title: James Orange
Septima Poinsette Clark
Jonathan Daniels
Earl Caldwell (journalist)
Hip Hop Movement
Martin Luther King Jr.
Colonel Stone Johnson
Everett Dirksen
Long Civil Rights Movement
Chicano Movement
sentences: James Edward Orange (October 29, 1942 – February 16, 2008) was a pastor and a leading civil rights activist in the Civil Rights Movement in America.
 He was assistant to Martin Luther King Jr. in the civil rights movement.
 Orange joined the civil rights marches led by King and Ralph Abernathy in Atlanta in 1963.
 Later he became a project coordinator for Southern Christian Leadership Conference, drawing young people into the movement.
Septima Poinsette Clark (May 3, 1898 – December 15, 1987) was an American educator and civil rights activist.
 Clark developed the literacy and citizenship workshops that played an important role in the drive for voting rights and civil rights for African Americans in the Civil Rights Movement.
 Septima Clark's work was commonly under appreciated by Southern male activists.
 She became known as the "Queen mother" or "Grandmother" of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.
 Martin Luther King, Jr. commonly referred to Clark as "The Mother of the Movement".
 Clark's argument for her position in the Civil Rights Movement was one that claimed "knowledge could empower marginalized groups in ways that formal legal equality couldn't."
Jonathan Myrick Daniels (March 20, 1939 – August 20, 1965) was an Episcopal seminarian and civil rights activist.
 In 1965 he was assassinated by a shotgun-wielding construction worker, Tom Coleman, who was a special county deputy, in Hayneville, Alabama while in the act of shielding 17-year-old Ruby Sales.
 He saved the life of the young black civil rights activist.
 They both were working in the Civil Rights Movement in Lowndes County to integrate public places and register black voters after passage of the Voting Rights Act that summer.
 Daniels' death generated further support for the Civil Rights Movement.
Earl Caldwell (born c. 1935) is an American journalist.
 He documented the Black Panthers from the inside in the 1970s, and became embroiled in a key U.S. Supreme Court decision clarifying reporters' rights.
 The case started when the FBI tried to press Caldwell to be an informant against the Black Panther Party.
 He worked for "The New York Times", "New York Daily News", "The New York Amsterdam News" and is currently on the radio in New York City.
 His career as a journalist spans more than four decades.
 He witnessed and chronicled some of the most important civil rights events from the 1960s onwards and was the only reporter present when Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated.
 Caldwell is a founding member of the steering committee of the Maynard Institute for Journalism Education, as well as the Washington-based Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press.
 In 2009 he was inducted into the National Association of Black Journalists Hall of Fame.
The Hip Hop Movement offers a critical theory and history of hip hop culture as stated by Reiland Rabaka in his book "The Hip Hop Movement: From R&B and the Civil Rights Movement to Rap and the Hip Hop Generation".
 The movement connects R&B, the Civil Rights Movement, and hip hop culture.
 The six elements Of the Hip Hop Movement are: Consciousness Awareness, Civil Rights Awareness, Activism Awareness, Justice, Political Awareness, Community Awareness in music.
 In 1990 while working with the rap/pop group Snap!
 Ronald "Bee-Stinger" Savage while in the State of New York carved the term Six elements of the Hip Hop Movement.
Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr., January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement.
 He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using the tactics of nonviolence and civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs and inspired by the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi.
Colonel Stone Johnson (September 9, 1918 – January 19, 2012) was an African-American activist in the Civil Rights Movement.
 A railway worker and union representative by trade, he got involved in the civil rights movement in Birmingham, Alabama in the mid 1950s, working with Fred Shuttlesworth.
 He started a civil rights organization called the Civil Rights Guards that protected homes and business involved in the movement, usually while armed.
Everett McKinley Dirksen (January 4, 1896 – September 7, 1969) was an American politician of the Republican Party.
 He represented Illinois in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate.
 As Senate Minority Leader from 1959 to 1969, he played a highly visible and key role in the politics of the 1960s.
 He helped write and pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968, both landmark pieces of legislation during the Civil Rights Movement.
 He was also one of the Senate's strongest supporters of the Vietnam War and was known as "The Wizard of Ooze" because of his flamboyant oratorical style.
Long Civil Rights Movement is an argument advanced by American historian Jacquelyn Dowd Hall.
 It was proposed in the article "The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past" within "The Journal of American History" in 2005.
 Dowd had used the term in an earlier article titled, "Broadening Our View of the Civil Rights Movement" within the journal "The Chronicle of Higher Education" in 2001.
 Since 2005, the long civil rights movement argument has attracted substantial attention from scholars and academics that study the Civil Rights Movement.
The Chicano Movement of the 1960s, also called the Chicano Civil Rights Movement or El Movimiento, was a civil rights movement extending the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s with the stated goal of achieving Mexican American empowerment.

Question: Question: Who was the only reporter present when the visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement was assassinated? 

 Your answer will be verified with exact match score. To ensure correct verification, only provide the answer within the <answer> </answer> tags. Do not put any sentences or reasoning process within the <answer> </answer> tags. 

Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 James Edward Orange (October 29, 1942 – February 16, 2008) was a pastor and a leading civil rights activist in the Civil Rights Movement in America.
 He was assistant to Martin Luther King Jr. in the civil rights movement.
 Orange joined the civil rights marches led by King and Ralph Abernathy in Atlanta in 1963.
 Later he became a project coordinator for Southern Christian Leadership Conference, drawing young people into the movement. 

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Paragraph 1 

 Septima Poinsette Clark (May 3, 1898 – December 15, 1987) was an American educator and civil rights activist.
 Clark developed the literacy and citizenship workshops that played an important role in the drive for voting rights and civil rights for African Americans in the Civil Rights Movement.
 Septima Clark's work was commonly under appreciated by Southern male activists.
 She became known as the "Queen mother" or "Grandmother" of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.
 Martin Luther King, Jr. commonly referred to Clark as "The Mother of the Movement".
 Clark's argument for her position in the Civil Rights Movement was one that claimed "knowledge could empower marginalized groups in ways that formal legal equality couldn't." 

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Paragraph 2 

 Earl Caldwell (born c. 1935) is an American journalist.
 He documented the Black Panthers from the inside in the 1970s, and became embroiled in a key U.S. Supreme Court decision clarifying reporters' rights.
 The case started when the FBI tried to press Caldwell to be an informant against the Black Panther Party.
 He worked for "The New York Times", "New York Daily News", "The New York Amsterdam News" and is currently on the radio in New York City.
 His career as a journalist spans more than four decades.
 He witnessed and chronicled some of the most important civil rights events from the 1960s onwards and was the only reporter present when Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated.
 Caldwell is a founding member of the steering committee of the Maynard Institute for Journalism Education, as well as the Washington-based Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press.
 In 2009 he was inducted into the National Association of Black Journalists Hall of Fame. 

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Paragraph 3 

 The Hip Hop Movement offers a critical theory and history of hip hop culture as stated by Reiland Rabaka in his book "The Hip Hop Movement: From R&B and the Civil Rights Movement to Rap and the Hip Hop Generation".
 The movement connects R&B, the Civil Rights Movement, and hip hop culture.
 The six elements Of the Hip Hop Movement are: Consciousness Awareness, Civil Rights Awareness, Activism Awareness, Justice, Political Awareness, Community Awareness in music.
 In 1990 while working with the rap/pop group Snap!
 Ronald "Bee-Stinger" Savage while in the State of New York carved the term Six elements of the Hip Hop Movement. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 4 

 Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr., January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement.
 He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using the tactics of nonviolence and civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs and inspired by the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 5 

 Colonel Stone Johnson (September 9, 1918 – January 19, 2012) was an African-American activist in the Civil Rights Movement.
 A railway worker and union representative by trade, he got involved in the civil rights movement in Birmingham, Alabama in the mid 1950s, working with Fred Shuttlesworth.
 He started a civil rights organization called the Civil Rights Guards that protected homes and business involved in the movement, usually while armed. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 6 

 Everett McKinley Dirksen (January 4, 1896 – September 7, 1969) was an American politician of the Republican Party.
 He represented Illinois in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate.
 As Senate Minority Leader from 1959 to 1969, he played a highly visible and key role in the politics of the 1960s.
 He helped write and pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968, both landmark pieces of legislation during the Civil Rights Movement.
 He was also one of the Senate's strongest supporters of the Vietnam War and was known as "The Wizard of Ooze" because of his flamboyant oratorical style. 

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Paragraph 7 

 The Chicano Movement of the 1960s, also called the Chicano Civil Rights Movement or El Movimiento, was a civil rights movement extending the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s with the stated goal of achieving Mexican American empowerment. 

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Answer: Earl Caldwell