title: Biomarker (petroleum)
In silico
RNA modification database
Propidium monoazide
Biomagnetism
Spontaneous generation
Biomineralization
Natural capital
Syneilesis
Clytostoma
sentences: Biomarkers are any of a suite of complex organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, which are found in crude oils, bitumens, petroleum source rock and eventually show simplification in molecular structure from the parent organic molecules found in all living organisms.
 Essentially, they are complex carbon-based molecules derived from formerly living organisms.
 Biomarker compounds are typically analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.
 Some examples of biomarkers found in petroleum are pristane, phytane, steranes, triterpanes and porphyrin.
 Geologists and Geochemists use biomarkers traces found in crude oils and their related source rock to unravel the stratigraphic origin and migration pathways of presently existing petroleum deposits.
In silico (literally Latin for "in silicon", alluding to the mass use of silicon for semiconductor computer chips) is an expression used to mean "performed on computer or via computer simulation."
 The phrase was coined in 1989 as an allusion to the Latin phrases "in vivo", "in vitro", and "in situ", which are commonly used in biology (see also systems biology) and refer to experiments done in living organisms, outside of living organisms, and where they are found in nature, respectively.
This RNA modification databases are a compilation of databases and web portals and servers used for RNA modification.
 RNA modification occurs in all living organisms, and is one of the most evolutionarily conserved properties of RNAs.
 More than 100 different types of RNA modifications have been characterized across all living organisms.
 It can affect the activity, localization as well as stability of RNAs, and has been linked with human cancer and diseases.
Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a photoreactive DNA-binding dye that preferentially binds to dsDNA.
 It is used to detect viable microorganisms by qPCR.
 Visible light (high power halogen lamps or specific LED devices) induces a photoreaction of the chemical that will lead to a covalent bond with PMA and the dsDNA.
 This will render the DNA non-amplificable by PCR.
 Dead microorganisms lose their capability to maintain their membranes, which leaves the "naked" DNA in the cytosol ready to react with PMA.
 Living organisms don't react to the PMA, as they have an intact cell membrane.
 After treatment with the chemical, only the DNA from living bacteria is usable in qPCR, allowing to obtain only the amplified DNA of living organisms.
 This is helpful in determining which pathogens are active in specific samples.
 The main use of PMA is in Viability PCR but the same principle can be applied in flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy.
Biomagnetism is the phenomenon of magnetic fields "produced" by living organisms; it is a subset of bioelectromagnetism.
 In contrast, organisms' use of magnetism in navigation is magnetoception and the study of the magnetic fields' "effects" on organisms is "magnetobiology".
 (The word biomagnetism has also been used loosely to include magnetobiology, further encompassing almost any combination of the words magnetism, cosmology, and biology, such as "magnetoastrobiology".)
Spontaneous generation or anomalous generation is an obsolete body of thought on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms.
 Typically, the idea was that certain forms such as fleas could arise from inanimate matter such as dust, or that maggots could arise from dead flesh.
 A variant idea was that of equivocal generation, in which species such as tapeworms arose from unrelated living organisms, now understood to be their hosts.
 Doctrines supporting such processes of generation held that these processes are commonplace and regular.
 Such ideas are in contradiction to that of univocal generation: effectively exclusive reproduction from genetically related parent(s), generally of the same species.
Biomineralization is the process by which living organisms produce minerals, often to harden or stiffen existing tissues.
 Such tissues are called mineralized tissues.
 It is an extremely widespread phenomenon; all six taxonomic kingdoms contain members that are able to form minerals, and over 60 different minerals have been identified in organisms.
 Examples include silicates in algae and diatoms, carbonates in invertebrates, and calcium phosphates and carbonates in vertebrates.
 These minerals often form structural features such as sea shells and the bone in mammals and birds.
 Organisms have been producing mineralised skeletons for the past 550 million years.
 Other examples include copper, iron and gold deposits involving bacteria.
 Biologically-formed minerals often have special uses such as magnetic sensors in magnetotactic bacteria (FeO), gravity sensing devices (CaCO, CaSO, BaSO) and iron storage and mobilization (FeO•HO in the protein ferritin).
Natural capital is the world's stock of natural resources, which includes geology, soils, air, water and all living organisms.
 Some natural capital assets provide people with free goods and services, often called ecosystem services.
 Two of these (clean water and fertile soil) underpin our economy and society and make human life possible.
 Of course, the vast majority of living organisms and much of the plant's geology, contribute nothing positive to human well-being and so, technically speaking, are not "natural capital", as they have no value to human society.
Syneilesis is a genus of East Asian plants in the groundsel tribe within the Asteraceae.
Clytostoma was a genus of woody-stemmed vines from tropical America, native to Argentina and the southern part of Brazil.
 It is now considered a synonym of "Bignonia".
 The botanical name comes from the Greek, "klytos" means splendid or beauteous, and "stoma" means mouth; alluding to the beautiful flowers.
 It is closely related to "Bignonia", from which it differs chiefly in its simple slender tendrils, the short disk, and that it has a habit of clambering over adjacent foliage using tendrils to hang on tight.
 The bright glossy green leaves are lobed and divided with 2 leaflets, about 3in (7.6cm) long and 1.5in (3.8cm) wide.
 They are arranged opposite in pairs and tendrils arise at the ends of the leaf stalks.
 In late spring, the spectacular 1.5in (3.8cm) trumpet flowers are borne terminally or along the branches.
 The flowers are pale lavender and delicately detailed with dark violet and purple veins.
 Flowers are followed by large prickly seed pods.
 This evergreen ornamental plant easily reaches to 16 feet and is a carefree grower.
 It has only recently been moved out of the genus "Pandorea".

Question: Question: What word used is used to classify a group or family of related living organisms; two examples being Clytostoma from tropical America and Syneilesis from East Asia? 

 Your answer will be verified with exact match score. To ensure correct verification, only provide the answer within the <answer> </answer> tags. Do not put any sentences or reasoning process within the <answer> </answer> tags. 

Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 In silico (literally Latin for "in silicon", alluding to the mass use of silicon for semiconductor computer chips) is an expression used to mean "performed on computer or via computer simulation."
 The phrase was coined in 1989 as an allusion to the Latin phrases "in vivo", "in vitro", and "in situ", which are commonly used in biology (see also systems biology) and refer to experiments done in living organisms, outside of living organisms, and where they are found in nature, respectively. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 1 

 This RNA modification databases are a compilation of databases and web portals and servers used for RNA modification.
 RNA modification occurs in all living organisms, and is one of the most evolutionarily conserved properties of RNAs.
 More than 100 different types of RNA modifications have been characterized across all living organisms.
 It can affect the activity, localization as well as stability of RNAs, and has been linked with human cancer and diseases. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 2 

 Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a photoreactive DNA-binding dye that preferentially binds to dsDNA.
 It is used to detect viable microorganisms by qPCR.
 Visible light (high power halogen lamps or specific LED devices) induces a photoreaction of the chemical that will lead to a covalent bond with PMA and the dsDNA.
 This will render the DNA non-amplificable by PCR.
 Dead microorganisms lose their capability to maintain their membranes, which leaves the "naked" DNA in the cytosol ready to react with PMA.
 Living organisms don't react to the PMA, as they have an intact cell membrane.
 After treatment with the chemical, only the DNA from living bacteria is usable in qPCR, allowing to obtain only the amplified DNA of living organisms.
 This is helpful in determining which pathogens are active in specific samples.
 The main use of PMA is in Viability PCR but the same principle can be applied in flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 3 

 Biomagnetism is the phenomenon of magnetic fields "produced" by living organisms; it is a subset of bioelectromagnetism.
 In contrast, organisms' use of magnetism in navigation is magnetoception and the study of the magnetic fields' "effects" on organisms is "magnetobiology".
 (The word biomagnetism has also been used loosely to include magnetobiology, further encompassing almost any combination of the words magnetism, cosmology, and biology, such as "magnetoastrobiology".) 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 4 

 Spontaneous generation or anomalous generation is an obsolete body of thought on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms.
 Typically, the idea was that certain forms such as fleas could arise from inanimate matter such as dust, or that maggots could arise from dead flesh.
 A variant idea was that of equivocal generation, in which species such as tapeworms arose from unrelated living organisms, now understood to be their hosts.
 Doctrines supporting such processes of generation held that these processes are commonplace and regular.
 Such ideas are in contradiction to that of univocal generation: effectively exclusive reproduction from genetically related parent(s), generally of the same species. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 5 

 Natural capital is the world's stock of natural resources, which includes geology, soils, air, water and all living organisms.
 Some natural capital assets provide people with free goods and services, often called ecosystem services.
 Two of these (clean water and fertile soil) underpin our economy and society and make human life possible.
 Of course, the vast majority of living organisms and much of the plant's geology, contribute nothing positive to human well-being and so, technically speaking, are not "natural capital", as they have no value to human society. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 6 

 Syneilesis is a genus of East Asian plants in the groundsel tribe within the Asteraceae. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 7 

 Clytostoma was a genus of woody-stemmed vines from tropical America, native to Argentina and the southern part of Brazil.
 It is now considered a synonym of "Bignonia".
 The botanical name comes from the Greek, "klytos" means splendid or beauteous, and "stoma" means mouth; alluding to the beautiful flowers.
 It is closely related to "Bignonia", from which it differs chiefly in its simple slender tendrils, the short disk, and that it has a habit of clambering over adjacent foliage using tendrils to hang on tight.
 The bright glossy green leaves are lobed and divided with 2 leaflets, about 3in (7.6cm) long and 1.5in (3.8cm) wide.
 They are arranged opposite in pairs and tendrils arise at the ends of the leaf stalks.
 In late spring, the spectacular 1.5in (3.8cm) trumpet flowers are borne terminally or along the branches.
 The flowers are pale lavender and delicately detailed with dark violet and purple veins.
 Flowers are followed by large prickly seed pods.
 This evergreen ornamental plant easily reaches to 16 feet and is a carefree grower.
 It has only recently been moved out of the genus "Pandorea". 

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Answer: genus