title: Nicholas M. Smith, Jr.
William Howard Arnold (physicist)
Concepts of Physics
Hélène Langevin-Joliot
Otto Haxel
Wang Ganchang
H. C. Verma
Nancy M. Dowdy
Rudolf Fleischmann
Barbara Jacak
sentences: Nicholas Monroe Smith, Jr. (23 March 1914 – 7 August 2003), nuclear physicist and research consultant.
 Smith was a nuclear physicist, an expert in the field of nuclear and reactor physics, developer of operations research/computer modeling and computer applications consultant.
 He had ties to the Manhattan Project at Chicago and Oak Ridge, and worked with Samuel Allison and James Van Allen.
 Smith was a pioneer in the field of operations research.
William Howard Arnold is an American nuclear physicist, with primary areas of expertise in nuclear power, nuclear fuel, and nuclear waste disposal.
 He was president and manager of the first privately owned uranium-enrichment facility in the United States, Louisiana Energy Services.
 He was responsible for reactor physics design of the first series of Westinghouse Corporation commercial nuclear reactors, and served as president of the Nuclear International Division of Westinghouse Corporation.
 He designed nuclear reactor cores for civilian power reactors, for space power and propulsion, and for production of nuclear materials.
 He managed multidisciplinary groups of engineers and scientists working in reactor core design, and led work that promoted the use of centrifuge technology in uranium enrichment.
Concepts of Physics is a calculus-based physics textbook by H. C. Verma.
 The book was first published in 1992.
 It is published as a two-volume set, with each volume roughly covering the physics syllabus of class XI and class XII respectively.
 The book is extensively popular amongst students preparing for competitive exams, especially the Joint Entrance Examination.
Hélène Langevin-Joliot (born 19 September 1927) is a French nuclear physicist.
 She was educated at the "IN2P3" (English: Institute of Nuclear Physics and Particles ) at Orsay, a laboratory which was set up by her parents Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot-Curie.
 She is a member of the French government's advisory committee.
 Currently, she is a professor of nuclear physics at the Institute of Nuclear Physics at the University of Paris and a Director of Research at the CNRS.
 She is also known for her work in actively encouraging women to pursue careers in scientific fields.
Otto Haxel (2 April 1909, in Neu-Ulm – 26 February 1998, in Heidelberg) was a German nuclear physicist.
 During World War II, he worked on the German nuclear energy project.
 After the war, he was on the staff of the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen.
 From 1950 to 1974, he was an ordinarius professor of physics at the University of Heidelberg, where he fostered the use of nuclear physics in environmental physics; this led to the founding of the Institute of Environmental Physics in 1975.
 During 1956 and 1957, he was a member of the Nuclear Physics Working Group of the German Atomic Energy Commission.
 From 1970 to 1975, he was the Scientific and Technical Managing Director of the Karlsruhe Research Center.
Wang Ganchang () (May 28, 1907 – December 10, 1998) was a Chinese nuclear physicist.
 He was one of the founding fathers of Chinese nuclear physics, cosmic rays and particle physics.
 Wang was also a leader in the fields of detonation physics experiments, anti-electromagnetic pulse technology, nuclear explosion detection, anti-nuclear radiation technology, and laser stimulated nuclear explosion technologies.
Harish Chandra Verma (born 3 April 1952) is an Indian experimental physicist and a retired professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur since 1994.
 His field of research is nuclear physics.
Nancy M. O'Fallon Dowdy is an American nuclear physicist who was instrumental in nuclear disarmament negotiations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union after the Cold War.
 She received her doctorate in physics in 1966.
 After she developed her career as a nuclear physicist, she turned to politics, where she served as a representative of the United States on a commission for arms control.
 In 1992 she was nominated by Pres.
 George H. W. Bush to be Special Representative for Arms Control Negotiation and Disarmament in the aftermath of the Cold War.
 She has been designated a Fellow of the American Physical Society, in recognition of her role on treaty verification, her research accomplishments and leadership in research, and leadership and service on behalf of women in physics.
Rudolf Fleischmann (1 May 1903 – 3 February 2002) was a German experimental nuclear physicist from Erlangen, Bavaria.
 He worked for Walther Bothe at the Physics Institute of the University of Heidelberg and then at the Institute for Physics of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research.
 Through his association with Bothe, he became involved in the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranium Club; one of Fleischmann’s areas of interest was isotope separation techniques.
 In 1941 he was appointed associate professor of experimental physics at the newly established Reichsuniversität Straßburg, in France.
 Late in 1944, he was arrested under the American Operation Alsos and sent to the United States.
 After he returned to Germany 1946, he became Director of the State Physical Institute at the University of Hamburg and developed it as a center of nuclear research.
 In 1953, he took a position at the University of Erlangen and achieved "emeritus" status in 1969.
 He was a signatory of the Göttingen Manifesto in 1957.
Barbara Jacak () is a nuclear physicist who uses heavy ion collisions for fundamental studies of hot, dense nuclear matter.
 She is Director of the Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and a professor of Physics at UC Berkeley.
 Before going to Berkeley, she was a member of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Stony Brook University, where she held the rank of Distinguished Professor.
 She is a leading member of the collaboration that built and operates the PHENIX detector, one of the large detectors currently operating at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory, and was involved in the discovery of the quark gluon plasma and its strongly coupled, liquid-like behavior.
 Throughout her career she has served on many advisory committees and boards including the National Research Council Committee on Nuclear Physics, and the Physical Review C Editorial Board.

Question: Question: What is the nationality of the nuclear physicist responsible for the book "Concepts of Physics"? 

 Your answer will be verified with exact match score. To ensure correct verification, only provide the answer within the <answer> </answer> tags. Do not put any sentences or reasoning process within the <answer> </answer> tags. 

Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 Nicholas Monroe Smith, Jr. (23 March 1914 – 7 August 2003), nuclear physicist and research consultant.
 Smith was a nuclear physicist, an expert in the field of nuclear and reactor physics, developer of operations research/computer modeling and computer applications consultant.
 He had ties to the Manhattan Project at Chicago and Oak Ridge, and worked with Samuel Allison and James Van Allen.
 Smith was a pioneer in the field of operations research. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 1 

 William Howard Arnold is an American nuclear physicist, with primary areas of expertise in nuclear power, nuclear fuel, and nuclear waste disposal.
 He was president and manager of the first privately owned uranium-enrichment facility in the United States, Louisiana Energy Services.
 He was responsible for reactor physics design of the first series of Westinghouse Corporation commercial nuclear reactors, and served as president of the Nuclear International Division of Westinghouse Corporation.
 He designed nuclear reactor cores for civilian power reactors, for space power and propulsion, and for production of nuclear materials.
 He managed multidisciplinary groups of engineers and scientists working in reactor core design, and led work that promoted the use of centrifuge technology in uranium enrichment. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 2 

 Concepts of Physics is a calculus-based physics textbook by H. C. Verma.
 The book was first published in 1992.
 It is published as a two-volume set, with each volume roughly covering the physics syllabus of class XI and class XII respectively.
 The book is extensively popular amongst students preparing for competitive exams, especially the Joint Entrance Examination. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 3 

 Hélène Langevin-Joliot (born 19 September 1927) is a French nuclear physicist.
 She was educated at the "IN2P3" (English: Institute of Nuclear Physics and Particles ) at Orsay, a laboratory which was set up by her parents Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot-Curie.
 She is a member of the French government's advisory committee.
 Currently, she is a professor of nuclear physics at the Institute of Nuclear Physics at the University of Paris and a Director of Research at the CNRS.
 She is also known for her work in actively encouraging women to pursue careers in scientific fields. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 4 

 Otto Haxel (2 April 1909, in Neu-Ulm – 26 February 1998, in Heidelberg) was a German nuclear physicist.
 During World War II, he worked on the German nuclear energy project.
 After the war, he was on the staff of the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen.
 From 1950 to 1974, he was an ordinarius professor of physics at the University of Heidelberg, where he fostered the use of nuclear physics in environmental physics; this led to the founding of the Institute of Environmental Physics in 1975.
 During 1956 and 1957, he was a member of the Nuclear Physics Working Group of the German Atomic Energy Commission.
 From 1970 to 1975, he was the Scientific and Technical Managing Director of the Karlsruhe Research Center. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 5 

 Wang Ganchang () (May 28, 1907 – December 10, 1998) was a Chinese nuclear physicist.
 He was one of the founding fathers of Chinese nuclear physics, cosmic rays and particle physics.
 Wang was also a leader in the fields of detonation physics experiments, anti-electromagnetic pulse technology, nuclear explosion detection, anti-nuclear radiation technology, and laser stimulated nuclear explosion technologies. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 6 

 Harish Chandra Verma (born 3 April 1952) is an Indian experimental physicist and a retired professor at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur since 1994.
 His field of research is nuclear physics. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 7 

 Rudolf Fleischmann (1 May 1903 – 3 February 2002) was a German experimental nuclear physicist from Erlangen, Bavaria.
 He worked for Walther Bothe at the Physics Institute of the University of Heidelberg and then at the Institute for Physics of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research.
 Through his association with Bothe, he became involved in the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranium Club; one of Fleischmann’s areas of interest was isotope separation techniques.
 In 1941 he was appointed associate professor of experimental physics at the newly established Reichsuniversität Straßburg, in France.
 Late in 1944, he was arrested under the American Operation Alsos and sent to the United States.
 After he returned to Germany 1946, he became Director of the State Physical Institute at the University of Hamburg and developed it as a center of nuclear research.
 In 1953, he took a position at the University of Erlangen and achieved "emeritus" status in 1969.
 He was a signatory of the Göttingen Manifesto in 1957. 

--------------------------------

 


Answer: Indian