Answer: integrated pest management

Question: How can the location and amount of insects be changed?
Answer: behavior-modifying stimuli

Question: What is one thing that can be used to pull pests?
Answer: food additives

Question: What is the name of the process by which pests are attracted and repelled using IPM. 
Answer: Push-Pull
Three other efforts to improve regulation of international pesticide trade are the United Nations London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade and the United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission.[citation needed] The former seeks to implement procedures for ensuring that prior informed consent exists between countries buying and selling pesticides, while the latter seeks to create uniform standards for maximum levels of pesticide residues among participating countries. Both initiatives operate on a voluntary basis.

Question: What country has attempted to better the controls of pesticide exchanges?
Answer: London

Question: What is one agency who is trying to help make the trade of pesticides safer?
Answer: United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission

Question: What is one important thing that should be present when countries are trading with pesticides?
Answer: prior informed consent

Question: Are these agencies a requirement in the countries where they exist?
Answer: initiatives operate on a voluntary basis
Some pesticides are considered too hazardous for sale to the general public and are designated restricted use pesticides. Only certified applicators, who have passed an exam, may purchase or supervise the application of restricted use pesticides. Records of sales and use are required to be maintained and may be audited by government agencies charged with the enforcement of pesticide regulations. These records must be made available to employees and state or territorial environmental regulatory agencies.

Question: What are pesticides that are thought to be extremely dangerous called?
Answer: restricted use pesticides

Question: What would qualify someone to use restricted use pesticides?
Answer: an exam

Question:  The EPA or other groups who govern pesticide use may inspect what?
Answer: Records of sales and use

Question: Agencies who regulate the environment exists in what regional capacities?
Answer: state or territorial
Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels. There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. The county played a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion. The city of Bath is famous for its substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Question: What type of region is somerset
Answer: Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills

Question: What are some areas of Somerset county
Answer: Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels

Question: How far back was the county populated 
Answer: There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods

Question: What Kings rise did the county play part in 
Answer: a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion

Question: What is the city of Bath famous for 
Answer: substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
The people of Somerset are mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845, in the inflected form "Sumursætum", and the county is recorded in the entry for 1015 using the same name. The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878. Although "Somersetshire" was in common use as an alternative name for the county, it went out of fashion in the late 19th century, and is no longer used possibly due to the adoption of "Somerset" as the county's official name after the establishment of the county council in 1889. As with other counties not ending in "shire," the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town within it.

Question: What are the people of somerset mentioned in 
Answer: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845

Question: What archaic name was mentioned in 878 
Answer: The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878

Question: When did the county stop using Somersetshire 
Answer: it went out of fashion in the late 19th century

Question: What was superfluous 
Answer: As with other counties not ending in "shire," the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town
After the Romans left, Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples. By AD 600 they had established control over much of what is now England, but Somerset was still in native British hands. The British held back Saxon advance into the south-west for some time longer, but by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset. The Saxon royal palace in Cheddar was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot. After the Norman Conquest, the county was divided into 700 fiefs, and large areas were owned by the crown, with fortifications such as Dunster Castle used for control and defence. Somerset contains HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610. In the English Civil War Somerset was largely Parliamentarian, with key engagements being the Sieges of Taunton and the Battle of Langport. In 1685 the Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset. The rebels landed at Lyme Regis and travelled north, hoping to capture Bristol and Bath, but they were defeated in the Battle of Sedgemoor at Westonzoyland, the last pitched battle fought in England. Arthur Wellesley took his title, Duke of Wellington from the town of Wellington; he is commemorated on a nearby hill by a large, spotlit obelisk, known as the Wellington Monument.

Question: Who invaded Britain when the Romans Left 
Answer: Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples

Question: It took how long for the Anglo Saxons to control  the Somerset area 
Answer: by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset

Question: What was the Saxon Royal Palace used for 
Answer: was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot

Question: What prison does somerset county contain 
Answer: HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610

Question: What rebellion took place in Somerset in 1685 
Answer: Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset
The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries. Farming continued to flourish, however, and the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures and Commerce was founded in 1777 to improve farming methods. Despite this, 20 years later John Billingsley conducted a survey of the county's agriculture in 1795 and found that agricultural methods could still be improved. Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset during the 18th and 19th centuries, and by 1800 it was prominent in Radstock. The Somerset Coalfield reached its peak production by the 1920s, but all the pits have now been closed, the last in 1973. Most of the surface buildings have been removed, and apart from a winding wheel outside Radstock Museum, little evidence of their former existence remains. Further west, the Brendon Hills were mined for iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale.

Question: What ended Somersets cottage industry 
Answer: The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries

Question: What flourished in Somerset after the Industrial revelotuion
Answer: Farming continued to flourish

Question: What Industry was important in the late 18th and 19th century of North Somerset
Answer: Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset

Question: What did the west somerset mineral way transport 
Answer: iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale
Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties. War memorials were put up in most of the county's towns and villages; only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed. During the Second World War the county was a base for troops preparing for the D-Day landings. Some of the hospitals which were built for the casualties of the war remain in use. The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion. The remains of its pill boxes can still be seen along the coast, and south through Ilminster and Chard.

Question: How many Somerset soldiers were killed in WW1
Answer: Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties

Question: How many counties had no casualties in WW1 
Answer: only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed

Question: The county was base for what in WW2
Answer: for troops preparing for the D-Day landings

Question: What is the Tauton stop line 
Answer: The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion
A number of decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night. They were designed to mimic the geometry of "blacked out" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets. One, on the radio beam flight path to Bristol, was constructed on Beacon Batch. It was laid out by Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights, simulating activities like the stoking of steam locomotives. Burning bales of straw soaked in creosote were used to simulate the effects of incendiary bombs dropped by the first wave of Pathfinder night bombers; meanwhile, incendiary bombs dropped on the correct location were quickly smothered, wherever possible. Drums of oil were also ignited to simulate the effect of a blazing city or town, with the aim of fooling subsequent waves of bombers into dropping their bombs on the wrong location. The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941. The following night the Uphill decoy town, protecting Weston-super-Mare's airfield, was bombed; a herd of dairy cows was hit, killing some and severely injuring others.

Question: Why were decoy towns used in WW2
Answer: decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night

Question: What did the decoy towns mimic 
Answer: mimic the geometry of "blacked out" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets

Question: Who layed out  Beacon Batch 
Answer: Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights

Question: What decoy city was hit 
Answer: The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941
The boundaries of Somerset are largely unaltered from medieval times. The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum, which straddles the Avon, formed part of Somerset. Bristol began as a town on the Gloucestershire side of the Avon, however as it grew it extended across the river into Somerset. In 1373 Edward III proclaimed "that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset... and that it should be a county by itself".

Question: How long have the boundaries of somerset remained constant 
Answer: are largely unaltered from medieval times

Question: What river forms the border of Somerset 
Answer: The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum

Question: What did king Edward the 3 do 
Answer: Edward III proclaimed "that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset
Somerton took over from Ilchester as the county town in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366. The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns (including the county town of Taunton, which has no town council but instead is the chief settlement of the county's only borough). The largest urban areas in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater. Many settlements developed because of their strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills. Examples include Axbridge on the River Axe, Castle Cary on the River Cary, North Petherton on the River Parrett, and Ilminster, where there was a crossing point on the River Isle. Midsomer Norton lies on the River Somer; while the Wellow Brook and the Fosse Way Roman road run through Radstock. Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest.

Question: When did Somerton take over from Ilchester as the county town 
Answer: in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366

Question: How many cities and towns in Somerset 
Answer: The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns

Question: The largest populations of the county 
Answer: in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater

Question: What was the strategic purpose to settle this area 
Answer: strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills

Question: Most Southernly town of somerset
Answer: Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest
To the north-east of the Somerset Levels, the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills. The central and western Mendip Hills was designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in 1972 and covers 198 km2 (76 sq mi). The main habitat on these hills is calcareous grassland, with some arable agriculture. To the south-west of the Somerset Levels are the Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956 which is covered in heathland, oak woodlands, ancient parklands with plantations of conifer and covers 99 square kilometres. The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire. To the north of the Mendip hills is the Chew Valley and to the south, on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels.

Question: What area lies in the northeastern part of Somerset levels 
Answer: the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills

Question: What area was Designated to have outstanding beauty 
Answer: Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956

Question: What is the name of the coal field 
Answer: The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire

Question: What area support dairy farming 
Answer: on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels.
There is an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole, underground rivers, and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge. The county has many rivers, including the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo. These both feed and drain the flat levels and moors of mid and west Somerset. In the north of the county the River Chew flows into the Bristol Avon. The Parrett is tidal almost to Langport, where there is evidence of two Roman wharfs. At the same site during the reign of King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge.

Question: What's the name of the cave system 
Answer: an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole

Question: Name 2 of the county gorges 
Answer: and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge

Question: Name some of the county rivers 
Answer: the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo

Question: What did King charles levy on river boats 
Answer: King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge.
The Somerset Levels (or Somerset Levels and Moors as they are less commonly but more correctly known) are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills. They consist of marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors. The Levels are divided into two by the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue. The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres) and broadly corresponds to the administrative district of Sedgemoor but also includes the south west of Mendip district. Approximately 70% of the area is grassland and 30% is arable. Stretching about 32 kilometres (20 mi) inland, this expanse of flat land barely rises above sea level. Before it was drained, much of the land was under a shallow brackish sea in winter and was marsh land in summer. Drainage began with the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons; in the Middle Ages by the Glastonbury Abbey, from 1400–1770; and during the Second World War, with the construction of the Huntspill River. Pumping and management of water levels still continues.

Question: What are the Somerset levels 
Answer: are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills

Question: what do the Somerset levels consist of 
Answer: marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors

Question: what are the 2 sections of the somerset levels
Answer: the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue

Question: What is the total area of the levels 
Answer: The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres)

Question: who started drainage of the Somerset levels 
Answer: the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons
The main coastal towns are, from the west to the north-east, Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead. The coastal area between Minehead and the eastern extreme of the administrative county's coastline at Brean Down is known as Bridgwater Bay, and is a National Nature Reserve. North of that, the coast forms Weston Bay and Sand Bay whose northern tip, Sand Point, marks the lower limit of the Severn Estuary. In the mid and north of the county the coastline is low as the level wetlands of the levels meet the sea. In the west, the coastline is high and dramatic where the plateau of Exmoor meets the sea, with high cliffs and waterfalls.

Question: What are the main coastal towns 
Answer: Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead

Question: what is the name of the natural reserve area 
Answer: Bridgwater Bay, and is a National Nature Reserve

Question: what does the western coastline look like 
Answer: the coastline is high and dramatic where the plateau of Exmoor meets the sea, with high cliffs and waterfalls.
Along with the rest of South West England, Somerset has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country. The annual mean temperature is approximately 10 °C (50.0 °F). Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea temperatures. The summer months of July and August are the warmest with mean daily maxima of approximately 21 °C (69.8 °F). In winter mean minimum temperatures of 1 °C (33.8 °F) or 2 °C (35.6 °F) are common. In the summer the Azores high pressure affects the south-west of England, but convective cloud sometimes forms inland, reducing the number of hours of sunshine. Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours. In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton. Most the rainfall in the south-west is caused by Atlantic depressions or by convection. Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions, which is when they are most active. In summer, a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms. Average rainfall is around 700 mm (28 in). About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, and June to August the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.

Question: What is the somerset climate like 
Answer: a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country

Question: The annual sunshine rate of somerset 
Answer: Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours

Question: How many days of snow on average 
Answer: About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical

Question: The average rainfall level of somerset 
Answer: Average rainfall is around 700 mm (28 in)