title: James McCloughan
WikiLeaks-related Twitter court orders
TiVo Inc. v. EchoStar Corp.
Chelsea Manning
Stop Online Piracy Act
Robert D. Maxwell
Salvatore Giunta
Bank Markazi v. Peterson
Junior J. Spurrier
Noah Galloway
sentences: James C. McCloughan (born 30 April 1946) is a former United States Army soldier and a Vietnam War veteran.
 For his actions during the war, McCloughan was presented the Medal of Honor on 31 July 2017 by United States President Donald Trump, the first such award of Trump's administration.
The WikiLeaks-related Twitter court orders were United States Department of Justice 2703(d) orders (so-called because they are authorized by ) accompanied by gag orders (authorized by , both as differentiated from subpoenas and national security letters) issued to Twitter in relation to ongoing investigations of WikiLeaks issued on 14 December 2010.
 While only five people were individually named within the subpoena, according to lawyer Mark Stephens the order effectively entailed the collection in relation to criminal prosecution of the personal identifying information of over six hundred thousand Twitter users, principally those who were followers of WikiLeaks.
 The U.S. government also sent Twitter a subpoena for information about Julian Assange and several other WikiLeaks-related persons, including Chelsea Manning.
 Twitter appealed against the accompanying gag order in order to be able to disclose its existence to its users, and was ultimately successful in its appeal.
 Subsequent reactions included the discussion of secret subpoenas in the U.S., criticism of the particular subpoena issued, an immediate, temporary 0.5 percent reduction in the number of Twitter followers of WikiLeaks, and calls for the recognition and emulation of Twitter's stance.
TiVo Inc. v. EchoStar Corp. is a case stretching from 2004 to 2011, which took place in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.
 TiVo Inc. sued EchoStar Corp. claiming patent infringement of a DVR technology.
 The issues addressed during litigation included patent infringement, wording of injunctions, infringing product redesign, contempt of court orders, and contempt sanctions.
 Ultimately, the court held that EchoStar Corp. had indeed infringed TiVo Inc's patent and was in contempt of court for noncompliance of an injunction.
 The parties reached a settlement wherein EchoStar Corp. paid TiVo Inc. a licensing fee.
 Further, the court replaced the established contempt test with a single step test.
 The simplified test makes it more difficult for patent holders to prove contempt as a result of repeat infringement.
Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning, December 17, 1987) is a former United States Army soldier who was convicted by court-martial in July 2013, of violations of the Espionage Act and other offenses, after disclosing to WikiLeaks nearly 750,000 classified, or unclassified but sensitive, military and diplomatic documents.
The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) was a controversial United States bill introduced by U.S. Representative Lamar S. Smith (R-TX) to expand the ability of U.S. law enforcement to combat online copyright infringement and online trafficking in counterfeit goods.
 Provisions included the requesting of court orders to bar advertising networks and payment facilities from conducting business with infringing websites, and web search engines from linking to the websites, and court orders requiring Internet service providers to block access to the websites.
 The proposed law would have expanded existing criminal laws to include unauthorized streaming of copyrighted content, imposing a maximum penalty of five years in prison.
Robert Dale Maxwell (born October 26, 1920) is a former United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in World War II.
 With the death of Nicholas Oresko on October 4, 2013, Maxwell became the oldest living Medal of Honor recipient.
Salvatore Augustine Giunta ( ; born January 21, 1985) is a former United States Army soldier and the first living person since the Vietnam War to receive the U.S. military's highest decoration for valor, the Medal of Honor.
 Giunta was cited for saving the lives of members of his squad on October 25, 2007 during the War in Afghanistan.
 He left the U.S. Army in June 2011.
Bank Markazi v. Peterson, 578 U.S. ___ (2016), was a United States Supreme Court case that found that a law which only applied to a specific case, identified by docket number, and eliminated all of the defenses one party had raised does not violate the separation of powers in the United States Constitution between the legislative (Congress) and judicial branches of government.
 The plaintiffs in the trial court, respondents in the Supreme Court, were several parties who had obtained judgments against Iran for its role in supporting state-sponsored terrorism, particularly the 1983 Beirut barracks bombings and 1996 Khobar Towers bombing, and sought execution against a bank account in New York held, through European intermediaries, on behalf of Bank Markazi, the state-owned Central Bank of Iran.
 The initial plaintiffs obtained court orders preventing the transfer of funds from the account in 2008 and initiated their lawsuit in 2010.
 Bank Markazi raised several defenses against the execution against the account, including that the account was not an asset "of" the bank, but rather an asset of its European intermediary, under both New York state property law and §201(a) of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act.
 In response to concerns that existing laws were insufficient for the account to be used to settle the judgments, Congress included a section within a 2012 bill, codified after enactment as 22 U.S.C. § 8772, that identified the pending lawsuit by docket number, applied only to the assets in the identified case, and essentially abrogated every legal basis available to Bank Markazi to prevent the plaintiffs from executing their claims against the account.
 Bank Markazi then argued that § 8772 was an unconstitutional breach of the separation of power between the legislative and judicial branches of government, because it effectively directed a particular result in a single case without changing the generally applicable law.
 The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and, on appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit both upheld the constitutionality of § 8772 and cleared the way for the plaintiffs to execute their judgments against the account, which held about $1.75 billion in cash.
Junior James Spurrier, born James I. Spurrier, Jr., was a former United States Army soldier who received the United States' two highest military decorations for valor—the Medal of Honor and Distinguished Service Cross—for his heroic actions in World War II.
Noah Matthew Galloway (born October 28, 1981) is a former United States Army soldier, motivational speaker, and extreme sports enthusiast.
 He was injured during the Iraq War, losing his left arm above the elbow and left leg above the knee.
 He was a contestant on "Dancing with the Stars" season 20, paired with Sharna Burgess.
 The pair finished in third place.
 He led his team to victory in the first season of the "American Grit" TV show on FOX.
 His book "Living with No Excuses: The Remarkable Rebirth of an American Soldier" was released in August 2016.

Question: Question: What former United States Army soldier and related to WikiLeaks-related Twitter court orders? 

 Your answer will be verified with exact match score. To ensure correct verification, only provide the answer within the <answer> </answer> tags. Do not put any sentences or reasoning process within the <answer> </answer> tags. 

Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 James C. McCloughan (born 30 April 1946) is a former United States Army soldier and a Vietnam War veteran.
 For his actions during the war, McCloughan was presented the Medal of Honor on 31 July 2017 by United States President Donald Trump, the first such award of Trump's administration. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 1 

 The WikiLeaks-related Twitter court orders were United States Department of Justice 2703(d) orders (so-called because they are authorized by ) accompanied by gag orders (authorized by , both as differentiated from subpoenas and national security letters) issued to Twitter in relation to ongoing investigations of WikiLeaks issued on 14 December 2010.
 While only five people were individually named within the subpoena, according to lawyer Mark Stephens the order effectively entailed the collection in relation to criminal prosecution of the personal identifying information of over six hundred thousand Twitter users, principally those who were followers of WikiLeaks.
 The U.S. government also sent Twitter a subpoena for information about Julian Assange and several other WikiLeaks-related persons, including Chelsea Manning.
 Twitter appealed against the accompanying gag order in order to be able to disclose its existence to its users, and was ultimately successful in its appeal.
 Subsequent reactions included the discussion of secret subpoenas in the U.S., criticism of the particular subpoena issued, an immediate, temporary 0.5 percent reduction in the number of Twitter followers of WikiLeaks, and calls for the recognition and emulation of Twitter's stance. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 2 

 TiVo Inc. v. EchoStar Corp. is a case stretching from 2004 to 2011, which took place in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.
 TiVo Inc. sued EchoStar Corp. claiming patent infringement of a DVR technology.
 The issues addressed during litigation included patent infringement, wording of injunctions, infringing product redesign, contempt of court orders, and contempt sanctions.
 Ultimately, the court held that EchoStar Corp. had indeed infringed TiVo Inc's patent and was in contempt of court for noncompliance of an injunction.
 The parties reached a settlement wherein EchoStar Corp. paid TiVo Inc. a licensing fee.
 Further, the court replaced the established contempt test with a single step test.
 The simplified test makes it more difficult for patent holders to prove contempt as a result of repeat infringement. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 3 

 Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning, December 17, 1987) is a former United States Army soldier who was convicted by court-martial in July 2013, of violations of the Espionage Act and other offenses, after disclosing to WikiLeaks nearly 750,000 classified, or unclassified but sensitive, military and diplomatic documents. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 4 

 The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) was a controversial United States bill introduced by U.S. Representative Lamar S. Smith (R-TX) to expand the ability of U.S. law enforcement to combat online copyright infringement and online trafficking in counterfeit goods.
 Provisions included the requesting of court orders to bar advertising networks and payment facilities from conducting business with infringing websites, and web search engines from linking to the websites, and court orders requiring Internet service providers to block access to the websites.
 The proposed law would have expanded existing criminal laws to include unauthorized streaming of copyrighted content, imposing a maximum penalty of five years in prison. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 5 

 Robert Dale Maxwell (born October 26, 1920) is a former United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in World War II.
 With the death of Nicholas Oresko on October 4, 2013, Maxwell became the oldest living Medal of Honor recipient. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 6 

 Salvatore Augustine Giunta ( ; born January 21, 1985) is a former United States Army soldier and the first living person since the Vietnam War to receive the U.S. military's highest decoration for valor, the Medal of Honor.
 Giunta was cited for saving the lives of members of his squad on October 25, 2007 during the War in Afghanistan.
 He left the U.S. Army in June 2011. 

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Paragraph 7 

 Junior James Spurrier, born James I. Spurrier, Jr., was a former United States Army soldier who received the United States' two highest military decorations for valor—the Medal of Honor and Distinguished Service Cross—for his heroic actions in World War II. 

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Answer: Chelsea Manning