title: Battle of Okinawa
Operation Nordwind
Ouvrage Simserhof
827th Tank Destroyer Battalion
Order of battle for Operation Nordwind
Herrlisheim
Operation Zahnarzt
Fortified Sector of Rohrbach
Colmar Pocket
MYH16 gene
sentences: The Battle of Okinawa (Japanese: 沖縄戦 , Hepburn: Okinawa-sen ) (Okinawan: 沖縄戦 , "Uchinaa ikusa " ), codenamed Operation Iceberg, was a major battle of the Pacific War fought on the island of Okinawa by United States Marine and Army forces against the Imperial Japanese Army and included the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific War during World War II, the April 1, 1945, invasion of Okinawa itself.
 The 82-day battle lasted from April 1 until June 22, 1945.
 After a long campaign of island hopping, the Allies were planning to use Okinawa, a large island only 340 mi away from mainland Japan, as a base for air operations for the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands.
Operation North Wind (German: "Unternehmen Nordwind" ) was the last major German offensive of World War II on the Western Front.
 It began on 31 December 1944 in Alsace and Lorraine in northeastern France, and ended on 25 January.
Ouvrage Simserhof is a "gros ouvrage" of the Maginot Line, located near the community of Sierstal in the French "département" of Moselle.
 Simserhof is adjoined by "petit ouvrage" Rohrbach and "gros ouvrage" Schiesseck, and faces the German frontier.
 Located 4 km to the west of Bitche, the "ouvrage" derived its name from a nearby farm.
 It was a part of the Fortified Sector of Rohrbach.
 During the Battle of France in 1940, Simserhof supported its neighboring fortifications with covering artillery fire, with partial success.
 After the surrender of France, it was occupied by the Germans as a storage depot for torpedoes, and later resisted the American advances of late 1944.
 Taken by the Americans, it was briefly re-occupied by the Germans during Operation Nordwind.
 Following the war it was repaired for use by the French Army, but was proposed as a museum of the Maginot Line as early as the 1960s.
 Retained by the Ministry of Defense, Simserhof now functions as a museum, and has the most extensive visitor infrastructure of any of the preserved Maginot fortifications.
The 827th Tank Destroyer Battalion was a tank destroyer battalion of the United States Army active during the Second World War.
 It was activated in April 1942 as a segregated African American unit, deploying to Europe at the end of 1944 and attached to 12th Armored Division.
 It saw action during Operation Nordwind in January 1945, where elements of the battalion performed creditably.
 However, its overall combat record was marred by severe disciplinary problems and insufficient training.
 It was withdrawn in February, and assigned to rear-area duties; while it nominally remained active for the remainder of the war, it had been effectively disbanded.
This is the order of battle of German and Allied forces during Operation Nordwind in World War II
Herrlisheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
 The town dates from the 8th century.
 Herrlisheim was the scene of very heavy fighting during "Operation Nordwind", an offensive launched by the German Army during World War II that inflicted considerable damage to the town.
Operation Zahnarzt (literally "Dentist") was a plan by the Germans to eliminate the Third Army during World War II.
 The plan of Operation Zahnarzt was to immediately come after Operation Nordwind.
 The plan was to initiate a pincer movement to encircle and destroy the 3rd US Army.
The Fortified Sector of Rohrbach ("Secteur Fortifié de Rohrbach") was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the Maginot Line in the vicinity of Bitche.
 The sector was bordered to the west by the Fortified Sector of the Sarre and to the east by the Fortified Sector of the Vosges.
 With lower priority than other sectors, the SF Rohrbach was built somewhat later than its neighbors to the east and west, and in company with positions on the extreme western end of the Maginot Line, became one of the "New Fronts."
 The sector contains several major "ouvrages" and was the scene of fighting in both 1940 and 1944.
 It was attacked in 1940 by German forces in the Battle of France.
 The sector was heavily engaged by German forces in mid-June 1940, with several casemates and the "petit ouvrage" Welschhof surrendering before the Second Armistice at Compiègne.
 The remaining positions and their garrisons finally surrendered on 27 June 1940.
 In 1944 German forces occupied several positions in the SF Rohrbach, forcing advancing American forces to attack them individually or to bypass them.
 The German Operation Nordwind offensive of early 1945 caused American forces to fall back, returning to complete the capture of the Rohrbach sector in March 1945.
 Following the war many positions were reactivated for use during the Cold War.
 Two locations are now preserved and open to the public.
The Colmar Pocket (French: "Poche de Colmar" ; German: "Brückenkopf Elsaß" ) was the area held in central Alsace, France, by the German Nineteenth Army from November 1944 to February 1945, against the U.S. 6th Army Group during World War II.
 It was formed when 6th AG liberated southern and northern Alsace and adjacent eastern Lorraine, but could not clear central Alsace.
 During Operation Nordwind in December 1944, the 19th Army attacked north out of the Pocket in support of other German forces attacking south from the Saar into northern Alsace.
 In late January and early February 1945, the French First Army (reinforced by the U.S. XXI Corps) cleared the Pocket of German forces.
The MYH16 gene encodes a protein called myosin heavy chain 16 which is a muscle protein in mammals.
 At least in primates, it is a specialized muscle protein found only in the temporalis and masseter muscles of the jaw.
 Myosin heavy chain proteins are important in muscle contraction, and if they are missing, the muscles will be smaller.
 In non-human primates, MYH16 is functional and the animals have powerful jaw muscles.
 In humans, the MYH16 gene has a mutation which causes the protein not to function.
 Although the exact importance of this change in accounting for differences between humans and other apes is not yet clear, such a change may be related to increased brain size and finer control of the jaw which facilitates speech.
 It is not clear how the MYH16 mutation relates to other changes to the jaw and skull in early human evolution (for example, whether the MYH16 mutation happened first and led to other changes, or whether the MYH16 mutation happened after other changes made the MYH16 protein no longer necessary).

Question: Question: Which happened first Battle of Okinawa or Operation Nordwind ? 

 Your answer will be verified with exact match score. To ensure correct verification, only provide the answer within the <answer> </answer> tags. Do not put any sentences or reasoning process within the <answer> </answer> tags. 

Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 The Battle of Okinawa (Japanese: 沖縄戦 , Hepburn: Okinawa-sen ) (Okinawan: 沖縄戦 , "Uchinaa ikusa " ), codenamed Operation Iceberg, was a major battle of the Pacific War fought on the island of Okinawa by United States Marine and Army forces against the Imperial Japanese Army and included the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific War during World War II, the April 1, 1945, invasion of Okinawa itself.
 The 82-day battle lasted from April 1 until June 22, 1945.
 After a long campaign of island hopping, the Allies were planning to use Okinawa, a large island only 340 mi away from mainland Japan, as a base for air operations for the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 1 

 Operation North Wind (German: "Unternehmen Nordwind" ) was the last major German offensive of World War II on the Western Front.
 It began on 31 December 1944 in Alsace and Lorraine in northeastern France, and ended on 25 January. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 2 

 The 827th Tank Destroyer Battalion was a tank destroyer battalion of the United States Army active during the Second World War.
 It was activated in April 1942 as a segregated African American unit, deploying to Europe at the end of 1944 and attached to 12th Armored Division.
 It saw action during Operation Nordwind in January 1945, where elements of the battalion performed creditably.
 However, its overall combat record was marred by severe disciplinary problems and insufficient training.
 It was withdrawn in February, and assigned to rear-area duties; while it nominally remained active for the remainder of the war, it had been effectively disbanded. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 3 

 This is the order of battle of German and Allied forces during Operation Nordwind in World War II 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 4 

 Herrlisheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
 The town dates from the 8th century.
 Herrlisheim was the scene of very heavy fighting during "Operation Nordwind", an offensive launched by the German Army during World War II that inflicted considerable damage to the town. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 5 

 The Fortified Sector of Rohrbach ("Secteur Fortifié de Rohrbach") was the French military organization that in 1940 controlled the section of the Maginot Line in the vicinity of Bitche.
 The sector was bordered to the west by the Fortified Sector of the Sarre and to the east by the Fortified Sector of the Vosges.
 With lower priority than other sectors, the SF Rohrbach was built somewhat later than its neighbors to the east and west, and in company with positions on the extreme western end of the Maginot Line, became one of the "New Fronts."
 The sector contains several major "ouvrages" and was the scene of fighting in both 1940 and 1944.
 It was attacked in 1940 by German forces in the Battle of France.
 The sector was heavily engaged by German forces in mid-June 1940, with several casemates and the "petit ouvrage" Welschhof surrendering before the Second Armistice at Compiègne.
 The remaining positions and their garrisons finally surrendered on 27 June 1940.
 In 1944 German forces occupied several positions in the SF Rohrbach, forcing advancing American forces to attack them individually or to bypass them.
 The German Operation Nordwind offensive of early 1945 caused American forces to fall back, returning to complete the capture of the Rohrbach sector in March 1945.
 Following the war many positions were reactivated for use during the Cold War.
 Two locations are now preserved and open to the public. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 6 

 The Colmar Pocket (French: "Poche de Colmar" ; German: "Brückenkopf Elsaß" ) was the area held in central Alsace, France, by the German Nineteenth Army from November 1944 to February 1945, against the U.S. 6th Army Group during World War II.
 It was formed when 6th AG liberated southern and northern Alsace and adjacent eastern Lorraine, but could not clear central Alsace.
 During Operation Nordwind in December 1944, the 19th Army attacked north out of the Pocket in support of other German forces attacking south from the Saar into northern Alsace.
 In late January and early February 1945, the French First Army (reinforced by the U.S. XXI Corps) cleared the Pocket of German forces. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 7 

 The MYH16 gene encodes a protein called myosin heavy chain 16 which is a muscle protein in mammals.
 At least in primates, it is a specialized muscle protein found only in the temporalis and masseter muscles of the jaw.
 Myosin heavy chain proteins are important in muscle contraction, and if they are missing, the muscles will be smaller.
 In non-human primates, MYH16 is functional and the animals have powerful jaw muscles.
 In humans, the MYH16 gene has a mutation which causes the protein not to function.
 Although the exact importance of this change in accounting for differences between humans and other apes is not yet clear, such a change may be related to increased brain size and finer control of the jaw which facilitates speech.
 It is not clear how the MYH16 mutation relates to other changes to the jaw and skull in early human evolution (for example, whether the MYH16 mutation happened first and led to other changes, or whether the MYH16 mutation happened after other changes made the MYH16 protein no longer necessary). 

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Answer: Operation North Wind