title: Alexander Kluge
Playing Cards (film)
The Temptation of Saint Anthony (film)
Bleuette Bernon
The Four Troublesome Heads
List of actuality films by Georges Méliès
A Nightmare
Georges Méliès
Yesterday Girl
The Magician (1898 film)
sentences: Alexander Kluge (born 14 February 1932) is a German author, philosopher, academic and film director.
Playing Cards (French: "Une partie de cartes" ), or Card Party, is an 1896 French short black-and-white silent film by Georges Méliès.
 It was the first film in Méliès' prolific career, and thus is number one in his Star Film catalogue.
 It is a remake of Louis Lumière's film "The Messers.
 Lumière at Cards" which was released earlier the same year.
 Along with Georges Méliès himself, his brother Gaston Méliès and daughter Georgette Méliès both appear in the film.
The Temptation of Saint Anthony (French: "La Tentation de Saint Antoine" ; Star Film Catalogue no. 169.)
 is a 1898 French short black-and-white silent drama film, directed by Georges Méliès, featuring Anthony the Great being visited by seductive women to test his faith and piety.
 The film, "contains a familiar collection of Georges Méliès’ trademark jump-cut-triggered appearing and disappearing acts," but, according to Michael Brooke of BFI Screenonline, "the overtly religious elements are entirely new."
Bleuette Bernon (born June 6, 1878 – ?)
 was a French film actress who appeared in five films made by Georges Méliès around the turn of the 20th century.
 The earliest films, made before 1900, were usually without plot and had a runtime of just a few minutes.
 However, Méliès evolved the genre of the fictional motion picture, and Bernon became one of the earliest character actors in movies.
 In 1899, she played the title character in Méliès's "Jeanne d'Arc", and Cinderella in "Cendrillon".
 In 1901, she appeared in "Barbe-bleue".
 In 1902 she appeared in a minor role in "A Trip to the Moon", which is the best known film of Méliès, as one "lady in the Moon".
 In 1903 she appeared as Aurora in "".
The Four Troublesome Heads (French: "Un homme de têtes" , "A Man of Heads") is an 1898 French silent film directed by Georges Méliès.
 It was released by Méliès's company Star Film and is numbered 167 in its catalogues.
 An illegal print of the film, copied without authorization from Méliès, was released in America in 1903 by Siegmund Lubin under the title Four Heads Are Better Than One.
Georges Méliès (1861–1938), a French filmmaker and magician, made a variety of short actuality films between 1896 and 1900.
 Méliès was established as a magician with his own theater-of-illusions, the Théâtre Robert-Houdin in Paris, when he attended the celebrated first public demonstration of the Lumière Brothers' Kinetoscope in December 1895.
 Unable to purchase a camera from the Lumières, who insisted that the venture had no future, he bought a film projector and some films from the British film experimenter Robert W. Paul and began projecting them at the Théâtre Robert-Houdin.
 Meanwhile, Méliès studied the principles on which Paul's projector ran, and in 1896 was able to modify the machine so that it could be used as a makeshift camera.
 At first, Méliès followed the custom of the time, and the example memorably set by the pioneering Lumières, by producing actuality films—brief "slice of life" incidents made by preparing naturalistic scenes for the camera or by filming events of the day.
 These "cityscapes, scenic views, and domestic vignettes" closely followed the model already set by the Lumières and their salaried operators, who had already been sent to various points abroad to publicize the Lumière camera and bring home actualites filmed in foreign climes.
 All told, Méliès filmed 93 films, or 18% of his entire output, outdoors as actuality footage.
A Nightmare (French: Le cauchemar) is a short silent trick film created and released in 1896 and directed by Georges Méliès.
 It was released by Méliès's Star Film Company and is numbered 82 in its catalogues, where it was advertised as a "scène fantastique".
 The film was shot outside in the garden of Méliès's property in Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis, with painted scenery.
 Méliès plays the sleeping man.
Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès, known as Georges Méliès ( ; ] ; 8 December 1861 – 21 January 1938), was a French illusionist and film director who led many technical and narrative developments in the earliest days of cinema.
 Méliès was an especially prolific innovator in the use of special effects, popularizing such techniques as substitution splices, multiple exposures, time-lapse photography, dissolves, and hand-painted color.
 He was also one of the first filmmakers to use storyboards. His films include "A Trip to the Moon" (1902) and "The Impossible Voyage" (1904), both involving strange, surreal journeys somewhat in the style of Jules Verne, and are considered among the most important early science fiction films, though their approach is closer to fantasy.
Yesterday Girl (German: Abschied von gestern, "Farewell to Yesterday") is a 1966 New German Cinema film directed and written by Alexander Kluge.
 The film is based on the short story "Anita G." (1962), which is also by Alexander Kluge.
 The film tells the story of Anita G., a young East German migrant to West Germany and her struggle to adjust to her new life.
The Magician (French: "Le Magicien" ; Star Film Catalogue no. 153.)
 is a 1898 French short black-and-white silent trick film, directed by Georges Méliès, featuring a wizard, a Pierrot and a sculptor in a rapid series of jump cuts.
 The film is, "another exercise in the art of the jump-cut," according to Michael Brooke of BFI Screenonline, "in the tradition of Georges Méliès' earlier "A Nightmare" ("Le Cauchemar", 1896) and "The Haunted Castle" ("Le Château hanté", 1897)."

Question: Question: What does Georges Méliès and Alexander Kluge have in common? 

 Your answer will be verified with exact match score. To ensure correct verification, only provide the answer within the <answer> </answer> tags. Do not put any sentences or reasoning process within the <answer> </answer> tags. 

Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 Alexander Kluge (born 14 February 1932) is a German author, philosopher, academic and film director. 

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 The Temptation of Saint Anthony (French: "La Tentation de Saint Antoine" ; Star Film Catalogue no. 169.)
 is a 1898 French short black-and-white silent drama film, directed by Georges Méliès, featuring Anthony the Great being visited by seductive women to test his faith and piety.
 The film, "contains a familiar collection of Georges Méliès’ trademark jump-cut-triggered appearing and disappearing acts," but, according to Michael Brooke of BFI Screenonline, "the overtly religious elements are entirely new." 

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 The Four Troublesome Heads (French: "Un homme de têtes" , "A Man of Heads") is an 1898 French silent film directed by Georges Méliès.
 It was released by Méliès's company Star Film and is numbered 167 in its catalogues.
 An illegal print of the film, copied without authorization from Méliès, was released in America in 1903 by Siegmund Lubin under the title Four Heads Are Better Than One. 

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Paragraph 3 

 Georges Méliès (1861–1938), a French filmmaker and magician, made a variety of short actuality films between 1896 and 1900.
 Méliès was established as a magician with his own theater-of-illusions, the Théâtre Robert-Houdin in Paris, when he attended the celebrated first public demonstration of the Lumière Brothers' Kinetoscope in December 1895.
 Unable to purchase a camera from the Lumières, who insisted that the venture had no future, he bought a film projector and some films from the British film experimenter Robert W. Paul and began projecting them at the Théâtre Robert-Houdin.
 Meanwhile, Méliès studied the principles on which Paul's projector ran, and in 1896 was able to modify the machine so that it could be used as a makeshift camera.
 At first, Méliès followed the custom of the time, and the example memorably set by the pioneering Lumières, by producing actuality films—brief "slice of life" incidents made by preparing naturalistic scenes for the camera or by filming events of the day.
 These "cityscapes, scenic views, and domestic vignettes" closely followed the model already set by the Lumières and their salaried operators, who had already been sent to various points abroad to publicize the Lumière camera and bring home actualites filmed in foreign climes.
 All told, Méliès filmed 93 films, or 18% of his entire output, outdoors as actuality footage. 

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Paragraph 4 

 A Nightmare (French: Le cauchemar) is a short silent trick film created and released in 1896 and directed by Georges Méliès.
 It was released by Méliès's Star Film Company and is numbered 82 in its catalogues, where it was advertised as a "scène fantastique".
 The film was shot outside in the garden of Méliès's property in Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis, with painted scenery.
 Méliès plays the sleeping man. 

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Paragraph 5 

 Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès, known as Georges Méliès ( ; ] ; 8 December 1861 – 21 January 1938), was a French illusionist and film director who led many technical and narrative developments in the earliest days of cinema.
 Méliès was an especially prolific innovator in the use of special effects, popularizing such techniques as substitution splices, multiple exposures, time-lapse photography, dissolves, and hand-painted color.
 He was also one of the first filmmakers to use storyboards. His films include "A Trip to the Moon" (1902) and "The Impossible Voyage" (1904), both involving strange, surreal journeys somewhat in the style of Jules Verne, and are considered among the most important early science fiction films, though their approach is closer to fantasy. 

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Paragraph 6 

 Yesterday Girl (German: Abschied von gestern, "Farewell to Yesterday") is a 1966 New German Cinema film directed and written by Alexander Kluge.
 The film is based on the short story "Anita G." (1962), which is also by Alexander Kluge.
 The film tells the story of Anita G., a young East German migrant to West Germany and her struggle to adjust to her new life. 

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 The Magician (French: "Le Magicien" ; Star Film Catalogue no. 153.)
 is a 1898 French short black-and-white silent trick film, directed by Georges Méliès, featuring a wizard, a Pierrot and a sculptor in a rapid series of jump cuts.
 The film is, "another exercise in the art of the jump-cut," according to Michael Brooke of BFI Screenonline, "in the tradition of Georges Méliès' earlier "A Nightmare" ("Le Cauchemar", 1896) and "The Haunted Castle" ("Le Château hanté", 1897)." 

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Answer: film director.