meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
In 1952, following a referendum, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland. German reunification in 1990, in which the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ascended into the Federal Republic, resulted in the addition of the re-established eastern states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (in German Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), Saxony (Sachsen), Saxony-Anhalt (Sachsen-Anhalt), and Thuringia (Thüringen), as well as the reunification of West and East Berlin into Berlin and its establishment as a full and equal state. A regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg as "Berlin-Brandenburg" failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg, while a majority of Berliners voted in favour of the merger.

Question: How did Baden-Württemberg form?
Answer: following a referendum

Question: When did the  the Saar Protectorate rejoin the republic?
Answer: German reunification

Question: What was it called when East Germany joined the republic?
Answer: German reunification

Question: What states formed Berlin in 1990?
Answer: West and East Berlin

Question: Who did Berlin fail to merge with in 1996?
Answer: Brandenburg

Question: Which city did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge into?
Answer: Baden-Württemberg

Question: In what year did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge?
Answer: 1952

Question:  In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as which city?
Answer: Saarland

Question: When did the German reunification take place?
Answer: 1990

Question: Why did a regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg fail?
Answer: failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg
Federalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany. According to the German constitution (called Grundgesetz or in English Basic Law), some topics, such as foreign affairs and defense, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while others fall under the shared authority of the states and the federation; the states retain residual legislative authority for all other areas, including "culture", which in Germany includes not only topics such as financial promotion of arts and sciences, but also most forms of education and job training. Though international relations including international treaties are primarily the responsibility of the federal level, the constituent states have certain limited powers in this area: in matters that affect them directly, the states defend their interests at the federal level through the Bundesrat (literally Federal Council, the upper house of the German Federal Parliament) and in areas where they have legislative authority they have limited powers to conclude international treaties "with the consent of the federal government".

Question: What is an entrenched constitutional principle in Germany?
Answer: Federalism

Question: In Germany, foreign affairs is under the exclusive purvey of what? 
Answer: the federation

Question: What is an example of what states retain authority over?
Answer: culture

Question: The states defend their interests at the federal level through what?
Answer: the Bundesrat

Question: Whose consent do the states need to make international treaties?
Answer: the federal government
Federalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confederation. The Confederation was dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War and replaced by a North German Federation under Prussian hegemony; this war left Prussia dominant in Germany, and German nationalism would compel the remaining independent states to ally with Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, and then to accede to the crowning of King Wilhelm of Prussia as German Emperor. The new German Empire included 25 states (three of them, Hanseatic cities) and the imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The empire was dominated by Prussia, which controlled 65% of the territory and 62% of the population. After the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles, the remaining states continued as republics of a new German federation. These states were gradually de facto abolished and reduced to provinces under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process, as the states administratively were largely superseded by the Nazi Gau system.

Question: The Holy Roman Empire comprised of how many petty states? 
Answer: more than 300

Question: The number of territories was greatly reduced during what?
Answer: the Napoleonic Wars

Question: A North German Federation under Prussian hegemony replaced what confederation?
Answer: the German Confederation

Question: How much of the population did Prussia control?
Answer: 62%

Question: How much of the land did Prussia control?
Answer: 65%
Later, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed "any other parts of Germany" to join, was rephrased. It had been used in 1957 to reintegrate the Saar Protectorate as the Saarland into the Federal Republic, and this was used as a model for German reunification in 1990. The amended article now defines the participation of the Federal Council and the 16 German states in matters concerning the European Union.

Question: What was the German constitution later amended to say about the citizens of the 16 states?
Answer: had successfully achieved the unity of Germany

Question: Article 23, before it was rephrased allowed what?
Answer: "any other parts of Germany" to join

Question: Which state was Article 23 used to reintegrate? 
Answer: Saar Protectorate

Question: The amended article 23 now defines the participation of the Federal Council and what else?
Answer: the 16 German states
The debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. Hugo Preuss, the father of the Weimar Constitution, drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to opposition of the states and concerns of the government. Article 18 of the constitution enabled a new delimitation of the German territory but set high hurdles: Three fifth of the votes handed in, and at least the majority of the population are necessary to decide on the alteration of territory. In fact, until 1933 there were only four changes in the configuration of the German states: The 7 Thuringian states were merged in 1920, whereby Coburg opted for Bavaria, Pyrmont joined Prussia in 1922, and Waldeck did so in 1929. Any later plans to break up the dominating Prussia into smaller states failed because political circumstances were not favorable to state reforms.

Question: When did the debate on delimitation begin in Germany?
Answer: 1919

Question: Who was the father of the Weimar Constitution?
Answer: Hugo Preuss

Question: How many states was the German Reich to divided into?
Answer: 14

Question: Until 1933 how many configurations in the German states occurred? 
Answer: four

Question: When did Pyrmont join Prussia?
Answer: 1922
As the premiers did not come to an agreement on this question, the Parliamentary Council was supposed to address this issue. Its provisions are reflected in Article 29. There was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory: the Federal Territory must be revised ... (paragraph 1). Moreover, in territories or parts of territories whose affiliation with a Land had changed after 8 May 1945 without a referendum, people were allowed to petition for a revision of the current status within a year after the promulgation of the Basic Law (paragraph 2). If at least one tenth of those entitled to vote in Bundestag elections were in favour of a revision, the federal government had to include the proposal into its legislation. Then a referendum was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed (paragraph 3). The proposal should not take effect if within any of the affected territories a majority rejected the change. In this case, the bill had to be introduced again and after passing had to be confirmed by referendum in the Federal Republic as a whole (paragraph 4). The reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force (paragraph 6).

Question: In the revision of Article 29, what was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory?
Answer: the Federal Territory must be revised

Question: How much of the population must have been in favor of the revision?
Answer: one tenth

Question: What was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed? 
Answer: a referendum

Question: Which paragraph stated that reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force?
Answer: paragraph 6
The governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are designated by the term Senate. In the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia the government is referred to as the State Government (Staatsregierung), and in the other ten states the term Land Government (Landesregierung) is used. Before January 1, 2000, Bavaria had a bicameral parliament, with a popularly elected Landtag, and a Senate made up of representatives of the state's major social and economic groups. The Senate was abolished following a referendum in 1998. The states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg are governed slightly differently from the other states. In each of those cities, the executive branch consists of a Senate of approximately eight, selected by the state's parliament; the senators carry out duties equivalent to those of the ministers in the larger states. The equivalent of the Minister-President is the Senatspräsident (President of the Senate) in Bremen, the Erster Bürgermeister (First Mayor) in Hamburg, and the Regierender Bürgermeister (Governing Mayor) in Berlin. The parliament for Berlin is called the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Representatives), while Bremen and Hamburg both have a Bürgerschaft. The parliaments in the remaining 13 states are referred to as Landtag (State Parliament).

Question: What are the governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg called?
Answer: Senate

Question:  What is the government called in the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia?
Answer: the State Government

Question: What did Bavaria's government have before 2001?
Answer: a bicameral parliament

Question: How many people are in the executive branch senate in Berlin?
Answer: eight

Question: The parliament in Berlin is called what?
Answer: Abgeordnetenhaus
The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: 한국전쟁, Hanja: 韓國戰爭, Hanguk Jeonjaeng, "Korean War"; in North Korean Chosungul: 조국해방전쟁, Joguk Haebang Jeonjaeng, "Fatherland Liberation War"; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953)[a] was started when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with United States as the principal force, came to aid of South Korea. China, along with assistance from Soviet Union, came to aid of North Korea. The war arose from the division of Korea at the end of World War II and from the global tensions of the Cold War that developed immediately afterwards.

Question: In what year did the Korean War begin?
Answer: 1950

Question: What caused the start of the Korean War?
Answer: North Korea invaded South Korea

Question: What country was divided at the end of World War II?
Answer: Korea

Question: Which country aided South Korea during the war?
Answer: United States

Question: When did the Korean War end?
Answer: 27 July 1953
Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from the Second World War were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group. These generals completed the plans for the attack by May. The original plans called for a skirmish to be initiated in the Ongjin Peninsula on the west coast of Korea. The North Koreans would then launch a "counterattack" that would capture Seoul and encircle and destroy the South Korean army. The final stage would involve destroying South Korean government remnants, capturing the rest of South Korea, including the ports.

Question: Who did the Soviets send to North Korea?
Answer: Soviet generals

Question: Where did the conflict in South Korea begin?
Answer: Ongjin Peninsula

Question: What were the generals sent to North Korea collectively called?
Answer: the Soviet Advisory Group

Question: When did the generals finalize their attack strategy?
Answer: May
During the Hungnam evacuation, about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and matériel (approximately 105,000 soldiers, 98,000 civilians, 17,500 vehicles, and 350,000 tons of supplies) were evacuated to Pusan. The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees, the largest rescue operation by a single ship, even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers. Before escaping, the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city, especially the port facilities; and on 16 December 1950, President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 C.F.R. 99 (1953), which remained in force until 14 September 1978.[b] The next day (17 December 1950) Kim Il-sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China. After that, the leading part of the war became the Chinese army. Following that, on 1 February 1951, United Nations General Assembly adopted a draft resolution condemning China as an aggressor in the Korean War.

Question: What was the name of the ship responsible for undertaking the largest rescue operation by a single ship?
Answer: SS Meredith Victory

Question: What did the Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 1950 do?
Answer: declared a national emergency

Question: What year was the Presidential Proclamation lifted?
Answer: 1978

Question: Who was stripped of their commanding rights by China?
Answer: Kim Il-sung

Question: What country was condemned for their participation in the conflict in Korea?
Answer: China
After a new wave of UN sanctions, on 11 March 2013, North Korea claimed that it had invalidated the 1953 armistice. On 13 March 2013, North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea "is not restrained by the North-South declaration on non-aggression". On 30 March 2013, North Korea stated that it had entered a "state of war" with South Korea and declared that "The long-standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over". Speaking on 4 April 2013, the U.S. Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, informed the press that Pyongyang had "formally informed" the Pentagon that it had "ratified" the potential usage of a nuclear weapon against South Korea, Japan and the United States of America, including Guam and Hawaii. Hagel also stated that the United States would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam, because of a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea.

Question: Why is North Korea insisting that the 1953 armistice was violated?
Answer: new wave of UN sanctions

Question: When did North Korea call an end to the armistice?
Answer: 13 March 2013

Question: In 2013, who what country did North Korea declare war on?
Answer: South Korea

Question: What weapon does North Korea claim it now has the ability to use?
Answer: a nuclear weapon

Question: How does the United States view North Korea's threats? 
Answer: credible and realistic nuclear threat
Over the course of 2013, the corporation began the sale of its US shale gas assets and cancelled a US$20 billion gas project that was to be constructed in the US state of Louisiana. A new CEO Ben van Beurden was appointed in January 2014, prior to the announcement that the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012—the value of Shell's shares fell by 3 per cent as a result. Following the sale of the majority of its Australian assets in February 2014, the corporation plans to sell a further US$15 billion worth of assets in the period leading up to 2015, with deals announced in Australia, Brazil and Italy.

Question: Which assets did the corporation begin to sell in 2013?
Answer: US shale gas

Question: What was the value of the cancelled gas project that was to be contstructed in Louisiana?
Answer: US$20 billion

Question: The appointment of a new CEO in 2014 came prior to what announcement?
Answer: the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012

Question: In what year did the corporation sell the majority of its Australian assets?
Answer: 2014

Question: What was the value of assets the corporation planned to sell leading up to 2015?
Answer: US$15 billion
Professor Aram Sinnreich, in his book The Piracy Crusade, states that the connection between declining music sails and the creation of peer to peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous, based on correlation rather than causation. He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion, what he describes as a "'perfect bubble'—a confluence of economic, political, and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century".

Question: What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich write?
Answer: The Piracy Crusade

Question: What did Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?
Answer: tenuous

Question: What was the industry going through?
Answer: artificial expansion

Question: What does he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?
Answer: perfect bubble
The 2011 Business Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard, estimates the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $59 billion in 2010, with emerging markets accounting for $31.9 billion, over half of the total. Furthermore, mature markets for the first time received less PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010, making emerging markets now responsible for more than half of all computers in use worldwide. In addition with software infringement rates of 68 percent comparing to 24 percent of mature markets, emerging markets thus possess the majority of the global increase in the commercial value of counterfeit software. China continues to have the highest commercial value of such software at $8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $9.7 billion in 2011. In 2011, the Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa has been pirated (excluding South Africa).

Question: What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2010?
Answer: $59 billion

Question: Who accounted for over half the total?
Answer: emerging markets

Question:  What did the established markets receive for the first time?
Answer: less PC shipments than emerging economies

Question: What country has the highest retail value of software?
Answer: China

Question: What percentage of software in Africa is illegal?
Answer: 83 percent
Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is considered the birthplace of Western civilization,[citation clutter] beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3200 BC, the Minoan civilization in Crete (2700–1500 BC), and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland (1900–1100 BC). These civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, during a time of regional upheaval known as the Bronze Age collapse. This ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent.

Question: Ancient Greece is considered to be where what was born?
Answer: Western civilization

Question: What was the last civilization to rule Greece?
Answer: Mycenaean

Question: The Mycenaean civilization deteriorated in what time period? 
Answer: 1200 BC

Question: Around 1200 BC, what was the fall of the regional civilizations called?
Answer: Bronze Age collapse

Question: What is the time period called from which no writing can be found.
Answer: Greek Dark Ages
Lack of political unity within Greece resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states. The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon, with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth (also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League) under the guidance of Phillip II, who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in history.

Question: The war from 431-404 BC is known as what? 
Answer: Peloponnesian War

Question: What often caused strife between Greek states?
Answer: Lack of political unity

Question: Who won the Peloponnesian war?
Answer: Sparta

Question: Who eventually brought the Greeks together?
Answer: Macedon

Question: Who was the first leader of a unified Greece?
Answer: Phillip II
Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were mostly Greek-speaking, though generally not from Greece itself. The New Testament was written in Greek, and some of its sections (Corinthians, Thessalonians, Philippians, Revelation of St. John of Patmos) attest to the importance of churches in Greece in early Christianity. Nevertheless, much of Greece clung tenaciously to paganism, and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD, when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 391-392. The last recorded Olympic games were held in 393, and many temples were destroyed or damaged in the century that followed. In Athens and rural areas, paganism is attested well into the sixth century AD and even later. The closure of the Neoplatonic Academy of Athens by the emperor Justinian in 529 is considered by many to mark the end of antiquity, although there is evidence that the Academy continued its activities for some time after that. Some remote areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remained pagan until well into the 10th century AD.

Question: In what language was the first book of the Bible conceived?
Answer: Greek

Question: What religion did early Greece practice?
Answer: paganism

Question: The Olympics were last held in ancient Greece in what year? 
Answer: 393

Question: Paganism was forbidden by what Roman Emperor?
Answer: Theodosius I

Question: Which Emperor closed the school in Athens?
Answer: Justinian
In the 14th century, much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Byzantine Empire at first to the Serbs and then to the Ottomans. By the beginning of the 15th century, the Ottoman advance meant that Byzantine territory in Greece was limited mainly to its then-largest city, Thessaloniki, and the Peloponnese (Despotate of the Morea). After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, the Morea was the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire to hold out against the Ottomans. However, this, too, fell to the Ottomans in 1460, completing the Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece. With the Turkish conquest, many Byzantine Greek scholars, who up until then were largely responsible for preserving Classical Greek knowledge, fled to the West, taking with them a large body of literature and thereby significantly contributing to the Renaissance.

Question: A lot of Greece was lost by whom in the 14th century?
Answer: Byzantine Empire

Question: At the start of 15th century, the biggest Byzantine city was what?
Answer: Thessaloniki

Question: Constantinople was overcome by who in 1453?
Answer: the Ottomans

Question: The Ottomans controlled mainland Greece in what year?
Answer: 1460

Question: Who had a large impact on the Renaissance? 
Answer: Byzantine Greek scholars
The 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as something of a "dark age" in Greek history, with the prospect of overthrowing Ottoman rule appearing remote with only the Ionian islands remaining free of Turkish domination. Corfu withstood three major sieges in 1537, 1571 and 1716 all of which resulted in the repulsion of the Ottomans. However, in the 18th century, there arose through shipping a wealthy and dispersed Greek merchant class. These merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, establishing communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Western Europe. Though the Ottoman conquest had cut Greece off from significant European intellectual movements such as the Reformation and the Enlightenment, these ideas together with the ideals of the French Revolution and romantic nationalism began to penetrate the Greek world via the mercantile diaspora.[page needed] In the late 18th century, Rigas Feraios, the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state, published a series of documents relating to Greek independence, including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece, in Vienna, and was murdered by Ottoman agents in 1798.[page needed]

Question: Greece's Dark Ages is thought of as what time periods?
Answer: 16th and 17th centuries

Question: Greek merchants ruled the trade industry in which century?
Answer: 18th

Question: Who published Greek documents that espoused Greek independence?
Answer: Rigas Feraios

Question: Rigas Feraios was killed by Ottoman assassins in what year? 
Answer: 1798
Legislative powers are exercised by a 300-member elective unicameral Parliament. Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic. Parliamentary elections are held every four years, but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet, in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance. The President is also obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier, if the opposition manages to pass a motion of no confidence.

Question: How many members are in Greece's parliament? 
Answer: 300

Question: How often are elections help for parliament?
Answer: every four years

Question: Parliamentary statutes are put into effect by who? 
Answer: President of the Republic
The coalition government led the country to the parliamentary elections of May 2012. The power of the traditional Greek political parties, PASOK and New Democracy, declined from 43% to 13% and from 33% to 18%, respectively, due to their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures. The leftist party of SYRIZA became the second major party, with an increase from 4% to 16%. No party could form a sustainable government, which led to the parliamentary elections of June 2012. The result of the second elections was the formation of a coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties.

Question: In May 2012, who started the parliamentary elections?
Answer: The coalition government

Question: What led to the loss of power of traditional Greek parties? 
Answer: their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures

Question: Who became the second major party after the elections?
Answer: The leftist party of SYRIZA

Question: What caused the second election of 2012? 
Answer: No party could form a sustainable government

Question: What was the demographic result of the second election?
Answer: coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties.
Since the Kallikratis programme reform entered into effect on 1 January 2011, Greece has consisted of thirteen regions subdivided into a total of 325 municipalities. The 54 old prefectures and prefecture-level administrations have been largely retained as sub-units of the regions. Seven decentralized administrations group one to three regions for administrative purposes on a regional basis. There is also one autonomous area, Mount Athos (Greek: Agio Oros, "Holy Mountain"), which borders the region of Central Macedonia.

Question: How many regions exist in Greece since 2011?
Answer: thirteen

Question: How many municipalities exist in Greece? 
Answer: 325

Question: What went into effect on January 1, 2011?
Answer: Kallikratis programme reform

Question: What is the one autonomous area in Greece?
Answer: Mount Athos

Question: Where is Mount Athos located?
Answer: borders the region of Central Macedonia
With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries.

Question: Greece's economy is what size?
Answer: larger than all the Balkan economies combined

Question: What rank does Greece hold as an Albania investor?
Answer: number-two

Question: What rank does Greece hold as an Bulgaria investor?
Answer: number-three

Question: Greece is the largest foreign investor of what area? 
Answer: Republic of Macedonia

Question: OTE is known as what?
Answer: Greek telecommunications company
Greek citizens who are Roman Catholic are estimated to be at around 50,000 with the Roman Catholic immigrant community in the country approximately 200,000. Old Calendarists account for 500,000 followers. Protestants, including Greek Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches, stand at about 30,000. Assemblies of God, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel and other Pentecostal churches of the Greek Synod of Apostolic Church have 12,000 members. Independent Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost is the biggest Protestant denomination in Greece with 120 churches. There are not official statistics about Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost, but the Orthodox Church estimates the followers as 20,000. The Jehovah's Witnesses report having 28,874 active members. In recent years there has been a small-scale revival of the ancient Greek religion, with estimates of 2,000 people active practitioners, and 100,000 "sympathisers".

Question: How many Greek natural citizens are Catholic?
Answer: 50,000

Question: How many Roman Catholic immigrants are in Greece?
Answer: 200,000

Question: How many Protestants live in Greece? 
Answer: 30,000

Question: How many churches does the biggest Protestant denomination have?
Answer: 120

Question: How many Jehovah's Witnesses are in Greece?
Answer: 28,874
Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive Pontic dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the Greek genocide and constitute a sizable group. The Cappadocian dialect came to Greece due to the genocide as well, but is endangered and is barely spoken now. Indigenous Greek dialects include the archaic Greek spoken by the Sarakatsani, traditionally transhument mountain shepherds of Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece. The Tsakonian language, a distinct Greek language deriving from Doric Greek instead of Ionic Greek, is still spoken in some villages in the southeastern Peloponnese.

Question: What is the language spoken by most Greeks?
Answer: Greek

Question: Greeks who speak the Pontic dialect came from where?
Answer: Asia Minor

Question: Which Greek dialect is barely spoken currently?
Answer: Cappadocian

Question: From which language did the Tsakonian language derive? 
Answer: Doric Greek
A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of the non-citizen residents, 48,560 were EU or European Free Trade Association nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status. The majority come from Eastern European countries: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%) and Romania (3%), while migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) comprise 10% of the total. Some of the immigrants from Albania are from the Greek minority in Albania centred on the region of Northern Epirus. In addition the total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000.

Question: In 2001, how many Greek residents were not citizens?
Answer: 762,191

Question: In 2001, what was the population percentage of resident non-citizens?
Answer: 7%

Question: From where did most non-citizen residents come? 
Answer: Eastern European countries

Question: What is the total Albanian population in Greece?
Answer: 600,000
According to the Framework Law (3549/2007), Public higher education "Highest Educational Institutions" (Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα, Anótata Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata, "ΑΕΙ") consists of two parallel sectors:the University sector (Universities, Polytechnics, Fine Arts Schools, the Open University) and the Technological sector (Technological Education Institutions (TEI) and the School of Pedagogic and Technological Education). There are also State Non-University Tertiary Institutes offering vocationally oriented courses of shorter duration (2 to 3 years) which operate under the authority of other Ministries. Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of Lykeio. Additionally, students over twenty-two years old may be admitted to the Hellenic Open University through a form of lottery. The Capodistrian University of Athens is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean.

Question: What is one of the education sectors according to the Framework Law?
Answer: University sector

Question: How long do the Tertiary institute courses last?
Answer: 2 to 3 years

Question: Examinations for Tertiary institutes are given at what grade level?
Answer: third grade

Question: At what age may students be admitted to Hellenic university through lottery?
Answer: over twenty-two years old

Question: What is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean? 
Answer: The Capodistrian University of Athens
The modern Greek theatre was born after the Greek independence, in the early 19th century, and initially was influenced by the Heptanesean theatre and melodrama, such as the Italian opera. The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù was the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera, Spyridon Xyndas' The Parliamentary Candidate (based on an exclusively Greek libretto) was performed. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the Athenian theatre scene was dominated by revues, musical comedies, operettas and nocturnes and notable playwrights included Spyridon Samaras, Dionysios Lavrangas, Theophrastos Sakellaridis and others.

Question: Modern Greek theater began when?
Answer: early 19th century

Question: Modern Greek theater was influenced by what?
Answer: Heptanesean theatre and melodrama

Question: What was the first theater of modern Greece?
Answer: Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù

Question: What was the first Greek opera?
Answer: The Parliamentary Candidate

Question: Who created the first opera, The Parliamentary Candidate? 
Answer: Spyridon Xyndas
Aristotle of Stagira, the most important disciple of Plato, shared with his teacher the title of the greatest philosopher of antiquity. But while Plato had sought to elucidate and explain things from the supra-sensual standpoint of the forms, his pupil preferred to start from the facts given us by experience. Except from these three most significant Greek philosophers other known schools of Greek philosophy from other founders during ancient times were Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism and Neoplatonism.

Question: Which disciple of Plato was considered the most important?
Answer: Aristotle of Stagira

Question: Plato's philosophy attempted to explain life from what standpoint?
Answer: the supra-sensual

Question: Aristotle's philosophy was based from what standpoint? 
Answer: experience

Question: What is the name of two schools of philosophy?
Answer: Skepticism and Neoplatonism
The 1950s and early 1960s are considered by many to be a golden age of Greek cinema. Directors and actors of this era were recognized as important historical figures in Greece and some gained international acclaim: Irene Papas, Melina Mercouri, Mihalis Kakogiannis, Alekos Sakellarios, Nikos Tsiforos, Iakovos Kambanelis, Katina Paxinou, Nikos Koundouros, Ellie Lambeti, and others. More than sixty films per year were made, with the majority having film noir elements. Notable films were Η κάλπικη λίρα (1955 directed by Giorgos Tzavellas), Πικρό Ψωμί (1951, directed by Grigoris Grigoriou), O Drakos (1956 directed by Nikos Koundouros), Stella (1955 directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis).

Question: Which time period is considered the golden age of Greek cinema? 
Answer: 1950s and early 1960s

Question: During the Greek cinema golden age, how many films were made each year?
Answer: More than sixty

Question: Who directed the movie O Drakos in 1956?
Answer: Nikos Koundouros

Question: Who directed the movie Stella in 1955? 
Answer: Cacoyannis

Question: Who wrote the movie Stella in 1955?
Answer: Kampanellis
Greek cuisine is characteristic of the healthy Mediterranean diet, which is epitomized by dishes of Crete. Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as moussaka, stifado, Greek salad, fasolada, spanakopita and souvlaki. Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece like skordalia (a thick purée of walnuts, almonds, crushed garlic and olive oil), lentil soup, retsina (white or rosé wine sealed with pine resin) and pasteli (candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey). Throughout Greece people often enjoy eating from small dishes such as meze with various dips such as tzatziki, grilled octopus and small fish, feta cheese, dolmades (rice, currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves), various pulses, olives and cheese. Olive oil is added to almost every dish.

Question: What is a characteristic of the Mediterranean diet? 
Answer: Greek cuisine

Question: The epitome of the Mediterranean diet are dishes from where?
Answer: Crete

Question: What food can be traced back to ancient Greece?
Answer: skordalia

Question: What is added to almost every dish in Greece?
Answer: Olive oil
Sweet desserts such as galaktoboureko, and drinks such as ouzo, metaxa and a variety of wines including retsina. Greek cuisine differs widely from different parts of the mainland and from island to island. It uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines: oregano, mint, garlic, onion, dill and bay laurel leaves. Other common herbs and spices include basil, thyme and fennel seed. Many Greek recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use "sweet" spices in combination with meat, for example cinnamon and cloves in stews.

Question: What is the name of one sweet dessert in Greece?
Answer: galaktoboureko

Question: What is one of the flavorings commonly used in Greek Mediterranean food? 
Answer: oregano

Question: What is one of the sweet spices Greeks like to use with meat?
Answer: cinnamon
Greek vocal music extends far back into ancient times where mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration and spiritual reasons. Instruments during that period included the double-reed aulos and the plucked string instrument, the lyre, especially the special kind called a kithara. Music played an important role in the education system during ancient times. Boys were taught music from the age of six. Later influences from the Roman Empire, Middle East, and the Byzantine Empire also had effect on Greek music.

Question: Greek vocal music goes back how far in history?
Answer: ancient times

Question: What is one of the musical instruments used in ancient Greece? 
Answer: lyre

Question: During ancient Greece, at what age were boys taught music?
Answer: six
While the new technique of polyphony was developing in the West, the Eastern Orthodox Church resisted any type of change. Therefore, Byzantine music remained monophonic and without any form of instrumental accompaniment. As a result, and despite certain attempts by certain Greek chanters (such as Manouel Gazis, Ioannis Plousiadinos or the Cypriot Ieronimos o Tragoudistis), Byzantine music was deprived of elements of which in the West encouraged an unimpeded development of art. However, this method which kept music away from polyphony, along with centuries of continuous culture, enabled monophonic music to develop to the greatest heights of perfection. Byzantium presented the monophonic Byzantine chant; a melodic treasury of inestimable value for its rhythmical variety and expressive power.

Question: The Eastern Orthodox Church resisted what change in music?
Answer: polyphony

Question: Music without any form of instrumental accompaniment is known as what? 
Answer: monophonic

Question: One type of music derived from Byzantine is called what?
Answer: Byzantine chant
Rebetiko, initially a music associated with the lower classes, later (and especially after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey) reached greater general acceptance as the rough edges of its overt subcultural character were softened and polished, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. It was the base of the later laïkó (song of the people). The leading performers of the genre include Apostolos Kaldaras, Grigoris Bithikotsis, Stelios Kazantzidis, George Dalaras, Haris Alexiou and Glykeria.

Question: What music began associated with the lower classes?
Answer: Rebetiko

Question: Rebetiko was the base of what? 
Answer: laïkó

Question: One of the leading performers of the laiko genre is who?
Answer: Apostolos Kaldaras
In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification. Their 1997 book, Classification of Mammals above the Species Level, is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus, though recent molecular genetic data challenge several of the higher level groupings. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.

Question: In 1997 who revised the classification of mammals?
Answer: Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell

Question: Where did the two authors work together as paleontologist? 
Answer: American Museum of Natural History

Question: From whom did McKenna inherit the project from?
Answer: Simpson
Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.

Question: Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?
Answer: DNA analysis

Question: During these Molecular studies, which three major groups of mammals shared a common ancestors from the Cretaceous period?
Answer: Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria

Question: Afrotheria,Xenartha, and Boreoeutheria deprives from which two lineages?
Answer: Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria
The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria ("true beasts") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or "Jurassic mother from China", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:

Question: What is the oldest know fossil among the Eutheria group? 
Answer: shrewlike Juramaia sinensis

Question: How long ago does oldest know fossil date back to?
Answer: 160 million years ago

Question: In what time period did early animals share some features with marsupials?
Answer: 125 million years ago

Question: Which lineage were some of these early marsupial features were lost?
Answer: placental
Mammalian hair, also known as pelage, can vary in color between populations, organisms within a population, and even on the individual organism. Light-dark color variation is common in the mammalian taxa. Sometimes, this color variation is determined by age variation, however, in other cases, it is determined by other factors. Selective pressures, such as ecological interactions with other populations or environmental conditions, often lead to the variation in mammalian coloration. These selective pressures favor certain colors in order to increase survival. Camouflage is thought to be a major selection pressure shaping coloration in mammals, although there is also evidence that sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes may influence the evolution of coloration as well. Camouflage is the most predominant mechanism for color variation, as it aids in the concealment of the organisms from predators or from their prey. Coat color can also be for intraspecies communication such as warning members of their species about predators, indicating health for reproductive purposes, communicating between mother and young, and intimidating predators. Studies have shown that in some cases, differences in female and male coat color could indicate information nutrition and hormone levels, which are important in the mate selection process. One final mechanism for coat color variation is physiological response purposes, such as temperature regulation in tropical or arctic environments. Although much has been observed about color variation, much of the genetic that link coat color to genes is still unknown. The genetic sites where pigmentation genes are found are known to affect phenotype by: 1) altering the spatial distribution of pigmentation of the hairs, and 2) altering the density and distribution of the hairs. Quantitative trait mapping is being used to better understand the distribution of loci responsible for pigmentation variation. However, although the genetic sites are known, there is still much to learn about how these genes are expressed.

Question: What is another name used for mammalian hair?
Answer: pelage

Question: Which color of hair is most common among mammalian taxa?
Answer: Light-dark color

Question: Besides Camouflage being a reason for having certain hair colors, what other reasons have been discovered? 
Answer: sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes