title: William Homan Thorpe
Jan Tinbergen
Konrad Lorenz
Gerard Baerends
Karl von Frisch
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Hawk/goose effect
Trap-lining
Tinbergen's four questions
Ethology
sentences: William Homan Thorpe FRS (1 April 1902 – 7 April 1986) was Professor of Animal Ethology at the University of Cambridge, and a significant British zoologist, ethologist and ornithologist.
 Together with Nikolaas Tinbergen, Patrick Bateson and Robert Hinde, Thorpe contributed to the growth and acceptance of behavioural biology in Great Britain.
Jan Tinbergen ( ; ] ; April 12, 1903June 9, 1994) was an important Dutch economist.
 He was awarded the first Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 1969, which he shared with Ragnar Frisch for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes.
 He is widely considered to be one of the most influential economists of the 20th century and one of the founding fathers of econometrics.
 It has been argued that the development of the first macro econometric models, the solution of the identification problem, and the understanding of dynamic models are his three most important legacies to econometrics.
 Tinbergen was a founding trustee of Economists for Peace and Security.
 In 1945, he founded the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (CPB) and was the agency's first director.
Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (] ; 7 November 1903 – 27 February 1989) was an Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist.
 He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch.
 He is often regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology, the study of animal behaviour.
 He developed an approach that began with an earlier generation, including his teacher Oskar Heinroth.
Gerardus Pieter Baerends (30 March 1916, The Hague – 1 September 1999, Groningen) was a Dutch biologist and one of the most important representatives of the so-called classical ethology in the tradition of Nikolaas Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz.
 Baerends' behavioral working group was the first of this specialty in the Netherlands and is still regarded as one of the world's most prolific, since from it alone 43 theses emerged.
Karl Ritter von Frisch, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': 'ForMemRS', '4': "} (20 November 1886 – 12 June 1982) was an Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973, along with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz.
Nikolaas 'Niko' Tinbergen {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ( ; ] ; 15 April 1907 – 21 December 1988) was a Dutch biologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning organisation and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns in animals.
 He is regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology, the study of animal behaviour.
In ethology and cognitive ethology, the hawk/goose effect refers to a behavior observed in some young birds when another bird flies above them: if the flying bird is a goose, the young birds show no reaction, but if the flying bird is a hawk, the young birds either become more agitated or cower to reduce the danger.
 It was first observed by Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen.
In ethology and behavioral ecology, trap-lining or traplining is a feeding strategy in which an individual visits food sources on a regular, repeatable sequence, much as trappers check their lines of traps.
 Traplining is usually seen in species foraging for floral resources.
 This involves a specified route in which the individual traverses in the same order repeatedly to check specific plants for flowers that hold nectar, even over long distances.
 Trap-lining has been described in several taxa (sing.
 taxon), including bees, butterflies, tamarins, bats, rats, and hummingbirds and tropical fruit-eating mammals such as opossums, capuchins and kinkajous.
 Traplining is used to term the method in which bumblebees and hummingbirds go about collecting nectar, and consequently, pollinating each plant they visit.
 The term "traplining" was originally coined by Daniel Janzen, although the concept was discussed by Charles Darwin and Nikolaas Tinbergen.
Tinbergen's four questions, named after Nikolaas Tinbergen and based on Aristotle's four causes.
, are complementary categories of explanations for behaviour.
 These are also commonly referred to as levels of analysis.
 It suggests that an integrative understanding of behaviour must include both a proximate and ultimate (functional) analysis of behaviour, as well as an understanding of both phylogenetic/developmental history and the operation of current mechanisms.
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait.
 Behaviourism is a term that also describes the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually referring to measured responses to stimuli or trained behavioural responses in a laboratory context, without a particular emphasis on evolutionary adaptivity.
 Many naturalists have studied aspects of animal behaviour throughout history.
 Ethology has its scientific roots in the work of Charles Darwin and of American and German ornithologists of the late 19th and early 20th century, including Charles O. Whitman, Oskar Heinroth, and Wallace Craig.
 The modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of Dutch biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen and by Austrian biologists Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, joint awardees of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
 Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with a strong relation to some other disciplines such as neuroanatomy, ecology, and evolutionary biology.
 Ethologists are typically interested in a behavioural process rather than in a particular animal group, and often study one type of behaviour, such as aggression, in a number of unrelated animals.

Question: Question: Nikolaas Tinbergen shared the 1973 Nobel in Medicine with the zoologist who was of what nationality? 

 Your answer will be verified with exact match score. To ensure correct verification, only provide the answer within the <answer> </answer> tags. Do not put any sentences or reasoning process within the <answer> </answer> tags. 

Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 William Homan Thorpe FRS (1 April 1902 – 7 April 1986) was Professor of Animal Ethology at the University of Cambridge, and a significant British zoologist, ethologist and ornithologist.
 Together with Nikolaas Tinbergen, Patrick Bateson and Robert Hinde, Thorpe contributed to the growth and acceptance of behavioural biology in Great Britain. 

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Paragraph 1 

 Jan Tinbergen ( ; ] ; April 12, 1903June 9, 1994) was an important Dutch economist.
 He was awarded the first Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 1969, which he shared with Ragnar Frisch for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes.
 He is widely considered to be one of the most influential economists of the 20th century and one of the founding fathers of econometrics.
 It has been argued that the development of the first macro econometric models, the solution of the identification problem, and the understanding of dynamic models are his three most important legacies to econometrics.
 Tinbergen was a founding trustee of Economists for Peace and Security.
 In 1945, he founded the Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (CPB) and was the agency's first director. 

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Paragraph 2 

 Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (] ; 7 November 1903 – 27 February 1989) was an Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist.
 He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch.
 He is often regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology, the study of animal behaviour.
 He developed an approach that began with an earlier generation, including his teacher Oskar Heinroth. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 3 

 Gerardus Pieter Baerends (30 March 1916, The Hague – 1 September 1999, Groningen) was a Dutch biologist and one of the most important representatives of the so-called classical ethology in the tradition of Nikolaas Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz.
 Baerends' behavioral working group was the first of this specialty in the Netherlands and is still regarded as one of the world's most prolific, since from it alone 43 theses emerged. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 4 

 Nikolaas 'Niko' Tinbergen {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ( ; ] ; 15 April 1907 – 21 December 1988) was a Dutch biologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning organisation and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns in animals.
 He is regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology, the study of animal behaviour. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 5 

 In ethology and cognitive ethology, the hawk/goose effect refers to a behavior observed in some young birds when another bird flies above them: if the flying bird is a goose, the young birds show no reaction, but if the flying bird is a hawk, the young birds either become more agitated or cower to reduce the danger.
 It was first observed by Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 6 

 In ethology and behavioral ecology, trap-lining or traplining is a feeding strategy in which an individual visits food sources on a regular, repeatable sequence, much as trappers check their lines of traps.
 Traplining is usually seen in species foraging for floral resources.
 This involves a specified route in which the individual traverses in the same order repeatedly to check specific plants for flowers that hold nectar, even over long distances.
 Trap-lining has been described in several taxa (sing.
 taxon), including bees, butterflies, tamarins, bats, rats, and hummingbirds and tropical fruit-eating mammals such as opossums, capuchins and kinkajous.
 Traplining is used to term the method in which bumblebees and hummingbirds go about collecting nectar, and consequently, pollinating each plant they visit.
 The term "traplining" was originally coined by Daniel Janzen, although the concept was discussed by Charles Darwin and Nikolaas Tinbergen. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 7 

 Tinbergen's four questions, named after Nikolaas Tinbergen and based on Aristotle's four causes.
, are complementary categories of explanations for behaviour.
 These are also commonly referred to as levels of analysis.
 It suggests that an integrative understanding of behaviour must include both a proximate and ultimate (functional) analysis of behaviour, as well as an understanding of both phylogenetic/developmental history and the operation of current mechanisms. 

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Answer: Austrian