title: Of Human Bondage (1934 film)
W. Somerset Maugham
Of Human Bondage (1946 film)
Lester Cohen
Nomy Arpaly
Of Human Bondage
Leslie Howard (actor)
It's Love I'm After
Clarence Kolster
Islamic views on slavery
sentences: Of Human Bondage is a 1934 American Pre-Code drama film directed by John Cromwell and is widely regarded by critics as the film that made Bette Davis a star.
 The screenplay by Lester Cohen is based on the 1915 novel of the same title by W. Somerset Maugham.
 The film was remade in 1946 and again in 1964.
William Somerset Maugham CH ( ; 25 January 1874 – 16 December 1965), better known as W. Somerset Maugham, was a British playwright, novelist and short story writer.
 He was among the most popular writers of his era and reputedly the highest-paid author during the 1930s.
Of Human Bondage is a 1946 American drama film directed by Edmund Goulding.
 The second screen adaptation of W. Somerset Maugham's 1915 novel, the Warner Bros. release was written by Catherine Turney.
 The central characters are Philip Carey, a clubfooted medical student, and Mildred Rogers, a low-class waitress with whom he becomes obsessed.
Lester Cohen (August 17, 1901 - July 17, 1963) was an American novelist, screen writer and author of non-fiction.
 He is best known as the author of the novels "Sweepings" and "Coming Home", and the screen play for "Of Human Bondage".
Nomy Arpaly is a Professor of Philosophy at Brown University.
 Her main research interests include ethics, moral psychology, action theory, and free will; she has written two books on moral agency ("Unprincipled Virtue: an Inquiry into Human Agency" and "In Praise of Desire",) and one ("Merit, Meaning, and Human Bondage – an Essay on Free Will") on free will.
Of Human Bondage is a 1915 novel by W. Somerset Maugham.
 It is generally agreed to be his masterpiece and to be strongly autobiographical in nature, although Maugham stated, "This is a novel, not an autobiography, though much in it is autobiographical, more is pure invention."
 Maugham, who had originally planned to call his novel "Beauty from Ashes", finally settled on a title taken from a section of Spinoza's "Ethics".
Leslie Howard (born Leslie Howard Steiner, 3 April 18931 June 1943) was an English stage and film actor, director and producer.
 Howard also wrote many stories and articles for "The New York Times", "The New Yorker" and "Vanity Fair".
 Howard was one of the biggest box-office draws and movie idols of the 1930s but is probably best remembered for playing Ashley Wilkes in "Gone with the Wind" (1939).
 Howard had movie roles in many other notable films, including: "Berkeley Square" (1933), "Of Human Bondage" (1934), "The Scarlet Pimpernel" (1934), "The Petrified Forest" (1936), "Pygmalion" (1938), "Intermezzo" (1939), ""Pimpernel" Smith" (1941) and "The First of the Few" (1942), receiving two nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor.
It's Love I'm After is a 1937 American comedy film directed by Archie Mayo and starring Leslie Howard, Bette Davis, and Olivia de Havilland.
 Based on the story "Gentlemen After Midnight" by Maurice Hanline, with a screenplay by Casey Robinson, the film is about a couple who have postponed their marriage eleven times and who continue to plot and scheme their way to marriage.
 The film marked the third on-screen pairing of Leslie Howard and Bette Davis, following "Of Human Bondage" and "The Petrified Forest".
Clarence Kolster (September 6, 1895 – May 6, 1972) was an American film editor, active during the later years of the silent era, right through the 1950s.
 Born in Plattsburgh, New York in 1895, he would begin his film career editing the 1922 silent film, "Rags to Riches".
 In the more than thirty years of his career, he would edit almost 100 films, as well as his sole directing foray, as the assistant on the 1924 silent film, "The Lighthouse by the Sea".
 His career would include such classics as "The Painted Desert", also in 1931, which featured Clark Gable's first speaking role; the 1946 remake of "Of Human Bondage"; "Always Leave Them Laughing", starring Milton Berle and Virginia Mayo; and 1958's "Our Miss Brooks" starring Eve Arden.
Islamic views on slavery represent a complex and multifaceted body of Islamic thought, with various Islamic groups or thinkers espousing views on the matter which have been radically different throughout history.
 Slavery was a mainstay of life in pre-Islamic Arabia and surrounding lands.
 It was in this social milieu that Islam emerged, whence the Quran and the "hadith" (sayings of Muhammad) address slavery extensively, assuming its existence as part of society but viewing it as an exceptional condition and restricting its scope.
 Early Islamic dogma forbade enslavement of free members of Islamic society, including non-Muslims ("dhimmis"), and set out to improve conditions of human bondage.
 In later classical Islamic law, the topic of slavery is covered at great length.
 Slaves, be they Muslim or those of any other religion, were equal to their fellow practitioners in religious issues.

Question: Question: What year was the author of "Of Human Bondage" born? 

 Your answer will be verified with exact match score. To ensure correct verification, only provide the answer within the <answer> </answer> tags. Do not put any sentences or reasoning process within the <answer> </answer> tags. 

Supporting Information: Paragraph 0 

 Of Human Bondage is a 1934 American Pre-Code drama film directed by John Cromwell and is widely regarded by critics as the film that made Bette Davis a star.
 The screenplay by Lester Cohen is based on the 1915 novel of the same title by W. Somerset Maugham.
 The film was remade in 1946 and again in 1964. 

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Paragraph 1 

 William Somerset Maugham CH ( ; 25 January 1874 – 16 December 1965), better known as W. Somerset Maugham, was a British playwright, novelist and short story writer.
 He was among the most popular writers of his era and reputedly the highest-paid author during the 1930s. 

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Paragraph 2 

 Of Human Bondage is a 1946 American drama film directed by Edmund Goulding.
 The second screen adaptation of W. Somerset Maugham's 1915 novel, the Warner Bros. release was written by Catherine Turney.
 The central characters are Philip Carey, a clubfooted medical student, and Mildred Rogers, a low-class waitress with whom he becomes obsessed. 

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Paragraph 3 

 Lester Cohen (August 17, 1901 - July 17, 1963) was an American novelist, screen writer and author of non-fiction.
 He is best known as the author of the novels "Sweepings" and "Coming Home", and the screen play for "Of Human Bondage". 

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Paragraph 4 

 Of Human Bondage is a 1915 novel by W. Somerset Maugham.
 It is generally agreed to be his masterpiece and to be strongly autobiographical in nature, although Maugham stated, "This is a novel, not an autobiography, though much in it is autobiographical, more is pure invention."
 Maugham, who had originally planned to call his novel "Beauty from Ashes", finally settled on a title taken from a section of Spinoza's "Ethics". 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 5 

 It's Love I'm After is a 1937 American comedy film directed by Archie Mayo and starring Leslie Howard, Bette Davis, and Olivia de Havilland.
 Based on the story "Gentlemen After Midnight" by Maurice Hanline, with a screenplay by Casey Robinson, the film is about a couple who have postponed their marriage eleven times and who continue to plot and scheme their way to marriage.
 The film marked the third on-screen pairing of Leslie Howard and Bette Davis, following "Of Human Bondage" and "The Petrified Forest". 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 6 

 Clarence Kolster (September 6, 1895 – May 6, 1972) was an American film editor, active during the later years of the silent era, right through the 1950s.
 Born in Plattsburgh, New York in 1895, he would begin his film career editing the 1922 silent film, "Rags to Riches".
 In the more than thirty years of his career, he would edit almost 100 films, as well as his sole directing foray, as the assistant on the 1924 silent film, "The Lighthouse by the Sea".
 His career would include such classics as "The Painted Desert", also in 1931, which featured Clark Gable's first speaking role; the 1946 remake of "Of Human Bondage"; "Always Leave Them Laughing", starring Milton Berle and Virginia Mayo; and 1958's "Our Miss Brooks" starring Eve Arden. 

--------------------------------

Paragraph 7 

 Islamic views on slavery represent a complex and multifaceted body of Islamic thought, with various Islamic groups or thinkers espousing views on the matter which have been radically different throughout history.
 Slavery was a mainstay of life in pre-Islamic Arabia and surrounding lands.
 It was in this social milieu that Islam emerged, whence the Quran and the "hadith" (sayings of Muhammad) address slavery extensively, assuming its existence as part of society but viewing it as an exceptional condition and restricting its scope.
 Early Islamic dogma forbade enslavement of free members of Islamic society, including non-Muslims ("dhimmis"), and set out to improve conditions of human bondage.
 In later classical Islamic law, the topic of slavery is covered at great length.
 Slaves, be they Muslim or those of any other religion, were equal to their fellow practitioners in religious issues. 

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Answer: 1874