title: Rhodesian Front
Winston Field
Propaganda in the Rhodesian Bush War
Edgar Whitehead
Rhodesian constitutional referendum, 1979
History of Rhodesia (1965–79)
Douglas Hamilton Ritchie
Rhodesian general election, 1977
Ian Smith
Rhodesian Action Party
sentences: The Rhodesian Front (Afrikaans: "Rhodesiese Front" , RF) was a right-wing political party in Rhodesia (or Southern Rhodesia) when the country was under white minority rule.
 Led first by Winston Field, and, from 1964, by Ian Smith, the Rhodesian Front was the successor to the Dominion Party, which was the main opposition party in Southern Rhodesia during the Federation period.
 The RF was formed in March 1962 by whites opposed to any immediate change to black majority rule.
 It won power in the general election that December.
 In successive elections (in which 50 of the 66 parliamentary seats were reserved for A-Roll voters, who had to meet a higher standard of qualifications, increasing the proportion of white Africans who came under this roll) between 1964 and 1979, the RF was returned to office, with a large majority, with Smith as Prime Minister.
Winston Joseph Field MBE (June 6, 1904– March 17, 1969) was a Rhodesian politician.
 Field was a former Dominion Party MP who founded the Rhodesian Front political party with Ian Douglas Smith.
During the Rhodesian Bush War, informational and political warfare was mounted by each of the involved factions: on one side, the Rhodesian government (led by Prime Minister Ian Smith of the Rhodesian Front); on another, the British government and the Commonwealth of Nations; on a third, the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and its associated guerrilla army, the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA); and, on a fourth, the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) and its armed wing, the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA).
Sir Edgar Cuthbert Fremantle Whitehead, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} , OBE, (8 February 1905 – 22 September 1971) was a Rhodesian politician.
 He was a longstanding member of the Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly, although his career was interrupted by other posts and by illness.
 In particular he had poor eyesight, and wore very thick glasses, and later suffered deafness whilst in office.
 As an ally of Sir Roy Welensky, he was Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia from 1958 to 1962.
 His government was defeated in the 1962 general election by the Rhodesian Front.
A constitutional referendum was held in Rhodesia on 30 January 1979.
 It followed the Internal Settlement drawn up between Prime Minister Ian Smith and Abel Muzorewa, leader of the non-violent UANC.
 The new constitution would bring in black majority rule in the country, which would be renamed Zimbabwe Rhodesia.
 The settlement was supported by the ruling Rhodesian Front, but opposed by the Rhodesian Action Party, which had broken away from the Front.
The history of Rhodesia from 1965 to 1979 covers Rhodesia's time as a state unrecognised by the international community following the predominantly white minority government's Unilateral Declaration of Independence on 11 November 1965.
 Headed by Prime Minister Ian Smith, the Rhodesian Front remained in government until 1 June 1979, when the country was reconstituted as Zimbabwe Rhodesia.
Douglas Archibald Hamilton Ritchie (14 February 1918 – 1999) was a Rhodesian dentist and politician.
 Born in the Colony of Jamaica to British parents, his family moved to the United Kingdom in his youth.
 After serving in the Royal Air Force during World War II, he moved to Southern Rhodesia and practised dentistry.
 He soon became one of the leading dentists in Rhodesia, and was elected to the Medical Council of Rhodesia in 1958.
 He entered politics in the 1960s, joining Rhodesian Front and representing the Salisbury suburb of Borrowdale as a member of parliament from 1965 to 1979.
 In the years following Zimbabwe's independence and the demise of Rhodesia, he emigrated to South Africa and engaged in general practice, dying there in 1999.
The Rhodesia general election of 1977, the last general election dominated by the white minority, took place on 31 August 1977.
 Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith, who was conducting negotiations with moderate African nationalists, was forced into an early election by the defection of twelve MPs from his Rhodesian Front party, which denied him the two-thirds majority of the House of Assembly needed to change the constitution.
 In the event, the Front overwhelmed the breakaway Rhodesian Action Party and all other forces, once again winning every single seat in the 50 seats elected by those of European descent.
Ian Douglas Smith, GCLM, ID (8 April 1919 – 20 November 2007) was a politician, farmer, and fighter pilot who served as Prime Minister of Rhodesia (or Southern Rhodesia) from 1964-1979.
 The country's first premier not born abroad, he led the predominantly white government that unilaterally declared independence from the United Kingdom in 1965, following prolonged dispute over the terms.
 He remained Prime Minister for almost all of the fourteen years of international isolation that followed, and oversaw Rhodesia's security forces during most of the Bush War, which pitted the unrecognised administration against communist-backed black nationalist guerrilla groups.
 Smith, who has been described as personifying white Rhodesia, remains a highly controversial figure—supporters venerate him as a man of integrity and vision "who understood the uncomfortable truths of Africa", while critics describe an unrepentant racist whose policies and actions caused the deaths of thousands and contributed to Zimbabwe's later crises.
The Rhodesian Action Party was a political party in Rhodesia formed in 1977 by a group of Rhodesian Front MPs who were dissatisfied by the leadership of Ian Smith and his attempts to negotiate an 'internal settlement' with African nationalists.
 Twelve members of the Rhodesia House of Assembly joined the party when it was launched on July 4, 1977.

Question: Question: What was the middle name of the man who headed the Rhodesian Front? 

 Your answer will be verified with exact match score. To ensure correct verification, only provide the answer within the <answer> </answer> tags. Do not put any sentences or reasoning process within the <answer> </answer> tags. 

Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 The Rhodesian Front (Afrikaans: "Rhodesiese Front" , RF) was a right-wing political party in Rhodesia (or Southern Rhodesia) when the country was under white minority rule.
 Led first by Winston Field, and, from 1964, by Ian Smith, the Rhodesian Front was the successor to the Dominion Party, which was the main opposition party in Southern Rhodesia during the Federation period.
 The RF was formed in March 1962 by whites opposed to any immediate change to black majority rule.
 It won power in the general election that December.
 In successive elections (in which 50 of the 66 parliamentary seats were reserved for A-Roll voters, who had to meet a higher standard of qualifications, increasing the proportion of white Africans who came under this roll) between 1964 and 1979, the RF was returned to office, with a large majority, with Smith as Prime Minister. 

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Paragraph 1 

 Winston Joseph Field MBE (June 6, 1904– March 17, 1969) was a Rhodesian politician.
 Field was a former Dominion Party MP who founded the Rhodesian Front political party with Ian Douglas Smith. 

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Paragraph 2 

 During the Rhodesian Bush War, informational and political warfare was mounted by each of the involved factions: on one side, the Rhodesian government (led by Prime Minister Ian Smith of the Rhodesian Front); on another, the British government and the Commonwealth of Nations; on a third, the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and its associated guerrilla army, the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA); and, on a fourth, the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) and its armed wing, the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA). 

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Paragraph 3 

 A constitutional referendum was held in Rhodesia on 30 January 1979.
 It followed the Internal Settlement drawn up between Prime Minister Ian Smith and Abel Muzorewa, leader of the non-violent UANC.
 The new constitution would bring in black majority rule in the country, which would be renamed Zimbabwe Rhodesia.
 The settlement was supported by the ruling Rhodesian Front, but opposed by the Rhodesian Action Party, which had broken away from the Front. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 4 

 The history of Rhodesia from 1965 to 1979 covers Rhodesia's time as a state unrecognised by the international community following the predominantly white minority government's Unilateral Declaration of Independence on 11 November 1965.
 Headed by Prime Minister Ian Smith, the Rhodesian Front remained in government until 1 June 1979, when the country was reconstituted as Zimbabwe Rhodesia. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 5 

 Douglas Archibald Hamilton Ritchie (14 February 1918 – 1999) was a Rhodesian dentist and politician.
 Born in the Colony of Jamaica to British parents, his family moved to the United Kingdom in his youth.
 After serving in the Royal Air Force during World War II, he moved to Southern Rhodesia and practised dentistry.
 He soon became one of the leading dentists in Rhodesia, and was elected to the Medical Council of Rhodesia in 1958.
 He entered politics in the 1960s, joining Rhodesian Front and representing the Salisbury suburb of Borrowdale as a member of parliament from 1965 to 1979.
 In the years following Zimbabwe's independence and the demise of Rhodesia, he emigrated to South Africa and engaged in general practice, dying there in 1999. 

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Paragraph 6 

 Ian Douglas Smith, GCLM, ID (8 April 1919 – 20 November 2007) was a politician, farmer, and fighter pilot who served as Prime Minister of Rhodesia (or Southern Rhodesia) from 1964-1979.
 The country's first premier not born abroad, he led the predominantly white government that unilaterally declared independence from the United Kingdom in 1965, following prolonged dispute over the terms.
 He remained Prime Minister for almost all of the fourteen years of international isolation that followed, and oversaw Rhodesia's security forces during most of the Bush War, which pitted the unrecognised administration against communist-backed black nationalist guerrilla groups.
 Smith, who has been described as personifying white Rhodesia, remains a highly controversial figure—supporters venerate him as a man of integrity and vision "who understood the uncomfortable truths of Africa", while critics describe an unrepentant racist whose policies and actions caused the deaths of thousands and contributed to Zimbabwe's later crises. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 7 

 The Rhodesian Action Party was a political party in Rhodesia formed in 1977 by a group of Rhodesian Front MPs who were dissatisfied by the leadership of Ian Smith and his attempts to negotiate an 'internal settlement' with African nationalists.
 Twelve members of the Rhodesia House of Assembly joined the party when it was launched on July 4, 1977. 

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Answer: Douglas