title: Giorgio de Chirico
Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista
Superstroke
The Nostalgia of the Infinite
Spatialism
Scuola Romana
Gianni Colombo
Scuola Italiana Vittorio Montiglio
Mario Mafai
Concrete art
sentences: Giorgio de Chirico (] ; 10 July 1888 – 20 November 1978) was an Italian artist and writer.
 In the years before World War I, he founded the "scuola metafisica" art movement, which profoundly influenced the surrealists.
 After 1919, he became interested in traditional painting techniques, and worked in a neoclassical or neo-Baroque style, while frequently revisiting the metaphysical themes of his earlier work.
The Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista is a confraternity building located in the San Polo "sestiere" of the Italian city of Venice.
 Founded in the 13th century by a group of flagellants it was later to become one of the five "Scuole Grandi" of Venice.
 These organisations provided a variety of charitable functions in the city as well as becoming patrons of the arts.
 The Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista is notable for housing a relic of the true cross and for the series of paintings it commissioned from a number of famous Venetian artists depicting "Miracles of the Holy Cross".
 No longer in the school, these came into public ownership during the Napoleonic era and are now housed in the Gallerie dell'Accademia.
 The scuola is open to visitors on a limited number of days, detailed on the official website.
Superstroke is a term used for a contemporary art movement with its origins in South Africa.
 Superstroke is one of the influential art movements regarding African modernism and abstraction.
 The word "Superstroke" implies the super expressive brush stroke.
 The Superstroke art movement was initially founded as a reaction to the impact that the Superflat art movement, founded by Takashi Murakami had on modern contemporary art.
The Nostalgia of the Infinite is a painting by the Italian metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico.
Spatialism (Italian: "Spazialismo" ) is an art movement founded by Italian artist Lucio Fontana in Milan in 1947 in which he grandiosely intended to synthesize colour, sound, space, movement, and time into a new type of art.
 The main ideas of the movement were anticipated in his "Manifiesto blanco" (White Manifesto) published in Buenos Aires in 1946.
 In it he spoke of a new "spatial" art in keeping with the spirit of the post-war age.
 It repudiated the illusory or "virtual" space of traditional easel painting and sought to unite art and science to project colour and form into real space by the use of up-to-date techniques such as neon lighting and television.
 Five more manifestos followed; they were more specific in their negative than their positive aspects, and carried the concept of Spatialism little further than the statement that its essence consisted in "plastic emotions and emotions of colour projected upon space".
 In 1947 Fontana created a "Black Spatial Environment", a room painted black, which was considered to have foreshadowed Environment art.
 His stabbed and slashed canvases (beginning in 1949 and 1959 respectively) are also considered to embody Spatialism.
 An example of the slashed type (the slash made with a razor blade) is "Spatial Concept Waiting" (1960, Tate, London).
 Although Fontana's ideas were vague, his outlook was influential, for he was one of the first, certainly the first European artist to truly promote the idea of art as gesture or performance, rather than as the creation of an enduring physical work.
Scuola romana or Scuola di via Cavour was a 20th-century art movement defined by a group of painters within Expressionism and active in Rome between 1928 and 1945, and with a second phase in the mid-1950s.
Gianni Colombo (Milan 1933 – Melzo 1993) was an Italian artist, member of the kinetic art movement.
Scuola Italiana Vittorio Montiglio or Scuola Italiana Santiago is an Italian international school founded in 1891.
 Located at Las Condes, Santiago Province, Chile.
 It has "scuola infanzia" (preschool) through "scuola secondaria di II grado" (upper secondary school).
Mario Mafai (12 February 1902 – 31 March 1965) was an Italian painter.
 With his wife Antonietta Raphaël he founded the modern art movement called the Scuola Romana, or Roman school.
Concrete art is an art movement with a strong emphasis on abstraction.
 The artist Theo van Doesburg, closely associated with the De Stijl art movement, coined the term "concrete art" as he in 1930 founded the group Art Concret and articulated its features in a manifesto titled "The Basis of Concrete Art", signed by four other artists of the group, including Otto G. Carlsund, Jean Hélion and Leon Tutundjian.
 The manifesto explained that the resultant art should be non-referential insofar as its components should "not" refer to, or allude to, the entities normally encountered in the natural, visible world.
 This is a distinction from abstraction generally.
 In a more general sense "abstract art" could and often does include the "abstraction of forms in nature".
 But "concrete art" was intended to emanate "directly from the mind" and consequently to be more "cerebral" than abstract art generally.
 Concrete art is often composed of basic visual features such as planes, colors, and forms.
 "Sentiment" tends to be absent from concrete art.
 The "hand" of the artist may be difficult to detect in finished works of concrete art; concrete art may appear, in some instances, to have been made by a machine.
 Concrete art often has a core visual reference to geometry whereas more general abstract art may find its basis in the components of the natural world.
 A formulation of a description of concrete art might include a considerable reliance on the formal qualities of an artwork.
 Theo Van Doesburg's manifesto stated that art "should receive nothing from nature's formal properties or from sensuality or sentimentality.
 We want to exclude lyricism, dramaticism, symbolism, etc…."
 In concrete art a mathematical equation can serve as a starting point.
 Concrete art can include painting and sculpture.

Question: Question: What notable Italian artist and writer founded the "scuola metafisica" art movement and painted The Nostalgia of the Infinite? 

 Your answer will be verified with exact match score. To ensure correct verification, only provide the answer within the <answer> </answer> tags. Do not put any sentences or reasoning process within the <answer> </answer> tags. 

Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 Giorgio de Chirico (] ; 10 July 1888 – 20 November 1978) was an Italian artist and writer.
 In the years before World War I, he founded the "scuola metafisica" art movement, which profoundly influenced the surrealists.
 After 1919, he became interested in traditional painting techniques, and worked in a neoclassical or neo-Baroque style, while frequently revisiting the metaphysical themes of his earlier work. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 1 

 The Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista is a confraternity building located in the San Polo "sestiere" of the Italian city of Venice.
 Founded in the 13th century by a group of flagellants it was later to become one of the five "Scuole Grandi" of Venice.
 These organisations provided a variety of charitable functions in the city as well as becoming patrons of the arts.
 The Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista is notable for housing a relic of the true cross and for the series of paintings it commissioned from a number of famous Venetian artists depicting "Miracles of the Holy Cross".
 No longer in the school, these came into public ownership during the Napoleonic era and are now housed in the Gallerie dell'Accademia.
 The scuola is open to visitors on a limited number of days, detailed on the official website. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 2 

 The Nostalgia of the Infinite is a painting by the Italian metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 3 

 Scuola romana or Scuola di via Cavour was a 20th-century art movement defined by a group of painters within Expressionism and active in Rome between 1928 and 1945, and with a second phase in the mid-1950s. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 4 

 Gianni Colombo (Milan 1933 – Melzo 1993) was an Italian artist, member of the kinetic art movement. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 5 

 Scuola Italiana Vittorio Montiglio or Scuola Italiana Santiago is an Italian international school founded in 1891.
 Located at Las Condes, Santiago Province, Chile.
 It has "scuola infanzia" (preschool) through "scuola secondaria di II grado" (upper secondary school). 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 6 

 Mario Mafai (12 February 1902 – 31 March 1965) was an Italian painter.
 With his wife Antonietta Raphaël he founded the modern art movement called the Scuola Romana, or Roman school. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 7 

 Concrete art is an art movement with a strong emphasis on abstraction.
 The artist Theo van Doesburg, closely associated with the De Stijl art movement, coined the term "concrete art" as he in 1930 founded the group Art Concret and articulated its features in a manifesto titled "The Basis of Concrete Art", signed by four other artists of the group, including Otto G. Carlsund, Jean Hélion and Leon Tutundjian.
 The manifesto explained that the resultant art should be non-referential insofar as its components should "not" refer to, or allude to, the entities normally encountered in the natural, visible world.
 This is a distinction from abstraction generally.
 In a more general sense "abstract art" could and often does include the "abstraction of forms in nature".
 But "concrete art" was intended to emanate "directly from the mind" and consequently to be more "cerebral" than abstract art generally.
 Concrete art is often composed of basic visual features such as planes, colors, and forms.
 "Sentiment" tends to be absent from concrete art.
 The "hand" of the artist may be difficult to detect in finished works of concrete art; concrete art may appear, in some instances, to have been made by a machine.
 Concrete art often has a core visual reference to geometry whereas more general abstract art may find its basis in the components of the natural world.
 A formulation of a description of concrete art might include a considerable reliance on the formal qualities of an artwork.
 Theo Van Doesburg's manifesto stated that art "should receive nothing from nature's formal properties or from sensuality or sentimentality.
 We want to exclude lyricism, dramaticism, symbolism, etc…."
 In concrete art a mathematical equation can serve as a starting point.
 Concrete art can include painting and sculpture. 

--------------------------------

 


Answer: Giorgio de Chirico