title: Indian removal
Nokuse Plantation
Alcohol and Native Americans
Major Crimes Act
Seminole
Muscogee language
Native News Today
Kialegee Tribal Town
Hickory Ground
Indigenous languages of Arizona
sentences: Indian removal was a policy of the United States government in the 19th century whereby Native Americans were forcibly removed from their ancestral homelands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River, thereafter known as Indian Territory.
 In a matter that remains one of debate by scholars, description of the policy—which clearly contributed to devastation in numbers, freedom and prosperity for those displaced—is sometimes elevated to being one of long-term genocide of Native Americans, in any case, a consequence of actions first by European settlers to North America in the colonial period, then by the United States government and its citizens until the mid-20th century.
 The policy traced its direct origins to the administration of James Monroe, though it addressed conflicts between European Americans and Native Americans that had been occurring since the 17th century, and were escalating into the early 19th century as white settlers were continually pushing westward.
 The Indian Removal Act was the key law that forced the removal of the Indians, and was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830.
Nokuse Plantation is a nature preserve in northwest Florida's Walton County.
 It consists of approximately 54000 acres and is the largest privately owned nature preserve in the Southeastern United States.
 Founded in 2000, it is funded by timber and oil commodities trader, Marion Clifton Davis and his wife, Stella Davis, who both became deeply interested in ecology.
 Its name, Nokuse, is the Native American word for black bear in the Muscogee language, an umbrella species on the preserve.
 Its purpose is to "restore and preserve viable ecosystems" and "support native plants and animals, from common species to rare, endemic species" while partnering with businesses in the private sector, as well as government and the scientific community.
 For example, the reserve serves as a haven for the locally threatened gopher tortoise, an inhabitant of longleaf pine forests.
 Tortoises recovered from local urbanised areas have been released into the reserve.
Native Americans in the United States have historically had extreme difficulty with the use of alcohol.
 Problems continue among contemporary Native Americans; 12% of the deaths among Native Americans and Alaska Natives are alcohol-related.
 Use of alcohol varies by age, gender and tribe with women, and older women in particular, being least likely to be regular drinkers.
 Native Americans, particularly women, are more likely to abstain entirely from alcohol than the general US population.
 Frequency of use among Native Americans is generally less than the general population, but the quantity consumed when it is consumed is generally greater.
The Major Crimes Act (U.S. Statutes at Large, 23:385) is a law passed by the United States Congress in 1885 as the final section of the Indian Appropriations Act of that year.
 The law places certain crimes under federal jurisdiction if they are committed by a Native American in Native territory.
 The law follows the 1817 General Crimes Act, which extended federal jurisdiction to crimes committed in Native territory but did not cover crimes committed by Native Americans against Native Americans.
 The Major Crime Act therefore broadened federal jurisdiction in Native territory by extending it to some crimes committed by Native Americans against Native Americans.
 The Major Crimes Act was passed by Congress in response to the Supreme Court of the United States's ruling in "Ex parte Crow Dog" (109 U.S. 556 (1883)) that overturned the federal court conviction of Brule Lakota sub-chief Crow Dog for the murder of principal chief Spotted Tail on the Rosebud Indian Reservation.
The Seminole are a Native American people originally from Florida.
 Today, they principally live in Oklahoma with a minority in Florida, and comprise three federally recognized tribes: the Seminole Tribe of Oklahoma, the Seminole Tribe of Florida, and Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida, as well as independent groups.
 The Seminole nation emerged in a process of ethnogenesis from various Native American groups who settled in Florida in the 18th century, most significantly northern Muscogee (Creeks) from what is now Georgia and Alabama.
 The word "Seminole" is derived from the Creek word "simanó-li", which may be itself be derived from the Spanish word "cimarrón", menaning "runaway" or "wild one".
The Muscogee language (Mvskoke in Muscogee), also known as Creek, Seminole, Maskókî or Muskogee, is a Muskogean language spoken by Muscogee (Creek) and Seminole people, primarily in the U.S. states of Oklahoma and Florida.
The Native News Today is a weekly television show hosted by Gerald Wofford a (Cherokee) citizen and Jason Salsman a (Muscogee) citizen.
 It looks at various events happening throughout Indian Country from an Indian perspective and also endeavors to show some of the good that Native Americans and Indian Tribes are doing throughout their areas.
 It is in the format of a news program.
 Produced by the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Communications Department, it airs on KQCW channel 19 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Saturdays at 1:30 p.m. Until April 6 , "Native News Today" aired on Cox Channel 3 in Tulsa, Saturdays at 11 a.m.
The Kialegee Tribal Town is a federally recognized Native American tribe in Oklahoma, as well as a traditional township within the former Muscogee Creek Confederacy in the American Southeast.
 Tribal members pride themselves on retaining their traditions and many still speak their traditional Muscogee language.
 The name "Kialegee" comes from the Muscogee word, "eka-lache", meaning "head left."
Hickory Ground, also known as Otciapofa (or Odshiapofa, Ocheopofau, and Ocheubofau) is an historic Upper Muscogee Creek tribal town and an archaeological site in Elmore County, Alabama near Wetumpka.
 It is known as Oce Vpofa in the Muscogee language; the name derives from oche-ub,"hickory" and po-fau, "among".
 It is best known for serving as the last capital of the National Council of the Creek Nation, prior to the tribe being moved to the Indian Territory in the 1830s.
 It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 10, 1980.
Arizona, a state in the southwestern region of the United States of America, is known for its high population of Native Americans.
 Arizona has the third highest number (and the sixth highest percentage) of Native Americans of any state in the Union (See Demographics of Arizona).
 Out of the entire US population of 2.9 million Native Americans, roughly 286,680 live in Arizona, representing 10% of the country's total Native American population.
 Only California and Oklahoma have more Native Americans than Arizona by number.
 Arizona also has the highest proportion of land allocated to Native American reservations, at 28%.
 Arizona has five of the twelve largest Indian reservations in the United States, including the largest, the Navajo Nation, and the third-largest, the Tohono O'odham Nation.
 Also, Arizona has the largest number of Native American language speakers in the United States.

Question: Question: The Muscogee language is spoken by native Americans who, emerged by ethnogenesis, and settled in Florida in what century?  

 Your answer will be verified with exact match score. To ensure correct verification, only provide the answer within the <answer> </answer> tags. Do not put any sentences or reasoning process within the <answer> </answer> tags. 

Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 Native Americans in the United States have historically had extreme difficulty with the use of alcohol.
 Problems continue among contemporary Native Americans; 12% of the deaths among Native Americans and Alaska Natives are alcohol-related.
 Use of alcohol varies by age, gender and tribe with women, and older women in particular, being least likely to be regular drinkers.
 Native Americans, particularly women, are more likely to abstain entirely from alcohol than the general US population.
 Frequency of use among Native Americans is generally less than the general population, but the quantity consumed when it is consumed is generally greater. 

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Paragraph 1 

 The Major Crimes Act (U.S. Statutes at Large, 23:385) is a law passed by the United States Congress in 1885 as the final section of the Indian Appropriations Act of that year.
 The law places certain crimes under federal jurisdiction if they are committed by a Native American in Native territory.
 The law follows the 1817 General Crimes Act, which extended federal jurisdiction to crimes committed in Native territory but did not cover crimes committed by Native Americans against Native Americans.
 The Major Crime Act therefore broadened federal jurisdiction in Native territory by extending it to some crimes committed by Native Americans against Native Americans.
 The Major Crimes Act was passed by Congress in response to the Supreme Court of the United States's ruling in "Ex parte Crow Dog" (109 U.S. 556 (1883)) that overturned the federal court conviction of Brule Lakota sub-chief Crow Dog for the murder of principal chief Spotted Tail on the Rosebud Indian Reservation. 

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Paragraph 2 

 The Seminole are a Native American people originally from Florida.
 Today, they principally live in Oklahoma with a minority in Florida, and comprise three federally recognized tribes: the Seminole Tribe of Oklahoma, the Seminole Tribe of Florida, and Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida, as well as independent groups.
 The Seminole nation emerged in a process of ethnogenesis from various Native American groups who settled in Florida in the 18th century, most significantly northern Muscogee (Creeks) from what is now Georgia and Alabama.
 The word "Seminole" is derived from the Creek word "simanó-li", which may be itself be derived from the Spanish word "cimarrón", menaning "runaway" or "wild one". 

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Paragraph 3 

 The Muscogee language (Mvskoke in Muscogee), also known as Creek, Seminole, Maskókî or Muskogee, is a Muskogean language spoken by Muscogee (Creek) and Seminole people, primarily in the U.S. states of Oklahoma and Florida. 

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Paragraph 4 

 The Native News Today is a weekly television show hosted by Gerald Wofford a (Cherokee) citizen and Jason Salsman a (Muscogee) citizen.
 It looks at various events happening throughout Indian Country from an Indian perspective and also endeavors to show some of the good that Native Americans and Indian Tribes are doing throughout their areas.
 It is in the format of a news program.
 Produced by the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Communications Department, it airs on KQCW channel 19 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Saturdays at 1:30 p.m. Until April 6 , "Native News Today" aired on Cox Channel 3 in Tulsa, Saturdays at 11 a.m. 

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Paragraph 5 

 The Kialegee Tribal Town is a federally recognized Native American tribe in Oklahoma, as well as a traditional township within the former Muscogee Creek Confederacy in the American Southeast.
 Tribal members pride themselves on retaining their traditions and many still speak their traditional Muscogee language.
 The name "Kialegee" comes from the Muscogee word, "eka-lache", meaning "head left." 

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Paragraph 6 

 Hickory Ground, also known as Otciapofa (or Odshiapofa, Ocheopofau, and Ocheubofau) is an historic Upper Muscogee Creek tribal town and an archaeological site in Elmore County, Alabama near Wetumpka.
 It is known as Oce Vpofa in the Muscogee language; the name derives from oche-ub,"hickory" and po-fau, "among".
 It is best known for serving as the last capital of the National Council of the Creek Nation, prior to the tribe being moved to the Indian Territory in the 1830s.
 It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 10, 1980. 

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Paragraph 7 

 Arizona, a state in the southwestern region of the United States of America, is known for its high population of Native Americans.
 Arizona has the third highest number (and the sixth highest percentage) of Native Americans of any state in the Union (See Demographics of Arizona).
 Out of the entire US population of 2.9 million Native Americans, roughly 286,680 live in Arizona, representing 10% of the country's total Native American population.
 Only California and Oklahoma have more Native Americans than Arizona by number.
 Arizona also has the highest proportion of land allocated to Native American reservations, at 28%.
 Arizona has five of the twelve largest Indian reservations in the United States, including the largest, the Navajo Nation, and the third-largest, the Tohono O'odham Nation.
 Also, Arizona has the largest number of Native American language speakers in the United States. 

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Answer: the 18th century