title: Katzenbach v. Morgan
Dorothy Sunrise Lorentino
Simple Justice
Brown v. Board of Education
Hedgepeth and Williams v. Board of Education
Bolling v. Sharpe
Sumner Elementary School
Gebhart v. Belton
Katzenbach v. McClung
Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
sentences: Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641 (1966) , was a United States Supreme Court case regarding the power of Congress, pursuant to Section 5 of the 14th Amendment, to enact laws that enforce and interpret provisions of the Constitution.
Dorothy Sunrise Lorentino (May 7, 1909—August 4, 2005) was a Comanche teacher from Oklahoma.
 As a child, she won a landmark education judgement against the Cache Consolidated School District of Comanche County, Oklahoma for Native American children to attend public schools rather than government mandated Bureau of Indian Affairs Schools.
 It was a precursor case to both the "Alice Piper v. Pine School District" (1924) which allowed Native American children to attend school in California and "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954), which decided separate schooling based on race was unconstitutional.
 Language from her judgement was incorporated into the Indian Citizenship Act (1924).
 Having won the right to attend public school, she went on to earn credentials as a special education teacher and taught for over forty years.
 In 1997, she was the first Native American and the first Oklahoman to be inducted into the National Teachers Hall of Fame.
Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality, written by Richard Kluger and published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1976, was a finalist for the 1977 National Book Award in the History category.
 It is a detailed history of the litigation leading up to the United States Supreme Court decision in "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954) and its aftermath.
 The book has been called "a classic of legal history."
 On January 18, 1993, a documentary based on the book was broadcast as an episode of the "American Experience" series during the fifth season.
 A revised and expanded edition was published in 2011.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.
 The decision overturned the "Plessy v. Ferguson" decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education.
 Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."
 As a result, "de jure" racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.
 This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement, and a model for many future impact litigation cases.
 However, the decision's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in "Brown II", 349 U.S. 294 (1955) only ordered states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed".
Hedgepeth and Williams v. Board of Education, Trenton, NJ, also known as the Hedgepeth–Williams case, was a 1944 New Jersey Supreme Court decision in a legal action brought by two mothers, Gladys Hedgepeth and Berline Williams, who sued the Trenton, New Jersey, Board of Education over racial discrimination against their children, Leon Williams and Janet Hedgepeth.
 It was a precursor to the "Brown v. Board of Education" case that prohibited racial segregation of school systems throughout the United States.
Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 (1954), is a landmark United States Supreme Court case which deals with civil rights, specifically, segregation in the District of Columbia's public schools.
 Originally argued on December 10–11, 1952, a year before "Brown v. Board of Education", 347 U.S. 483 (1954), "Bolling" was reargued on December 8 and 9, 1953, and was unanimously decided on May 17, 1954, the same day as "Brown."
 The "Bolling" decision was supplemented in 1955 with the second "Brown" opinion, which ordered desegregation "with all deliberate speed."
 "Bolling" did not address school desegregation in the context of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause, which applies only to the states, but held that school segregation was unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
 In "Bolling," the Court observed that the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution lacked an Equal Protection Clause, as in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
 The Court held, however, that the concepts of Equal Protection and Due Process are not mutually exclusive.
The Sumner Elementary School in Topeka, Kansas was involved in the "Brown v. Board of Education" case of Topeka in 1954.
 Linda Brown's attempted enrollment to the Sumner School was rejected by the Topeka Board of Education, thus forcing her to attend the all-black Monroe School, which was farther away from her home.
 Oliver Brown, Linda's father, then joined the class action lawsuit against the Topeka Board of Education that was eventually heard before the Supreme Court.
Gebhart v. Belton, 33 Del.
 Ch.
 144, 87 A.2d 862 (Del.
 Ch.
 1952), "aff'd", 91 A.2d 137 (Del. 1952), was a case decided by the Delaware Court of Chancery in 1952 and affirmed by the Delaware Supreme Court in the same year.
 "Gebhart" was one of the five cases combined into "Brown v. Board of Education", the 1954 decision of the United States Supreme Court which found unconstitutional racial segregation in United States public schools.
Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294 (1964), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court unanimously held that Congress acted within its power under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution in forbidding racial discrimination in restaurants as this was a burden to interstate commerce.
Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, 175 U.S. 528 (1899) ("Richmond") was a class action suit decided by the Supreme Court of the United States.
 It is a landmark case, in that it sanctioned "de jure" segregation of races in American schools.
 The decision was overruled by "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954).

Question: Question: Which was decided first, Katzenbach v. Morgan or Brown v. Board of Education? 

 Your answer will be verified with exact match score. To ensure correct verification, only provide the answer within the <answer> </answer> tags. Do not put any sentences or reasoning process within the <answer> </answer> tags. 

Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641 (1966) , was a United States Supreme Court case regarding the power of Congress, pursuant to Section 5 of the 14th Amendment, to enact laws that enforce and interpret provisions of the Constitution. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 1 

 Dorothy Sunrise Lorentino (May 7, 1909—August 4, 2005) was a Comanche teacher from Oklahoma.
 As a child, she won a landmark education judgement against the Cache Consolidated School District of Comanche County, Oklahoma for Native American children to attend public schools rather than government mandated Bureau of Indian Affairs Schools.
 It was a precursor case to both the "Alice Piper v. Pine School District" (1924) which allowed Native American children to attend school in California and "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954), which decided separate schooling based on race was unconstitutional.
 Language from her judgement was incorporated into the Indian Citizenship Act (1924).
 Having won the right to attend public school, she went on to earn credentials as a special education teacher and taught for over forty years.
 In 1997, she was the first Native American and the first Oklahoman to be inducted into the National Teachers Hall of Fame. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 2 

 Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality, written by Richard Kluger and published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1976, was a finalist for the 1977 National Book Award in the History category.
 It is a detailed history of the litigation leading up to the United States Supreme Court decision in "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954) and its aftermath.
 The book has been called "a classic of legal history."
 On January 18, 1993, a documentary based on the book was broadcast as an episode of the "American Experience" series during the fifth season.
 A revised and expanded edition was published in 2011. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 3 

 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.
 The decision overturned the "Plessy v. Ferguson" decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education.
 Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."
 As a result, "de jure" racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.
 This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement, and a model for many future impact litigation cases.
 However, the decision's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in "Brown II", 349 U.S. 294 (1955) only ordered states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed". 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 4 

 Hedgepeth and Williams v. Board of Education, Trenton, NJ, also known as the Hedgepeth–Williams case, was a 1944 New Jersey Supreme Court decision in a legal action brought by two mothers, Gladys Hedgepeth and Berline Williams, who sued the Trenton, New Jersey, Board of Education over racial discrimination against their children, Leon Williams and Janet Hedgepeth.
 It was a precursor to the "Brown v. Board of Education" case that prohibited racial segregation of school systems throughout the United States. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 5 

 Gebhart v. Belton, 33 Del.
 Ch.
 144, 87 A.2d 862 (Del.
 Ch.
 1952), "aff'd", 91 A.2d 137 (Del. 1952), was a case decided by the Delaware Court of Chancery in 1952 and affirmed by the Delaware Supreme Court in the same year.
 "Gebhart" was one of the five cases combined into "Brown v. Board of Education", the 1954 decision of the United States Supreme Court which found unconstitutional racial segregation in United States public schools. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 6 

 Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294 (1964), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court unanimously held that Congress acted within its power under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution in forbidding racial discrimination in restaurants as this was a burden to interstate commerce. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 7 

 Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, 175 U.S. 528 (1899) ("Richmond") was a class action suit decided by the Supreme Court of the United States.
 It is a landmark case, in that it sanctioned "de jure" segregation of races in American schools.
 The decision was overruled by "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954). 

--------------------------------

 


Answer: Brown v. Board of Education