meithnav/squad huggingface dataset:
Professional wrestling in the U.S. tends to have a heavy focus on story building and the establishment of characters (and their personalities). There is a story for each match, and even a longer story for successive matches. The stories usually contain characters like faces and heels, and less often antiheroes and tweeners. It is a "triumph" if the face wins, while it is a "tragedy" if the heel wins. The characters usually have strong and sharp personalities, with examples like Doink the Clown, whose personality is melodramatic, slapstick and fantastical. The opposition between faces and heels is very intense in the story, and the heels may even attack the faces during TV interviews. The relationship between different characters can also be very complex.

Question: What does every match have?
Answer: a story

Question: Who is usually included in stories? 
Answer: characters like faces and heels

Question: What are the possibly outcomes of a story? 
Answer: It is a "triumph" if the face wins, while it is a "tragedy" if the heel wins.

Question: What is Doink the Clown's persona like?
Answer: melodramatic, slapstick and fantastical

Question: What might happen during interviews?
Answer: heels may even attack the faces
Although professional wrestling in Mexico (lucha libre) also has stories and characters, they are less emphasized. Wrestlers in Mexico are traditionally more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers than professional wrestlers in the U.S. who, more often, rely on power moves and strikes to subdue their opponents. The difference in styles is due to the independent evolution of the sport in Mexico beginning in the 1930s and the fact that wrestlers in the cruiserweight division (peso semicompleto) are often the most popular wrestlers in Mexican lucha libre. Wrestlers often execute high flying moves characteristic of lucha libre by utilizing the wrestling ring's ropes to catapult themselves towards their opponents, using intricate combinations in rapid-fire succession, and applying complex submission holds. Lucha libre is also known for its tag team wrestling matches, in which the teams are often made up of three members, instead of two as is common in the U.S.

Question: How do characters differ in Mexican wrestling?
Answer: they are less emphasized

Question: How are Mexican wrestlers different? 
Answer: more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers

Question: What do American wrestlers depend on? 
Answer: rely on power moves and strikes to subdue their opponents

Question: What else is lucha libre known for?
Answer: tag team wrestling matches

Question: How does lucha libre's tag team matches differ? 
Answer: often made up of three members, instead of two as is common in the U.S
The style of Japanese professional wrestling (puroresu) is again different. With its origins in traditional American style of wrestling and still being under the same genre, it has become an entity in itself. Despite the similarity to its American counterpart in that the outcome of the matches remains predetermined, the phenomena are different in the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport; it is treated as a full contact combat sport as it mixes hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds, while in the U.S. it is rather more regarded as an entertainment show. Wrestlers incorporate kicks and strikes from martial arts disciplines, and a strong emphasis is placed on submission wrestling, and unlike the use of involved storylines in the U.S., they are not as intricate in Japan, more emphasis is placed on the concept of Fighting Spirit, meaning the Wrestlers display of physical and mental stamina are valued a lot more than theatrics. Many of Japan's wrestlers including top stars such as Shinya Hashimoto, Riki Choshu and Keiji Mutoh came from a legitimate martial arts background and many Japanese wrestlers in the 1990s began to pursue careers in mixed martial arts organizations such as Pancrase and Shooto which at the time retained the original look of puroresu, but were actual competitions.

Question: How is Japanese wrestling similar to American?
Answer: outcome of the matches remains predetermined

Question: How does Japanese wrestling differ? 
Answer: the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport

Question: What does Japanese wrestling combine?
Answer: hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds

Question: What is the emphasis placed on in Japanese wrestling? 
Answer: Fighting Spirit

Question: What is a common background for a Japanese wrestler? 
Answer: legitimate martial arts
Those involved in producing professional wrestling have developed a kind of global fraternity, with familial bonds, shared language and passed-down traditions. New performers are expected to "pay their dues" for a few years by working in lower-profile promotions and working as ring crew before working their way upward. The permanent rosters of most promotions develop a backstage pecking order, with veterans mediating conflicts and mentoring younger wrestlers. For many decades (and still to a lesser extent today), performers were expected to keep the illusions of wrestling's legitimacy alive even while not performing, essentially acting in character any time they were in public. Some veterans speak of a "sickness" among wrestling performers, an inexplicable pull to remain active in the wrestling world despite the devastating effects the job can have on one's life and health.

Question: What is expected of newcomers? 
Answer: to "pay their dues" for a few years by working in lower-profile promotions

Question: What were wrestlers expected to do for decades? 
Answer: keep the illusions of wrestling's legitimacy alive

Question: How did wrestlers have to act in public? 
Answer: acting in character

Question: What effects can wrestling have on the wrestlers? 
Answer: devastating effects the job can have on one's life and health
Fans of professional wrestling have their own subculture, comparable to those of science fiction, video games, or comic books (in some cases, the "fandoms" overlap; in recent years, some professional wrestlers, particularly those who nurture an anti-establishment rebel persona, such as CM Punk, have made guest appearances at comic book conventions). Those who are interested in the backstage occurrences, future storylines, and reasonings behind company decisions read newsletters written by journalists with inside ties to the wrestling industry. These "rags" or "dirt sheets" have expanded into the Internet, where their information can be dispensed on an up-to-the-minute basis. Some have expanded into radio shows.

Question: What do the fans have?
Answer: their own subculture

Question: What sometimes happens with fandoms? 
Answer: overlap

Question: Where have some wrestlers appeared?
Answer: comic book conventions
Some fans enjoy a pastime of collecting tapes of wrestling shows from specific companies, of certain wrestlers, or of specific genres. The Internet has given fans exposure to worldwide variations of wrestling they would be unable to see otherwise. Since the 1990s, many companies have been founded which deal primarily in wrestling footage. When the WWF purchased both WCW and ECW in 2001, they also obtained the entire past video libraries of both productions and have released many past matches online and on home video.

Question: What do some fans like to do?
Answer: collecting tapes of wrestling shows

Question: What has the internet done for wrestling fans? 
Answer: exposure to worldwide variations of wrestling

Question: Many companies who handle wrestling footage have been founded since what decade?
Answer: 1990s

Question: What companies did WWF purchase in 2001? 
Answer: WCW and ECW
Many television shows and films have been produced which portray in-character professional wrestlers as protagonists, such as Ready to Rumble, ¡Mucha Lucha!, Nacho Libre, and the Santo film series. In the wildly popular Rocky series of films about the fictional boxer Rocky Balboa, Rocky III saw its hero fighting a "boxer vs. wrestler" exhibition match against the enormous and villainous wrestler "Thunderlips", portrayed by real-life soon-to-be wrestling icon Hulk Hogan. At least two stage plays set in the world of pro wrestling have been produced: The Baron is a comedy that retells the life of an actual performer known as Baron von Raschke. From Parts Unknown... is an award-nominated Canadian drama about the rise and fall of a fictional wrestler. The 2009 South Park episode "W.T.F." played on the soap operatic elements of professional wrestling. One of the lead characters on the Disney Channel series Kim Possible was a huge fan of pro wrestling and actually featured it on an episode (with two former WWE wrestlers voicing the two fictitious wrestlers featured in the episode). The 2008 film The Wrestler, about a washed-up professional wrestler, garnered several Oscar nominations.

Question: Name a popular series of boxing films?
Answer: Rocky series

Question: Who is the movie The Baron about? 
Answer: Baron von Raschke

Question: What episode of South Park dealt with wrestling?
Answer: "W.T.F."

Question: What critically acclaimed wrestling film came out in 2008? 
Answer: The Wrestler

Question: Many of what forms of entertainment have portrayed wrestlers? 
Answer: television shows and films
Documentary filmmakers have studied the lives of wrestlers and the effects the profession has on them and their families. The 1999 theatrical documentary Beyond the Mat focused on Terry Funk, a wrestler nearing retirement; Mick Foley, a wrestler within his prime; Jake Roberts, a former star fallen from grace; and a school of wrestling student trying to break into the business. The 2005 release Lipstick and Dynamite, Piss and Vinegar: The First Ladies of Wrestling chronicled the development of women's wrestling throughout the 20th century. Pro wrestling has been featured several times on HBO's Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel. MTV's documentary series True Life featured two episodes titled "I'm a Professional Wrestler" and "I Want to Be a Professional Wrestler". Other documentaries have been produced by The Learning Channel (The Secret World of Professional Wrestling) and A&E (Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows). Bloodstained Memoirs explored the careers of several pro wrestlers, including Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam and Roddy Piper.

Question: Who has studied the lives of wrestlers?
Answer: Documentary filmmakers

Question: When did Beyond the Mat come out? 
Answer: 1999

Question: Who hosts Real Sports?
Answer: Bryant Gumbel

Question: Who are a few wrestlers who have had memoirs written about them?
Answer: Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam and Roddy Piper
Although professional wrestling is worked, there is a high chance of injury, and even death. Strikes are often stiff, especially in Japan and in independent wrestling promotions such as Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) and Ring of Honor (ROH). The ring is often made out of 2 by 8 timber planks. Many of the injuries that occur in pro wrestling are shoulders, knee, back, neck, and rib injuries. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injuries have also been linked to pro wrestling, including in the double-murder suicide case involving Chris Benoit. Professional wrestler Davey Richards said in 2015, "We train to take damage, we know we are going to take damage and we accept that".

Question: What are the risks of wrestling?
Answer: high chance of injury, and even death

Question: What is the ring commonly made of?
Answer: 2 by 8 timber planks

Question: What are common injuries in wrestling?
Answer: shoulders, knee, back, neck, and rib injuries

Question: What other injuries have been connected with wrestling?
Answer: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injuries

Question: Chris Benoit was involved in what tragic event? 
Answer: double-murder suicide case
Relatively insensitive film, with a correspondingly lower speed index, requires more exposure to light to produce the same image density as a more sensitive film, and is thus commonly termed a slow film. Highly sensitive films are correspondingly termed fast films. In both digital and film photography, the reduction of exposure corresponding to use of higher sensitivities generally leads to reduced image quality (via coarser film grain or higher image noise of other types). In short, the higher the sensitivity, the grainier the image will be. Ultimately sensitivity is limited by the quantum efficiency of the film or sensor.

Question: What does the film's quantum efficiency limit? 
Answer: sensitivity

Question: What speed of film is produced by insensitive film? 
Answer: slow film

Question: What leads to lower quality images?
Answer: reduction of exposure

Question: What types of film are considered fast films?
Answer: Highly sensitive films

Question: What effect does highly sensitive film have on images?
Answer: reduced image quality
The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer consisted of a frame holding an opaque screen with an array of typically 25 numbered, gradually pigmented squares brought into contact with the photographic plate during a timed test exposure under a phosphorescent tablet excited before by the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon. The speed of the emulsion was then expressed in 'degrees' Warnerke (sometimes seen as Warn. or °W.) corresponding with the last number visible on the exposed plate after development and fixation. Each number represented an increase of 1/3 in speed, typical plate speeds were between 10° and 25° Warnerke at the time.

Question: What consists of 25 pigmented squares touching a plate below a phosphorescent tablet under the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon?
Answer: The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer

Question: What do degrees Warnerke measure?
Answer: The speed of the emulsion

Question: How much speed is associated with each degree Warnerke?
Answer: an increase of 1/3 in speed

Question: What were usual ranges of Warnerke speeds? 
Answer: between 10° and 25° Warnerke

Question: What does the last exposed number on the plate represent? 
Answer: 'degrees' Warnerke
The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed was expressed in degrees Scheiner, originally ranging from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch., where an increment of 19° Sch. corresponded to a hundredfold increase in sensitivity, which meant that an increment of 3° Sch. came close to a doubling of sensitivity.

Question: Who created the Scheinergrade system? 
Answer: the German astronomer Julius Scheiner

Question: What is the Scheinergrade system used for?
Answer: comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography

Question: What do degrees Scheiner indicate?
Answer: the speed of a plate

Question: What is the range of Scheiner speeds?
Answer: from 1° Sch. to 20° Sch

Question: Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity? 
Answer: an increment of 3° Sch
The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committee for sensitometry of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für photographische Forschung since 1930 and presented by Robert Luther (de) (1868–1945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970) at the influential VIII. International Congress of Photography (German: Internationaler Kongreß für wissenschaftliche und angewandte Photographie) held in Dresden from August 3 to 8, 1931.

Question: When was the DIN system established? 
Answer: January 1934

Question: Who created the DIN system?
Answer: Deutsches Institut für Normung

Question: What was proposed at the VIII International Congress of Photography?
Answer: a standardized method of sensitometry

Question: Who presented the idea that grew into the DIN?
Answer: Robert Luther (de) (1868–1945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970)

Question: Where was the VIII International Congress of Photography held?
Answer: Dresden
As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above would be written as "18° DIN". The degree symbol was finally dropped with DIN 4512:1961-10. This revision also saw significant changes in the definition of film speeds in order to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard, so that film speeds of black-and-white negative film effectively would become doubled, that is, a film previously marked as "18° DIN" would now be labeled as "21 DIN" without emulsion changes.

Question: What unit was used in the DIN to express speeds? 
Answer: degrees

Question: How was sensitivity expressed at first in the DIN system?
Answer: as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example "18/10° DIN")

Question: When did the degree symbol fall out of use in the DIN system?
Answer: with DIN 4512:1961-10

Question: Why did the definition of film speeds change considerably?
Answer: to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard

Question: What happened to film speeds of black-and-white negative film?
Answer: would become doubled
On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as well. Finally, the latest DIN 4512 revisions were replaced by corresponding ISO standards, DIN 4512-1:1993-05 by DIN ISO 6:1996-02 in September 2000, DIN 4512-4:1985-08 by DIN ISO 2240:1998-06 and DIN 4512-5:1990-11 by DIN ISO 5800:1998-06 both in July 2002.

Question: What took the place of the German DIN 4512 system?
Answer: ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979

Question: How is sensitivity shown in the ISO systems?
Answer: in linear and logarithmic form as "ISO 100/21°"

Question: What standards did the DIN begin to use?
Answer: ISO standards

Question: When were the ISO standards first adopted?
Answer: in the 1980s

Question: When were the last ISO standards adopted? 
Answer: July 2002
Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617, one of the earliest photo-electric exposure meters, in August 1932. The meter and film rating system were invented by William Nelson Goodwin, Jr., who worked for them and later received a Howard N. Potts Medal for his contributions to engineering.

Question: What system was used previous to the ASA system?
Answer: the system of Weston film speed ratings

Question: Who devised the Weston film speed ratings? 
Answer: Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936)

Question: What company did Dr. Edward Weston start? 
Answer: the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation

Question: When was the Weston model 617 created?
Answer: August 1932

Question: Who is credited with creating the film and meter system?
Answer: William Nelson Goodwin, Jr.
The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had been rated at 200 ASA before 1960 was labeled 400 ASA afterwards without any change to the emulsion. Similar changes were applied to the DIN system with DIN 4512:1961-10 and the BS system with BS 1380:1963 in the following years.

Question: In what year were big changes made to the ANSI?
Answer: 1960

Question: What did the 1960 changes to film speed measures lead to?
Answer: effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films

Question: Which other system were these changes applied to?
Answer: the DIN system

Question: In what year was the BS system modified?
Answer: 1963

Question: What safety factors were done away with beginning with the modifications to the standards?
Answer: safety factors against under-exposure
The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. This is the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space. This is also the only technique available under the standard when multi-zone metering (also called pattern metering) is used.

Question: What option does the Recommended Exposure Index give manufacturers? 
Answer: to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily

Question: What is another name for multi-zone metering?
Answer: pattern metering

Question: What distinction does the Recommended Exposure Index have?
Answer: the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space

Question: When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced?
Answer: 2006

Question: What is the only technique that can be used when multi-zone metering is used?
Answer: Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique
Despite these detailed standard definitions, cameras typically do not clearly indicate whether the user "ISO" setting refers to the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes. Because the 1998 version of ISO 12232 did not permit measurement of camera output that had lossy compression, it was not possible to correctly apply any of those measurements to cameras that did not produce sRGB files in an uncompressed format such as TIFF. Following the publication of CIPA DC-004 in 2006, Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras are required to specify whether a sensitivity rating is REI or SOS.[citation needed]

Question: What measures might the user "ISO" setting correspond to?
Answer: the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes

Question: What did the 1998 version of ISO 12232 not permit?
Answer: measurement of camera output that had lossy compression

Question: What types of sensitivity ratings can be specified by a camera?
Answer: REI or SOS

Question: What standards changed what Japanese camera makers have to specify?
Answer: CIPA DC-004

Question: In what year was CIPA DC-004 introduced?
Answer: 2006
After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect a Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) has controlled both of them. In recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29, 2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F.) and is now in transition to become the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the Union, it can never become a state, lest the capital of the country be relocated elsewhere.

Question: Why can't Mexico City become a state?
Answer: Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution

Question: When did people become able to vote for representation?
Answer: 1997

Question: What political party controls the Mexico City legislature? 
Answer: Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)

Question: What was Mexico City's old affiliation with the nation of Mexico?
Answer: Federal District

Question: How are officials elected to the legislature? 
Answer: popular vote
The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. As the depth of the lake water fluctuated, Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding. A major labor draft, the desagüe, compelled thousands of Indians over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding. Floods were not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, since during flood periods human waste polluted the city's streets. By draining the area, the mosquito population dropped as did the frequency of the diseases they spread. However, draining the wetlands also changed the habitat for fish and birds and the areas accessible for Indian cultivation close to the capital.

Question: What was the labor draft called?
Answer: the desagüe

Question: Who helped build infrastructure around the lake?
Answer: Indians

Question: What was the main problem with being so close to the lake?
Answer: flooding

Question: What was a negative of regulating the lake's water height?
Answer: changed the habitat for fish and birds

Question: How many Indians helped build the infrastructure? 
Answer: thousands
The Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores") also known as El Grito de la Independencia ("Cry of Independence"), uttered from the small town of Dolores near Guanajuato on September 16, 1810, is the event that marks the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence and is the most important national holiday observed in Mexico. The "Grito" was the battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Roman Catholic priest. Hidalgo and several criollos were involved in a planned revolt against the Spanish colonial government, and the plotters were betrayed. Fearing his arrest, Hidalgo commanded his brother Mauricio as well as Ignacio Allende and Mariano Abasolo to go with a number of other armed men to make the sheriff release the pro-independence inmates there on the night of September 15. They managed to set eighty free. Around 6:00 am September 16, 1810, Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung and gathered his congregation. Flanked by Allende and Juan Aldama, he addressed the people in front of his church, encouraging them to revolt. The Battle of Guanajuato, the first major engagement of the insurgency, occurred four days later. Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on September 27, 1821, after a decade of war. Unrest followed for the next several decades, as different factions fought for control of Mexico.

Question: When did Mexico gain independence? 
Answer: September 27, 1821

Question: How long was the war?
Answer: a decade

Question: What was the first battle of the Mexican Independence war called? 
Answer: The Battle of Guanajuato

Question: What was the battle cry of the war?
Answer: Grito

Question: When did the war begin?
Answer: September 16, 1810
During this era of Porfirian rule, the city underwent an extensive modernization. Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed, replaced by new much larger Porfirian institutions and many outlying rural zones were transformed into urban or industrialized districts with most having electrical, gas and sewage utilities by 1908. While the initial focus was on developing modern hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works, perhaps the most long-lasting effects of the Porfirian modernization were creation of the Colonia Roma area and the development of Reforma Avenue. Many of Mexico City's major attractions and landmarks were built during this era in this style.

Question: When was most of the urbanization completed? 
Answer: by 1908

Question: The extensive modernization started with what?
Answer: Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed

Question: What was built during the modernization?
Answer: hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works

Question: What famous street was built during this period of modernization?
Answer: Reforma Avenue
Diaz's plans called for the entire city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of the Colonia Roma; but the Mexican Revolution began soon afterward and the plans never came to fruition, with many projects being left half-completed. One of the best examples of this is the Monument to the Mexican Revolution. Originally the monument was to be the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall, but when the revolution erupted only the dome of the senate hall and its supporting pillars were completed, this was subsequently seen as a symbol by many Mexicans that the Porfirian era was over once and for all and as such, it was turned into a monument to victory over Diaz.

Question: What was turned into a monument after the war? 
Answer: the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall

Question: Who was the man behind the modernization of Mexico City?
Answer: Diaz

Question: Why wasn't Diaz's plan completed? 
Answer: the Mexican Revolution

Question: What was the overall design plan of Mexico City?
Answer: Porfirian/French style

Question: What was the main construction project in the Profirian/French style?
Answer: Colonia Roma
Zapatist forces, which were based in neighboring Morelos had strengths in the southern edge of the Federal District, which included Xochimilco, Tlalpan, Tláhuac and Milpa Alta to fight against the regimes of Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza. After the assassination of Carranza and a short mandate by Adolfo de la Huerta, Álvaro Obregón took power. After willing to be re-elected, he was killed by José de León Toral, a devout Catholic, in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San Ángel in 1928. Plutarco Elias Calles replaced Obregón and culminated the Mexican Revolution.

Question: Who was the leader at the end of the Mexican Revolution?
Answer: Plutarco Elias Calles

Question: Where was Alvaro Obregon killed? 
Answer: in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San Ángel

Question: When was Alvaro Obregon killed? 
Answer: 1928

Question: Where were the Zapatist forces from?
Answer: Morelos

Question: Who was the third to last leader before the end of the Mexican Revolution?
Answer: Adolfo de la Huerta
In 1980 half of all the industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City. Under relentless growth, the Mexico City government could barely keep up with services. Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city's problems. With no housing available, they took over lands surrounding the city, creating huge shantytowns that extended for many miles. This caused serious air pollution in Mexico City and water pollution problems, as well as subsidence due to overextraction of groundwater. Air and water pollution has been contained and improved in several areas due to government programs, the renovation of vehicles and the modernization of public transportation.

Question: How many of the industrial jobs in the county were based in Mexico City in the late 20th century?
Answer: half

Question: What did the countryside workers make to live in? 
Answer: shantytowns

Question: What did the shantytowns create?
Answer: serious air pollution
By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however the city has become a model for dramatically lowering pollution levels. By 2014 carbon monoxide pollution had dropped dramatically, while levels of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were nearly three times lower than in 1992. The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of Los Angeles.[citation needed] Despite the cleanup, the metropolitan area is still the most ozone-polluted part of the country, with ozone levels 2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits.

Question: How bad is the ozone in Mexico City?
Answer: 2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits

Question: Carbon Monoxide levels are about 3 times lower now than in what year?
Answer: 1992

Question: What city is similar to Mexico City in terms of pollution?
Answer: Los Angeles

Question: When Mexico one of the worst cities in terms of pollution? 
Answer: 1990s

Question: Who decides safe levels of o-zone in cities?
Answer: WHO
The Acta Constitutiva de la Federación of January 31, 1824, and the Federal Constitution of October 4, 1824, fixed the political and administrative organization of the United Mexican States after the Mexican War of Independence. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and Querétaro.

Question: What was the other city in the running to become capital of Mexico?
Answer: Querétaro

Question: What part of the constitution established the right to create a capital city?
Answer: Section XXVIII of Article 50

Question: When was the federal constitution signed? 
Answer: October 4, 1824

Question: What type of land is Mexico City?
Answer: federal

Question: Who is in charge of the land of Mexico City according to the original constitution?
Answer: federal government
In 1854 president Antonio López de Santa Anna enlarged the area of the Federal District almost eightfold from the original 220 to 1,700 km2 (80 to 660 sq mi), annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. (The Mexican–American War had just been fought.) The last changes to the limits of the Federal District were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi) by adjusting the southern border with the state of Morelos. By that time, the total number of municipalities within the Federal District was twenty-two.

Question: How many smaller cities did Mexico City make up at its height?
Answer: twenty-two

Question: What is the current area of Mexico City?
Answer: 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi)

Question: How large was Mexico City at its largest?
Answer: 1,700 km2

Question: When was the boundaries of the city last adjusted? 
Answer: 1902

Question: Who increased the size of Mexico City to it's largest?
Answer: Antonio López de Santa Anna
While the Federal District was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor, the municipalities within it were autonomous, and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century. In 1903, Porfirio Díaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District. Eventually, in December 1928, the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District. In place of the municipalities, the Federal District was divided into one "Central Department" and 13 delegaciones (boroughs) administered directly by the government of the Federal District. The Central Department was integrated by the former municipalities of Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya and Mixcoac.

Question: When were the powers of the municipalities of Mexico City first reduced?
Answer: 1903

Question: When was the autonomy of the municipalities eliminated?
Answer: 1928

Question: How many boroughs did the city consist of when they were first established? 
Answer: 13

Question: Who first reduced the power of the municipalities of Mexico City?
Answer: Porfirio Díaz

Question: Who led Mexico City?
Answer: an appointed governor
Mexico City, being the seat of the powers of the Union, did not belong to any particular state but to all. Therefore, it was the president, representing the federation, who used to designate the head of government of the Federal District, a position which is sometimes presented outside Mexico as the "Mayor" of Mexico City.[citation needed] In the 1980s, given the dramatic increase in population of the previous decades, the inherent political inconsistencies of the system, as well as the dissatisfaction with the inadequate response of the federal government after the 1985 earthquake, residents began to request political and administrative autonomy to manage their local affairs.[citation needed] Some political groups even proposed that the Federal District be converted into the 32nd state of the federation.

Question: If Mexico City was declared a state, how many states would be in the federation?
Answer: 32

Question: What event caused the citizens to reconsider how the government of Mexico City was set up?
Answer: the 1985 earthquake

Question: What do people call the leader of Mexico City?
Answer: Mayor

Question: Who declared the "Mayor" of Mexico City?
Answer: the president

Question: What state does Mexico City belong to?
Answer: all
In response to the demands, in 1987 the Federal District received a greater degree of autonomy, with the elaboration the first Statute of Government (Estatuto de Gobierno), and the creation of an Assembly of Representatives.[citation needed] In the 1990s, this autonomy was further expanded and, starting from 1997, residents can directly elect the head of government of the Federal District and the representatives of a unicameral Legislative Assembly (which succeeded the previous Assembly) by popular vote.

Question: When did the Federal District receive more power? 
Answer: 1987

Question: When did citizens receive the right to elect the head of the Federal District?
Answer: 1997

Question: How is the leader of Mexico City now established?
Answer: popular vote

Question: What gave the Federal District more autonomy? 
Answer: first Statute of Government
Even though proportionality is confined to the proportional seats to prevent a part from being overrepresented, several restrictions apply in the assignation of the seats; namely, that no party can have more than 63% of all seats, both uninominal and plurinominal. In the 2006 elections leftist PRD got the absolute majority in the direct uninominal elections, securing 34 of the 40 FPP seats. As such, the PRD was not assigned any plurinominal seat to comply with the law that prevents over-representation. The overall composition of the Legislative Assembly is:

Question: What is the maximum percentage of seats a single party can control?
Answer: 63

Question: How many seats of the uninominal elections did the PRD get in the 2006 elections?
Answer: 34

Question: Why does the government prevent more than 63% of a party to control the legislature? 
Answer: over-representation
For administrative purposes, the Federal District is divided into 16 "delegaciones" or boroughs. While not fully equivalent to a municipality, the 16 boroughs have gained significant autonomy, and since 2000 their heads of government are elected directly by plurality (they were previously appointed by the head of government of the Federal District). Given that Mexico City is organized entirely as a Federal District, most of the city services are provided or organized by the Government of the Federal District and not by the boroughs themselves, while in the constituent states these services would be provided by the municipalities. The 16 boroughs of the Federal District with their 2010 populations are:

Question: How many boroughs make up Mexico City?
Answer: 16

Question: How are the heads of the boroughs elected?
Answer: plurality

Question: How were the heads of the boroughs originally established? 
Answer: appointed by the head of government of the Federal District

Question: Who provides the city services?
Answer: Government of the Federal District

Question: When did election of borough heads begin?
Answer: 2000
The boroughs are composed by hundreds of colonias or neighborhoods, which have no jurisdictional autonomy or representation. The Historic Center is the oldest part of the city (along with some other, formerly separate colonial towns such as Coyoacán and San Ángel), some of the buildings dating back to the 16th century. Other well-known central neighborhoods include Condesa, known for its Art Deco architecture and its restaurant scene; Colonia Roma, a beaux arts neighborhood and artistic and culinary hot-spot, the Zona Rosa, formerly the center of nightlife and restaurants, now reborn as the center of the LGBT and Korean-Mexican communities; and Tepito and La Lagunilla, known for their local working-class foklore and large flea markets. Santa María la Ribera and San Rafael are the latest neighborhoods of magnificent Porfiriato architecture seeing the first signs of gentrification.

Question: What is the oldest part of the city?
Answer: The Historic Center

Question: How old are the oldest buildings in Mexico City?
Answer: 16th century

Question: What used to be the main party district of Mexico City?
Answer: Zona Rosa

Question: What is the center of the LGBT community in Mexico City?
Answer: Art Deco architecture

Question: What district is known for its Art Deco Architecture? 
Answer: Condesa
West of the Historic Center (Centro Histórico) along Paseo de la Reforma are many of the city's wealthiest neighborhoods such as Polanco, Lomas de Chapultepec, Bosques de las Lomas, Santa Fe, and (in the State of Mexico) Interlomas, which are also the city's most important areas of class A office space, corporate headquarters, skyscrapers and shopping malls. Nevertheless, areas of lower income colonias exist in some cases cheek-by-jowl with rich neighborhoods, particularly in the case of Santa Fe.

Question: Where are many of the wealthy neighborhoods located? 
Answer: West of the Historic Center

Question: What is the Mexican name for the historic center?
Answer: Centro Histórico

Question: Which rich neighborhood has a strong problem of impoverished lands around it?
Answer: Santa Fe

Question: Where are many of the corporate headquarters and other tall buildings located?
Answer: along Paseo de la Reforma
The south of the city is home to some other high-income neighborhoods such as Colonia del Valle and Jardines del Pedregal, and the formerly separate colonial towns of Coyoacán, San Ángel, and San Jerónimo. Along Avenida Insurgentes from Paseo de la Reforma, near the center, south past the World Trade Center and UNAM university towards the Periférico ring road, is another important corridor of corporate office space. The far southern boroughs of Xochimilco and Tláhuac have a significant rural population with Milpa Alta being entirely rural.

Question: What type of population lives in Tiahuac?
Answer: rural

Question: How is Milpa Alta constructed? 
Answer: entirely rural

Question: Where is the World Trade Center?
Answer: Along Avenida Insurgentes

Question: What is the name of one of the rich neighborhoods south of the city?
Answer: Colonia del Valle
Up to the 1990s, the Federal District was the most populous federal entity in Mexico, but since then its population has remained stable at around 8.7 million. The growth of the city has extended beyond the limits of the Federal District to 59 municipalities of the state of Mexico and 1 in the state of Hidalgo. With a population of approximately 19.8 million inhabitants (2008), it is one of the most populous conurbations in the world. Nonetheless, the annual rate of growth of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City is much lower than that of other large urban agglomerations in Mexico, a phenomenon most likely attributable to the environmental policy of decentralization. The net migration rate of the Federal District from 1995 to 2000 was negative.

Question: How many people live in the Federal District? 
Answer: 8.7 million

Question: What is the overall population of Mexico City in 2008?
Answer: 19.8 million

Question: What was the migration rate of Mexico City from 95-2000?
Answer: negative

Question: Compared to other cities in Mexico, Mexico City's growth is?
Answer: much lower
The Historic center of Mexico City (Centro Histórico) and the "floating gardens" of Xochimilco in the southern borough have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. Famous landmarks in the Historic Center include the Plaza de la Constitución (Zócalo), the main central square with its epoch-contrasting Spanish-era Metropolitan Cathedral and National Palace, ancient Aztec temple ruins Templo Mayor ("Major Temple") and modern structures, all within a few steps of one another. (The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables).

Question: Who designated the floating gardens as a World Heritage site?
Answer: UNESCO

Question: The Historic Center and the floating gardens are both examples of what?
Answer: World Heritage Sites

Question: When was the Templo Mayor found?
Answer: 1978

Question: How was Templo Mayor discovered? 
Answer: workers were digging to place underground electric cables
In addition, the city has about 160 museums—the world's greatest single metropolitan concentration —over 100 art galleries, and some 30 concert halls, all of which maintain a constant cultural activity during the whole year. It has either the third or fourth-highest number of theatres in the world after New York, London and perhaps Toronto. Many areas (e.g. Palacio Nacional and the National Institute of Cardiology) have murals painted by Diego Rivera. He and his wife Frida Kahlo lived in Coyoacán, where several of their homes, studios, and art collections are open to the public. The house where Leon Trotsky was initially granted asylum and finally murdered in 1940 is also in Coyoacán.

Question: How many museums are in Mexico City?
Answer: about 160

Question: How many art galleries are in Mexico City?
Answer: over 100

Question: How many concert halls are in Mexico City?
Answer: 30

Question: Who has painted murals all over the city?
Answer: Diego Rivera

Question: Where is the house that Leon Trotsky was murdered?
Answer: Coyoacán
Having been capital of a vast pre-Hispanic empire, and also the capital of richest viceroyalty within the Spanish Empire (ruling over a vast territory in the Americas and Spanish West Indies), and, finally, the capital of the United Mexican States, Mexico City has a rich history of artistic expression. Since the mesoamerican pre-Classical period the inhabitants of the settlements around Lake Texcoco produced many works of art and complex craftsmanship, some of which are today displayed at the world-renowned National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum. While many pieces of pottery and stone-engraving have survived, the great majority of the Amerindian iconography was destroyed during the Conquest of Mexico.

Question: When did Mexico City lost most of its artifacts? 
Answer: Conquest of Mexico

Question: When did the complex art of Mexico City begin?
Answer: pre-Classical period

Question: What holds most of the old art of the Mexico city region?
Answer: National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum

Question: What are the main artifacts that have survived? 
Answer: pottery and stone-engraving