title: Pope Pius XI and Judaism
Pietro Gasparri
The Pope and Mussolini
Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira
Reichskonkordat
Francesco Pacelli
Franz von Papen
Hitler's Pope
General Roman Calendar of 1954
Pope Pius XII
sentences: The relations between Pope Pius XI and Judaism during his reign from 1922 to 1939 are generally regarded as good.
 The pontiff was particularly opposed to antisemitism, an important issue at the time when Nazi Germany was rising.
 Certain favourable opinions of Pius XI were subsequently used to attack the perceived silence of Pope Pius XII.
Pietro Gasparri, GCTE (5 May 1852 – 18 November 1934) was a Roman Catholic cardinal, diplomat and politician in the Roman Curia and the signatory of the Lateran Pacts.
 He served also as the Cardinal Secretary of State under Pope Benedict XV and Pope Pius XI.
The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe is a 2014 Pulitzer Prize winner biography of Pope Pius XI about his relations with Benito Mussolini and rise of Fascism in Europe by David Kertzer.
 The book examined documentary evidence from the Vatican archives, arguing that Pope Pius XI played a significant role in supporting the rise of Fascism and Benito Mussolini in Italy, but not of Nazism in Germany.
Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira, (29 November 1888, Lousado, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal – 2 August 1977, Buraca, Amadora, Portugal) was a Portuguese cardinal who served as cardinal-patriarch of Lisbon from 1929 to 1971.
 He was the last surviving cardinal elevated by Pope Pius XI, and his cardinalate of forty-eight years was the longest since the fifty-eight-year cardinalate of Henry Benedict Mary Clement Stuart of York which lasted from 1747 to 1805.
 He took part in three conclaves: in 1939, 1958 and 1963.
 Although there were seven other cardinals elevated by Pius XI who participated in the 1963 conclave, Cerejeira was the longest-serving living cardinal from the death of Jozef-Ernest van Roey on 6 August 1961 until his own death almost exactly sixteen years later.
The Reichskonkordat ("Concordat between the Holy See and the German Reich") is a treaty negotiated between the Vatican and the emergent Nazi Germany.
 It was signed on 20 July 1933 by Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, who later became Pope Pius XII, on behalf of Pope Pius XI and Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen on behalf of President Paul von Hindenburg and the German government.
 It was ratified September 10, 1933 and it has been in force from that date onward.
 The treaty guarantees the rights of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany.
 When bishops take office Article 16 states they are required to take an oath of loyalty to the Governor or President of the German Reich established according to the constitution.
 The treaty also requires all clergy to abstain from working in and for political parties.
 Nazi breaches of the agreement began almost as soon as it had been signed and intensified afterwards leading to protest from the Church including in the 1937 "Mit brennender Sorge" encyclical of Pope Pius XI.
 The Nazis planned to eliminate the Church's influence by restricting its organizations to purely religious activities.
Francesco Pacelli (February 1, 1872 – April 22, 1935) was an Italian lawyer and the elder brother of Eugenio Pacelli, who would later become Pope Pius XII.
 He acted as a legal advisor to Pope Pius XI; in this capacity, he assisted Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri in the negotiation of the Lateran Treaty, which established the independence of Vatican City.
Franz von Papen (] ; 29 October 18792 May 1969) was a German nobleman, General Staff officer and politician.
 He served as Chancellor of Germany in 1932 and as Vice-Chancellor under Adolf Hitler in 1933–34.
 He belonged to the group of close advisers to President Paul von Hindenburg in the late Weimar Republic.
 It was largely Papen, believing that Hitler could be controlled once he was in the government, who persuaded Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor in a cabinet not under Nazi Party domination.
 However, Papen and his allies were quickly marginalized by Hitler and he left the government after the Night of the Long Knives, during which the Nazis killed some of his confidantes.
Hitler's Pope is a book published in 1999 by the British journalist and author John Cornwell that examines the actions of Eugenio Pacelli, who became Pope Pius XII, before and during the Nazi era, and explores the charge that he assisted in the legitimization of Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime in Germany, through the pursuit of a Reichskonkordat in 1933.
 The book is critical of Pius' conduct during the Second World War, arguing that he did not do enough, or speak out enough, against the Holocaust.
 Cornwell argued that Pius's entire career as the nuncio to Germany, Cardinal Secretary of State, and pope was characterized by a desire to increase and centralize the power of the Papacy, and that he subordinated opposition to the Nazis to that goal.
 He further argued that Pius was antisemitic and that this stance prevented him from caring about the European Jews.
The following is a list of the feast days of the General Roman Calendar as it was in 1954.
 It is thus basically that established by Pope Pius X (1903–1914), but it also incorporates changes that were made by Pope Pius XI (1922–1939), such as the institution of the Feast of Christ the King, while not including those made in 1955 by Pope Pius XII (1939–1958).
Pope Pius XII (Italian: "Pio XII" ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (] ; 2 March 18769 October 1958), was head of the Catholic Church from 2 March 1939 to his death in 1958.
 Before his election to the papacy, Pacelli served as secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, papal nuncio to Germany (1917–1929), and Cardinal Secretary of State, in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with European and Latin American nations, most notably the "Reichskonkordat" with Nazi Germany, with which most historians believe the Vatican sought to protect the Church in Germany while Adolf Hitler sought the destruction of "political Catholicism".
 A pre-war critic of Nazism, Pius XII lobbied world leaders to avoid war and, as Pope at the outbreak of war, issued "Summi Pontificatus", expressing dismay at the invasion of Poland, reiterating Church teaching against racial persecution and calling for love, compassion and charity to prevail over war.

Question: Question: The Reichskonkordat was signed by the Cardinal Secretary of State under Pope Pius XI and the Vice Chancellor under which leader? 

 Your answer will be verified with exact match score. To ensure correct verification, only provide the answer within the <answer> </answer> tags. Do not put any sentences or reasoning process within the <answer> </answer> tags. 

Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 Pietro Gasparri, GCTE (5 May 1852 – 18 November 1934) was a Roman Catholic cardinal, diplomat and politician in the Roman Curia and the signatory of the Lateran Pacts.
 He served also as the Cardinal Secretary of State under Pope Benedict XV and Pope Pius XI. 

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Paragraph 1 

 The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe is a 2014 Pulitzer Prize winner biography of Pope Pius XI about his relations with Benito Mussolini and rise of Fascism in Europe by David Kertzer.
 The book examined documentary evidence from the Vatican archives, arguing that Pope Pius XI played a significant role in supporting the rise of Fascism and Benito Mussolini in Italy, but not of Nazism in Germany. 

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Paragraph 2 

 The Reichskonkordat ("Concordat between the Holy See and the German Reich") is a treaty negotiated between the Vatican and the emergent Nazi Germany.
 It was signed on 20 July 1933 by Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli, who later became Pope Pius XII, on behalf of Pope Pius XI and Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen on behalf of President Paul von Hindenburg and the German government.
 It was ratified September 10, 1933 and it has been in force from that date onward.
 The treaty guarantees the rights of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany.
 When bishops take office Article 16 states they are required to take an oath of loyalty to the Governor or President of the German Reich established according to the constitution.
 The treaty also requires all clergy to abstain from working in and for political parties.
 Nazi breaches of the agreement began almost as soon as it had been signed and intensified afterwards leading to protest from the Church including in the 1937 "Mit brennender Sorge" encyclical of Pope Pius XI.
 The Nazis planned to eliminate the Church's influence by restricting its organizations to purely religious activities. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 3 

 Francesco Pacelli (February 1, 1872 – April 22, 1935) was an Italian lawyer and the elder brother of Eugenio Pacelli, who would later become Pope Pius XII.
 He acted as a legal advisor to Pope Pius XI; in this capacity, he assisted Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri in the negotiation of the Lateran Treaty, which established the independence of Vatican City. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 4 

 Franz von Papen (] ; 29 October 18792 May 1969) was a German nobleman, General Staff officer and politician.
 He served as Chancellor of Germany in 1932 and as Vice-Chancellor under Adolf Hitler in 1933–34.
 He belonged to the group of close advisers to President Paul von Hindenburg in the late Weimar Republic.
 It was largely Papen, believing that Hitler could be controlled once he was in the government, who persuaded Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor in a cabinet not under Nazi Party domination.
 However, Papen and his allies were quickly marginalized by Hitler and he left the government after the Night of the Long Knives, during which the Nazis killed some of his confidantes. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 5 

 Hitler's Pope is a book published in 1999 by the British journalist and author John Cornwell that examines the actions of Eugenio Pacelli, who became Pope Pius XII, before and during the Nazi era, and explores the charge that he assisted in the legitimization of Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime in Germany, through the pursuit of a Reichskonkordat in 1933.
 The book is critical of Pius' conduct during the Second World War, arguing that he did not do enough, or speak out enough, against the Holocaust.
 Cornwell argued that Pius's entire career as the nuncio to Germany, Cardinal Secretary of State, and pope was characterized by a desire to increase and centralize the power of the Papacy, and that he subordinated opposition to the Nazis to that goal.
 He further argued that Pius was antisemitic and that this stance prevented him from caring about the European Jews. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 6 

 The following is a list of the feast days of the General Roman Calendar as it was in 1954.
 It is thus basically that established by Pope Pius X (1903–1914), but it also incorporates changes that were made by Pope Pius XI (1922–1939), such as the institution of the Feast of Christ the King, while not including those made in 1955 by Pope Pius XII (1939–1958). 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 7 

 Pope Pius XII (Italian: "Pio XII" ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (] ; 2 March 18769 October 1958), was head of the Catholic Church from 2 March 1939 to his death in 1958.
 Before his election to the papacy, Pacelli served as secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, papal nuncio to Germany (1917–1929), and Cardinal Secretary of State, in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with European and Latin American nations, most notably the "Reichskonkordat" with Nazi Germany, with which most historians believe the Vatican sought to protect the Church in Germany while Adolf Hitler sought the destruction of "political Catholicism".
 A pre-war critic of Nazism, Pius XII lobbied world leaders to avoid war and, as Pope at the outbreak of war, issued "Summi Pontificatus", expressing dismay at the invasion of Poland, reiterating Church teaching against racial persecution and calling for love, compassion and charity to prevail over war. 

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Answer: Adolf Hitler