title: State v. Limon
Isabel González
Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act
LeRoy Carhart
Franklin v. State
Bowers v. Hardwick
State v. Whitmarsh
Taylor v. United States (2016)
Gonzales v. Carhart
Lawrence v. Texas
sentences: State v. Limon (280 Kan. 275, 122 P.3d 22) is a 2005 Kansas Supreme Court case in which a state law allowing for lesser punishment for statutory rape convictions if the partners were of different sexes than if they were of the same sex was found unconstitutional under both the federal and Kansas state constitutions.
 It was among the first cases to cite the United States Supreme Court decision "Lawrence v. Texas" as precedent, months after the Virginia Supreme Court did similarly in "Martin v. Ziherl".
Isabel González (May 2, 1882 – June 11, 1971) was a Puerto Rican activist who helped pave the way for Puerto Ricans to be given United States citizenship.
 As a young unwed pregnant woman, González had her plans to find and marry the father of her unborn child derailed by the United States Treasury Department when she was excluded as an alien "likely to become a public charge" upon her arrival in New York City.
 González challenged the Government of the United States in the groundbreaking case "Gonzales v. Williams" (192 U.S. 1 (1904)).
 Officially the case was known as "Isabella Gonzales, Appellant, v. William Williams, United States Commissioner of Immigration at the Port of New York" No. 225, argued December 4, 7, 1903, and decided January 4, 1904.
 Her case was an appeal from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York, filed February 27, 1903, after also having her Writ of Habeas Corpus (HC.
 1-187) dismissed.
 Her Supreme Court case is the first time that the Court confronted the citizenship status of inhabitants of territories acquired by the United States.
 González actively pursued the cause of U.S. citizenship for all Puerto Ricans by writing letters published in "The New York Times".
The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 (Pub.L.
 108–105 , 117 Stat.
 1201 , enacted  05, 2003 , , PBA Ban) is a United States law prohibiting a form of late termination of pregnancy called "partial-birth abortion," referred to in medical literature by as intact dilation and extraction.
 Under this law, "Any physician who, in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, knowingly performs a partial-birth abortion and thereby kills a human fetus shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 2 years, or both."
 The law was enacted in 2003, and in 2007 its constitutionality was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court, in the case of "Gonzales v. Carhart".
LeRoy Harrison Carhart (born 1941) is an American physician from New Jersey best known for performing abortions late in pregnancy.
 He became famous for his participation in the Supreme Court cases "Stenberg v. Carhart" and "Gonzales v. Carhart", both of which dealt with intact dilation and extraction (colloquially known as "partial-birth abortion").
 He was one of the four subjects of the 2013 documentary "After Tiller".
Franklin v. State, (Fla. 1971), was a case in which the Florida Supreme Court struck down Florida's sodomy law as being "unconstitutional for vagueness and uncertainty in its language, violating constitutional due process to the defendants."
 The court retained the state's prohibition on sodomy by ruling that anal and oral sex could still be prosecuted under the lesser charge of "unnatural and lascivious" conduct, thus reducing the crime from a felony to a misdemeanor.
Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986) , is a United States Supreme Court decision, overturned in 2003, that upheld, in a 5–4 ruling, the constitutionality of a Georgia sodomy law criminalizing oral and anal sex in private between consenting adults, in this case with respect to homosexual sodomy, though the law did not differentiate between homosexual sodomy and heterosexual sodomy.
State v. Whitmarsh was a South Dakota Supreme Court case decided on November 18, 1910, which asked whether or not fellatio, or oral sex, should be classified as sodomy.
 The contemporary federal common law definition of sodomy did not include fellatio.
 The court ruled that fellatio was an "abominable and disgusting" crime against nature and outlawed it between any two persons, regardless of marital status, sexual orientation or age.
 The case set a precedent for other states' laws and remained in effect in South Dakota for the next 66 years, until all sodomy laws, including the "crime against nature" statute, were abolished by the South Dakota Legislature in 1976.
Taylor v. United States, 579 U.S. ___ (2016) , was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that in a federal criminal prosecution under the Hobbs Act, the government is not required to prove an interstate commerce element beyond a reasonable doubt.
 The Court relied on the decision in "Gonzales v. Raich" which held that Congress has the authority to regulate the marijuana market given that even local activities can have a "substantial effect" on interstate commerce.
Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124 (2007), is a United States Supreme Court case that upheld the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003.
 The case reached the high court after U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales appealed a ruling of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit in favor of LeRoy Carhart that struck down the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act.
 Also before the Supreme Court was the consolidated appeal of Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood from the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which had struck down the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act.
Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003) is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court.
 The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6-3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.
 The Court, with a five-justice majority, overturned its previous ruling on the same issue in the 1986 case "Bowers v. Hardwick", where it upheld a challenged Georgia statute and did not find a constitutional protection of sexual privacy.

Question: Question: Which court case, Gonzales v. Carhart or Lawrence v. Texas, struck down the sodomy law? 

 Your answer will be verified with exact match score. To ensure correct verification, only provide the answer within the <answer> </answer> tags. Do not put any sentences or reasoning process within the <answer> </answer> tags. 

Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 State v. Limon (280 Kan. 275, 122 P.3d 22) is a 2005 Kansas Supreme Court case in which a state law allowing for lesser punishment for statutory rape convictions if the partners were of different sexes than if they were of the same sex was found unconstitutional under both the federal and Kansas state constitutions.
 It was among the first cases to cite the United States Supreme Court decision "Lawrence v. Texas" as precedent, months after the Virginia Supreme Court did similarly in "Martin v. Ziherl". 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 1 

 Isabel González (May 2, 1882 – June 11, 1971) was a Puerto Rican activist who helped pave the way for Puerto Ricans to be given United States citizenship.
 As a young unwed pregnant woman, González had her plans to find and marry the father of her unborn child derailed by the United States Treasury Department when she was excluded as an alien "likely to become a public charge" upon her arrival in New York City.
 González challenged the Government of the United States in the groundbreaking case "Gonzales v. Williams" (192 U.S. 1 (1904)).
 Officially the case was known as "Isabella Gonzales, Appellant, v. William Williams, United States Commissioner of Immigration at the Port of New York" No. 225, argued December 4, 7, 1903, and decided January 4, 1904.
 Her case was an appeal from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York, filed February 27, 1903, after also having her Writ of Habeas Corpus (HC.
 1-187) dismissed.
 Her Supreme Court case is the first time that the Court confronted the citizenship status of inhabitants of territories acquired by the United States.
 González actively pursued the cause of U.S. citizenship for all Puerto Ricans by writing letters published in "The New York Times". 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 2 

 LeRoy Harrison Carhart (born 1941) is an American physician from New Jersey best known for performing abortions late in pregnancy.
 He became famous for his participation in the Supreme Court cases "Stenberg v. Carhart" and "Gonzales v. Carhart", both of which dealt with intact dilation and extraction (colloquially known as "partial-birth abortion").
 He was one of the four subjects of the 2013 documentary "After Tiller". 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 3 

 Franklin v. State, (Fla. 1971), was a case in which the Florida Supreme Court struck down Florida's sodomy law as being "unconstitutional for vagueness and uncertainty in its language, violating constitutional due process to the defendants."
 The court retained the state's prohibition on sodomy by ruling that anal and oral sex could still be prosecuted under the lesser charge of "unnatural and lascivious" conduct, thus reducing the crime from a felony to a misdemeanor. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 4 

 State v. Whitmarsh was a South Dakota Supreme Court case decided on November 18, 1910, which asked whether or not fellatio, or oral sex, should be classified as sodomy.
 The contemporary federal common law definition of sodomy did not include fellatio.
 The court ruled that fellatio was an "abominable and disgusting" crime against nature and outlawed it between any two persons, regardless of marital status, sexual orientation or age.
 The case set a precedent for other states' laws and remained in effect in South Dakota for the next 66 years, until all sodomy laws, including the "crime against nature" statute, were abolished by the South Dakota Legislature in 1976. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 5 

 Taylor v. United States, 579 U.S. ___ (2016) , was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that in a federal criminal prosecution under the Hobbs Act, the government is not required to prove an interstate commerce element beyond a reasonable doubt.
 The Court relied on the decision in "Gonzales v. Raich" which held that Congress has the authority to regulate the marijuana market given that even local activities can have a "substantial effect" on interstate commerce. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 6 

 Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124 (2007), is a United States Supreme Court case that upheld the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003.
 The case reached the high court after U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales appealed a ruling of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit in favor of LeRoy Carhart that struck down the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act.
 Also before the Supreme Court was the consolidated appeal of Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood from the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which had struck down the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 7 

 Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003) is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court.
 The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6-3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.
 The Court, with a five-justice majority, overturned its previous ruling on the same issue in the 1986 case "Bowers v. Hardwick", where it upheld a challenged Georgia statute and did not find a constitutional protection of sexual privacy. 

--------------------------------

 


Answer: Lawrence v. Texas