title: Purple America
New York's 13th congressional district
Charlie Summers
Maine's 1st congressional district
Karen Handel
Andrew J. Duck
Bill Cahir
Bennion Spencer
Michael F. Brennan
David Boswell (Kentucky politician)
sentences: Purple America is the belief that a more detailed analysis of the voting results of recent United States national elections reveals that the U.S. electorate is not as polarized between "Red" America (Republican) and "Blue" America (Democratic) as is often depicted in news analysis.
 The term reflects the fact that news organizations generally use the colors red and blue on maps to indicate when a state or congressional district has been won by a Republican or Democratic candidate, respectively.
 Because the American political system often awards a state or congressional district entirely to one candidate ("winner take all") without regard to the margin of victory, it results in a map that does not reflect the true distribution of "red" or "blue" votes across the nation.
 The distortions contained in these maps, the argument goes, contribute to the misperception that the electorate is highly polarized by geography.
New York's 13th Congressional District is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives located in New York City, represented by Adriano Espaillat.
 The district is the smallest Congressional district by area in the U.S.
Charles E. "Charlie" Summers, Jr. (born December 26, 1959) is an American politician, businessman, Iraq War veteran and member of the Republican Party from the state of Maine.
 A member of the Maine Senate from 1991 to 1995, Summers ran for the Republican nomination for Maine's 1st congressional district in 1994, coming second in the primary.
 He was the nominee for the same seat in 2004 and 2008, losing on each occasion to the Democratic candidate.
 From 2011 to 2013 served as the Secretary of State of Maine.
 He was the Republican nominee for the U.S Senate to succeed the retiring Republican Olympia Snowe in the 2012 election, but lost to former Independent Governor Angus King.
Maine's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Maine.
 The geographically smaller of the two congressional districts in the state, the district covers the southern coastal area of the state.
 The district consists of all of Cumberland, Knox, Lincoln, Sagadahoc and York counties and most of Kennebec County.
 Located within the district are the cities of Portland, Augusta, Brunswick and Saco.
Karen Christine Handel (née Walker; born April 18, 1962) is an American businesswoman, politician, and member of the United States House of Representatives for Georgia's 6th congressional district.
 In 2017, she became the first Republican woman to be elected to the U.S. Congress from Georgia after defeating Democratic candidate Jon Ossoff on June 20 in the 2017 special election to fill the vacancy in Georgia's 6th congressional district in the most expensive congressional race in American history.
Andrew J. Duck is a former Democratic candidate for the United States House of Representatives for Maryland's 6th congressional district in the 2010 general election.
 He was a candidate for the same seat in 2006 and 2008, winning the Democratic nomination in 2006 but losing in the 2008 Democratic primary to Jennifer Dougherty.
 On June 1, 2009 he announced his intention to run for the seat again in 2010.
 Duck defeated Casey Clark in the Democratic primary but lost the general election to incumbent Roscoe Bartlett.
Bill Cahir (December 20, 1968 ― August 13, 2009) was a former newspaper correspondent for Newhouse Newspapers; a Congressional committee staffer for U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy (D-Mass.)
 and as a 2008 Democratic candidate for U.S. Congress in Pennsylvania's 5th District, when he was killed by a single enemy gunshot August 13, 2009 while on active duty in Afghanistan as a U.S. Marines Reservist.
Bennion Lloyd Spencer (born October 26, 1952) is a journalist and professor, and was the 2008 Democratic candidate for Utah's 3rd congressional district running against Republican Jason Chaffetz.
Michael F. Brennan (born 1953) is a Maine politician and professor who formerly served as the 87th Mayor of Portland, Maine.
 Brennan, a Democrat, served as State Senator from 2002-2006 and Senate Majority Leader and a 2008 Democratic candidate for Maine's 1st congressional district.
 On May 15, 2011 Brennan announced his candidacy in the Portland, Maine mayoral election.
 On November 9, Brennan won the 15-candidate contest and became the first directly-elected mayor of Portland since 1923.
David E. Boswell is a former Democratic member of the Kentucky Senate, having represented the 8th District from 1990 to 2011.
 Earlier he was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1978 through 1983.
 In 1983, he defeated Republican Richard Turner to be elected Agriculture Commissioner of Kentucky with 64%.
 In 1987, he was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor unsuccessfully in the Democratic Primary on a ticket paired with Grady Stumbo.
 The Stumbo-Boswell ticket came in fourth.
 He returned the political arena and was the 2008 Democratic nominee for U.S. Representative for Kentucky's 2nd Congressional District, and lost to Republican nominee Brett Guthrie.
 The congressional seat became open because of the retirement of Republican Ron Lewis.

Question: Question: In what year was the 2008 democratic candidate for Maine's smallest congressional district born? 

 Your answer will be verified with exact match score. To ensure correct verification, only provide the answer within the <answer> </answer> tags. Do not put any sentences or reasoning process within the <answer> </answer> tags. 

Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 Purple America is the belief that a more detailed analysis of the voting results of recent United States national elections reveals that the U.S. electorate is not as polarized between "Red" America (Republican) and "Blue" America (Democratic) as is often depicted in news analysis.
 The term reflects the fact that news organizations generally use the colors red and blue on maps to indicate when a state or congressional district has been won by a Republican or Democratic candidate, respectively.
 Because the American political system often awards a state or congressional district entirely to one candidate ("winner take all") without regard to the margin of victory, it results in a map that does not reflect the true distribution of "red" or "blue" votes across the nation.
 The distortions contained in these maps, the argument goes, contribute to the misperception that the electorate is highly polarized by geography. 

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Paragraph 1 

 New York's 13th Congressional District is a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives located in New York City, represented by Adriano Espaillat.
 The district is the smallest Congressional district by area in the U.S. 

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Paragraph 2 

 Charles E. "Charlie" Summers, Jr. (born December 26, 1959) is an American politician, businessman, Iraq War veteran and member of the Republican Party from the state of Maine.
 A member of the Maine Senate from 1991 to 1995, Summers ran for the Republican nomination for Maine's 1st congressional district in 1994, coming second in the primary.
 He was the nominee for the same seat in 2004 and 2008, losing on each occasion to the Democratic candidate.
 From 2011 to 2013 served as the Secretary of State of Maine.
 He was the Republican nominee for the U.S Senate to succeed the retiring Republican Olympia Snowe in the 2012 election, but lost to former Independent Governor Angus King. 

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Paragraph 3 

 Maine's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Maine.
 The geographically smaller of the two congressional districts in the state, the district covers the southern coastal area of the state.
 The district consists of all of Cumberland, Knox, Lincoln, Sagadahoc and York counties and most of Kennebec County.
 Located within the district are the cities of Portland, Augusta, Brunswick and Saco. 

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Paragraph 4 

 Karen Christine Handel (née Walker; born April 18, 1962) is an American businesswoman, politician, and member of the United States House of Representatives for Georgia's 6th congressional district.
 In 2017, she became the first Republican woman to be elected to the U.S. Congress from Georgia after defeating Democratic candidate Jon Ossoff on June 20 in the 2017 special election to fill the vacancy in Georgia's 6th congressional district in the most expensive congressional race in American history. 

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Paragraph 5 

 Andrew J. Duck is a former Democratic candidate for the United States House of Representatives for Maryland's 6th congressional district in the 2010 general election.
 He was a candidate for the same seat in 2006 and 2008, winning the Democratic nomination in 2006 but losing in the 2008 Democratic primary to Jennifer Dougherty.
 On June 1, 2009 he announced his intention to run for the seat again in 2010.
 Duck defeated Casey Clark in the Democratic primary but lost the general election to incumbent Roscoe Bartlett. 

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Paragraph 6 

 Bennion Lloyd Spencer (born October 26, 1952) is a journalist and professor, and was the 2008 Democratic candidate for Utah's 3rd congressional district running against Republican Jason Chaffetz. 

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Paragraph 7 

 Michael F. Brennan (born 1953) is a Maine politician and professor who formerly served as the 87th Mayor of Portland, Maine.
 Brennan, a Democrat, served as State Senator from 2002-2006 and Senate Majority Leader and a 2008 Democratic candidate for Maine's 1st congressional district.
 On May 15, 2011 Brennan announced his candidacy in the Portland, Maine mayoral election.
 On November 9, Brennan won the 15-candidate contest and became the first directly-elected mayor of Portland since 1923. 

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Answer: 1953