title: Miryang gang rape
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
Eleazer A. Paine
Maîtresse
Kenneth Feder
Paul Tanaka
Post-Scarcity Anarchism
Walam Olum
A Natural History of Rape
Bruce Lahn
sentences: The Miryang gang rape, known in South Korea as the Miryang middle school girls rape incident, was a criminal incident that occurred in Miryang, South Korea in 2004.
 At least 41 male high school students gang raped several middle school and high school girls over the course of 11 months.
 The case provoked controversy due to police mistreatment of the victims and lenient handling of the offenders.
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, as he is known in Europe (October 22, 1783 – September 18, 1840), was a nineteenth-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France.
 He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimately settling in Ohio in 1815, where he made notable contributions to botany, zoology, and the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America.
 He also contributed to the study of ancient Mesoamerican linguistics, in addition to work he had already completed in Europe.
Eleazer Arthur Paine (September 10, 1815 – December 16, 1882) was an American soldier, author, and lawyer from Ohio who provoked controversy as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
 He was charged with brutality toward civilians and violating their civil rights while commanding troops in western Kentucky.
 He was replaced in April 1864 from his post, based in Gallatin, Tennessee, where he had directed the occupation's protection of railroads and policing civilians.
Maîtresse ("mistress" or "teacher", in French) is a 1975 French film directed by Barbet Schroeder, starring Bulle Ogier and, in one of his earliest leading roles, Gérard Depardieu.
 The film provoked controversy in the United Kingdom and the United States because of its graphic depictions of sado-masochism.
Kenneth L. "Kenny" Feder (born August 1, 1952) is a professor of archaeology at Central Connecticut State University and the author of several books on archaeology and criticism of pseudoarchaeology such as "".
 His book "Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum" was published in 2010.
 His newest book "Ancient America: Fifty Archaeological Sites to See for Yourself" was published in 2017.
 He is the founder and director of the Farmington River Archaeological Project.
Paul K. Tanaka is an American former politician and a former law-enforcement officer with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department.
 He was convicted April 4, 2016, in Federal Court of conspiracy to obstruct justice and obstruction of justice.
 Tanaka served as Undersheriff of Los Angeles County from 2011 to 2013.
 He was also mayor of the City of Gardena, California.
 His tenure has provoked controversy due to allegations of violence and corruption.
Post-Scarcity Anarchism is a collection of essays by Murray Bookchin, first published in 1971 by Ramparts Press.
 In it, Bookchin outlines the possible form anarchism might take under conditions of post-scarcity.
 One of Bookchin's major works, its author's radical thesis provoked controversy for being utopian in its faith in the liberatory potential of technology.
The Walam Olum or Walum Olum, usually translated as "Red Record" or "Red Score," is purportedly a historical narrative of the Lenape (Delaware) Native American tribe.
 The document has provoked controversy as to its authenticity since its publication in the 1830s by botanist and antiquarian Constantine Samuel Rafinesque.
 Ethnographic studies in the 1980s and analysis in the 1990s of Rafinesque's manuscripts have produced significant evidence that the document is a hoax.
 Some Delaware people, however, believe Rafinesque based his writing on actual Lenape stories.
A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion is a 2000 book about rape by biologist Randy Thornhill and anthropologist Craig T. Palmer, in which the authors propose that rape should be understood through evolutionary psychology, and criticize the idea, popularized by Susan Brownmiller in "Against Our Will" (1975), that rape is an expression of male domination that is not sexually motivated.
 They argue that the capacity for rape is either an adaptation or a byproduct of adaptive traits such as sexual desire and aggressiveness.
 "A Natural History of Rape" provoked controversy and received extensive criticism.
Bruce Lahn is a Chinese-born American geneticist.
 He is the William B. Graham professor of Human Genetics at the University of Chicago.
 He is also the founder of the Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China.
 His previous research specialized in human genetics and evolutionary genetics, especially human sex chromosome evolution and the genetic basis that underlies the evolutionary expansion of the human brain.
 Lahn's current research interests include stem cell biology and epigenetics.
 His research on the microcephaly-associated gene, MCPH1, led to the hypothesis that an archaic "Homo sapiens" lineage such as the Neanderthals might have contributed to the recent development of the human brain.
 His research also suggested that newly arisen variants of two brain size genes, ASPM and MCPH1, might have been favored by positive natural selection in the recent human history.
 This research provoked controversy due to the finding that the positively selected variants of these genes had spread to higher frequencies in some parts of the world than in others (for ASPM, it is higher in Europe and surrounding regions than other parts of the world; for MCPH1, it is higher outside sub-Saharan Africa than inside).
 He has advocated the moral position that human genetic diversity should be embraced and celebrated as among humanity's great assets.

Question: Question: The Walam Olum document has provoked controversy as to its authenticity since its publication by a  botanist and antiquarian who settled in Ohio in what year? 

 Your answer will be verified with exact match score. To ensure correct verification, only provide the answer within the <answer> </answer> tags. Do not put any sentences or reasoning process within the <answer> </answer> tags. 

Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, as he is known in Europe (October 22, 1783 – September 18, 1840), was a nineteenth-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France.
 He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimately settling in Ohio in 1815, where he made notable contributions to botany, zoology, and the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America.
 He also contributed to the study of ancient Mesoamerican linguistics, in addition to work he had already completed in Europe. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 1 

 Eleazer Arthur Paine (September 10, 1815 – December 16, 1882) was an American soldier, author, and lawyer from Ohio who provoked controversy as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
 He was charged with brutality toward civilians and violating their civil rights while commanding troops in western Kentucky.
 He was replaced in April 1864 from his post, based in Gallatin, Tennessee, where he had directed the occupation's protection of railroads and policing civilians. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 2 

 Maîtresse ("mistress" or "teacher", in French) is a 1975 French film directed by Barbet Schroeder, starring Bulle Ogier and, in one of his earliest leading roles, Gérard Depardieu.
 The film provoked controversy in the United Kingdom and the United States because of its graphic depictions of sado-masochism. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 3 

 Paul K. Tanaka is an American former politician and a former law-enforcement officer with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department.
 He was convicted April 4, 2016, in Federal Court of conspiracy to obstruct justice and obstruction of justice.
 Tanaka served as Undersheriff of Los Angeles County from 2011 to 2013.
 He was also mayor of the City of Gardena, California.
 His tenure has provoked controversy due to allegations of violence and corruption. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 4 

 Post-Scarcity Anarchism is a collection of essays by Murray Bookchin, first published in 1971 by Ramparts Press.
 In it, Bookchin outlines the possible form anarchism might take under conditions of post-scarcity.
 One of Bookchin's major works, its author's radical thesis provoked controversy for being utopian in its faith in the liberatory potential of technology. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 5 

 The Walam Olum or Walum Olum, usually translated as "Red Record" or "Red Score," is purportedly a historical narrative of the Lenape (Delaware) Native American tribe.
 The document has provoked controversy as to its authenticity since its publication in the 1830s by botanist and antiquarian Constantine Samuel Rafinesque.
 Ethnographic studies in the 1980s and analysis in the 1990s of Rafinesque's manuscripts have produced significant evidence that the document is a hoax.
 Some Delaware people, however, believe Rafinesque based his writing on actual Lenape stories. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 6 

 A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion is a 2000 book about rape by biologist Randy Thornhill and anthropologist Craig T. Palmer, in which the authors propose that rape should be understood through evolutionary psychology, and criticize the idea, popularized by Susan Brownmiller in "Against Our Will" (1975), that rape is an expression of male domination that is not sexually motivated.
 They argue that the capacity for rape is either an adaptation or a byproduct of adaptive traits such as sexual desire and aggressiveness.
 "A Natural History of Rape" provoked controversy and received extensive criticism. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 7 

 Bruce Lahn is a Chinese-born American geneticist.
 He is the William B. Graham professor of Human Genetics at the University of Chicago.
 He is also the founder of the Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China.
 His previous research specialized in human genetics and evolutionary genetics, especially human sex chromosome evolution and the genetic basis that underlies the evolutionary expansion of the human brain.
 Lahn's current research interests include stem cell biology and epigenetics.
 His research on the microcephaly-associated gene, MCPH1, led to the hypothesis that an archaic "Homo sapiens" lineage such as the Neanderthals might have contributed to the recent development of the human brain.
 His research also suggested that newly arisen variants of two brain size genes, ASPM and MCPH1, might have been favored by positive natural selection in the recent human history.
 This research provoked controversy due to the finding that the positively selected variants of these genes had spread to higher frequencies in some parts of the world than in others (for ASPM, it is higher in Europe and surrounding regions than other parts of the world; for MCPH1, it is higher outside sub-Saharan Africa than inside).
 He has advocated the moral position that human genetic diversity should be embraced and celebrated as among humanity's great assets. 

--------------------------------

 


Answer: 1815