meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications, such as diagnosis, consulting, transmission of medical images, etc... With videoconferencing, patients may contact nurses and physicians in emergency or routine situations; physicians and other paramedical professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in Ohio, United States, used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital 70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $10,000 per transfer.

Question: What is one way that videoconferencing is useful?
Answer: real-time telemedicine

Question: What areas benefit especially from videoconferencing? 
Answer: Rural

Question: In what US state did a rural area use videoconferencing to help reduce the number of transfers of sick infants to hospitals? 
Answer: Ohio

Question: How far away was the hospital from this rural area?
Answer: 70 miles

Question: How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save?
Answer: $10,000 per transfer
Easter was the Sunday after the 15th day of this moon, whose 14th day was allowed to precede the equinox. Where the two systems produced different dates there was generally a compromise so that both churches were able to celebrate on the same day. By the 10th century all churches (except some on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire) had adopted the Alexandrian Easter, which still placed the vernal equinox on 21 March, although Bede had already noted its drift in 725—it had drifted even further by the 16th century.

Question: When was Easter Sunday celebrated after the equinox?
Answer: 15th day

Question: What did churches do to settle the date if there was a difference? 
Answer: compromise

Question: By what century had almost all churches begun celebrating Easter according to the Alexandrian Easter?
Answer: 10th century

Question: On what border of the Byzantine Empire were the last holdouts for celebrating according the  Alexandrian Easter?
Answer: eastern border

Question: What date placement drifted increasingly off the true date on the calendar?
Answer: vernal equinox
"Old Style" (OS) and "New Style" (NS) are sometimes added to dates to identify which system is used in the British Empire and other countries that did not immediately change. Because the Calendar Act of 1750 altered the start of the year, and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar, there is some confusion as to what these terms mean. They can indicate that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (NS) even though contemporary documents use a different start of year (OS); or to indicate that a date conforms to the Julian calendar (OS), formerly in use in many countries, rather than the Gregorian calendar (NS).

Question: What designation was added to British dates to differentiate them from countries not using the new calendar? 
Answer: "Old Style" (OS) and "New Style"

Question: When was the Calendar act enacted?
Answer: 1750

Question: With what did the Calendar Act align the British calendar?
Answer: Gregorian calendar

Question: What did the use of Old Style and New Style cause?
Answer: confusion

Question: What law did the British make to cause the use of the Gregorian calendar?
Answer: Calendar Act of 1750
The Xbox Live Marketplace is a virtual market designed for the console that allows Xbox Live users to download purchased or promotional content. The service offers movie and game trailers, game demos, Xbox Live Arcade games and Xbox 360 Dashboard themes as well as add-on game content (items, costumes, levels etc.). These features are available to both Free and Gold members on Xbox Live. A hard drive or memory unit is required to store products purchased from Xbox Live Marketplace. In order to download priced content, users are required to purchase Microsoft Points for use as scrip; though some products (such as trailers and demos) are free to download. Microsoft Points can be obtained through prepaid cards in 1,600 and 4,000-point denominations. Microsoft Points can also be purchased through Xbox Live with a credit card in 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 5,000-point denominations. Users are able to view items available to download on the service through a PC via the Xbox Live Marketplace website. An estimated seventy percent of Xbox Live users have downloaded items from the Marketplace.

Question: What XBox Live service allows users to buy games and downloadable content?
Answer: Xbox Live Marketplace

Question: Which levels of Xbox Live membership may access the Marketplace?
Answer: Free and Gold members

Question: What hardware is required to use the Marketplace?
Answer: A hard drive or memory unit

Question: What virtual currency is used to make Marketplace purchases?
Answer: Microsoft Points

Question: Prepaid cards for Microsoft Points are available in what denominations?
Answer: 1,600 and 4,000
Xbox Live Gold includes the same features as Free and includes integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions. Microsoft has allowed previous Xbox Live subscribers to maintain their profile information, friends list, and games history when they make the transition to Xbox Live Gold. To transfer an Xbox Live account to the new system, users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com. When users add an Xbox Live enabled profile to their console, they are required to provide the console with their passport account information and the last four digits of their credit card number, which is used for verification purposes and billing. An Xbox Live Gold account has an annual cost of US$59.99, C$59.99, NZ$90.00, GB£39.99, or €59.99. As of January 5, 2011, Xbox Live has over 30 million subscribers.

Question: What extra features do Xbox Live Gold members get?
Answer: integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions

Question: What information does Microsoft allow users to retain when transitioning Live subscriptions?
Answer: profile information, friends list, and games history

Question: What does a user need to do to transfer a Live account to the new system?
Answer: users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com

Question: What is the annual cost of a Live Gold membership in USD?
Answer: $59.99

Question: How many users are subscribed to Xbox Live?
Answer: 30 million
Memories and lessons from the war are still a major factor in American politics. One side views the war as a necessary part of the Containment policy, which allowed the enemy to choose the time and place of warfare. Others note the U.S. made major strategic gains as the Communists were defeated in Indonesia, and by 1972 both Moscow and Beijing were competing for American support, at the expense of their allies in Hanoi. Critics see the conflict as a "quagmire"—an endless waste of American blood and treasure in a conflict that did not concern US interests. Fears of another quagmire have been major factors in foreign policy debates ever since. The draft became extremely unpopular, and President Nixon ended it in 1973, forcing the military (the Army especially) to rely entirely upon volunteers. That raised the issue of how well the professional military reflected overall American society and values; the soldiers typically took the position that their service represented the highest and best American values.

Question: The Vietnam War was an element of what US diplomatic policy?
Answer: Containment

Question: Communists were defeated in what country in 1972?
Answer: Indonesia

Question: What term did critics of the Vietnam War use to describe it?
Answer: a "quagmire"

Question: When did the draft end?
Answer: 1973

Question: Which president ended the draft?
Answer: 1973
In January 2002, the U.S. sent more than 1,200 troops (later raised to 2,000) to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating terrorist groups linked to al-Qaida, such as Abu Sayyaf, under Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines. Operations have taken place mostly in the Sulu Archipelago, where terrorists and other groups are active. The majority of troops provide logistics. However, there are special forces troops that are training and assisting in combat operations against the terrorist groups.

Question: When did the US send troops to the Philippines to battle terrorists?
Answer: January 2002

Question: Terrorists in the Philippines were linked to what larger terrorist organization?
Answer: al-Qaida

Question: Where did anti-terrorist fighting take place?
Answer: the Sulu Archipelago

Question: How many troops did the US initially send to the Philippines?
Answer: 1,200

Question: What was the name of the Philippine terrorist group the US was sent to help combat? 
Answer: Abu Sayyaf
When revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain in 1793, the United States sought to remain neutral, but the Jay Treaty, which was favorable to Great Britain, angered the French government, which viewed it as a violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance. French privateers began to seize U.S. vessels, which led to an undeclared "Quasi-War" between the two nations. Fought at sea from 1798 to 1800, the United States won a string of victories in the Caribbean. George Washington was called out of retirement to head a "provisional army" in case of invasion by France, but President John Adams managed to negotiate a truce, in which France agreed to terminate the prior alliance and cease its attacks.

Question: What was the US policy when France declared war on England in 1793?
Answer: to remain neutral

Question: What treaty with England conflicted with the United States' Treaty of Alliance with France?
Answer: the Jay Treaty

Question: Where did US ships and French privateers fight between 1798 and 1800?
Answer: the Caribbean

Question: What US President negotiated a truce with France to end the undeclared war at sea?
Answer: John Adams

Question: When was the Treaty of Alliance with France signed? 
Answer: 1778
The war started badly for the US and UN. North Korean forces struck massively in the summer of 1950 and nearly drove the outnumbered US and ROK defenders into the sea. However the United Nations intervened, naming Douglas MacArthur commander of its forces, and UN-US-ROK forces held a perimeter around Pusan, gaining time for reinforcement. MacArthur, in a bold but risky move, ordered an amphibious invasion well behind the front lines at Inchon, cutting off and routing the North Koreans and quickly crossing the 38th Parallel into North Korea. As UN forces continued to advance toward the Yalu River on the border with Communist China, the Chinese crossed the Yalu River in October and launched a series of surprise attacks that sent the UN forces reeling back across the 38th Parallel. Truman originally wanted a Rollback strategy to unify Korea; after the Chinese successes he settled for a Containment policy to split the country. MacArthur argued for rollback but was fired by President Harry Truman after disputes over the conduct of the war. Peace negotiations dragged on for two years until President Dwight D. Eisenhower threatened China with nuclear weapons; an armistice was quickly reached with the two Koreas remaining divided at the 38th parallel. North and South Korea are still today in a state of war, having never signed a peace treaty, and American forces remain stationed in South Korea as part of American foreign policy.

Question: When did North Korean forces initiate attacks on US and UN forces in the Korean war?
Answer: 1950

Question: What South Korean city did the US and ROK forces defend while building reinforcements?
Answer: Pusan

Question: What type of attack was used on Inchon?
Answer: amphibious invasion

Question: Chinese troops attacked the UN forces when they crossed what river? 
Answer: the Yalu River

Question: What general was fired for defying President Truman's containment strategy?
Answer: Douglas MacArthur
The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to "Vietnamization," – providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified.

Question: The policy of containment in Asia was aimed at what ideology?
Answer: Communism

Question: What was the psychological turning point of the war?
Answer: The Tet Offensive

Question: When did this offensive take place? 
Answer: 1968

Question: When were US forces withdrawn from Vietnam?
Answer: 1973

Question: The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Vietnamese to fight their own war was called what?
Answer: "Vietnamization,"
The term "Great Plains", for the region west of about the 96th or 98th meridian and east of the Rocky Mountains, was not generally used before the early 20th century. Nevin Fenneman's 1916 study, Physiographic Subdivision of the United States, brought the term Great Plains into more widespread usage. Before that the region was almost invariably called the High Plains, in contrast to the lower Prairie Plains of the Midwestern states. Today the term "High Plains" is used for a subregion of the Great Plains.

Question: what is the name of the region east of the Rocky Mountains?
Answer: "Great Plains

Question: who brought the term great plains into widespread usage?
Answer: Nevin Fenneman's

Question: what year was Nevin Fenneman's study?
Answer: 1916

Question: what was theregion called before "the great plans"? 
Answer: the High Plains
The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square kilometer)—the density standard Frederick Jackson Turner used to declare the American frontier "closed" in 1893. Many have fewer than 2 inhabitants per square mile (0.77 inhabitants per square kilometer). There are more than 6,000 ghost towns in the state of Kansas alone, according to Kansas historian Daniel Fitzgerald. This problem is often exacerbated by the consolidation of farms and the difficulty of attracting modern industry to the region. In addition, the smaller school-age population has forced the consolidation of school districts and the closure of high schools in some communities. The continuing population loss has led some to suggest that the current use of the drier parts of the Great Plains is not sustainable, and there has been a proposal - the "Buffalo Commons" - to return approximately 139,000 square miles (360,000 km2) of these drier parts to native prairie land.

Question: how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920? 
Answer: a third

Question: who declated the American frontier "closed" in 1893?
Answer: Frederick Jackson Turner

Question: how many ghost towns are in the state of Kansas?
Answer: more than 6,000

Question: how much prarie land does the "Buffalo Commons" want to return?
Answer: 139,000 square miles
To allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded under the Kinkaid Act of 1904 to include a homestead of an entire section. Hundreds of thousands of people claimed such homesteads, sometimes building sod houses out of the very turf of their land. Many of them were not skilled dryland farmers and failures were frequent. Much of the Plains were settled during relatively wet years. Government experts did not understand how farmers should cultivate the prairies and gave advice counter to what would have worked[citation needed]. Germans from Russia who had previously farmed, under similar circumstances, in what is now Ukraine were marginally more successful than other homesteaders. The Dominion Lands Act of 1871 served a similar function for establishing homesteads on the prairies in Canada.

Question: when did the US pass the Homestead ACt?
Answer: 1862

Question: how much land did the Homestead Act allow a person to claim?
Answer: up to 160 acres

Question: how long did the person have to live on the land?
Answer: five years

Question: when was the Kinkaid Act brought about? 
Answer: 1904

Question: the dominion act was passed in what year
Answer: 1871
Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 µm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).

Question: What is a commonly used term for infrared radiation?
Answer: heat radiation

Question: What percentage of the Earth's heat is derived from the Sun's infrared light?
Answer: 49%

Question: What is the common range of emitted radiation of room temperature objects, in micrometers? 
Answer: 8 to 25

Question: Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for heating the Earth?
Answer: visible
Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart on the right. The characters encoded are numbers 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, basic punctuation symbols, control codes that originated with Teletype machines, and a space. For example, lowercase j would become binary 1101010 and decimal 106. ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters: 33 are non-printing control characters (many now obsolete) that affect how text and space are processed and 95 printable characters, including the space (which is considered an invisible graphic:223).

Question: What is the ASCII based on?
Answer: English alphabet

Question: How many specific characters are there in the ASCII code?
Answer: 128 specified characters

Question: How many are non-printing control characters?
Answer: 33 are non-printing control characters

Question: How many characters are printable characters? 
Answer: 95 printable characters

Question: What is the space also known as what?
Answer: invisible graphic:223
The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information such as written language. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters, 10 numerical digits, and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols. To include all these, and control characters compatible with the Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique (CCITT) International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2) standard, Fieldata, and early EBCDIC, more than 64 codes were required for ASCII.

Question: What was ASCII based on?
Answer: teleprinter encoding systems

Question: ASCII specifies correspondence between what? 
Answer: digital bit patterns and character symbols

Question: What does ASCII correspondence allow digital devices to do?
Answer: communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information

Question: How many graphic symbols were used before ASCII?
Answer: 11 to 25 special graphic symbols

Question: How many codes were required for ASCII?
Answer: more than 64 codes
For example, character 10 represents the "line feed" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents "backspace". RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters. Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a document. Other schemes, such as markup languages, address page and document layout and formatting.

Question: What does the "line feed" function do?
Answer: causes a printer to advance its paper

Question: What character represents the "line feed" function?
Answer: character 10

Question: What does character 8 represent? 
Answer: backspace

Question: What does RFC 2822 refers to what kind of control characters?
Answer: control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters
Some software assigned special meanings to ASCII characters sent to the software from the terminal. Operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation, for example, interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove previously-typed input character", and this interpretation also became common in Unix systems. Most other systems used BS for that meaning and used DEL to mean "remove the character at the cursor".[citation needed] That latter interpretation is the most common now.[citation needed]

Question: What did some software do to the ASCII characters?
Answer: assigned special meanings

Question: What interpretation became common in Unix systmes?
Answer: interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove previously-typed input character"

Question: What do most other systmes use the DEL to mean?
Answer: remove the character at the cursor

Question: What did other systmes us for "remove previously-typed input character"?
Answer: BS
Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings, machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings, and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and that used EBCDIC rather than ASCII. The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII "Network Virtual Terminal" (NVT), so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network. Telnet used ASCII along with CR-LF line endings, and software using other conventions would translate between the local conventions and the NVT. The File Transfer Protocol adopted the Telnet protocol, including use of the Network Virtual Terminal, for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode. This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols, and to other network protocols, such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide Web, on systems not using the NVT's CR-LF line-ending convention.

Question: What do computers attached to the ARPANET use for line endings?
Answer: CR-LF

Question: How were the connections supported? 
Answer: by transmitting a standard text format over the network

Question: Who else adopted this practice from Telnet?
Answer: The File Transfer Protocol

Question: Why did Telnet define an ASCII as a Network Virtual Terminal?
Answer: so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported

Question: What do computers using operating systems use for line endings?
Answer: LF
Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0–31 with more graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet. The IBM PC defined code page 437, which replaced the control-characters with graphic symbols such as smiley faces, and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions. Operating systems such as DOS supported these code pages, and manufacturers of IBM PCs supported them in hardware. Digital Equipment Corporation developed the Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS) for use in the popular VT220 terminal as one of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for block graphics. The Macintosh defined Mac OS Roman and Postscript also defined a set, both of these contained both international letters and typographic punctuation marks instead of graphics, more like modern character sets.

Question: What did most early home computers develop?
Answer: their own 8-bit character sets

Question: What did Kaypro CP/M computers use?
Answer: the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet

Question: What did IBM PC replace the control-characters with?
Answer: graphic symbols such as smiley faces

Question: What did Digital Equipment Corporation develop?
Answer: Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS)

Question: What did Macintosh use instead of graphics? 
Answer: typographic punctuation marks
The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code.:215, 236 § 4

Question: What happened after they decided agasint shifting?
Answer: ASCII required at least a seven-bit code

Question: Why did the committee debate adding a shift function?
Answer: would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code

Question: What is different in a shifted code?
Answer: some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes

Question: Why did they decide against shifting code?
Answer: less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable
ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published during 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists, and added features for devices other than teleprinters.

Question: What was ASCII developed from? 
Answer: telegraphic codes

Question: What was the first commercial use of ASCII?
Answer: a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services

Question: When did work on the ASCII standard begin? 
Answer: October 6, 1960

Question: When was the first edition of the standard published?
Answer: 1963

Question: When was the first major revision of the code done?
Answer: 1967
Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of 23456789- were "#$%_&'() –  early typewriters omitted 0 and 1, using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead, but 1! and 0) pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common. Thus, in ASCII !"#$% were placed in second column, rows 1–5, corresponding to the digits 1–5 in the adjacent column. The parentheses could not correspond to 9 and 0, however, because the place corresponding to 0 was taken by the space character. This was accommodated by removing _ (underscore) from 6 and shifting the remaining characters left, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with 8 and 9. This discrepancy from typewriters led to bit-paired keyboards, notably the Teletype Model 33, which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, not to traditional mechanical typewriters. Electric typewriters, notably the more recently introduced IBM Selectric (1961), used a somewhat different layout that has become standard on computers—​​following the IBM PC (1981), especially Model M (1984)—​​and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The /? pair also dates to the No. 2, and the ,< .> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift , (comma) or . (full stop) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). However, ASCII split the ;: pair (dating to No. 2), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, commonly -* =+) to :* ;+ -=.

Question: When was the first typewritter with a shift key created?
Answer: 1878

Question: What were used instead of 0 and 1? 
Answer: using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead

Question: What layout did the Teletype Model 33 use?
Answer: which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII

Question: Do shift values for symbols on modern keyboards correspond closely to the ASCII table?
Answer: do not correspond as closely
Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone. To simplify matters plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems, adopted this convention from Multics. The original Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS, on the other hand, used carriage return (CR) alone as a line terminator; however, since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system, they now use line feed (LF) as well.

Question: Why is adding two characters at the ned of a line problemsome? 
Answer: introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone

Question: What id Multics use to simplify plain text data?
Answer: line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator

Question: What used carriage return(CR) alone as a line terminator?
Answer: Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS

Question: Who adopted this practice from Multics?
Answer: Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems

Question: When did Apple replace their CR with line feed (LF)?
Answer: since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system
Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents, practise coprophagia behaviours - eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybara, rabbits, hamsters and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as do, for example, ruminants. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut. Soft faecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten.

Question: What is the practive of coprophagia behaviours?
Answer: eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food

Question: Why do some animals pass food through their gut twice?
Answer: extract more nutrition

Question: What happens with these soft feacal pellets?
Answer: excreted and generally consumed immediately

Question: Are normal droppings also eaten? 
Answer: not eaten
The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case, wherein conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cells into factories for the production of opines, which the bacteria use as carbon and energy sources. Infected plant cells form crown gall or root tumors. The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant.

Question: What elements can transfer to plant cells?
Answer: Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids

Question: Where do transferred genes enter?
Answer: the plant cell nucleus

Question: What do bacteria use as carbon and energy sources?
Answer: opines

Question: What happens to infected plant cells?
Answer: end

Question: What are endosymbionts of the bacteria?
Answer: The Ti and Ri plasmids
Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed through the vagus nerve and release of acetylcholine. Gastric secretion at this phase rises to 40% of maximum rate. Acidity in the stomach is not buffered by food at this point and thus acts to inhibit parietal (secretes acid) and G cell (secretes gastrin) activity via D cell secretion of somatostatin. The gastric phase takes 3 to 4 hours. It is stimulated by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH. Distention activates long and myenteric reflexes. This activates the release of acetylcholine, which stimulates the release of more gastric juices. As protein enters the stomach, it binds to hydrogen ions, which raises the pH of the stomach. Inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion is lifted. This triggers G cells to release gastrin, which in turn stimulates parietal cells to secrete gastric acid. Gastric acid is about 0.5% hydrochloric acid (HCl), which lowers the pH to the desired pH of 1-3. Acid release is also triggered by acetylcholine and histamine. The intestinal phase has two parts, the excitatory and the inhibitory. Partially digested food fills the duodenum. This triggers intestinal gastrin to be released. Enterogastric reflex inhibits vagal nuclei, activating sympathetic fibers causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten to prevent more food from entering, and inhibits local reflexes.

Question: What are three digestions phases?
Answer: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase

Question: Where does the cephalic phase occur?
Answer: at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex

Question: Where are taste and smell stimuli sent to?
Answer: the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata

Question: How long does the gastric phase take?
Answer: 3 to 4 hours

Question: How is the gastric phase stimulated to start?
Answer: by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH
In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system transports various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes (20 - 900 kDa). The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 900 kDa.

Question: What happens in a chennel transupport system? 
Answer: several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria

Question: What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system?
Answer: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]

Question: What does this secretion system transport?
Answer: various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes
Beginning in the 1940s and continuing into the 1970s, the bureau investigated cases of espionage against the United States and its allies. Eight Nazi agents who had planned sabotage operations against American targets were arrested, and six were executed (Ex parte Quirin) under their sentences. Also during this time, a joint US/UK code-breaking effort (the Venona project)—with which the FBI was heavily involved—broke Soviet diplomatic and intelligence communications codes, allowing the US and British governments to read Soviet communications. This effort confirmed the existence of Americans working in the United States for Soviet intelligence. Hoover was administering this project but failed to notify the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) until 1952. Another notable case is the arrest of Soviet spy Rudolf Abel in 1957. The discovery of Soviet spies operating in the US allowed Hoover to pursue his longstanding obsession with the threat he perceived from the American Left, ranging from Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) union organizers to American liberals.

Question: When did the FBI begin investigating espionage?
Answer: 1940s

Question: How many Nazis were arrested?
Answer: Eight

Question: What project broke Soviet codes?
Answer: the Venona project

Question: What agency did Hoover not tell about the code break and the discoveries gained from it?
Answer: CIA
During the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, FBI agent Leonard W. Hatton Jr. was killed during the rescue effort while helping the rescue personnel evacuate the occupants of the South Tower and stayed when it collapsed. Within months after the attacks, FBI Director Robert Mueller, who had been sworn in a week before the attacks, called for a re-engineering of FBI structure and operations. He made countering every federal crime a top priority, including the prevention of terrorism, countering foreign intelligence operations, addressing cyber security threats, other high-tech crimes, protecting civil rights, combating public corruption, organized crime, white-collar crime, and major acts of violent crime.

Question: What FBI agent was killed during attacks on the World Trade Center?
Answer: Leonard W. Hatton Jr

Question: What tower was Leonard W. Hatton Jr attempting to evacuate?
Answer: South Tower

Question: What did the FBI's new director want?
Answer: re-engineering

Question: What was the new head of the FBI's top priority?
Answer: countering every federal crime

Question: What part of the FBI did Mueller want to re-engineer?
Answer: structure and operations
On 20 February 2001, the bureau announced that a special agent, Robert Hanssen (born 1944) had been arrested for spying for the Soviet Union and then Russia from 1979 to 2001. He is serving 15 consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole at ADX Florence, a federal supermax prison near Florence, Colorado. Hanssen was arrested on February 18, 2001 at Foxstone Park near his home in Vienna, Virginia, and was charged with selling US secrets to the USSR and subsequently Russia for more than US$1.4 million in cash and diamonds over a 22-year period. On July 6, 2001, he pleaded guilty to 15 counts of espionage in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. His spying activities have been described by the US Department of Justice's Commission for the Review of FBI Security Programs as "possibly the worst intelligence disaster in U.S. history".

Question: When did the FBI announce Robert Hanssen's arrest?
Answer: 20 February 2001

Question: What was Hanssen arrested for?
Answer: spying for the Soviet Union

Question: When was Hanssen a spy for Russia/the SU?
Answer: 1979 to 2001

Question: How many life time sentences is Hanssen serving?
Answer: 15

Question: What much money did Hanssen receive in cash?
Answer: $1.4 million
In 2005, fugitive Puerto Rican Nationalist leader Filiberto Ojeda Ríos died in a gun battle with FBI agents in 2005 in what some charged was an assassination.[citation needed] Puerto Rico Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá criticized the FBI assault as "improper" and "highly irregular" and demanded to know why his government was not informed of it. The FBI refused to release information beyond the official press release, citing security and agent privacy issues. The Puerto Rico Justice Department filed suit in federal court against the FBI and the US Attorney General, demanding information crucial to the Commonwealth's own investigation of the incident. The case was dismissed by the U.S Supreme Court. Ojeda Rios' funeral was attended by a long list of dignitaries, including the highest authority of the Roman Catholic Church in Puerto Rico, Archbishop Roberto Octavio González Nieves, ex-Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, and numerous other personalities.

Question: When did Puerto Rican Nationalist Filiberto Ojeda Ríos die?
Answer: 2005

Question: Who killed Filiberto Ojeda Ríos?
Answer: FBI agents

Question: How did some people describe Filiberto Ojeda Ríos's death?
Answer: assassination

Question: How did the FBI respond to requests to release information beyond the initial press release?
Answer: The FBI refused

Question: What US court dismissed the Puerto Rican case for information crucial to their own investigation of Filiberto Ojeda Ríos's killing?
Answer: Supreme Court
Puberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics (for example, a deeper voice and larger adam's apple in boys, and development of breasts and more curved and prominent hips in girls) and a strong shift in hormonal balance towards an adult state. This is triggered by the pituitary gland, which secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream, initiating a chain reaction to occur. The male and female gonads are subsequently activated, which puts them into a state of rapid growth and development; the triggered gonads now commence the mass production of the necessary chemicals. The testes primarily release testosterone, and the ovaries predominantly dispense estrogen. The production of these hormones increases gradually until sexual maturation is met. Some boys may develop gynecomastia due to an imbalance of sex hormones, tissue responsiveness or obesity.

Question: Puberty causes what to happen in boys?
Answer: a deeper voice and larger adam's apple

Question: What releases testosterone?
Answer: The testes

Question: What releases estrogen?
Answer: the ovaries

Question: What causes gynecomastia?
Answer: obesity.

Question: What causes puberty? 
Answer: a surge in hormone production

Question: A surge in hormone production triggers a number of physical changes during what stage of life?
Answer: Puberty

Question: Which gland secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream?
Answer: pituitary

Question: Which part of the body releases testosterone in males?
Answer: testes

Question: Which part of the body relesases estrogen in females?
Answer: ovaries

Question: An imbalance in sex hormones, tissue responsiveness, or obesity can cause what in boys?
Answer: gynecomastia
The relationships adolescents have with their peers, family, and members of their social sphere play a vital role in the social development of an adolescent. As an adolescent's social sphere develops rapidly as they distinguish the differences between friends and acquaintances, they often become heavily emotionally invested in friends. This is not harmful; however, if these friends expose an individual to potentially harmful situations, this is an aspect of peer pressure. Adolescence is a critical period in social development because adolescents can be easily influenced by the people they develop close relationships with. This is the first time individuals can truly make their own decisions, which also makes this a sensitive period. Relationships are vital in the social development of an adolescent due to the extreme influence peers can have over an individual. These relationships become significant because they begin to help the adolescent understand the concept of personalities, how they form and why a person has that specific type of personality. "The use of psychological comparisons could serve both as an index of the growth of an implicit personality theory and as a component process accounting for its creation. In other words, by comparing one person's personality characteristics to another's, we would be setting up the framework for creating a general theory of personality (and, ... such a theory would serve as a useful framework for coming to understand specific persons)." This can be likened to the use of social comparison in developing one’s identity and self-concept, which includes ones personality, and underscores the importance of communication, and thus relationships, in one’s development. In social comparison we use reference groups, with respect to both psychological and identity development. These reference groups are the peers of adolescents. This means that who the teen chooses/accepts as their friends and who they communicate with on a frequent basis often makes up their reference groups and can therefore have a huge impact on who they become. Research shows that relationships have the largest affect over the social development of an individual.

Question: What has the largest affect over one's social development?
Answer: relationships

Question: Do a teen's friends have a large or small impact on their social development?
Answer: large

Question: Do adolescents become heavily emotionally invested in friends or are they generally anti-social?
Answer: heavily emotionally invested in friends
Research has generally shown striking uniformity across different cultures in the motives behind teen alcohol use. Social engagement and personal enjoyment appear to play a fairly universal role in adolescents' decision to drink throughout separate cultural contexts. Surveys conducted in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada have each indicated the most common reason for drinking among adolescents to relate to pleasure and recreation; 80% of Argentinian teens reported drinking for enjoyment, while only 7% drank to improve a bad mood. The most prevalent answers among Canadian adolescents were to "get in a party mood," 18%; "because I enjoy it," 16%; and "to get drunk," 10%. In Hong Kong, female participants most frequently reported drinking for social enjoyment, while males most frequently reported drinking to feel the effects of alcohol.

Question: Are motives behind teen alcohol use varied or uniform across different cultures?
Answer: uniform

Question: What two reasons for adolescent drinking are shared across cultural contexts?
Answer: Social engagement and personal enjoyment

Question: What percentage of Argentenian teens reported drinking to improve a bad mood?
Answer: 7%

Question: What is the most common reason for drinking among adolescents according to surveys in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada?
Answer: pleasure and recreation

Question: In Hong Kong, did males or females most frequently report drinking to feel the effects of the alcohol?
Answer: males