meetforever/GRPO_CL huggingface dataset:
user: Chef is a big fan of soccer! He loves soccer so much that he even invented soccer for dogs! Here are the rules of soccer for dogs:
- N$N$ dogs (numbered 1$1$ through N$N$) stand in a line in such a way that for each valid i$i$, dogs i$i$ and i+1$i + 1$ are adjacent.
- Each dog has a skill level, which is either 1$1$ or 2$2$.
- At the beginning of the game, Chef passes a ball to dog 1$1$ (dog 1$1$ receives the ball).
- For each valid i$i$, if dog i$i$ has skill level s$s$, this dog can pass the ball to any dog with number j$j$ such that 1≤|i−j|≤s$1 \le |i-j| \le s$.
- Each dog (including dog 1$1$) may receive the ball at most once.
- Whenever a dog receives the ball, it must either pass it to another dog or finish the game by scoring a goal.
While the dogs were playing, Chef also created a game for developers. He defined the result of a game of soccer for dogs as the sequence of dogs which received the ball in the order in which they received it. The last dog in the sequence is the dog that decided to score a goal; if a dog never received the ball, it does not appear in the sequence. In the game for developers, you should find the number of possible results of soccer for dogs.
Find this number of possible results modulo 109+7$10^9 + 7$. Two results of soccer for dogs (sequences of dogs' numbers) are considered different if these sequences have different lengths or if there is a valid index i$i$ such that the i$i$-th dog in one sequence is different from the i$i$-th dog in the other sequence.

-----Input-----
- The first line of the input contains a single integer T$T$ denoting the number of test cases. The description of T$T$ test cases follows.
- The first line of each test case contains a single integer N$N$.
- The second line contains N$N$ space-separated integers A1,A2,…,AN$A_1, A_2, \ldots, A_N$ denoting the skill levels of the dogs.

-----Output-----
For each test case, print a single line containing one integer - the number of different results of soccer for dogs, modulo 109+7$10^9 + 7$.

-----Constraints-----
- 1≤T≤10$1 \le T \le 10$
- 1≤N≤105$1 \le N \le 10^5$
- 1≤Ai≤2$1 \le A_i \le 2$ for each valid i$i$

-----Subtasks-----
Subtask #1 (10 points): N≤10$N \le 10$
Subtask #2 (30 points): N≤103$N \le 10^3$
Subtask #3 (60 points): original constraints

-----Example Input-----
3
4
1 1 1 1
3
2 2 2
4
1 2 1 1

-----Example Output-----
4
5
6

-----Explanation-----
Example case 1: The following results are possible: 1$1$, [1,2]$[1, 2]$, [1,2,3]$[1, 2, 3]$, [1,2,3,4]$[1, 2, 3, 4]$.
Example case 2: The following results are possible: [1]$[1]$, [1,2]$[1, 2]$, [1,2,3]$[1, 2, 3]$, [1,3,2]$[1, 3, 2]$, [1,3]$[1, 3]$.
user: There are N islands in the sea, enumerated from 1 to N. Each of them is so small that we can consider them as points on a plane. You are given the Cartesian coordinates of all islands. X-axis is directed towards East and Y-axis is directed towards North.
You need to illuminate all the islands. To do this, you can place lighthouses on some of the islands. You can't place more than one lighthouse on any single island. Each lighthouse can light only one of the 4 quadrants: North-Western, North-Eastern, South-Western or South-Eastern. If some island is located on the border of an illuminated quadrant, it is considered to be illuminated as well. Note that this means that a lighthouse always illuminates it's own island as well.
Find the smallest possible number of lighthouses required to illuminate all the islands (say L). Describe their configurations — positions and quadrants illuminated — as well.

-----Input-----
The first line of input contains an integer T denoting the number of test cases. The description of T test cases follows.
The first line of each test case contains a single integer N denoting the number of islands.
The ith of the following N lines contains two integers Xi and Yi denoting the coordinates of the ith island.

-----Output-----
For each test case, first line of output must contain minimum number of lighthouses required to illuminate all islands, L.
Following L lines must describe configuration of the lighthouses, one configuration per line. Description of a lighthouse configuration consists of the number of the island where the lighthouse is placed, and the direction of the quadrant (NW for North-Western, NE for North-Eastern, SW for South-Western, SE for South-Eastern) illuminated by it, separated by a single space.
If there are many possible placements, output any one of them.

-----Constraints-----
- 1 ≤ T ≤ 1000
- 1 ≤ N ≤ 105
- The sum of N over all test cases doesn't exceed 5*105
- Absolute value of each coordinate doesn't exceed 109
- No two given islands coincide.

-----Subtasks-----
Subtask 1: (15 points)
- 1 ≤ N ≤ 8
- Absolute value of each coordinate doesn't exceed 50

Subtask 2: (85 points)
- Original constraints

-----Example-----
Input:
2
5
0 0
1 0
2 0
0 -1
0 -2
4
5 0
-5 0
0 5
0 -5

Output:
1
3 SW
2
4 NE
2 NE

-----Explanation-----
Example case 1. Also we can place lighthouse on 1st or 5th island.
Example case 2. Notice that some islands can be illuminated by more than 1 lighthouse.
user: Given an integer N, Chef wants to find the smallest positive integer M such that the bitwise XOR of M and M+1 is N. If no such M exists output -1.

-----Input-----
The first line of input contain an integer T denoting the number of test cases. Each of the following T lines contains an integer N for that test case.

-----Output-----
For each test case, output a single line containing the number M or -1 as described above.

-----Constraints-----
- 1 ≤ T ≤ 5000
- 1 ≤ N ≤ 230

-----Example-----
Input:
1
3

Output:
1

-----Explanation-----First Example :  M desired in the problem would be 1. As bitwise XOR of 1 and 2 is equal to 3.
user: In Chefland, types of ingredients are represented by integers and recipes are represented by sequences of ingredients that are used when cooking. One day, Chef found a recipe represented by a sequence $A_1, A_2, \ldots, A_N$ at his front door and he is wondering if this recipe was prepared by him.
Chef is a very picky person. He uses one ingredient jar for each type of ingredient and when he stops using a jar, he does not want to use it again later while preparing the same recipe, so ingredients of each type (which is used in his recipe) always appear as a contiguous subsequence. Chef is innovative, too, so he makes sure that in each of his recipes, the quantity of each ingredient (i.e. the number of occurrences of this type of ingredient) is unique ― distinct from the quantities of all other ingredients.
Determine whether Chef could have prepared the given recipe.

-----Input-----
- The first line of the input contains a single integer $T$ denoting the number of test cases. The description of $T$ test cases follows.
- The first line of each test case contains a single integer $N$.
- The second line contains $N$ space-separated integers $A_1, A_2, \ldots, A_N$.

-----Output-----
For each test case, print a single line containing the string "YES" if the recipe could have been prepared by Chef or "NO" otherwise (without quotes).

-----Constraints-----
- $1 \le T \le 100$
- $1 \le N \le 10^3$
- $1 \le A_i \le 10^3$ for each valid $i$

-----Example Input-----
3
6
1 1 4 2 2 2
8
1 1 4 3 4 7 7 7
8
1 7 7 3 3 4 4 4

-----Example Output-----
YES
NO
NO

-----Explanation-----
Example case 1: For each ingredient type, its ingredient jar is used only once and the quantities of all ingredients are pairwise distinct. Hence, this recipe could have been prepared by Chef. 
Example case 2: The jar of ingredient $4$ is used twice in the recipe, so it was not prepared by Chef.
user: Kshitij has recently started solving problems on codechef. As he is real problem solving enthusiast, he wants continuous growth in number of problems solved per day.
He started with $a$  problems on first day. 
He solves $d$ problems more than previous day. But after every $k$ days , he increases $d$ by
$inc$ .
Can you guess how many questions he will solve on $nth $ day ?

-----Input:-----
- First line  contains $T$, number of testcases. Then the testcases follow. 
- Each testcase contains of a single line of input,five integers $a, d, k, n, inc$. 

-----Output:-----
For each testcase, output in a single line number of questions solved on $nth$ day.

-----Constraints-----
- $1 \leq T \leq 15$
- $1 \leq a \leq 99$
- $1 \leq d \leq 100$
- $1 \leq n \leq 10000$
- $1 \leq k \leq n$
- $0 \leq inc \leq 99$

-----Sample Input:-----
1
1 4 3 8 2

-----Sample Output:-----
43

-----EXPLANATION:-----
The number of questions solved in first 8 days is :
$1$ $5$ $9$ $15$ $21$ $27$ $35$ $43$ .
On first day he solved 1 problem . Here $d$ is  4 for first 3 days.
Then after 3 days $d$ increases by 2 (that is 6).
user: A Little Elephant from the Zoo of Lviv likes lucky strings, i.e., the strings that consist only of the lucky digits 4 and 7.
The Little Elephant calls some string T of the length M balanced if there exists at least one integer X (1 ≤ X ≤ M) such that the number of digits 4 in the substring T[1, X - 1] is equal to the number of digits 7 in the substring T[X, M]. For example, the string S = 7477447 is balanced since S[1, 4] = 7477 has 1 digit 4 and S[5, 7] = 447 has 1 digit 7. On the other hand, one can verify that the string S = 7 is not balanced.
The Little Elephant has the string S of the length N. He wants to know the number of such pairs of integers (L; R) that 1 ≤ L ≤ R ≤ N and the substring S[L, R]  is balanced. Help him to find this number.
Notes.

Let S be some lucky string. Then

- |S| denotes the length of the string S;

- S[i] (1 ≤ i ≤ |S|) denotes the ith character of S (the numeration of characters starts from 1);

-  S[L, R] (1 ≤ L ≤ R ≤ |S|) denotes the string with the following sequence of characters: S[L], S[L + 1], ..., S[R], and is called a substring of S. For L > R we mean by S[L, R] an empty string.

-----Input-----
The first line of the input file contains a single integer T, the number of test cases. Each of the following T lines contains one string, the string S for the corresponding test case. The input file does not contain any whitespaces.

-----Output-----
For each test case output a single line containing the answer for this test case.

-----Constraints-----
1 ≤ T ≤ 10

1 ≤ |S| ≤ 100000

S consists only of the lucky digits 4 and 7.


-----Example-----
Input:
4
47
74
477
4747477

Output:
2
2
3
23

-----Explanation-----

In the first test case balance substrings are S[1, 1] = 4 and S[1, 2] = 47.
In the second test case balance substrings are S[2, 2] = 4 and S[1, 2] = 74.
Unfortunately, we can't provide you with the explanations of the third and the fourth test cases. You should figure it out by yourself. Please, don't ask about this in comments.
user: Cheffina challanges chef to rearrange the given array as arr[i] > arr[i+1] < arr[i+2] > arr[i+3].. and so on…, i.e. also arr[i] < arr[i+2] and arr[i+1] < arr[i+3] and arr[i] < arr[i+3] so on.. Chef accepts the challenge, chef starts coding but his code is not compiling help him to write new code.

-----Input:-----
- First-line will contain $T$, the number of test cases. Then the test cases follow. 
- Each test case contains two lines of input, First $N$ as the size of the array. 
- N space-separated distinct integers.

-----Output:-----
For each test case, output in a single line answer given to the Chefffina.

-----Constraints-----
- $1 \leq T \leq 10$
- $1 \leq N \leq 10^5$
- $1 \leq arr[i] \leq 10^5$

-----Sample Input:-----
2
4
4 1 6 3
5
4 5 1 6 3

-----Sample Output:-----
3 1 6 4
3 1 5 4 6
user: There is only little time left until the New Year! For that reason, Chef decided to make a present for his best friend. He made a connected and undirected simple graph with N$N$ vertices and M$M$ edges.
Since Chef does not like odd numbers and his friend does not like undirected graphs, Chef decided to direct each edge in one of two possible directions in such a way that the indegrees of all vertices of the resulting graph are even. The indegree of a vertex is the number of edges directed to that vertex from another vertex. As usual, Chef is busy in the kitchen, so you need to help him with directing the edges. Find one possible way to direct them or determine that it is impossible under the given conditions, so that Chef could bake a cake as a present instead.

-----Input-----
- The first line of the input contains a single integer T$T$ denoting the number of test cases. The description of T$T$ test cases follows.
- The first line of each test case contains two space-separated integers N$N$ and M$M$.
- M$M$ lines follow. For each i$i$ (1≤i≤M$1 \le i \le M$), the i$i$-th of these lines contains two space-separated integers ui$u_i$ and vi$v_i$ denoting an edge between vertices ui$u_i$ and vi$v_i$.

-----Output-----
For each test case:
- If a valid way to direct the edges does not exist, print a single line containing one integer −1$-1$.
- Otherwise, print a single line containing M$M$ space-separated integers. For each valid i$i$, the i$i$-th of these integers should be 0$0$ if edge i$i$ is directed from ui$u_i$ to vi$v_i$ or 1$1$ if it is directed from vi$v_i$ to ui$u_i$.

-----Constraints-----
- 1≤T≤5$1 \le T \le 5$
- 1≤N,M≤105$1 \le N, M \le 10^5$
- 1≤ui,vi≤N$1 \le u_i, v_i \le N$ for each valid i$i$
- the graph on the input is connected, does not contain multiple edges or self-loops

-----Subtasks-----
Subtask #1 (30 points): 1≤N,M≤1,000$1 \le N, M \le 1,000$
Subtask #2 (70 points): original constraints

-----Example Input-----
2
4 4
1 2
1 3
2 4
3 4
3 3
1 2
2 3
1 3

-----Example Output-----
0 0 1 1
-1
user: Chef has bought N robots to transport cakes for a large community wedding. He has assigned unique indices, from 1 to N, to each of them. How it will happen?
Chef arranges the N robots in a row, in the (increasing) order of their indices. Then, he chooses the first M robots and moves them to the end of the queue. Now, Chef goes to the robot at the first position in the row and hands it one cake. He then notes this robot's index (say k) in his notebook, and goes to the kth position in the row. If the robot at this position does not have a cake, he give him one cake, notes his index in his notebook, and continues the same process. If a robot visited by Chef already has a cake with it, then he stops moving and the cake assignment process is stopped.
Chef will be satisfied if all robots have a cake in the end. In order to prepare the kitchen staff for Chef's wrath (or happiness :) ), you must find out if he will be satisfied or not? If not, you have to find out how much robots have a cake, so that the kitchen staff can prepare themselves accordingly.

-----Input-----
- The first line of input contains a single integer T denoting the number of test cases.
- The single line of each test cases contains two space separated integers N and M.

-----Output-----
For each of the T test cases, output a single line:

- If all N robots have a cake, output "Yes" (without quotes).
- Otherwise, output "No" (without quotes) followed by a space and the number of robots which have a cake.

-----Constraints and Subtasks-----
- 1 ≤ T ≤ 10
- 0 ≤ M < NSubtask 1: 25 points
- 1 ≤ N ≤ 10^5Subtask 3: 75 points
- 1 ≤ N ≤ 10^9

-----Example-----
Input:
3
2 0
2 1
4 2

Output:
No 1
Yes
No 2

-----Explanation-----
In test case 1, we have two robots indexed 1 and 2. They are arranged as (1 2). Chef goes to the first robot, gives him a cake, and moves to position 1. In the next step, he sees that robot at this position already has a has cake. So Chef stops moving, and our answer is "No 1".
In test case 2, we again have two robots indexed 1 and 2. Initially, they are arranged as (1 2). Then, Chef moves robot#1 to the end of the row, and thus the arrangement becomes (2 1). Chef goes to the robot at the first position, which is robot#2. Chef hands him a cake, and moves to position 2. Then, he hands a cake to robot#1 at position 2, and moves back to the first position. Since, robot#2 at the first position already ahs a cake, Chef stops moving. All N robots have cakes, so Chef is satisfied, and our answer is "Yes".
In the 3rd test case, we have the following arrangement of robots: (3 4 1 2). Only robots with indices 3 and 1 will get cakes. So our answer is "No 2".
user: Chef has a sequence $A_1, A_2, \ldots, A_N$; each element of this sequence is either $0$ or $1$. Appy gave him a string $S$ with length $Q$ describing a sequence of queries. There are two types of queries:
- '!': right-shift the sequence $A$, i.e. replace $A$ by another sequence $B_1, B_2, \ldots, B_N$ satisfying $B_{i+1} = A_i$ for each valid $i$ and $B_1 = A_N$
- '?': find the length of the longest contiguous subsequence of $A$ with length $\le K$ such that each element of this subsequence is equal to $1$
Answer all queries of the second type.

-----Input-----
- The first line of the input contains three space-separated integers $N$, $Q$ and $K$.
- The second line contains $N$ space-separated integers $A_1, A_2, \ldots, A_N$.
- The third line contains a string with length $Q$ describing queries. Each character of this string is either '?', denoting a query of the second type, or '!', denoting a query of the first type.

-----Output-----
For each query of the second type, print a single line containing one integer — the length of the longest required subsequence.

-----Constraints-----
- $1 \le K \le N \le 10^5$
- $1 \le Q \le 3 \cdot 10^5$
- $0 \le A_i \le 1$ for each valid $i$
- $S$ contains only characters '?' and '!'

-----Subtasks-----
Subtask #1 (30 points):
- $1 \le N \le 10^3$
- $1 \le Q \le 3 \cdot 10^3$
Subtask #2 (70 points): original constraints 

-----Example Input-----
5 5 3
1 1 0 1 1
?!?!?    

-----Example Output-----
2
3
3

-----Explanation-----
- In the first query, there are two longest contiguous subsequences containing only $1$-s: $A_1, A_2$ and $A_4, A_5$. Each has length $2$.
- After the second query, the sequence $A$ is $[1, 1, 1, 0, 1]$.
- In the third query, the longest contiguous subsequence containing only $1$-s is $A_1, A_2, A_3$.
- After the fourth query, $A = [1, 1, 1, 1, 0]$.
- In the fifth query, the longest contiguous subsequence containing only $1$-s is $A_1, A_2, A_3, A_4$ with length $4$. However, we only want subsequences with lengths $\le K$. One of the longest such subsequences is $A_2, A_3, A_4$, with length $3$.
user: It's Christmas time and Santa is in town. There are N children each having a bag with a mission to fill in as many toffees as possible. They are accompanied by a teacher whose ulterior motive is to test their counting skills. The toffees are of different brands (denoted by lowercase letters a-z). Santa picks up a child numbered m and gives n toffees of brand p to the child.

The teacher wishes to ask the children to calculate the number of toffees there are of a particular brand amongst a given range of children. Formally, there are 2 queries:

Input:

First line consists of Q queries.

Each line follows and consists of four space separated values:

Type 1: It is of the form 1 m x p

1 is the type no,"m" is the child to which "x" toffees of a brand "p" are given

Type 2: It is of the form 2 m n p
where m - n is the range of children (inclusive) being queried for brand p

Output:

Report the sum of toffees of brand p within the given range m - n for each query of type 2

Constraints:

1 <= Q <= 10^5

1 <= N <= 10^6

1 <= m <= n <= 10^6

1 <= x <= 10^6

all brand of toffees are lowercase letters

Subtask 1: (30 points)

1 <= Q <= 10^3

1 <= m <= n <= 10^3

1 <= x <= 10^3

Subtask 2: (70 points)

Original Constraints

Sample Input:

5

1 3 4 a

1 5 8 a

1 1 7 x

2 1 6 a

2 3 6 y

Sample Output:

12

0

In first case, there are two children between 3 and 5 between 0 - 6  having sum (4 + 8)

There's no toffee for y in given range
user: Leha is a usual student at 'The Usual University for Usual Students'. Sometimes he studies hard; at other times he plays truant and gets busy with other things besides academics. He has already studied at the university for N months. For the ith month (1 ≤ i ≤ N), he has received some non-negative integer grade A[i].
Now he wants to analyse his progress for some periods of his university education. An arbitrary period, defined by two positive integers L and R, begins at Leha's Lth month at the university and ends at the Rth. The analysis is performed via the following steps.

1. Write down all the grades for each month from L to R and sort them. Let's call the sorted list S.

2. Calculate the sum of squared differences of consecutive elements in S, that is, (S[2] - S[1])2 + (S[3] - S[2])2 + ... + (S[R-L+1] - S[R-L])2.

-----Input-----
The first line contains one integer N — the number of months Leha has already studied at the university.
The second line contains N integers — list A of Leha's grades.
The third line contains one integer M — the number of periods Leha is interested in analyzing.
Each of the following M lines contain two integers L and R describing each period.

-----Output-----
For each query, output one integer — the result of the progress analysis for the corresponding period.

-----Constraints-----
- 1 ≤ N, M ≤ 5*104
- 0 ≤ A[i] ≤ 106

-----Subtasks-----
- Subtask 1 (19 points) 1 ≤ N, M ≤ 200, time limit = 2 sec
- Subtask 2 (31 points) 1 ≤ N, M ≤ 10 000, time limit = 2 sec
- Subtask 3 (26 points) 0 ≤ A[i] ≤ 100, time limit = 5 sec
- Subtask 4 (24 points) no additional constraints, , time limit = 5 sec

-----Example-----
Input:5
1 3 2 4 5
5
1 5
1 4
2 4
3 3
3 5

Output:4
3
2
0
5

Explanation

The first query: sorted array looks like (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) and the answer is calculated as (2-1)2 + (3-2)2 + (4-3)2 + (5-4)2 = 4

The second query: sorted array looks like (1, 2, 3, 4) and the answer is calculated as (2-1)2 + (3-2)2 + (4-3)2 = 3

The last query: sorted array looks like (2, 4, 5) and the answer is calculated as (4-2)2 + (5-4)2 = 5
user: The XOR pair representation (XPR) of a positive integer $N$ is defined as a pair of integers $(A, B)$ such that:
- $1 \le A \le B \le N$
- $A \oplus B = N$
- if there is no way to choose $A$ and $B$ satisfying the above conditions, $A = B = -1$
- otherwise, the value of $A$ should be the smallest possible
These conditions uniquely define the XPR. Next, we define a function $F(N)$ = the value of $B$ in $XPR(N)$, and a function $G(L, R) = \sum\limits_{i=L}^R F(i)$.
You are given $L$ and $R$. Compute $G(L, R)$.

-----Input-----
- The first line of the input contains a single integer $T$ denoting the number of test cases. The description of $T$ test cases follows.
- The first and only line of each test case contains two space-separated integers $L$ and $R$.

-----Output-----
For each test case, print a single line containing one integer — the value of the function $G(L, R)$.

-----Constraints-----
- $1 \le T \le 10^5$
- $1 \le L \le R \le 10^9$

-----Example Input-----
5
1 10
3 6
4 10
10 17
100 159

-----Example Output-----
28
9
28
79
7485
user: The purpose of this problem is to verify whether the method you are using to read input data is sufficiently fast to handle problems branded with the enormous Input/Output warning. You are expected to be able to process at least 2.5MB of input data per second at runtime.

-----Input-----
The input begins with two positive integers n k (n, k<=107). The next n lines of input contain one positive integer ti, not greater than 109, each.

-----Output-----
Write a single integer to output, denoting how many integers ti are divisible by k.

-----Example-----
Input:
7 3
1
51
966369
7
9
999996
11

Output:
4
user: Chef has recently been playing a lot of chess in preparation for the ICCT (International Chef Chess Tournament).
Since putting in long hours is not an easy task, Chef's mind wanders elsewhere. He starts counting the number of squares with odd side length on his chessboard..
However, Chef is not satisfied. He wants to know the number of squares of odd side length on a generic $N*N$ chessboard.

-----Input:-----
- The first line will contain a single integer $T$, the number of test cases.
- The next $T$ lines will have a single integer $N$, the size of the chess board.

-----Output:-----
For each test case, print a integer denoting the number of squares with odd length.

-----Constraints-----
- $1 \leq T \leq 100$
- $1 \leq N \leq 1000$

-----Sample Input:-----
2
3
8

-----Sample Output:-----
10
120