meetforever/GRPO_CL huggingface dataset:
user: Let's call an array $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_m$ of nonnegative integer numbers good if $a_1 + a_2 + \dots + a_m = 2\cdot(a_1 \oplus a_2 \oplus \dots \oplus a_m)$, where $\oplus$ denotes the bitwise XOR operation.

For example, array $[1, 2, 3, 6]$ is good, as $1 + 2 + 3 + 6 = 12 = 2\cdot 6 = 2\cdot (1\oplus 2 \oplus 3 \oplus 6)$. At the same time, array $[1, 2, 1, 3]$ isn't good, as $1 + 2 + 1 + 3 = 7 \neq 2\cdot 1 = 2\cdot(1\oplus 2 \oplus 1 \oplus 3)$.

You are given an array of length $n$: $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$. Append at most $3$ elements to it to make it good. Appended elements don't have to be different. It can be shown that the solution always exists under the given constraints. If there are different solutions, you are allowed to output any of them. Note that you don't have to minimize the number of added elements!. So, if an array is good already you are allowed to not append elements.


-----Input-----

Each test contains multiple test cases. The first line contains the number of test cases $t$ ($1 \le t \le 10\,000$). The description of the test cases follows.

The first line of each test case contains a single integer $n$ $(1\le n \le 10^5)$ — the size of the array.

The second line of each test case contains $n$ integers $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$ ($0\le a_i \le 10^9$) — the elements of the array.

It is guaranteed that the sum of $n$ over all test cases does not exceed $10^5$.


-----Output-----

For each test case, output two lines.

In the first line, output a single integer $s$ ($0\le s\le 3$) — the number of elements you want to append.

In the second line, output $s$ integers $b_1, \dots, b_s$ ($0\le b_i \le 10^{18}$) — the elements you want to append to the array.

If there are different solutions, you are allowed to output any of them.


-----Example-----
Input
3
4
1 2 3 6
1
8
2
1 1

Output
0

2
4 4
3
2 6 2



-----Note-----

In the first test case of the example, the sum of all numbers is $12$, and their $\oplus$ is $6$, so the condition is already satisfied.

In the second test case of the example, after adding $4, 4$, the array becomes $[8, 4, 4]$. The sum of numbers in it is $16$, $\oplus$ of numbers in it is $8$.
user: All techniques in the ninja world consist of hand seals. At the moment Naruto is learning a new technique, which consists of $n\cdot m$ different seals, denoted by distinct numbers. All of them were written in an $n\times m$ table.

The table is lost now. Naruto managed to remember elements of each row from left to right, and elements of each column from top to bottom, but he doesn't remember the order of rows and columns. Please restore the table consistent with this data so that Naruto will be able to learn the new technique.


-----Input-----

The first line of the input contains the only integer $t$ ($1\leq t\leq 100\,000$) denoting the number of test cases. Their descriptions follow.

The first line of each test case description consists of two space-separated integers $n$ and $m$ ($1 \leq n, m \leq 500$) standing for the number of rows and columns in the table, respectively. All hand seals are encoded by the positive integers from $1$ to $n\cdot m$.

The following $n$ lines contain $m$ space separated integers each, denoting elements of an arbitrary row in the table left to right.

The following $m$ lines contain $n$ space separated integers each, denoting elements of an arbitrary column in the table top to bottom.

Sum of $nm$ over all test cases does not exceed $250\,000$. It is guaranteed that each row occurs in the input exactly once, as well as each column. It is also guaranteed that each number from $1$ to $nm$ occurs exactly once in all rows, as well as in all columns. Finally, it is guaranteed that a table consistent with the input exists.


-----Output-----

For each test case, output $n$ lines with $m$ space-separated integers each, denoting the restored table. One can show that the answer is always unique.


-----Example-----
Input
2
2 3
6 5 4
1 2 3
1 6
2 5
3 4
3 1
2
3
1
3 1 2

Output
1 2 3 
6 5 4 
3 
1 
2 



-----Note-----

Consider the first test case. The matrix is $2 \times 3$. You are given the rows and columns in arbitrary order.

One of the rows is $[6, 5, 4]$. One of the rows is $[1, 2, 3]$.

One of the columns is $[1, 6]$. One of the columns is $[2, 5]$. One of the columns is $[3, 4]$.

You are to reconstruct the matrix. The answer is given in the output.
user: There are $n$ programmers that you want to split into several non-empty teams. The skill of the $i$-th programmer is $a_i$. You want to assemble the maximum number of teams from them. There is a restriction for each team: the number of programmers in the team multiplied by the minimum skill among all programmers in the team must be at least $x$.

Each programmer should belong to at most one team. Some programmers may be left without a team.

Calculate the maximum number of teams that you can assemble.


-----Input-----

The first line contains the integer $t$ ($1 \le t \le 1000$) — the number of test cases.

The first line of each test case contains two integers $n$ and $x$ ($1 \le n \le 10^5; 1 \le x \le 10^9$) — the number of programmers and the restriction of team skill respectively.

The second line of each test case contains $n$ integers $a_1, a_2, \dots , a_n$ ($1 \le a_i \le 10^9$), where $a_i$ is the skill of the $i$-th programmer.

The sum of $n$ over all inputs does not exceed $10^5$.


-----Output-----

For each test case print one integer — the maximum number of teams that you can assemble. 


-----Example-----
Input
3
5 10
7 11 2 9 5
4 8
2 4 2 3
4 11
1 3 3 7

Output
2
1
0
user: Assume that you have $k$ one-dimensional segments $s_1, s_2, \dots s_k$ (each segment is denoted by two integers — its endpoints). Then you can build the following graph on these segments. The graph consists of $k$ vertexes, and there is an edge between the $i$-th and the $j$-th vertexes ($i \neq j$) if and only if the segments $s_i$ and $s_j$ intersect (there exists at least one point that belongs to both of them).

For example, if $s_1 = [1, 6], s_2 = [8, 20], s_3 = [4, 10], s_4 = [2, 13], s_5 = [17, 18]$, then the resulting graph is the following: [Image] 

A tree of size $m$ is good if it is possible to choose $m$ one-dimensional segments so that the graph built on these segments coincides with this tree.

You are given a tree, you have to find its good subtree with maximum possible size. Recall that a subtree is a connected subgraph of a tree.

Note that you have to answer $q$ independent queries.


-----Input-----

The first line contains one integer $q$ ($1 \le q \le 15 \cdot 10^4$) — the number of the queries. 

The first line of each query contains one integer $n$ ($2 \le n \le 3 \cdot 10^5$) — the number of vertices in the tree.

Each of the next $n - 1$ lines contains two integers $x$ and $y$ ($1 \le x, y \le n$) denoting an edge between vertices $x$ and $y$. It is guaranteed that the given graph is a tree.

It is guaranteed that the sum of all $n$ does not exceed $3 \cdot 10^5$.


-----Output-----

For each query print one integer — the maximum size of a good subtree of the given tree.


-----Example-----
Input
1
10
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 5
2 6
3 7
3 8
4 9
4 10

Output
8



-----Note-----

In the first query there is a good subtree of size $8$. The vertices belonging to this subtree are ${9, 4, 10, 2, 5, 1, 6, 3}$.
user: Ayoub thinks that he is a very smart person, so he created a function $f(s)$, where $s$ is a binary string (a string which contains only symbols "0" and "1"). The function $f(s)$ is equal to the number of substrings in the string $s$ that contains at least one symbol, that is equal to "1".

More formally, $f(s)$ is equal to the number of pairs of integers $(l, r)$, such that $1 \leq l \leq r \leq |s|$ (where $|s|$ is equal to the length of string $s$), such that at least one of the symbols $s_l, s_{l+1}, \ldots, s_r$ is equal to "1". 

For example, if $s = $"01010" then $f(s) = 12$, because there are $12$ such pairs $(l, r)$: $(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 4), (4, 5)$.

Ayoub also thinks that he is smarter than Mahmoud so he gave him two integers $n$ and $m$ and asked him this problem. For all binary strings $s$ of length $n$ which contains exactly $m$ symbols equal to "1", find the maximum value of $f(s)$.

Mahmoud couldn't solve the problem so he asked you for help. Can you help him? 


-----Input-----

The input consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains a single integer $t$ ($1 \leq t \leq 10^5$)  — the number of test cases. The description of the test cases follows.

The only line for each test case contains two integers $n$, $m$ ($1 \leq n \leq 10^{9}$, $0 \leq m \leq n$) — the length of the string and the number of symbols equal to "1" in it.


-----Output-----

For every test case print one integer number — the maximum value of $f(s)$ over all strings $s$ of length $n$, which has exactly $m$ symbols, equal to "1".


-----Example-----
Input
5
3 1
3 2
3 3
4 0
5 2

Output
4
5
6
0
12



-----Note-----

In the first test case, there exists only $3$ strings of length $3$, which has exactly $1$ symbol, equal to "1". These strings are: $s_1 = $"100", $s_2 = $"010", $s_3 = $"001". The values of $f$ for them are: $f(s_1) = 3, f(s_2) = 4, f(s_3) = 3$, so the maximum value is $4$ and the answer is $4$.

In the second test case, the string $s$ with the maximum value is "101".

In the third test case, the string $s$ with the maximum value is "111".

In the fourth test case, the only string $s$ of length $4$, which has exactly $0$ symbols, equal to "1" is "0000" and the value of $f$ for that string is $0$, so the answer is $0$.

In the fifth test case, the string $s$ with the maximum value is "01010" and it is described as an example in the problem statement.
user: Reminder: the median of the array $[a_1, a_2, \dots, a_{2k+1}]$ of odd number of elements is defined as follows: let $[b_1, b_2, \dots, b_{2k+1}]$ be the elements of the array in the sorted order. Then median of this array is equal to $b_{k+1}$.

There are $2n$ students, the $i$-th student has skill level $a_i$. It's not guaranteed that all skill levels are distinct.

Let's define skill level of a class as the median of skill levels of students of the class.

As a principal of the school, you would like to assign each student to one of the $2$ classes such that each class has odd number of students (not divisible by $2$). The number of students in the classes may be equal or different, by your choice. Every student has to be assigned to exactly one class. Among such partitions, you want to choose one in which the absolute difference between skill levels of the classes is minimized.

What is the minimum possible absolute difference you can achieve?


-----Input-----

Each test contains multiple test cases. The first line contains the number of test cases $t$ ($1 \le t \le 10^4$). The description of the test cases follows.

The first line of each test case contains a single integer $n$ ($1 \le n \le 10^5$) — the number of students halved.

The second line of each test case contains $2n$ integers $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_{2 n}$ ($1 \le a_i \le 10^9$) — skill levels of students.

It is guaranteed that the sum of $n$ over all test cases does not exceed $10^5$.


-----Output-----

For each test case, output a single integer, the minimum possible absolute difference between skill levels of two classes of odd sizes.


-----Example-----
Input
3
1
1 1
3
6 5 4 1 2 3
5
13 4 20 13 2 5 8 3 17 16

Output
0
1
5



-----Note-----

In the first test, there is only one way to partition students — one in each class. The absolute difference of the skill levels will be $|1 - 1| = 0$.

In the second test, one of the possible partitions is to make the first class of students with skill levels $[6, 4, 2]$, so that the skill level of the first class will be $4$, and second with $[5, 1, 3]$, so that the skill level of the second class will be $3$. Absolute difference will be $|4 - 3| = 1$.

Note that you can't assign like $[2, 3]$, $[6, 5, 4, 1]$ or $[]$, $[6, 5, 4, 1, 2, 3]$ because classes have even number of students.

$[2]$, $[1, 3, 4]$ is also not possible because students with skills $5$ and $6$ aren't assigned to a class.

In the third test you can assign the students in the following way: $[3, 4, 13, 13, 20], [2, 5, 8, 16, 17]$ or $[3, 8, 17], [2, 4, 5, 13, 13, 16, 20]$. Both divisions give minimal possible absolute difference.
user: There are several cards arranged in a row, and each card has an associated number of points The points are given in the integer array cardPoints.
In one step, you can take one card from the beginning or from the end of the row. You have to take exactly k cards.
Your score is the sum of the points of the cards you have taken.
Given the integer array cardPoints and the integer k, return the maximum score you can obtain.
 
Example 1:
Input: cardPoints = [1,2,3,4,5,6,1], k = 3
Output: 12
Explanation: After the first step, your score will always be 1. However, choosing the rightmost card first will maximize your total score. The optimal strategy is to take the three cards on the right, giving a final score of 1 + 6 + 5 = 12.

Example 2:
Input: cardPoints = [2,2,2], k = 2
Output: 4
Explanation: Regardless of which two cards you take, your score will always be 4.

Example 3:
Input: cardPoints = [9,7,7,9,7,7,9], k = 7
Output: 55
Explanation: You have to take all the cards. Your score is the sum of points of all cards.

Example 4:
Input: cardPoints = [1,1000,1], k = 1
Output: 1
Explanation: You cannot take the card in the middle. Your best score is 1. 

Example 5:
Input: cardPoints = [1,79,80,1,1,1,200,1], k = 3
Output: 202

 
Constraints:

1 <= cardPoints.length <= 10^5
1 <= cardPoints[i] <= 10^4
1 <= k <= cardPoints.length

Answer: {"fn_name": "maxScore", "inputs": [[[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1], 3]], "outputs": [12]}
user: Your music player contains N different songs and she wants to listen to L (not necessarily different) songs during your trip.  You create a playlist so that:

Every song is played at least once
A song can only be played again only if K other songs have been played

Return the number of possible playlists.  As the answer can be very large, return it modulo 10^9 + 7.
 



Example 1:
Input: N = 3, L = 3, K = 1
Output: 6
Explanation: There are 6 possible playlists. [1, 2, 3], [1, 3, 2], [2, 1, 3], [2, 3, 1], [3, 1, 2], [3, 2, 1].


Example 2:
Input: N = 2, L = 3, K = 0
Output: 6
Explanation: There are 6 possible playlists. [1, 1, 2], [1, 2, 1], [2, 1, 1], [2, 2, 1], [2, 1, 2], [1, 2, 2]


Example 3:
Input: N = 2, L = 3, K = 1
Output: 2
Explanation: There are 2 possible playlists. [1, 2, 1], [2, 1, 2]



 
Note:

0 <= K < N <= L <= 100

Answer: {"fn_name": "numMusicPlaylists", "inputs": [[3, 3, 1]], "outputs": [6]}
user: Suppose an array sorted in ascending order is rotated at some pivot unknown to you beforehand.

(i.e., [0,0,1,2,2,5,6] might become [2,5,6,0,0,1,2]).

You are given a target value to search. If found in the array return true, otherwise return false.

Example 1:


Input: nums = [2,5,6,0,0,1,2], target = 0
Output: true


Example 2:


Input: nums = [2,5,6,0,0,1,2], target = 3
Output: false

Follow up:


       This is a follow up problem to Search in Rotated Sorted Array, where nums may contain duplicates.
       Would this affect the run-time complexity? How and why?

Answer: {"fn_name": "search", "inputs": [[[2, 5, 6, 0, 0, 1, 2], 0]], "outputs": [true]}
user: Your task is to calculate ab mod 1337 where a is a positive integer and b is an extremely large positive integer given in the form of an array.


Example1:

a = 2
b = [3]

Result: 8



Example2:

a = 2
b = [1,0]

Result: 1024



Credits:Special thanks to @Stomach_ache for adding this problem and creating all test cases.

Answer: {"fn_name": "superPow", "inputs": [[2, [3]]], "outputs": [8]}
user: Given a string s, return the maximum number of ocurrences of any substring under the following rules:

The number of unique characters in the substring must be less than or equal to maxLetters.
The substring size must be between minSize and maxSize inclusive.

 
Example 1:
Input: s = "aababcaab", maxLetters = 2, minSize = 3, maxSize = 4
Output: 2
Explanation: Substring "aab" has 2 ocurrences in the original string.
It satisfies the conditions, 2 unique letters and size 3 (between minSize and maxSize).

Example 2:
Input: s = "aaaa", maxLetters = 1, minSize = 3, maxSize = 3
Output: 2
Explanation: Substring "aaa" occur 2 times in the string. It can overlap.

Example 3:
Input: s = "aabcabcab", maxLetters = 2, minSize = 2, maxSize = 3
Output: 3

Example 4:
Input: s = "abcde", maxLetters = 2, minSize = 3, maxSize = 3
Output: 0

 
Constraints:

1 <= s.length <= 10^5
1 <= maxLetters <= 26
1 <= minSize <= maxSize <= min(26, s.length)
s only contains lowercase English letters.

Answer: {"fn_name": "maxFreq", "inputs": [["\"aababcaab\"", 2, 3, 4]], "outputs": [2]}
user: There is a group of G members, and a list of various crimes they could commit.
The ith crime generates a profit[i] and requires group[i] members to participate in it.
If a member participates in one crime, that member can't participate in another crime.
Let's call a profitable scheme any subset of these crimes that generates at least P profit, and the total number of members participating in that subset of crimes is at most G.
How many schemes can be chosen?  Since the answer may be very large, return it modulo 10^9 + 7.
 
Example 1:
Input: G = 5, P = 3, group = [2,2], profit = [2,3]
Output: 2
Explanation: 
To make a profit of at least 3, the group could either commit crimes 0 and 1, or just crime 1.
In total, there are 2 schemes.


Example 2:
Input: G = 10, P = 5, group = [2,3,5], profit = [6,7,8]
Output: 7
Explanation: 
To make a profit of at least 5, the group could commit any crimes, as long as they commit one.
There are 7 possible schemes: (0), (1), (2), (0,1), (0,2), (1,2), and (0,1,2).

 

Note:

1 <= G <= 100
0 <= P <= 100
1 <= group[i] <= 100
0 <= profit[i] <= 100
1 <= group.length = profit.length <= 100

Answer: {"fn_name": "profitableSchemes", "inputs": [[5, 3, [2, 2], [2, 3]]], "outputs": [2]}
user: Implement a basic calculator to evaluate a simple expression string.

The expression string may contain open ( and closing parentheses ), the plus + or minus sign -, non-negative integers and empty spaces  .

Example 1:


Input: "1 + 1"
Output: 2


Example 2:


Input: " 2-1 + 2 "
Output: 3

Example 3:


Input: "(1+(4+5+2)-3)+(6+8)"
Output: 23
Note:


       You may assume that the given expression is always valid.
       Do not use the eval built-in library function.

Answer: {"fn_name": "calculate", "inputs": [["\"1 + 1\""]], "outputs": [2]}
user: Given an array A of positive integers, A[i] represents the value of the i-th sightseeing spot, and two sightseeing spots i and j have distance j - i between them.
The score of a pair (i < j) of sightseeing spots is (A[i] + A[j] + i - j) : the sum of the values of the sightseeing spots, minus the distance between them.
Return the maximum score of a pair of sightseeing spots.
 
Example 1:
Input: [8,1,5,2,6]
Output: 11
Explanation: i = 0, j = 2, A[i] + A[j] + i - j = 8 + 5 + 0 - 2 = 11

 
Note:

2 <= A.length <= 50000
1 <= A[i] <= 1000

Answer: {"fn_name": "maxScoreSightseeingPair", "inputs": [[[8, 1, 5, 2, 6]]], "outputs": [11]}
user: A program was supposed to print an array of integers. The program forgot to print whitespaces and the array is printed as a string of digits and all we know is that all integers in the array were in the range [1, k] and there are no leading zeros in the array.
Given the string s and the integer k. There can be multiple ways to restore the array.
Return the number of possible array that can be printed as a string s using the mentioned program.
The number of ways could be very large so return it modulo 10^9 + 7
 
Example 1:
Input: s = "1000", k = 10000
Output: 1
Explanation: The only possible array is [1000]

Example 2:
Input: s = "1000", k = 10
Output: 0
Explanation: There cannot be an array that was printed this way and has all integer >= 1 and <= 10.

Example 3:
Input: s = "1317", k = 2000
Output: 8
Explanation: Possible arrays are [1317],[131,7],[13,17],[1,317],[13,1,7],[1,31,7],[1,3,17],[1,3,1,7]

Example 4:
Input: s = "2020", k = 30
Output: 1
Explanation: The only possible array is [20,20]. [2020] is invalid because 2020 > 30. [2,020] is ivalid because 020 contains leading zeros.

Example 5:
Input: s = "1234567890", k = 90
Output: 34

 
Constraints:

1 <= s.length <= 10^5.
s consists of only digits and doesn't contain leading zeros.
1 <= k <= 10^9.

Answer: {"fn_name": "numberOfArrays", "inputs": [["\"1000\"", 10000]], "outputs": [4]}
user: In a country popular for train travel, you have planned some train travelling one year in advance.  The days of the year that you will travel is given as an array days.  Each day is an integer from 1 to 365.
Train tickets are sold in 3 different ways:

a 1-day pass is sold for costs[0] dollars;
a 7-day pass is sold for costs[1] dollars;
a 30-day pass is sold for costs[2] dollars.

The passes allow that many days of consecutive travel.  For example, if we get a 7-day pass on day 2, then we can travel for 7 days: day 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.
Return the minimum number of dollars you need to travel every day in the given list of days.
 
Example 1:
Input: days = [1,4,6,7,8,20], costs = [2,7,15]
Output: 11
Explanation: 
For example, here is one way to buy passes that lets you travel your travel plan:
On day 1, you bought a 1-day pass for costs[0] = $2, which covered day 1.
On day 3, you bought a 7-day pass for costs[1] = $7, which covered days 3, 4, ..., 9.
On day 20, you bought a 1-day pass for costs[0] = $2, which covered day 20.
In total you spent $11 and covered all the days of your travel.


Example 2:
Input: days = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,30,31], costs = [2,7,15]
Output: 17
Explanation: 
For example, here is one way to buy passes that lets you travel your travel plan:
On day 1, you bought a 30-day pass for costs[2] = $15 which covered days 1, 2, ..., 30.
On day 31, you bought a 1-day pass for costs[0] = $2 which covered day 31.
In total you spent $17 and covered all the days of your travel.

 

Note:

1 <= days.length <= 365
1 <= days[i] <= 365
days is in strictly increasing order.
costs.length == 3
1 <= costs[i] <= 1000

Answer: {"fn_name": "mincostTickets", "inputs": [[[1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 20], [2, 7, 15]]], "outputs": [11]}
user: You are given a string containing only 4 kinds of characters 'Q', 'W', 'E' and 'R'.
A string is said to be balanced if each of its characters appears n/4 times where n is the length of the string.
Return the minimum length of the substring that can be replaced with any other string of the same length to make the original string s balanced.
Return 0 if the string is already balanced.
 
Example 1:
Input: s = "QWER"
Output: 0
Explanation: s is already balanced.
Example 2:
Input: s = "QQWE"
Output: 1
Explanation: We need to replace a 'Q' to 'R', so that "RQWE" (or "QRWE") is balanced.

Example 3:
Input: s = "QQQW"
Output: 2
Explanation: We can replace the first "QQ" to "ER". 

Example 4:
Input: s = "QQQQ"
Output: 3
Explanation: We can replace the last 3 'Q' to make s = "QWER".

 
Constraints:

1 <= s.length <= 10^5
s.length is a multiple of 4
s contains only 'Q', 'W', 'E' and 'R'.

Answer: {"fn_name": "balancedString", "inputs": [["\"QWER\""]], "outputs": [-1]}
user: Given a positive integer N, return the number of positive integers less than or equal to N that have at least 1 repeated digit.
 

Example 1:
Input: 20
Output: 1
Explanation: The only positive number (<= 20) with at least 1 repeated digit is 11.


Example 2:
Input: 100
Output: 10
Explanation: The positive numbers (<= 100) with atleast 1 repeated digit are 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, and 100.


Example 3:
Input: 1000
Output: 262


 
Note:

1 <= N <= 10^9

Answer: {"fn_name": "numDupDigitsAtMostN", "inputs": [[20]], "outputs": [1]}