meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
Medieval political philosophy in Europe was heavily influenced by Christian thinking. It had much in common with the Mutazalite Islamic thinking in that the Roman Catholics though subordinating philosophy to theology did not subject reason to revelation but in the case of contradictions, subordinated reason to faith as the Asharite of Islam. The Scholastics by combining the philosophy of Aristotle with the Christianity of St. Augustine emphasized the potential harmony inherent in reason and revelation. Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St. Thomas Aquinas who helped reintroduce Aristotle's works, which had only been transmitted to Catholic Europe through Muslim Spain, along with the commentaries of Averroes. Aquinas's use of them set the agenda, for scholastic political philosophy dominated European thought for centuries even unto the Renaissance.

Question: What was heavily influenced by Christian thinking?
Answer: Medieval political philosophy in Europe

Question: Medieval political philosophy had much in common with what type of thinking?
Answer: Mutazalite Islamic thinking

Question: Who was the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe? 
Answer: St. Thomas Aquinas
One of the most influential works during this burgeoning period was Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince, written between 1511–12 and published in 1532, after Machiavelli's death. That work, as well as The Discourses, a rigorous analysis of the classical period, did much to influence modern political thought in the West. A minority (including Jean-Jacques Rousseau) interpreted The Prince as a satire meant to be given to the Medici after their recapture of Florence and their subsequent expulsion of Machiavelli from Florence. Though the work was written for the di Medici family in order to perhaps influence them to free him from exile, Machiavelli supported the Republic of Florence rather than the oligarchy of the di Medici family. At any rate, Machiavelli presents a pragmatic and somewhat consequentialist view of politics, whereby good and evil are mere means used to bring about an end—i.e., the secure and powerful state. Thomas Hobbes, well known for his theory of the social contract, goes on to expand this view at the start of the 17th century during the English Renaissance. Although neither Machiavelli nor Hobbes believed in the divine right of kings, they both believed in the inherent selfishness of the individual. It was necessarily this belief that led them to adopt a strong central power as the only means of preventing the disintegration of the social order.

Question: What was one of the most influential works during the period? 
Answer: Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince

Question: When was Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince published? 
Answer: 1532

Question: Who wrote The  Prince?
Answer: Niccolò Machiavelli

Question: Who was well known for his theory of the social contract?
Answer: Thomas Hobbes
These theorists were driven by two basic questions: one, by what right or need do people form states; and two, what the best form for a state could be. These fundamental questions involved a conceptual distinction between the concepts of "state" and "government." It was decided that "state" would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified. The term "government" would refer to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state, and create the laws and ordinances by which the people, themselves included, would be bound. This conceptual distinction continues to operate in political science, although some political scientists, philosophers, historians and cultural anthropologists have argued that most political action in any given society occurs outside of its state, and that there are societies that are not organized into states that nevertheless must be considered in political terms. As long as the concept of natural order was not introduced, the social sciences could not evolve independently of theistic thinking. Since the cultural revolution of the 17th century in England, which spread to France and the rest of Europe, society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to the physical world.

Question: What would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified? 
Answer: state

Question: What refers to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state?
Answer: government

Question: Society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to what?
Answer: the physical world
From the end of World War II until 1971, when John Rawls published A Theory of Justice, political philosophy declined in the Anglo-American academic world, as analytic philosophers expressed skepticism about the possibility that normative judgments had cognitive content, and political science turned toward statistical methods and behavioralism. In continental Europe, on the other hand, the postwar decades saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy, with Marxism dominating the field. This was the time of Jean-Paul Sartre and Louis Althusser, and the victories of Mao Zedong in China and Fidel Castro in Cuba, as well as the events of May 1968 led to increased interest in revolutionary ideology, especially by the New Left. A number of continental European émigrés to Britain and the United States—including Karl Popper, Friedrich Hayek, Leo Strauss, Isaiah Berlin, Eric Voegelin and Judith Shklar—encouraged continued study in political philosophy in the Anglo-American world, but in the 1950s and 1960s they and their students remained at odds with the analytic establishment.

Question: Who published A Theory of Justice? 
Answer: John Rawls

Question: What did John Rawls publish?
Answer: A Theory of Justice

Question: What continent saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy?
Answer: Europe

Question: The events of May 1968 led to an increased interest in what?
Answer: revolutionary ideology
Contemporaneously with the rise of analytic ethics in Anglo-American thought, in Europe several new lines of philosophy directed at critique of existing societies arose between the 1950s and 1980s. Most of these took elements of Marxist economic analysis, but combined them with a more cultural or ideological emphasis. Out of the Frankfurt School, thinkers like Herbert Marcuse, Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Jürgen Habermas combined Marxian and Freudian perspectives. Along somewhat different lines, a number of other continental thinkers—still largely influenced by Marxism—put new emphases on structuralism and on a "return to Hegel". Within the (post-) structuralist line (though mostly not taking that label) are thinkers such as Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Claude Lefort, and Jean Baudrillard. The Situationists were more influenced by Hegel; Guy Debord, in particular, moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption, and looked at the relation between consumerism and dominant ideology formation.

Question: Herbert Marcuse was from what school?
Answer: Frankfurt School,

Question: Thinkers out of the Frankfurt School combined Marxian and what other perspective?
Answer: Freudian

Question: Who in particular moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption? 
Answer: Guy Debord
Another debate developed around the (distinct) criticisms of liberal political theory made by Michael Walzer, Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor. The liberal-communitarian debate is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems, rather than a profound and illuminating clash of perspective.These and other communitarians (such as Alasdair MacIntyre and Daniel A. Bell) argue that, contra liberalism, communities are prior to individuals and therefore should be the center of political focus. Communitarians tend to support greater local control as well as economic and social policies which encourage the growth of social capital.

Question: What is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems? 
Answer: The liberal-communitarian debate

Question: What type of control do communitarians tend to support?
Answer: greater local control

Question: What type of economic and social policies do Communitarians tend to support?
Answer: policies which encourage the growth of social capital
Some alloys occur naturally, such as electrum, which is an alloy that is native to Earth, consisting of silver and gold. Meteorites are sometimes made of naturally occurring alloys of iron and nickel, but are not native to the Earth. One of the first alloys made by humans was bronze, which is made by mixing the metals tin and copper. Bronze was an extremely useful alloy to the ancients, because it is much stronger and harder than either of its components. Steel was another common alloy. However, in ancient times, it could only be created as an accidental byproduct from the heating of iron ore in fires (smelting) during the manufacture of iron. Other ancient alloys include pewter, brass and pig iron. In the modern age, steel can be created in many forms. Carbon steel can be made by varying only the carbon content, producing soft alloys like mild steel or hard alloys like spring steel. Alloy steels can be made by adding other elements, such as molybdenum, vanadium or nickel, resulting in alloys such as high-speed steel or tool steel. Small amounts of manganese are usually alloyed with most modern-steels because of its ability to remove unwanted impurities, like phosphorus, sulfur and oxygen, which can have detrimental effects on the alloy. However, most alloys were not created until the 1900s, such as various aluminium, titanium, nickel, and magnesium alloys. Some modern superalloys, such as incoloy, inconel, and hastelloy, may consist of a multitude of different components.

Question: What is electrum made of?
Answer: silver and gold

Question: What alloy is formed naturally? 
Answer: electrum

Question: Which was on of the first alloys made by humans?
Answer: bronze

Question: What metal is made by combining tin and copper?
Answer: bronze

Question: Around what time where alloys starting to get made by humans?
Answer: 1900s
Many ancient civilizations alloyed metals for purely aesthetic purposes. In ancient Egypt and Mycenae, gold was often alloyed with copper to produce red-gold, or iron to produce a bright burgundy-gold. Gold was often found alloyed with silver or other metals to produce various types of colored gold. These metals were also used to strengthen each other, for more practical purposes. Copper was often added to silver to make sterling silver, increasing its strength for use in dishes, silverware, and other practical items. Quite often, precious metals were alloyed with less valuable substances as a means to deceive buyers. Around 250 BC, Archimedes was commissioned by the king to find a way to check the purity of the gold in a crown, leading to the famous bath-house shouting of "Eureka!" upon the discovery of Archimedes' principle.

Question: Ancient civilizations often alloyed metals for what reason?
Answer: purely aesthetic purposes

Question: Red gold is made by combining gold with?
Answer: copper

Question:  Around what time was the Archimedes' principle discovered?
Answer: 250 BC

Question: Who shouted "Eureka!" while checking the purity of a crown?
Answer: Archimedes

Question: Buyers were often deceived when precious metals were mixed with?
Answer: less valuable substances
Financial problems and a reduction in tourism led to Norfolk Island's administration appealing to the Australian federal government for assistance in 2010. In return, the islanders were to pay income tax for the first time but would be eligible for greater welfare benefits. However, by May 2013 agreement had not been reached and islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare. An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on 12 March 2015 to replace self-government with a local council but against the wishes of the Norfolk Island government. A majority of Norfolk Islanders have objected to the Australian plan to make changes to Norfolk Island without first consulting them and allowing their say with 68% of voters against forced changes.

Question:  What lead to Norfolk Island asking for assistance from Australia in 2010?
Answer: Financial problems and a reduction in tourism

Question: What benefit were residents of Norfolk Island told they would receive as a result of Australia's assistance?
Answer: greater welfare benefits

Question: What actually ended up happening after Norfolk Island asked Australia for help?
Answer: islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare

Question: An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on March 12, 2015, to do what for Norfolk Island?
Answer: replace self-government with a local council

Question: What percentage of Norfolk Island voters were against the changes brought by Australia?
Answer: 68%
Sixty-two percent of islanders are Christians. After the death of the first chaplain Rev G. H. Nobbs in 1884, a Methodist church was formed and in 1891 a Seventh-day Adventist congregation led by one of Nobbs' sons. Some unhappiness with G. H. Nobbs, the more organised and formal ritual of the Church of England service arising from the influence of the Melanesian Mission, decline in spirituality, the influence of visiting American whalers, literature sent by Christians overseas impressed by the Pitcairn story, and the adoption of Seventh-day Adventism by the descendants of the mutineers still on Pitcairn, all contributed to these developments. The Roman Catholic Church began work in 1957 and in the late 1990s a group left the former Methodist (then Uniting Church) and formed a charismatic fellowship. In 2011, 34 percent of the ordinary residents identified as Anglican, 13 percent as Uniting Church, 12 percent as Roman Catholic and three percent as Seventh-day Adventist. Nine percent were from other religions. Twenty four percent had no religion, and seven percent did not indicate a religion. Typical ordinary congregations in any church do not exceed 30 local residents as of 2010[update]. The three older denominations have good facilities. Ministers are usually short-term visitors.

Question: Christians make up what percentage of the population of Norfolk Island?
Answer: Sixty-two percent

Question: Who was the first chaplain of Norfolk Island?
Answer: Rev G. H. Nobbs

Question: What type of church was formed after Rev G.H. Nobbs' death in 1884?
Answer: a Methodist church

Question: Who led Norfolk Island's first Seventh-day Adventist church? 
Answer: one of Nobbs' sons

Question: Typical church congregations on Norfolk Island as of 2010 don't exceed what number?
Answer: 30
The island is subject to separate immigration controls from the remainder of Australia. Until recently immigration to Norfolk Island even by other Australian citizens was heavily restricted. In 2012, immigration controls were relaxed with the introduction of an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens upon arrival and the option to apply for residency; the only criteria are to pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme. From 1 July 2016, the Australian migration system will replace the immigration arrangements currently maintained by the Norfolk Island Government.

Question: What has been heavily restricted in Norfolk Island, until recently?
Answer: immigration

Question: When were the immigration protocols relaxed in Norfolk Island?
Answer: 2012

Question: What aided in the relaxation of immigration protocols to Norfolk Island?
Answer: an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens

Question: What must Australian and New Zealand citizens do in order to apply for residency in Norfolk Island? 
Answer: pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme

Question: When will the Australian migration system replace Norfolk Island's immigration policies?
Answer: 1 July 2016
Australian citizens and residents from other parts of the nation now have automatic right of residence on the island after meeting these criteria (Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012). Australian citizens must carry either a passport or a Document of Identity to travel to Norfolk Island. Citizens of all other nations must carry a passport to travel to Norfolk Island even if arriving from other parts of Australia. Holders of Australian visas who travel to Norfolk Island have departed the Australian Migration Zone. Unless they hold a multiple-entry visa, the visa will have ceased; in which case they will require another visa to re-enter mainland Australia.

Question: What automatic right do Australian citizens and residents have on Norfolk Island after meeting the criteria in Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012?
Answer: automatic right of residence

Question: What do citizens from other nations need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?
Answer: a passport

Question: What do Australian citizens need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?
Answer: either a passport or a Document of Identity

Question: When someone has an Australian visa and they want to travel to Norfolk Island, where must they depart?
Answer: Australian Migration Zone

Question: What will happen to travelers with an Australian visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone? 
Answer: the visa will have ceased
As of 2004[update], 2532 telephone main lines are in use, a mix of analog (2500) and digital (32) circuits. Satellite communications services are planned.[citation needed] There is one locally based radio station (Radio Norfolk 89.9FM), broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies. There is also one TV station, Norfolk TV, featuring local programming, plus transmitters for Australian channels ABC, SBS, Imparja Television and Southern Cross Television. The Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is .nf.

Question: How many main telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?
Answer: 2532

Question: How many analog telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?
Answer: 2500

Question: How many local radio stations does Norfolk Island have? 
Answer: one

Question: What is the name of Norfolk Island's only TV station?
Answer: Norfolk TV

Question: What is Norfolk Island's Internet country code top-level domain?
Answer: .nf
There are no railways, waterways, ports or harbours on the island. Loading jetties are located at Kingston and Cascade, but ships cannot get close to either of them. When a supply ship arrives, it is emptied by whaleboats towed by launches, five tonnes at a time. Which jetty is used depends on the prevailing weather on the day. The jetty on the leeward side of the island is often used. If the wind changes significantly during unloading/loading, the ship will move around to the other side. Visitors often gather to watch the activity when a supply ship arrives.

Question: Where are loading jetties found on Norfolk Island?
Answer: Kingston and Cascade

Question: How is a supply ship unloaded when it reaches Norfolk Island? 
Answer: by whaleboats towed by launches

Question: What determines the jetty that's used by supply ships to Norfolk Island?
Answer: the prevailing weather on the day

Question: Where can you find the often-used jetty on Norfolk Island?
Answer: on the leeward side of the island

Question: Who can usually be found watching supply ships unload at Norfolk Island?
Answer: Visitors
Among the reasons this speech was so greatly admired was its passage on Lord Bathurst (1684–1775); Burke describes an angel in 1704 prophesying to Bathurst the future greatness of England and also of America: "Young man, There is America – which at this day serves little more than to amuse you with stories of savage men, and uncouth manners; yet shall, before you taste of death, shew itself equal to the whole of that commerce which now attracts the envy of the world". Samuel Johnson was so irritated at hearing it continually praised, that he made a parody of it, where the devil appears to a young Whig and predicts that in short time, Whiggism will poison even the paradise of America!

Question: When did Lord Bathurst die?
Answer: 1775

Question: When did an angel supposedly speak to Bathurst?
Answer: 1704

Question: What political position did Samuel Johnson say would soon poison America?
Answer: Whiggism

Question: When was Lord Bathurst born?
Answer: 1684

Question: In Samuel Johnson's writing, who appeared to a Whig?
Answer: the devil
The administration of Lord North (1770–1782) tried to defeat the colonist rebellion by military force. British and American forces clashed in 1775 and, in 1776, came the American Declaration of Independence. Burke was appalled by celebrations in Britain of the defeat of the Americans at New York and Pennsylvania. He claimed the English national character was being changed by this authoritarianism. Burke wrote: "As to the good people of England, they seem to partake every day more and more of the Character of that administration which they have been induced to tolerate. I am satisfied, that within a few years there has been a great Change in the National Character. We seem no longer that eager, inquisitive, jealous, fiery people, which we have been formerly".

Question: When did Lord North take office?
Answer: 1770

Question: When did Lord North leave office?
Answer: 1782

Question: Which victories against the Americans did the British celebrate?
Answer: New York and Pennsylvania

Question: How did Burke feel about the British celebrating victories against the Americans?
Answer: appalled

Question: When was the American Declaration of Independence issued?
Answer: 1776
As war broke out, Maglione, Tardini and Montini were the main figures in the Vatican's State Department, as despatches originated from or addressed to them during the war years.[page needed] Montini was in charge of taking care of the "ordinary affairs" of the Secretariat of State, which took much of the mornings of every working day. In the afternoon he moved to the third floor into the Office of the Private Secretary of the Pontiff. Pius XII did not have a personal secretary. As did several popes before him, he delegated the secretarial functions to the State Secretariat. During the war years, thousands of letters from all parts of the world arrived at the desk of the pope, most of them asking for understanding, prayer and help. Montini was tasked to formulate the replies in the name of Pius XII, expressing his empathy, and understanding and providing help, where possible.

Question: What department did Montini oversee when he worked with the Secretariat of State?
Answer: ordinary affairs

Question: What organization did Montini, Maglione and Tardini belong to?
Answer: Vatican's State Department

Question: What role did Montini fill for Pius XII?
Answer: Private Secretary

Question: What did Montini take charge of responding to on behalf of Pius XII?
Answer: letters

Question: During what time was Montini responsible for the communications of the Vatican?
Answer: war years
Montini and Angelo Roncalli were considered to be friends, but when Roncalli, as Pope John XXIII announced a new Ecumenical Council, Cardinal Montini reacted with disbelief and said to Giulio Bevilacqua: "This old boy does not know what a hornets nest he is stirring up." He was appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission in 1961. During the Council, his friend Pope John XXIII asked him to live in the Vatican. He was a member of the Commission for Extraordinary Affairs but did not engage himself much into the floor debates on various issues. His main advisor was Monsignore Giovanni Colombo, whom he later appointed to be his successor in Milan The Commission was greatly overshadowed by the insistence of John XXIII to have the Council complete all its work in one single session before Christmas 1962, to the 400th anniversary of the Council of Trent, an insistence which may have also been influenced by the Pope's recent knowledge that he had cancer.

Question: What group did Montini oppose reforming?
Answer: Ecumenical Council

Question: In what year was Montini appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission? 
Answer: 1961

Question: Where did the Pope ask Cardinal Montini to live?
Answer: Vatican

Question: What did Montini avoid as a member of the Commission for Extraordinary Affairs?
Answer: debates

Question: What illness had the Pope contracted?
Answer: cancer
After his election as Bishop of Rome, Paul VI first met with the priests in his new dioceses. He told them that in Milan he started a dialogue with the modern world and asked them to seek contact with all people from all walks of life. Six days after his election he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening to take place on 29 September 1963. In a radio address to the world, Paul VI recalled the uniqueness of his predecessors, the strength of Pius XI, the wisdom and intelligence of Pius XII and the love of John XXIII. As "his pontifical goals" he mentioned the continuation and completion of Vatican II, the reform of the Canon Law and improved social peace and justice in the world. The Unity of Christianity would be central to his activities.

Question: What did Paul VI want to keep open with the modern world and people from all walks of life?
Answer: a dialogue

Question: How many days after Paul VI election did he announce he would continue the Vatican II?
Answer: Six

Question: On what date was Vatican II re convened?
Answer: 29 September

Question: Six days after he was elected, what did Paul VI announce he would continue? 
Answer: Vatican II

Question: What did Paul want to reform as a newly elected pope?
Answer: Canon Law
Between the third and fourth sessions the pope announced reforms in the areas of Roman Curia, revision of Canon Law, regulations for mixed marriages involving several faiths, and birth control issues. He opened the final session of the council, concelebrating with bishops from countries where the Church was persecuted. Several texts proposed for his approval had to be changed. But all texts were finally agreed upon. The Council was concluded on 8 December 1965, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.

Question: What did Paul VI enact between the third and fourth ecumenical sessions?
Answer: reforms

Question: What does the Catholic church considered "mixed" in a "mixed marriage"?
Answer: faiths

Question: What is celebrated in the Catholic calendar the 8 of December? 
Answer: the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.

Question: In what year was Paul Vi's final counsel session?
Answer: 1965

Question: With whom did Paul VI celebrate surviving persecution in other countries?
Answer: bishops
Paul VI revolutionized papal elections by ordering that only cardinals below the age of eighty might participate in future conclaves. In Ecclesiae Sanctae, his motu proprio of 6 August 1966, he further invited all bishops to offer their retirement to the pontiff no later than the completion of their 75th year of age. This requirement was extended to all Cardinals of the Catholic Church on 21 November 1970. With these two stipulations, the Pope filled several positions with younger bishops and cardinals, and further internationalized the Roman Curia in light of several resignations due to age.

Question: At what age were cardinals restricted by Paul Vi from participating in conclaves?
Answer: eighty

Question: At what age were bishops required to retire by Paul VI?
Answer: 75

Question: At what age were cardinals subsequently required to retire in an edict issued in 1970?
Answer: 75

Question: What did Paul VI over hall with age and retirement restrictions?
Answer: papal elections

Question: When was Paul Vi's Ecclesiae Sanctae issued?
Answer: 1966
The Mass of Paul VI was also in Latin but approval was given for the use of vernacular languages. There had been other instructions issued by the Pope in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970 which centered on the reform of all liturgies of the Roman Church. These major reforms were not welcomed by all and in all countries. The sudden apparent "outlawing" of the 400-year-old Mass, the last typical edition of which being promulgated only a few years earlier in 1962 by Paul's predecessor, Pope John XXIII, was not always explained well. Further experimentation with the new Mass by liturgists, such as the usage of pop/folk music (as opposed to the Gregorian Chant advocated by Pope Pius X), along with concurrent changes in the order of sanctuaries, was viewed by some as vandalism. In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI clarified that the 1962 Mass of John XXIII and the 1970 Mass of Paul VI are two forms of the same Roman Rite, the first, which had never been "juridically abrogated", now being an "extraordinary form of the Roman Rite", while the other "obviously is and continues to be the normal Form – the Forma ordinaria – of the Eucharistic Liturgy".

Question: What type of language did Paul Vi's reforms approve for use in the Catholic mass?
Answer: vernacular

Question: How old was the mass reformed by Paul VI?
Answer: 400-year

Question: What type of music was used in traditional mass?
Answer: Gregorian Chant

Question: Who unified two previous popes views of the Roman Catholic Mass?
Answer: Pope Benedict XVI

Question: In what year were the various versions of the Catholic mass finally synthesized? 
Answer: 2007
On basic Church teachings, the pope was unwavering. On the tenth anniversary of Humanae vitae, he reconfirmed this teaching. In his style and methodology, he was a disciple of Pius XII, whom he deeply revered. He suffered for the attacks on Pius XII for his alleged silences during the Holocaust. Pope Paul VI was less outstanding than his predecessors: he was not credited with an encyclopedic memory, nor a gift for languages, nor the brilliant writing style of Pius XII, nor did he have the charisma and outpouring love, sense of humor and human warmth of John XXIII. He took on himself the unfinished reform work of these two popes, bringing them diligently with great humility and common sense and without much fanfare to conclusion. In doing so, Paul VI saw himself following in the footsteps of the Apostle Paul, torn to several directions as Saint Paul, who said, "I am attracted to two sides at once, because the Cross always divides."

Question: What was Pius XII accused of not condemning?
Answer: Holocaust

Question: Whose theology did Paul VI continue to propagate during his papacy?
Answer: Pius XII

Question: What type of work did Paul Vi finish that had been started by two previous popes?
Answer: reform

Question: On which anniversary of his Humanae Vitae did Paul VI reconfirm the beliefs set forth by the Humanae Vitae? 
Answer: tenth

Question: Which pope that preceded Paul VI was noted for his warmth and humor?
Answer: John XXIII
Because of his stammer, Albert dreaded public speaking. After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners, he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian-born speech therapist. The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises, and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently. Subsequently, he was able to speak with less hesitation. With his delivery improved, the Duke opened the new Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, during a tour of the empire in 1927. His journey by sea to Australia, New Zealand and Fiji took him via Jamaica, where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man, which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races.

Question: Why did Albert fear speaking in public?
Answer: his stammer

Question: Who helped Albert improve in public speaking?
Answer: Lionel Logue

Question: What did Albert play partnered with a black man?
Answer: doubles tennis

Question: What did the Duke open in Australia in 1927? 
Answer: Parliament House
The Duke and Duchess of York had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret. The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly. They were a close and loving family. One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister, R. B. Bennett, considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931—a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J. H. Thomas.

Question: What was Elizabeth's nickname?
Answer: Lilibet

Question: Who were the Duke and Duchess of York's children?
Answer: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret

Question: What was the name of Duke of York's London residence?
Answer: 145 Piccadilly

Question: Who advised against the Duke becoming the Governor General of Canada? 
Answer: J. H. Thomas

Question: What position did J. H. Thomas hold?
Answer: Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs
In 1947, the King and his family toured Southern Africa. The Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit. George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites, and referred to his South African bodyguards as "the Gestapo". Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation.

Question: Who was the Prime Minister of South Africa in 1947?
Answer: Jan Smuts

Question: What were the King's South African bodyguards referred as? 
Answer: the Gestapo

Question: Who instructed the King to only shake hands with whites in South Africa?
Answer: South African government
From 9 February for two days his coffin rested in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February. His funeral took place at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 15th. He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St. George's on 26 March 1969. In 2002, fifty years after his death, the remains of his widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and the ashes of his younger daughter Princess Margaret, who both died that year, were interred in the chapel alongside him.

Question: What church did the King's funeral take place on the 15th?
Answer: Windsor Castle

Question: What year did Queen Elizabeth die?
Answer: 2002

Question: What year did Princess Margaret die?
Answer: 2002

Question: In which chapel does King George's body lie in today? 
Answer: King George VI Memorial Chapel
Many of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator. This creates friction. Sparks are created by the brushes making and breaking circuits through the rotor coils as the brushes cross the insulating gaps between commutator sections. Depending on the commutator design, this may include the brushes shorting together adjacent sections – and hence coil ends – momentarily while crossing the gaps. Furthermore, the inductance of the rotor coils causes the voltage across each to rise when its circuit is opened, increasing the sparking of the brushes. This sparking limits the maximum speed of the machine, as too-rapid sparking will overheat, erode, or even melt the commutator. The current density per unit area of the brushes, in combination with their resistivity, limits the output of the motor. The making and breaking of electric contact also generates electrical noise; sparking generates RFI. Brushes eventually wear out and require replacement, and the commutator itself is subject to wear and maintenance (on larger motors) or replacement (on small motors). The commutator assembly on a large motor is a costly element, requiring precision assembly of many parts. On small motors, the commutator is usually permanently integrated into the rotor, so replacing it usually requires replacing the whole rotor.

Question: How is RFI generated?
Answer: sparking

Question: What do brushes need to be in contact with?
Answer: commutator

Question: What is created by contact between parts of the motor?
Answer: friction

Question: What does sparking limit?
Answer: maximum speed

Question: What motor components most need replacement and maintenance? 
Answer: Brushes
The establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291, which is celebrated annually as the Swiss National Day. The country has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. Nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to numerous international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, but notably it is not part of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area. However the country does participate in the Schengen Area and the EU's single market through a number of bilateral treaties.

Question: What is the traditional date of the establishment of the Swiss Confederation?
Answer: 1 August 1291

Question: What year did Switzerland join the United Nations?
Answer: 2002

Question: What country is the birthplace of the Red Cross?
Answer: Switzerland

Question: In what year was Switzerland last involved in a war internationally?
Answer: 1815

Question: What Swiss holiday is celebrated on August 1st every year?
Answer: Swiss National Day
Similarly, the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote, if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months.[note 8] Parliament can supplement the proposed amendment with a counter-proposal, and then voters must indicate a preference on the ballot in case both proposals are accepted. Constitutional amendments, whether introduced by initiative or in Parliament, must be accepted by a double majority of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular votes.[note 9]

Question: How many voters are needed to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote?
Answer: 100,000

Question: How long do citizens have to collect enough votes for a national vote on a constitutional amendment?
Answer: 18 months

Question: What can Parliament supplement the amendment proposed by the citizens with?
Answer: a counter-proposal

Question: What must voters do on the ballot when Parliament adds a supplement?
Answer: indicate a preference

Question: How much of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular vote is needed to pass a constitutional amendment?
Answer: a double majority
Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland (about 71% of resident population and 75% of Swiss citizens), divided between the Catholic Church (38.21% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (26.93%), further Protestant churches (2.89%) and other Christian denominations (2.79%). There has been a recent rise in Evangelicalism. Immigration has brought Islam (4.95%) and Eastern Orthodoxy (around 2%) as sizeable minority religions. According to a 2015 poll by Gallup International, 12% of Swiss people self-identified as "convinced atheists."

Question: What is the predominant religion of Switzerland?
Answer: Christianity

Question: What religion has immigration brought by 4.95%? 
Answer: Islam

Question: What religion has immigration brought by 2%?
Answer: Eastern Orthodoxy

Question: According to a 2015 Gallup Poll, what percentage of Swiss people are convinced atheists?
Answer: 12%

Question: What percentage of the Christian population is Catholic?
Answer: 38.21%
In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire eastern portion of the Mali Empire. The Songhai Empire's eventual collapse was largely the result of a Moroccan invasion in 1591, under the command of Judar Pasha. The fall of the Songhai Empire marked the end of the region's role as a trading crossroads. Following the establishment of sea routes by the European powers, the trans-Saharan trade routes lost significance.

Question: The Sonhgai Empire's demise was due to what invasion?
Answer: Moroccan invasion in 1591

Question: What major impact did the falling of the Songhai Empire have?
Answer: Saharan trade routes lost significance.

Question: What century did Songhai become independent from Mali?
Answer: 14th century

Question: Who was the commander of the Moroccan invasion of 1591? 
Answer: Judar Pasha

Question: What type of trading routes did Europeans make that compounded to the profound effect?
Answer: establishment of sea routes
Anti-government protests in 1991 led to a coup, a transitional government, and a new constitution. Opposition to the corrupt and dictatorial regime of General Moussa Traoré grew during the 1980s. During this time strict programs, imposed to satisfy demands of the International Monetary Fund, brought increased hardship upon the country's population, while elites close to the government supposedly lived in growing wealth. Peaceful student protests in January 1991 were brutally suppressed, with mass arrests and torture of leaders and participants. Scattered acts of rioting and vandalism of public buildings followed, but most actions by the dissidents remained nonviolent.

Question: In what year did Mali get a new constitution? 
Answer: 1991

Question: In January of 1991 what type of protests were violently curbed?
Answer: student protests

Question: What type of administration did general Mousa Traoré have?
Answer: dictatorial regime

Question: Strict rules were put in place to appease what monetary fund?
Answer: International Monetary Fund

Question: It was rumored that people close to the government lived in what type of condition? 
Answer: growing wealth
From 22 March through 26 March 1991, mass pro-democracy rallies and a nationwide strike was held in both urban and rural communities, which became known as les evenements ("the events") or the March Revolution. In Bamako, in response to mass demonstrations organized by university students and later joined by trade unionists and others, soldiers opened fire indiscriminately on the nonviolent demonstrators. Riots broke out briefly following the shootings. Barricades as well as roadblocks were erected and Traoré declared a state of emergency and imposed a nightly curfew. Despite an estimated loss of 300 lives over the course of four days, nonviolent protesters continued to return to Bamako each day demanding the resignation of the dictatorial president and the implementation of democratic policies.

Question: What type of rallies were being held in March of 1991?
Answer: pro-democracy

Question: There was a nationwide strike being held that was called les envenements and also named what?
Answer: March Revolution

Question: After the president declared a state of emergency, what type of curfew was placed on the country?
Answer: nightly

Question: How many people died over the course of four days?
Answer: 300 lives

Question: After all of the governments efforts what types of protests continued? 
Answer: nonviolent
26 March 1991 is the day that marks the clash between military soldiers and peaceful demonstrating students which climaxed in the massacre of dozens under the orders of then President Moussa Traoré. He and three associates were later tried and convicted and received the death sentence for their part in the decision-making of that day. Nowadays, the day is a national holiday in order to remember the tragic events and the people that were killed.[unreliable source?] The coup is remembered as Mali's March Revolution of 1991.

Question: Who was president during the March protests?
Answer: Moussa Traoré

Question: How many people aside from the president received a death sentence? 
Answer: three associates

Question: What day is now a National holiday in connection to Moussa Traoré?
Answer: 26 March

Question: All four men were convicted and received what as punishment?
Answer: death sentence

Question: Those that received the death sentence had gotten it for their role in what?
Answer: their part in the decision-making
In January 2012 a Tuareg rebellion began in Northern Mali, led by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad. In March, military officer Amadou Sanogo seized power in a coup d'état, citing Touré's failures in quelling the rebellion, and leading to sanctions and an embargo by the Economic Community of West African States. The MNLA quickly took control of the north, declaring independence as Azawad. However, Islamist groups including Ansar Dine and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), who had helped the MNLA defeat the government, turned on the Tuareg and took control of the North with the goal of implementing sharia in Mali.

Question: What rebellion began in January of 2012?
Answer: Tuareg rebellion

Question: In March of 2012 whom gained control of Mali?
Answer: Amadou Sanogo

Question: What group led the rebellion in Northern Mali?
Answer: National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad

Question: The embargo of the Economic Community of West African States imposed what type of punishment? 
Answer: sanctions

Question: What group declared independence as Asawad?
Answer: MNLA
Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization; they may be organized as a profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally. A very similar type of organization termed a supporting organization operates like a foundation, but they are more complicated to administer, hold more favorable tax status and are restricted in the public charities they support. Their mole is not to be successful in terms of wealth, but in terms of giving value to the groups of people they administer to.

Question: How are charity or service NPOs usually organized?
Answer: profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally

Question: What type of organization behaves much like a foundation?
Answer: a supporting organization

Question:  What is a major function of a foundation?
Answer: giving value to the groups of people they administer to
In South Africa, charities issue a tax certificate when requested by donors which can be used as a tax deduction by the donor. Non Profit Organisations are registered under Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs) but may voluntarily register with The Nonprofit Companies Directorate. Trusts are registered by the Master of the High Court. Section 21 Companies are registered under the Company's Act. All are classified as Voluntary Organisations and all must be registered with the South Africa Revenue Services "SARS".[citation needed]

Question: What do NPOs in South Africa give to their donors?
Answer: a tax certificate

Question: What can a tax certificate issued by a South Africian NPO be used for?
Answer: a tax deduction by the donor

Question: Where are South Africian NPOs registered?
Answer: Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs)

Question: Who keeps track of the trusts of South Africian NPOs?
Answer: Master of the High Court

Question: Who would a South Africian NPO register with if they were a voluntary organization?
Answer: South Africa Revenue Services "SARS"