title: Indigenous peoples of Yukon
Territorial claims in the Arctic
R v Van der Peet
R v Gladstone
Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982
R v Sparrow
North Slave Métis Alliance
Jackie Huggins
Ken Coates (historian)
Anaktuvuk River
sentences: The indigenous peoples of Yukon were the sole inhabitants of the Arctic coastal territories prior to arrival of Europeans.
 The indigenous people of Yukon are part of the Aboriginal people of Canada.
 Traditionally, the Yukon indigenous peoples are hunters and gatherers with close connections to the land, the rivers and the seasons.
 Their history is recorded and passed down generations in an oral tradition.
 European contact brought many changes to the indigenous people of Yukon including land loss and non-traditional governance and education.
 However, the Yukon indigenous peoples continue their connections with the land in seasonal wage labour such as fishing and trapping.
 In Yukon First Nation organisations the people are aim for maintenance and development of indigenous education, language, culture, spirituality and Aboriginal rights.
The Arctic consists of land, internal waters, territorial seas, exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and high seas.
 All land, internal waters, territorial seas and EEZs in the Arctic are under the jurisdiction of one of the five Arctic coastal states: Canada, Norway, Russia, Denmark (via Greenland), and the United States.
 International law regulates this area as with other portions of the Earth.
R v Van der Peet, [1996] 2 S.C.R. 507 is a leading case on Aboriginal rights under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.
 The Supreme Court held that Aboriginal fishing rights did not extend to commercial selling of fish.
 From this case came the Van der Peet test for determining if an Aboriginal right exists.
 This is the first of three cases known as the Van der Peet trilogy which included "R v NTC Smokehouse Ltd" and "R v Gladstone".
R v Gladstone, [1996] 2 S.C.R. 723 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on non-treaty Aboriginal rights under section 35 of the "Constitution Act, 1982".
 The Court modified the "Sparrow" test for the extinguishment of Aboriginal rights to give more deference to the government in protecting commercial fishing rights.
Section 35 of the "Constitution Act, 1982" provides constitutional protection to the Aboriginal and treaty rights of Aboriginal peoples in Canada.
 The section, while within the Constitution of Canada, falls outside the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms".
 The section does not define the term "Aboriginal rights" or provide a closed list; some examples of the rights that section 35 has been found to protect are fishing, logging, hunting, the right to land (cf. Aboriginal title) and the right to enforcement of treaties.
 There remains a debate over whether the right to Aboriginal self-government is included within section 35.
 s of 2006 the Supreme Court of Canada has made no ruling on the matter.
 However, since 1995 the Government of Canada has had a policy recognizing the inherent right of self-government under section 35.
R v Sparrow, [1990] 1 S.C.R. 1075 was an important decision of the Supreme Court of Canada concerning the application of Aboriginal rights under section 35(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982.
 The Court held that Aboriginal rights, such as fishing, that were in existence in 1982 are protected under the Constitution of Canada and cannot be infringed without justification on account of the government's fiduciary duty to the Aboriginal peoples of Canada.
The North Slave Métis Alliance is a non-profit society that represents the Aboriginal rights-bearing Métis people of the Northwest Territories, who primarily exercise their Aboriginal rights north and east of Great Slave Lake.
 The NSMA’s mandate includes: The assertion, protection, and implementation of the Aboriginal rights of the North Slave Métis People; and the exercise of Métis responsibility to protect the environment and to promote and enhance Métis education, economic, social, and cultural development.
 The NSMA is vitally concerned with the protection, preservation, and sustainable use of its traditional lands and resources.
 With that in mind, the NSMA is committed to principles of economic sustainability, environmental stewardship, and self-determination in respect to its traditional lands and resources.
Jacqueline Gail "Jackie" Huggins AM, FAHA (born 19 August 1956) is an Indigenous Australian author, historian and Aboriginal rights activist of the Bidjara Central Queensland and Birri-Gubba Juru North Queensland peoples.
 She is the Deputy Director of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Unit, an Adjunct Professor in the School of Social Work and Human Services at the University of Queensland and a Spokesperson for Recognise.
Ken Coates (born 1956 in Alberta and raised in Whitehorse, Yukon) is a Canadian historian focused on the history of the Canadian North and Aboriginal rights and indigenous claims.
 Other areas of specialization include Arctic sovereignty; science, technology and society, with an emphasis on Japan; world and comparative history; and post-secondary education.
 Coates is a professor and Canada Research Chair in Regional Innovation, Johnson Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, and Director, International Centre for Northern Governance and Development at the University of Saskatchewan.
 In 2015, Coates was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
The Anaktuvuk River is a river in Alaska's North Slope.
 135 mi long, it flows west from glaciers in the Endicott Mountains changing direction just north of Anaktuvuk Pass to flow north to the Arctic Coastal Plain where it joins the Colville River.
 Its headwaters are formed by runoff from various glaciers in the Gates of the Arctic Wilderness on the slopes of Fan Mountain, Alapah Mountain and Limestack Mountain, the last of which lies on the watershed divide between the Arctic Coastal Plain and the Koyukuk River, and feeds the Anaktuvuk River via Graylime Creek.
 Its first major tributary is the John River which joins it at .
 The Nanushuk River joins it at .

Question: Question: What country has jurisdicion over one of the fives Arctic Coastal states and had a historian that specialized in aboriginal rights? 

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Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 The indigenous peoples of Yukon were the sole inhabitants of the Arctic coastal territories prior to arrival of Europeans.
 The indigenous people of Yukon are part of the Aboriginal people of Canada.
 Traditionally, the Yukon indigenous peoples are hunters and gatherers with close connections to the land, the rivers and the seasons.
 Their history is recorded and passed down generations in an oral tradition.
 European contact brought many changes to the indigenous people of Yukon including land loss and non-traditional governance and education.
 However, the Yukon indigenous peoples continue their connections with the land in seasonal wage labour such as fishing and trapping.
 In Yukon First Nation organisations the people are aim for maintenance and development of indigenous education, language, culture, spirituality and Aboriginal rights. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 1 

 The Arctic consists of land, internal waters, territorial seas, exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and high seas.
 All land, internal waters, territorial seas and EEZs in the Arctic are under the jurisdiction of one of the five Arctic coastal states: Canada, Norway, Russia, Denmark (via Greenland), and the United States.
 International law regulates this area as with other portions of the Earth. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 2 

 R v Van der Peet, [1996] 2 S.C.R. 507 is a leading case on Aboriginal rights under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.
 The Supreme Court held that Aboriginal fishing rights did not extend to commercial selling of fish.
 From this case came the Van der Peet test for determining if an Aboriginal right exists.
 This is the first of three cases known as the Van der Peet trilogy which included "R v NTC Smokehouse Ltd" and "R v Gladstone". 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 3 

 Section 35 of the "Constitution Act, 1982" provides constitutional protection to the Aboriginal and treaty rights of Aboriginal peoples in Canada.
 The section, while within the Constitution of Canada, falls outside the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms".
 The section does not define the term "Aboriginal rights" or provide a closed list; some examples of the rights that section 35 has been found to protect are fishing, logging, hunting, the right to land (cf. Aboriginal title) and the right to enforcement of treaties.
 There remains a debate over whether the right to Aboriginal self-government is included within section 35.
 s of 2006 the Supreme Court of Canada has made no ruling on the matter.
 However, since 1995 the Government of Canada has had a policy recognizing the inherent right of self-government under section 35. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 4 

 R v Sparrow, [1990] 1 S.C.R. 1075 was an important decision of the Supreme Court of Canada concerning the application of Aboriginal rights under section 35(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982.
 The Court held that Aboriginal rights, such as fishing, that were in existence in 1982 are protected under the Constitution of Canada and cannot be infringed without justification on account of the government's fiduciary duty to the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 5 

 Jacqueline Gail "Jackie" Huggins AM, FAHA (born 19 August 1956) is an Indigenous Australian author, historian and Aboriginal rights activist of the Bidjara Central Queensland and Birri-Gubba Juru North Queensland peoples.
 She is the Deputy Director of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Unit, an Adjunct Professor in the School of Social Work and Human Services at the University of Queensland and a Spokesperson for Recognise. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 6 

 Ken Coates (born 1956 in Alberta and raised in Whitehorse, Yukon) is a Canadian historian focused on the history of the Canadian North and Aboriginal rights and indigenous claims.
 Other areas of specialization include Arctic sovereignty; science, technology and society, with an emphasis on Japan; world and comparative history; and post-secondary education.
 Coates is a professor and Canada Research Chair in Regional Innovation, Johnson Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, and Director, International Centre for Northern Governance and Development at the University of Saskatchewan.
 In 2015, Coates was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 7 

 The Anaktuvuk River is a river in Alaska's North Slope.
 135 mi long, it flows west from glaciers in the Endicott Mountains changing direction just north of Anaktuvuk Pass to flow north to the Arctic Coastal Plain where it joins the Colville River.
 Its headwaters are formed by runoff from various glaciers in the Gates of the Arctic Wilderness on the slopes of Fan Mountain, Alapah Mountain and Limestack Mountain, the last of which lies on the watershed divide between the Arctic Coastal Plain and the Koyukuk River, and feeds the Anaktuvuk River via Graylime Creek.
 Its first major tributary is the John River which joins it at .
 The Nanushuk River joins it at . 

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Answer: Canada